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### Senior officer
[thumb\|upright\|Bust of [Vespasian](/wiki/Vespasian "Vespasian")](/wiki/File:Vespasiano%2C_80_dc_ca%2C_s.n..JPG "Vespasiano, 80 dc ca, s.n..JPG")
At the end of AD 69, after a year of civil war consequent on the death of Nero, [Vespasian](/wiki/Vespasian "Vespasian"), a successful general, became emperor. Like Pliny, he had come from the equestrian class, rising through the ranks of the army and public offices and defeating the other contenders for the highest office. His main tasks were to re\-establish peace under imperial control and to place the economy on a sound footing. He needed in his administration all the loyalty and assistance he could find. Pliny, apparently trusted without question, perhaps (reading between the lines) recommended by Vespasian's son [Titus](/wiki/Titus "Titus"), was put to work immediately and was kept in a continuous succession of the most distinguished procuratorships, according to [Suetonius](/wiki/Suetonius "Suetonius").Syme (1969\), p. 224\. A [procurator](/wiki/Procurator_%28Roman%29 "Procurator (Roman)") was generally a governor of an imperial province. The empire was perpetually short of, and was always seeking, officeholders for its numerous offices.
Throughout the latter stages of Pliny's life, he maintained good relations with Emperor Vespasian. As is written in the first line of Pliny the Younger's *Avunculus Meus*:
{{quote\|{{lang\|la\|Ante lucem ibat ad Vespasianum imperatorem (nam ille quoque noctibus utebatur), deinde ad officium sibi delegatum}}.}}
{{quote\|Before dawn he was going to Emperor Vespasian (for he also made use of the night), then he did the other duties assigned to him.}}
In this passage, Pliny the Younger conveys to Tacitus that his uncle was ever the academic, always working. The word *ibat* (imperfect, "he used to go") gives a sense of repeated or customary action. In the subsequent text, he mentions again how most of his uncle's day was spent working, reading, and writing. He notes that Pliny "was indeed a very ready sleeper, sometimes dropping off in the middle of his studies and then waking up again."Epistles, III v
A definitive study of the procuratorships of Pliny was compiled by the classical scholar [Friedrich Münzer](/wiki/Friedrich_M%C3%BCnzer "Friedrich Münzer"), which was reasserted by [Ronald Syme](/wiki/Ronald_Syme "Ronald Syme") and became a standard reference point. Münzer hypothesized four procuratorships, of which two are certainly attested and two are probable but not certain. However, two does not satisfy Suetonius' description of a continuous succession.Griffin (1992\), p. 439\. Consequently, Plinian scholars present two to four procuratorships, the four comprising (i) Gallia Narbonensis in 70, (ii) Africa in 70–72, (iii) Hispania Tarraconensis in 72–74, and (iv) Gallia Belgica in 74–76\.
According to Syme, Pliny may have been "successor to Valerius Paulinus", procurator of [Gallia Narbonensis](/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis "Gallia Narbonensis") (southeastern France), early in AD 70\. He seems to have a "familiarity with the *provincia*", which, however, might otherwise be explained.Syme (1969\), p. 225\. For example, he says{{cite book\|title\=Natural History\|chapter\=III.5 (.4\)}}
> In the cultivation of the soil, the manners and civilization of the inhabitants, and the extent of its wealth, it is surpassed by none of the provinces, and, in short, might be more truthfully described as a part of Italy than as a province.
denoting a general popular familiarity with the region.
[thumb\|Oasis at [Gabès](/wiki/Gab%C3%A8s "Gabès")](/wiki/File:Palmeraie_gab%C3%A8s2.jpg "Palmeraie gabès2.jpg")
Pliny certainly spent some time in [the province of Africa](/wiki/Africa_Province "Africa Province"), most likely as a procurator.Syme (1969\), pp. 214–215\. Among other events or features that he saw are the provoking of *rubetae*, poisonous toads ([Bufonidae](/wiki/Bufonidae "Bufonidae")), by the [Psylli](/wiki/Psylli "Psylli");{{cite book \|title\= Natural History \|chapter\= XXV.76
\|quote\= I myself have seen the Psylli, in their exhibitions, irritate them by placing them upon flat vessels made red hot, their bite being fatal more instantaneously than the sting even of the asp.}} the buildings made with molded earthen walls, "superior in solidity to any cement;"{{cite book \|title\= Natural History \|chapter\=XXXV.48 (14\.)}} and the unusual, fertile seaside oasis of [Gabès](/wiki/Gab%C3%A8s "Gabès") (then Tacape), Tunisia, currently a [World Heritage Site](/wiki/World_Heritage_Site "World Heritage Site").{{cite book \|title\= Natural History \|chapter\= XVIII.51}} Syme assigns the African procuratorship to AD 70–72\.
The procuratorship of [Hispania Tarraconensis](/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis "Hispania Tarraconensis") was next. A statement by Pliny the Younger that his uncle was offered 400,000 *[sesterces](/wiki/Sesterce "Sesterce")* for his manuscripts by Larcius Licinius while he (Pliny the Elder) was procurator of Hispania makes it the most certain of the three. Pliny lists the peoples of "Hither Hispania", including population statistics and civic rights (modern [Asturias](/wiki/Asturias "Asturias") and [Gallaecia](/wiki/Gallaecia "Gallaecia")). He stops short of mentioning them all for fear of "wearying the reader".{{cite book \|title\= Natural History \|chapter\= III.4 (.3\) Of Nearer Spain}} As this is the only geographic region for which he gives this information, Syme hypothesizes that Pliny contributed to the census of Hither Hispania conducted in 73/74 by Vibius Crispus, legate from the Emperor, thus dating Pliny's procuratorship there.Syme (1969\), p. 216\.
[thumb\|[Las Médulas](/wiki/Las_M%C3%A9dulas "Las Médulas"), Spain, site of a large Roman mine](/wiki/File:Panor%C3%A1mica_de_Las_M%C3%A9dulas.jpg "Panorámica de Las Médulas.jpg")
During his stay in Hispania, he became familiar with the agriculture and especially the gold mines of the north and west of the country.{{cite book\|title\=Natural History \| chapter\=XXXIII.21 \| quote\=Asturia, Gallæcia, and Lusitania furnish in this manner, yearly, according to some authorities, twenty thousand pounds' weight of gold, the produce of Asturia forming the major part. Indeed, there is no part of the world that for centuries has maintained such a continuous fertility in gold.}} His descriptions of the various methods of mining appear to be [eyewitness](/wiki/wikt:Eyewitness "Eyewitness") judging by the discussion of [gold mining](/wiki/Gold_mining "Gold mining") methods in his *Natural History*. He might have visited the mine excavated at [Las Médulas](/wiki/Las_M%C3%A9dulas "Las Médulas").
[thumb\|The [Porta Nigra](/wiki/Porta_Nigra "Porta Nigra") Roman gate, [Trier](/wiki/Trier "Trier"), Germany](/wiki/File:Porta_Nigra_morgens_%28100MP%29.jpg "Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg")
The last position of procurator, an uncertain one, was of [Gallia Belgica](/wiki/Gallia_Belgica "Gallia Belgica"), based on Pliny's familiarity with it. The capital of the province was Augusta Treverorum ([Trier](/wiki/History_of_Trier "History of Trier")), named for the [Treveri](/wiki/Treveri "Treveri") surrounding it. Pliny says that in "the year but one before this" a severe winter killed the first crops planted by the Treviri; they sowed again in March and had "a most abundant harvest."{{cite book\|title\=Natural History\|chapter\=XVIII.49 (.19\)}} The problem is to identify "this", the year in which the passage was written. Using 77 as the date of composition SymeSyme (1969\), p. 213\. arrives at AD 74–75 as the date of the procuratorship, when Pliny is presumed to have witnessed these events. The argument is based entirely on presumptions; nevertheless, this date is required to achieve Suetonius' continuity of procuratorships, if the one in Gallia Belgica occurred.
Pliny was allowed home (Rome) at some time in AD 75–76\. He was presumably at home for the first official release of *Natural History* in 77\. Whether he was in Rome for the dedication of Vespasian's [Temple of Peace](/wiki/Temple_of_Peace%2C_Rome "Temple of Peace, Rome") in the Forum in 75, which was in essence a museum for display of art works plundered by Nero and formerly adorning the Domus Aurea, is uncertain, as is his possible command of the *[vigiles](/wiki/Vigiles "Vigiles")* (night watchmen), a lesser post. No actual post is discernible for this period. On the bare circumstances, he was an official agent of the emperor in a quasiprivate capacity. Perhaps he was between posts. In any case, his appointment as commander of the imperial fleet at [Misenum](/wiki/Miseno "Miseno"){{cite news\|author\=Ariel David\|title\=Pompeii Hero Pliny the Elder May Have Been Found 2,000 Years Later\|newspaper\=\[\[Haaretz]]\|location\=Tel Aviv\|date\=31 August 2017\|url\=https://www.haaretz.com/world\-news/MAGAZINE\-pompeii\-hero\-pliny\-the\-elder\-s\-body\-may\-have\-been\-found\-1\.5446901}} took him there, where he resided with his sister and nephew. Vespasian died of disease on 23 June 79\. Pliny outlived him by four months.
|
[
"### Senior officer",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Bust of [Vespasian](/wiki/Vespasian \"Vespasian\")](/wiki/File:Vespasiano%2C_80_dc_ca%2C_s.n..JPG \"Vespasiano, 80 dc ca, s.n..JPG\")",
"At the end of AD 69, after a year of civil war consequent on the death of Nero, [Vespasian](/wiki/Vespasian \"Vespasian\"), a successful general, became emperor. Like Pliny, he had come from the equestrian class, rising through the ranks of the army and public offices and defeating the other contenders for the highest office. His main tasks were to re\\-establish peace under imperial control and to place the economy on a sound footing. He needed in his administration all the loyalty and assistance he could find. Pliny, apparently trusted without question, perhaps (reading between the lines) recommended by Vespasian's son [Titus](/wiki/Titus \"Titus\"), was put to work immediately and was kept in a continuous succession of the most distinguished procuratorships, according to [Suetonius](/wiki/Suetonius \"Suetonius\").Syme (1969\\), p. 224\\. A [procurator](/wiki/Procurator_%28Roman%29 \"Procurator (Roman)\") was generally a governor of an imperial province. The empire was perpetually short of, and was always seeking, officeholders for its numerous offices.",
"Throughout the latter stages of Pliny's life, he maintained good relations with Emperor Vespasian. As is written in the first line of Pliny the Younger's *Avunculus Meus*:",
"{{quote\\|{{lang\\|la\\|Ante lucem ibat ad Vespasianum imperatorem (nam ille quoque noctibus utebatur), deinde ad officium sibi delegatum}}.}}",
"{{quote\\|Before dawn he was going to Emperor Vespasian (for he also made use of the night), then he did the other duties assigned to him.}}",
"In this passage, Pliny the Younger conveys to Tacitus that his uncle was ever the academic, always working. The word *ibat* (imperfect, \"he used to go\") gives a sense of repeated or customary action. In the subsequent text, he mentions again how most of his uncle's day was spent working, reading, and writing. He notes that Pliny \"was indeed a very ready sleeper, sometimes dropping off in the middle of his studies and then waking up again.\"Epistles, III v",
"A definitive study of the procuratorships of Pliny was compiled by the classical scholar [Friedrich Münzer](/wiki/Friedrich_M%C3%BCnzer \"Friedrich Münzer\"), which was reasserted by [Ronald Syme](/wiki/Ronald_Syme \"Ronald Syme\") and became a standard reference point. Münzer hypothesized four procuratorships, of which two are certainly attested and two are probable but not certain. However, two does not satisfy Suetonius' description of a continuous succession.Griffin (1992\\), p. 439\\. Consequently, Plinian scholars present two to four procuratorships, the four comprising (i) Gallia Narbonensis in 70, (ii) Africa in 70–72, (iii) Hispania Tarraconensis in 72–74, and (iv) Gallia Belgica in 74–76\\.",
"According to Syme, Pliny may have been \"successor to Valerius Paulinus\", procurator of [Gallia Narbonensis](/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis \"Gallia Narbonensis\") (southeastern France), early in AD 70\\. He seems to have a \"familiarity with the *provincia*\", which, however, might otherwise be explained.Syme (1969\\), p. 225\\. For example, he says{{cite book\\|title\\=Natural History\\|chapter\\=III.5 (.4\\)}} \n> In the cultivation of the soil, the manners and civilization of the inhabitants, and the extent of its wealth, it is surpassed by none of the provinces, and, in short, might be more truthfully described as a part of Italy than as a province.",
"denoting a general popular familiarity with the region.",
"[thumb\\|Oasis at [Gabès](/wiki/Gab%C3%A8s \"Gabès\")](/wiki/File:Palmeraie_gab%C3%A8s2.jpg \"Palmeraie gabès2.jpg\")",
"Pliny certainly spent some time in [the province of Africa](/wiki/Africa_Province \"Africa Province\"), most likely as a procurator.Syme (1969\\), pp. 214–215\\. Among other events or features that he saw are the provoking of *rubetae*, poisonous toads ([Bufonidae](/wiki/Bufonidae \"Bufonidae\")), by the [Psylli](/wiki/Psylli \"Psylli\");{{cite book \\|title\\= Natural History \\|chapter\\= XXV.76\n\\|quote\\= I myself have seen the Psylli, in their exhibitions, irritate them by placing them upon flat vessels made red hot, their bite being fatal more instantaneously than the sting even of the asp.}} the buildings made with molded earthen walls, \"superior in solidity to any cement;\"{{cite book \\|title\\= Natural History \\|chapter\\=XXXV.48 (14\\.)}} and the unusual, fertile seaside oasis of [Gabès](/wiki/Gab%C3%A8s \"Gabès\") (then Tacape), Tunisia, currently a [World Heritage Site](/wiki/World_Heritage_Site \"World Heritage Site\").{{cite book \\|title\\= Natural History \\|chapter\\= XVIII.51}} Syme assigns the African procuratorship to AD 70–72\\.",
"The procuratorship of [Hispania Tarraconensis](/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis \"Hispania Tarraconensis\") was next. A statement by Pliny the Younger that his uncle was offered 400,000 *[sesterces](/wiki/Sesterce \"Sesterce\")* for his manuscripts by Larcius Licinius while he (Pliny the Elder) was procurator of Hispania makes it the most certain of the three. Pliny lists the peoples of \"Hither Hispania\", including population statistics and civic rights (modern [Asturias](/wiki/Asturias \"Asturias\") and [Gallaecia](/wiki/Gallaecia \"Gallaecia\")). He stops short of mentioning them all for fear of \"wearying the reader\".{{cite book \\|title\\= Natural History \\|chapter\\= III.4 (.3\\) Of Nearer Spain}} As this is the only geographic region for which he gives this information, Syme hypothesizes that Pliny contributed to the census of Hither Hispania conducted in 73/74 by Vibius Crispus, legate from the Emperor, thus dating Pliny's procuratorship there.Syme (1969\\), p. 216\\.",
"[thumb\\|[Las Médulas](/wiki/Las_M%C3%A9dulas \"Las Médulas\"), Spain, site of a large Roman mine](/wiki/File:Panor%C3%A1mica_de_Las_M%C3%A9dulas.jpg \"Panorámica de Las Médulas.jpg\")",
"During his stay in Hispania, he became familiar with the agriculture and especially the gold mines of the north and west of the country.{{cite book\\|title\\=Natural History \\| chapter\\=XXXIII.21 \\| quote\\=Asturia, Gallæcia, and Lusitania furnish in this manner, yearly, according to some authorities, twenty thousand pounds' weight of gold, the produce of Asturia forming the major part. Indeed, there is no part of the world that for centuries has maintained such a continuous fertility in gold.}} His descriptions of the various methods of mining appear to be [eyewitness](/wiki/wikt:Eyewitness \"Eyewitness\") judging by the discussion of [gold mining](/wiki/Gold_mining \"Gold mining\") methods in his *Natural History*. He might have visited the mine excavated at [Las Médulas](/wiki/Las_M%C3%A9dulas \"Las Médulas\").",
"[thumb\\|The [Porta Nigra](/wiki/Porta_Nigra \"Porta Nigra\") Roman gate, [Trier](/wiki/Trier \"Trier\"), Germany](/wiki/File:Porta_Nigra_morgens_%28100MP%29.jpg \"Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg\")",
"The last position of procurator, an uncertain one, was of [Gallia Belgica](/wiki/Gallia_Belgica \"Gallia Belgica\"), based on Pliny's familiarity with it. The capital of the province was Augusta Treverorum ([Trier](/wiki/History_of_Trier \"History of Trier\")), named for the [Treveri](/wiki/Treveri \"Treveri\") surrounding it. Pliny says that in \"the year but one before this\" a severe winter killed the first crops planted by the Treviri; they sowed again in March and had \"a most abundant harvest.\"{{cite book\\|title\\=Natural History\\|chapter\\=XVIII.49 (.19\\)}} The problem is to identify \"this\", the year in which the passage was written. Using 77 as the date of composition SymeSyme (1969\\), p. 213\\. arrives at AD 74–75 as the date of the procuratorship, when Pliny is presumed to have witnessed these events. The argument is based entirely on presumptions; nevertheless, this date is required to achieve Suetonius' continuity of procuratorships, if the one in Gallia Belgica occurred.",
"Pliny was allowed home (Rome) at some time in AD 75–76\\. He was presumably at home for the first official release of *Natural History* in 77\\. Whether he was in Rome for the dedication of Vespasian's [Temple of Peace](/wiki/Temple_of_Peace%2C_Rome \"Temple of Peace, Rome\") in the Forum in 75, which was in essence a museum for display of art works plundered by Nero and formerly adorning the Domus Aurea, is uncertain, as is his possible command of the *[vigiles](/wiki/Vigiles \"Vigiles\")* (night watchmen), a lesser post. No actual post is discernible for this period. On the bare circumstances, he was an official agent of the emperor in a quasiprivate capacity. Perhaps he was between posts. In any case, his appointment as commander of the imperial fleet at [Misenum](/wiki/Miseno \"Miseno\"){{cite news\\|author\\=Ariel David\\|title\\=Pompeii Hero Pliny the Elder May Have Been Found 2,000 Years Later\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Haaretz]]\\|location\\=Tel Aviv\\|date\\=31 August 2017\\|url\\=https://www.haaretz.com/world\\-news/MAGAZINE\\-pompeii\\-hero\\-pliny\\-the\\-elder\\-s\\-body\\-may\\-have\\-been\\-found\\-1\\.5446901}} took him there, where he resided with his sister and nephew. Vespasian died of disease on 23 June 79\\. Pliny outlived him by four months.",
""
] |
Chart performance
-----------------
### North America
After selling 108,000 copies in its first four days of release, "Bitch Better Have My Money" debuted at number 23 on the US [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 "Billboard Hot 100") chart for the issue dated April 11, 2015\.{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\-beat/6517180/uptown\-funk\-longest\-leading\-hot\-100\-no\-1\-2010s\|title\='Uptown Funk' Is Longest Leading Hot 100 No. 1 of the 2010s\|magazine\=Billboard\|last\=Trust\|first\=Gary\|date\=April 1, 2015\|access\-date\=April 1, 2015}} The following week, the song sold additional 133,000 copies, a 22% gain in sales compared to its debut week, and peaked at number four on the US [Digital Songs](/wiki/Digital_Songs "Digital Songs") chart. The same week, it only moved four places to number 19 on the *Billboard* Hot 100,{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\-beat/6531205/hot\-100\-chart\-moves\-rihanna\-meghan\-trainor\-sam\-smith\|title\=Hot 100 Chart Moves: Rihanna, Meghan Trainor \& Sam Smith Soar\|magazine\=Billboard\|last\=Trust\|first\=Gary\|date\=April 10, 2015\|access\-date\=April 11, 2015}} due to the track being made available on [Spotify](/wiki/Spotify "Spotify") two weeks after its digital download release, on April 8, 2015\.{{cite web\|url\=https://twitter.com/defjamrecords/status/585872583716798465\|title\=Def Jam Recordings on Twitter\|work\=Twitter\|date\=April 8, 2015\|access\-date\=April 8, 2015}} Over its next 12 weeks on the chart, the song fluctuated in and out of the top 20 until the release of its music video in July 2015 led to a 65% spike in sales and 84% increase in [streaming](/wiki/Streaming_media "Streaming media"), fueling a leap from number 28 to its new peak of number 15; it sold 43,000 [digital downloads](/wiki/Music_download "Music download") and was streamed 10 million times in the United States that week.{{cite magazine \|url\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\-beat/6627221/hot\-100\-chart\-moves\-rihanna\-bbhmm\-video \|title\=Hot 100 Chart Moves: Rihanna Roars to New High After 'Money' Video Release \|last\=Trust \|first\=Gary \|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \|publisher\=\[\[Prometheus Global Media]] \|date\=July 10, 2015 \|access\-date\=July 11, 2015}}
Additionally, for the week dated June 20, 2015, the song peaked at number six on the US [Rhythmic Chart](/wiki/Rhythmic_%28chart%29 "Rhythmic (chart)") and for the week dated July 18, it peaked at number five on the US [Hot R\&B/Hip\-Hop Songs](/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs") chart. The single also topped the US [Dance Club Songs](/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs "Dance Club Songs") chart (dated June 27\) and became Rihanna's 23rd number one in the chart's nearly 39\-year history; she now trails only Madonna for the most No. 1s on the chart.{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\-beat/6605157/rihanna\-passes\-beyonce\-trails\-madonna\-dance\-club\-songs\|title\=Rihanna Passes Beyonce, Trails Only Madonna for Most Dance Club No. 1s\|magazine\=Billboard\|last\=Murray\|first\=Gordon\|date\=June 18, 2015\|access\-date\=June 18, 2015}} On June 30, 2015, "Bitch Better Have My Money" was certified platinum by the [Recording Industry Association of America](/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America "Recording Industry Association of America") (RIAA) denoting sales of over 1,000,000 digital copies.
In Canada, "Bitch Better Have My Money" debuted at number 29 on the [Canadian Hot 100](/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100 "Canadian Hot 100") for the week dated April 11\. The next week it reached its peak of number 11 on the chart, for the issue dated April 18\. The single also peaked at number 41 on the [Canadian CHR/Top 40 Airplay](/wiki/Billboard_charts%23Canadian_charts "Billboard charts#Canadian charts").
### Oceania and Europe
In Australia, "Bitch Better Have My Money" debuted and peaked at number 14 on the singles chart for the week dated April 12, 2015\. Furthermore, it peaked at number five on the Australian Urban Singles Chart. The single was certified gold by the [Australian Recording Industry Association](/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association "Australian Recording Industry Association") (ARIA), denoting sales of over 35,000 digital copies. In New Zealand, it debuted and peaked at number 10 for the week dated April 6\. It became Rihanna's 32nd top\-ten single on the chart. "Bitch Better Have My Money" was certified gold by the [Recording Industry Association of New Zealand](/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand "Recording Industry Association of New Zealand") (RIANZ) for selling over 7,500 copies in the country.
In the United Kingdom, "Bitch Better Have My Money" debuted at number 29 on the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart "UK Singles Chart") for the week ending date March 29, 2015\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles\-chart/20150329/7501/\|title\=Official Singles Chart Top 100 – 4th April 2015\|publisher\=Official Charts Company\|access\-date\=April 6, 2015}} The same week, it debuted at number six on the [UK R\&B Chart](/wiki/UK_R%26B_Chart "UK R&B Chart"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/r\-and\-b\-singles\-chart/20150329/114/\|title\=Official R\&B Singles Chart Top 40 – 4th April 2015\|publisher\=Official Charts Company\|access\-date\=April 6, 2015}} and peaked at number five the next week.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/r\-and\-b\-singles\-chart/20150405/114/\|title\=Official R\&B Singles Chart Top 40 – 11th April 2015\|publisher\=Official Charts Company\|access\-date\=April 13, 2015}} On April 5, 2015, the single peaked at number 27 on the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart "UK Singles Chart").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles\-chart/20150405/7501/\|title\=Official Singles Chart Top 100 – 11th April 2015\|publisher\=Official Charts Company\|access\-date\=April 13, 2015}}
"Bitch Better Have My Money" was certified gold by the [British Phonographic Industry](/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry "British Phonographic Industry") (BPI), denoting sales of over 400,000 digital copies in the country. In Ireland, the song debuted at number 39 on the [Irish Singles Chart](/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart "Irish Singles Chart") for the week dated April 2\. On April 23, in its fourth\-week on the chart, it reached a new peak of 32\. "Bitch Better Have My Money" was a commercial success in several countries of [continental Europe](/wiki/Continental_Europe "Continental Europe"), it reached the top\-ten on 7 national charts and the top\-twenty in 4 more countries.
In Sweden, the song debuted at number 38 on April 17, 2015, and it peaked at number 14 the next week. It stayed on the chart for 21 weeks total and was certified platinum by the [Swedish Recording Industry Association](/wiki/Swedish_Recording_Industry_Association "Swedish Recording Industry Association") (GLF) denoting sales of over 40,000 digital copies in the country and double platinum in Poland, by the [Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry](/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry "Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry") (ZPAV), denoting sales of 40,000 digital copies in the country. "Bitch Better Have My Money" debuted and peaked at number 25 on the [Danish Singles Chart](/wiki/Danish_Singles_Chart "Danish Singles Chart") on April 24\. It stayed on the chart for four consecutive weeks and was certified platinum by [IFPI Denmark](/wiki/IFPI_Denmark "IFPI Denmark") for shipping over 90,000 copies of the song in the country. The single was also certified gold in Italy, by the [Federation of the Italian music industry](/wiki/Federation_of_the_Italian_music_industry "Federation of the Italian music industry") (FIMI), denoting sales/streams of 25,000 copies. "Bitch Better Have My Money" was also successful in France, where it debuted and peaked at number three on the [singles chart](/wiki/French_Singles_Chart "French Singles Chart"). It stayed at number three for 2 consecutive weeks and it charted for 35 weeks total. Finally, the track reached number one in Finland, number six in Spain and number seven in Switzerland.
|
[
"Chart performance\n-----------------",
"### North America",
"After selling 108,000 copies in its first four days of release, \"Bitch Better Have My Money\" debuted at number 23 on the US [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\") chart for the issue dated April 11, 2015\\.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\\-beat/6517180/uptown\\-funk\\-longest\\-leading\\-hot\\-100\\-no\\-1\\-2010s\\|title\\='Uptown Funk' Is Longest Leading Hot 100 No. 1 of the 2010s\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|last\\=Trust\\|first\\=Gary\\|date\\=April 1, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2015}} The following week, the song sold additional 133,000 copies, a 22% gain in sales compared to its debut week, and peaked at number four on the US [Digital Songs](/wiki/Digital_Songs \"Digital Songs\") chart. The same week, it only moved four places to number 19 on the *Billboard* Hot 100,{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\\-beat/6531205/hot\\-100\\-chart\\-moves\\-rihanna\\-meghan\\-trainor\\-sam\\-smith\\|title\\=Hot 100 Chart Moves: Rihanna, Meghan Trainor \\& Sam Smith Soar\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|last\\=Trust\\|first\\=Gary\\|date\\=April 10, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=April 11, 2015}} due to the track being made available on [Spotify](/wiki/Spotify \"Spotify\") two weeks after its digital download release, on April 8, 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/defjamrecords/status/585872583716798465\\|title\\=Def Jam Recordings on Twitter\\|work\\=Twitter\\|date\\=April 8, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=April 8, 2015}} Over its next 12 weeks on the chart, the song fluctuated in and out of the top 20 until the release of its music video in July 2015 led to a 65% spike in sales and 84% increase in [streaming](/wiki/Streaming_media \"Streaming media\"), fueling a leap from number 28 to its new peak of number 15; it sold 43,000 [digital downloads](/wiki/Music_download \"Music download\") and was streamed 10 million times in the United States that week.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\\-beat/6627221/hot\\-100\\-chart\\-moves\\-rihanna\\-bbhmm\\-video \\|title\\=Hot 100 Chart Moves: Rihanna Roars to New High After 'Money' Video Release \\|last\\=Trust \\|first\\=Gary \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Prometheus Global Media]] \\|date\\=July 10, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=July 11, 2015}}",
"Additionally, for the week dated June 20, 2015, the song peaked at number six on the US [Rhythmic Chart](/wiki/Rhythmic_%28chart%29 \"Rhythmic (chart)\") and for the week dated July 18, it peaked at number five on the US [Hot R\\&B/Hip\\-Hop Songs](/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs \"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs\") chart. The single also topped the US [Dance Club Songs](/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs \"Dance Club Songs\") chart (dated June 27\\) and became Rihanna's 23rd number one in the chart's nearly 39\\-year history; she now trails only Madonna for the most No. 1s on the chart.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart\\-beat/6605157/rihanna\\-passes\\-beyonce\\-trails\\-madonna\\-dance\\-club\\-songs\\|title\\=Rihanna Passes Beyonce, Trails Only Madonna for Most Dance Club No. 1s\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|last\\=Murray\\|first\\=Gordon\\|date\\=June 18, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2015}} On June 30, 2015, \"Bitch Better Have My Money\" was certified platinum by the [Recording Industry Association of America](/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America \"Recording Industry Association of America\") (RIAA) denoting sales of over 1,000,000 digital copies.",
"In Canada, \"Bitch Better Have My Money\" debuted at number 29 on the [Canadian Hot 100](/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100 \"Canadian Hot 100\") for the week dated April 11\\. The next week it reached its peak of number 11 on the chart, for the issue dated April 18\\. The single also peaked at number 41 on the [Canadian CHR/Top 40 Airplay](/wiki/Billboard_charts%23Canadian_charts \"Billboard charts#Canadian charts\").",
"### Oceania and Europe",
"In Australia, \"Bitch Better Have My Money\" debuted and peaked at number 14 on the singles chart for the week dated April 12, 2015\\. Furthermore, it peaked at number five on the Australian Urban Singles Chart. The single was certified gold by the [Australian Recording Industry Association](/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association \"Australian Recording Industry Association\") (ARIA), denoting sales of over 35,000 digital copies. In New Zealand, it debuted and peaked at number 10 for the week dated April 6\\. It became Rihanna's 32nd top\\-ten single on the chart. \"Bitch Better Have My Money\" was certified gold by the [Recording Industry Association of New Zealand](/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand \"Recording Industry Association of New Zealand\") (RIANZ) for selling over 7,500 copies in the country.",
"In the United Kingdom, \"Bitch Better Have My Money\" debuted at number 29 on the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart \"UK Singles Chart\") for the week ending date March 29, 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles\\-chart/20150329/7501/\\|title\\=Official Singles Chart Top 100 – 4th April 2015\\|publisher\\=Official Charts Company\\|access\\-date\\=April 6, 2015}} The same week, it debuted at number six on the [UK R\\&B Chart](/wiki/UK_R%26B_Chart \"UK R&B Chart\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/r\\-and\\-b\\-singles\\-chart/20150329/114/\\|title\\=Official R\\&B Singles Chart Top 40 – 4th April 2015\\|publisher\\=Official Charts Company\\|access\\-date\\=April 6, 2015}} and peaked at number five the next week.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/r\\-and\\-b\\-singles\\-chart/20150405/114/\\|title\\=Official R\\&B Singles Chart Top 40 – 11th April 2015\\|publisher\\=Official Charts Company\\|access\\-date\\=April 13, 2015}} On April 5, 2015, the single peaked at number 27 on the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart \"UK Singles Chart\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles\\-chart/20150405/7501/\\|title\\=Official Singles Chart Top 100 – 11th April 2015\\|publisher\\=Official Charts Company\\|access\\-date\\=April 13, 2015}}\n\"Bitch Better Have My Money\" was certified gold by the [British Phonographic Industry](/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry \"British Phonographic Industry\") (BPI), denoting sales of over 400,000 digital copies in the country. In Ireland, the song debuted at number 39 on the [Irish Singles Chart](/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart \"Irish Singles Chart\") for the week dated April 2\\. On April 23, in its fourth\\-week on the chart, it reached a new peak of 32\\. \"Bitch Better Have My Money\" was a commercial success in several countries of [continental Europe](/wiki/Continental_Europe \"Continental Europe\"), it reached the top\\-ten on 7 national charts and the top\\-twenty in 4 more countries.",
"In Sweden, the song debuted at number 38 on April 17, 2015, and it peaked at number 14 the next week. It stayed on the chart for 21 weeks total and was certified platinum by the [Swedish Recording Industry Association](/wiki/Swedish_Recording_Industry_Association \"Swedish Recording Industry Association\") (GLF) denoting sales of over 40,000 digital copies in the country and double platinum in Poland, by the [Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry](/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry \"Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry\") (ZPAV), denoting sales of 40,000 digital copies in the country. \"Bitch Better Have My Money\" debuted and peaked at number 25 on the [Danish Singles Chart](/wiki/Danish_Singles_Chart \"Danish Singles Chart\") on April 24\\. It stayed on the chart for four consecutive weeks and was certified platinum by [IFPI Denmark](/wiki/IFPI_Denmark \"IFPI Denmark\") for shipping over 90,000 copies of the song in the country. The single was also certified gold in Italy, by the [Federation of the Italian music industry](/wiki/Federation_of_the_Italian_music_industry \"Federation of the Italian music industry\") (FIMI), denoting sales/streams of 25,000 copies. \"Bitch Better Have My Money\" was also successful in France, where it debuted and peaked at number three on the [singles chart](/wiki/French_Singles_Chart \"French Singles Chart\"). It stayed at number three for 2 consecutive weeks and it charted for 35 weeks total. Finally, the track reached number one in Finland, number six in Spain and number seven in Switzerland.",
""
] |
Functions
---------
[thumb\|Gilt bronze Hekataion, 1st century CE. [Musei Capitolini](/wiki/Musei_Capitolini "Musei Capitolini"), Rome.](/wiki/File:Hecate_statuette_in_triple_form%2C_S_2173%2C_Roman%2C_1st_century_AD%2C_gilt_bronze_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome%2C_Italy_-_DSC06175.jpg "Hecate statuette in triple form, S 2173, Roman, 1st century AD, gilt bronze - Musei Capitolini - Rome, Italy - DSC06175.jpg")
### As a goddess of boundaries
Hecate was associated with borders, city walls, doorways, crossroads and, by extension, with realms outside or beyond the world of the living. She appears to have been particularly associated with being 'between' and hence is frequently characterized as a "[liminal](/wiki/Liminal_deity "Liminal deity")" goddess.{{citation needed\|date\=November 2023}} "Hecate mediated between regimes—[Olympian](/wiki/Twelve_Olympians "Twelve Olympians") and [Titan](/wiki/Titans "Titans")—but also between mortal and divine spheres."Bonnie MacLachlan, Judith Fletcher, *Virginity Revisited: Configurations of The Unpossessed Body*, University of Toronto Press, 2007, p. 14\. This liminal role is reflected in a number of her cult titles: *[Apotropaia](/wiki/Apotrope "Apotrope")* (that turns away/protects); *Enodia* (on the way); *Propulaia*/*Propylaia* (before the gate); *Triodia*/*Trioditis* (who frequents [crossroads](/wiki/Crossroads_%28culture%29 "Crossroads (culture)")); *Klêidouchos* (holding the keys), etc.
{{blockquote\|As a goddess expected to avert harmful or destructive spirits from the house or city over which she stood guard and to protect the individual as she or he passed through dangerous liminal places, Hecate would naturally become known as a goddess who could also ''refuse'' to avert the demons, or even drive them on against unfortunate individuals.Johnston 1999, p. 209\.}}
{{blockquote\|It was probably her role as guardian of entrances that led to Hecate's identification by the mid fifth century with \[\[Enodia]], a \[\[Thessaly\|Thessalian]] goddess. Enodia's very name ("In\-the\-Road") suggests that she watched over entrances, for it expresses both the possibility that she stood on the main road into a city, keeping an eye on all who entered, and in the road in front of private houses, protecting their inhabitants.Johnston 1999, p. 208\.}}
This function would appear to have some relationship with the [iconographic](/wiki/Iconography "Iconography") association of Hecate with keys, and might also relate to her appearance with two torches, which when positioned on either side of a gate or door illuminated the immediate area and allowed visitors to be identified. "In [Byzantium](/wiki/Byzantium "Byzantium") small temples in her honour were placed close to the gates of the city. Hecate's importance to Byzantium was above all as a deity of protection. When [Philip of Macedon](/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon "Philip II of Macedon") was about to attack the city, according to the legend she alerted the townspeople with her ever present torches, and with her pack of dogs, which served as her constant companions."Vasiliki Limberis, *Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary And The Creation of Christian Constantinople*, Routledge, 1994, pp. 126–127\. This suggests that Hecate's close association with dogs derived in part from the use of watchdogs, who, particularly at night, raised an alarm when intruders approached. Watchdogs were used extensively by Greeks and Romans.{{cite book \|editor1\-last\=Hornblower \|editor1\-first\=Simon \|editor2\-last\=Spawforth \|editor2\-first\=Antony \|title\=The Oxford Classical Dictionary \|edition\=Third \|location\=New York \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|year\=1996 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/isbn\_9780198661726/page/490 490] \|isbn\=0\-19\-866172\-X \|url\=https://archive.org/details/isbn\_9780198661726/page/490 }}
[thumb\|left\|Drawing of a Hekataion](/wiki/File:AN00866037_001_l.jpg "AN00866037 001 l.jpg")
Cult images and altars of Hecate in her triplicate or trimorphic form were placed at three\-way [crossroads](/wiki/Crossroads_%28road%29 "Crossroads (road)") (though they also appeared before private homes and in front of city gates). In what appears to be a 7th\-century indication of the survival of cult practices of this general sort, [Saint Eligius](/wiki/Saint_Eligius "Saint Eligius"), in his *Sermo* warns the sick among his recently converted flock in Flanders against putting "devilish charms at springs or trees or crossroads",Amanda Porterfield, *Healing in the history of Christianity*, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 72\. and, according to [Saint Ouen](/wiki/Saint_Ouen "Saint Ouen") would urge them "No Christian should make or render any devotion to the deities of the trivium, where three roads meet...".[Saint Ouen, *Vita Eligii* book II.16](http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/sto09001.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820234709/http://www.catholic\-forum.com/saints/sto09001\.htm \|date\=20 August 2009 }}.
### As a goddess of the underworld
Thanks to her association with boundaries and the liminal spaces between worlds, Hecate is also recognized as a chthonic (underworld) goddess. As the holder of the keys that can unlock the gates between realms, she can unlock the gates of death, as described in a 3rd\-century BCE poem by Theocritus. In the 1st century CE, Virgil described the entrance to hell as "Hecate's Grove", though he says that Hecate is equally "powerful in Heaven and Hell." The [Greek Magical Papyri](/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri "Greek Magical Papyri") describe Hecate as the holder of the keys to [Tartaros](/wiki/Tartaros "Tartaros"). Like [Hermes](/wiki/Hermes "Hermes"), Hecate takes on the role of guardian not just of roads, but of all journeys, including the journey to the afterlife. In art and myth, she is shown, along with Hermes, guiding [Persephone](/wiki/Persephone "Persephone") back from the underworld with her torches.
By the 5th century BCE, Hecate had come to be strongly associated with [ghosts](/wiki/Ghost "Ghost"), possibly due to conflation with the [Thessalian](/wiki/Thessaly "Thessaly") goddess [Enodia](/wiki/Enodia "Enodia") (meaning "traveller"), who travelled the earth with a retinue of ghosts and was depicted on coinage wearing a leafy crown and holding torches, iconography strongly associated with Hecate.
### As a goddess of witchcraft
By the 1st century CE, Hecate's chthonic and nocturnal character had led to her transformation into a goddess heavily associated with witchcraft, witches, magic, and sorcery. In [Lucan](/wiki/Lucan "Lucan")'s *[Pharsalia](/wiki/Pharsalia "Pharsalia")*, the witch [Erichtho](/wiki/Erichtho "Erichtho") invokes Hecate as "Persephone, who is the third and lowest aspect of Hecate, the goddess we witches revere", and describes her as a "rotting goddess" with a "pallid decaying body", who has to "wear a mask when \[she] visit\[s] the gods in heaven."
Like Hecate, "the dog is a creature of the threshold, the guardian of doors and portals, and so it is appropriately associated with the frontier between life and death, and with demons and ghosts which move across the frontier. The yawning gates of [Hades](/wiki/Hades "Hades") were guarded by the monstrous watchdog [Cerberus](/wiki/Cerberus "Cerberus"), whose function was to prevent the living from entering the underworld, and the dead from leaving it."Richard Cavendish, *The Powers of Evil in Western Religion, Magic and Folk Belief*, Routledge, 1975, p. 62\.
### Plants and herbalism
Hecate was closely associated with plant lore and the concoction of medicines and [poisons](/wiki/Poison "Poison"). In particular she was thought to give instruction in these closely related arts. [Apollonius of Rhodes](/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes "Apollonius of Rhodes"), in the *[Argonautica](/wiki/Argonautica "Argonautica")*, mentions that [Medea](/wiki/Medea "Medea") was taught by Hecate: "I have mentioned to you before a certain young girl whom Hecate, daughter of Perses, has taught to work in drugs."R. L. Hunter, *The Argonautica of Apollonius*, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 142, citing Apollonius of Rhodes.
Hecate was said to favour offerings of [garlic](/wiki/Garlic "Garlic"), which was closely associated with her cult.Frederick J. Simoons, *Plants of Life, Plants of Death*, University of Wisconsin Press, 1998, p. 143; Fragkiska Megaloudi, *Plants and Diet in Greece From Neolithic to Classic Periods*, Archaeopress, 2006, p. 71\. She is also sometimes associated with [cypress](/wiki/Mediterranean_Cypress "Mediterranean Cypress"), a tree symbolic of death and the underworld, and hence sacred to a number of chthonic deities.{{cite book \|last\=Frieze \|first\=Henry \|url\=https://archive.org/details/virgilsaeneidbo01denngoog \|title\=Virgil's Aeneid \|author2\=Dennison, Walter \|publisher\=American Book Company \|year\=1902 \|location\=New York \|pages\=N111}}
A number of other plants (often poisonous, medicinal and/or psychoactive) are associated with Hecate."Hecate had a "botanical garden" on the island of Colchis where the following alkaloid plants were kept: Akoniton (*Aconitum napellus*), Diktamnon (*Dictamnus albus*), Mandragores (Mandragora officinarum), Mekon (*Papaver somniferum*), Melaina (*Claviceps pupurea*), Thryon (*Atropa belladona*), and *Cochicum* \[...]" Margaret F. Roberts, Michael Wink, *Alkaloids: Biochemistry, Ecology, and Medicinal Applications*, Springer, 1998, p. 16\. These include [aconite](/wiki/Aconitum "Aconitum") (also called *hecateis*),Robert Graves, *The Greek Myths*, Penguin Books, 1977, p. 154\. [belladonna](/wiki/Atropa_belladonna "Atropa belladonna"), [dittany](/wiki/Origanum_dictamnus "Origanum dictamnus"), and [mandrake](/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum "Mandragora officinarum"). It has been suggested that the use of dogs for digging up mandrake is further corroboration of the association of this plant with Hecate; indeed, since at least as early as the 1st century CE, there are a number of attestations to the apparently widespread practice of using dogs to dig up plants associated with magic.Frederick J. Simoons, *Plants of Life, Plants of Death*, University of Wisconsin Press, 1998, pp. 121–124\.
The [yew](/wiki/Taxus_baccata "Taxus baccata") in particular was sacred to Hecate.{{blockquote\|Greeks held the yew to be sacred to Hecate ... Her attendants draped wreathes of yew around the necks of black bulls which they slaughtered in her honor and yew boughs were burned on funeral pyres. The yew was associated with the alphabet and the scientific name for yew today, ''taxus'', was probably derived from the Greek word for yew, ''{{lang\|grc\-Latn\|toxos}}'', which is hauntingly similar to ''{{lang\|grc\-Latn\|toxon}}'', their word for bow and ''{{lang\|grc\-Latn\|toxicon}}'', their word for poison. It is presumed that the latter were named after the tree because of its superiority for both bows and poison.Matthew Suffness (Ed.), ''Taxol: Science and Applications'', CRC Press, 1995, p. 28\.}}
### As a goddess of the moon
[thumb\|upright\=1\.2\|*Hecate the Moon*, [fresco](/wiki/Fresco "Fresco") by [Francesco de' Rossi](/wiki/Francesco_de%27_Rossi "Francesco de' Rossi"), c. 1543–1545\)](/wiki/File:Francesco_Salviati_-_Hecate_%28the_Moon%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg "Francesco Salviati - Hecate (the Moon) - Google Art Project.jpg")
Hecate was seen as a triple deity, identified with the goddesses [Luna](/wiki/Luna_%28goddess%29 "Luna (goddess)") (Moon) in the sky and [Diana](/wiki/Diana_%28mythology%29 "Diana (mythology)") (hunting) on the earth, while she represents the Underworld.[Servius](/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus "Maurus Servius Honoratus"), *Commentary on the [Aeneid](/wiki/Aeneid "Aeneid")* [6\.118](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053%3Abook%3D6%3Acommline%3D118); Green, C. M. C. (2007\). *Roman Religion and the Cult of Diana at Aricia.* New York: [Cambridge University Press](/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press "Cambridge University Press"). Hecate's association with [Helios](/wiki/Helios "Helios") in literary sources and especially in cursing magic has been cited as evidence for her lunar nature, although this evidence is pretty late; no artwork before the Roman period connecting Hecate to the [Moon](/wiki/Moon "Moon") exists.*Queen of the Night: Rediscovering the Celtic Moon Goddess* pp [62\-63](https://books.google.com/books?id=1l1yXq4xGHsC&pg=PA62) Nevertheless, the *[Homeric Hymn](/wiki/Homeric_Hymn "Homeric Hymn") to [Demeter](/wiki/Demeter "Demeter")* shows Helios and Hecate informing Demeter of [Persephone](/wiki/Persephone "Persephone")'s abduction, a common theme found in many parts of the world where the [Sun](/wiki/Sun "Sun") and the Moon are questioned concerning events that happen on earth based on their ability to witness everything and implies Hecate's capacity as a moon goddess in the hymn.Athanassakis and Wolkow, p. [90](https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC&pg=PA90) Another work connecting Hecate to Helios possibly as a moon goddess is [Sophocles](/wiki/Sophocles "Sophocles")'s lost play *The Root Cutters*, where Helios is described as Hecate's spear:
> O Sun our lord and sacred fire, the spear of Hecate of the
>
> roads, which she carries as she attends her mistress in the sky[Loeb Classical Library](/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library "Loeb Classical Library"), 1994, *[Sophocles](/wiki/Sophocles "Sophocles"): Fragments*, p. [271](https://books.google.com/books?id=voiup-mz2CkC&pg=PA271), [Oxford University](/wiki/Oxford_University "Oxford University").
This speech from the *Root Cutters* may or may not be an intentional association of Hecate with the Moon.Gantz, p. [27](https://archive.org/details/early-greek-myth-a-guide-timothy-gantz/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater) In [Seneca](/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger "Seneca the Younger")'s *[Medea](/wiki/Medea_%28Seneca%29 "Medea (Seneca)")*, the titular [Medea](/wiki/Medea "Medea") invokes her patron Hecate whom she addresses as "Moon, orb of the night" and "triple form".[Seneca](/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger "Seneca the Younger"), *[Medea](/wiki/Medea_%28Seneca%29 "Medea (Seneca)")* [750\-753](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3ATragedies_of_Seneca_(1907)_Miller.djvu/124) Hecate and the moon goddess [Selene](/wiki/Selene "Selene") were frequently identified with each other and a number of Greek and non\-Greek deities;Hordern, J. H. “Love Magic and Purification in Sophron, PSI 1214a, and Theocritus’ ‘Pharmakeutria.’” The Classical Quarterly 52, no. 1 (2002\): [165](http://www.jstor.org/stable/3556449) the [Greek Magical Papyri](/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri "Greek Magical Papyri") and other magical texts emphasize a syncretism between Selene\-Hecate with Artemis and Persephone among others. In Italy, the triple unity of the lunar goddesses [Diana](/wiki/Diana_%28mythology%29 "Diana (mythology)") (the huntress), [Luna](/wiki/Luna_%28goddess%29 "Luna (goddess)") (the Moon) and Hecate (the underworld) became a ubiquitous feature in depictions of sacred groves, where Hecate/Trivia marked intersections and crossroads along with other liminal deities.Bergmann, Bettina, Joseph Farrell, Denis Feeney, James Ker, Damien Nelis, and [Celia Schultz](/wiki/Celia_Schultz "Celia Schultz"). “An Exciting Provocation: John F. Miller’s ‘Apollo, Augustus, and the Poets.’” Vergilius (1959\-) 58 (2012\): [10–11](http://www.jstor.org/stable/43186298) The Romans celebrated enthusiastically the multiple identities of Diana as Hecate, Luna and Trivia.
From her father Perses, Hecate is often called "Perseis" (meaning "daughter of Perses")[Apollonius of Rhodes](/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes "Apollonius of Rhodes"), *[Argonautica](/wiki/Argonautica "Argonautica")* [3\.478](https://archive.org/stream/argonautica00apoluoft#page/226/mode/2up); [Ovid](/wiki/Ovid "Ovid"), *[Metamorphoses](/wiki/Metamorphoses "Metamorphoses")* [7\.74](https://topostext.org/work/141#7.74); [Seneca](/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger "Seneca the Younger"), *[Medea](/wiki/Medea_%28Seneca%29 "Medea (Seneca)")* [812](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0005%3Acard%3D740)[Smith](/wiki/William_Smith_%28lexicographer%29 "William Smith (lexicographer)"), s. v. [Hecate](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DH%3Aentry+group%3D4%3Aentry%3Dhecate-bio-1) which is also the name of [one](/wiki/Perse_%28mythology%29 "Perse (mythology)") of the [Oceanid](/wiki/Oceanid "Oceanid") [nymphs](/wiki/Nymph "Nymph"), Helios’ wife and Circe's mother in other versions.[Homer](/wiki/Homer "Homer"), *[Odyssey](/wiki/Odyssey "Odyssey")* [10\.135](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0218%3Abook%3D10%3Acard%3D3); [Hesiod](/wiki/Hesiod "Hesiod"), *[Theogony](/wiki/Theogony "Theogony")* [956](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D938); [Apollonius of Rhodes](/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes "Apollonius of Rhodes"), *[Argonautica](/wiki/Argonautica "Argonautica")* [4\.591](/wiki/iarchive:Theargonauticaof00apoliala/page/168/mode/2up "Theargonauticaof00apoliala/page/168/mode/2up"); [Apollodorus](/wiki/Bibliotheca_%28Pseudo-Apollodorus%29 "Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)"), [1\.9\.1](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D1); [Cicero](/wiki/Cicero "Cicero"), *[De Natura Deorum](/wiki/De_Natura_Deorum "De Natura Deorum")* [48\.4](https://topostext.org/work.php?work_id=137#3.47); [Hyginus](/wiki/Hyginus "Hyginus"), *Fabulae* [Preface](https://topostext.org/work/206#0.2) In one version of Hecate's parentage, she is the daughter of [Perses](/wiki/Perses_of_Colchis "Perses of Colchis") not the son of [Crius](/wiki/Crius "Crius") but the son of Helios, whose mother is the Oceanid Perse. [Karl Kerenyi](/wiki/Karl_Kerenyi "Karl Kerenyi") noted the similarity between the names, perhaps denoting a chthonic connection among the two and the goddess Persephone;[Karl Kerenyi](/wiki/Karl_Kerenyi "Karl Kerenyi"), *The Gods of the Greeks*, 1951, pp [192\-193](https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.7346/page/n215/mode/2up?view=theater) it is possible that this epithet gives evidence of a lunar aspect of Hecate.*The Classical Review* vol. 9, pp [391–392](https://books.google.com/books?id=MEqM69sUiYkC&pg=PA391) [Fowler](/wiki/Robert_Fowler_%28academic%29 "Robert Fowler (academic)") also noted that the pairing (i. e. Helios and Perse) made sense given Hecate's association with the Moon.Fowler, p. [16](https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA16), vol. II Mooney however notes that when it comes to the nymph Perse herself, there's no evidence of her actually being a moon goddess on her own right.Mooney, p. 58
|
[
"Functions\n---------",
"[thumb\\|Gilt bronze Hekataion, 1st century CE. [Musei Capitolini](/wiki/Musei_Capitolini \"Musei Capitolini\"), Rome.](/wiki/File:Hecate_statuette_in_triple_form%2C_S_2173%2C_Roman%2C_1st_century_AD%2C_gilt_bronze_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome%2C_Italy_-_DSC06175.jpg \"Hecate statuette in triple form, S 2173, Roman, 1st century AD, gilt bronze - Musei Capitolini - Rome, Italy - DSC06175.jpg\")",
"### As a goddess of boundaries",
"Hecate was associated with borders, city walls, doorways, crossroads and, by extension, with realms outside or beyond the world of the living. She appears to have been particularly associated with being 'between' and hence is frequently characterized as a \"[liminal](/wiki/Liminal_deity \"Liminal deity\")\" goddess.{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2023}} \"Hecate mediated between regimes—[Olympian](/wiki/Twelve_Olympians \"Twelve Olympians\") and [Titan](/wiki/Titans \"Titans\")—but also between mortal and divine spheres.\"Bonnie MacLachlan, Judith Fletcher, *Virginity Revisited: Configurations of The Unpossessed Body*, University of Toronto Press, 2007, p. 14\\. This liminal role is reflected in a number of her cult titles: *[Apotropaia](/wiki/Apotrope \"Apotrope\")* (that turns away/protects); *Enodia* (on the way); *Propulaia*/*Propylaia* (before the gate); *Triodia*/*Trioditis* (who frequents [crossroads](/wiki/Crossroads_%28culture%29 \"Crossroads (culture)\")); *Klêidouchos* (holding the keys), etc.",
"{{blockquote\\|As a goddess expected to avert harmful or destructive spirits from the house or city over which she stood guard and to protect the individual as she or he passed through dangerous liminal places, Hecate would naturally become known as a goddess who could also ''refuse'' to avert the demons, or even drive them on against unfortunate individuals.Johnston 1999, p. 209\\.}}",
"{{blockquote\\|It was probably her role as guardian of entrances that led to Hecate's identification by the mid fifth century with \\[\\[Enodia]], a \\[\\[Thessaly\\|Thessalian]] goddess. Enodia's very name (\"In\\-the\\-Road\") suggests that she watched over entrances, for it expresses both the possibility that she stood on the main road into a city, keeping an eye on all who entered, and in the road in front of private houses, protecting their inhabitants.Johnston 1999, p. 208\\.}}",
"This function would appear to have some relationship with the [iconographic](/wiki/Iconography \"Iconography\") association of Hecate with keys, and might also relate to her appearance with two torches, which when positioned on either side of a gate or door illuminated the immediate area and allowed visitors to be identified. \"In [Byzantium](/wiki/Byzantium \"Byzantium\") small temples in her honour were placed close to the gates of the city. Hecate's importance to Byzantium was above all as a deity of protection. When [Philip of Macedon](/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon \"Philip II of Macedon\") was about to attack the city, according to the legend she alerted the townspeople with her ever present torches, and with her pack of dogs, which served as her constant companions.\"Vasiliki Limberis, *Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary And The Creation of Christian Constantinople*, Routledge, 1994, pp. 126–127\\. This suggests that Hecate's close association with dogs derived in part from the use of watchdogs, who, particularly at night, raised an alarm when intruders approached. Watchdogs were used extensively by Greeks and Romans.{{cite book \\|editor1\\-last\\=Hornblower \\|editor1\\-first\\=Simon \\|editor2\\-last\\=Spawforth \\|editor2\\-first\\=Antony \\|title\\=The Oxford Classical Dictionary \\|edition\\=Third \\|location\\=New York \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|year\\=1996 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/isbn\\_9780198661726/page/490 490] \\|isbn\\=0\\-19\\-866172\\-X \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/isbn\\_9780198661726/page/490 }}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Drawing of a Hekataion](/wiki/File:AN00866037_001_l.jpg \"AN00866037 001 l.jpg\")\nCult images and altars of Hecate in her triplicate or trimorphic form were placed at three\\-way [crossroads](/wiki/Crossroads_%28road%29 \"Crossroads (road)\") (though they also appeared before private homes and in front of city gates). In what appears to be a 7th\\-century indication of the survival of cult practices of this general sort, [Saint Eligius](/wiki/Saint_Eligius \"Saint Eligius\"), in his *Sermo* warns the sick among his recently converted flock in Flanders against putting \"devilish charms at springs or trees or crossroads\",Amanda Porterfield, *Healing in the history of Christianity*, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 72\\. and, according to [Saint Ouen](/wiki/Saint_Ouen \"Saint Ouen\") would urge them \"No Christian should make or render any devotion to the deities of the trivium, where three roads meet...\".[Saint Ouen, *Vita Eligii* book II.16](http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/sto09001.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820234709/http://www.catholic\\-forum.com/saints/sto09001\\.htm \\|date\\=20 August 2009 }}.",
"### As a goddess of the underworld",
"Thanks to her association with boundaries and the liminal spaces between worlds, Hecate is also recognized as a chthonic (underworld) goddess. As the holder of the keys that can unlock the gates between realms, she can unlock the gates of death, as described in a 3rd\\-century BCE poem by Theocritus. In the 1st century CE, Virgil described the entrance to hell as \"Hecate's Grove\", though he says that Hecate is equally \"powerful in Heaven and Hell.\" The [Greek Magical Papyri](/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri \"Greek Magical Papyri\") describe Hecate as the holder of the keys to [Tartaros](/wiki/Tartaros \"Tartaros\"). Like [Hermes](/wiki/Hermes \"Hermes\"), Hecate takes on the role of guardian not just of roads, but of all journeys, including the journey to the afterlife. In art and myth, she is shown, along with Hermes, guiding [Persephone](/wiki/Persephone \"Persephone\") back from the underworld with her torches.",
"By the 5th century BCE, Hecate had come to be strongly associated with [ghosts](/wiki/Ghost \"Ghost\"), possibly due to conflation with the [Thessalian](/wiki/Thessaly \"Thessaly\") goddess [Enodia](/wiki/Enodia \"Enodia\") (meaning \"traveller\"), who travelled the earth with a retinue of ghosts and was depicted on coinage wearing a leafy crown and holding torches, iconography strongly associated with Hecate.",
"### As a goddess of witchcraft",
"By the 1st century CE, Hecate's chthonic and nocturnal character had led to her transformation into a goddess heavily associated with witchcraft, witches, magic, and sorcery. In [Lucan](/wiki/Lucan \"Lucan\")'s *[Pharsalia](/wiki/Pharsalia \"Pharsalia\")*, the witch [Erichtho](/wiki/Erichtho \"Erichtho\") invokes Hecate as \"Persephone, who is the third and lowest aspect of Hecate, the goddess we witches revere\", and describes her as a \"rotting goddess\" with a \"pallid decaying body\", who has to \"wear a mask when \\[she] visit\\[s] the gods in heaven.\"",
"Like Hecate, \"the dog is a creature of the threshold, the guardian of doors and portals, and so it is appropriately associated with the frontier between life and death, and with demons and ghosts which move across the frontier. The yawning gates of [Hades](/wiki/Hades \"Hades\") were guarded by the monstrous watchdog [Cerberus](/wiki/Cerberus \"Cerberus\"), whose function was to prevent the living from entering the underworld, and the dead from leaving it.\"Richard Cavendish, *The Powers of Evil in Western Religion, Magic and Folk Belief*, Routledge, 1975, p. 62\\.",
"### Plants and herbalism",
"Hecate was closely associated with plant lore and the concoction of medicines and [poisons](/wiki/Poison \"Poison\"). In particular she was thought to give instruction in these closely related arts. [Apollonius of Rhodes](/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes \"Apollonius of Rhodes\"), in the *[Argonautica](/wiki/Argonautica \"Argonautica\")*, mentions that [Medea](/wiki/Medea \"Medea\") was taught by Hecate: \"I have mentioned to you before a certain young girl whom Hecate, daughter of Perses, has taught to work in drugs.\"R. L. Hunter, *The Argonautica of Apollonius*, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 142, citing Apollonius of Rhodes.",
"Hecate was said to favour offerings of [garlic](/wiki/Garlic \"Garlic\"), which was closely associated with her cult.Frederick J. Simoons, *Plants of Life, Plants of Death*, University of Wisconsin Press, 1998, p. 143; Fragkiska Megaloudi, *Plants and Diet in Greece From Neolithic to Classic Periods*, Archaeopress, 2006, p. 71\\. She is also sometimes associated with [cypress](/wiki/Mediterranean_Cypress \"Mediterranean Cypress\"), a tree symbolic of death and the underworld, and hence sacred to a number of chthonic deities.{{cite book \\|last\\=Frieze \\|first\\=Henry \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/virgilsaeneidbo01denngoog \\|title\\=Virgil's Aeneid \\|author2\\=Dennison, Walter \\|publisher\\=American Book Company \\|year\\=1902 \\|location\\=New York \\|pages\\=N111}}",
"A number of other plants (often poisonous, medicinal and/or psychoactive) are associated with Hecate.\"Hecate had a \"botanical garden\" on the island of Colchis where the following alkaloid plants were kept: Akoniton (*Aconitum napellus*), Diktamnon (*Dictamnus albus*), Mandragores (Mandragora officinarum), Mekon (*Papaver somniferum*), Melaina (*Claviceps pupurea*), Thryon (*Atropa belladona*), and *Cochicum* \\[...]\" Margaret F. Roberts, Michael Wink, *Alkaloids: Biochemistry, Ecology, and Medicinal Applications*, Springer, 1998, p. 16\\. These include [aconite](/wiki/Aconitum \"Aconitum\") (also called *hecateis*),Robert Graves, *The Greek Myths*, Penguin Books, 1977, p. 154\\. [belladonna](/wiki/Atropa_belladonna \"Atropa belladonna\"), [dittany](/wiki/Origanum_dictamnus \"Origanum dictamnus\"), and [mandrake](/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum \"Mandragora officinarum\"). It has been suggested that the use of dogs for digging up mandrake is further corroboration of the association of this plant with Hecate; indeed, since at least as early as the 1st century CE, there are a number of attestations to the apparently widespread practice of using dogs to dig up plants associated with magic.Frederick J. Simoons, *Plants of Life, Plants of Death*, University of Wisconsin Press, 1998, pp. 121–124\\.\nThe [yew](/wiki/Taxus_baccata \"Taxus baccata\") in particular was sacred to Hecate.{{blockquote\\|Greeks held the yew to be sacred to Hecate ... Her attendants draped wreathes of yew around the necks of black bulls which they slaughtered in her honor and yew boughs were burned on funeral pyres. The yew was associated with the alphabet and the scientific name for yew today, ''taxus'', was probably derived from the Greek word for yew, ''{{lang\\|grc\\-Latn\\|toxos}}'', which is hauntingly similar to ''{{lang\\|grc\\-Latn\\|toxon}}'', their word for bow and ''{{lang\\|grc\\-Latn\\|toxicon}}'', their word for poison. It is presumed that the latter were named after the tree because of its superiority for both bows and poison.Matthew Suffness (Ed.), ''Taxol: Science and Applications'', CRC Press, 1995, p. 28\\.}}",
"### As a goddess of the moon",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\|*Hecate the Moon*, [fresco](/wiki/Fresco \"Fresco\") by [Francesco de' Rossi](/wiki/Francesco_de%27_Rossi \"Francesco de' Rossi\"), c. 1543–1545\\)](/wiki/File:Francesco_Salviati_-_Hecate_%28the_Moon%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg \"Francesco Salviati - Hecate (the Moon) - Google Art Project.jpg\")",
"Hecate was seen as a triple deity, identified with the goddesses [Luna](/wiki/Luna_%28goddess%29 \"Luna (goddess)\") (Moon) in the sky and [Diana](/wiki/Diana_%28mythology%29 \"Diana (mythology)\") (hunting) on the earth, while she represents the Underworld.[Servius](/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus \"Maurus Servius Honoratus\"), *Commentary on the [Aeneid](/wiki/Aeneid \"Aeneid\")* [6\\.118](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053%3Abook%3D6%3Acommline%3D118); Green, C. M. C. (2007\\). *Roman Religion and the Cult of Diana at Aricia.* New York: [Cambridge University Press](/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press \"Cambridge University Press\"). Hecate's association with [Helios](/wiki/Helios \"Helios\") in literary sources and especially in cursing magic has been cited as evidence for her lunar nature, although this evidence is pretty late; no artwork before the Roman period connecting Hecate to the [Moon](/wiki/Moon \"Moon\") exists.*Queen of the Night: Rediscovering the Celtic Moon Goddess* pp [62\\-63](https://books.google.com/books?id=1l1yXq4xGHsC&pg=PA62) Nevertheless, the *[Homeric Hymn](/wiki/Homeric_Hymn \"Homeric Hymn\") to [Demeter](/wiki/Demeter \"Demeter\")* shows Helios and Hecate informing Demeter of [Persephone](/wiki/Persephone \"Persephone\")'s abduction, a common theme found in many parts of the world where the [Sun](/wiki/Sun \"Sun\") and the Moon are questioned concerning events that happen on earth based on their ability to witness everything and implies Hecate's capacity as a moon goddess in the hymn.Athanassakis and Wolkow, p. [90](https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC&pg=PA90) Another work connecting Hecate to Helios possibly as a moon goddess is [Sophocles](/wiki/Sophocles \"Sophocles\")'s lost play *The Root Cutters*, where Helios is described as Hecate's spear:",
"",
"> O Sun our lord and sacred fire, the spear of Hecate of the \n> \n> roads, which she carries as she attends her mistress in the sky[Loeb Classical Library](/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library \"Loeb Classical Library\"), 1994, *[Sophocles](/wiki/Sophocles \"Sophocles\"): Fragments*, p. [271](https://books.google.com/books?id=voiup-mz2CkC&pg=PA271), [Oxford University](/wiki/Oxford_University \"Oxford University\").",
"This speech from the *Root Cutters* may or may not be an intentional association of Hecate with the Moon.Gantz, p. [27](https://archive.org/details/early-greek-myth-a-guide-timothy-gantz/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater) In [Seneca](/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger \"Seneca the Younger\")'s *[Medea](/wiki/Medea_%28Seneca%29 \"Medea (Seneca)\")*, the titular [Medea](/wiki/Medea \"Medea\") invokes her patron Hecate whom she addresses as \"Moon, orb of the night\" and \"triple form\".[Seneca](/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger \"Seneca the Younger\"), *[Medea](/wiki/Medea_%28Seneca%29 \"Medea (Seneca)\")* [750\\-753](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3ATragedies_of_Seneca_(1907)_Miller.djvu/124) Hecate and the moon goddess [Selene](/wiki/Selene \"Selene\") were frequently identified with each other and a number of Greek and non\\-Greek deities;Hordern, J. H. “Love Magic and Purification in Sophron, PSI 1214a, and Theocritus’ ‘Pharmakeutria.’” The Classical Quarterly 52, no. 1 (2002\\): [165](http://www.jstor.org/stable/3556449) the [Greek Magical Papyri](/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri \"Greek Magical Papyri\") and other magical texts emphasize a syncretism between Selene\\-Hecate with Artemis and Persephone among others. In Italy, the triple unity of the lunar goddesses [Diana](/wiki/Diana_%28mythology%29 \"Diana (mythology)\") (the huntress), [Luna](/wiki/Luna_%28goddess%29 \"Luna (goddess)\") (the Moon) and Hecate (the underworld) became a ubiquitous feature in depictions of sacred groves, where Hecate/Trivia marked intersections and crossroads along with other liminal deities.Bergmann, Bettina, Joseph Farrell, Denis Feeney, James Ker, Damien Nelis, and [Celia Schultz](/wiki/Celia_Schultz \"Celia Schultz\"). “An Exciting Provocation: John F. Miller’s ‘Apollo, Augustus, and the Poets.’” Vergilius (1959\\-) 58 (2012\\): [10–11](http://www.jstor.org/stable/43186298) The Romans celebrated enthusiastically the multiple identities of Diana as Hecate, Luna and Trivia.",
"From her father Perses, Hecate is often called \"Perseis\" (meaning \"daughter of Perses\")[Apollonius of Rhodes](/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes \"Apollonius of Rhodes\"), *[Argonautica](/wiki/Argonautica \"Argonautica\")* [3\\.478](https://archive.org/stream/argonautica00apoluoft#page/226/mode/2up); [Ovid](/wiki/Ovid \"Ovid\"), *[Metamorphoses](/wiki/Metamorphoses \"Metamorphoses\")* [7\\.74](https://topostext.org/work/141#7.74); [Seneca](/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger \"Seneca the Younger\"), *[Medea](/wiki/Medea_%28Seneca%29 \"Medea (Seneca)\")* [812](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0005%3Acard%3D740)[Smith](/wiki/William_Smith_%28lexicographer%29 \"William Smith (lexicographer)\"), s. v. [Hecate](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DH%3Aentry+group%3D4%3Aentry%3Dhecate-bio-1) which is also the name of [one](/wiki/Perse_%28mythology%29 \"Perse (mythology)\") of the [Oceanid](/wiki/Oceanid \"Oceanid\") [nymphs](/wiki/Nymph \"Nymph\"), Helios’ wife and Circe's mother in other versions.[Homer](/wiki/Homer \"Homer\"), *[Odyssey](/wiki/Odyssey \"Odyssey\")* [10\\.135](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0218%3Abook%3D10%3Acard%3D3); [Hesiod](/wiki/Hesiod \"Hesiod\"), *[Theogony](/wiki/Theogony \"Theogony\")* [956](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D938); [Apollonius of Rhodes](/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes \"Apollonius of Rhodes\"), *[Argonautica](/wiki/Argonautica \"Argonautica\")* [4\\.591](/wiki/iarchive:Theargonauticaof00apoliala/page/168/mode/2up \"Theargonauticaof00apoliala/page/168/mode/2up\"); [Apollodorus](/wiki/Bibliotheca_%28Pseudo-Apollodorus%29 \"Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)\"), [1\\.9\\.1](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D1); [Cicero](/wiki/Cicero \"Cicero\"), *[De Natura Deorum](/wiki/De_Natura_Deorum \"De Natura Deorum\")* [48\\.4](https://topostext.org/work.php?work_id=137#3.47); [Hyginus](/wiki/Hyginus \"Hyginus\"), *Fabulae* [Preface](https://topostext.org/work/206#0.2) In one version of Hecate's parentage, she is the daughter of [Perses](/wiki/Perses_of_Colchis \"Perses of Colchis\") not the son of [Crius](/wiki/Crius \"Crius\") but the son of Helios, whose mother is the Oceanid Perse. [Karl Kerenyi](/wiki/Karl_Kerenyi \"Karl Kerenyi\") noted the similarity between the names, perhaps denoting a chthonic connection among the two and the goddess Persephone;[Karl Kerenyi](/wiki/Karl_Kerenyi \"Karl Kerenyi\"), *The Gods of the Greeks*, 1951, pp [192\\-193](https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.7346/page/n215/mode/2up?view=theater) it is possible that this epithet gives evidence of a lunar aspect of Hecate.*The Classical Review* vol. 9, pp [391–392](https://books.google.com/books?id=MEqM69sUiYkC&pg=PA391) [Fowler](/wiki/Robert_Fowler_%28academic%29 \"Robert Fowler (academic)\") also noted that the pairing (i. e. Helios and Perse) made sense given Hecate's association with the Moon.Fowler, p. [16](https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA16), vol. II Mooney however notes that when it comes to the nymph Perse herself, there's no evidence of her actually being a moon goddess on her own right.Mooney, p. 58",
""
] |
Cult
----
[thumb\|left\|Hecate holding two torches and dancing in front of an altar, beyond which is a cult statue, c. 350–300 BC, red\-figure vase, [Capua](/wiki/Capua "Capua"), Italy](/wiki/File:Hekate_BM_G17.jpg "Hekate BM G17.jpg")
Worship of Hecate existed alongside other deities in major public shrines and temples in antiquity, and she had a significant role as household deity.{{Cite book\|last\=Aune\|first\=David Edward\|title\=Apocalypticism, Prophecy and Magic in Early Christianity: Collected Essays\|publisher\=Mohr Siebeck\|year\=2006\|isbn\=3161490207\|pages\=356ff}} Shrines to Hecate were often placed at doorways to homes, temples, and cities with the belief that it would protect from restless dead and other spirits. Home shrines often took the form of a small *Hekataion*, a shrine centred on a wood or stone carving of a triple Hecate facing in three directions on three sides of a central pillar. Larger Hekataions, often enclosed within small walled areas, were sometimes placed at public crossroads near important sites – for example, there was one on the road leading to the [Acropolis](/wiki/Acropolis "Acropolis").Wycherley, R. (1970\). Minor Shrines in Ancient Athens. Phoenix, 24(4\), 283–295\. doi:10\.2307/1087735 Likewise, shrines to Hecate at three way crossroads were created where food offerings were left at the new Moon to protect those who did so from spirits and other evils.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theoi.com/Cult/HekateCult.html \|title\=CULT OF HEKATE : Ancient Greek religion \|publisher\=Theoi.com \|access\-date\=24 September 2012}} In [Zerynthus](/wiki/Zerynthus "Zerynthus") there was a cave dedicated to Hecate.[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854\), Zerynthus](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=zerynthus-geo)
Dogs were sacred to Hecate and associated with roads, domestic spaces, purification, and spirits of the dead. Dogs were also sacrificed to the road.As Sterckx (2002\) observes, "The use of dog sacrifices at the gates and doors of the living and the dead as well as its use in travel sacrifices suggest that dogs were perceived as daemonic animals operating in the liminal or transitory realm between the domestic and the unknown, danger\-stricken outside world". Roel Sterckx, *The Animal and The Daemon in Early China*, State University of New York Press, 2002, pp 232–233\. Sterckx explicitly recognizes the similarities between these ancient Chinese views of dogs and those current in Greek and Roman antiquity, and goes on to note "Dog sacrifice was also a common practice among the Greeks where the dog figured prominently as a guardian of the underworld." (Footnote 113, p318\)
This can be compared to Pausanias' report that in the Ionian city of Colophon in Asia Minor a sacrifice of a black female puppy was made to Hecate as "the wayside goddess", and Plutarch's observation that in Boeotia dogs were killed in purificatory rites. Dogs, with puppies often mentioned, were offered to Hecate at crossroads, which were sacred to the goddess.{{cite book\|first\=Frederick J.\|last\=Simoons\|title\=Eat Not This Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present\|publisher\=\[\[University of Wisconsin Press]]\|location\=Madison, Wisconsin\|date\=1994\|isbn\=978\-0299142544\|pages\=233–234}}
### History
The earliest definitive record of Hecate's worship dates to the 6th century BCE, in the form of a small [terracotta](/wiki/Terracotta "Terracotta") statue of a seated goddess, identified as Hecate in its inscription. This and other early depictions of Hecate lack distinctive attributes that would later be associated with her, such as a triple form or torches, and can only be identified as Hecate thanks to their inscriptions. Otherwise, they are typically generic, or [Artemis](/wiki/Artemis "Artemis")\-like.
Hecate's cult became established in [Athens](/wiki/Athens "Athens") about 430 BCE. At this time, the sculptor [Alcamenes](/wiki/Alcamenes "Alcamenes") made the earliest known triple\-formed Hecate statue for use at her new temple. While this sculpture has not survived to the present day, numerous later copies are extant. It has been speculated that this triple image, usually situated around a pole or pillar, was derived from earlier representations of the goddess using three masks hung on actual wooden poles, possibly placed at crossroads and gateways.
### Sanctuaries
{{Ancient Greek religion}}Hecate was a popular divinity, and her cult was practiced with many local variations all over Greece and Western Anatolia. [Caria](/wiki/Caria "Caria") was a major center of worship and her most famous temple there was located in the town of [Lagina](/wiki/Lagina "Lagina"). The oldest known direct evidence of Hecate's cult comes from [Selinunte](/wiki/Selinunte "Selinunte") (near modern\-day [Trapani](/wiki/Trapani "Trapani") in Sicily), where she had a temple in the 6th–5th centuries BCE.Redazione ANSA. ["Oldest ever trace of Hekate cult found"](http://www.ansa.it/english/news/lifestyle/arts/2018/01/16/oldest-ever-trace-of-hekate-cult-found-2_fadc3aa0-c134-4ccd-815f-16eb1895f54d.html). 16 January 2018\.
There was a Temple of Hecate in [Argolis](/wiki/Argolis "Argolis"):
> Over against the sanctuary of [Eileithyia](/wiki/Eileithyia "Eileithyia") is a temple of Hecate \[the goddess probably here identified with the [apotheosed](/wiki/Apotheosis "Apotheosis") [Iphigenia](/wiki/Iphigenia "Iphigenia"), and the image is a work of [Skopas](/wiki/Skopas "Skopas"). This one is of stone, while the bronze images opposite, also of Hecate, were made respectively by [Polykleitos](/wiki/Polykleitos "Polykleitos") and his brother [Naukydes](/wiki/Naukydes "Naukydes").Pausanias, Description of Greece 2\. 22\. 7
There was also a shrine to Hecate in [Aigina](/wiki/Aigina "Aigina"), where she was very popular:
> Of the gods, the Aiginetans worship most Hecate, in whose honour every year they celebrate mystic rites which, they say, [Orpheus](/wiki/Orpheus "Orpheus") the Thrakian established among them. Within the enclosure is a temple; its wooden image is the work of [Myron](/wiki/Myron "Myron"), and it has one face and one body. It was [Alkamenes](/wiki/Alkamenes "Alkamenes"), in my opinion, who first made three images of Hecate attached to one another \[in Athens].Pausanias, *Description of Greece* [2\.30\.2](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.30.2&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160) (trans. Jones)
Aside from her own temples, Hecate was also worshipped in the sanctuaries of other gods, where she was apparently sometimes given her own space. A round stone altar dedicated to the goddess was found in the [Delphinion](/wiki/Delphinion "Delphinion") (a temple dedicated to [Apollo](/wiki/Apollo "Apollo")) at [Miletus](/wiki/Miletus "Miletus"). Dated to the 7th century BCE, this is one of the oldest known artefacts dedicated to the worship of Hecate. In association with her worship alongside Apollo at Miletus, worshipers used a unique form of offering: they would place stone cubes, often wreathes, known as γυλλοι (*gylloi*) as protective offerings at the door or gateway.{{Cite web\|url\=http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be\|title\=CGRN Collection of Greek Ritual Norms\|website\=cgrn.ulg.ac.be\|accessdate\=16 January 2023}} There was an area sacred to Hecate in the precincts of the [Temple of Artemis at Ephesus](/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis_at_Ephesus "Temple of Artemis at Ephesus"), where the priests, *megabyzi*, officiated.Strabo, *Geography*, 14\.1\.23 This sanctuary was called *Hecatesion* (Shrine of Hecate).Strabo, *Geography* [14\. 1\. 23](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+14.1.23&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198) (trans. Jones) Hecate was also worshipped in the Temple of Athena in Titane: "In Titane there is also a sanctuary of Athena, into which they bring up the image of Koronis \[mother of Asklepios] ... The sanctuary is built upon a hill, at the bottom of which is an Altar of the Winds, and on it the priest sacrifices to the winds one night in every year. He also performs other secret rites \[of Hecate] at four pits, taming the fierceness of the blasts \[of the winds], and he is said to chant as well the charms of Medea."Pausanias, *Description of Greece* [2\.12\.1](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.12.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160) She was most commonly worshipped in nature, where she had many natural sanctuaries. An important sanctuary of Hecate was a holy cave on the island of [Samothrake](/wiki/Samothrake "Samothrake") called Zerynthos:
> In Samothrake there were certain initiation\-rites, which they supposed efficacious as a charm against certain dangers. In that place were also the mysteries of the Korybantes \[Kabeiroi] and those of Hekate and the Zerinthian cave, where they sacrificed dogs. The initiates supposed that these things save \[them] from terrors and from storms.Suidas s.v. All' ei tis humôn en Samothraikei memuemenos esti
#### Cult at Lagina
Hecate's most important sanctuary was [Lagina](/wiki/Lagina "Lagina"), a theocratic city\-state in which the goddess was served by [eunuchs](/wiki/Eunuch_%28court_official%29 "Eunuch (court official)").
The temple is mentioned by [Strabo](/wiki/Strabo "Strabo"):
> Stratonikeia \[in Karia, Asia Minor] is a settlement of Makedonians ... There are two temples in the country of the Stratonikeians, of which the most famous, that of Hecate, is at Lagina; and it draws great festal assemblies every year.Strabo, *Geography* 14\.2\.15 (trans. Jones)
Lagina, where the famous temple of Hecate drew great festal assemblies every year, lay close to the originally [Macedonian](/wiki/Macedon "Macedon") [colony](/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity "Colonies in antiquity") of [Stratonikeia](/wiki/Stratonicea_%28Caria%29 "Stratonicea (Caria)"), where she was the city's patron.Strabo, *Geography* 14\.2\.25; Kraus 1960\. In Thrace she played a role similar to that of lesser\-[Hermes](/wiki/Hermes "Hermes"), namely a ruler of [liminal](/wiki/Liminality "Liminality") regions, particularly gates, and the wilderness.
#### Cult at Byzantium
[thumb\|right\|Juniper wood Hekataion. Ptolemaic Egypt, c. 304–330 BCE.](/wiki/File:Wood_statuette_of_Hekate_MET_DP145604.jpg "Wood statuette of Hekate MET DP145604.jpg")
Hecate was greatly worshipped in [Byzantium](/wiki/Byzantium "Byzantium"). She was said to have saved the city from [Philip II of Macedon](/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon "Philip II of Macedon"), warning the citizens of a night time attack by a light in the sky, for which she was known as *Hecate Lampadephoros*. The tale is preserved in the [Suda](/wiki/Suda "Suda").{{efn\|
"In 340 B.C., however, the Byzantines, with the aid of the Athenians, withstood a siege successfully, an occurrence the more remarkable as they were attacked by the greatest general of the age, Philip of Macedon. In the course of this beleaguerment, it is related, on a certain wet and moonless night the enemy attempted a surprise, but were foiled by reason of a bright light which, appearing suddenly in the heavens, startled all the dogs in the town and thus roused the garrison to a sense of their danger. To commemorate this timely phenomenon, which was attributed to Hecate, they erected a public statue to that goddess \[...]".{{cite book \|first\=William Gordon \|last\=Holmes \|title\=The Age of Justinian and Theodora \|year\=2003 \|pages\=5–6}}
:
"If any goddess had a connection with the walls in Constantinople, it was Hecate.
Hecate had a cult in Byzantium from the time of its founding. Like Byzas in one legend, she had her origins in Thrace. Since Hecate was the guardian of "liminal places", in Byzantium, small temples in her honor were placed close to the gates of the city. Hecate's importance to Byzantium was above all as deity of protection. When Philip of Macedon was about to attack the city, according to the legend, she alerted the townspeople with her ever\-present torches, and with her pack of dogs, which served as her constant companions.
Her mythic qualities thenceforth forever entered the fabric of Byzantine history."
:
"A statue known as the 'Lampadephoros' was erected on the hill above the Bosphorous to commemorate Hecate's defensive aid."{{cite book \|first\=Vasiliki \|last\=Limberis \|title\=Divine Heiress \|publisher\=Routledge \|year\=1994 \|pages\=126–127}}
:
This story apparently survived in the works \[\[Hesychius of Miletus]], who in all probability lived in the time of \[\[Justinian]]. His works survive only in fragments preserved in Photius and the ''\[\[Suda]]'', a Byzantine lexicon of the 10th century AD. The tale is also related by \[\[Stephanus of Byzantium]] and \[\[Eustathius of Thessalonica\|Eustathius]].
}}
As Hecate Phosphorus (the 'star' [Venus](/wiki/Venus "Venus")) she is said to have lit the sky during the Siege of Philip II in 340 BCE, revealing the attack to its inhabitants. The Byzantines dedicated a statue to her as the "lamp carrier".{{cite book \|last\=Russell \|first\=Thomas James \|year\=2017 \|page\=184 \|title\=Byzantium and the Bosporus \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|place\=Oxford, UK \|isbn\=9780198790525 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZD1uDQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA184}} According to [Hesychius of Miletus](/wiki/Hesychius_of_Miletus "Hesychius of Miletus") there was once a statue of Hecate at the site of the [Hippodrome](/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople "Hippodrome of Constantinople") in [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople "Constantinople").*[Patria of Constantinople](/wiki/Patria_of_Constantinople "Patria of Constantinople")*
#### Hecate's island
Hecate's island (Ἑκάτης νήσου), also called Psamite (Ψαμίτη), was an islet in the vicinity of [Delos](/wiki/Delos "Delos"). It was called Psamite because Hecate was honoured with a cake, which was called psamiton (ψάμιτον).{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cs.uky.edu/\~raphael/sol/sol\-entries/epsilon/365\|title\=SOL Search\|website\=www.cs.uky.edu\|accessdate\=16 January 2023}} The island is the modern Megalos (Great) Reumatiaris.{{Cite web\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=aVEMAAAAYAAJ\|title\=Travels in Greece and Turkey: Undertaken by Order of Louis XVI, and with the Authority of the Ottoman Court\|first\=Charles Sigisbert\|last\=Sonnini\|date\=16 January 1801\|publisher\=T. N. Longman \& O. Rees\|accessdate\=16 January 2023\|via\=Google Books}}
### Deipnon
The Athenian Greeks honoured Hecate during the [Deipnon](/wiki/Deipnon "Deipnon"). In Greek, deipnon means the evening meal, usually the largest meal of the day. Hecate's Deipnon is, at its most basic, a meal served to Hecate and the restless dead once a lunar monthThe play Plutus by Aristophanes (388 BCE), line 594 any translation will do or [Benjamin Bickley Rogers](/wiki/Benjamin_Bickley_Rogers "Benjamin Bickley Rogers") is fine during the [Dark Moon](/wiki/Dark_Moon "Dark Moon"). On the night of the dark moon, a meal would be set outside, in a small shrine to Hecate by the front door; as the street in front of the house and the doorway create a crossroads, known to be a place Hecate dwelled. Food offerings might include cake or bread, fish, eggs and honey.{{Cite book \|last\=Robinson \|first\=Sarah \|title\=Kitchen Witch: Food, Folklore \& Fairy Tale \|publisher\=Womancraft Publishing \|year\=2022 \|isbn\=978\-1910559697 \|pages\=32}} The Deipnon is always followed the next day by the [Noumenia](/wiki/Noumenia "Noumenia"),*Harvard Theological Review*, Vol. 65, No.2, 1972 pages 291–297 when the first sliver of the sunlit New Moon is visible, and then the Agathos Daimon the day after that.
The main purpose of the Deipnon was to honour Hecate and to placate the souls in her wake who "longed for vengeance."These are the biaiothanatoi, aoroi and ataphoi (cf. Rohde, i. 264 f., and notes, 275–277, ii. 362, and note, 411–413, 424–425\), whose enthumion, the quasi\-technical word designating their longing for vengeance, was much dreaded. See Heckenbach, p. 2776 and references. A secondary purpose was to purify the household and to atone for bad deeds a household member may have committed that offended Hecate, causing her to withhold her favour from them. The Deipnon consists of three main parts: 1\) the meal that was set out at a crossroads, usually in a shrine outside the entryway to the homeAntiphanes, in Athenaeus, 313 B (2\. 39 K), and 358 F; Melanthius, in Athenaeus, 325 B. Plato, Com. (i. 647\. 19 K), Apollodorus, Melanthius, Hegesander, Chariclides (iii. 394 K), Antiphanes, in Athenaeus, 358 F; Aristophanes, Plutus, 596\. 2\) an expiation sacrifice,Hekate's Suppers, by K. F. Smith. Chapter in the book The Goddess Hekate: Studies in Ancient Pagan and Christian Philosophy edited by Stephen Ronan. Pages 57 to 64 and 3\) purification of the household.Roscher, 1889; Heckenbach, 2781; Rohde, ii. 79, n. 1\. also Ammonius (p. 79, Valckenaer)
### Epithets
[thumb\|Sketch of a stone Hecataion. Richard Cosway, British Museum.](/wiki/File:AN01020070_001_l.jpg "AN01020070 001 l.jpg")Hecate was known by a number of epithets:
* **Aenaos** (Aἰώνιος), eternal, agelong, ever\-flowing.[Greek Magical Papyri](/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri "Greek Magical Papyri")/PGM IV 2785\-2890
* **Aglaos** (Αγλάος), beautiful, bright, pleasing.[Greek Magical Papyri](/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri "Greek Magical Papyri")/PGM IV 2241\-2358
* **Apotropaia** (Ἀποτρόπαια), the one that turns away/protects.Alberta Mildred Franklin, *The Lupercalia*, Columbia University, 1921, p. 68\.
* [Brimo](/wiki/Brimo "Brimo") (Βριμώ), the furious, the avenging, the dreaded, crackling flame.[Apollonius Rhodius](/wiki/Apollonius_Rhodius "Apollonius Rhodius"), *[Argonautica](/wiki/Argonautica "Argonautica")* 3\.1194
* [Chthonia](/wiki/Chthonia "Chthonia") (Χθωνία), of the earth/[underworld](/wiki/Greek_underworld "Greek underworld").Jon D. Mikalson, *Athenian Popular Religion*, UNC Press, 1987, p. 76\.
* [Enodia](/wiki/Enodia "Enodia") (Ἐννοδία), she on the way/road.Sarah Iles Johnston, *Restless Dead: Encounters Between the Living and the Dead in Ancient Greece*, University of California Press, 1999, pp. 208–209\.
* **Erototokos** (Ερωτοτόκος), producing love, bearer of love.[Greek Magical Papyri](/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri "Greek Magical Papyri")/PGM IV 2441\-2621\.
* **Indalimos** (Ινδαλίμος), the beautiful.\<ref\>Betz, Hans Dieter, ' The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation: Including the Demotic Spells*, 2nd ed. Univ. Chicago, 1992\.\</ref\>
**Klêidouchos** (Κλειδοῦχος), holding the keys. As the keeper of the keys of Hades.[Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898\), Claviger](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=claviger-harpers)
**Kourotrophos** (Κουροτρόφος), nurse of children.Liddell\-Scott, *A Greek\-English Lexicon*.
**Krokopeplos** (Κροκόπεπλος), saffron cloaked.Adam Forrest, *The Orphic Hymn to Hekate*, Hermetic Fellowship, 1992\.
[Melinoe](/wiki/Melinoe "Melinoe") (Μηλινόη).Ivana Petrovic, *Von den Toren des Hades zu den Hallen des Olymp* (Brill, 2007\), p. 94; W. Schmid and O. Stählin, *Geschichte der griechischen Literatur* (C.H. Beck, 1924, 1981\), vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 982; [W.H. Roscher](/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Roscher "Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher"), *Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie* (Leipzig: Teubner, 1890–94\), vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 16\.
[Phosphoros](/wiki/Phosphoros "Phosphoros"), **Lampadephoros** (Φωσφόρος, Λαμπαδηφόρος), bringing or bearing light.
**Propolos** (Πρόπολος), who serves/attends.
**Propulaia/Propylaia** (Προπύλαια), before the gate.Sarah Iles Johnston, *Restless Dead: Encounters Between the Living and the Dead in Ancient Greece*, University of California Press, 1999, p. 207\.
[Soteria](/wiki/Soteria_%28mythology%29 "Soteria (mythology)") (Σωτηρία), savior.
**Trimorphe** (Τρίμορφη), three\-formed.
**Triodia/Trioditis** (Τριοδία, Τριοδίτης), who frequents crossroads.*
Historical and literary sources
-------------------------------
### Archaic period
[thumb\|right\|Hecate, [Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greece "Ancient Greece") goddess of the crossroads; drawing by [Stéphane Mallarmé](/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9 "Stéphane Mallarmé") in *Les Dieux Antiques, nouvelle mythologie illustrée* in Paris, 1880](/wiki/File:Meyers_b8_s0345_b1.png "Meyers b8 s0345 b1.png")
Hecate has been characterized as a pre\-Olympian [chthonic](/wiki/Chthonic "Chthonic") goddess. The first literature mentioning Hecate is the * + - * + - * + - * [Theogony](/wiki/Theogony "Theogony") *(c. 700 BCE) by [Hesiod](/wiki/Hesiod "Hesiod"):
{{blockquote\|text\=And \[Asteria] conceived and bore Hecate whom Zeus the son of Cronos honored above all. He gave her splendid gifts, to have a share of the earth and the unfruitful sea. She received honor also in starry heaven, and is honored exceedingly by the deathless gods. For to this day, whenever any one of men on earth offers rich sacrifices and prays for favor according to custom, he calls upon Hecate. Great honor comes full easily to him whose prayers the goddess receives favorably, and she bestows wealth upon him; for the power surely is with her. For as many as were born of Earth and Ocean amongst all these she has her due portion. The son of Cronos did her no wrong nor took anything away of all that was her portion among the former Titan gods: but she holds, as the division was at the first from the beginning, privilege both in earth, and in heaven, and in sea.\[\[Hesiod]], ''\[\[Theogony]]'' \[http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020\.tlg001\.perseus\-eng1:404\-452 411–425].}}*
According to Hesiod, she held sway over many things:
{{blockquote\|text\=Whom she will she greatly aids and advances: she sits by worshipful kings in judgement, and in the assembly whom she will is distinguished among the people. And when men arm themselves for the battle that destroys men, then the goddess is at hand to give victory and grant glory readily to whom she will. Good is she also when men contend at the games, for there too the goddess is with them and profits them: and he who by might and strength gets the victory wins the rich prize easily with joy, and brings glory to his parents. And she is good to stand by horsemen, whom she will: and to those whose business is in the grey discomfortable sea, and who pray to Hecate and the loud\-crashing Earth\-Shaker, easily the glorious goddess gives great catch, and easily she takes it away as soon as seen, if so she will. She is good in the byre with Hermes to increase the stock. The droves of kine and wide herds of goats and flocks of fleecy sheep, if she will, she increases from a few, or makes many to be less. So, then, albeit her mother's only child, she is honored amongst all the deathless gods. And the son of Cronos made her a nurse of the young who after that day saw with their eyes the light of all\-seeing Dawn. So from the beginning she is a nurse of the young, and these are her honours.\[\[Hesiod]], ''\[\[Theogony]]'' \[http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020\.tlg001\.perseus\-eng1:404\-452 429–452].}}
[thumb\|The coins of [Agathocles of Bactria](/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria "Agathocles of Bactria") (ruled 190–180 BCE) show [Zeus](/wiki/Zeus "Zeus") holding Hecate in his hand.Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992 [https://books.google.com/books?id\=0UA4rkm9MgkC\&pg\=PA103](https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA103)](/wiki/File:Coin_of_the_Bactrian_king_Agathokles.jpg "Coin of the Bactrian king Agathokles.jpg")
Hesiod's inclusion and praise of Hecate in the [Theogony](/wiki/Theogony "Theogony") *has been troublesome for scholars, in that he seems to hold her in high regard, while the testimony of other writers, and surviving evidence, suggests that this may have been the exception. One theory is that [Hesiod](/wiki/Hesiod "Hesiod")'s original village had a substantial Hecate following and that his inclusion of her in the* Theogony *was a way of adding to her prestige by spreading word of her among his readers.Johnston, Sarah Iles, (1991\). *Restless Dead: Encounters Between the Living and the Dead in Ancient Greece*. {{ISBN\|0\-520\-21707\-1}} Another theory is that Hecate was mainly a household god and humble household worship could have been more pervasive and yet not mentioned as much as temple worship.Household and Family Religion in Antiquity by John Bodel and Saul M. Olyan, page 221, published by John Wiley \& Sons, 2009 In Athens, Hecate, along with Zeus, Hermes, Athena, Hestia, and Apollo, were very important in daily life as they were the main gods of the household. However, it is clear that the special position given to Hecate by Zeus is upheld throughout her history by depictions found on coins of Hecate on the hand of Zeus{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/baktria/kings/agathokles/t.html \|title\=Baktria, Kings, Agathokles, ancient coins index with thumbnails \|publisher\=WildWinds.com \|access\-date\=24 September 2012}} as highlighted in more recent research presented by d'Este and Rankine.d'Este \& Rankine, Hekate Liminal Rites, Avalonia, 2009*
In the [Homeric Hymn](/wiki/Homeric_Hymns "Homeric Hymns") to [Demeter](/wiki/Demeter "Demeter") (composed c. 600 BCE), Hecate is called "tender\-hearted", an [epithet](/wiki/Epithet "Epithet") perhaps intended to emphasize her concern with the disappearance of [Persephone](/wiki/Persephone "Persephone"), when she assisted [Demeter](/wiki/Demeter "Demeter") with her search for Persephone following her abduction by Hades, suggesting that Demeter should speak to the god of the Sun, [Helios](/wiki/Helios "Helios"). Subsequently, Hecate became Persephone's companion on her yearly journey to and from the realms of Hades, serving as a [psychopomp](/wiki/Psychopomp "Psychopomp"). Because of this association, Hecate was one of the chief goddesses of the Eleusinian Mysteries, alongside Demeter and Persephone, and there was a temple dedicated to her near the main sanctuary at [Eleusis](/wiki/Eleusis "Eleusis").Rabinowitz, Jacob. *The Rotting Goddess: The origin of the witch in classical antiquity's demonization of fertility religion.* Autonomedia, 1998\.
### Classical period
Variations in interpretations of Hecate's roles can be traced in classical Athens. In two fragments of [Aeschylus](/wiki/Aeschylus "Aeschylus") she appears as a great goddess. In [Sophocles](/wiki/Sophocles "Sophocles") and [Euripides](/wiki/Euripides "Euripides") she is characterized as the mistress of witchcraft and the [Keres](/wiki/Keres_%28mythology%29 "Keres (mythology)").{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2020}}
One surviving group of stories{{clarify\|date\=November 2017}} suggests how Hecate might have come to be incorporated into the Greek pantheon without affecting the privileged position of Artemis. Here, Hecate is a mortal priestess often associated with [Iphigenia](/wiki/Iphigenia "Iphigenia"). She scorns and insults Artemis, who in retribution eventually brings about the mortal's suicide.
In the [Argonautica](/wiki/Argonautica "Argonautica")*, a 3rd\-century BCE [Alexandrian](/wiki/Alexandria "Alexandria") epic based on early material,"The legend of the Argonauts is among the earliest known to the Greeks," observes Peter Green, *The Argonautika*, 2007, Introduction, p. 21\. Jason placates Hecate in a ritual prescribed by Medea, her priestess: bathed at midnight in a stream of flowing water, and dressed in dark robes, Jason is to dig a round pit and over it cut the throat of a ewe, sacrificing it and then burning it whole on a pyre next to the pit as a [holocaust](/wiki/Holocaust_%28sacrifice%29 "Holocaust (sacrifice)"). He is told to sweeten the offering with a [libation](/wiki/Libation "Libation") of [honey](/wiki/Honey "Honey"), then to retreat from the site without looking back, even if he hears the sound of footsteps or barking dogs.Apollonios Rhodios (tr. Peter Green), *The Argonautika*, University of California Press, 2007, p140 All these elements betoken the rites owed to a [chthonic](/wiki/Chthonic "Chthonic") deity.{{citation needed\|date\=November 2018}}*
### Late Antiquity
[thumb\|upright\=1\.4\|right\|Hecate battles Clytius next to Artemis, Gigantomachy frieze, [Pergamon Altar](/wiki/Pergamon_Altar "Pergamon Altar"), [Pergamon Museum](/wiki/Pergamon_Museum "Pergamon Museum"), [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin").](/wiki/File:Altar_P%C3%A9rgamo_%C3%81rtemis_01.JPG "Altar Pérgamo Ártemis 01.JPG")
During the [Gigantomachy](/wiki/Giants_%28Greek_mythology%29 "Giants (Greek mythology)"), Hecate fought by the side of the Olympian gods, and slew the giant [Clytius](/wiki/Clytius "Clytius") using her torches.Pseudo\-Apollodorus, *[Library](/wiki/Bibliotheca_%28Pseudo-Apollodorus%29 "Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)")* [1\.6\.2](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D2) Hecate is depicted fighting Clytius in the east frieze of the Gigantomachy, in the [Pergamon Altar](/wiki/Pergamon_Altar "Pergamon Altar") next to [Artemis](/wiki/Artemis "Artemis");*The J. Paul Getty Museum*, p. [101](https://books.google.com/books?id=l20mAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA101) she appears with a different weapon in each of her three right hands, a torch, a sword and a lance. Her fight with the Giant appears in a number of ancient vase paintings and other artwork.A collection of vase\-paintings of Hecate fighting Clytius can be seen [here](https://www.theoi.com/gallery-vase-paintings-7.html).
Hecate is the primary feminine figure in the [Chaldean Oracles](/wiki/Chaldean_Oracles "Chaldean Oracles") *(2nd–3rd century CE),The *Chaldean Oracles* is a collection of literature that date from somewhere between the 2nd century and the late 3rd century, the recording of which is traditionally attributed to Julian the Chaldaean or his son, Julian the Theurgist. The material seems to have provided background and explanation related to the meaning of these pronouncements, and appear to have been related to the practice of theurgy, pagan magic that later became closely associated with Neoplatonism, see{{cite book \|editor1\-last\=Hornblower \|editor1\-first\=Simon \|editor2\-last\=Spawforth \|editor2\-first\=Antony \|title\=The Oxford Classical Dictionary \|edition\=Third \|location\=New York \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|year\=1996 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/isbn\_9780198661726/page/316 316] \|isbn\=0\-19\-866172\-X \|url\=https://archive.org/details/isbn\_9780198661726/page/316 }} where she is associated in fragment 194 with a* strophalos *(usually translated as a spinning top, or wheel, used in magic) "Labour thou around the Strophalos of Hecate."English translation used here from: William Wynn Wescott (tr.), *The Chaldean Oracles of Zoroaster*, 1895\. This appears to refer to a variant of the device mentioned by Psellus."A top of Hekate is a golden sphere enclosing a lapis lazuli in its middle that is twisted through a cow\-hide leather thong and having engraved letters all over it. \[Diviners] spin this sphere and make invocations. Such things they call charms, whether it is the matter of a spherical object, or a triangular one, or some other shape. While spinning them, they call out unintelligible or beast\-like sounds, laughing and flailing at the air. \[Hekate] teaches the *taketes* to operate, that is the movement of the top, as if it had an ineffable power. It is called the top of Hekate because it is dedicated to her. In her right hand she held the source of the virtues. But it is all nonsense." As quoted in Frank R. Trombley, *Hellenic Religion and Christianization, C. 370–529*, Brill, 1993, p. 319\.*
In Hellenistic [syncretism](/wiki/Syncretism "Syncretism"), Hecate also became closely associated with [Isis](/wiki/Isis "Isis"). [Lucius Apuleius](/wiki/Lucius_Apuleius "Lucius Apuleius") in [The Golden Ass](/wiki/The_Golden_Ass "The Golden Ass") *(2nd century) equates [Juno](/wiki/Juno_%28mythology%29 "Juno (mythology)"), [Bellona](/wiki/Bellona_%28goddess%29 "Bellona (goddess)"), Hecate and Isis:
{{blockquote\|Some call me Juno, others Bellona of the Battles, and still others Hecate. Principally the Ethiopians which dwell in the Orient, and the Egyptians which are excellent in all kind of ancient doctrine, and by their proper ceremonies accustomed to worship me, do call me Queen Isis.\[\[Apuleius]], ''\[\[The Golden Ass]]'' 11\.47\.}}*
In the [syncretism](/wiki/Syncretism "Syncretism") during [Late Antiquity](/wiki/Late_Antiquity "Late Antiquity") of Hellenistic and late Babylonian ("[Chaldean](/wiki/Chaldean_mythology "Chaldean mythology")") elements, Hecate was identified with [Ereshkigal](/wiki/Ereshkigal "Ereshkigal"), the underworld counterpart of [Inanna](/wiki/Inanna "Inanna") in the Babylonian cosmography. In the Michigan magical papyrus (inv. 7\), dated to the late 3rd or early 4th century CE, Hecate Erschigal *is invoked against fear of punishment in the afterlife.[Hans Dieter Betz](/wiki/Hans_Dieter_Betz "Hans Dieter Betz"), "Fragments from a Catabasis Ritual in a Greek Magical Papyrus", *History of Religions* **19**,4 (May 1980\):287–295\). The goddess appears as *Hecate Erschigal* only in the heading: in the spell itself only *Erschigal* is called upon with protective magical words and gestures. Schwemer believes that this use of Ereshkigal's name merely furnished "the Greek Netherworld goddess with a mysterious\-sounding, foreign name".{{sfn\|Schwemer\|2019\|pp\=66\-67}}*
Hecate is also referenced in the [Gnostic](/wiki/Gnosticism "Gnosticism") text [Pistis Sophia](/wiki/Pistis_Sophia "Pistis Sophia").{{cite book\|author\=George R. S. Mead\|url\=http://gnosis.org/library/pistis\-sophia/ps145\.htm\|title\=Pistis Sophia\|publisher\=Jazzybee Verlag\|year\=1963\|isbn\=9783849687090\|chapter\=140\|author\-link\=G. R. S. Mead\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-02}}
### Parents, consorts and children
In the earliest written source mentioning Hecate, [Hesiod](/wiki/Hesiod "Hesiod") emphasized that she was an only child, the daughter of [Perses](/wiki/Perses_%28Titan%29 "Perses (Titan)") and [Asteria](/wiki/Asteria_%28Titaness%29 "Asteria (Titaness)"), the sister of [Leto](/wiki/Leto "Leto") (the mother of [Artemis](/wiki/Artemis "Artemis") and [Apollo](/wiki/Apollo "Apollo")). Grandmother of the three cousins was [Phoebe](/wiki/Phoebe_%28mythology%29 "Phoebe (mythology)") the ancient Titan goddess whose name was often used for the moon goddess.Boyle, [p. 147](https://books.google.com/books?id=W7icAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA147)Gordon MacDonald Kirkwood, *A Short Guide to Classical Mythology*, p. [88](https://books.google.com/books?id=OkUGQeGGn7IC&pg=PA88) In various later accounts, Hecate was given different parents.Gantz, p. 26\. She was said to be the daughter of [Zeus](/wiki/Zeus "Zeus") by either Asteria, according to [Musaeus](/wiki/Musaeus_of_Athens "Musaeus of Athens"),Scholia on [Apollonius Rhodius](/wiki/Apollonius_Rhodius "Apollonius Rhodius")' *[Argonautica](/wiki/Argonautica "Argonautica")* [3\.467](https://books.google.com/books?id=y5pxAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA72) [Hera](/wiki/Hera "Hera"), thus identified with [Angelos](/wiki/Angelos_%28mythology%29 "Angelos (mythology)"),[Scholia](/wiki/Scholia "Scholia") on [Theocritus](/wiki/Theocritus "Theocritus") [2\.12](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgUd8TCc6UYC&pg=PA38) or Pheraea, daughter of [Aeolus](/wiki/Aeolus_%28Odyssey%29 "Aeolus (Odyssey)");[Scholia](/wiki/Scholia "Scholia") on [Theocritus](/wiki/Theocritus "Theocritus") [2\.36](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgUd8TCc6UYC&pg=PA41); [Tzetzes](/wiki/John_Tzetzes "John Tzetzes") ad [Lycophron](/wiki/Lycophron "Lycophron"), [1175](https://topostext.org/work/860#1175) [(Gk text)](https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00000373-002/page/n197/mode/2up?view=theater) the daughter of Aristaeus the son of Paion, according to [Pherecydes](/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens "Pherecydes of Athens");Pherecydes, [FHG 1 frag. 10](https://books.google.com/books?id=y5pxAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA72) the daughter of [Nyx](/wiki/Nyx "Nyx"), according to [Bacchylides](/wiki/Bacchylides "Bacchylides"); the daughter of [Perses](/wiki/Perses_of_Colchis "Perses of Colchis"), the son of [Helios](/wiki/Helios "Helios"), by an unknown mother, according to [Diodorus Siculus](/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus "Diodorus Siculus");[Diodorus Siculus](/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus "Diodorus Siculus"), [4\.45\.1](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4C*.html#45) while in [Orphic](/wiki/Orphic "Orphic") literature, she was said to be the daughter of [Demeter](/wiki/Demeter "Demeter")[Scholiast](/wiki/Scholiast "Scholiast") on [Apollonius of Rhodes](/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes "Apollonius of Rhodes"), *[Argonautica](/wiki/Argonautica "Argonautica")* 3\.467 \= [Pherecydes](/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens "Pherecydes of Athens"), [fr. 44 Fowler](https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA273) \= *[FGrHist](/wiki/FGrHist "FGrHist")* 3 fr. 44 \= *[Vorsokr.](/wiki/Vorsokr. "Vorsokr.")* 2 B 16 \= [Bacchylides](/wiki/Bacchylides "Bacchylides"), fr. 1 B Snell\-Maehler \= Orphic [fr. 41 Kern](https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/112/mode/2up). or Leto[Proclus](/wiki/Proclus "Proclus"), *Commentary on Plato's Cratylus* 406 b (p. 106, 25 Pasqu.) \[\= Orphic [fr. 188 Kern](https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/214/mode/2up?view=theater) \[\= OF 317 Bernabé]; West 1983, pp. 266, 267\. The fragment is as follows: "Straightaway divine Hecate, the daughter of lovely\-haired Leto, approached Olympus, leaving behind the limbs of the child." or even [Tartarus](/wiki/Tartarus "Tartarus").*[Orphic Argonautica](/wiki/Orphic_Argonautica "Orphic Argonautica")* [977](https://topostext.org/work/549#970)
As a virgin goddess, she remained unmarried and had no regular consort, though some traditions named her as the mother of [Scylla](/wiki/Scylla "Scylla")Joseph Eddy Fontenrose, *Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins*, Biblo \& Tannen Publishers, 1974, p. 96\. through either [Phorbas](/wiki/Phorbas "Phorbas")Hesiod [fr. 200 Most](https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-other_fragments/2018/pb_LCL503.311.xml) \[\= fr. 262 MW] (Most, pp. 310, 311\).{{efn\|The ancient text is corrupted; an alternative correction of the name into 'Phoebus' (that is, Apollo) has been also suggested. It could also be that the fragment reads 'Phorcys', agreeing with Acusilaus' version.}} or [Phorcys](/wiki/Phorcys "Phorcys").[Acusilaus](/wiki/Acusilaus "Acusilaus"). fr. 42 Fowler (Fowler, [p. 32](https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32)).
Sometimes she is also stated to be the mother (by [Aeëtes](/wiki/Ae%C3%ABtes "Aeëtes")) of the goddess [Circe](/wiki/Circe "Circe") and the sorceress [Medea](/wiki/Medea "Medea"),Grimal; Smith. who in later accounts was herself associated with magic while initially just being a herbalist goddess, similar to how Hecate's association with Underworld and Mysteries had her later converted into a deity of witchcraft.
Once, [Hermes](/wiki/Hermes "Hermes") chased Hecate (or [Persephone](/wiki/Persephone "Persephone")) with the aim to rape her; but the goddess snored or roared in anger, frightening him off so that he desisted, hence her earning the name "[Brimo](/wiki/Brimo "Brimo")" ("angry").Tzetzes ad Lycophron, [1176](https://topostext.org/work/860#1176) \& 1211 [(Latin text)](https://books.google.com/books?id=DDxEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA29); Heslin, p. [39](https://books.google.com/books?id=WhJbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39)
Genealogy
---------
{{chart top\|Hecate's family tree \[\[Hesiod]], ''\[\[Theogony]]'' \[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\=Hes.\+Th.\+132 132–138], \[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\=Hes.\+Th.\+337 337–411], \[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\=Hes.\+Th.\+453 453–520], \[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\=Hes.\+Th.\+901 901–906, 915–920]; Caldwell, pp. 8–11, tables 11–14\.\|collapsed\=no}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart\|}}
{{chart\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|URA \|y\|GAI \|\~\|\~\|\~\|\~\|\~\|\~\|\~\|\~\|\~\|y\|PON\|URA\=\[\[Uranus (mythology)\|Uranus]]\|GAI\=\[\[Gaia (mythology)\|Gaia]]\|PON\=\[\[Pontus (mythology)\|Pontus]]}}
{{chart\|,\|\-\|v\|\-\|\-\|\-\|v\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|v\|\-\|^\|\-\|v\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|.\| \| \| \|!}}
{{chart\|!\|OCE \|y\|TET \| \| \| \|HYP \|y\|THE \| \| \| \| \|CRI \|y\|EUR\|OCE\=\[\[Oceanus]]\|TET\=\[\[Tethys (mythology)\|Tethys]]\|HYP\=\[\[Hyperion (mythology)\|Hyperion]]\|THE\=\[\[Theia]]\|CRI\=\[\[Crius]]\|EUR\=\[\[Eurybia (mythology)\|Eurybia]]}}
{{chart\|!\| \|,\|\-\|^\|\-\|.\| \| \| \|,\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\+\|\-\|\-\|\-\|.\| \| \| \|,\|\-\|\-\|^\|v\|\-\|\-\|\-\|.}}
{{chart\|!\|RIV \| \|OCE \| \|HEL \| \|SEL \| \|EOS \| \|AST \| \|PAL \| \|PER \| RIV\=The \[\[Potamoi\|Rivers]]\|OCE\=The \[\[Oceanids]]\|HEL\=\[\[Helios]]\|SEL\=\[\[Selene]] Although usually the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, as in \[\[Hesiod]], ''\[\[Theogony]]'' \[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\=Hes.\+Th.\+371 371–374], in the ''\[\[Homeric Hymns\|Homeric Hymn]] to Hermes'' (4\), \[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\=HH\+4\+99\&fromdoc\=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999\.01\.0138 99–100], Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes.\|EOS\=\[\[Eos]]\|AST\=\[\[Astraeus]]\|PAL\=\[\[Pallas (Titan)\|Pallas]]\|PER\=\[\[Perses (Titan)\|Perses]]}}
{{chart\|!\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|:\|}}
{{chart\|)\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|v\|\-\|\-\|\-\|v\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|v\|\-\|\-\|\-\|.\| \| \| \| \| \|:}}
{{chart\|!\| \| \| \| \|CRO \|y\|RHE \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|COE \|y\|PHO \| \| \| \| \|:\|COE\=\[\[Coeus]]\|PHO\=\[\[Phoebe (mythology)\|Phoebe]]\|CRO\=\[\[Cronus]]\|RHE\=\[\[Rhea (mythology)\|Rhea]]}}
{{chart\|!\| \|,\|\-\|v\|\-\|v\|\-\|\+\|\-\|v\|\-\|\-\|\-\|.\| \| \| \| \| \|,\|\-\|^\|\-\|.\| \| \| \| \| \|:}}
{{chart\|!\|HES \|!\|HER \|!\|POS \| \|ZEU \|\~\|y\|\~\|LET \| \|AST \|\~\|y\|\~\|\~\|J\|HES\=\[\[Hestia]]\|HER\=\[\[Hera]]\|POS\=\[\[Poseidon]]\|ZEU\=\[\[Zeus]]\|LET\=\[\[Leto]]\|AST\=\[\[Asteria (Titaness)\|Asteria]]}}
{{chart\|!\| \| \| \|!\| \| \| \|!\| \| \| \| \| \| \|,\|\-\|^\|\-\|.\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|!}}
{{chart\|!\| \| \|DEM \| \|HAD \| \| \| \| \|APO \| \|ART \| \| \| \| \| \|HEC\|DEM\=\[\[Demeter]]\|HAD\=\[\[Hades]]\|APO\=\[\[Apollo]]\|ART\=\[\[Artemis]]\|HEC\='''HECATE'''}}
{{chart\|!\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|}}
{{chart\|\`\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|v\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|v\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|\-\|.}}
{{chart\| \| \| \| \|IAP \|y\|CLY \| \| \| \| \| \|THE \|\~\|y\|\~\|ZEU \|\~\|y\|\~\|MNE \|IAP\=\[\[Iapetus (mythology)\|Iapetus]]\|CLY\=\[\[Clymene (wife of Iapetus)\|Clymene]] (or \[\[Asia (mythology)\|Asia]]) According to \[\[Hesiod]], ''\[\[Theogony]]'' \[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\=Hes.\+Th.\+507 507–511], Clymene, one of the \[\[Oceanid]]s, the daughters of \[\[Oceanus]] and Tethys, at \[\[Hesiod]], ''\[\[Theogony]]'' \[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\=Hes.\+Th.\+351 351], was the mother by Iapetus of Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus, while according to \[\[Bibliotheca (Pseudo\-Apollodorus)\|Apollodorus]], \[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999\.01\.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D3 1\.2\.3], another Oceanid, Asia was their mother by Iapetus.\|THE\=\[\[Themis]]\|ZEU\=(Zeus)\|MNE\=\[\[Mnemosyne]]}}
{{chart\| \|,\|\-\|\-\|\-\|v\|\-\|^\|\-\|v\|\-\|\-\|\-\|.\| \| \| \| \| \| \|!\| \| \| \| \| \|!}}
{{chart\|ATL \| \|MEN \| \|PRO \| \|EPI \| \| \| \| \|HOR \| \| \| \|MUS \|ATL\=\[\[Atlas (mythology)\|Atlas]] According to \[\[Plato]], ''\[\[Critias (dialogue)\|Critias]]'', \[http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059\.tlg032\.perseus\-eng1:113d 113d–114a], Atlas was the son of \[\[Poseidon]] and the mortal \[\[Cleito]].\|MEN\=\[\[Menoetius (Greek mythology)\|Menoetius]]\|PRO\=\[\[Prometheus]] In \[\[Aeschylus]], ''\[\[Prometheus Bound]]'' 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. \[http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus\-prometheus\_bound/2009/pb\_LCL145\.445\.xml 444, 445 n. 2], \[http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus\-prometheus\_bound/2009/pb\_LCL145\.467\.xml 446, 447 n. 24], \[http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus\-prometheus\_bound/2009/pb\_LCL145\.539\.xml 538, 539 n. 113]) Prometheus is made to be the son of Themis.\|EPI\=\[\[Epimetheus (mythology)\|Epimetheus]]\|HOR\=The \[\[Horae]]\|MUS\=The \[\[Muses]]}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}
Legacy
------
[thumb\|*[The Triple Hecate](/wiki/The_Triple_Hecate "The Triple Hecate")*, 1795\. [William Blake](/wiki/William_Blake "William Blake").](/wiki/File:William_Blake_006.jpg "William Blake 006.jpg")
Strmiska (2005\) claimed that Hecate, conflated with the figure of [Diana](/wiki/Diana_%28mythology%29 "Diana (mythology)"), appears in [late antiquity](/wiki/Late_antiquity "Late antiquity") and in the [Early Middle Ages](/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages "Early Middle Ages") as part of an "emerging legend complex" known as "[The Society of Diana](/wiki/Diana_%28mythology%29%23The_%22Society_of_Diana%22 "Diana (mythology)#The ")"Magliocco, Sabina. (2009\). Aradia in Sardinia: The Archaeology of a Folk Character. Pp. 40–60 in *Ten Years of Triumph of the Moon*. Hidden Publishing. associated with gatherings of women, the Moon, and witchcraft that eventually became established "in the area of Northern Italy, southern Germany, and the western Balkans."Michael Strmiska, *Modern paganism in world cultures*, ABC\-CLIO, 2005, p. 68\. This theory of the Roman origins of many European folk traditions related to Diana or Hecate was explicitly advanced at least as early as 1807Francis Douce, Illustrations of Shakspeare, and of Ancient Manners, 1807, p. 235\-243\. and is reflected{{dubious\|date\=December 2017}} in etymological claims by early modern lexicographers from the 17th to the 19th century, connecting [hag](/wiki/Hag "Hag"), hexe *"witch" to the name of Hecate.[John Minsheu](/wiki/John_Minsheu "John Minsheu") and [William Somner](/wiki/William_Somner "William Somner") (17th century), [Edward Lye](/wiki/Edward_Lye "Edward Lye") of Oxford (1694–1767\), [Johann Georg Wachter](/wiki/Johann_Georg_Wachter "Johann Georg Wachter"), *Glossarium Germanicum* (1737\), [Walter Whiter](/wiki/Walter_Whiter "Walter Whiter"), *Etymologicon Universale* (1822\) Such derivations are today proposed only by a minoritye.g. Gerald Milnes, *Signs, Cures, \& Witchery*, Univ. of Tennessee Press, 2007, p. 116; Samuel X. Radbill, "The Role of Animals in Infant Feeding", in *American Folk Medicine: A Symposium* Ed. Wayland D. Hand. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976\."Many have been caught by the obvious resemblance of the Gr. *Hecate*, but the letters agree to closely, contrary to the laws of change, and the Mid. Ages would surely have had an unaspirated Ecate handed down to them; no Ecate or Hecate appears in the M. Lat. or Romance writings in the sense of witch, and how should the word have spread through all German lands?" Jacob Grimm, *Teutonic Mythology*, 1835, (English translation 1900\).
The actual etymology of *hag* is Germanic and unrelated to the name of Hecate. See e.g. Mallory, J.P, Adams, D.Q. *The Oxford Introduction to Proto\-Indo\-European and the Proto\-Indo\-European World*. Oxford University Press, 2006\. p. 223
A medieval commentator has suggested a link connecting the word "jinx" with Hecate: "The Byzantine polymath [Michael Psellus](/wiki/Michael_Psellus "Michael Psellus") \[...] speaks of a bullroarer, consisting of a golden sphere, decorated throughout with symbols and whirled on an oxhide thong. He adds that such an instrument is called a* iunx *(hence "jinx"), but as for the significance says only that it is ineffable and that the ritual is sacred to Hecate."Mark Edwards, *Neoplatonic saints: the Lives of Plotinus and Proclus by their Students*, Liverpool University Press, 2000, p. 100; Writing at some length about the ancient greek 'iunx' [Marcel Detienne](/wiki/Marcel_Detienne "Marcel Detienne") never mentions any connection to Hecate, see Detienne M, *The Gardens of Adonis*, Princeton UP, 1994, pp.83–9\.*
Shakespeare mentions Hecate both before the end of the 16th century ([A Midsummer Night's Dream](/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream "A Midsummer Night's Dream")*, 1594–1596\), and just after, in* [Macbeth](/wiki/Macbeth_%28play%29 "Macbeth (play)") *(1605\): specifically, in the title character's "dagger" [soliloquy](/wiki/Soliloquy "Soliloquy"): "Witchcraft celebrates pale Hecate's offerings..."{{cite web\|url\=http://nfs.sparknotes.com/macbeth/page\_50\.html\|title\=No Fear Shakespeare: Macbeth: Act 2, Scene 1, Page 2\|access\-date\=14 January 2015\|archive\-date\=15 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115020723/http://nfs.sparknotes.com/macbeth/page\_50\.html\|url\-status\=dead}}
Shakespeare mentions Hecate also in* [King Lear](/wiki/King_Lear "King Lear")*. While disclaiming all his paternal care for [Cordelia](/wiki/Cordelia_of_Britain "Cordelia of Britain"), Lear says, "The mysteries of Hecate and the night,
By all the operations of the orbs
From whom we do exist and cease to be,
Here I disclaim all my paternal care" (The Arden Shakespeare, King Lear, p. 165\)*
### Modern reception
[thumb\|left\|*Hekate*, pastel on paper by [Maximilian Pirner](/wiki/Maximilian_Pirner "Maximilian Pirner"), 1901](/wiki/File:Maxmili%C3%A1n_Pirner_-_HEKATE_%281901%29.jpg "Maxmilián Pirner - HEKATE (1901).jpg")
In 1929, Lewis Brown, an expert on religious cults, connected the 1920s [Blackburn Cult](/wiki/Blackburn_Cult "Blackburn Cult") (also known as, "The Cult of the Great Eleven,") with Hecate worship rituals. He noted that the cult regularly practiced dog sacrifice and had secretly buried the body of one of its "queens" with seven dogs.Weird Rituals Laid to Primitive Minds, Los Angeles Examiner, 14 October 1929\. Researcher Samuel Fort noted additional parallels, to include the cult's focus on mystic and typically nocturnal rites, its female dominated membership, the sacrifice of other animals (to include horses and mules), a focus on the mystical properties of roads and portals, and an emphasis on death, healing, and resurrection.*Cult of the Great Eleven*, Samuel Fort, 2014, 320 pages. ASIN B00OALI9O4
[thumb\|right\|Hecate's wheel](/wiki/File:Hecate%27s_Wheel.png "Hecate's Wheel.png")
As a "goddess of witchcraft", Hecate has been incorporated in various systems of [Neopagan witchcraft](/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft "Neopagan witchcraft"), [Wicca](/wiki/Wicca "Wicca"), and [neopaganism](/wiki/Neopaganism "Neopaganism"),e.g.[Sabina Magliocco](/wiki/Sabina_Magliocco "Sabina Magliocco"), *Witching Culture: Folklore and Neopaganism in America*, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p79 in some cases associated with the [Wild Hunt](/wiki/Wild_Hunt "Wild Hunt") of Germanic tradition,James R. Lewis, *Witchcraft Today: An Encyclopedia of Wiccan and Neopagan Traditions*, 1999, pp 303–304; For a 'Moon magick' reference to Hecate as "Lady of the Wild Hunt and witchcraft" see: D. J. Conway, *Moon Magick: Myth \& Magic, Crafts \& Recipes, Rituals \& Spells*, Llewellyn, 1995, p157 in others as part of a reconstruction of specifically Greek polytheism, in English also known as "[Hellenismos](/wiki/Hellenismos "Hellenismos")".[Hellenion (USA)](/wiki/Hellenion_%28USA%29 "Hellenion (USA)") {{cite web\|url\=http://hellenion.org/\|title\=Hellenion}}. {{cite web\|url\=https://sites.google.com/site/hellenionstemenos/Home/festivals/hekatesdeipnon\|title\=Hekate's Deipnon – Temenos}} In Wicca, Hecate has in some cases become identified with the "crone" aspect of the "[Triple Goddess](/wiki/Triple_Goddess_%28Neopaganism%29 "Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)")".E.g. {{cite book \|first\=Donna \|last\=Wilshire \|title\=Virgin mother crone: myths and mysteries of the triple goddess \|location\=Rochester, VT \|publisher\=Inner Traditions International \|year\=1994 \|page\=213 \|isbn\=0\-89281\-494\-2 }}.
See also
--------
{{annotated link\|Diana (mythology)}}
{{annotated link\|Hecate (journal)\|''Hecate'' (journal)}}
The [Hyakki Yagyō](/wiki/Hyakki_Yagy%C5%8D "Hyakki Yagyō") (a procession of Yōkai and ghosts, similar to Hecate's)
{{annotated link\|Janus}}
[Melinoë](/wiki/Melino%C3%AB "Melinoë")
{{annotated link\|Lampad}}
The [Nightmarchers](/wiki/Nightmarchers "Nightmarchers") (a procession of ghosts, similar to Hecate's)
The [Unseelie Court](/wiki/Unseelie_Court "Unseelie Court") (a procession of ghosts, similar to Hecate's)
The [Wild Hunt](/wiki/Wild_Hunt "Wild Hunt") (a procession of ghosts, similar to Hecate's)
Notes
-----
{{notelist}}
References
----------
{{Reflist\|25em}}
Sources
-------
### Primary sources
{{Refbegin\|30em}}
[Apollonius Rhodius](/wiki/Apollonius_Rhodius "Apollonius Rhodius"), * + - * + - * + - * Argonautica, with an English translation by R. C. Seaton*. [Loeb Classical Library](/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library "Loeb Classical Library") 1\. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1912\.
[Hesiod](/wiki/Hesiod "Hesiod"),*
* [Theogony](/wiki/Theogony "Theogony")*, in* The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn\-White*, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914\. [Online version at the Perseus Digital Library](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1).*
* [Orphic Argonautica](/wiki/Orphic_Argonautica "Orphic Argonautica")*, translated by Jason Colavito, derived from his text at argonauts\-book.com, 2011\.
[Ovid](/wiki/Ovid "Ovid"),*
* [Metamorphoses](/wiki/Metamorphoses "Metamorphoses"), translated by Brookes More (1859\-1942\)*, from the Cornhill edition of 1922\.
[Pausanias](/wiki/Pausanias_%28geographer%29 "Pausanias (geographer)"),*
* Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. *Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918\. [Online version at the Perseus Digital Library](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1).
[Strabo](/wiki/Strabo "Strabo"),*
* The Geography of Strabo. *Edition by H.L. Jones. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924\. [Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D1)
{{Refend}}*
### Secondary sources
{{Refbegin\|30em}}
[Athanassakis, Apostolos N.](/wiki/Apostolos_Athanassakis "Apostolos Athanassakis"), and Benjamin M. Wolkow, * The Orphic Hymns*, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013\. {{ISBN\|978\-1\-4214\-0882\-8}}. [Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC).
Berg, William, "Hecate: Greek or "Anatolian"?",*
* Numen *21\.2 (August 1974:128\-40\)
{{cite journal \|first\=Hans Dieter \|last\=Betz \|author\-link\=Hans Dieter Betz \|title\=Fragments from a Catabasis Ritual in a Greek Magical Papyrus \|journal\=History of Religions \|volume\=19 \|number\=4 \|date\=May 1980 \|pages\=287–295\|doi\=10\.1086/462853 \|s2cid\=162089947 }}
[Burkert, Walter](/wiki/Walter_Burkert "Walter Burkert"), 1985\.*
+ Greek Religion *(Cambridge: Harvard University Press) Published in the UK as* Greek Religion: Archaic and Classical*, 1987\. (Oxford: Blackwell) {{ISBN\|0\-631\-15624\-0}}.
de’Este, Sorita. Circle for Hekate: volume 1\. 1910191078
[Farnell, Lewis Richard](/wiki/Lewis_Richard_Farnell "Lewis Richard Farnell"), (1896\). "Hekate: Representations in Art",*
+ The Cults of the Greek States*. [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"), [Oxford](/wiki/Oxford "Oxford").
[Fowler, R. L.](/wiki/Robert_Fowler_%28academic%29 "Robert Fowler (academic)") (2013\),*
* Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary*, Oxford University Press, 2013\. {{ISBN\|978\-0198147411}}.
[Gantz, Timothy](/wiki/Timothy_Gantz "Timothy Gantz"),*
* Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources*, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN\|978\-0\-8018\-5360\-9}} (Vol. 1\), {{ISBN\|978\-0\-8018\-5362\-3}} (Vol. 2\).
Green, C. M. C.,*
* Roman Religion and the Cult of Diana at Aricia*, [Cambridge University Press](/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press "Cambridge University Press"), [University of Iowa](/wiki/University_of_Iowa "University of Iowa"), 2007, {{ISBN\|978\-0\-521\-85158\-9}}. [Online text available at Google books.](https://books.google.com/books?id=3GL6XjgU0HoC)
Hard, Robin (2004\),*
* The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"*, Psychology Press, 2004, {{ISBN\|9780415186360}}. [Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC).
Henrichs, A., [s.v. Hecate](https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.2957), published online 22 December 2015, in the*
* [Oxford Classical Dictionary](http://classics.oxfordre.com/)*, edited by [Tim Whitmarsh](/wiki/Tim_Whitmarsh "Tim Whitmarsh"), digital ed, New York, Oxford University Press. {{ISBN\|978\-0\-19\-938113\-5}}.
Johnston, Sarah Iles (1990\),*
* Hekate Soteira: A Study of Hekate's Role in the Chaldean Oracles and Related Literature*.
Johnston, Sarah Iles (1999\),*
* Restless Dead: Encounters Between the Living and the Dead in Ancient Greece*. {{ISBN\|0\-520\-21707\-1}}
Johnston, Sarah Iles (2006\), [s.v. Hecate](https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/NPOE/e505900.xml), in [*Brill’s New Pauly Online*](https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/package/bnpo), Antiquity volumes edited by: Hubert Cancik and, Helmuth Schneider, English Edition by: Christine F. Salazar, Classical Tradition volumes edited by: Manfred Landfester, English Edition by: Francis G. Gentry, published online: 2006\.
[Kerenyi, Karl](/wiki/Karl_Kerenyi "Karl Kerenyi").*
+ The Gods of the Greeks*. 1951\.
[Kern, Otto](/wiki/Otto_Kern "Otto Kern").*
* Orphicorum Fragmenta*, Berlin, 1922\. [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/n5/mode/2up)
Mallarmé, Stéphane, (1880\).*
* Les Dieux Antiques, nouvelle mythologie illustrée*.
{{cite book\|publisher\=Inc, Merriam\-Webster\|date\=1995\|title\= Merriam\-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature \|author\= Merriam\-Webster \|isbn\=9780877790426}}.
Mooney, Carol M.,*
+ [Hekate: Her Role and Character in Greek Literature from before the Fifth Century B.C.](https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/bitstream/11375/9537/1/fulltext.pdf)*, a thesis submitted to the faculty of graduate studies, [McMaster University](/wiki/McMaster_University "McMaster University"), 1971\.
Rabinovich, Yakov.*
* The Rotting Goddess*. 1990\.
[Ruickbie, Leo](/wiki/Leo_Ruickbie "Leo Ruickbie").*
* Witchcraft Out of the Shadows: A Complete History*. Robert Hale, 2004\.
{{cite book\|last\=Schwemer\|first\=Daniel\|chapter\=Beyond Ereškigal? Mesopotamian Magic Traditions in the Papyri Graecae Magicae\|title\=Cultural Plurality in Ancient Magical Texts and Practices\|chapter\-url\=https://www.academia.edu/43235654\|year\=2019}}
Seyffert, Oskar,*
+ A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, Mythology, Religion, Literature and Art*, from the German of Dr. Oskar Seyffert, S. Sonnenschein, 1901\.*
* The Classical Review*, volume IX, 1985, Library of Illinois.
Von Rudloff, Robert.*
* Hekate in Ancient Greek Religion*. Horned Owl Publishing (July 1999\)
{{Refend}}*
External links
--------------
{{Commons category}}
[Myths of the Greek Goddess Hecate](https://web.archive.org/web/20110618064346/http://www.goddessgift.com/goddess-myths/greek_goddess_Hecate.htm)
[*Encyclopædia Britannica* 1911:](http://www.studylight.org/enc/bri/view.cgi?n=14431) "Hecate"
* + - [The Rotting Goddess](https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204028/http://www.invisiblebooks.com/Junk12.27.06.pdf)'' by Yakov Rabinovich, complete book included in the anthology "Junkyard of the Classics" published under the pseudonym Ellipsis Marx.
* [Theoi Project, Hecate](https://www.theoi.com/Khthonios/Hekate.html) Classical literary sources and art
* [Hekate in Greek esotericism](http://www.granta.demon.co.uk/arsm/jg/hekate.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030110232925/http://www.granta.demon.co.uk/arsm/jg/hekate.html \|date\=10 January 2003 }}: Ptolemaic and Gnostic transformations of Hecate
* [Cast of the Crannon statue](https://www.carc.ox.ac.uk/CGPrograms/Cast/image/D083.jpg), at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.
* [Hecate from Mythopedia](https://mythopedia.com/topics/hecate)
* [Ancient texts on Hecate](http://tiresias.haifa.ac.il/?subj=hekate), from Tiresias: The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Source Database.
{{Greek religion}}
{{Greek mythology (deities)}}
{{witchcraft}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Subject bar\|portal1\=Ancient Greece\|portal22\=Myths\|portal21\=Religion\|commons\=y\|commons\-search\=Hecate\|wikt\=y\|s\=y\|b\=y}}
[Category:Anatolian deities](/wiki/Category:Anatolian_deities "Anatolian deities")
[Category:Characters in Macbeth](/wiki/Category:Characters_in_Macbeth "Characters in Macbeth")
[Category:Characters in the Argonautica](/wiki/Category:Characters_in_the_Argonautica "Characters in the Argonautica")
[Category:Children of Demeter](/wiki/Category:Children_of_Demeter "Children of Demeter")
[Category:Children of Nyx](/wiki/Category:Children_of_Nyx "Children of Nyx")
[Category:Children of Zeus](/wiki/Category:Children_of_Zeus "Children of Zeus")
[Category:Chthonic beings](/wiki/Category:Chthonic_beings "Chthonic beings")
[Category:Crossroads mythology](/wiki/Category:Crossroads_mythology "Crossroads mythology")
[Category:Greek underworld](/wiki/Category:Greek_underworld "Greek underworld")
[Category:Deities in the Aeneid](/wiki/Category:Deities_in_the_Aeneid "Deities in the Aeneid")
[Category:Deeds of Hermes](/wiki/Category:Deeds_of_Hermes "Deeds of Hermes")
[Category:Dog goddesses](/wiki/Category:Dog_goddesses "Dog goddesses")
[Category:Domestic and hearth deities](/wiki/Category:Domestic_and_hearth_deities "Domestic and hearth deities")
[Category:Greek mythological witches](/wiki/Category:Greek_mythological_witches "Greek mythological witches")
[Category:Residents of the Greek underworld](/wiki/Category:Residents_of_the_Greek_underworld "Residents of the Greek underworld")
[Category:Greek virgin goddesses](/wiki/Category:Greek_virgin_goddesses "Greek virgin goddesses")
[Category:Household deities](/wiki/Category:Household_deities "Household deities")
[Category:Kourotrophoi](/wiki/Category:Kourotrophoi "Kourotrophoi")
[Category:Liminal goddesses](/wiki/Category:Liminal_goddesses "Liminal goddesses")
[Category:Lunar goddesses](/wiki/Category:Lunar_goddesses "Lunar goddesses")
[Category:Magic goddesses](/wiki/Category:Magic_goddesses "Magic goddesses")
[Category:Metamorphoses characters](/wiki/Category:Metamorphoses_characters "Metamorphoses characters")
[Category:Night goddesses](/wiki/Category:Night_goddesses "Night goddesses")
[Category:Psychopomps](/wiki/Category:Psychopomps "Psychopomps")
[Category:Rape of Persephone](/wiki/Category:Rape_of_Persephone "Rape of Persephone")
[Category:Snake goddesses](/wiki/Category:Snake_goddesses "Snake goddesses")
[Category:Titans (mythology)](/wiki/Category:Titans_%28mythology%29 "Titans (mythology)")
[Category:Triple goddesses](/wiki/Category:Triple_goddesses "Triple goddesses")
[Category:Underworld goddesses](/wiki/Category:Underworld_goddesses "Underworld goddesses")
[Category:Wicca](/wiki/Category:Wicca "Wicca")
[Category:Witchcraft in folklore and mythology](/wiki/Category:Witchcraft_in_folklore_and_mythology "Witchcraft in folklore and mythology")
[Category:Women of Apollo](/wiki/Category:Women_of_Apollo "Women of Apollo")
[Category:Women of Hermes](/wiki/Category:Women_of_Hermes "Women of Hermes")
[Category:Light goddesses](/wiki/Category:Light_goddesses "Light goddesses")
[Category:Legendary creatures with supernumerary body parts](/wiki/Category:Legendary_creatures_with_supernumerary_body_parts "Legendary creatures with supernumerary body parts")
|
[
"Cult\n----",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Hecate holding two torches and dancing in front of an altar, beyond which is a cult statue, c. 350–300 BC, red\\-figure vase, [Capua](/wiki/Capua \"Capua\"), Italy](/wiki/File:Hekate_BM_G17.jpg \"Hekate BM G17.jpg\")",
"Worship of Hecate existed alongside other deities in major public shrines and temples in antiquity, and she had a significant role as household deity.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Aune\\|first\\=David Edward\\|title\\=Apocalypticism, Prophecy and Magic in Early Christianity: Collected Essays\\|publisher\\=Mohr Siebeck\\|year\\=2006\\|isbn\\=3161490207\\|pages\\=356ff}} Shrines to Hecate were often placed at doorways to homes, temples, and cities with the belief that it would protect from restless dead and other spirits. Home shrines often took the form of a small *Hekataion*, a shrine centred on a wood or stone carving of a triple Hecate facing in three directions on three sides of a central pillar. Larger Hekataions, often enclosed within small walled areas, were sometimes placed at public crossroads near important sites – for example, there was one on the road leading to the [Acropolis](/wiki/Acropolis \"Acropolis\").Wycherley, R. (1970\\). Minor Shrines in Ancient Athens. Phoenix, 24(4\\), 283–295\\. doi:10\\.2307/1087735 Likewise, shrines to Hecate at three way crossroads were created where food offerings were left at the new Moon to protect those who did so from spirits and other evils.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theoi.com/Cult/HekateCult.html \\|title\\=CULT OF HEKATE : Ancient Greek religion \\|publisher\\=Theoi.com \\|access\\-date\\=24 September 2012}} In [Zerynthus](/wiki/Zerynthus \"Zerynthus\") there was a cave dedicated to Hecate.[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854\\), Zerynthus](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=zerynthus-geo)",
"Dogs were sacred to Hecate and associated with roads, domestic spaces, purification, and spirits of the dead. Dogs were also sacrificed to the road.As Sterckx (2002\\) observes, \"The use of dog sacrifices at the gates and doors of the living and the dead as well as its use in travel sacrifices suggest that dogs were perceived as daemonic animals operating in the liminal or transitory realm between the domestic and the unknown, danger\\-stricken outside world\". Roel Sterckx, *The Animal and The Daemon in Early China*, State University of New York Press, 2002, pp 232–233\\. Sterckx explicitly recognizes the similarities between these ancient Chinese views of dogs and those current in Greek and Roman antiquity, and goes on to note \"Dog sacrifice was also a common practice among the Greeks where the dog figured prominently as a guardian of the underworld.\" (Footnote 113, p318\\)\nThis can be compared to Pausanias' report that in the Ionian city of Colophon in Asia Minor a sacrifice of a black female puppy was made to Hecate as \"the wayside goddess\", and Plutarch's observation that in Boeotia dogs were killed in purificatory rites. Dogs, with puppies often mentioned, were offered to Hecate at crossroads, which were sacred to the goddess.{{cite book\\|first\\=Frederick J.\\|last\\=Simoons\\|title\\=Eat Not This Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of Wisconsin Press]]\\|location\\=Madison, Wisconsin\\|date\\=1994\\|isbn\\=978\\-0299142544\\|pages\\=233–234}}",
"### History",
"The earliest definitive record of Hecate's worship dates to the 6th century BCE, in the form of a small [terracotta](/wiki/Terracotta \"Terracotta\") statue of a seated goddess, identified as Hecate in its inscription. This and other early depictions of Hecate lack distinctive attributes that would later be associated with her, such as a triple form or torches, and can only be identified as Hecate thanks to their inscriptions. Otherwise, they are typically generic, or [Artemis](/wiki/Artemis \"Artemis\")\\-like.",
"Hecate's cult became established in [Athens](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\") about 430 BCE. At this time, the sculptor [Alcamenes](/wiki/Alcamenes \"Alcamenes\") made the earliest known triple\\-formed Hecate statue for use at her new temple. While this sculpture has not survived to the present day, numerous later copies are extant. It has been speculated that this triple image, usually situated around a pole or pillar, was derived from earlier representations of the goddess using three masks hung on actual wooden poles, possibly placed at crossroads and gateways.",
"### Sanctuaries",
"{{Ancient Greek religion}}Hecate was a popular divinity, and her cult was practiced with many local variations all over Greece and Western Anatolia. [Caria](/wiki/Caria \"Caria\") was a major center of worship and her most famous temple there was located in the town of [Lagina](/wiki/Lagina \"Lagina\"). The oldest known direct evidence of Hecate's cult comes from [Selinunte](/wiki/Selinunte \"Selinunte\") (near modern\\-day [Trapani](/wiki/Trapani \"Trapani\") in Sicily), where she had a temple in the 6th–5th centuries BCE.Redazione ANSA. [\"Oldest ever trace of Hekate cult found\"](http://www.ansa.it/english/news/lifestyle/arts/2018/01/16/oldest-ever-trace-of-hekate-cult-found-2_fadc3aa0-c134-4ccd-815f-16eb1895f54d.html). 16 January 2018\\.",
"There was a Temple of Hecate in [Argolis](/wiki/Argolis \"Argolis\"):\n> Over against the sanctuary of [Eileithyia](/wiki/Eileithyia \"Eileithyia\") is a temple of Hecate \\[the goddess probably here identified with the [apotheosed](/wiki/Apotheosis \"Apotheosis\") [Iphigenia](/wiki/Iphigenia \"Iphigenia\"), and the image is a work of [Skopas](/wiki/Skopas \"Skopas\"). This one is of stone, while the bronze images opposite, also of Hecate, were made respectively by [Polykleitos](/wiki/Polykleitos \"Polykleitos\") and his brother [Naukydes](/wiki/Naukydes \"Naukydes\").Pausanias, Description of Greece 2\\. 22\\. 7",
"There was also a shrine to Hecate in [Aigina](/wiki/Aigina \"Aigina\"), where she was very popular:",
"",
"> Of the gods, the Aiginetans worship most Hecate, in whose honour every year they celebrate mystic rites which, they say, [Orpheus](/wiki/Orpheus \"Orpheus\") the Thrakian established among them. Within the enclosure is a temple; its wooden image is the work of [Myron](/wiki/Myron \"Myron\"), and it has one face and one body. It was [Alkamenes](/wiki/Alkamenes \"Alkamenes\"), in my opinion, who first made three images of Hecate attached to one another \\[in Athens].Pausanias, *Description of Greece* [2\\.30\\.2](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.30.2&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160) (trans. Jones)",
"Aside from her own temples, Hecate was also worshipped in the sanctuaries of other gods, where she was apparently sometimes given her own space. A round stone altar dedicated to the goddess was found in the [Delphinion](/wiki/Delphinion \"Delphinion\") (a temple dedicated to [Apollo](/wiki/Apollo \"Apollo\")) at [Miletus](/wiki/Miletus \"Miletus\"). Dated to the 7th century BCE, this is one of the oldest known artefacts dedicated to the worship of Hecate. In association with her worship alongside Apollo at Miletus, worshipers used a unique form of offering: they would place stone cubes, often wreathes, known as γυλλοι (*gylloi*) as protective offerings at the door or gateway.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be\\|title\\=CGRN Collection of Greek Ritual Norms\\|website\\=cgrn.ulg.ac.be\\|accessdate\\=16 January 2023}} There was an area sacred to Hecate in the precincts of the [Temple of Artemis at Ephesus](/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis_at_Ephesus \"Temple of Artemis at Ephesus\"), where the priests, *megabyzi*, officiated.Strabo, *Geography*, 14\\.1\\.23 This sanctuary was called *Hecatesion* (Shrine of Hecate).Strabo, *Geography* [14\\. 1\\. 23](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+14.1.23&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198) (trans. Jones) Hecate was also worshipped in the Temple of Athena in Titane: \"In Titane there is also a sanctuary of Athena, into which they bring up the image of Koronis \\[mother of Asklepios] ... The sanctuary is built upon a hill, at the bottom of which is an Altar of the Winds, and on it the priest sacrifices to the winds one night in every year. He also performs other secret rites \\[of Hecate] at four pits, taming the fierceness of the blasts \\[of the winds], and he is said to chant as well the charms of Medea.\"Pausanias, *Description of Greece* [2\\.12\\.1](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.12.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160) She was most commonly worshipped in nature, where she had many natural sanctuaries. An important sanctuary of Hecate was a holy cave on the island of [Samothrake](/wiki/Samothrake \"Samothrake\") called Zerynthos:",
"",
"> In Samothrake there were certain initiation\\-rites, which they supposed efficacious as a charm against certain dangers. In that place were also the mysteries of the Korybantes \\[Kabeiroi] and those of Hekate and the Zerinthian cave, where they sacrificed dogs. The initiates supposed that these things save \\[them] from terrors and from storms.Suidas s.v. All' ei tis humôn en Samothraikei memuemenos esti",
"#### Cult at Lagina",
"Hecate's most important sanctuary was [Lagina](/wiki/Lagina \"Lagina\"), a theocratic city\\-state in which the goddess was served by [eunuchs](/wiki/Eunuch_%28court_official%29 \"Eunuch (court official)\").",
"The temple is mentioned by [Strabo](/wiki/Strabo \"Strabo\"):",
"",
"> Stratonikeia \\[in Karia, Asia Minor] is a settlement of Makedonians ... There are two temples in the country of the Stratonikeians, of which the most famous, that of Hecate, is at Lagina; and it draws great festal assemblies every year.Strabo, *Geography* 14\\.2\\.15 (trans. Jones)",
"Lagina, where the famous temple of Hecate drew great festal assemblies every year, lay close to the originally [Macedonian](/wiki/Macedon \"Macedon\") [colony](/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity \"Colonies in antiquity\") of [Stratonikeia](/wiki/Stratonicea_%28Caria%29 \"Stratonicea (Caria)\"), where she was the city's patron.Strabo, *Geography* 14\\.2\\.25; Kraus 1960\\. In Thrace she played a role similar to that of lesser\\-[Hermes](/wiki/Hermes \"Hermes\"), namely a ruler of [liminal](/wiki/Liminality \"Liminality\") regions, particularly gates, and the wilderness.",
"#### Cult at Byzantium",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Juniper wood Hekataion. Ptolemaic Egypt, c. 304–330 BCE.](/wiki/File:Wood_statuette_of_Hekate_MET_DP145604.jpg \"Wood statuette of Hekate MET DP145604.jpg\")\nHecate was greatly worshipped in [Byzantium](/wiki/Byzantium \"Byzantium\"). She was said to have saved the city from [Philip II of Macedon](/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon \"Philip II of Macedon\"), warning the citizens of a night time attack by a light in the sky, for which she was known as *Hecate Lampadephoros*. The tale is preserved in the [Suda](/wiki/Suda \"Suda\").{{efn\\|\n\"In 340 B.C., however, the Byzantines, with the aid of the Athenians, withstood a siege successfully, an occurrence the more remarkable as they were attacked by the greatest general of the age, Philip of Macedon. In the course of this beleaguerment, it is related, on a certain wet and moonless night the enemy attempted a surprise, but were foiled by reason of a bright light which, appearing suddenly in the heavens, startled all the dogs in the town and thus roused the garrison to a sense of their danger. To commemorate this timely phenomenon, which was attributed to Hecate, they erected a public statue to that goddess \\[...]\".{{cite book \\|first\\=William Gordon \\|last\\=Holmes \\|title\\=The Age of Justinian and Theodora \\|year\\=2003 \\|pages\\=5–6}}\n:\n\"If any goddess had a connection with the walls in Constantinople, it was Hecate.\nHecate had a cult in Byzantium from the time of its founding. Like Byzas in one legend, she had her origins in Thrace. Since Hecate was the guardian of \"liminal places\", in Byzantium, small temples in her honor were placed close to the gates of the city. Hecate's importance to Byzantium was above all as deity of protection. When Philip of Macedon was about to attack the city, according to the legend, she alerted the townspeople with her ever\\-present torches, and with her pack of dogs, which served as her constant companions.\nHer mythic qualities thenceforth forever entered the fabric of Byzantine history.\"\n:\n\"A statue known as the 'Lampadephoros' was erected on the hill above the Bosphorous to commemorate Hecate's defensive aid.\"{{cite book \\|first\\=Vasiliki \\|last\\=Limberis \\|title\\=Divine Heiress \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|year\\=1994 \\|pages\\=126–127}}\n:\nThis story apparently survived in the works \\[\\[Hesychius of Miletus]], who in all probability lived in the time of \\[\\[Justinian]]. His works survive only in fragments preserved in Photius and the ''\\[\\[Suda]]'', a Byzantine lexicon of the 10th century AD. The tale is also related by \\[\\[Stephanus of Byzantium]] and \\[\\[Eustathius of Thessalonica\\|Eustathius]].\n}}",
"As Hecate Phosphorus (the 'star' [Venus](/wiki/Venus \"Venus\")) she is said to have lit the sky during the Siege of Philip II in 340 BCE, revealing the attack to its inhabitants. The Byzantines dedicated a statue to her as the \"lamp carrier\".{{cite book \\|last\\=Russell \\|first\\=Thomas James \\|year\\=2017 \\|page\\=184 \\|title\\=Byzantium and the Bosporus \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|place\\=Oxford, UK \\|isbn\\=9780198790525 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZD1uDQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA184}} According to [Hesychius of Miletus](/wiki/Hesychius_of_Miletus \"Hesychius of Miletus\") there was once a statue of Hecate at the site of the [Hippodrome](/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople \"Hippodrome of Constantinople\") in [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople \"Constantinople\").*[Patria of Constantinople](/wiki/Patria_of_Constantinople \"Patria of Constantinople\")*",
"#### Hecate's island",
"Hecate's island (Ἑκάτης νήσου), also called Psamite (Ψαμίτη), was an islet in the vicinity of [Delos](/wiki/Delos \"Delos\"). It was called Psamite because Hecate was honoured with a cake, which was called psamiton (ψάμιτον).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cs.uky.edu/\\~raphael/sol/sol\\-entries/epsilon/365\\|title\\=SOL Search\\|website\\=www.cs.uky.edu\\|accessdate\\=16 January 2023}} The island is the modern Megalos (Great) Reumatiaris.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=aVEMAAAAYAAJ\\|title\\=Travels in Greece and Turkey: Undertaken by Order of Louis XVI, and with the Authority of the Ottoman Court\\|first\\=Charles Sigisbert\\|last\\=Sonnini\\|date\\=16 January 1801\\|publisher\\=T. N. Longman \\& O. Rees\\|accessdate\\=16 January 2023\\|via\\=Google Books}}",
"### Deipnon",
"The Athenian Greeks honoured Hecate during the [Deipnon](/wiki/Deipnon \"Deipnon\"). In Greek, deipnon means the evening meal, usually the largest meal of the day. Hecate's Deipnon is, at its most basic, a meal served to Hecate and the restless dead once a lunar monthThe play Plutus by Aristophanes (388 BCE), line 594 any translation will do or [Benjamin Bickley Rogers](/wiki/Benjamin_Bickley_Rogers \"Benjamin Bickley Rogers\") is fine during the [Dark Moon](/wiki/Dark_Moon \"Dark Moon\"). On the night of the dark moon, a meal would be set outside, in a small shrine to Hecate by the front door; as the street in front of the house and the doorway create a crossroads, known to be a place Hecate dwelled. Food offerings might include cake or bread, fish, eggs and honey.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Robinson \\|first\\=Sarah \\|title\\=Kitchen Witch: Food, Folklore \\& Fairy Tale \\|publisher\\=Womancraft Publishing \\|year\\=2022 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1910559697 \\|pages\\=32}} The Deipnon is always followed the next day by the [Noumenia](/wiki/Noumenia \"Noumenia\"),*Harvard Theological Review*, Vol. 65, No.2, 1972 pages 291–297 when the first sliver of the sunlit New Moon is visible, and then the Agathos Daimon the day after that.",
"The main purpose of the Deipnon was to honour Hecate and to placate the souls in her wake who \"longed for vengeance.\"These are the biaiothanatoi, aoroi and ataphoi (cf. Rohde, i. 264 f., and notes, 275–277, ii. 362, and note, 411–413, 424–425\\), whose enthumion, the quasi\\-technical word designating their longing for vengeance, was much dreaded. See Heckenbach, p. 2776 and references. A secondary purpose was to purify the household and to atone for bad deeds a household member may have committed that offended Hecate, causing her to withhold her favour from them. The Deipnon consists of three main parts: 1\\) the meal that was set out at a crossroads, usually in a shrine outside the entryway to the homeAntiphanes, in Athenaeus, 313 B (2\\. 39 K), and 358 F; Melanthius, in Athenaeus, 325 B. Plato, Com. (i. 647\\. 19 K), Apollodorus, Melanthius, Hegesander, Chariclides (iii. 394 K), Antiphanes, in Athenaeus, 358 F; Aristophanes, Plutus, 596\\. 2\\) an expiation sacrifice,Hekate's Suppers, by K. F. Smith. Chapter in the book The Goddess Hekate: Studies in Ancient Pagan and Christian Philosophy edited by Stephen Ronan. Pages 57 to 64 and 3\\) purification of the household.Roscher, 1889; Heckenbach, 2781; Rohde, ii. 79, n. 1\\. also Ammonius (p. 79, Valckenaer)",
"### Epithets",
"[thumb\\|Sketch of a stone Hecataion. Richard Cosway, British Museum.](/wiki/File:AN01020070_001_l.jpg \"AN01020070 001 l.jpg\")Hecate was known by a number of epithets:",
"* **Aenaos** (Aἰώνιος), eternal, agelong, ever\\-flowing.[Greek Magical Papyri](/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri \"Greek Magical Papyri\")/PGM IV 2785\\-2890\n* **Aglaos** (Αγλάος), beautiful, bright, pleasing.[Greek Magical Papyri](/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri \"Greek Magical Papyri\")/PGM IV 2241\\-2358\n* **Apotropaia** (Ἀποτρόπαια), the one that turns away/protects.Alberta Mildred Franklin, *The Lupercalia*, Columbia University, 1921, p. 68\\.\n* [Brimo](/wiki/Brimo \"Brimo\") (Βριμώ), the furious, the avenging, the dreaded, crackling flame.[Apollonius Rhodius](/wiki/Apollonius_Rhodius \"Apollonius Rhodius\"), *[Argonautica](/wiki/Argonautica \"Argonautica\")* 3\\.1194\n* [Chthonia](/wiki/Chthonia \"Chthonia\") (Χθωνία), of the earth/[underworld](/wiki/Greek_underworld \"Greek underworld\").Jon D. Mikalson, *Athenian Popular Religion*, UNC Press, 1987, p. 76\\.\n* [Enodia](/wiki/Enodia \"Enodia\") (Ἐννοδία), she on the way/road.Sarah Iles Johnston, *Restless Dead: Encounters Between the Living and the Dead in Ancient Greece*, University of California Press, 1999, pp. 208–209\\.\n* **Erototokos** (Ερωτοτόκος), producing love, bearer of love.[Greek Magical Papyri](/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri \"Greek Magical Papyri\")/PGM IV 2441\\-2621\\.\n* **Indalimos** (Ινδαλίμος), the beautiful.\\<ref\\>Betz, Hans Dieter, ' The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation: Including the Demotic Spells*, 2nd ed. Univ. Chicago, 1992\\.\\</ref\\>\n **Klêidouchos** (Κλειδοῦχος), holding the keys. As the keeper of the keys of Hades.[Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898\\), Claviger](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=claviger-harpers)\n**Kourotrophos** (Κουροτρόφος), nurse of children.Liddell\\-Scott, *A Greek\\-English Lexicon*.\n**Krokopeplos** (Κροκόπεπλος), saffron cloaked.Adam Forrest, *The Orphic Hymn to Hekate*, Hermetic Fellowship, 1992\\.\n[Melinoe](/wiki/Melinoe \"Melinoe\") (Μηλινόη).Ivana Petrovic, *Von den Toren des Hades zu den Hallen des Olymp* (Brill, 2007\\), p. 94; W. Schmid and O. Stählin, *Geschichte der griechischen Literatur* (C.H. Beck, 1924, 1981\\), vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 982; [W.H. Roscher](/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Roscher \"Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher\"), *Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie* (Leipzig: Teubner, 1890–94\\), vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 16\\.\n[Phosphoros](/wiki/Phosphoros \"Phosphoros\"), **Lampadephoros** (Φωσφόρος, Λαμπαδηφόρος), bringing or bearing light.\n**Propolos** (Πρόπολος), who serves/attends.\n**Propulaia/Propylaia** (Προπύλαια), before the gate.Sarah Iles Johnston, *Restless Dead: Encounters Between the Living and the Dead in Ancient Greece*, University of California Press, 1999, p. 207\\.\n[Soteria](/wiki/Soteria_%28mythology%29 \"Soteria (mythology)\") (Σωτηρία), savior.\n**Trimorphe** (Τρίμορφη), three\\-formed.\n**Triodia/Trioditis** (Τριοδία, Τριοδίτης), who frequents crossroads.*",
"Historical and literary sources\n-------------------------------",
"### Archaic period",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Hecate, [Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greece \"Ancient Greece\") goddess of the crossroads; drawing by [Stéphane Mallarmé](/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9 \"Stéphane Mallarmé\") in *Les Dieux Antiques, nouvelle mythologie illustrée* in Paris, 1880](/wiki/File:Meyers_b8_s0345_b1.png \"Meyers b8 s0345 b1.png\")\nHecate has been characterized as a pre\\-Olympian [chthonic](/wiki/Chthonic \"Chthonic\") goddess. The first literature mentioning Hecate is the * + - * + - * + - * [Theogony](/wiki/Theogony \"Theogony\") *(c. 700 BCE) by [Hesiod](/wiki/Hesiod \"Hesiod\"):\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{{blockquote\\|text\\=And \\[Asteria] conceived and bore Hecate whom Zeus the son of Cronos honored above all. He gave her splendid gifts, to have a share of the earth and the unfruitful sea. She received honor also in starry heaven, and is honored exceedingly by the deathless gods. For to this day, whenever any one of men on earth offers rich sacrifices and prays for favor according to custom, he calls upon Hecate. Great honor comes full easily to him whose prayers the goddess receives favorably, and she bestows wealth upon him; for the power surely is with her. For as many as were born of Earth and Ocean amongst all these she has her due portion. The son of Cronos did her no wrong nor took anything away of all that was her portion among the former Titan gods: but she holds, as the division was at the first from the beginning, privilege both in earth, and in heaven, and in sea.\\[\\[Hesiod]], ''\\[\\[Theogony]]'' \\[http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020\\.tlg001\\.perseus\\-eng1:404\\-452 411–425].}}*",
"According to Hesiod, she held sway over many things:\n{{blockquote\\|text\\=Whom she will she greatly aids and advances: she sits by worshipful kings in judgement, and in the assembly whom she will is distinguished among the people. And when men arm themselves for the battle that destroys men, then the goddess is at hand to give victory and grant glory readily to whom she will. Good is she also when men contend at the games, for there too the goddess is with them and profits them: and he who by might and strength gets the victory wins the rich prize easily with joy, and brings glory to his parents. And she is good to stand by horsemen, whom she will: and to those whose business is in the grey discomfortable sea, and who pray to Hecate and the loud\\-crashing Earth\\-Shaker, easily the glorious goddess gives great catch, and easily she takes it away as soon as seen, if so she will. She is good in the byre with Hermes to increase the stock. The droves of kine and wide herds of goats and flocks of fleecy sheep, if she will, she increases from a few, or makes many to be less. So, then, albeit her mother's only child, she is honored amongst all the deathless gods. And the son of Cronos made her a nurse of the young who after that day saw with their eyes the light of all\\-seeing Dawn. So from the beginning she is a nurse of the young, and these are her honours.\\[\\[Hesiod]], ''\\[\\[Theogony]]'' \\[http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020\\.tlg001\\.perseus\\-eng1:404\\-452 429–452].}}\n[thumb\\|The coins of [Agathocles of Bactria](/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria \"Agathocles of Bactria\") (ruled 190–180 BCE) show [Zeus](/wiki/Zeus \"Zeus\") holding Hecate in his hand.Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992 [https://books.google.com/books?id\\=0UA4rkm9MgkC\\&pg\\=PA103](https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA103)](/wiki/File:Coin_of_the_Bactrian_king_Agathokles.jpg \"Coin of the Bactrian king Agathokles.jpg\")\nHesiod's inclusion and praise of Hecate in the [Theogony](/wiki/Theogony \"Theogony\") *has been troublesome for scholars, in that he seems to hold her in high regard, while the testimony of other writers, and surviving evidence, suggests that this may have been the exception. One theory is that [Hesiod](/wiki/Hesiod \"Hesiod\")'s original village had a substantial Hecate following and that his inclusion of her in the* Theogony *was a way of adding to her prestige by spreading word of her among his readers.Johnston, Sarah Iles, (1991\\). *Restless Dead: Encounters Between the Living and the Dead in Ancient Greece*. {{ISBN\\|0\\-520\\-21707\\-1}} Another theory is that Hecate was mainly a household god and humble household worship could have been more pervasive and yet not mentioned as much as temple worship.Household and Family Religion in Antiquity by John Bodel and Saul M. Olyan, page 221, published by John Wiley \\& Sons, 2009 In Athens, Hecate, along with Zeus, Hermes, Athena, Hestia, and Apollo, were very important in daily life as they were the main gods of the household. However, it is clear that the special position given to Hecate by Zeus is upheld throughout her history by depictions found on coins of Hecate on the hand of Zeus{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/baktria/kings/agathokles/t.html \\|title\\=Baktria, Kings, Agathokles, ancient coins index with thumbnails \\|publisher\\=WildWinds.com \\|access\\-date\\=24 September 2012}} as highlighted in more recent research presented by d'Este and Rankine.d'Este \\& Rankine, Hekate Liminal Rites, Avalonia, 2009*",
"In the [Homeric Hymn](/wiki/Homeric_Hymns \"Homeric Hymns\") to [Demeter](/wiki/Demeter \"Demeter\") (composed c. 600 BCE), Hecate is called \"tender\\-hearted\", an [epithet](/wiki/Epithet \"Epithet\") perhaps intended to emphasize her concern with the disappearance of [Persephone](/wiki/Persephone \"Persephone\"), when she assisted [Demeter](/wiki/Demeter \"Demeter\") with her search for Persephone following her abduction by Hades, suggesting that Demeter should speak to the god of the Sun, [Helios](/wiki/Helios \"Helios\"). Subsequently, Hecate became Persephone's companion on her yearly journey to and from the realms of Hades, serving as a [psychopomp](/wiki/Psychopomp \"Psychopomp\"). Because of this association, Hecate was one of the chief goddesses of the Eleusinian Mysteries, alongside Demeter and Persephone, and there was a temple dedicated to her near the main sanctuary at [Eleusis](/wiki/Eleusis \"Eleusis\").Rabinowitz, Jacob. *The Rotting Goddess: The origin of the witch in classical antiquity's demonization of fertility religion.* Autonomedia, 1998\\.\n### Classical period",
"Variations in interpretations of Hecate's roles can be traced in classical Athens. In two fragments of [Aeschylus](/wiki/Aeschylus \"Aeschylus\") she appears as a great goddess. In [Sophocles](/wiki/Sophocles \"Sophocles\") and [Euripides](/wiki/Euripides \"Euripides\") she is characterized as the mistress of witchcraft and the [Keres](/wiki/Keres_%28mythology%29 \"Keres (mythology)\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2020}}\nOne surviving group of stories{{clarify\\|date\\=November 2017}} suggests how Hecate might have come to be incorporated into the Greek pantheon without affecting the privileged position of Artemis. Here, Hecate is a mortal priestess often associated with [Iphigenia](/wiki/Iphigenia \"Iphigenia\"). She scorns and insults Artemis, who in retribution eventually brings about the mortal's suicide.\nIn the [Argonautica](/wiki/Argonautica \"Argonautica\")*, a 3rd\\-century BCE [Alexandrian](/wiki/Alexandria \"Alexandria\") epic based on early material,\"The legend of the Argonauts is among the earliest known to the Greeks,\" observes Peter Green, *The Argonautika*, 2007, Introduction, p. 21\\. Jason placates Hecate in a ritual prescribed by Medea, her priestess: bathed at midnight in a stream of flowing water, and dressed in dark robes, Jason is to dig a round pit and over it cut the throat of a ewe, sacrificing it and then burning it whole on a pyre next to the pit as a [holocaust](/wiki/Holocaust_%28sacrifice%29 \"Holocaust (sacrifice)\"). He is told to sweeten the offering with a [libation](/wiki/Libation \"Libation\") of [honey](/wiki/Honey \"Honey\"), then to retreat from the site without looking back, even if he hears the sound of footsteps or barking dogs.Apollonios Rhodios (tr. Peter Green), *The Argonautika*, University of California Press, 2007, p140 All these elements betoken the rites owed to a [chthonic](/wiki/Chthonic \"Chthonic\") deity.{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2018}}*",
"### Late Antiquity",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.4\\|right\\|Hecate battles Clytius next to Artemis, Gigantomachy frieze, [Pergamon Altar](/wiki/Pergamon_Altar \"Pergamon Altar\"), [Pergamon Museum](/wiki/Pergamon_Museum \"Pergamon Museum\"), [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\").](/wiki/File:Altar_P%C3%A9rgamo_%C3%81rtemis_01.JPG \"Altar Pérgamo Ártemis 01.JPG\")\nDuring the [Gigantomachy](/wiki/Giants_%28Greek_mythology%29 \"Giants (Greek mythology)\"), Hecate fought by the side of the Olympian gods, and slew the giant [Clytius](/wiki/Clytius \"Clytius\") using her torches.Pseudo\\-Apollodorus, *[Library](/wiki/Bibliotheca_%28Pseudo-Apollodorus%29 \"Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)\")* [1\\.6\\.2](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D2) Hecate is depicted fighting Clytius in the east frieze of the Gigantomachy, in the [Pergamon Altar](/wiki/Pergamon_Altar \"Pergamon Altar\") next to [Artemis](/wiki/Artemis \"Artemis\");*The J. Paul Getty Museum*, p. [101](https://books.google.com/books?id=l20mAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA101) she appears with a different weapon in each of her three right hands, a torch, a sword and a lance. Her fight with the Giant appears in a number of ancient vase paintings and other artwork.A collection of vase\\-paintings of Hecate fighting Clytius can be seen [here](https://www.theoi.com/gallery-vase-paintings-7.html).\nHecate is the primary feminine figure in the [Chaldean Oracles](/wiki/Chaldean_Oracles \"Chaldean Oracles\") *(2nd–3rd century CE),The *Chaldean Oracles* is a collection of literature that date from somewhere between the 2nd century and the late 3rd century, the recording of which is traditionally attributed to Julian the Chaldaean or his son, Julian the Theurgist. The material seems to have provided background and explanation related to the meaning of these pronouncements, and appear to have been related to the practice of theurgy, pagan magic that later became closely associated with Neoplatonism, see{{cite book \\|editor1\\-last\\=Hornblower \\|editor1\\-first\\=Simon \\|editor2\\-last\\=Spawforth \\|editor2\\-first\\=Antony \\|title\\=The Oxford Classical Dictionary \\|edition\\=Third \\|location\\=New York \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|year\\=1996 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/isbn\\_9780198661726/page/316 316] \\|isbn\\=0\\-19\\-866172\\-X \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/isbn\\_9780198661726/page/316 }} where she is associated in fragment 194 with a* strophalos *(usually translated as a spinning top, or wheel, used in magic) \"Labour thou around the Strophalos of Hecate.\"English translation used here from: William Wynn Wescott (tr.), *The Chaldean Oracles of Zoroaster*, 1895\\. This appears to refer to a variant of the device mentioned by Psellus.\"A top of Hekate is a golden sphere enclosing a lapis lazuli in its middle that is twisted through a cow\\-hide leather thong and having engraved letters all over it. \\[Diviners] spin this sphere and make invocations. Such things they call charms, whether it is the matter of a spherical object, or a triangular one, or some other shape. While spinning them, they call out unintelligible or beast\\-like sounds, laughing and flailing at the air. \\[Hekate] teaches the *taketes* to operate, that is the movement of the top, as if it had an ineffable power. It is called the top of Hekate because it is dedicated to her. In her right hand she held the source of the virtues. But it is all nonsense.\" As quoted in Frank R. Trombley, *Hellenic Religion and Christianization, C. 370–529*, Brill, 1993, p. 319\\.*",
"In Hellenistic [syncretism](/wiki/Syncretism \"Syncretism\"), Hecate also became closely associated with [Isis](/wiki/Isis \"Isis\"). [Lucius Apuleius](/wiki/Lucius_Apuleius \"Lucius Apuleius\") in [The Golden Ass](/wiki/The_Golden_Ass \"The Golden Ass\") *(2nd century) equates [Juno](/wiki/Juno_%28mythology%29 \"Juno (mythology)\"), [Bellona](/wiki/Bellona_%28goddess%29 \"Bellona (goddess)\"), Hecate and Isis:\n{{blockquote\\|Some call me Juno, others Bellona of the Battles, and still others Hecate. Principally the Ethiopians which dwell in the Orient, and the Egyptians which are excellent in all kind of ancient doctrine, and by their proper ceremonies accustomed to worship me, do call me Queen Isis.\\[\\[Apuleius]], ''\\[\\[The Golden Ass]]'' 11\\.47\\.}}*",
"In the [syncretism](/wiki/Syncretism \"Syncretism\") during [Late Antiquity](/wiki/Late_Antiquity \"Late Antiquity\") of Hellenistic and late Babylonian (\"[Chaldean](/wiki/Chaldean_mythology \"Chaldean mythology\")\") elements, Hecate was identified with [Ereshkigal](/wiki/Ereshkigal \"Ereshkigal\"), the underworld counterpart of [Inanna](/wiki/Inanna \"Inanna\") in the Babylonian cosmography. In the Michigan magical papyrus (inv. 7\\), dated to the late 3rd or early 4th century CE, Hecate Erschigal *is invoked against fear of punishment in the afterlife.[Hans Dieter Betz](/wiki/Hans_Dieter_Betz \"Hans Dieter Betz\"), \"Fragments from a Catabasis Ritual in a Greek Magical Papyrus\", *History of Religions* **19**,4 (May 1980\\):287–295\\). The goddess appears as *Hecate Erschigal* only in the heading: in the spell itself only *Erschigal* is called upon with protective magical words and gestures. Schwemer believes that this use of Ereshkigal's name merely furnished \"the Greek Netherworld goddess with a mysterious\\-sounding, foreign name\".{{sfn\\|Schwemer\\|2019\\|pp\\=66\\-67}}*",
"Hecate is also referenced in the [Gnostic](/wiki/Gnosticism \"Gnosticism\") text [Pistis Sophia](/wiki/Pistis_Sophia \"Pistis Sophia\").{{cite book\\|author\\=George R. S. Mead\\|url\\=http://gnosis.org/library/pistis\\-sophia/ps145\\.htm\\|title\\=Pistis Sophia\\|publisher\\=Jazzybee Verlag\\|year\\=1963\\|isbn\\=9783849687090\\|chapter\\=140\\|author\\-link\\=G. R. S. Mead\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-02}}\n### Parents, consorts and children",
"In the earliest written source mentioning Hecate, [Hesiod](/wiki/Hesiod \"Hesiod\") emphasized that she was an only child, the daughter of [Perses](/wiki/Perses_%28Titan%29 \"Perses (Titan)\") and [Asteria](/wiki/Asteria_%28Titaness%29 \"Asteria (Titaness)\"), the sister of [Leto](/wiki/Leto \"Leto\") (the mother of [Artemis](/wiki/Artemis \"Artemis\") and [Apollo](/wiki/Apollo \"Apollo\")). Grandmother of the three cousins was [Phoebe](/wiki/Phoebe_%28mythology%29 \"Phoebe (mythology)\") the ancient Titan goddess whose name was often used for the moon goddess.Boyle, [p. 147](https://books.google.com/books?id=W7icAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA147)Gordon MacDonald Kirkwood, *A Short Guide to Classical Mythology*, p. [88](https://books.google.com/books?id=OkUGQeGGn7IC&pg=PA88) In various later accounts, Hecate was given different parents.Gantz, p. 26\\. She was said to be the daughter of [Zeus](/wiki/Zeus \"Zeus\") by either Asteria, according to [Musaeus](/wiki/Musaeus_of_Athens \"Musaeus of Athens\"),Scholia on [Apollonius Rhodius](/wiki/Apollonius_Rhodius \"Apollonius Rhodius\")' *[Argonautica](/wiki/Argonautica \"Argonautica\")* [3\\.467](https://books.google.com/books?id=y5pxAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA72) [Hera](/wiki/Hera \"Hera\"), thus identified with [Angelos](/wiki/Angelos_%28mythology%29 \"Angelos (mythology)\"),[Scholia](/wiki/Scholia \"Scholia\") on [Theocritus](/wiki/Theocritus \"Theocritus\") [2\\.12](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgUd8TCc6UYC&pg=PA38) or Pheraea, daughter of [Aeolus](/wiki/Aeolus_%28Odyssey%29 \"Aeolus (Odyssey)\");[Scholia](/wiki/Scholia \"Scholia\") on [Theocritus](/wiki/Theocritus \"Theocritus\") [2\\.36](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgUd8TCc6UYC&pg=PA41); [Tzetzes](/wiki/John_Tzetzes \"John Tzetzes\") ad [Lycophron](/wiki/Lycophron \"Lycophron\"), [1175](https://topostext.org/work/860#1175) [(Gk text)](https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00000373-002/page/n197/mode/2up?view=theater) the daughter of Aristaeus the son of Paion, according to [Pherecydes](/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens \"Pherecydes of Athens\");Pherecydes, [FHG 1 frag. 10](https://books.google.com/books?id=y5pxAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA72) the daughter of [Nyx](/wiki/Nyx \"Nyx\"), according to [Bacchylides](/wiki/Bacchylides \"Bacchylides\"); the daughter of [Perses](/wiki/Perses_of_Colchis \"Perses of Colchis\"), the son of [Helios](/wiki/Helios \"Helios\"), by an unknown mother, according to [Diodorus Siculus](/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus \"Diodorus Siculus\");[Diodorus Siculus](/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus \"Diodorus Siculus\"), [4\\.45\\.1](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4C*.html#45) while in [Orphic](/wiki/Orphic \"Orphic\") literature, she was said to be the daughter of [Demeter](/wiki/Demeter \"Demeter\")[Scholiast](/wiki/Scholiast \"Scholiast\") on [Apollonius of Rhodes](/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes \"Apollonius of Rhodes\"), *[Argonautica](/wiki/Argonautica \"Argonautica\")* 3\\.467 \\= [Pherecydes](/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens \"Pherecydes of Athens\"), [fr. 44 Fowler](https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA273) \\= *[FGrHist](/wiki/FGrHist \"FGrHist\")* 3 fr. 44 \\= *[Vorsokr.](/wiki/Vorsokr. \"Vorsokr.\")* 2 B 16 \\= [Bacchylides](/wiki/Bacchylides \"Bacchylides\"), fr. 1 B Snell\\-Maehler \\= Orphic [fr. 41 Kern](https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/112/mode/2up). or Leto[Proclus](/wiki/Proclus \"Proclus\"), *Commentary on Plato's Cratylus* 406 b (p. 106, 25 Pasqu.) \\[\\= Orphic [fr. 188 Kern](https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/214/mode/2up?view=theater) \\[\\= OF 317 Bernabé]; West 1983, pp. 266, 267\\. The fragment is as follows: \"Straightaway divine Hecate, the daughter of lovely\\-haired Leto, approached Olympus, leaving behind the limbs of the child.\" or even [Tartarus](/wiki/Tartarus \"Tartarus\").*[Orphic Argonautica](/wiki/Orphic_Argonautica \"Orphic Argonautica\")* [977](https://topostext.org/work/549#970)\nAs a virgin goddess, she remained unmarried and had no regular consort, though some traditions named her as the mother of [Scylla](/wiki/Scylla \"Scylla\")Joseph Eddy Fontenrose, *Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins*, Biblo \\& Tannen Publishers, 1974, p. 96\\. through either [Phorbas](/wiki/Phorbas \"Phorbas\")Hesiod [fr. 200 Most](https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-other_fragments/2018/pb_LCL503.311.xml) \\[\\= fr. 262 MW] (Most, pp. 310, 311\\).{{efn\\|The ancient text is corrupted; an alternative correction of the name into 'Phoebus' (that is, Apollo) has been also suggested. It could also be that the fragment reads 'Phorcys', agreeing with Acusilaus' version.}} or [Phorcys](/wiki/Phorcys \"Phorcys\").[Acusilaus](/wiki/Acusilaus \"Acusilaus\"). fr. 42 Fowler (Fowler, [p. 32](https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32)).\nSometimes she is also stated to be the mother (by [Aeëtes](/wiki/Ae%C3%ABtes \"Aeëtes\")) of the goddess [Circe](/wiki/Circe \"Circe\") and the sorceress [Medea](/wiki/Medea \"Medea\"),Grimal; Smith. who in later accounts was herself associated with magic while initially just being a herbalist goddess, similar to how Hecate's association with Underworld and Mysteries had her later converted into a deity of witchcraft.\nOnce, [Hermes](/wiki/Hermes \"Hermes\") chased Hecate (or [Persephone](/wiki/Persephone \"Persephone\")) with the aim to rape her; but the goddess snored or roared in anger, frightening him off so that he desisted, hence her earning the name \"[Brimo](/wiki/Brimo \"Brimo\")\" (\"angry\").Tzetzes ad Lycophron, [1176](https://topostext.org/work/860#1176) \\& 1211 [(Latin text)](https://books.google.com/books?id=DDxEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA29); Heslin, p. [39](https://books.google.com/books?id=WhJbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39)\nGenealogy\n---------",
"{{chart top\\|Hecate's family tree \\[\\[Hesiod]], ''\\[\\[Theogony]]'' \\[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\\=Hes.\\+Th.\\+132 132–138], \\[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\\=Hes.\\+Th.\\+337 337–411], \\[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\\=Hes.\\+Th.\\+453 453–520], \\[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\\=Hes.\\+Th.\\+901 901–906, 915–920]; Caldwell, pp. 8–11, tables 11–14\\.\\|collapsed\\=no}}\n{{chart/start}}\n{{chart\\|}}\n{{chart\\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\|URA \\|y\\|GAI \\|\\~\\|\\~\\|\\~\\|\\~\\|\\~\\|\\~\\|\\~\\|\\~\\|\\~\\|y\\|PON\\|URA\\=\\[\\[Uranus (mythology)\\|Uranus]]\\|GAI\\=\\[\\[Gaia (mythology)\\|Gaia]]\\|PON\\=\\[\\[Pontus (mythology)\\|Pontus]]}}\n{{chart\\|,\\|\\-\\|v\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|v\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|v\\|\\-\\|^\\|\\-\\|v\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|.\\| \\| \\| \\|!}}\n{{chart\\|!\\|OCE \\|y\\|TET \\| \\| \\| \\|HYP \\|y\\|THE \\| \\| \\| \\| \\|CRI \\|y\\|EUR\\|OCE\\=\\[\\[Oceanus]]\\|TET\\=\\[\\[Tethys (mythology)\\|Tethys]]\\|HYP\\=\\[\\[Hyperion (mythology)\\|Hyperion]]\\|THE\\=\\[\\[Theia]]\\|CRI\\=\\[\\[Crius]]\\|EUR\\=\\[\\[Eurybia (mythology)\\|Eurybia]]}}\n{{chart\\|!\\| \\|,\\|\\-\\|^\\|\\-\\|.\\| \\| \\| \\|,\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\+\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|.\\| \\| \\| \\|,\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|^\\|v\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|.}}\n{{chart\\|!\\|RIV \\| \\|OCE \\| \\|HEL \\| \\|SEL \\| \\|EOS \\| \\|AST \\| \\|PAL \\| \\|PER \\| RIV\\=The \\[\\[Potamoi\\|Rivers]]\\|OCE\\=The \\[\\[Oceanids]]\\|HEL\\=\\[\\[Helios]]\\|SEL\\=\\[\\[Selene]] Although usually the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, as in \\[\\[Hesiod]], ''\\[\\[Theogony]]'' \\[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\\=Hes.\\+Th.\\+371 371–374], in the ''\\[\\[Homeric Hymns\\|Homeric Hymn]] to Hermes'' (4\\), \\[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\\=HH\\+4\\+99\\&fromdoc\\=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999\\.01\\.0138 99–100], Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes.\\|EOS\\=\\[\\[Eos]]\\|AST\\=\\[\\[Astraeus]]\\|PAL\\=\\[\\[Pallas (Titan)\\|Pallas]]\\|PER\\=\\[\\[Perses (Titan)\\|Perses]]}}\n{{chart\\|!\\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\|:\\|}}\n{{chart\\|)\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|v\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|v\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|v\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|.\\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\|:}}\n{{chart\\|!\\| \\| \\| \\| \\|CRO \\|y\\|RHE \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\|COE \\|y\\|PHO \\| \\| \\| \\| \\|:\\|COE\\=\\[\\[Coeus]]\\|PHO\\=\\[\\[Phoebe (mythology)\\|Phoebe]]\\|CRO\\=\\[\\[Cronus]]\\|RHE\\=\\[\\[Rhea (mythology)\\|Rhea]]}}\n{{chart\\|!\\| \\|,\\|\\-\\|v\\|\\-\\|v\\|\\-\\|\\+\\|\\-\\|v\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|.\\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\|,\\|\\-\\|^\\|\\-\\|.\\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\|:}}\n{{chart\\|!\\|HES \\|!\\|HER \\|!\\|POS \\| \\|ZEU \\|\\~\\|y\\|\\~\\|LET \\| \\|AST \\|\\~\\|y\\|\\~\\|\\~\\|J\\|HES\\=\\[\\[Hestia]]\\|HER\\=\\[\\[Hera]]\\|POS\\=\\[\\[Poseidon]]\\|ZEU\\=\\[\\[Zeus]]\\|LET\\=\\[\\[Leto]]\\|AST\\=\\[\\[Asteria (Titaness)\\|Asteria]]}}\n{{chart\\|!\\| \\| \\| \\|!\\| \\| \\| \\|!\\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\|,\\|\\-\\|^\\|\\-\\|.\\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\|!}}\n{{chart\\|!\\| \\| \\|DEM \\| \\|HAD \\| \\| \\| \\| \\|APO \\| \\|ART \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\|HEC\\|DEM\\=\\[\\[Demeter]]\\|HAD\\=\\[\\[Hades]]\\|APO\\=\\[\\[Apollo]]\\|ART\\=\\[\\[Artemis]]\\|HEC\\='''HECATE'''}}\n{{chart\\|!\\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\|}}\n{{chart\\|\\`\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|v\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|v\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|.}}\n{{chart\\| \\| \\| \\| \\|IAP \\|y\\|CLY \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\|THE \\|\\~\\|y\\|\\~\\|ZEU \\|\\~\\|y\\|\\~\\|MNE \\|IAP\\=\\[\\[Iapetus (mythology)\\|Iapetus]]\\|CLY\\=\\[\\[Clymene (wife of Iapetus)\\|Clymene]] (or \\[\\[Asia (mythology)\\|Asia]]) According to \\[\\[Hesiod]], ''\\[\\[Theogony]]'' \\[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\\=Hes.\\+Th.\\+507 507–511], Clymene, one of the \\[\\[Oceanid]]s, the daughters of \\[\\[Oceanus]] and Tethys, at \\[\\[Hesiod]], ''\\[\\[Theogony]]'' \\[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\\=Hes.\\+Th.\\+351 351], was the mother by Iapetus of Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus, while according to \\[\\[Bibliotheca (Pseudo\\-Apollodorus)\\|Apollodorus]], \\[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc\\=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999\\.01\\.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D3 1\\.2\\.3], another Oceanid, Asia was their mother by Iapetus.\\|THE\\=\\[\\[Themis]]\\|ZEU\\=(Zeus)\\|MNE\\=\\[\\[Mnemosyne]]}}\n{{chart\\| \\|,\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|v\\|\\-\\|^\\|\\-\\|v\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|\\-\\|.\\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\|!\\| \\| \\| \\| \\| \\|!}}\n{{chart\\|ATL \\| \\|MEN \\| \\|PRO \\| \\|EPI \\| \\| \\| \\| \\|HOR \\| \\| \\| \\|MUS \\|ATL\\=\\[\\[Atlas (mythology)\\|Atlas]] According to \\[\\[Plato]], ''\\[\\[Critias (dialogue)\\|Critias]]'', \\[http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059\\.tlg032\\.perseus\\-eng1:113d 113d–114a], Atlas was the son of \\[\\[Poseidon]] and the mortal \\[\\[Cleito]].\\|MEN\\=\\[\\[Menoetius (Greek mythology)\\|Menoetius]]\\|PRO\\=\\[\\[Prometheus]] In \\[\\[Aeschylus]], ''\\[\\[Prometheus Bound]]'' 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. \\[http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus\\-prometheus\\_bound/2009/pb\\_LCL145\\.445\\.xml 444, 445 n. 2], \\[http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus\\-prometheus\\_bound/2009/pb\\_LCL145\\.467\\.xml 446, 447 n. 24], \\[http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus\\-prometheus\\_bound/2009/pb\\_LCL145\\.539\\.xml 538, 539 n. 113]) Prometheus is made to be the son of Themis.\\|EPI\\=\\[\\[Epimetheus (mythology)\\|Epimetheus]]\\|HOR\\=The \\[\\[Horae]]\\|MUS\\=The \\[\\[Muses]]}}\n{{chart/end}}\n{{chart bottom}}\nLegacy\n------",
"[thumb\\|*[The Triple Hecate](/wiki/The_Triple_Hecate \"The Triple Hecate\")*, 1795\\. [William Blake](/wiki/William_Blake \"William Blake\").](/wiki/File:William_Blake_006.jpg \"William Blake 006.jpg\")\nStrmiska (2005\\) claimed that Hecate, conflated with the figure of [Diana](/wiki/Diana_%28mythology%29 \"Diana (mythology)\"), appears in [late antiquity](/wiki/Late_antiquity \"Late antiquity\") and in the [Early Middle Ages](/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages \"Early Middle Ages\") as part of an \"emerging legend complex\" known as \"[The Society of Diana](/wiki/Diana_%28mythology%29%23The_%22Society_of_Diana%22 \"Diana (mythology)#The \")\"Magliocco, Sabina. (2009\\). Aradia in Sardinia: The Archaeology of a Folk Character. Pp. 40–60 in *Ten Years of Triumph of the Moon*. Hidden Publishing. associated with gatherings of women, the Moon, and witchcraft that eventually became established \"in the area of Northern Italy, southern Germany, and the western Balkans.\"Michael Strmiska, *Modern paganism in world cultures*, ABC\\-CLIO, 2005, p. 68\\. This theory of the Roman origins of many European folk traditions related to Diana or Hecate was explicitly advanced at least as early as 1807Francis Douce, Illustrations of Shakspeare, and of Ancient Manners, 1807, p. 235\\-243\\. and is reflected{{dubious\\|date\\=December 2017}} in etymological claims by early modern lexicographers from the 17th to the 19th century, connecting [hag](/wiki/Hag \"Hag\"), hexe *\"witch\" to the name of Hecate.[John Minsheu](/wiki/John_Minsheu \"John Minsheu\") and [William Somner](/wiki/William_Somner \"William Somner\") (17th century), [Edward Lye](/wiki/Edward_Lye \"Edward Lye\") of Oxford (1694–1767\\), [Johann Georg Wachter](/wiki/Johann_Georg_Wachter \"Johann Georg Wachter\"), *Glossarium Germanicum* (1737\\), [Walter Whiter](/wiki/Walter_Whiter \"Walter Whiter\"), *Etymologicon Universale* (1822\\) Such derivations are today proposed only by a minoritye.g. Gerald Milnes, *Signs, Cures, \\& Witchery*, Univ. of Tennessee Press, 2007, p. 116; Samuel X. Radbill, \"The Role of Animals in Infant Feeding\", in *American Folk Medicine: A Symposium* Ed. Wayland D. Hand. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976\\.\"Many have been caught by the obvious resemblance of the Gr. *Hecate*, but the letters agree to closely, contrary to the laws of change, and the Mid. Ages would surely have had an unaspirated Ecate handed down to them; no Ecate or Hecate appears in the M. Lat. or Romance writings in the sense of witch, and how should the word have spread through all German lands?\" Jacob Grimm, *Teutonic Mythology*, 1835, (English translation 1900\\).\nThe actual etymology of *hag* is Germanic and unrelated to the name of Hecate. See e.g. Mallory, J.P, Adams, D.Q. *The Oxford Introduction to Proto\\-Indo\\-European and the Proto\\-Indo\\-European World*. Oxford University Press, 2006\\. p. 223\nA medieval commentator has suggested a link connecting the word \"jinx\" with Hecate: \"The Byzantine polymath [Michael Psellus](/wiki/Michael_Psellus \"Michael Psellus\") \\[...] speaks of a bullroarer, consisting of a golden sphere, decorated throughout with symbols and whirled on an oxhide thong. He adds that such an instrument is called a* iunx *(hence \"jinx\"), but as for the significance says only that it is ineffable and that the ritual is sacred to Hecate.\"Mark Edwards, *Neoplatonic saints: the Lives of Plotinus and Proclus by their Students*, Liverpool University Press, 2000, p. 100; Writing at some length about the ancient greek 'iunx' [Marcel Detienne](/wiki/Marcel_Detienne \"Marcel Detienne\") never mentions any connection to Hecate, see Detienne M, *The Gardens of Adonis*, Princeton UP, 1994, pp.83–9\\.*",
"Shakespeare mentions Hecate both before the end of the 16th century ([A Midsummer Night's Dream](/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\")*, 1594–1596\\), and just after, in* [Macbeth](/wiki/Macbeth_%28play%29 \"Macbeth (play)\") *(1605\\): specifically, in the title character's \"dagger\" [soliloquy](/wiki/Soliloquy \"Soliloquy\"): \"Witchcraft celebrates pale Hecate's offerings...\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://nfs.sparknotes.com/macbeth/page\\_50\\.html\\|title\\=No Fear Shakespeare: Macbeth: Act 2, Scene 1, Page 2\\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=15 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115020723/http://nfs.sparknotes.com/macbeth/page\\_50\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\nShakespeare mentions Hecate also in* [King Lear](/wiki/King_Lear \"King Lear\")*. While disclaiming all his paternal care for [Cordelia](/wiki/Cordelia_of_Britain \"Cordelia of Britain\"), Lear says, \"The mysteries of Hecate and the night,\nBy all the operations of the orbs\nFrom whom we do exist and cease to be,\nHere I disclaim all my paternal care\" (The Arden Shakespeare, King Lear, p. 165\\)*",
"### Modern reception",
"[thumb\\|left\\|*Hekate*, pastel on paper by [Maximilian Pirner](/wiki/Maximilian_Pirner \"Maximilian Pirner\"), 1901](/wiki/File:Maxmili%C3%A1n_Pirner_-_HEKATE_%281901%29.jpg \"Maxmilián Pirner - HEKATE (1901).jpg\")\nIn 1929, Lewis Brown, an expert on religious cults, connected the 1920s [Blackburn Cult](/wiki/Blackburn_Cult \"Blackburn Cult\") (also known as, \"The Cult of the Great Eleven,\") with Hecate worship rituals. He noted that the cult regularly practiced dog sacrifice and had secretly buried the body of one of its \"queens\" with seven dogs.Weird Rituals Laid to Primitive Minds, Los Angeles Examiner, 14 October 1929\\. Researcher Samuel Fort noted additional parallels, to include the cult's focus on mystic and typically nocturnal rites, its female dominated membership, the sacrifice of other animals (to include horses and mules), a focus on the mystical properties of roads and portals, and an emphasis on death, healing, and resurrection.*Cult of the Great Eleven*, Samuel Fort, 2014, 320 pages. ASIN B00OALI9O4\n[thumb\\|right\\|Hecate's wheel](/wiki/File:Hecate%27s_Wheel.png \"Hecate's Wheel.png\")\nAs a \"goddess of witchcraft\", Hecate has been incorporated in various systems of [Neopagan witchcraft](/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft \"Neopagan witchcraft\"), [Wicca](/wiki/Wicca \"Wicca\"), and [neopaganism](/wiki/Neopaganism \"Neopaganism\"),e.g.[Sabina Magliocco](/wiki/Sabina_Magliocco \"Sabina Magliocco\"), *Witching Culture: Folklore and Neopaganism in America*, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p79 in some cases associated with the [Wild Hunt](/wiki/Wild_Hunt \"Wild Hunt\") of Germanic tradition,James R. Lewis, *Witchcraft Today: An Encyclopedia of Wiccan and Neopagan Traditions*, 1999, pp 303–304; For a 'Moon magick' reference to Hecate as \"Lady of the Wild Hunt and witchcraft\" see: D. J. Conway, *Moon Magick: Myth \\& Magic, Crafts \\& Recipes, Rituals \\& Spells*, Llewellyn, 1995, p157 in others as part of a reconstruction of specifically Greek polytheism, in English also known as \"[Hellenismos](/wiki/Hellenismos \"Hellenismos\")\".[Hellenion (USA)](/wiki/Hellenion_%28USA%29 \"Hellenion (USA)\") {{cite web\\|url\\=http://hellenion.org/\\|title\\=Hellenion}}. {{cite web\\|url\\=https://sites.google.com/site/hellenionstemenos/Home/festivals/hekatesdeipnon\\|title\\=Hekate's Deipnon – Temenos}} In Wicca, Hecate has in some cases become identified with the \"crone\" aspect of the \"[Triple Goddess](/wiki/Triple_Goddess_%28Neopaganism%29 \"Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)\")\".E.g. {{cite book \\|first\\=Donna \\|last\\=Wilshire \\|title\\=Virgin mother crone: myths and mysteries of the triple goddess \\|location\\=Rochester, VT \\|publisher\\=Inner Traditions International \\|year\\=1994 \\|page\\=213 \\|isbn\\=0\\-89281\\-494\\-2 }}.\nSee also\n--------",
"{{annotated link\\|Diana (mythology)}}\n {{annotated link\\|Hecate (journal)\\|''Hecate'' (journal)}}\n The [Hyakki Yagyō](/wiki/Hyakki_Yagy%C5%8D \"Hyakki Yagyō\") (a procession of Yōkai and ghosts, similar to Hecate's)\n {{annotated link\\|Janus}}\n [Melinoë](/wiki/Melino%C3%AB \"Melinoë\")\n {{annotated link\\|Lampad}}\n The [Nightmarchers](/wiki/Nightmarchers \"Nightmarchers\") (a procession of ghosts, similar to Hecate's)\n The [Unseelie Court](/wiki/Unseelie_Court \"Unseelie Court\") (a procession of ghosts, similar to Hecate's)\n The [Wild Hunt](/wiki/Wild_Hunt \"Wild Hunt\") (a procession of ghosts, similar to Hecate's)\nNotes\n-----",
"{{notelist}}\nReferences\n----------",
"{{Reflist\\|25em}}\nSources\n-------",
"### Primary sources",
"{{Refbegin\\|30em}}\n [Apollonius Rhodius](/wiki/Apollonius_Rhodius \"Apollonius Rhodius\"), * + - * + - * + - * Argonautica, with an English translation by R. C. Seaton*. [Loeb Classical Library](/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library \"Loeb Classical Library\") 1\\. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1912\\.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t [Hesiod](/wiki/Hesiod \"Hesiod\"),*\n* [Theogony](/wiki/Theogony \"Theogony\")*, in* The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn\\-White*, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914\\. [Online version at the Perseus Digital Library](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1).*\n* [Orphic Argonautica](/wiki/Orphic_Argonautica \"Orphic Argonautica\")*, translated by Jason Colavito, derived from his text at argonauts\\-book.com, 2011\\.\n [Ovid](/wiki/Ovid \"Ovid\"),*\n* [Metamorphoses](/wiki/Metamorphoses \"Metamorphoses\"), translated by Brookes More (1859\\-1942\\)*, from the Cornhill edition of 1922\\. \n [Pausanias](/wiki/Pausanias_%28geographer%29 \"Pausanias (geographer)\"),*\n* Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. *Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918\\. [Online version at the Perseus Digital Library](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1).\n [Strabo](/wiki/Strabo \"Strabo\"),*\n* The Geography of Strabo. *Edition by H.L. Jones. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924\\. [Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D1)\n{{Refend}}*",
"### Secondary sources",
"{{Refbegin\\|30em}}\n [Athanassakis, Apostolos N.](/wiki/Apostolos_Athanassakis \"Apostolos Athanassakis\"), and Benjamin M. Wolkow, * The Orphic Hymns*, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013\\. {{ISBN\\|978\\-1\\-4214\\-0882\\-8}}. [Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC).\n Berg, William, \"Hecate: Greek or \"Anatolian\"?\",*\n* Numen *21\\.2 (August 1974:128\\-40\\)\n {{cite journal \\|first\\=Hans Dieter \\|last\\=Betz \\|author\\-link\\=Hans Dieter Betz \\|title\\=Fragments from a Catabasis Ritual in a Greek Magical Papyrus \\|journal\\=History of Religions \\|volume\\=19 \\|number\\=4 \\|date\\=May 1980 \\|pages\\=287–295\\|doi\\=10\\.1086/462853 \\|s2cid\\=162089947 }}\n [Burkert, Walter](/wiki/Walter_Burkert \"Walter Burkert\"), 1985\\.* \n\t+ Greek Religion *(Cambridge: Harvard University Press) Published in the UK as* Greek Religion: Archaic and Classical*, 1987\\. (Oxford: Blackwell) {{ISBN\\|0\\-631\\-15624\\-0}}.\n\t de’Este, Sorita. Circle for Hekate: volume 1\\. 1910191078\n\t [Farnell, Lewis Richard](/wiki/Lewis_Richard_Farnell \"Lewis Richard Farnell\"), (1896\\). \"Hekate: Representations in Art\",*\n\t+ The Cults of the Greek States*. [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press \"Oxford University Press\"), [Oxford](/wiki/Oxford \"Oxford\").\n\t [Fowler, R. L.](/wiki/Robert_Fowler_%28academic%29 \"Robert Fowler (academic)\") (2013\\),*\n* Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary*, Oxford University Press, 2013\\. {{ISBN\\|978\\-0198147411}}.\n [Gantz, Timothy](/wiki/Timothy_Gantz \"Timothy Gantz\"),*\n* Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources*, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-8018\\-5360\\-9}} (Vol. 1\\), {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-8018\\-5362\\-3}} (Vol. 2\\).\n Green, C. M. C.,*\n* Roman Religion and the Cult of Diana at Aricia*, [Cambridge University Press](/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press \"Cambridge University Press\"), [University of Iowa](/wiki/University_of_Iowa \"University of Iowa\"), 2007, {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-521\\-85158\\-9}}. [Online text available at Google books.](https://books.google.com/books?id=3GL6XjgU0HoC)\n Hard, Robin (2004\\),*\n* The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's \"Handbook of Greek Mythology\"*, Psychology Press, 2004, {{ISBN\\|9780415186360}}. [Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC).\n Henrichs, A., [s.v. Hecate](https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.2957), published online 22 December 2015, in the*\n* [Oxford Classical Dictionary](http://classics.oxfordre.com/)*, edited by [Tim Whitmarsh](/wiki/Tim_Whitmarsh \"Tim Whitmarsh\"), digital ed, New York, Oxford University Press. {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-19\\-938113\\-5}}.\n Johnston, Sarah Iles (1990\\),*\n* Hekate Soteira: A Study of Hekate's Role in the Chaldean Oracles and Related Literature*.\n Johnston, Sarah Iles (1999\\),*\n* Restless Dead: Encounters Between the Living and the Dead in Ancient Greece*. {{ISBN\\|0\\-520\\-21707\\-1}}\n Johnston, Sarah Iles (2006\\), [s.v. Hecate](https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/NPOE/e505900.xml), in [*Brill’s New Pauly Online*](https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/package/bnpo), Antiquity volumes edited by: Hubert Cancik and, Helmuth Schneider, English Edition by: Christine F. Salazar, Classical Tradition volumes edited by: Manfred Landfester, English Edition by: Francis G. Gentry, published online: 2006\\.\n [Kerenyi, Karl](/wiki/Karl_Kerenyi \"Karl Kerenyi\").* \n\t+ The Gods of the Greeks*. 1951\\.\n\t [Kern, Otto](/wiki/Otto_Kern \"Otto Kern\").*\n* Orphicorum Fragmenta*, Berlin, 1922\\. [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/n5/mode/2up)\n Mallarmé, Stéphane, (1880\\).*\n* Les Dieux Antiques, nouvelle mythologie illustrée*.\n {{cite book\\|publisher\\=Inc, Merriam\\-Webster\\|date\\=1995\\|title\\= Merriam\\-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature \\|author\\= Merriam\\-Webster \\|isbn\\=9780877790426}}.\n Mooney, Carol M.,* \n\t+ [Hekate: Her Role and Character in Greek Literature from before the Fifth Century B.C.](https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/bitstream/11375/9537/1/fulltext.pdf)*, a thesis submitted to the faculty of graduate studies, [McMaster University](/wiki/McMaster_University \"McMaster University\"), 1971\\.\n\t Rabinovich, Yakov.*\n* The Rotting Goddess*. 1990\\.\n [Ruickbie, Leo](/wiki/Leo_Ruickbie \"Leo Ruickbie\").*\n* Witchcraft Out of the Shadows: A Complete History*. Robert Hale, 2004\\.\n{{cite book\\|last\\=Schwemer\\|first\\=Daniel\\|chapter\\=Beyond Ereškigal? Mesopotamian Magic Traditions in the Papyri Graecae Magicae\\|title\\=Cultural Plurality in Ancient Magical Texts and Practices\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://www.academia.edu/43235654\\|year\\=2019}}\n Seyffert, Oskar,* \n\t+ A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, Mythology, Religion, Literature and Art*, from the German of Dr. Oskar Seyffert, S. Sonnenschein, 1901\\.*\n* The Classical Review*, volume IX, 1985, Library of Illinois.\n Von Rudloff, Robert.*\n* Hekate in Ancient Greek Religion*. Horned Owl Publishing (July 1999\\)\n{{Refend}}*",
"External links\n--------------",
"{{Commons category}}\n [Myths of the Greek Goddess Hecate](https://web.archive.org/web/20110618064346/http://www.goddessgift.com/goddess-myths/greek_goddess_Hecate.htm)\n[*Encyclopædia Britannica* 1911:](http://www.studylight.org/enc/bri/view.cgi?n=14431) \"Hecate\"\n * + - [The Rotting Goddess](https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204028/http://www.invisiblebooks.com/Junk12.27.06.pdf)'' by Yakov Rabinovich, complete book included in the anthology \"Junkyard of the Classics\" published under the pseudonym Ellipsis Marx.\n* [Theoi Project, Hecate](https://www.theoi.com/Khthonios/Hekate.html) Classical literary sources and art\n* [Hekate in Greek esotericism](http://www.granta.demon.co.uk/arsm/jg/hekate.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030110232925/http://www.granta.demon.co.uk/arsm/jg/hekate.html \\|date\\=10 January 2003 }}: Ptolemaic and Gnostic transformations of Hecate\n* [Cast of the Crannon statue](https://www.carc.ox.ac.uk/CGPrograms/Cast/image/D083.jpg), at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.\n* [Hecate from Mythopedia](https://mythopedia.com/topics/hecate)\n* [Ancient texts on Hecate](http://tiresias.haifa.ac.il/?subj=hekate), from Tiresias: The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Source Database.",
"{{Greek religion}}\n{{Greek mythology (deities)}}\n{{witchcraft}}\n{{Authority control}}\n{{Subject bar\\|portal1\\=Ancient Greece\\|portal22\\=Myths\\|portal21\\=Religion\\|commons\\=y\\|commons\\-search\\=Hecate\\|wikt\\=y\\|s\\=y\\|b\\=y}}",
"",
"[Category:Anatolian deities](/wiki/Category:Anatolian_deities \"Anatolian deities\")\n[Category:Characters in Macbeth](/wiki/Category:Characters_in_Macbeth \"Characters in Macbeth\")\n[Category:Characters in the Argonautica](/wiki/Category:Characters_in_the_Argonautica \"Characters in the Argonautica\")\n[Category:Children of Demeter](/wiki/Category:Children_of_Demeter \"Children of Demeter\")\n[Category:Children of Nyx](/wiki/Category:Children_of_Nyx \"Children of Nyx\")\n[Category:Children of Zeus](/wiki/Category:Children_of_Zeus \"Children of Zeus\")\n[Category:Chthonic beings](/wiki/Category:Chthonic_beings \"Chthonic beings\")\n[Category:Crossroads mythology](/wiki/Category:Crossroads_mythology \"Crossroads mythology\")\n[Category:Greek underworld](/wiki/Category:Greek_underworld \"Greek underworld\")\n[Category:Deities in the Aeneid](/wiki/Category:Deities_in_the_Aeneid \"Deities in the Aeneid\")\n[Category:Deeds of Hermes](/wiki/Category:Deeds_of_Hermes \"Deeds of Hermes\")\n[Category:Dog goddesses](/wiki/Category:Dog_goddesses \"Dog goddesses\")\n[Category:Domestic and hearth deities](/wiki/Category:Domestic_and_hearth_deities \"Domestic and hearth deities\")\n[Category:Greek mythological witches](/wiki/Category:Greek_mythological_witches \"Greek mythological witches\")\n[Category:Residents of the Greek underworld](/wiki/Category:Residents_of_the_Greek_underworld \"Residents of the Greek underworld\")\n[Category:Greek virgin goddesses](/wiki/Category:Greek_virgin_goddesses \"Greek virgin goddesses\")\n[Category:Household deities](/wiki/Category:Household_deities \"Household deities\")\n[Category:Kourotrophoi](/wiki/Category:Kourotrophoi \"Kourotrophoi\")\n[Category:Liminal goddesses](/wiki/Category:Liminal_goddesses \"Liminal goddesses\")\n[Category:Lunar goddesses](/wiki/Category:Lunar_goddesses \"Lunar goddesses\")\n[Category:Magic goddesses](/wiki/Category:Magic_goddesses \"Magic goddesses\")\n[Category:Metamorphoses characters](/wiki/Category:Metamorphoses_characters \"Metamorphoses characters\")\n[Category:Night goddesses](/wiki/Category:Night_goddesses \"Night goddesses\")\n[Category:Psychopomps](/wiki/Category:Psychopomps \"Psychopomps\")\n[Category:Rape of Persephone](/wiki/Category:Rape_of_Persephone \"Rape of Persephone\")\n[Category:Snake goddesses](/wiki/Category:Snake_goddesses \"Snake goddesses\")\n[Category:Titans (mythology)](/wiki/Category:Titans_%28mythology%29 \"Titans (mythology)\")\n[Category:Triple goddesses](/wiki/Category:Triple_goddesses \"Triple goddesses\")\n[Category:Underworld goddesses](/wiki/Category:Underworld_goddesses \"Underworld goddesses\")\n[Category:Wicca](/wiki/Category:Wicca \"Wicca\")\n[Category:Witchcraft in folklore and mythology](/wiki/Category:Witchcraft_in_folklore_and_mythology \"Witchcraft in folklore and mythology\")\n[Category:Women of Apollo](/wiki/Category:Women_of_Apollo \"Women of Apollo\")\n[Category:Women of Hermes](/wiki/Category:Women_of_Hermes \"Women of Hermes\")\n[Category:Light goddesses](/wiki/Category:Light_goddesses \"Light goddesses\")\n[Category:Legendary creatures with supernumerary body parts](/wiki/Category:Legendary_creatures_with_supernumerary_body_parts \"Legendary creatures with supernumerary body parts\")",
""
] |
Solo music career
-----------------
Finer's first, self\-titled, EP consisting of six songs was released in 2006\. Her first full\-length debut album *A Finer Dawn*, released 30 May 2007, debuted at number two on the Swedish album charts. The singles from the album were "[I Remember Love](/wiki/I_Remember_Love "I Remember Love")", "Stockholm by Morning" and "A way back to love".
Her next album *[Moving On](/wiki/Moving_On_%28Sarah_Dawn_Finer_album%29 "Moving On (Sarah Dawn Finer album)")* was released on 26 August 2009\. The album included the title single "[Moving On](/wiki/Moving_On_%28Sarah_Dawn_Finer_song%29 "Moving On (Sarah Dawn Finer song)")" and "Does She Know You?" and "Standing Strong". The album *Moving On* debuted at Number 1 on iTunes in its digital release on 17 August 2009\. The CD version was released on 26 August 2009, debuting at Number 1 in the Swedish Charts.
Both the singles "I Remember Love" and "Moving On" were the most played songs on Swedish radio in 2007 and 2009\. Her 3rd album "Winterland" also sold gold and debuted at Number 2 on the Swedish charts. She made a holiday special live from Hamburger Börs 2010 for [SVT](/wiki/Sveriges_Television "Sveriges Television"), and went on a critically acclaimed tour with "Winterland" in 2011\. Her fourth album was "Sanningen Kommer Om Natten" 2011, which received 5/5 in DI Weekend by Jan Gradvall, after which she went on a critically acclaimed live tour with 2012\. She received a songwriting award/scholarship from SKAP in 2012\. She has recorded duets with [Moneybrother](/wiki/Anders_Wendin "Anders Wendin"), [Peter Jöback](/wiki/Peter_J%C3%B6back "Peter Jöback"), Mauro Scocco, Tommy Körberg, Fatboy, Samuel Ljungbladh and [Patrik Isaksson](/wiki/Patrik_Isaksson_%28singer%29 "Patrik Isaksson (singer)").
### Musicals
She played Sally Bowles in ”Cabaret” both at Stockholm Stadsteater 2015\-2016 and at Uppsala Stadsteater in 2014, and was nominated for "Best Actress in a leading role" for her role as Lucy in *[Jekyll \& Hyde](/wiki/Jekyll_%26_Hyde_%28musical%29 "Jekyll & Hyde (musical)")* at Chinateatern 2008\. She also starred as Joanne in the rock musical *Rent* in 2001, 2002 and 2003 at Göta Lejon, a tour with Riksteatern and at Göteborgs Operan. She then starred in the musical *Godspell* at Parkteatern/Stockholms Stadsteater 2002\.
### Shows
Finer was featured in *Ugglas revy* with Magnus Uggla at [Chinateatern](/wiki/Chinateatern "Chinateatern") 2010; *Livet* with [Jonas Gardell](/wiki/Jonas_Gardell "Jonas Gardell") in 2002 and 2003; *Happy Holidays* at the [Grand Hôtel](/wiki/Grand_H%C3%B4tel_%28Stockholm%29 "Grand Hôtel (Stockholm)") with her half\-brother Rennie Mirro and [Karl Dyall](/wiki/Karl_Dyall "Karl Dyall") in 2012; and *Humorator* in 2006 with Mikael Tornving, Henrik Hjelt and Ulf Kvensler.
She was SVT's Christmas host for 2012\. Finer was one of three hosts of the radio/television music aid show *[Musikhjälpen](/wiki/Musikhj%C3%A4lpen "Musikhjälpen")* in December 2013\.
She is the current host of the Swedish musical game show *[Så ska det låta](/wiki/S%C3%A5_ska_det_l%C3%A5ta "Så ska det låta")*.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0277700/?ref\_\=ttfc\_fc\_cl\_t11\|title\=Sarah Dawn Finer\|website\=\[\[IMDb]]\|access\-date\=3 March 2019\|archive\-date\=9 August 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809150631/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0277700/?ref\_\=ttfc\_fc\_cl\_t11\|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"Solo music career\n-----------------",
"Finer's first, self\\-titled, EP consisting of six songs was released in 2006\\. Her first full\\-length debut album *A Finer Dawn*, released 30 May 2007, debuted at number two on the Swedish album charts. The singles from the album were \"[I Remember Love](/wiki/I_Remember_Love \"I Remember Love\")\", \"Stockholm by Morning\" and \"A way back to love\".",
"Her next album *[Moving On](/wiki/Moving_On_%28Sarah_Dawn_Finer_album%29 \"Moving On (Sarah Dawn Finer album)\")* was released on 26 August 2009\\. The album included the title single \"[Moving On](/wiki/Moving_On_%28Sarah_Dawn_Finer_song%29 \"Moving On (Sarah Dawn Finer song)\")\" and \"Does She Know You?\" and \"Standing Strong\". The album *Moving On* debuted at Number 1 on iTunes in its digital release on 17 August 2009\\. The CD version was released on 26 August 2009, debuting at Number 1 in the Swedish Charts.",
"Both the singles \"I Remember Love\" and \"Moving On\" were the most played songs on Swedish radio in 2007 and 2009\\. Her 3rd album \"Winterland\" also sold gold and debuted at Number 2 on the Swedish charts. She made a holiday special live from Hamburger Börs 2010 for [SVT](/wiki/Sveriges_Television \"Sveriges Television\"), and went on a critically acclaimed tour with \"Winterland\" in 2011\\. Her fourth album was \"Sanningen Kommer Om Natten\" 2011, which received 5/5 in DI Weekend by Jan Gradvall, after which she went on a critically acclaimed live tour with 2012\\. She received a songwriting award/scholarship from SKAP in 2012\\. She has recorded duets with [Moneybrother](/wiki/Anders_Wendin \"Anders Wendin\"), [Peter Jöback](/wiki/Peter_J%C3%B6back \"Peter Jöback\"), Mauro Scocco, Tommy Körberg, Fatboy, Samuel Ljungbladh and [Patrik Isaksson](/wiki/Patrik_Isaksson_%28singer%29 \"Patrik Isaksson (singer)\").",
"### Musicals",
"She played Sally Bowles in ”Cabaret” both at Stockholm Stadsteater 2015\\-2016 and at Uppsala Stadsteater in 2014, and was nominated for \"Best Actress in a leading role\" for her role as Lucy in *[Jekyll \\& Hyde](/wiki/Jekyll_%26_Hyde_%28musical%29 \"Jekyll & Hyde (musical)\")* at Chinateatern 2008\\. She also starred as Joanne in the rock musical *Rent* in 2001, 2002 and 2003 at Göta Lejon, a tour with Riksteatern and at Göteborgs Operan. She then starred in the musical *Godspell* at Parkteatern/Stockholms Stadsteater 2002\\.",
"### Shows",
"Finer was featured in *Ugglas revy* with Magnus Uggla at [Chinateatern](/wiki/Chinateatern \"Chinateatern\") 2010; *Livet* with [Jonas Gardell](/wiki/Jonas_Gardell \"Jonas Gardell\") in 2002 and 2003; *Happy Holidays* at the [Grand Hôtel](/wiki/Grand_H%C3%B4tel_%28Stockholm%29 \"Grand Hôtel (Stockholm)\") with her half\\-brother Rennie Mirro and [Karl Dyall](/wiki/Karl_Dyall \"Karl Dyall\") in 2012; and *Humorator* in 2006 with Mikael Tornving, Henrik Hjelt and Ulf Kvensler.",
"She was SVT's Christmas host for 2012\\. Finer was one of three hosts of the radio/television music aid show *[Musikhjälpen](/wiki/Musikhj%C3%A4lpen \"Musikhjälpen\")* in December 2013\\.",
"She is the current host of the Swedish musical game show *[Så ska det låta](/wiki/S%C3%A5_ska_det_l%C3%A5ta \"Så ska det låta\")*.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0277700/?ref\\_\\=ttfc\\_fc\\_cl\\_t11\\|title\\=Sarah Dawn Finer\\|website\\=\\[\\[IMDb]]\\|access\\-date\\=3 March 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=9 August 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809150631/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0277700/?ref\\_\\=ttfc\\_fc\\_cl\\_t11\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
""
] |
Plot summary
------------
The novel is told from the perspective of several characters, centered around protagonist Benjie Johnson, a 13\-year\-old living in the urban ghetto of [Harlem](/wiki/Harlem "Harlem") in the 1970s, who succumbs to the allure of [heroin](/wiki/Heroin "Heroin"). He lives with his mother, grandmother, and stepfather. Benjie's biological parents are separated, leaving Benjie with [emotional abandonment](/wiki/Abandonment_%28emotional%29 "Abandonment (emotional)") and his mom, Rose, with the difficult task of raising a young Black man on her own. Despite the help of Benjie's grandmother, the need for a male figure is evident. At first, Benjie's mother is not aware of Benjie's addiction. However, her motherly intuitions sensed that something was wrong with her son.
Benjie possesses great potential, but he takes a drastic turn when he starts experimenting with drugs. Once encouraged by his friends, he gradually becomes addicted to heroin and tries to conceal the severity of his habits from those who care about him. Benjie battles internally during his addiction, as he puts on a façade of control over his life.
As the intensity of Benjie's addiction increases comes the unpredictability of his behavior. He starts stealing from his family in order to feed his addiction. His actions lead to the straining of relationships with his support system. His erratic behavior also leads to his stepfather, Butler, moving out. The decision is tricky for Butler, as he loves Benjie's mom dearly. However, he can no longer live complacent with Benjie's actions.
Benjie's addiction becomes so severe that he goes to school while intoxicated. He longs to attain euphoria in a dysfunctional environment. To save Benjie from becoming a product of his environment, one of his teachers, Nigeria Greene, turns him into the principal in hopes of Benjie receiving medical care, leading to Benjie's disdain towards him. The potential of Benjie is ever present to Nigeria. However, those around Benjie become complacent to the constant behaviors around them.
In an even further attempt to save Benjie, as a final resort, his mother goes to a root doctor in hopes of having her son cured of his addictions. Despite the "potion" provided by the root doctor, Benjie still has the mindset of addiction.
One night, Benjie sneaks into the apartment that his stepfather, Butler, had been staying in after his erratic behavior became unbearable. Butler suspects that it is Benjie, startling him. Benjie runs to the roof, where he has a near\-death experience, and the only one who can save him is Butler. Benjie is saved, and the once unpleasant relationship between the two halts. This final confrontation with his stepfather leads to his promise to quit drugs.
Butler moves back in with Benjie and his family, becoming the male role model Benjie needs and desires. The rapport between Benjie and Butler increases substantially; now Butler can express his concerns and worries, and Benjie accepts. The two come up with a plan to meet each other at Benjie's therapy section. Butler arrives and patiently waits for Benjie, as it appears that Benjie is maturing. However, the novel ends on an ambiguous note.
|
[
"Plot summary\n------------",
"The novel is told from the perspective of several characters, centered around protagonist Benjie Johnson, a 13\\-year\\-old living in the urban ghetto of [Harlem](/wiki/Harlem \"Harlem\") in the 1970s, who succumbs to the allure of [heroin](/wiki/Heroin \"Heroin\"). He lives with his mother, grandmother, and stepfather. Benjie's biological parents are separated, leaving Benjie with [emotional abandonment](/wiki/Abandonment_%28emotional%29 \"Abandonment (emotional)\") and his mom, Rose, with the difficult task of raising a young Black man on her own. Despite the help of Benjie's grandmother, the need for a male figure is evident. At first, Benjie's mother is not aware of Benjie's addiction. However, her motherly intuitions sensed that something was wrong with her son.",
"Benjie possesses great potential, but he takes a drastic turn when he starts experimenting with drugs. Once encouraged by his friends, he gradually becomes addicted to heroin and tries to conceal the severity of his habits from those who care about him. Benjie battles internally during his addiction, as he puts on a façade of control over his life.",
"As the intensity of Benjie's addiction increases comes the unpredictability of his behavior. He starts stealing from his family in order to feed his addiction. His actions lead to the straining of relationships with his support system. His erratic behavior also leads to his stepfather, Butler, moving out. The decision is tricky for Butler, as he loves Benjie's mom dearly. However, he can no longer live complacent with Benjie's actions.",
"Benjie's addiction becomes so severe that he goes to school while intoxicated. He longs to attain euphoria in a dysfunctional environment. To save Benjie from becoming a product of his environment, one of his teachers, Nigeria Greene, turns him into the principal in hopes of Benjie receiving medical care, leading to Benjie's disdain towards him. The potential of Benjie is ever present to Nigeria. However, those around Benjie become complacent to the constant behaviors around them.",
"In an even further attempt to save Benjie, as a final resort, his mother goes to a root doctor in hopes of having her son cured of his addictions. Despite the \"potion\" provided by the root doctor, Benjie still has the mindset of addiction.",
"One night, Benjie sneaks into the apartment that his stepfather, Butler, had been staying in after his erratic behavior became unbearable. Butler suspects that it is Benjie, startling him. Benjie runs to the roof, where he has a near\\-death experience, and the only one who can save him is Butler. Benjie is saved, and the once unpleasant relationship between the two halts. This final confrontation with his stepfather leads to his promise to quit drugs.",
"Butler moves back in with Benjie and his family, becoming the male role model Benjie needs and desires. The rapport between Benjie and Butler increases substantially; now Butler can express his concerns and worries, and Benjie accepts. The two come up with a plan to meet each other at Benjie's therapy section. Butler arrives and patiently waits for Benjie, as it appears that Benjie is maturing. However, the novel ends on an ambiguous note.",
""
] |
Major characters
----------------
### Benjie Johnson
Benjie Johnson, the protagonist of the novel, is a thirteen\-year\-old heroin addict. He lives in an urban ghetto setting in Harlem, NY. His father has abandoned him and his mother. In his attempt to cope with his father's abandonment, he hangs around the wrong crowd, which incites his heroin addiction. He does not perceive himself as an addict, as he feels he could stop at any time. He is harsh towards those who try to help him feel understood and wanted.
### Rose Johnson (Craig)
Rose Johnson (Craig) is the single mother of the protagonist, Benjie Johnson. She works odd jobs to support herself, Benjie, and her mother. She tries hard to fill the vacant role of Benjie's father, but her continuous attempts fail. Her character is resilient yet defined by the stereotypes of single Black mothers.
### Mrs. Ransom Bell
Mrs. Ransom Bell is the mother of Rose Johnson (Craig) and grandmother of Benjie Johnson. With her old age arrives a robust religious faith. Her immense faith comes off as overwhelming to those around her.
### Butler Craig
Butler Craig is the spouse of Rose Johnson (Craig) and Benjie Johnson's, stepfather. He loves Rose dearly but struggles with accepting the behavior of her son Benjie. His love for Rose aids in his attempt to form a father\-son bond with Benjie. He strives to be the male figure Benjie's heart desires. His once distant relationship with Benjie shifts when he saves his life.
### Jimmy\-Lee Powell
Jimmy\-Lee Powell is Benjie's best friend. His relationship with Benjie becomes estranged as Benjie's drug use increases. Jimmy tries to encourage Benjie to stop his drug use, but Benjie is not accepting of his heartfelt messages. Jimmy feels slightly at fault for Benjie's drug use because he introduced him to his first marijuana high, which he no longer uses, as he wishes to be present in life.
### Walter
Walter is a drug dealer who sells to Benjie and the rest of the community. He attains the name as a "pusher," yet he despises it because he believes that he is not pushing the drugs. Instead, his customers are searching for his services and products, guiding his unapologetic attitude about his way of living.
### Nigeria Greene
Nigeria Greene is one of Benjie's teachers who takes pride in his Blackness. He believes the drug epidemic in the community to be the cause of the ongoing oppression Whites have on the Blacks. He sees firsthand the effects of drugs on his student Benjie. In his attempt to save Benjie from falling further into the trap of addiction, he turns him into the principal for being intoxicated. The teachers around him are noncompliant. However, he wins the fight. Nigeria's actions lead to Benjie's detest of him.
### Bernard Cohen
Bernard Cohen is one of Benjie's teachers. He is one of the few White teachers in his place of employment. He possesses racist ideologies, yet he does not perceive himself as a racist. He has a grievance towards his coworker, Nigeria Greene. He perceives Nigeria's pride in his Blackness as arrogance. Despite his disdain towards Nigeria, he reluctantly decides to help with turning in Benjie.
### Miss Emma Dudley
Emma Dudley is a tenant in the building with Rose, Benjie, and Mrs. Ransom Bell. Emma longs to be loved by a man and often criticizes the men around her for not being able to identify real beauty as a cause of her loneliness. She allows Butler to stay with her after he becomes fed up with Benjie's erratic behavior. Emma lusts over Butler's manliness, making several advances. However, Butler's love for Rose is too strong to accept.
|
[
"Major characters\n----------------",
"### Benjie Johnson",
"Benjie Johnson, the protagonist of the novel, is a thirteen\\-year\\-old heroin addict. He lives in an urban ghetto setting in Harlem, NY. His father has abandoned him and his mother. In his attempt to cope with his father's abandonment, he hangs around the wrong crowd, which incites his heroin addiction. He does not perceive himself as an addict, as he feels he could stop at any time. He is harsh towards those who try to help him feel understood and wanted.",
"### Rose Johnson (Craig)",
"Rose Johnson (Craig) is the single mother of the protagonist, Benjie Johnson. She works odd jobs to support herself, Benjie, and her mother. She tries hard to fill the vacant role of Benjie's father, but her continuous attempts fail. Her character is resilient yet defined by the stereotypes of single Black mothers.",
"### Mrs. Ransom Bell",
"Mrs. Ransom Bell is the mother of Rose Johnson (Craig) and grandmother of Benjie Johnson. With her old age arrives a robust religious faith. Her immense faith comes off as overwhelming to those around her.",
"### Butler Craig",
"Butler Craig is the spouse of Rose Johnson (Craig) and Benjie Johnson's, stepfather. He loves Rose dearly but struggles with accepting the behavior of her son Benjie. His love for Rose aids in his attempt to form a father\\-son bond with Benjie. He strives to be the male figure Benjie's heart desires. His once distant relationship with Benjie shifts when he saves his life.",
"### Jimmy\\-Lee Powell",
"Jimmy\\-Lee Powell is Benjie's best friend. His relationship with Benjie becomes estranged as Benjie's drug use increases. Jimmy tries to encourage Benjie to stop his drug use, but Benjie is not accepting of his heartfelt messages. Jimmy feels slightly at fault for Benjie's drug use because he introduced him to his first marijuana high, which he no longer uses, as he wishes to be present in life.",
"### Walter",
"Walter is a drug dealer who sells to Benjie and the rest of the community. He attains the name as a \"pusher,\" yet he despises it because he believes that he is not pushing the drugs. Instead, his customers are searching for his services and products, guiding his unapologetic attitude about his way of living.",
"### Nigeria Greene",
"Nigeria Greene is one of Benjie's teachers who takes pride in his Blackness. He believes the drug epidemic in the community to be the cause of the ongoing oppression Whites have on the Blacks. He sees firsthand the effects of drugs on his student Benjie. In his attempt to save Benjie from falling further into the trap of addiction, he turns him into the principal for being intoxicated. The teachers around him are noncompliant. However, he wins the fight. Nigeria's actions lead to Benjie's detest of him.",
"### Bernard Cohen",
"Bernard Cohen is one of Benjie's teachers. He is one of the few White teachers in his place of employment. He possesses racist ideologies, yet he does not perceive himself as a racist. He has a grievance towards his coworker, Nigeria Greene. He perceives Nigeria's pride in his Blackness as arrogance. Despite his disdain towards Nigeria, he reluctantly decides to help with turning in Benjie.",
"### Miss Emma Dudley",
"Emma Dudley is a tenant in the building with Rose, Benjie, and Mrs. Ransom Bell. Emma longs to be loved by a man and often criticizes the men around her for not being able to identify real beauty as a cause of her loneliness. She allows Butler to stay with her after he becomes fed up with Benjie's erratic behavior. Emma lusts over Butler's manliness, making several advances. However, Butler's love for Rose is too strong to accept.",
""
] |
Events
------
The [collective bargaining](/wiki/Collective_bargaining "Collective bargaining") agreement between Local One and the League expired in the summer of 2007\. Members of Local One agreed to work without a contract and promised other unions in the entertainment industry that they would not strike until an agreement was reached. In late summer, Local One and the League, representing the Shubert and Jujamcyn theaters with the Nederlander Organization observing, entered into negotiations.
### Contract issues
Contract negotiations generally focused on work rules. Broadway shows offer a standard eight performances per week ("performance calls"), each of which lasts three to four hours. Additionally, there are "load\-ins" (periods during which a show moves into a theater), rehearsals, "maintenance calls" (during which scenery, lighting and sound equipment are serviced, repaired and maintained), and opportunities for overtime. The League has accused the union of using its contract to secure [featherbedding](/wiki/Featherbedding "Featherbedding"), a practice made illegal by the federal [Taft\-Hartley Act](/wiki/Taft-Hartley_Act "Taft-Hartley Act"). Among the work rule changes sought by the League were:
* **Loosening load\-in rules:** The load\-in period may last several weeks and cost $1 million or more. Current work rules require producers to determine ahead of time how many stagehands are needed on each given day. These numbers cannot change once load\-in begins, requiring producers to pay salaries even if no work occurs. The rule ensures that workers will not be on call (and unpaid for it) during the load\-in period. The producers proposed essentially eliminating the rule. The union agreed to loosen the rule, but sought to keep a minimum number of stagehands at work each day.
* **Overtime:** The existing contract stated that if any stagehand is required to work overtime during a load\-in, all workers must stay and be paid overtime. The producers proposed loosening the rule so that producers determined how many stagehands would stay and earn overtime. The union agreed to discuss modifying the contract, but only if the League agreed to strengthen other parts of the contract.
* **Performance and continuity calls:** The existing contract stated that stagehands could only perform work related to the performance during a performance call. If the producer wishes the stagehand to perform other duties, the producer must issue a one\-hour "continuity call," even if the stagehand has no more work to do. If the one\-hour continuity call is not long enough, producers are required to pay for a four\-hour shift. Producers call the rule wasteful, but the union claimed the rule discouraged theaters from forcing employees to work past midnight. The union also noted that many stagehands supplement their income with daytime jobs, and late nights significantly interfere with these arrangements. Producers proposed widening the tasks stagehands may perform during performance calls and reducing the required four hours of pay. The union had agreed to discuss reducing the required four hours of pay in exchange for improving other benefits.
* **Wages**: There are four classes of stagehands. Head carpenters and electricians, who are in the top category, made about $1,600 a week. Most stagehands (riggers, winch\-workers and operators) were in the lowest class, making about $1,200 a week. The union claimed that the proposed rule changes would cut workers salaries by 38 percent. The League offered different pay raises for different classes of workers, but the union argued these did not make up for the lost income.
Many labor relations experts said{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2017}} that the negotiations were not about work rules or economics, but the relative power of the two sides. Producers, who pay the theater owners, are also part of the League, and for the first time they took a vocal and active role in pushing for contract changes in order to break the union's control over theater management. Subsequently the League established a $20 million "defense fund" to help theaters weather a strike. In response, the union established a $4 million fund to help its members during a possible job action.
### Negotiations and strike
Contract negotiations stalled between the two parties and the league threatened Local One with a [lockout](/wiki/Lockout_%28industry%29 "Lockout (industry)") if it would not comply with their demands. On October 21, Local One held a special meeting and its membership voted to authorize the executive board of the union to take any action deemed necessary, including but not limited to a strike, in order to reach an agreement between the two parties.Campbell Robertson, "Broadway, Next Week: Shows or Lockouts?", *New York Times,* September 26, 2007; "Theater Labor Talks Continue," *New York Times,* September 30, 2007; Campbell Robertson, "Manhattan: Broadway Talks Extended," *New York Times,* October 5, 2007; Campbell Robertson, "Broadway Shutdown Looms As Talks Reach an Impasse," *New York Times,* October 10, 2007; "Broadway's Labor Impasse Continues," *New York Times,* October 11, 2007\.
In late October 2007, talks between Local One and the League again ended in a stalemate. On October 16, the League imposed a portion of its final offer (primarily, the proposals regarding new work rules) on the union. For two weeks Local One worked under these rules before talks with the League resumed.Campbell Robertson, "Broadway Strike Possible as Producers Impose Their Rules," *New York Times,* October 17, 2007\. The following day, the Nederlander Organization announced it would not join the Jujamcyn or Schubert owners in imposing the final offer on the union.Campbell Robertson, "Development In Theater Standoff," *New York Times,* October 19, 2007\.
On November 8, talks with the League resumed, this time including [Thomas C. Short](/wiki/Thomas_C._Short "Thomas C. Short"), international president of IATSE, for part of the negotiation session. After seeing progress being made, President Short left the talks early to assist members affected by the [2007 Writers Guild of America strike](/wiki/2007_Writers_Guild_of_America_strike "2007 Writers Guild of America strike"). After his departure, the negotiations once more ground to a halt. On the evening of November 9, Local One President James Claffey, Jr. was directed by International President Short to begin a strike on Saturday, November 10, 2007 at 10:00 AM [Eastern time](/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone_%28North_America%29 "Eastern Time Zone (North America)").Campbell Robertson, "With Talks Stalled, Stagehands' Union Authorizes a Strike," *New York Times,* October 22, 2007; Campbell Robertson, "As Stagehands Strike, Shows Don't Go On," *New York Times,* November 11, 2007\.
Negotiations resumed between both sides on November 17, 2007 but broke off the following day. All performances of the affected Broadway shows were canceled through November 25\. Negotiations between the League and Local One resumed on November 25\.{{cite news\|last\=Gans \|first\=Andrew \|last2\=Hetrick \|first2\=Adam \|title\=Day 17: Talks Adjourn, But Negotiations Will Resume Evening of Nov. 26 \|publisher\=Playbill \|date\=November 26, 2007 \|accessdate\=November 26, 2007 \|url\=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/112950\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128014119/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/112950\.html \|archivedate\=November 28, 2007 }}
Negotiations continued November 26 and November 27\. The first bargaining session began November 25, and lasted 20 hours. It recessed at dawn on November 26, and resumed later that evening. A 13\-hour bargaining session lasted through the night into the early morning hours of November 27\. The two sides agreed on work rules regarding "load\-in"—the period when productions are moved into theaters. Talks concerning work rules governing rehearsals and other kinds of work progressed only slowly and incrementally. Economic issues, such as wages, had yet to be seriously discussed. Although producers canceled all shows through Wednesday, November 28, observers noted that the talks had only taken a break and had not appeared to actually break off.Campbell Robertson, "Broadway Talks Break Up Without a Deal," *New York Times,* November 27, 2007\.
### Strike's end
Both sides applauded the agreement. The union and League agreed to flexibility in the ability to dismiss stagehands during load\-in, so long as there was a daily minimum of 17 stagehands on duty at all times. The parties also agreed to extend the continuity call to two hours before or after a performance. However, employees who work the post\-performance continuity call earn double pay for the first hour of the two\-hour continuity call. Union members also won raises significantly higher than the 3\.5 percent increase the League had publicly offered.
The strike was a costly one. At least one estimate placed losses by theater owners and producers at $34\.8 million through Sunday, November 25\. The New York City comptroller's office said the city had lost another $40 million in revenue through November 28\.
|
[
"Events\n------",
"The [collective bargaining](/wiki/Collective_bargaining \"Collective bargaining\") agreement between Local One and the League expired in the summer of 2007\\. Members of Local One agreed to work without a contract and promised other unions in the entertainment industry that they would not strike until an agreement was reached. In late summer, Local One and the League, representing the Shubert and Jujamcyn theaters with the Nederlander Organization observing, entered into negotiations.",
"### Contract issues",
"Contract negotiations generally focused on work rules. Broadway shows offer a standard eight performances per week (\"performance calls\"), each of which lasts three to four hours. Additionally, there are \"load\\-ins\" (periods during which a show moves into a theater), rehearsals, \"maintenance calls\" (during which scenery, lighting and sound equipment are serviced, repaired and maintained), and opportunities for overtime. The League has accused the union of using its contract to secure [featherbedding](/wiki/Featherbedding \"Featherbedding\"), a practice made illegal by the federal [Taft\\-Hartley Act](/wiki/Taft-Hartley_Act \"Taft-Hartley Act\"). Among the work rule changes sought by the League were:\n* **Loosening load\\-in rules:** The load\\-in period may last several weeks and cost $1 million or more. Current work rules require producers to determine ahead of time how many stagehands are needed on each given day. These numbers cannot change once load\\-in begins, requiring producers to pay salaries even if no work occurs. The rule ensures that workers will not be on call (and unpaid for it) during the load\\-in period. The producers proposed essentially eliminating the rule. The union agreed to loosen the rule, but sought to keep a minimum number of stagehands at work each day.\n* **Overtime:** The existing contract stated that if any stagehand is required to work overtime during a load\\-in, all workers must stay and be paid overtime. The producers proposed loosening the rule so that producers determined how many stagehands would stay and earn overtime. The union agreed to discuss modifying the contract, but only if the League agreed to strengthen other parts of the contract.\n* **Performance and continuity calls:** The existing contract stated that stagehands could only perform work related to the performance during a performance call. If the producer wishes the stagehand to perform other duties, the producer must issue a one\\-hour \"continuity call,\" even if the stagehand has no more work to do. If the one\\-hour continuity call is not long enough, producers are required to pay for a four\\-hour shift. Producers call the rule wasteful, but the union claimed the rule discouraged theaters from forcing employees to work past midnight. The union also noted that many stagehands supplement their income with daytime jobs, and late nights significantly interfere with these arrangements. Producers proposed widening the tasks stagehands may perform during performance calls and reducing the required four hours of pay. The union had agreed to discuss reducing the required four hours of pay in exchange for improving other benefits.\n* **Wages**: There are four classes of stagehands. Head carpenters and electricians, who are in the top category, made about $1,600 a week. Most stagehands (riggers, winch\\-workers and operators) were in the lowest class, making about $1,200 a week. The union claimed that the proposed rule changes would cut workers salaries by 38 percent. The League offered different pay raises for different classes of workers, but the union argued these did not make up for the lost income.",
"Many labor relations experts said{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2017}} that the negotiations were not about work rules or economics, but the relative power of the two sides. Producers, who pay the theater owners, are also part of the League, and for the first time they took a vocal and active role in pushing for contract changes in order to break the union's control over theater management. Subsequently the League established a $20 million \"defense fund\" to help theaters weather a strike. In response, the union established a $4 million fund to help its members during a possible job action.",
"### Negotiations and strike",
"Contract negotiations stalled between the two parties and the league threatened Local One with a [lockout](/wiki/Lockout_%28industry%29 \"Lockout (industry)\") if it would not comply with their demands. On October 21, Local One held a special meeting and its membership voted to authorize the executive board of the union to take any action deemed necessary, including but not limited to a strike, in order to reach an agreement between the two parties.Campbell Robertson, \"Broadway, Next Week: Shows or Lockouts?\", *New York Times,* September 26, 2007; \"Theater Labor Talks Continue,\" *New York Times,* September 30, 2007; Campbell Robertson, \"Manhattan: Broadway Talks Extended,\" *New York Times,* October 5, 2007; Campbell Robertson, \"Broadway Shutdown Looms As Talks Reach an Impasse,\" *New York Times,* October 10, 2007; \"Broadway's Labor Impasse Continues,\" *New York Times,* October 11, 2007\\.",
"In late October 2007, talks between Local One and the League again ended in a stalemate. On October 16, the League imposed a portion of its final offer (primarily, the proposals regarding new work rules) on the union. For two weeks Local One worked under these rules before talks with the League resumed.Campbell Robertson, \"Broadway Strike Possible as Producers Impose Their Rules,\" *New York Times,* October 17, 2007\\. The following day, the Nederlander Organization announced it would not join the Jujamcyn or Schubert owners in imposing the final offer on the union.Campbell Robertson, \"Development In Theater Standoff,\" *New York Times,* October 19, 2007\\.",
"On November 8, talks with the League resumed, this time including [Thomas C. Short](/wiki/Thomas_C._Short \"Thomas C. Short\"), international president of IATSE, for part of the negotiation session. After seeing progress being made, President Short left the talks early to assist members affected by the [2007 Writers Guild of America strike](/wiki/2007_Writers_Guild_of_America_strike \"2007 Writers Guild of America strike\"). After his departure, the negotiations once more ground to a halt. On the evening of November 9, Local One President James Claffey, Jr. was directed by International President Short to begin a strike on Saturday, November 10, 2007 at 10:00 AM [Eastern time](/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone_%28North_America%29 \"Eastern Time Zone (North America)\").Campbell Robertson, \"With Talks Stalled, Stagehands' Union Authorizes a Strike,\" *New York Times,* October 22, 2007; Campbell Robertson, \"As Stagehands Strike, Shows Don't Go On,\" *New York Times,* November 11, 2007\\.",
"Negotiations resumed between both sides on November 17, 2007 but broke off the following day. All performances of the affected Broadway shows were canceled through November 25\\. Negotiations between the League and Local One resumed on November 25\\.{{cite news\\|last\\=Gans \\|first\\=Andrew \\|last2\\=Hetrick \\|first2\\=Adam \\|title\\=Day 17: Talks Adjourn, But Negotiations Will Resume Evening of Nov. 26 \\|publisher\\=Playbill \\|date\\=November 26, 2007 \\|accessdate\\=November 26, 2007 \\|url\\=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/112950\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128014119/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/112950\\.html \\|archivedate\\=November 28, 2007 }}",
"Negotiations continued November 26 and November 27\\. The first bargaining session began November 25, and lasted 20 hours. It recessed at dawn on November 26, and resumed later that evening. A 13\\-hour bargaining session lasted through the night into the early morning hours of November 27\\. The two sides agreed on work rules regarding \"load\\-in\"—the period when productions are moved into theaters. Talks concerning work rules governing rehearsals and other kinds of work progressed only slowly and incrementally. Economic issues, such as wages, had yet to be seriously discussed. Although producers canceled all shows through Wednesday, November 28, observers noted that the talks had only taken a break and had not appeared to actually break off.Campbell Robertson, \"Broadway Talks Break Up Without a Deal,\" *New York Times,* November 27, 2007\\.",
"### Strike's end",
"Both sides applauded the agreement. The union and League agreed to flexibility in the ability to dismiss stagehands during load\\-in, so long as there was a daily minimum of 17 stagehands on duty at all times. The parties also agreed to extend the continuity call to two hours before or after a performance. However, employees who work the post\\-performance continuity call earn double pay for the first hour of the two\\-hour continuity call. Union members also won raises significantly higher than the 3\\.5 percent increase the League had publicly offered.",
"The strike was a costly one. At least one estimate placed losses by theater owners and producers at $34\\.8 million through Sunday, November 25\\. The New York City comptroller's office said the city had lost another $40 million in revenue through November 28\\.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Lorenzo "Shakes" Carcaterra, Tommy Marcano, Michael Sullivan and John Reilly are childhood friends living in [Hell's Kitchen](/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen%2C_Manhattan "Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan") in the 1960s. Father "Bobby" Carillo, their parish priest, a youth offender himself in the past, tries to teach them right from wrong. They still play pranks and start running small errands for local gangster King Benny.
In summer 1967, the four boys steal a hot\-dog cart. They accidentally roll the cart down a set of subway stairs, severely injuring a man. They are all sentenced to serve time at a [juvenile detention center](/wiki/Juvenile_detention_center "Juvenile detention center") called Wilkinson Home for Boys in [Upstate New York](/wiki/Upstate_New_York "Upstate New York"); Shakes is given six\-to\-twelve months, while the others are given 12\-to\-18 months. During their stay, they are repeatedly subjected to sexual abuse and torture by head guards Sean Nokes, Henry Addison, Ralph Ferguson and Adam Styler.
When at the facility, they participate in Wilkinson's annual [football](/wiki/American_football "American football") game between the guards and inmates. Michael convinces inmate Rizzo Robinson to help win the game. Humiliated, the guards move the boys to [solitary confinement](/wiki/Solitary_confinement "Solitary confinement") for weeks, where they are systematically beaten. Rizzo does not survive, and his family is told he had died of [pneumonia](/wiki/Pneumonia "Pneumonia").
In spring 1968, shortly before Shakes's release from Wilkinson, he suggests the boys publicly report the abuse. The others refuse, with Michael asserting that no one would believe them or care, and they vow to never speak of it again. The night before Shakes is released, Nokes and the other guards arrange a "farewell party", in which the four boys are brutally raped worse than they have been before.
In 1981, John and Tommy, now [career criminals working with the Irish Mob](/wiki/The_Westies "The Westies"), unexpectedly encounter Sean Nokes in a Hell's Kitchen pub. When John and Tommy confront him, he dismisses the abuse he put them through, and they fatally shoot him in front of witnesses. Michael, now an assistant [district attorney](/wiki/District_attorney "District attorney"), gets himself assigned to the case; he secretly intends to botch the [prosecution](/wiki/Prosecution "Prosecution") to expose the abuse committed by the guards at Wilkinson's. With Shakes, now a timetable clerk for *The New York Times*, he forms a plan to free John and Tommy to get revenge on the other Wilkinson abusers. With the help of King Benny and Carol, the boys' childhood friend, they carry out their plan using information compiled by Michael on the backgrounds of the guards. They are helped by Danny Snyder, an alcoholic lawyer who defends John and Tommy.
Michael secretly drafts scripted questions for Snyder in advance. As a result, Snyder casts significant doubt on the testimony of a woman who witnessed the murder, and two other witnesses are intimidated into silence. For his plan to fully succeed, however, Michael decides that he must damage Nokes's reputation and convincingly place John and Tommy at another location at the time of the shooting. When called as a witness, Ferguson (now a social worker) admits that Nokes and the other guards systematically abused the boys. But to clinch the case, a key witness is still needed for John and Tommy's alibi. Shakes has a long talk with Father Bobby; after learning the truth about the abuse the boys suffered, he reluctantly agrees to [perjure](/wiki/Perjury "Perjury") himself, and testifies at trial that John and Tommy were with him at a [New York Knicks](/wiki/New_York_Knicks "New York Knicks") game at the time of the shooting, producing three ticket stubs to prove it. As a result, John and Tommy are acquitted.
The remaining guards are also punished for their crimes: Addison, now a politician who still molests children, is abducted and killed near the local airport by gangsters led by Rizzo's older brother, Eddie "Little Caesar" Robinson, who heard the truth about Rizzo's death from King Benny. Styler, now a corrupt police officer, is imprisoned for taking bribes and murdering a drug dealer.
After the acquittal, Michael, Shakes, John and Tommy meet with Carol at a local bar to celebrate. It is the final time the four men are together. Shakes remains in Hell's Kitchen. Michael quits the DA's office, moves to the English countryside, becomes a carpenter and never marries. John and Tommy both die before age 30; John succumbs to alcohol poisoning, while Tommy is ambushed and murdered by rival criminals. Carol remains in Hell's Kitchen as a social worker; she has a son, naming him John Thomas Michael Martinez, and nicknaming him "Shakes".
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Lorenzo \"Shakes\" Carcaterra, Tommy Marcano, Michael Sullivan and John Reilly are childhood friends living in [Hell's Kitchen](/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen%2C_Manhattan \"Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan\") in the 1960s. Father \"Bobby\" Carillo, their parish priest, a youth offender himself in the past, tries to teach them right from wrong. They still play pranks and start running small errands for local gangster King Benny.",
"In summer 1967, the four boys steal a hot\\-dog cart. They accidentally roll the cart down a set of subway stairs, severely injuring a man. They are all sentenced to serve time at a [juvenile detention center](/wiki/Juvenile_detention_center \"Juvenile detention center\") called Wilkinson Home for Boys in [Upstate New York](/wiki/Upstate_New_York \"Upstate New York\"); Shakes is given six\\-to\\-twelve months, while the others are given 12\\-to\\-18 months. During their stay, they are repeatedly subjected to sexual abuse and torture by head guards Sean Nokes, Henry Addison, Ralph Ferguson and Adam Styler.",
"When at the facility, they participate in Wilkinson's annual [football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") game between the guards and inmates. Michael convinces inmate Rizzo Robinson to help win the game. Humiliated, the guards move the boys to [solitary confinement](/wiki/Solitary_confinement \"Solitary confinement\") for weeks, where they are systematically beaten. Rizzo does not survive, and his family is told he had died of [pneumonia](/wiki/Pneumonia \"Pneumonia\").",
"In spring 1968, shortly before Shakes's release from Wilkinson, he suggests the boys publicly report the abuse. The others refuse, with Michael asserting that no one would believe them or care, and they vow to never speak of it again. The night before Shakes is released, Nokes and the other guards arrange a \"farewell party\", in which the four boys are brutally raped worse than they have been before.",
"In 1981, John and Tommy, now [career criminals working with the Irish Mob](/wiki/The_Westies \"The Westies\"), unexpectedly encounter Sean Nokes in a Hell's Kitchen pub. When John and Tommy confront him, he dismisses the abuse he put them through, and they fatally shoot him in front of witnesses. Michael, now an assistant [district attorney](/wiki/District_attorney \"District attorney\"), gets himself assigned to the case; he secretly intends to botch the [prosecution](/wiki/Prosecution \"Prosecution\") to expose the abuse committed by the guards at Wilkinson's. With Shakes, now a timetable clerk for *The New York Times*, he forms a plan to free John and Tommy to get revenge on the other Wilkinson abusers. With the help of King Benny and Carol, the boys' childhood friend, they carry out their plan using information compiled by Michael on the backgrounds of the guards. They are helped by Danny Snyder, an alcoholic lawyer who defends John and Tommy.",
"Michael secretly drafts scripted questions for Snyder in advance. As a result, Snyder casts significant doubt on the testimony of a woman who witnessed the murder, and two other witnesses are intimidated into silence. For his plan to fully succeed, however, Michael decides that he must damage Nokes's reputation and convincingly place John and Tommy at another location at the time of the shooting. When called as a witness, Ferguson (now a social worker) admits that Nokes and the other guards systematically abused the boys. But to clinch the case, a key witness is still needed for John and Tommy's alibi. Shakes has a long talk with Father Bobby; after learning the truth about the abuse the boys suffered, he reluctantly agrees to [perjure](/wiki/Perjury \"Perjury\") himself, and testifies at trial that John and Tommy were with him at a [New York Knicks](/wiki/New_York_Knicks \"New York Knicks\") game at the time of the shooting, producing three ticket stubs to prove it. As a result, John and Tommy are acquitted.",
"The remaining guards are also punished for their crimes: Addison, now a politician who still molests children, is abducted and killed near the local airport by gangsters led by Rizzo's older brother, Eddie \"Little Caesar\" Robinson, who heard the truth about Rizzo's death from King Benny. Styler, now a corrupt police officer, is imprisoned for taking bribes and murdering a drug dealer.",
"After the acquittal, Michael, Shakes, John and Tommy meet with Carol at a local bar to celebrate. It is the final time the four men are together. Shakes remains in Hell's Kitchen. Michael quits the DA's office, moves to the English countryside, becomes a carpenter and never marries. John and Tommy both die before age 30; John succumbs to alcohol poisoning, while Tommy is ambushed and murdered by rival criminals. Carol remains in Hell's Kitchen as a social worker; she has a son, naming him John Thomas Michael Martinez, and nicknaming him \"Shakes\".",
""
] |
Ordinal ε numbers
-----------------
{{unsourced section\|date\=February 2023}}
The standard definition of [ordinal exponentiation](/wiki/Ordinal_exponentiation "Ordinal exponentiation") with base α is:
* \\alpha^0 \= 1 \\,,
* \\alpha^\\beta \= \\alpha^{\\beta\-1} \\cdot \\alpha \\,, when \\beta has an immediate predecessor \\beta \- 1.
* \\alpha^\\beta\=\\sup \\lbrace\\alpha^\\delta \\mid 0 \< \\delta \< \\beta\\rbrace, whenever \\beta is a [limit ordinal](/wiki/Limit_ordinal "Limit ordinal").
From this definition, it follows that for any fixed ordinal {{math\|''α'' \> 1}}, the [mapping](/wiki/Map_%28mathematics%29 "Map (mathematics)") \\beta \\mapsto \\alpha^\\beta is a [normal function](/wiki/Normal_function "Normal function"), so it has arbitrarily large [fixed points](/wiki/Fixed_point_%28mathematics%29 "Fixed point (mathematics)") by the [fixed\-point lemma for normal functions](/wiki/Fixed-point_lemma_for_normal_functions "Fixed-point lemma for normal functions"). When \\alpha \= \\omega, these fixed points are precisely the ordinal epsilon numbers.
* \\varepsilon\_0 \= \\sup \\left\\lbrace 1, \\omega, \\omega^\\omega, \\omega^{\\omega^\\omega}, \\omega^{\\omega^{\\omega^\\omega}}, \\ldots\\right\\rbrace \\,,
* \\varepsilon\_\\beta \= \\sup \\left\\lbrace {\\varepsilon\_{\\beta\-1}\+1}, \\omega^{\\varepsilon\_{\\beta\-1}\+1}, \\omega^{\\omega^{\\varepsilon\_{\\beta\-1}\+1}}, \\omega^{\\omega^{\\omega^{\\varepsilon\_{\\beta\-1}\+1}}}, \\ldots\\right\\rbrace \\,, when \\beta has an immediate predecessor \\beta \- 1.
* \\varepsilon\_\\beta\=\\sup \\lbrace \\varepsilon\_\\delta \\mid \\delta \< \\beta \\rbrace, whenever \\beta is a limit ordinal.
Because
\\omega^{\\varepsilon\_0 \+ 1} \= \\omega^{\\varepsilon\_0} \\cdot \\omega^1 \= \\varepsilon\_0 \\cdot \\omega \\,,
\\omega^{\\omega^{\\varepsilon\_0 \+ 1}} \= \\omega^{(\\varepsilon\_0 \\cdot \\omega)} \= {(\\omega^{\\varepsilon\_0})}^\\omega \= \\varepsilon\_0^\\omega \\,,
\\omega^{\\omega^{\\omega^{\\varepsilon\_0 \+ 1}}} \= \\omega^{{\\varepsilon\_0}^\\omega} \= \\omega^{{\\varepsilon\_0}^{1\+\\omega}} \= \\omega^{(\\varepsilon\_0\\cdot{\\varepsilon\_0}^\\omega)} \= {(\\omega^{\\varepsilon\_0})}^{{\\varepsilon\_0}^\\omega} \= {\\varepsilon\_0}^{{\\varepsilon\_0}^\\omega} \\,,
a different sequence with the same supremum, \\varepsilon\_1, is obtained by starting from 0 and exponentiating with base {{math\|''ε''0}} instead:
\\varepsilon\_1 \= \\sup\\left\\{1, \\varepsilon\_0, {\\varepsilon\_0}^{\\varepsilon\_0}, {\\varepsilon\_0}^{{\\varepsilon\_0}^{\\varepsilon\_0}}, \\ldots\\right\\}.
Generally, the epsilon number \\varepsilon\_{\\beta} indexed by any ordinal that has an immediate predecessor \\beta\-1 can be constructed similarly.
\\varepsilon\_{\\beta} \= \\sup\\left\\{1, \\varepsilon\_{\\beta\-1}, \\varepsilon\_{\\beta\-1}^{\\varepsilon\_{\\beta\-1}}, \\varepsilon\_{\\beta\-1}^{\\varepsilon\_{\\beta\-1}^{\\varepsilon\_{\\beta\-1}}}, \\dots\\right\\}.
In particular, whether or not the index β is a limit ordinal, \\varepsilon\_\\beta is a fixed point not only of base ω exponentiation but also of base δ exponentiation for all ordinals 1 \< \\delta \< \\varepsilon\_\\beta.
Since the epsilon numbers are an unbounded subclass of the ordinal numbers, they are enumerated using the ordinal numbers themselves. For any ordinal number \\beta, \\varepsilon\_\\beta is the least epsilon number (fixed point of the exponential map) not already in the set \\{ \\varepsilon\_\\delta\\mid \\delta \< \\beta \\}. It might appear that this is the non\-constructive equivalent of the constructive definition using iterated exponentiation; but the two definitions are equally non\-constructive at steps indexed by limit ordinals, which represent transfinite recursion of a higher order than taking the supremum of an exponential series.
The following facts about epsilon numbers are straightforward to prove:
* Although it is quite a large number, \\varepsilon\_0 is still [countable](/wiki/Countable "Countable"), being a countable union of countable ordinals; in fact, \\varepsilon\_\\beta is countable if and only if \\beta is countable.
* The union (or supremum) of any [non\-empty](/wiki/Empty_set "Empty set") set of epsilon numbers is an epsilon number; so for instance \\varepsilon\_\\omega \= \\sup\\{\\varepsilon\_0, \\varepsilon\_1, \\varepsilon\_2, \\ldots\\} is an epsilon number. Thus, the mapping \\beta \\mapsto \\varepsilon\_\\beta is a normal function.
* The [initial ordinal](/wiki/Von_Neumann_cardinal_assignment "Von Neumann cardinal assignment") of any [uncountable](/wiki/Uncountable_set "Uncountable set") [cardinal](/wiki/Cardinal_number "Cardinal number") is an epsilon number. \\alpha \\ge 1 \\Rightarrow \\varepsilon\_{\\omega\_{\\alpha}} \= \\omega\_{\\alpha} \\,.
|
[
"Ordinal ε numbers\n-----------------",
"{{unsourced section\\|date\\=February 2023}}",
"The standard definition of [ordinal exponentiation](/wiki/Ordinal_exponentiation \"Ordinal exponentiation\") with base α is:\n* \\\\alpha^0 \\= 1 \\\\,,\n* \\\\alpha^\\\\beta \\= \\\\alpha^{\\\\beta\\-1} \\\\cdot \\\\alpha \\\\,, when \\\\beta has an immediate predecessor \\\\beta \\- 1.\n* \\\\alpha^\\\\beta\\=\\\\sup \\\\lbrace\\\\alpha^\\\\delta \\\\mid 0 \\< \\\\delta \\< \\\\beta\\\\rbrace, whenever \\\\beta is a [limit ordinal](/wiki/Limit_ordinal \"Limit ordinal\").",
"From this definition, it follows that for any fixed ordinal {{math\\|''α'' \\> 1}}, the [mapping](/wiki/Map_%28mathematics%29 \"Map (mathematics)\") \\\\beta \\\\mapsto \\\\alpha^\\\\beta is a [normal function](/wiki/Normal_function \"Normal function\"), so it has arbitrarily large [fixed points](/wiki/Fixed_point_%28mathematics%29 \"Fixed point (mathematics)\") by the [fixed\\-point lemma for normal functions](/wiki/Fixed-point_lemma_for_normal_functions \"Fixed-point lemma for normal functions\"). When \\\\alpha \\= \\\\omega, these fixed points are precisely the ordinal epsilon numbers.\n* \\\\varepsilon\\_0 \\= \\\\sup \\\\left\\\\lbrace 1, \\\\omega, \\\\omega^\\\\omega, \\\\omega^{\\\\omega^\\\\omega}, \\\\omega^{\\\\omega^{\\\\omega^\\\\omega}}, \\\\ldots\\\\right\\\\rbrace \\\\,,\n* \\\\varepsilon\\_\\\\beta \\= \\\\sup \\\\left\\\\lbrace {\\\\varepsilon\\_{\\\\beta\\-1}\\+1}, \\\\omega^{\\\\varepsilon\\_{\\\\beta\\-1}\\+1}, \\\\omega^{\\\\omega^{\\\\varepsilon\\_{\\\\beta\\-1}\\+1}}, \\\\omega^{\\\\omega^{\\\\omega^{\\\\varepsilon\\_{\\\\beta\\-1}\\+1}}}, \\\\ldots\\\\right\\\\rbrace \\\\,, when \\\\beta has an immediate predecessor \\\\beta \\- 1.\n* \\\\varepsilon\\_\\\\beta\\=\\\\sup \\\\lbrace \\\\varepsilon\\_\\\\delta \\\\mid \\\\delta \\< \\\\beta \\\\rbrace, whenever \\\\beta is a limit ordinal.",
"Because\n\\\\omega^{\\\\varepsilon\\_0 \\+ 1} \\= \\\\omega^{\\\\varepsilon\\_0} \\\\cdot \\\\omega^1 \\= \\\\varepsilon\\_0 \\\\cdot \\\\omega \\\\,,\n\\\\omega^{\\\\omega^{\\\\varepsilon\\_0 \\+ 1}} \\= \\\\omega^{(\\\\varepsilon\\_0 \\\\cdot \\\\omega)} \\= {(\\\\omega^{\\\\varepsilon\\_0})}^\\\\omega \\= \\\\varepsilon\\_0^\\\\omega \\\\,,\n\\\\omega^{\\\\omega^{\\\\omega^{\\\\varepsilon\\_0 \\+ 1}}} \\= \\\\omega^{{\\\\varepsilon\\_0}^\\\\omega} \\= \\\\omega^{{\\\\varepsilon\\_0}^{1\\+\\\\omega}} \\= \\\\omega^{(\\\\varepsilon\\_0\\\\cdot{\\\\varepsilon\\_0}^\\\\omega)} \\= {(\\\\omega^{\\\\varepsilon\\_0})}^{{\\\\varepsilon\\_0}^\\\\omega} \\= {\\\\varepsilon\\_0}^{{\\\\varepsilon\\_0}^\\\\omega} \\\\,,\na different sequence with the same supremum, \\\\varepsilon\\_1, is obtained by starting from 0 and exponentiating with base {{math\\|''ε''0}} instead:\n\\\\varepsilon\\_1 \\= \\\\sup\\\\left\\\\{1, \\\\varepsilon\\_0, {\\\\varepsilon\\_0}^{\\\\varepsilon\\_0}, {\\\\varepsilon\\_0}^{{\\\\varepsilon\\_0}^{\\\\varepsilon\\_0}}, \\\\ldots\\\\right\\\\}.",
"Generally, the epsilon number \\\\varepsilon\\_{\\\\beta} indexed by any ordinal that has an immediate predecessor \\\\beta\\-1 can be constructed similarly.\n\\\\varepsilon\\_{\\\\beta} \\= \\\\sup\\\\left\\\\{1, \\\\varepsilon\\_{\\\\beta\\-1}, \\\\varepsilon\\_{\\\\beta\\-1}^{\\\\varepsilon\\_{\\\\beta\\-1}}, \\\\varepsilon\\_{\\\\beta\\-1}^{\\\\varepsilon\\_{\\\\beta\\-1}^{\\\\varepsilon\\_{\\\\beta\\-1}}}, \\\\dots\\\\right\\\\}.\nIn particular, whether or not the index β is a limit ordinal, \\\\varepsilon\\_\\\\beta is a fixed point not only of base ω exponentiation but also of base δ exponentiation for all ordinals 1 \\< \\\\delta \\< \\\\varepsilon\\_\\\\beta.",
"Since the epsilon numbers are an unbounded subclass of the ordinal numbers, they are enumerated using the ordinal numbers themselves. For any ordinal number \\\\beta, \\\\varepsilon\\_\\\\beta is the least epsilon number (fixed point of the exponential map) not already in the set \\\\{ \\\\varepsilon\\_\\\\delta\\\\mid \\\\delta \\< \\\\beta \\\\}. It might appear that this is the non\\-constructive equivalent of the constructive definition using iterated exponentiation; but the two definitions are equally non\\-constructive at steps indexed by limit ordinals, which represent transfinite recursion of a higher order than taking the supremum of an exponential series.",
"The following facts about epsilon numbers are straightforward to prove:\n* Although it is quite a large number, \\\\varepsilon\\_0 is still [countable](/wiki/Countable \"Countable\"), being a countable union of countable ordinals; in fact, \\\\varepsilon\\_\\\\beta is countable if and only if \\\\beta is countable.\n* The union (or supremum) of any [non\\-empty](/wiki/Empty_set \"Empty set\") set of epsilon numbers is an epsilon number; so for instance \\\\varepsilon\\_\\\\omega \\= \\\\sup\\\\{\\\\varepsilon\\_0, \\\\varepsilon\\_1, \\\\varepsilon\\_2, \\\\ldots\\\\} is an epsilon number. Thus, the mapping \\\\beta \\\\mapsto \\\\varepsilon\\_\\\\beta is a normal function.\n* The [initial ordinal](/wiki/Von_Neumann_cardinal_assignment \"Von Neumann cardinal assignment\") of any [uncountable](/wiki/Uncountable_set \"Uncountable set\") [cardinal](/wiki/Cardinal_number \"Cardinal number\") is an epsilon number. \\\\alpha \\\\ge 1 \\\\Rightarrow \\\\varepsilon\\_{\\\\omega\\_{\\\\alpha}} \\= \\\\omega\\_{\\\\alpha} \\\\,.",
""
] |
Ecosystem
---------
### Flora
The Munzur Valley National Park is home to 1,518 registered species of plants, of which 43 are [endemic](/wiki/Endemism "Endemism") to the national park and 227 are endemic to Turkey. Plants like [bellflower](/wiki/Campanula "Campanula"), [Hypericum](/wiki/Hypericum "Hypericum"), [Munzur thyme](/wiki/Thyme "Thyme"), [Munzur buttercups](/wiki/Ranunculus "Ranunculus"), [mountain tea](/wiki/Sideritis "Sideritis"), [Mt. Munzur tansy](/wiki/Tanacetum "Tanacetum") are endemic to the national park.
Trees and shrubs
Some of the common trees in the national park, which are found in [mixed forests](/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests "Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests"), are [elm](/wiki/Elm "Elm"), [ash](/wiki/Fraxinus "Fraxinus"), [plane tree](/wiki/Platanus "Platanus"), [grapewine](/wiki/Vitaceae "Vitaceae"), [beech](/wiki/Beech "Beech"), [oak](/wiki/Oak "Oak"), [aspen](/wiki/Aspen "Aspen"), [populus](/wiki/Populus "Populus"), [willow](/wiki/Willow "Willow"), [Valonia oak](/wiki/Valonia_oak "Valonia oak"), [Norway maple](/wiki/Norway_maple "Norway maple"), [black alder](/wiki/Alnus_glutinosa "Alnus glutinosa"), [birch](/wiki/Birch "Birch"), [wild apple](/wiki/Wild_apple "Wild apple"), [wild pear](/wiki/Pear "Pear"), [walnut](/wiki/Walnut "Walnut"), [wild hazelnut](/wiki/Hazelnut "Hazelnut") and [cedar](/wiki/Cedrus "Cedrus"). Birch is the characteristic tree in the region that grows on the [banks](/wiki/Bank_%28geography%29 "Bank (geography)") of Munzur River about {{convert\|1\.5\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} south of Ovacık town. Oak is the dominant tree of the park that covers the non\-rocky hills and slopes.
Wild flowering plants
Common wild [flowering plants](/wiki/Flowering_plant "Flowering plant") found in the park are [tulip](/wiki/Tulip "Tulip"), [hyacinth](/wiki/Hyacinth_%28plant%29 "Hyacinth (plant)"), [daffodil](/wiki/Daffodil "Daffodil"), [common snowdrop](/wiki/Galanthus_nivalis "Galanthus nivalis"), [viola](/wiki/Viola_%28plant%29 "Viola (plant)"), [German chamomile](/wiki/Matricaria_recutita "Matricaria recutita"), [Mexican tea](/wiki/Dysphania_ambrosioides "Dysphania ambrosioides"), [milk\-vetch](/wiki/Astragalus_%28plant%29 "Astragalus (plant)") and [wild thyme](/wiki/Wild_thyme "Wild thyme").
### Fauna
[thumb\|View of Munzur Mountains from the top](/wiki/File:Huzurun_zirvesi.jpg "Huzurun zirvesi.jpg")
The natural environment in the Munzur Valley National Park offers an adequate [habitat](/wiki/Habitat "Habitat") for [wildlife](/wiki/Wildlife "Wildlife"). Several [genera](/wiki/Genus "Genus") of [trout](/wiki/Trout "Trout") living in Munzur River and Mercan River, two subspecies of [wild goat](/wiki/Wild_goat "Wild goat"), namely [chamois](/wiki/Chamois "Chamois") and [bezoar ibex](/wiki/Bezoar_ibex "Bezoar ibex"), and the gamebird [Caspian snowcock](/wiki/Caspian_snowcock "Caspian snowcock") are examples of the national park's endemic [fauna](/wiki/Fauna "Fauna").
An area for protection and [breeding](/wiki/Breeding_in_the_wild "Breeding in the wild") of various game animals is reserved in the valley of Munzur River.
Mammals
The park and its surroundings are rich of [game animals](/wiki/Game_%28food%29 "Game (food)") hunted for food or sports. Most important wildlife inhabiting the Munzur Valley include [woolly dormouse](/wiki/Woolly_dormouse "Woolly dormouse"), [gray wolf](/wiki/Gray_wolf "Gray wolf"), [fox](/wiki/Fox "Fox"), [marten](/wiki/Marten "Marten"), [brown bear](/wiki/Brown_bear "Brown bear"), [wildcat](/wiki/Wildcat "Wildcat"), [Eurasian lynx](/wiki/Eurasian_lynx "Eurasian lynx"), [European otter](/wiki/European_otter "European otter"), [European badger](/wiki/European_badger "European badger"), chamois, [wild goat](/wiki/Wild_goat "Wild goat"), [squirrel](/wiki/Squirrel "Squirrel"), [hare](/wiki/Hare "Hare"), [wild boar](/wiki/Wild_boar "Wild boar") and [hedgehog](/wiki/Hedgehog "Hedgehog").
The brown bear, living in the [rock shelters](/wiki/Rock_shelter "Rock shelter"), is one of the most important large [mammals](/wiki/Mammal "Mammal") of Munzur Valley's wildlife. Other large mammals of the region are lynx, wild boar and gray wolf, which habitat in the rocky places within the forests.
Birds
The park is quite rich of bird genera. Some [heraldic birds](/wiki/Bird_of_prey "Bird of prey") of [diurnal](/wiki/Diurnality "Diurnality") group found in the region are [eagle](/wiki/Eagle "Eagle"), [vulture](/wiki/Vulture "Vulture"), [falcon](/wiki/Falcon "Falcon"), [common buzzard](/wiki/Common_buzzard "Common buzzard"), [hawk](/wiki/Hawk "Hawk"), [kestrel](/wiki/Kestrel "Kestrel"), [kite](/wiki/Kite_%28bird%29 "Kite (bird)") and as an uncommon species the [golden eagle](/wiki/Golden_eagle "Golden eagle"). [Eurasian eagle\-owl](/wiki/Eurasian_eagle-owl "Eurasian eagle-owl"), [owl](/wiki/Owl "Owl") and [bat](/wiki/Bat "Bat") are [nocturnal](/wiki/Nocturnality "Nocturnality") species that are common in the area.
Other bird genera include [partridge](/wiki/Partridge "Partridge"), [grey partridge](/wiki/Grey_partridge "Grey partridge"), [great bustard](/wiki/Great_bustard "Great bustard"), [little bustard](/wiki/Little_bustard "Little bustard"), [crane](/wiki/Crane_%28bird%29 "Crane (bird)"), [common quail](/wiki/Common_quail "Common quail"), [Eurasian woodcock](/wiki/Eurasian_woodcock "Eurasian woodcock"), [turtle dove](/wiki/Streptopelia "Streptopelia"), [common wood pigeon](/wiki/Common_wood_pigeon "Common wood pigeon") and [rock pigeon](/wiki/Rock_pigeon "Rock pigeon"), some [duck](/wiki/Duck "Duck") species and rarely encountered [goose](/wiki/Goose "Goose").
[Threatened species](/wiki/Threatened_species "Threatened species") of birds, which are found quite commonly in the national park, are [black stork](/wiki/Black_stork "Black stork"), [bearded vulture](/wiki/Bearded_vulture "Bearded vulture"), [Egyptian vulture](/wiki/Egyptian_vulture "Egyptian vulture"), [griffon vulture](/wiki/Griffon_vulture "Griffon vulture"), [Caspian snowcock](/wiki/Caspian_snowcock "Caspian snowcock"), [short\-toed eagle](/wiki/Short-toed_eagle "Short-toed eagle"), [golden eagle](/wiki/Golden_eagle "Golden eagle"), [long\-legged buzzard](/wiki/Long-legged_buzzard "Long-legged buzzard"), [eastern imperial eagle](/wiki/Eastern_imperial_eagle "Eastern imperial eagle"), [booted eagle](/wiki/Booted_eagle "Booted eagle"), [Radde's accentor](/wiki/Radde%27s_accentor "Radde's accentor"), [Alpine accentor](/wiki/Alpine_accentor "Alpine accentor"), [wallcreeper](/wiki/Wallcreeper "Wallcreeper"), [Alpine chough](/wiki/Alpine_chough "Alpine chough") and [white\-winged snowfinch](/wiki/White-winged_snowfinch "White-winged snowfinch")
Fish
Trout that lives in great number in the streams of the national park, makes up an important [economic value](/wiki/Value_%28economics%29 "Value (economics)") for the region. The [brown trout](/wiki/Brown_trout "Brown trout") used to live in the valley.
|
[
"Ecosystem\n---------",
"### Flora",
"The Munzur Valley National Park is home to 1,518 registered species of plants, of which 43 are [endemic](/wiki/Endemism \"Endemism\") to the national park and 227 are endemic to Turkey. Plants like [bellflower](/wiki/Campanula \"Campanula\"), [Hypericum](/wiki/Hypericum \"Hypericum\"), [Munzur thyme](/wiki/Thyme \"Thyme\"), [Munzur buttercups](/wiki/Ranunculus \"Ranunculus\"), [mountain tea](/wiki/Sideritis \"Sideritis\"), [Mt. Munzur tansy](/wiki/Tanacetum \"Tanacetum\") are endemic to the national park.",
"Trees and shrubs\nSome of the common trees in the national park, which are found in [mixed forests](/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests \"Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests\"), are [elm](/wiki/Elm \"Elm\"), [ash](/wiki/Fraxinus \"Fraxinus\"), [plane tree](/wiki/Platanus \"Platanus\"), [grapewine](/wiki/Vitaceae \"Vitaceae\"), [beech](/wiki/Beech \"Beech\"), [oak](/wiki/Oak \"Oak\"), [aspen](/wiki/Aspen \"Aspen\"), [populus](/wiki/Populus \"Populus\"), [willow](/wiki/Willow \"Willow\"), [Valonia oak](/wiki/Valonia_oak \"Valonia oak\"), [Norway maple](/wiki/Norway_maple \"Norway maple\"), [black alder](/wiki/Alnus_glutinosa \"Alnus glutinosa\"), [birch](/wiki/Birch \"Birch\"), [wild apple](/wiki/Wild_apple \"Wild apple\"), [wild pear](/wiki/Pear \"Pear\"), [walnut](/wiki/Walnut \"Walnut\"), [wild hazelnut](/wiki/Hazelnut \"Hazelnut\") and [cedar](/wiki/Cedrus \"Cedrus\"). Birch is the characteristic tree in the region that grows on the [banks](/wiki/Bank_%28geography%29 \"Bank (geography)\") of Munzur River about {{convert\\|1\\.5\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} south of Ovacık town. Oak is the dominant tree of the park that covers the non\\-rocky hills and slopes.\nWild flowering plants\nCommon wild [flowering plants](/wiki/Flowering_plant \"Flowering plant\") found in the park are [tulip](/wiki/Tulip \"Tulip\"), [hyacinth](/wiki/Hyacinth_%28plant%29 \"Hyacinth (plant)\"), [daffodil](/wiki/Daffodil \"Daffodil\"), [common snowdrop](/wiki/Galanthus_nivalis \"Galanthus nivalis\"), [viola](/wiki/Viola_%28plant%29 \"Viola (plant)\"), [German chamomile](/wiki/Matricaria_recutita \"Matricaria recutita\"), [Mexican tea](/wiki/Dysphania_ambrosioides \"Dysphania ambrosioides\"), [milk\\-vetch](/wiki/Astragalus_%28plant%29 \"Astragalus (plant)\") and [wild thyme](/wiki/Wild_thyme \"Wild thyme\").\n### Fauna",
"[thumb\\|View of Munzur Mountains from the top](/wiki/File:Huzurun_zirvesi.jpg \"Huzurun zirvesi.jpg\")",
"The natural environment in the Munzur Valley National Park offers an adequate [habitat](/wiki/Habitat \"Habitat\") for [wildlife](/wiki/Wildlife \"Wildlife\"). Several [genera](/wiki/Genus \"Genus\") of [trout](/wiki/Trout \"Trout\") living in Munzur River and Mercan River, two subspecies of [wild goat](/wiki/Wild_goat \"Wild goat\"), namely [chamois](/wiki/Chamois \"Chamois\") and [bezoar ibex](/wiki/Bezoar_ibex \"Bezoar ibex\"), and the gamebird [Caspian snowcock](/wiki/Caspian_snowcock \"Caspian snowcock\") are examples of the national park's endemic [fauna](/wiki/Fauna \"Fauna\").",
"An area for protection and [breeding](/wiki/Breeding_in_the_wild \"Breeding in the wild\") of various game animals is reserved in the valley of Munzur River.",
"Mammals\nThe park and its surroundings are rich of [game animals](/wiki/Game_%28food%29 \"Game (food)\") hunted for food or sports. Most important wildlife inhabiting the Munzur Valley include [woolly dormouse](/wiki/Woolly_dormouse \"Woolly dormouse\"), [gray wolf](/wiki/Gray_wolf \"Gray wolf\"), [fox](/wiki/Fox \"Fox\"), [marten](/wiki/Marten \"Marten\"), [brown bear](/wiki/Brown_bear \"Brown bear\"), [wildcat](/wiki/Wildcat \"Wildcat\"), [Eurasian lynx](/wiki/Eurasian_lynx \"Eurasian lynx\"), [European otter](/wiki/European_otter \"European otter\"), [European badger](/wiki/European_badger \"European badger\"), chamois, [wild goat](/wiki/Wild_goat \"Wild goat\"), [squirrel](/wiki/Squirrel \"Squirrel\"), [hare](/wiki/Hare \"Hare\"), [wild boar](/wiki/Wild_boar \"Wild boar\") and [hedgehog](/wiki/Hedgehog \"Hedgehog\").\nThe brown bear, living in the [rock shelters](/wiki/Rock_shelter \"Rock shelter\"), is one of the most important large [mammals](/wiki/Mammal \"Mammal\") of Munzur Valley's wildlife. Other large mammals of the region are lynx, wild boar and gray wolf, which habitat in the rocky places within the forests.",
"Birds\nThe park is quite rich of bird genera. Some [heraldic birds](/wiki/Bird_of_prey \"Bird of prey\") of [diurnal](/wiki/Diurnality \"Diurnality\") group found in the region are [eagle](/wiki/Eagle \"Eagle\"), [vulture](/wiki/Vulture \"Vulture\"), [falcon](/wiki/Falcon \"Falcon\"), [common buzzard](/wiki/Common_buzzard \"Common buzzard\"), [hawk](/wiki/Hawk \"Hawk\"), [kestrel](/wiki/Kestrel \"Kestrel\"), [kite](/wiki/Kite_%28bird%29 \"Kite (bird)\") and as an uncommon species the [golden eagle](/wiki/Golden_eagle \"Golden eagle\"). [Eurasian eagle\\-owl](/wiki/Eurasian_eagle-owl \"Eurasian eagle-owl\"), [owl](/wiki/Owl \"Owl\") and [bat](/wiki/Bat \"Bat\") are [nocturnal](/wiki/Nocturnality \"Nocturnality\") species that are common in the area.\nOther bird genera include [partridge](/wiki/Partridge \"Partridge\"), [grey partridge](/wiki/Grey_partridge \"Grey partridge\"), [great bustard](/wiki/Great_bustard \"Great bustard\"), [little bustard](/wiki/Little_bustard \"Little bustard\"), [crane](/wiki/Crane_%28bird%29 \"Crane (bird)\"), [common quail](/wiki/Common_quail \"Common quail\"), [Eurasian woodcock](/wiki/Eurasian_woodcock \"Eurasian woodcock\"), [turtle dove](/wiki/Streptopelia \"Streptopelia\"), [common wood pigeon](/wiki/Common_wood_pigeon \"Common wood pigeon\") and [rock pigeon](/wiki/Rock_pigeon \"Rock pigeon\"), some [duck](/wiki/Duck \"Duck\") species and rarely encountered [goose](/wiki/Goose \"Goose\").",
"[Threatened species](/wiki/Threatened_species \"Threatened species\") of birds, which are found quite commonly in the national park, are [black stork](/wiki/Black_stork \"Black stork\"), [bearded vulture](/wiki/Bearded_vulture \"Bearded vulture\"), [Egyptian vulture](/wiki/Egyptian_vulture \"Egyptian vulture\"), [griffon vulture](/wiki/Griffon_vulture \"Griffon vulture\"), [Caspian snowcock](/wiki/Caspian_snowcock \"Caspian snowcock\"), [short\\-toed eagle](/wiki/Short-toed_eagle \"Short-toed eagle\"), [golden eagle](/wiki/Golden_eagle \"Golden eagle\"), [long\\-legged buzzard](/wiki/Long-legged_buzzard \"Long-legged buzzard\"), [eastern imperial eagle](/wiki/Eastern_imperial_eagle \"Eastern imperial eagle\"), [booted eagle](/wiki/Booted_eagle \"Booted eagle\"), [Radde's accentor](/wiki/Radde%27s_accentor \"Radde's accentor\"), [Alpine accentor](/wiki/Alpine_accentor \"Alpine accentor\"), [wallcreeper](/wiki/Wallcreeper \"Wallcreeper\"), [Alpine chough](/wiki/Alpine_chough \"Alpine chough\") and [white\\-winged snowfinch](/wiki/White-winged_snowfinch \"White-winged snowfinch\")",
"Fish\nTrout that lives in great number in the streams of the national park, makes up an important [economic value](/wiki/Value_%28economics%29 \"Value (economics)\") for the region. The [brown trout](/wiki/Brown_trout \"Brown trout\") used to live in the valley."
] |
### Fauna
[thumb\|View of Munzur Mountains from the top](/wiki/File:Huzurun_zirvesi.jpg "Huzurun zirvesi.jpg")
The natural environment in the Munzur Valley National Park offers an adequate [habitat](/wiki/Habitat "Habitat") for [wildlife](/wiki/Wildlife "Wildlife"). Several [genera](/wiki/Genus "Genus") of [trout](/wiki/Trout "Trout") living in Munzur River and Mercan River, two subspecies of [wild goat](/wiki/Wild_goat "Wild goat"), namely [chamois](/wiki/Chamois "Chamois") and [bezoar ibex](/wiki/Bezoar_ibex "Bezoar ibex"), and the gamebird [Caspian snowcock](/wiki/Caspian_snowcock "Caspian snowcock") are examples of the national park's endemic [fauna](/wiki/Fauna "Fauna").
An area for protection and [breeding](/wiki/Breeding_in_the_wild "Breeding in the wild") of various game animals is reserved in the valley of Munzur River.
Mammals
The park and its surroundings are rich of [game animals](/wiki/Game_%28food%29 "Game (food)") hunted for food or sports. Most important wildlife inhabiting the Munzur Valley include [woolly dormouse](/wiki/Woolly_dormouse "Woolly dormouse"), [gray wolf](/wiki/Gray_wolf "Gray wolf"), [fox](/wiki/Fox "Fox"), [marten](/wiki/Marten "Marten"), [brown bear](/wiki/Brown_bear "Brown bear"), [wildcat](/wiki/Wildcat "Wildcat"), [Eurasian lynx](/wiki/Eurasian_lynx "Eurasian lynx"), [European otter](/wiki/European_otter "European otter"), [European badger](/wiki/European_badger "European badger"), chamois, [wild goat](/wiki/Wild_goat "Wild goat"), [squirrel](/wiki/Squirrel "Squirrel"), [hare](/wiki/Hare "Hare"), [wild boar](/wiki/Wild_boar "Wild boar") and [hedgehog](/wiki/Hedgehog "Hedgehog").
The brown bear, living in the [rock shelters](/wiki/Rock_shelter "Rock shelter"), is one of the most important large [mammals](/wiki/Mammal "Mammal") of Munzur Valley's wildlife. Other large mammals of the region are lynx, wild boar and gray wolf, which habitat in the rocky places within the forests.
Birds
The park is quite rich of bird genera. Some [heraldic birds](/wiki/Bird_of_prey "Bird of prey") of [diurnal](/wiki/Diurnality "Diurnality") group found in the region are [eagle](/wiki/Eagle "Eagle"), [vulture](/wiki/Vulture "Vulture"), [falcon](/wiki/Falcon "Falcon"), [common buzzard](/wiki/Common_buzzard "Common buzzard"), [hawk](/wiki/Hawk "Hawk"), [kestrel](/wiki/Kestrel "Kestrel"), [kite](/wiki/Kite_%28bird%29 "Kite (bird)") and as an uncommon species the [golden eagle](/wiki/Golden_eagle "Golden eagle"). [Eurasian eagle\-owl](/wiki/Eurasian_eagle-owl "Eurasian eagle-owl"), [owl](/wiki/Owl "Owl") and [bat](/wiki/Bat "Bat") are [nocturnal](/wiki/Nocturnality "Nocturnality") species that are common in the area.
Other bird genera include [partridge](/wiki/Partridge "Partridge"), [grey partridge](/wiki/Grey_partridge "Grey partridge"), [great bustard](/wiki/Great_bustard "Great bustard"), [little bustard](/wiki/Little_bustard "Little bustard"), [crane](/wiki/Crane_%28bird%29 "Crane (bird)"), [common quail](/wiki/Common_quail "Common quail"), [Eurasian woodcock](/wiki/Eurasian_woodcock "Eurasian woodcock"), [turtle dove](/wiki/Streptopelia "Streptopelia"), [common wood pigeon](/wiki/Common_wood_pigeon "Common wood pigeon") and [rock pigeon](/wiki/Rock_pigeon "Rock pigeon"), some [duck](/wiki/Duck "Duck") species and rarely encountered [goose](/wiki/Goose "Goose").
[Threatened species](/wiki/Threatened_species "Threatened species") of birds, which are found quite commonly in the national park, are [black stork](/wiki/Black_stork "Black stork"), [bearded vulture](/wiki/Bearded_vulture "Bearded vulture"), [Egyptian vulture](/wiki/Egyptian_vulture "Egyptian vulture"), [griffon vulture](/wiki/Griffon_vulture "Griffon vulture"), [Caspian snowcock](/wiki/Caspian_snowcock "Caspian snowcock"), [short\-toed eagle](/wiki/Short-toed_eagle "Short-toed eagle"), [golden eagle](/wiki/Golden_eagle "Golden eagle"), [long\-legged buzzard](/wiki/Long-legged_buzzard "Long-legged buzzard"), [eastern imperial eagle](/wiki/Eastern_imperial_eagle "Eastern imperial eagle"), [booted eagle](/wiki/Booted_eagle "Booted eagle"), [Radde's accentor](/wiki/Radde%27s_accentor "Radde's accentor"), [Alpine accentor](/wiki/Alpine_accentor "Alpine accentor"), [wallcreeper](/wiki/Wallcreeper "Wallcreeper"), [Alpine chough](/wiki/Alpine_chough "Alpine chough") and [white\-winged snowfinch](/wiki/White-winged_snowfinch "White-winged snowfinch")
Fish
Trout that lives in great number in the streams of the national park, makes up an important [economic value](/wiki/Value_%28economics%29 "Value (economics)") for the region. The [brown trout](/wiki/Brown_trout "Brown trout") used to live in the valley.
|
[
"### Fauna",
"[thumb\\|View of Munzur Mountains from the top](/wiki/File:Huzurun_zirvesi.jpg \"Huzurun zirvesi.jpg\")",
"The natural environment in the Munzur Valley National Park offers an adequate [habitat](/wiki/Habitat \"Habitat\") for [wildlife](/wiki/Wildlife \"Wildlife\"). Several [genera](/wiki/Genus \"Genus\") of [trout](/wiki/Trout \"Trout\") living in Munzur River and Mercan River, two subspecies of [wild goat](/wiki/Wild_goat \"Wild goat\"), namely [chamois](/wiki/Chamois \"Chamois\") and [bezoar ibex](/wiki/Bezoar_ibex \"Bezoar ibex\"), and the gamebird [Caspian snowcock](/wiki/Caspian_snowcock \"Caspian snowcock\") are examples of the national park's endemic [fauna](/wiki/Fauna \"Fauna\").",
"An area for protection and [breeding](/wiki/Breeding_in_the_wild \"Breeding in the wild\") of various game animals is reserved in the valley of Munzur River.",
"Mammals\nThe park and its surroundings are rich of [game animals](/wiki/Game_%28food%29 \"Game (food)\") hunted for food or sports. Most important wildlife inhabiting the Munzur Valley include [woolly dormouse](/wiki/Woolly_dormouse \"Woolly dormouse\"), [gray wolf](/wiki/Gray_wolf \"Gray wolf\"), [fox](/wiki/Fox \"Fox\"), [marten](/wiki/Marten \"Marten\"), [brown bear](/wiki/Brown_bear \"Brown bear\"), [wildcat](/wiki/Wildcat \"Wildcat\"), [Eurasian lynx](/wiki/Eurasian_lynx \"Eurasian lynx\"), [European otter](/wiki/European_otter \"European otter\"), [European badger](/wiki/European_badger \"European badger\"), chamois, [wild goat](/wiki/Wild_goat \"Wild goat\"), [squirrel](/wiki/Squirrel \"Squirrel\"), [hare](/wiki/Hare \"Hare\"), [wild boar](/wiki/Wild_boar \"Wild boar\") and [hedgehog](/wiki/Hedgehog \"Hedgehog\").\nThe brown bear, living in the [rock shelters](/wiki/Rock_shelter \"Rock shelter\"), is one of the most important large [mammals](/wiki/Mammal \"Mammal\") of Munzur Valley's wildlife. Other large mammals of the region are lynx, wild boar and gray wolf, which habitat in the rocky places within the forests.",
"Birds\nThe park is quite rich of bird genera. Some [heraldic birds](/wiki/Bird_of_prey \"Bird of prey\") of [diurnal](/wiki/Diurnality \"Diurnality\") group found in the region are [eagle](/wiki/Eagle \"Eagle\"), [vulture](/wiki/Vulture \"Vulture\"), [falcon](/wiki/Falcon \"Falcon\"), [common buzzard](/wiki/Common_buzzard \"Common buzzard\"), [hawk](/wiki/Hawk \"Hawk\"), [kestrel](/wiki/Kestrel \"Kestrel\"), [kite](/wiki/Kite_%28bird%29 \"Kite (bird)\") and as an uncommon species the [golden eagle](/wiki/Golden_eagle \"Golden eagle\"). [Eurasian eagle\\-owl](/wiki/Eurasian_eagle-owl \"Eurasian eagle-owl\"), [owl](/wiki/Owl \"Owl\") and [bat](/wiki/Bat \"Bat\") are [nocturnal](/wiki/Nocturnality \"Nocturnality\") species that are common in the area.\nOther bird genera include [partridge](/wiki/Partridge \"Partridge\"), [grey partridge](/wiki/Grey_partridge \"Grey partridge\"), [great bustard](/wiki/Great_bustard \"Great bustard\"), [little bustard](/wiki/Little_bustard \"Little bustard\"), [crane](/wiki/Crane_%28bird%29 \"Crane (bird)\"), [common quail](/wiki/Common_quail \"Common quail\"), [Eurasian woodcock](/wiki/Eurasian_woodcock \"Eurasian woodcock\"), [turtle dove](/wiki/Streptopelia \"Streptopelia\"), [common wood pigeon](/wiki/Common_wood_pigeon \"Common wood pigeon\") and [rock pigeon](/wiki/Rock_pigeon \"Rock pigeon\"), some [duck](/wiki/Duck \"Duck\") species and rarely encountered [goose](/wiki/Goose \"Goose\").",
"[Threatened species](/wiki/Threatened_species \"Threatened species\") of birds, which are found quite commonly in the national park, are [black stork](/wiki/Black_stork \"Black stork\"), [bearded vulture](/wiki/Bearded_vulture \"Bearded vulture\"), [Egyptian vulture](/wiki/Egyptian_vulture \"Egyptian vulture\"), [griffon vulture](/wiki/Griffon_vulture \"Griffon vulture\"), [Caspian snowcock](/wiki/Caspian_snowcock \"Caspian snowcock\"), [short\\-toed eagle](/wiki/Short-toed_eagle \"Short-toed eagle\"), [golden eagle](/wiki/Golden_eagle \"Golden eagle\"), [long\\-legged buzzard](/wiki/Long-legged_buzzard \"Long-legged buzzard\"), [eastern imperial eagle](/wiki/Eastern_imperial_eagle \"Eastern imperial eagle\"), [booted eagle](/wiki/Booted_eagle \"Booted eagle\"), [Radde's accentor](/wiki/Radde%27s_accentor \"Radde's accentor\"), [Alpine accentor](/wiki/Alpine_accentor \"Alpine accentor\"), [wallcreeper](/wiki/Wallcreeper \"Wallcreeper\"), [Alpine chough](/wiki/Alpine_chough \"Alpine chough\") and [white\\-winged snowfinch](/wiki/White-winged_snowfinch \"White-winged snowfinch\")",
"Fish\nTrout that lives in great number in the streams of the national park, makes up an important [economic value](/wiki/Value_%28economics%29 \"Value (economics)\") for the region. The [brown trout](/wiki/Brown_trout \"Brown trout\") used to live in the valley."
] |
Judgments
---------
### First instance
At first instance [Saville J](/wiki/Mark_Saville%2C_Baron_Saville_of_Newdigate "Mark Saville, Baron Saville of Newdigate") had held (using Lord Templeman's hypothetical figures) because each name had suffered a personal loss of £60,000 then they could retain that amount of their share of the settlement payment, and the balance (£70,000\) would be paid over to the stop loss insurers by way of subrogation.\[1993] AC 713 at 729H However, as Lord Templeman pointed out, the difficulty with that is that it ignored the fact that the name agreed to bear the first excess layer of £25,000, and so were effectively co\-insurers for the loss to that extent.
That appeal was reversed in part by the [Court of Appeal](/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales "Court of Appeal of England and Wales"), and from there the parties appealed and cross\-appealed to the House of Lords.
### House of Lords
Lord Templeman gave the lead judgment.
#### Quantum
He held that the "first" £25,000 should be ignored as the names had contractually agreed to bear that loss. He thought the best way to analyse the loss was to imagine three different policies of insurance covering the total amount of the loss: the first for up to £25,000; the second for anything above £25,000 up to £125,000; and third for anything above £125,000 up to £160,000\. Analysed that way the money received from Outhwaite would be applied to the third pool first (so the names got the first £35,000 of the settlement amount), and then applied to the second pool (so the names received the next £95,000, which exhausted the amounts received from Outhwaite).\[1993] AC 713 at 730D. He distinguished the case which Saville J had relied upon: *Castellain v Preston* (1883\) 11 QBD 380\.
#### Equitable lien
Much more of his judgment was dedicated to the issue of whether an equitable lien arose. There was considerable concern about whether the stop loss insurers could recover if the court did not impose an equitable lien. Many of the names resided abroad, and it was expected that many of them might be declared bankrupt because of their inability to meet their primary obligations.\[1993] AC 713 at 737D After carefully reviewing a number of cases where equity intervened, either to hold that the assured held the sums as trustee, or to grant injunctions to restrain any misapplication of the proceeds, he summarised:
> In order to protect the rights of the insurer under the doctrine of subrogation equity considers that the damages payable by the wrongdoer to the insured person are subject to an equitable lien or charge in favour of the insurer.\[1993] AC 713 at 738D
Lord Templeman expressly declined to state whether an equitable lien would also extend to a cause of action itself (as opposed to the proceeds of such a claim).\[1993] AC 713 at 740B
Lord Goff gave the first concurring judgment. He noted that the law of subrogation had actually developed separately across different branches of law rather than cohesively. He noted that the cases were "spadmodic but consistent"\[1993] AC 713 at 741H in holding that equity would protect the insurer's claim. He felt the most important case on this was *White v Dobinson* (1844\) 14 Sim 273; 116 LTOS 233\. Lord Goff respectfully doubted the expression of opinion made by [Diplock J](/wiki/Kenneth_Diplock%2C_Baron_Diplock "Kenneth Diplock, Baron Diplock") in *Yorkshire Insurance Co Ltd v Nisbett Shipping Co Ltd* \[1962] 2 QB 330 at 339 and repeated as Lord Diplock in *Hobbs v Marlowe* \[1978] AC 16 at 30 to the effect that subrogation was a common law right based upon implied terms which was only supported by equity.
Lord Browne\-Wilkinson gave a short supporting judgments, largely focussed upon whether the right of subrogation was legal or equitable, expressing the firm view that it was equitable.
Lord Jauncey gave a short concurring judgment, and Lord Slynn merely expressed agreement.
|
[
"Judgments\n---------",
"### First instance",
"At first instance [Saville J](/wiki/Mark_Saville%2C_Baron_Saville_of_Newdigate \"Mark Saville, Baron Saville of Newdigate\") had held (using Lord Templeman's hypothetical figures) because each name had suffered a personal loss of £60,000 then they could retain that amount of their share of the settlement payment, and the balance (£70,000\\) would be paid over to the stop loss insurers by way of subrogation.\\[1993] AC 713 at 729H However, as Lord Templeman pointed out, the difficulty with that is that it ignored the fact that the name agreed to bear the first excess layer of £25,000, and so were effectively co\\-insurers for the loss to that extent.",
"That appeal was reversed in part by the [Court of Appeal](/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales \"Court of Appeal of England and Wales\"), and from there the parties appealed and cross\\-appealed to the House of Lords.",
"### House of Lords",
"",
"Lord Templeman gave the lead judgment.",
"#### Quantum",
"He held that the \"first\" £25,000 should be ignored as the names had contractually agreed to bear that loss. He thought the best way to analyse the loss was to imagine three different policies of insurance covering the total amount of the loss: the first for up to £25,000; the second for anything above £25,000 up to £125,000; and third for anything above £125,000 up to £160,000\\. Analysed that way the money received from Outhwaite would be applied to the third pool first (so the names got the first £35,000 of the settlement amount), and then applied to the second pool (so the names received the next £95,000, which exhausted the amounts received from Outhwaite).\\[1993] AC 713 at 730D. He distinguished the case which Saville J had relied upon: *Castellain v Preston* (1883\\) 11 QBD 380\\.",
"#### Equitable lien",
"Much more of his judgment was dedicated to the issue of whether an equitable lien arose. There was considerable concern about whether the stop loss insurers could recover if the court did not impose an equitable lien. Many of the names resided abroad, and it was expected that many of them might be declared bankrupt because of their inability to meet their primary obligations.\\[1993] AC 713 at 737D After carefully reviewing a number of cases where equity intervened, either to hold that the assured held the sums as trustee, or to grant injunctions to restrain any misapplication of the proceeds, he summarised:",
"> In order to protect the rights of the insurer under the doctrine of subrogation equity considers that the damages payable by the wrongdoer to the insured person are subject to an equitable lien or charge in favour of the insurer.\\[1993] AC 713 at 738D",
"Lord Templeman expressly declined to state whether an equitable lien would also extend to a cause of action itself (as opposed to the proceeds of such a claim).\\[1993] AC 713 at 740B",
"Lord Goff gave the first concurring judgment. He noted that the law of subrogation had actually developed separately across different branches of law rather than cohesively. He noted that the cases were \"spadmodic but consistent\"\\[1993] AC 713 at 741H in holding that equity would protect the insurer's claim. He felt the most important case on this was *White v Dobinson* (1844\\) 14 Sim 273; 116 LTOS 233\\. Lord Goff respectfully doubted the expression of opinion made by [Diplock J](/wiki/Kenneth_Diplock%2C_Baron_Diplock \"Kenneth Diplock, Baron Diplock\") in *Yorkshire Insurance Co Ltd v Nisbett Shipping Co Ltd* \\[1962] 2 QB 330 at 339 and repeated as Lord Diplock in *Hobbs v Marlowe* \\[1978] AC 16 at 30 to the effect that subrogation was a common law right based upon implied terms which was only supported by equity.",
"Lord Browne\\-Wilkinson gave a short supporting judgments, largely focussed upon whether the right of subrogation was legal or equitable, expressing the firm view that it was equitable.",
"Lord Jauncey gave a short concurring judgment, and Lord Slynn merely expressed agreement.",
""
] |
History
-------
G. V. Ramana (born {{Circa\|1974}}),{{Cite web \|date\=22 August 2022 \|title\=Idlebrain Jeevi \- Birthday wishes to Megastar Chiranjeevi \|url\=https://twitter.com/idlebrainjeevi/status/1561565727702007808 \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-22 \|website\=\[\[Twitter]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=22 August 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822065521/https://twitter.com/idlebrainjeevi/status/1561565727702007808 \|url\-status\=live }} popularly known by his [nom de plume](/wiki/Pen_name "Pen name") Jeevi, is a graduate of [BITS Pilani](/wiki/Birla_Institute_of_Technology_and_Science%2C_Pilani "Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani") who had short stints in [software](/wiki/Software "Software") and [finance](/wiki/Finance "Finance") firms. While he was working in a private firm in [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai"), his only connection with Telugu cinema was stray magazines. At that time, for a [cinephile](/wiki/Cinephilia "Cinephilia") like him staying outside [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh "Andhra Pradesh"), latest information related to Telugu films was scarce and hard to find and so he decided to launch a website.
In December 1999 he launched *Idlebrain.com*, a website covering [Telugu cinema](/wiki/Telugu_cinema "Telugu cinema"), with the help of his friend Sunil Krishna who was based in [Sunnyvale](/wiki/Sunnyvale%2C_California "Sunnyvale, California"), [California](/wiki/California "California"). Initially, Sunil hosted the site on his home computer. Jeevi used to contribute to the fledgling site personally while also keeping his [dayjob](/wiki/Employment "Employment").
Armed with a [digital camera](/wiki/Digital_camera "Digital camera"), Jeevi used to stop on roads and click at wayside [billboards](/wiki/Billboard "Billboard") with eye\-catching posters and upload them on his site. In the summer of 2001, he resigned from his job and started working on the website fulltime. In about a year, Jeevi started interacting with producers for getting the latest information from official sources. Producers like [Shyam Prasad Reddy](/wiki/Shyam_Prasad_Reddy "Shyam Prasad Reddy"), [K. S. Rama Rao](/wiki/K._S._Rama_Rao "K. S. Rama Rao"), Chalasani Ramesh, and [Sravanthi Ravi Kishore](/wiki/Sravanthi_Ravi_Kishore "Sravanthi Ravi Kishore") evinced interest regarding the information on the website.
Jeevi also started writing reviews of films on the site. As of October 2008, he reviewed over 500 Telugu films and 100 Hindi films. His reviews quickly became popular in the industry and among movie buffs. His review format covers assessment of a film's plot, actors' performance, music, cinematography, and other technical aspects.
In October 2008 Jeevi claimed that *Idlebrain* had about one [lakh](/wiki/Lakh "Lakh") daily visitors, with about 40% of them from the [US](/wiki/United_States "United States") and 50% from [metros](/wiki/Metropolitan_area "Metropolitan area") in India.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"G. V. Ramana (born {{Circa\\|1974}}),{{Cite web \\|date\\=22 August 2022 \\|title\\=Idlebrain Jeevi \\- Birthday wishes to Megastar Chiranjeevi \\|url\\=https://twitter.com/idlebrainjeevi/status/1561565727702007808 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-22 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Twitter]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=22 August 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822065521/https://twitter.com/idlebrainjeevi/status/1561565727702007808 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} popularly known by his [nom de plume](/wiki/Pen_name \"Pen name\") Jeevi, is a graduate of [BITS Pilani](/wiki/Birla_Institute_of_Technology_and_Science%2C_Pilani \"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani\") who had short stints in [software](/wiki/Software \"Software\") and [finance](/wiki/Finance \"Finance\") firms. While he was working in a private firm in [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai \"Mumbai\"), his only connection with Telugu cinema was stray magazines. At that time, for a [cinephile](/wiki/Cinephilia \"Cinephilia\") like him staying outside [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh \"Andhra Pradesh\"), latest information related to Telugu films was scarce and hard to find and so he decided to launch a website.",
"In December 1999 he launched *Idlebrain.com*, a website covering [Telugu cinema](/wiki/Telugu_cinema \"Telugu cinema\"), with the help of his friend Sunil Krishna who was based in [Sunnyvale](/wiki/Sunnyvale%2C_California \"Sunnyvale, California\"), [California](/wiki/California \"California\"). Initially, Sunil hosted the site on his home computer. Jeevi used to contribute to the fledgling site personally while also keeping his [dayjob](/wiki/Employment \"Employment\").",
"Armed with a [digital camera](/wiki/Digital_camera \"Digital camera\"), Jeevi used to stop on roads and click at wayside [billboards](/wiki/Billboard \"Billboard\") with eye\\-catching posters and upload them on his site. In the summer of 2001, he resigned from his job and started working on the website fulltime. In about a year, Jeevi started interacting with producers for getting the latest information from official sources. Producers like [Shyam Prasad Reddy](/wiki/Shyam_Prasad_Reddy \"Shyam Prasad Reddy\"), [K. S. Rama Rao](/wiki/K._S._Rama_Rao \"K. S. Rama Rao\"), Chalasani Ramesh, and [Sravanthi Ravi Kishore](/wiki/Sravanthi_Ravi_Kishore \"Sravanthi Ravi Kishore\") evinced interest regarding the information on the website.",
"Jeevi also started writing reviews of films on the site. As of October 2008, he reviewed over 500 Telugu films and 100 Hindi films. His reviews quickly became popular in the industry and among movie buffs. His review format covers assessment of a film's plot, actors' performance, music, cinematography, and other technical aspects.",
"In October 2008 Jeevi claimed that *Idlebrain* had about one [lakh](/wiki/Lakh \"Lakh\") daily visitors, with about 40% of them from the [US](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") and 50% from [metros](/wiki/Metropolitan_area \"Metropolitan area\") in India.",
""
] |
Aerodynamic design
------------------
### Subsonic and transonic flight
[thumb\|[Yakovlev Yak\-25](/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-25 "Yakovlev Yak-25") swept wing](/wiki/File:Jak_25.svg "Jak 25.svg")
[thumb\|Shows a swept wing in transonic flow with the position of a shock wave(red line). This line is a line of constant pressure (isobar) since shock waves cannot exist across isobars and for a well\-designed wing coincides with a constant percent chordFundamentals Of Flight, Second Edition, Richard S.Shevell{{ISBN\|0 13 339060 8}}, p.200 as shown. The triangles show that only part of the incident airflow (in a streamwise direction) is responsible for producing lift or causing shock waves (i.e. that part shown by the arrow perpendicular to the red isobar). Its length behind the shock is shorter signifying that the flow has slowed down in going through the shock.](/wiki/File:Swept_wing_w_transonic_shock.svg "Swept wing w transonic shock.svg")
Shock waves can form on some parts of an aircraft moving at less than the speed of sound. Low\-pressure regions around an aircraft cause the flow to accelerate, and at transonic speeds this local acceleration can exceed Mach 1\. Localized supersonic flow must return to the freestream conditions around the rest of the aircraft, and as the flow enters an adverse pressure gradient in the aft section of the wing, a discontinuity emerges in the form of a shock wave as the air is forced to rapidly slow and return to ambient pressure.
At the point where the density drops, the local speed of sound correspondingly drops and a shock wave can form. This is why in conventional wings, shock waves form first *after* the maximum Thickness/Chord and why all airliners designed for cruising in the transonic range (above M0\.8\) have supercritical wings that are flatter on top, resulting in minimized angular change of flow to upper surface air. The angular change to the air that is normally part of lift generation is decreased and this lift reduction is compensated for by deeper curved lower surfaces accompanied by a reflex curve at the trailing edge. This results in a much weaker shock wave towards the rear of the upper wing surface and a corresponding *increase* in critical mach number.
Shock waves require energy to form. This energy is taken out of the aircraft, which has to supply extra [thrust](/wiki/Thrust "Thrust") to make up for this energy loss. Thus the shocks are seen as a form of [drag](/wiki/Drag_%28physics%29 "Drag (physics)"). Since the shocks form when the local air velocity reaches supersonic speeds, there is a certain "[critical mach](/wiki/Critical_mach "Critical mach")" speed where sonic flow first appears on the wing. There is a following point called the [drag divergence mach number](/wiki/Drag_divergence_mach_number "Drag divergence mach number") where the effect of the drag from the shocks becomes noticeable. This is normally when the shocks start generating over the wing, which on most aircraft is the largest continually curved surface, and therefore the largest contributor to this effect.
Sweeping the wing has the effect of reducing the curvature of the body as seen from the airflow, by the cosine of the angle of sweep. For instance, a wing with a 45 degree sweep will see a reduction in effective curvature to about 70% of its straight\-wing value. This has the effect of increasing the critical Mach by 30%. When applied to large areas of the aircraft, like the wings and [empennage](/wiki/Empennage "Empennage"), this allows the aircraft to reach speeds closer to Mach 1\.
One limiting factor in swept wing design is the so\-called "middle effect". If a swept wing is continuous \- an [oblique swept wing](/wiki/Oblique_wing "Oblique wing") \- the pressure isobars will be swept at a continuous angle from tip to tip. However, if the left and right halves are swept back equally, as is common practice, the pressure isobars on the left wing in theory will meet the pressure isobars of the right wing on the centerline at a large angle. As the isobars cannot meet in such a fashion,{{why\|date\=July 2022}} they will tend to curve on each side as they near the centerline, so that the isobars cross the centerline at right angles to the centerline. This causes an "unsweeping" of the isobars in the wing root region. To combat this unsweeping, German aerodynamicist [Dietrich Küchemann](/wiki/Dietrich_K%C3%BCchemann "Dietrich Küchemann") proposed and had tested a local indentation of the fuselage above and below the wing root. This proved to not be very effective.Meier, Hans\-Ulrich, editor *German Development of the Swept Wing 1935–1945*, AIAA Library of Flight, 2010\. Originally published in German as *Die deutsche Luftahrt Die Pfeilflügelentwicklung in Deutschland bis 1945*, Bernard \& Graefe Verlag, 2006\. During the development of the [Douglas DC\-8](/wiki/Douglas_DC-8 "Douglas DC-8") airliner, uncambered airfoils were used in the wing root area to combat the unsweeping.Shevell, Richard, "Aerodynamic Design Features", DC\-8 design summary, February 22, 1957\.Dunn, Orville R., "Flight Characteristics of the DC\-8", SAE paper 237A, presented at the SAE National Aeronautic Meeting, Los Angeles California, October 1960\.
### Supersonic flight
Swept wings on supersonic aircraft usually lie within the cone\-shaped shock wave produced at the nose of the aircraft so they will "see" subsonic airflow and work as subsonic wings. The angle needed to lie behind the cone increases with increasing speed, at Mach 1\.3 the angle is about 45 degrees, at Mach 2\.0 it is 60 degrees.["Supersonic Wing design: The Mach cone becomes increasingly swept back with increasing Mach numbers."](http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Theories_of_Flight/supersonic_flow/TH22G2.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930032627/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Theories\_of\_Flight/supersonic\_flow/TH22G2\.htm \|date\=30 September 2007 }} *Centennial of Flight Commission,* 2003\. Retrieved: 1 August 2011\. The angle of the [Mach cone](/wiki/Mach_cone "Mach cone") formed off the body of the aircraft will be at about sin μ \= 1/M (μ is the sweep angle of the Mach cone)Haack, Wolfgang. ["Heinzerling, Supersonic Area Rule" (in German), p. 39\.](http://www.bwl.tu-darmstadt.de/bwl2/akl/downloads/kolloquien/%5bakl09%5d%20-%20heinzerling%20BILDER.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327095031/http://www.bwl.tu\-darmstadt.de/bwl2/akl/downloads/kolloquien/%5bakl09%5d%20\-%20heinzerling%20BILDER.pdf \|date\=27 March 2009 }} *bwl.tu\-darmstadt.de.*
### Disadvantages
{{More citations needed section\|date \= November 2021}}
When a swept wing travels at high speed, the airflow has little time to react and simply flows over the wing almost straight from front to back. At lower speeds the air *does* have time to react, and is pushed spanwise by the angled leading edge, towards the wing tip. At the wing root, by the fuselage, this has little noticeable effect, but as one moves towards the wingtip the airflow is pushed spanwise not only by the leading edge, but the spanwise moving air beside it. At the tip the airflow is moving along the wing instead of over it, a problem known as *spanwise flow*.
The lift from a wing is generated by the airflow over it from front to rear. With increasing span\-wise flow the boundary layers on the surface of the wing have longer to travel, and so are thicker and more susceptible to transition to turbulence or flow separation, also the effective aspect ratio of the wing is less and so air "leaks" around the wing tips reducing their effectiveness. The spanwise flow on swept wings produces airflow that moves the stagnation point on the leading edge of any individual wing segment further beneath the leading edge, increasing effective [angle of attack](/wiki/Angle_of_attack "Angle of attack") of wing segments relative to its neighbouring forward segment. The result is that wing segments farther towards the rear operate at increasingly higher angles of attack promoting early stall of those segments. This promotes tip stall on back\-swept wings, as the tips are most rearward, while delaying tip stall for forward\-swept wings, where the tips are forward. With both forward and back\-swept wings, the rear of the wing will stall first creating a nose\-up moment on the aircraft. If not corrected by the pilot the plane will pitch up, leading to more of the wing stalling and more pitch up in a divergent manner. This uncontrollable instability came to be known as the *[Sabre dance](/wiki/Sabre_dance_%28pitch-up%29 "Sabre dance (pitch-up)")* in reference to the number of North American [F\-100 Super Sabres](/wiki/F-100_Super_Sabre "F-100 Super Sabre") that crashed on landing as a result.{{cite web \|url \= http://www.historynet.com/deadly\-sabre\-dance.htm \|title \= Deadly Sabre Dance \|date \= 11 July 2011 \|publisher \= historynet.com \|access\-date \= 11 November 2020}}Ives, Burl. "Burl Ives Song Book." Ballantine Books, Inc., New York, November 1953, page 240\.
Reducing pitch\-up to an acceptable level has been done in different ways such as the addition of a fin known as a *[wing fence](/wiki/Wing_fence "Wing fence")* on the upper surface of the wing to redirect the flow to a streamwise direction. The [MiG\-15](/wiki/MiG-15 "MiG-15") was one example of an aircraft fitted with wing fences.Gunston 1995, p. 188\. Another closely related design was the addition of a [dogtooth notch](/wiki/Dogtooth_extension "Dogtooth extension") to the leading edge, used on the [Avro Arrow](/wiki/Avro_Arrow "Avro Arrow") interceptor.Whitcomb 2002, pp. 89–91\. Other designs took a more radical approach, including the [Republic XF\-91 Thunderceptor](/wiki/Republic_XF-91_Thunderceptor "Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor")'s wing that grew wider towards the tip to provide more lift at the tip. The [Handley Page Victor](/wiki/Handley_Page_Victor "Handley Page Victor") was equipped with a [crescent wing](/wiki/Crescent_wing "Crescent wing"), with three values of sweep, about 48 degrees near the wing root where the wing was thickest, a 38 degree transition length and 27 degrees for the remainder to the tip.Brookes 2011, pp. 6–7\.Lee, G.H. ["Aerodynamics of the Crescent Wing."](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%201386.html) *[Flight](/wiki/Flight_International "Flight International")*, 14 May 1954, pp. 611–612\.
Modern solutions to the problem no longer require "custom" designs such as these. The addition of [leading\-edge slats](/wiki/Leading-edge_slat "Leading-edge slat") and large compound [flaps](/wiki/Flap_%28aircraft%29 "Flap (aircraft)") to the wings has largely resolved the issue.[High\-Lift Aerodynamics, by A. M. O. Smith, McDonnell Douglas Corporation, Long Beach, June 1975](http://www.arvelgentry.com/amo/High-Lift_Aerodynamics.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707172637/http://www.arvelgentry.com/amo/High\-Lift\_Aerodynamics.pdf \|date\=7 July 2011 }}{{citation \|first\=F.\|last\= Handley Page \|url\=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1921/1921%20\-%200844\.html \|title\= Developments In Aircraft Design By The Use Of Slotted Wings \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103181345/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1921/1921%20\-%200844\.html \|archive\-date\=3 November 2012 \|work\=Flight \|date\= 22 December 1921 \| page\= 844 \|via\=Flightglobal Archive \|volume\= XIII \|number\=678 \|url\-status\=live }}Perkins, Courtland; Hage, Robert (1949\). *Airplane performance, stability and control*, Chapter 2, John Wiley and Sons. {{ISBN\|0\-471\-68046\-X}}. On fighter designs, the addition of [leading\-edge extensions](/wiki/Leading-edge_extension "Leading-edge extension"), which are typically included to achieve a high level of maneuverability, also serve to add lift during landing and reduce the problem.{{cite web \|last1\=Lee \|first1\=Gwo\-Bin \|title\=Leading\-edge Vortices Control on a Delta Wing by Micromachined Sensors and Actuators \|url\=http://www.las.inpe.br/\~jrsenna/AerospaceMEMS/Contr\-Ensaios\-voo/caltech1\.pdf \|publisher\= American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics \|access\-date\=18 October 2018}}*Effects of Wing\-Leading\-Edge Modifications on a Full\-Scale, Low\-Wing General Aviation Airplane.* Nasa TP, 2011\.
In addition to pitch\-up there are other complications inherent in a swept\-wing configuration. For any given length of wing, the actual span from tip\-to\-tip is shorter than the same wing that is not swept. There is a strong correlation between low\-speed drag and [aspect ratio](/wiki/Aspect_ratio_%28wing%29 "Aspect ratio (wing)"), the span compared to chord, so a swept wing always has more drag at lower speeds. In addition, there is extra torque applied by the wing to the fuselage which has to be allowed for when establishing the transfer of wing\-box loads to the fuselage. This results from the significant part of the wing lift which lies behind the attachment length where the wing meets the fuselage.
### Sweep theory
[Sweep theory](/wiki/Sweep_theory "Sweep theory") is an [aeronautical engineering](/wiki/Aeronautical_engineering "Aeronautical engineering") description of the behavior of airflow over a [wing](/wiki/Wing "Wing") when the wing's leading edge encounters the airflow at an oblique angle. The development of sweep theory resulted in the swept wing design used by most modern jet aircraft, as this design performs more effectively at transonic and [supersonic](/wiki/Supersonic "Supersonic") speeds. In its advanced form, sweep theory led to the experimental [oblique wing](/wiki/Oblique_wing "Oblique wing") concept.
[Adolf Busemann](/wiki/Adolf_Busemann "Adolf Busemann") introduced the concept of the swept wing and presented this in 1935 at the Fifth [Volta Conference](/wiki/Volta_Conference "Volta Conference") in Rome.{{cite web \| url\=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster\=11348315140095133548 \| title\=Google Scholar }} Sweep theory in general was a subject of development and investigation throughout the 1930s and 1940s, but the breakthrough mathematical definition of sweep theory is generally credited to [NACA](/wiki/NACA "NACA")'s [Robert T. Jones](/wiki/Robert_Thomas_Jones_%28engineer%29 "Robert Thomas Jones (engineer)") in 1945\. Sweep theory builds on other wing lift theories. Lifting line theory describes lift generated by a straight wing (a wing in which the leading edge is perpendicular to the airflow). Weissinger theory describes the distribution of lift for a swept wing, but does not have the capability to include chordwise pressure distribution. There are other methods that do describe chordwise distributions, but they have other limitations. Jones' sweep theory provides a simple, comprehensive analysis of swept wing performance.
An explanation of how the swept wing works was offered by [Robert T. Jones](/wiki/Robert_Thomas_Jones_%28engineer%29 "Robert Thomas Jones (engineer)"):
"Assume a wing is a cylinder of uniform airfoil cross\-section, chord and thickness and is placed in an airstream at an angle of yaw – i.e., it is swept back. Now, even if the local speed of the air on the upper surface of the wing becomes supersonic, a shock wave cannot form there because it would have to be a sweptback shock – swept at the same angle as the wing – i.e., it would be an oblique shock. Such an oblique shock cannot form until the velocity component normal to it becomes supersonic."Sears, William Rees, *Stories form a 20th\-Century Life*, Parabolic Press, Inc., Stanford California, 1994
To visualize the basic concept of simple sweep theory, consider a straight, non\-swept wing of infinite length, which meets the airflow at a perpendicular angle. The resulting air pressure distribution is equivalent to the length of the wing's [chord](/wiki/Chord_%28aircraft%29 "Chord (aircraft)") (the distance from the leading edge to the trailing edge). If we were to begin to slide the wing sideways ([spanwise](/wiki/Spanwise "Spanwise")), the sideways motion of the wing relative to the air would be added to the previously perpendicular airflow, resulting in an airflow over the wing at an angle to the leading edge. This angle results in airflow traveling a greater distance from leading edge to trailing edge, and thus the air pressure is distributed over a greater distance (and consequently lessened at any particular point on the surface).
This scenario is identical to the airflow experienced by a swept wing as it travels through the air. The airflow over a swept wing encounters the wing at an angle. That angle can be broken down into two vectors, one perpendicular to the wing, and one parallel to the wing. The flow parallel to the wing has no effect on it, and since the perpendicular vector is shorter (meaning slower) than the actual airflow, it consequently exerts less pressure on the wing. In other words, the wing experiences airflow that is slower \- and at lower pressures \- than the actual speed of the aircraft.
One of the factors that must be taken into account when designing a high\-speed wing is [compressibility](/wiki/Compressibility "Compressibility"), which is the effect that acts upon a wing as it approaches and passes through the [speed of sound](/wiki/Speed_of_sound "Speed of sound"). The significant negative effects of compressibility made it a prime issue with aeronautical engineers. Sweep theory helps mitigate the effects of compressibility in transonic and supersonic aircraft because of the reduced pressures. This allows the [mach number](/wiki/Mach_number "Mach number") of an aircraft to be higher than that actually experienced by the wing.
There is also a negative aspect to sweep theory. The lift produced by a wing is directly related to the speed of the air over the wing. Since the airflow speed experienced by a swept wing is lower than what the actual aircraft speed is, this becomes a problem during slow\-flight phases, such as takeoff and landing. There have been various ways of addressing the problem, including the [variable\-incidence wing](/wiki/Variable-incidence_wing "Variable-incidence wing") design on the [Vought F\-8 Crusader](/wiki/Vought_F-8_Crusader "Vought F-8 Crusader"),Bjorkman, Eileen. Gunfighters. Air \& Space, November 2015\. p. 62\. and [swing wings](/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing "Variable-sweep wing") on aircraft such as the [F\-14](/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat "Grumman F-14 Tomcat"), [F\-111](/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111 "General Dynamics F-111"), and the [Panavia Tornado](/wiki/Panavia_Tornado "Panavia Tornado").Woolridge, Capt. E.T., ed. *Into the Jet Age: Conflict and Change in Naval Aviation 1945–1975, an Oral History*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1995\. {{ISBN\|1\-55750\-932\-8}}.Spick, Green and Swanborough 2001, p. 33\.
|
[
"Aerodynamic design\n------------------",
"### Subsonic and transonic flight",
"[thumb\\|[Yakovlev Yak\\-25](/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-25 \"Yakovlev Yak-25\") swept wing](/wiki/File:Jak_25.svg \"Jak 25.svg\") \n[thumb\\|Shows a swept wing in transonic flow with the position of a shock wave(red line). This line is a line of constant pressure (isobar) since shock waves cannot exist across isobars and for a well\\-designed wing coincides with a constant percent chordFundamentals Of Flight, Second Edition, Richard S.Shevell{{ISBN\\|0 13 339060 8}}, p.200 as shown. The triangles show that only part of the incident airflow (in a streamwise direction) is responsible for producing lift or causing shock waves (i.e. that part shown by the arrow perpendicular to the red isobar). Its length behind the shock is shorter signifying that the flow has slowed down in going through the shock.](/wiki/File:Swept_wing_w_transonic_shock.svg \"Swept wing w transonic shock.svg\")",
"Shock waves can form on some parts of an aircraft moving at less than the speed of sound. Low\\-pressure regions around an aircraft cause the flow to accelerate, and at transonic speeds this local acceleration can exceed Mach 1\\. Localized supersonic flow must return to the freestream conditions around the rest of the aircraft, and as the flow enters an adverse pressure gradient in the aft section of the wing, a discontinuity emerges in the form of a shock wave as the air is forced to rapidly slow and return to ambient pressure.",
"At the point where the density drops, the local speed of sound correspondingly drops and a shock wave can form. This is why in conventional wings, shock waves form first *after* the maximum Thickness/Chord and why all airliners designed for cruising in the transonic range (above M0\\.8\\) have supercritical wings that are flatter on top, resulting in minimized angular change of flow to upper surface air. The angular change to the air that is normally part of lift generation is decreased and this lift reduction is compensated for by deeper curved lower surfaces accompanied by a reflex curve at the trailing edge. This results in a much weaker shock wave towards the rear of the upper wing surface and a corresponding *increase* in critical mach number.",
"Shock waves require energy to form. This energy is taken out of the aircraft, which has to supply extra [thrust](/wiki/Thrust \"Thrust\") to make up for this energy loss. Thus the shocks are seen as a form of [drag](/wiki/Drag_%28physics%29 \"Drag (physics)\"). Since the shocks form when the local air velocity reaches supersonic speeds, there is a certain \"[critical mach](/wiki/Critical_mach \"Critical mach\")\" speed where sonic flow first appears on the wing. There is a following point called the [drag divergence mach number](/wiki/Drag_divergence_mach_number \"Drag divergence mach number\") where the effect of the drag from the shocks becomes noticeable. This is normally when the shocks start generating over the wing, which on most aircraft is the largest continually curved surface, and therefore the largest contributor to this effect.",
"Sweeping the wing has the effect of reducing the curvature of the body as seen from the airflow, by the cosine of the angle of sweep. For instance, a wing with a 45 degree sweep will see a reduction in effective curvature to about 70% of its straight\\-wing value. This has the effect of increasing the critical Mach by 30%. When applied to large areas of the aircraft, like the wings and [empennage](/wiki/Empennage \"Empennage\"), this allows the aircraft to reach speeds closer to Mach 1\\.",
"One limiting factor in swept wing design is the so\\-called \"middle effect\". If a swept wing is continuous \\- an [oblique swept wing](/wiki/Oblique_wing \"Oblique wing\") \\- the pressure isobars will be swept at a continuous angle from tip to tip. However, if the left and right halves are swept back equally, as is common practice, the pressure isobars on the left wing in theory will meet the pressure isobars of the right wing on the centerline at a large angle. As the isobars cannot meet in such a fashion,{{why\\|date\\=July 2022}} they will tend to curve on each side as they near the centerline, so that the isobars cross the centerline at right angles to the centerline. This causes an \"unsweeping\" of the isobars in the wing root region. To combat this unsweeping, German aerodynamicist [Dietrich Küchemann](/wiki/Dietrich_K%C3%BCchemann \"Dietrich Küchemann\") proposed and had tested a local indentation of the fuselage above and below the wing root. This proved to not be very effective.Meier, Hans\\-Ulrich, editor *German Development of the Swept Wing 1935–1945*, AIAA Library of Flight, 2010\\. Originally published in German as *Die deutsche Luftahrt Die Pfeilflügelentwicklung in Deutschland bis 1945*, Bernard \\& Graefe Verlag, 2006\\. During the development of the [Douglas DC\\-8](/wiki/Douglas_DC-8 \"Douglas DC-8\") airliner, uncambered airfoils were used in the wing root area to combat the unsweeping.Shevell, Richard, \"Aerodynamic Design Features\", DC\\-8 design summary, February 22, 1957\\.Dunn, Orville R., \"Flight Characteristics of the DC\\-8\", SAE paper 237A, presented at the SAE National Aeronautic Meeting, Los Angeles California, October 1960\\.",
"### Supersonic flight",
"Swept wings on supersonic aircraft usually lie within the cone\\-shaped shock wave produced at the nose of the aircraft so they will \"see\" subsonic airflow and work as subsonic wings. The angle needed to lie behind the cone increases with increasing speed, at Mach 1\\.3 the angle is about 45 degrees, at Mach 2\\.0 it is 60 degrees.[\"Supersonic Wing design: The Mach cone becomes increasingly swept back with increasing Mach numbers.\"](http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Theories_of_Flight/supersonic_flow/TH22G2.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930032627/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Theories\\_of\\_Flight/supersonic\\_flow/TH22G2\\.htm \\|date\\=30 September 2007 }} *Centennial of Flight Commission,* 2003\\. Retrieved: 1 August 2011\\. The angle of the [Mach cone](/wiki/Mach_cone \"Mach cone\") formed off the body of the aircraft will be at about sin μ \\= 1/M (μ is the sweep angle of the Mach cone)Haack, Wolfgang. [\"Heinzerling, Supersonic Area Rule\" (in German), p. 39\\.](http://www.bwl.tu-darmstadt.de/bwl2/akl/downloads/kolloquien/%5bakl09%5d%20-%20heinzerling%20BILDER.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327095031/http://www.bwl.tu\\-darmstadt.de/bwl2/akl/downloads/kolloquien/%5bakl09%5d%20\\-%20heinzerling%20BILDER.pdf \\|date\\=27 March 2009 }} *bwl.tu\\-darmstadt.de.*",
"### Disadvantages",
"{{More citations needed section\\|date \\= November 2021}}",
"When a swept wing travels at high speed, the airflow has little time to react and simply flows over the wing almost straight from front to back. At lower speeds the air *does* have time to react, and is pushed spanwise by the angled leading edge, towards the wing tip. At the wing root, by the fuselage, this has little noticeable effect, but as one moves towards the wingtip the airflow is pushed spanwise not only by the leading edge, but the spanwise moving air beside it. At the tip the airflow is moving along the wing instead of over it, a problem known as *spanwise flow*.",
"The lift from a wing is generated by the airflow over it from front to rear. With increasing span\\-wise flow the boundary layers on the surface of the wing have longer to travel, and so are thicker and more susceptible to transition to turbulence or flow separation, also the effective aspect ratio of the wing is less and so air \"leaks\" around the wing tips reducing their effectiveness. The spanwise flow on swept wings produces airflow that moves the stagnation point on the leading edge of any individual wing segment further beneath the leading edge, increasing effective [angle of attack](/wiki/Angle_of_attack \"Angle of attack\") of wing segments relative to its neighbouring forward segment. The result is that wing segments farther towards the rear operate at increasingly higher angles of attack promoting early stall of those segments. This promotes tip stall on back\\-swept wings, as the tips are most rearward, while delaying tip stall for forward\\-swept wings, where the tips are forward. With both forward and back\\-swept wings, the rear of the wing will stall first creating a nose\\-up moment on the aircraft. If not corrected by the pilot the plane will pitch up, leading to more of the wing stalling and more pitch up in a divergent manner. This uncontrollable instability came to be known as the *[Sabre dance](/wiki/Sabre_dance_%28pitch-up%29 \"Sabre dance (pitch-up)\")* in reference to the number of North American [F\\-100 Super Sabres](/wiki/F-100_Super_Sabre \"F-100 Super Sabre\") that crashed on landing as a result.{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.historynet.com/deadly\\-sabre\\-dance.htm \\|title \\= Deadly Sabre Dance \\|date \\= 11 July 2011 \\|publisher \\= historynet.com \\|access\\-date \\= 11 November 2020}}Ives, Burl. \"Burl Ives Song Book.\" Ballantine Books, Inc., New York, November 1953, page 240\\.",
"Reducing pitch\\-up to an acceptable level has been done in different ways such as the addition of a fin known as a *[wing fence](/wiki/Wing_fence \"Wing fence\")* on the upper surface of the wing to redirect the flow to a streamwise direction. The [MiG\\-15](/wiki/MiG-15 \"MiG-15\") was one example of an aircraft fitted with wing fences.Gunston 1995, p. 188\\. Another closely related design was the addition of a [dogtooth notch](/wiki/Dogtooth_extension \"Dogtooth extension\") to the leading edge, used on the [Avro Arrow](/wiki/Avro_Arrow \"Avro Arrow\") interceptor.Whitcomb 2002, pp. 89–91\\. Other designs took a more radical approach, including the [Republic XF\\-91 Thunderceptor](/wiki/Republic_XF-91_Thunderceptor \"Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor\")'s wing that grew wider towards the tip to provide more lift at the tip. The [Handley Page Victor](/wiki/Handley_Page_Victor \"Handley Page Victor\") was equipped with a [crescent wing](/wiki/Crescent_wing \"Crescent wing\"), with three values of sweep, about 48 degrees near the wing root where the wing was thickest, a 38 degree transition length and 27 degrees for the remainder to the tip.Brookes 2011, pp. 6–7\\.Lee, G.H. [\"Aerodynamics of the Crescent Wing.\"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%201386.html) *[Flight](/wiki/Flight_International \"Flight International\")*, 14 May 1954, pp. 611–612\\.",
"Modern solutions to the problem no longer require \"custom\" designs such as these. The addition of [leading\\-edge slats](/wiki/Leading-edge_slat \"Leading-edge slat\") and large compound [flaps](/wiki/Flap_%28aircraft%29 \"Flap (aircraft)\") to the wings has largely resolved the issue.[High\\-Lift Aerodynamics, by A. M. O. Smith, McDonnell Douglas Corporation, Long Beach, June 1975](http://www.arvelgentry.com/amo/High-Lift_Aerodynamics.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707172637/http://www.arvelgentry.com/amo/High\\-Lift\\_Aerodynamics.pdf \\|date\\=7 July 2011 }}{{citation \\|first\\=F.\\|last\\= Handley Page \\|url\\=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1921/1921%20\\-%200844\\.html \\|title\\= Developments In Aircraft Design By The Use Of Slotted Wings \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103181345/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1921/1921%20\\-%200844\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=3 November 2012 \\|work\\=Flight \\|date\\= 22 December 1921 \\| page\\= 844 \\|via\\=Flightglobal Archive \\|volume\\= XIII \\|number\\=678 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}Perkins, Courtland; Hage, Robert (1949\\). *Airplane performance, stability and control*, Chapter 2, John Wiley and Sons. {{ISBN\\|0\\-471\\-68046\\-X}}. On fighter designs, the addition of [leading\\-edge extensions](/wiki/Leading-edge_extension \"Leading-edge extension\"), which are typically included to achieve a high level of maneuverability, also serve to add lift during landing and reduce the problem.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Lee \\|first1\\=Gwo\\-Bin \\|title\\=Leading\\-edge Vortices Control on a Delta Wing by Micromachined Sensors and Actuators \\|url\\=http://www.las.inpe.br/\\~jrsenna/AerospaceMEMS/Contr\\-Ensaios\\-voo/caltech1\\.pdf \\|publisher\\= American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics \\|access\\-date\\=18 October 2018}}*Effects of Wing\\-Leading\\-Edge Modifications on a Full\\-Scale, Low\\-Wing General Aviation Airplane.* Nasa TP, 2011\\.",
"In addition to pitch\\-up there are other complications inherent in a swept\\-wing configuration. For any given length of wing, the actual span from tip\\-to\\-tip is shorter than the same wing that is not swept. There is a strong correlation between low\\-speed drag and [aspect ratio](/wiki/Aspect_ratio_%28wing%29 \"Aspect ratio (wing)\"), the span compared to chord, so a swept wing always has more drag at lower speeds. In addition, there is extra torque applied by the wing to the fuselage which has to be allowed for when establishing the transfer of wing\\-box loads to the fuselage. This results from the significant part of the wing lift which lies behind the attachment length where the wing meets the fuselage.",
"### Sweep theory",
"[Sweep theory](/wiki/Sweep_theory \"Sweep theory\") is an [aeronautical engineering](/wiki/Aeronautical_engineering \"Aeronautical engineering\") description of the behavior of airflow over a [wing](/wiki/Wing \"Wing\") when the wing's leading edge encounters the airflow at an oblique angle. The development of sweep theory resulted in the swept wing design used by most modern jet aircraft, as this design performs more effectively at transonic and [supersonic](/wiki/Supersonic \"Supersonic\") speeds. In its advanced form, sweep theory led to the experimental [oblique wing](/wiki/Oblique_wing \"Oblique wing\") concept.",
"[Adolf Busemann](/wiki/Adolf_Busemann \"Adolf Busemann\") introduced the concept of the swept wing and presented this in 1935 at the Fifth [Volta Conference](/wiki/Volta_Conference \"Volta Conference\") in Rome.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster\\=11348315140095133548 \\| title\\=Google Scholar }} Sweep theory in general was a subject of development and investigation throughout the 1930s and 1940s, but the breakthrough mathematical definition of sweep theory is generally credited to [NACA](/wiki/NACA \"NACA\")'s [Robert T. Jones](/wiki/Robert_Thomas_Jones_%28engineer%29 \"Robert Thomas Jones (engineer)\") in 1945\\. Sweep theory builds on other wing lift theories. Lifting line theory describes lift generated by a straight wing (a wing in which the leading edge is perpendicular to the airflow). Weissinger theory describes the distribution of lift for a swept wing, but does not have the capability to include chordwise pressure distribution. There are other methods that do describe chordwise distributions, but they have other limitations. Jones' sweep theory provides a simple, comprehensive analysis of swept wing performance.",
"An explanation of how the swept wing works was offered by [Robert T. Jones](/wiki/Robert_Thomas_Jones_%28engineer%29 \"Robert Thomas Jones (engineer)\"):\n\"Assume a wing is a cylinder of uniform airfoil cross\\-section, chord and thickness and is placed in an airstream at an angle of yaw – i.e., it is swept back. Now, even if the local speed of the air on the upper surface of the wing becomes supersonic, a shock wave cannot form there because it would have to be a sweptback shock – swept at the same angle as the wing – i.e., it would be an oblique shock. Such an oblique shock cannot form until the velocity component normal to it becomes supersonic.\"Sears, William Rees, *Stories form a 20th\\-Century Life*, Parabolic Press, Inc., Stanford California, 1994",
"To visualize the basic concept of simple sweep theory, consider a straight, non\\-swept wing of infinite length, which meets the airflow at a perpendicular angle. The resulting air pressure distribution is equivalent to the length of the wing's [chord](/wiki/Chord_%28aircraft%29 \"Chord (aircraft)\") (the distance from the leading edge to the trailing edge). If we were to begin to slide the wing sideways ([spanwise](/wiki/Spanwise \"Spanwise\")), the sideways motion of the wing relative to the air would be added to the previously perpendicular airflow, resulting in an airflow over the wing at an angle to the leading edge. This angle results in airflow traveling a greater distance from leading edge to trailing edge, and thus the air pressure is distributed over a greater distance (and consequently lessened at any particular point on the surface).",
"This scenario is identical to the airflow experienced by a swept wing as it travels through the air. The airflow over a swept wing encounters the wing at an angle. That angle can be broken down into two vectors, one perpendicular to the wing, and one parallel to the wing. The flow parallel to the wing has no effect on it, and since the perpendicular vector is shorter (meaning slower) than the actual airflow, it consequently exerts less pressure on the wing. In other words, the wing experiences airflow that is slower \\- and at lower pressures \\- than the actual speed of the aircraft.",
"One of the factors that must be taken into account when designing a high\\-speed wing is [compressibility](/wiki/Compressibility \"Compressibility\"), which is the effect that acts upon a wing as it approaches and passes through the [speed of sound](/wiki/Speed_of_sound \"Speed of sound\"). The significant negative effects of compressibility made it a prime issue with aeronautical engineers. Sweep theory helps mitigate the effects of compressibility in transonic and supersonic aircraft because of the reduced pressures. This allows the [mach number](/wiki/Mach_number \"Mach number\") of an aircraft to be higher than that actually experienced by the wing.",
"There is also a negative aspect to sweep theory. The lift produced by a wing is directly related to the speed of the air over the wing. Since the airflow speed experienced by a swept wing is lower than what the actual aircraft speed is, this becomes a problem during slow\\-flight phases, such as takeoff and landing. There have been various ways of addressing the problem, including the [variable\\-incidence wing](/wiki/Variable-incidence_wing \"Variable-incidence wing\") design on the [Vought F\\-8 Crusader](/wiki/Vought_F-8_Crusader \"Vought F-8 Crusader\"),Bjorkman, Eileen. Gunfighters. Air \\& Space, November 2015\\. p. 62\\. and [swing wings](/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing \"Variable-sweep wing\") on aircraft such as the [F\\-14](/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat \"Grumman F-14 Tomcat\"), [F\\-111](/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111 \"General Dynamics F-111\"), and the [Panavia Tornado](/wiki/Panavia_Tornado \"Panavia Tornado\").Woolridge, Capt. E.T., ed. *Into the Jet Age: Conflict and Change in Naval Aviation 1945–1975, an Oral History*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1995\\. {{ISBN\\|1\\-55750\\-932\\-8}}.Spick, Green and Swanborough 2001, p. 33\\.",
""
] |
### Subsonic and transonic flight
[thumb\|[Yakovlev Yak\-25](/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-25 "Yakovlev Yak-25") swept wing](/wiki/File:Jak_25.svg "Jak 25.svg")
[thumb\|Shows a swept wing in transonic flow with the position of a shock wave(red line). This line is a line of constant pressure (isobar) since shock waves cannot exist across isobars and for a well\-designed wing coincides with a constant percent chordFundamentals Of Flight, Second Edition, Richard S.Shevell{{ISBN\|0 13 339060 8}}, p.200 as shown. The triangles show that only part of the incident airflow (in a streamwise direction) is responsible for producing lift or causing shock waves (i.e. that part shown by the arrow perpendicular to the red isobar). Its length behind the shock is shorter signifying that the flow has slowed down in going through the shock.](/wiki/File:Swept_wing_w_transonic_shock.svg "Swept wing w transonic shock.svg")
Shock waves can form on some parts of an aircraft moving at less than the speed of sound. Low\-pressure regions around an aircraft cause the flow to accelerate, and at transonic speeds this local acceleration can exceed Mach 1\. Localized supersonic flow must return to the freestream conditions around the rest of the aircraft, and as the flow enters an adverse pressure gradient in the aft section of the wing, a discontinuity emerges in the form of a shock wave as the air is forced to rapidly slow and return to ambient pressure.
At the point where the density drops, the local speed of sound correspondingly drops and a shock wave can form. This is why in conventional wings, shock waves form first *after* the maximum Thickness/Chord and why all airliners designed for cruising in the transonic range (above M0\.8\) have supercritical wings that are flatter on top, resulting in minimized angular change of flow to upper surface air. The angular change to the air that is normally part of lift generation is decreased and this lift reduction is compensated for by deeper curved lower surfaces accompanied by a reflex curve at the trailing edge. This results in a much weaker shock wave towards the rear of the upper wing surface and a corresponding *increase* in critical mach number.
Shock waves require energy to form. This energy is taken out of the aircraft, which has to supply extra [thrust](/wiki/Thrust "Thrust") to make up for this energy loss. Thus the shocks are seen as a form of [drag](/wiki/Drag_%28physics%29 "Drag (physics)"). Since the shocks form when the local air velocity reaches supersonic speeds, there is a certain "[critical mach](/wiki/Critical_mach "Critical mach")" speed where sonic flow first appears on the wing. There is a following point called the [drag divergence mach number](/wiki/Drag_divergence_mach_number "Drag divergence mach number") where the effect of the drag from the shocks becomes noticeable. This is normally when the shocks start generating over the wing, which on most aircraft is the largest continually curved surface, and therefore the largest contributor to this effect.
Sweeping the wing has the effect of reducing the curvature of the body as seen from the airflow, by the cosine of the angle of sweep. For instance, a wing with a 45 degree sweep will see a reduction in effective curvature to about 70% of its straight\-wing value. This has the effect of increasing the critical Mach by 30%. When applied to large areas of the aircraft, like the wings and [empennage](/wiki/Empennage "Empennage"), this allows the aircraft to reach speeds closer to Mach 1\.
One limiting factor in swept wing design is the so\-called "middle effect". If a swept wing is continuous \- an [oblique swept wing](/wiki/Oblique_wing "Oblique wing") \- the pressure isobars will be swept at a continuous angle from tip to tip. However, if the left and right halves are swept back equally, as is common practice, the pressure isobars on the left wing in theory will meet the pressure isobars of the right wing on the centerline at a large angle. As the isobars cannot meet in such a fashion,{{why\|date\=July 2022}} they will tend to curve on each side as they near the centerline, so that the isobars cross the centerline at right angles to the centerline. This causes an "unsweeping" of the isobars in the wing root region. To combat this unsweeping, German aerodynamicist [Dietrich Küchemann](/wiki/Dietrich_K%C3%BCchemann "Dietrich Küchemann") proposed and had tested a local indentation of the fuselage above and below the wing root. This proved to not be very effective.Meier, Hans\-Ulrich, editor *German Development of the Swept Wing 1935–1945*, AIAA Library of Flight, 2010\. Originally published in German as *Die deutsche Luftahrt Die Pfeilflügelentwicklung in Deutschland bis 1945*, Bernard \& Graefe Verlag, 2006\. During the development of the [Douglas DC\-8](/wiki/Douglas_DC-8 "Douglas DC-8") airliner, uncambered airfoils were used in the wing root area to combat the unsweeping.Shevell, Richard, "Aerodynamic Design Features", DC\-8 design summary, February 22, 1957\.Dunn, Orville R., "Flight Characteristics of the DC\-8", SAE paper 237A, presented at the SAE National Aeronautic Meeting, Los Angeles California, October 1960\.
|
[
"### Subsonic and transonic flight",
"[thumb\\|[Yakovlev Yak\\-25](/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-25 \"Yakovlev Yak-25\") swept wing](/wiki/File:Jak_25.svg \"Jak 25.svg\") \n[thumb\\|Shows a swept wing in transonic flow with the position of a shock wave(red line). This line is a line of constant pressure (isobar) since shock waves cannot exist across isobars and for a well\\-designed wing coincides with a constant percent chordFundamentals Of Flight, Second Edition, Richard S.Shevell{{ISBN\\|0 13 339060 8}}, p.200 as shown. The triangles show that only part of the incident airflow (in a streamwise direction) is responsible for producing lift or causing shock waves (i.e. that part shown by the arrow perpendicular to the red isobar). Its length behind the shock is shorter signifying that the flow has slowed down in going through the shock.](/wiki/File:Swept_wing_w_transonic_shock.svg \"Swept wing w transonic shock.svg\")",
"Shock waves can form on some parts of an aircraft moving at less than the speed of sound. Low\\-pressure regions around an aircraft cause the flow to accelerate, and at transonic speeds this local acceleration can exceed Mach 1\\. Localized supersonic flow must return to the freestream conditions around the rest of the aircraft, and as the flow enters an adverse pressure gradient in the aft section of the wing, a discontinuity emerges in the form of a shock wave as the air is forced to rapidly slow and return to ambient pressure.",
"At the point where the density drops, the local speed of sound correspondingly drops and a shock wave can form. This is why in conventional wings, shock waves form first *after* the maximum Thickness/Chord and why all airliners designed for cruising in the transonic range (above M0\\.8\\) have supercritical wings that are flatter on top, resulting in minimized angular change of flow to upper surface air. The angular change to the air that is normally part of lift generation is decreased and this lift reduction is compensated for by deeper curved lower surfaces accompanied by a reflex curve at the trailing edge. This results in a much weaker shock wave towards the rear of the upper wing surface and a corresponding *increase* in critical mach number.",
"Shock waves require energy to form. This energy is taken out of the aircraft, which has to supply extra [thrust](/wiki/Thrust \"Thrust\") to make up for this energy loss. Thus the shocks are seen as a form of [drag](/wiki/Drag_%28physics%29 \"Drag (physics)\"). Since the shocks form when the local air velocity reaches supersonic speeds, there is a certain \"[critical mach](/wiki/Critical_mach \"Critical mach\")\" speed where sonic flow first appears on the wing. There is a following point called the [drag divergence mach number](/wiki/Drag_divergence_mach_number \"Drag divergence mach number\") where the effect of the drag from the shocks becomes noticeable. This is normally when the shocks start generating over the wing, which on most aircraft is the largest continually curved surface, and therefore the largest contributor to this effect.",
"Sweeping the wing has the effect of reducing the curvature of the body as seen from the airflow, by the cosine of the angle of sweep. For instance, a wing with a 45 degree sweep will see a reduction in effective curvature to about 70% of its straight\\-wing value. This has the effect of increasing the critical Mach by 30%. When applied to large areas of the aircraft, like the wings and [empennage](/wiki/Empennage \"Empennage\"), this allows the aircraft to reach speeds closer to Mach 1\\.",
"One limiting factor in swept wing design is the so\\-called \"middle effect\". If a swept wing is continuous \\- an [oblique swept wing](/wiki/Oblique_wing \"Oblique wing\") \\- the pressure isobars will be swept at a continuous angle from tip to tip. However, if the left and right halves are swept back equally, as is common practice, the pressure isobars on the left wing in theory will meet the pressure isobars of the right wing on the centerline at a large angle. As the isobars cannot meet in such a fashion,{{why\\|date\\=July 2022}} they will tend to curve on each side as they near the centerline, so that the isobars cross the centerline at right angles to the centerline. This causes an \"unsweeping\" of the isobars in the wing root region. To combat this unsweeping, German aerodynamicist [Dietrich Küchemann](/wiki/Dietrich_K%C3%BCchemann \"Dietrich Küchemann\") proposed and had tested a local indentation of the fuselage above and below the wing root. This proved to not be very effective.Meier, Hans\\-Ulrich, editor *German Development of the Swept Wing 1935–1945*, AIAA Library of Flight, 2010\\. Originally published in German as *Die deutsche Luftahrt Die Pfeilflügelentwicklung in Deutschland bis 1945*, Bernard \\& Graefe Verlag, 2006\\. During the development of the [Douglas DC\\-8](/wiki/Douglas_DC-8 \"Douglas DC-8\") airliner, uncambered airfoils were used in the wing root area to combat the unsweeping.Shevell, Richard, \"Aerodynamic Design Features\", DC\\-8 design summary, February 22, 1957\\.Dunn, Orville R., \"Flight Characteristics of the DC\\-8\", SAE paper 237A, presented at the SAE National Aeronautic Meeting, Los Angeles California, October 1960\\.",
""
] |
### Disadvantages
{{More citations needed section\|date \= November 2021}}
When a swept wing travels at high speed, the airflow has little time to react and simply flows over the wing almost straight from front to back. At lower speeds the air *does* have time to react, and is pushed spanwise by the angled leading edge, towards the wing tip. At the wing root, by the fuselage, this has little noticeable effect, but as one moves towards the wingtip the airflow is pushed spanwise not only by the leading edge, but the spanwise moving air beside it. At the tip the airflow is moving along the wing instead of over it, a problem known as *spanwise flow*.
The lift from a wing is generated by the airflow over it from front to rear. With increasing span\-wise flow the boundary layers on the surface of the wing have longer to travel, and so are thicker and more susceptible to transition to turbulence or flow separation, also the effective aspect ratio of the wing is less and so air "leaks" around the wing tips reducing their effectiveness. The spanwise flow on swept wings produces airflow that moves the stagnation point on the leading edge of any individual wing segment further beneath the leading edge, increasing effective [angle of attack](/wiki/Angle_of_attack "Angle of attack") of wing segments relative to its neighbouring forward segment. The result is that wing segments farther towards the rear operate at increasingly higher angles of attack promoting early stall of those segments. This promotes tip stall on back\-swept wings, as the tips are most rearward, while delaying tip stall for forward\-swept wings, where the tips are forward. With both forward and back\-swept wings, the rear of the wing will stall first creating a nose\-up moment on the aircraft. If not corrected by the pilot the plane will pitch up, leading to more of the wing stalling and more pitch up in a divergent manner. This uncontrollable instability came to be known as the *[Sabre dance](/wiki/Sabre_dance_%28pitch-up%29 "Sabre dance (pitch-up)")* in reference to the number of North American [F\-100 Super Sabres](/wiki/F-100_Super_Sabre "F-100 Super Sabre") that crashed on landing as a result.{{cite web \|url \= http://www.historynet.com/deadly\-sabre\-dance.htm \|title \= Deadly Sabre Dance \|date \= 11 July 2011 \|publisher \= historynet.com \|access\-date \= 11 November 2020}}Ives, Burl. "Burl Ives Song Book." Ballantine Books, Inc., New York, November 1953, page 240\.
Reducing pitch\-up to an acceptable level has been done in different ways such as the addition of a fin known as a *[wing fence](/wiki/Wing_fence "Wing fence")* on the upper surface of the wing to redirect the flow to a streamwise direction. The [MiG\-15](/wiki/MiG-15 "MiG-15") was one example of an aircraft fitted with wing fences.Gunston 1995, p. 188\. Another closely related design was the addition of a [dogtooth notch](/wiki/Dogtooth_extension "Dogtooth extension") to the leading edge, used on the [Avro Arrow](/wiki/Avro_Arrow "Avro Arrow") interceptor.Whitcomb 2002, pp. 89–91\. Other designs took a more radical approach, including the [Republic XF\-91 Thunderceptor](/wiki/Republic_XF-91_Thunderceptor "Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor")'s wing that grew wider towards the tip to provide more lift at the tip. The [Handley Page Victor](/wiki/Handley_Page_Victor "Handley Page Victor") was equipped with a [crescent wing](/wiki/Crescent_wing "Crescent wing"), with three values of sweep, about 48 degrees near the wing root where the wing was thickest, a 38 degree transition length and 27 degrees for the remainder to the tip.Brookes 2011, pp. 6–7\.Lee, G.H. ["Aerodynamics of the Crescent Wing."](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%201386.html) *[Flight](/wiki/Flight_International "Flight International")*, 14 May 1954, pp. 611–612\.
Modern solutions to the problem no longer require "custom" designs such as these. The addition of [leading\-edge slats](/wiki/Leading-edge_slat "Leading-edge slat") and large compound [flaps](/wiki/Flap_%28aircraft%29 "Flap (aircraft)") to the wings has largely resolved the issue.[High\-Lift Aerodynamics, by A. M. O. Smith, McDonnell Douglas Corporation, Long Beach, June 1975](http://www.arvelgentry.com/amo/High-Lift_Aerodynamics.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707172637/http://www.arvelgentry.com/amo/High\-Lift\_Aerodynamics.pdf \|date\=7 July 2011 }}{{citation \|first\=F.\|last\= Handley Page \|url\=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1921/1921%20\-%200844\.html \|title\= Developments In Aircraft Design By The Use Of Slotted Wings \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103181345/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1921/1921%20\-%200844\.html \|archive\-date\=3 November 2012 \|work\=Flight \|date\= 22 December 1921 \| page\= 844 \|via\=Flightglobal Archive \|volume\= XIII \|number\=678 \|url\-status\=live }}Perkins, Courtland; Hage, Robert (1949\). *Airplane performance, stability and control*, Chapter 2, John Wiley and Sons. {{ISBN\|0\-471\-68046\-X}}. On fighter designs, the addition of [leading\-edge extensions](/wiki/Leading-edge_extension "Leading-edge extension"), which are typically included to achieve a high level of maneuverability, also serve to add lift during landing and reduce the problem.{{cite web \|last1\=Lee \|first1\=Gwo\-Bin \|title\=Leading\-edge Vortices Control on a Delta Wing by Micromachined Sensors and Actuators \|url\=http://www.las.inpe.br/\~jrsenna/AerospaceMEMS/Contr\-Ensaios\-voo/caltech1\.pdf \|publisher\= American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics \|access\-date\=18 October 2018}}*Effects of Wing\-Leading\-Edge Modifications on a Full\-Scale, Low\-Wing General Aviation Airplane.* Nasa TP, 2011\.
In addition to pitch\-up there are other complications inherent in a swept\-wing configuration. For any given length of wing, the actual span from tip\-to\-tip is shorter than the same wing that is not swept. There is a strong correlation between low\-speed drag and [aspect ratio](/wiki/Aspect_ratio_%28wing%29 "Aspect ratio (wing)"), the span compared to chord, so a swept wing always has more drag at lower speeds. In addition, there is extra torque applied by the wing to the fuselage which has to be allowed for when establishing the transfer of wing\-box loads to the fuselage. This results from the significant part of the wing lift which lies behind the attachment length where the wing meets the fuselage.
|
[
"### Disadvantages",
"{{More citations needed section\\|date \\= November 2021}}",
"When a swept wing travels at high speed, the airflow has little time to react and simply flows over the wing almost straight from front to back. At lower speeds the air *does* have time to react, and is pushed spanwise by the angled leading edge, towards the wing tip. At the wing root, by the fuselage, this has little noticeable effect, but as one moves towards the wingtip the airflow is pushed spanwise not only by the leading edge, but the spanwise moving air beside it. At the tip the airflow is moving along the wing instead of over it, a problem known as *spanwise flow*.",
"The lift from a wing is generated by the airflow over it from front to rear. With increasing span\\-wise flow the boundary layers on the surface of the wing have longer to travel, and so are thicker and more susceptible to transition to turbulence or flow separation, also the effective aspect ratio of the wing is less and so air \"leaks\" around the wing tips reducing their effectiveness. The spanwise flow on swept wings produces airflow that moves the stagnation point on the leading edge of any individual wing segment further beneath the leading edge, increasing effective [angle of attack](/wiki/Angle_of_attack \"Angle of attack\") of wing segments relative to its neighbouring forward segment. The result is that wing segments farther towards the rear operate at increasingly higher angles of attack promoting early stall of those segments. This promotes tip stall on back\\-swept wings, as the tips are most rearward, while delaying tip stall for forward\\-swept wings, where the tips are forward. With both forward and back\\-swept wings, the rear of the wing will stall first creating a nose\\-up moment on the aircraft. If not corrected by the pilot the plane will pitch up, leading to more of the wing stalling and more pitch up in a divergent manner. This uncontrollable instability came to be known as the *[Sabre dance](/wiki/Sabre_dance_%28pitch-up%29 \"Sabre dance (pitch-up)\")* in reference to the number of North American [F\\-100 Super Sabres](/wiki/F-100_Super_Sabre \"F-100 Super Sabre\") that crashed on landing as a result.{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.historynet.com/deadly\\-sabre\\-dance.htm \\|title \\= Deadly Sabre Dance \\|date \\= 11 July 2011 \\|publisher \\= historynet.com \\|access\\-date \\= 11 November 2020}}Ives, Burl. \"Burl Ives Song Book.\" Ballantine Books, Inc., New York, November 1953, page 240\\.",
"Reducing pitch\\-up to an acceptable level has been done in different ways such as the addition of a fin known as a *[wing fence](/wiki/Wing_fence \"Wing fence\")* on the upper surface of the wing to redirect the flow to a streamwise direction. The [MiG\\-15](/wiki/MiG-15 \"MiG-15\") was one example of an aircraft fitted with wing fences.Gunston 1995, p. 188\\. Another closely related design was the addition of a [dogtooth notch](/wiki/Dogtooth_extension \"Dogtooth extension\") to the leading edge, used on the [Avro Arrow](/wiki/Avro_Arrow \"Avro Arrow\") interceptor.Whitcomb 2002, pp. 89–91\\. Other designs took a more radical approach, including the [Republic XF\\-91 Thunderceptor](/wiki/Republic_XF-91_Thunderceptor \"Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor\")'s wing that grew wider towards the tip to provide more lift at the tip. The [Handley Page Victor](/wiki/Handley_Page_Victor \"Handley Page Victor\") was equipped with a [crescent wing](/wiki/Crescent_wing \"Crescent wing\"), with three values of sweep, about 48 degrees near the wing root where the wing was thickest, a 38 degree transition length and 27 degrees for the remainder to the tip.Brookes 2011, pp. 6–7\\.Lee, G.H. [\"Aerodynamics of the Crescent Wing.\"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%201386.html) *[Flight](/wiki/Flight_International \"Flight International\")*, 14 May 1954, pp. 611–612\\.",
"Modern solutions to the problem no longer require \"custom\" designs such as these. The addition of [leading\\-edge slats](/wiki/Leading-edge_slat \"Leading-edge slat\") and large compound [flaps](/wiki/Flap_%28aircraft%29 \"Flap (aircraft)\") to the wings has largely resolved the issue.[High\\-Lift Aerodynamics, by A. M. O. Smith, McDonnell Douglas Corporation, Long Beach, June 1975](http://www.arvelgentry.com/amo/High-Lift_Aerodynamics.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707172637/http://www.arvelgentry.com/amo/High\\-Lift\\_Aerodynamics.pdf \\|date\\=7 July 2011 }}{{citation \\|first\\=F.\\|last\\= Handley Page \\|url\\=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1921/1921%20\\-%200844\\.html \\|title\\= Developments In Aircraft Design By The Use Of Slotted Wings \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103181345/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1921/1921%20\\-%200844\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=3 November 2012 \\|work\\=Flight \\|date\\= 22 December 1921 \\| page\\= 844 \\|via\\=Flightglobal Archive \\|volume\\= XIII \\|number\\=678 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}Perkins, Courtland; Hage, Robert (1949\\). *Airplane performance, stability and control*, Chapter 2, John Wiley and Sons. {{ISBN\\|0\\-471\\-68046\\-X}}. On fighter designs, the addition of [leading\\-edge extensions](/wiki/Leading-edge_extension \"Leading-edge extension\"), which are typically included to achieve a high level of maneuverability, also serve to add lift during landing and reduce the problem.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Lee \\|first1\\=Gwo\\-Bin \\|title\\=Leading\\-edge Vortices Control on a Delta Wing by Micromachined Sensors and Actuators \\|url\\=http://www.las.inpe.br/\\~jrsenna/AerospaceMEMS/Contr\\-Ensaios\\-voo/caltech1\\.pdf \\|publisher\\= American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics \\|access\\-date\\=18 October 2018}}*Effects of Wing\\-Leading\\-Edge Modifications on a Full\\-Scale, Low\\-Wing General Aviation Airplane.* Nasa TP, 2011\\.",
"In addition to pitch\\-up there are other complications inherent in a swept\\-wing configuration. For any given length of wing, the actual span from tip\\-to\\-tip is shorter than the same wing that is not swept. There is a strong correlation between low\\-speed drag and [aspect ratio](/wiki/Aspect_ratio_%28wing%29 \"Aspect ratio (wing)\"), the span compared to chord, so a swept wing always has more drag at lower speeds. In addition, there is extra torque applied by the wing to the fuselage which has to be allowed for when establishing the transfer of wing\\-box loads to the fuselage. This results from the significant part of the wing lift which lies behind the attachment length where the wing meets the fuselage.",
""
] |
Variant designs
---------------
The term "swept wing" is normally used to mean "swept back", but other swept variants include [forward sweep](/wiki/Forward-swept_wing "Forward-swept wing"), [variable sweep wings](/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing "Variable-sweep wing") and [oblique wings](/wiki/Oblique_wing "Oblique wing") in which one side sweeps forward and the other back. The [delta wing](/wiki/Delta_wing "Delta wing") also incorporates the same advantages as part of its layout.
### Forward sweep
{{Main\|Forward\-swept wing}}
[thumb\|[LET L\-13](/wiki/LET_L-13 "LET L-13") two\-seat [glider](/wiki/Glider_aircraft "Glider aircraft") showing forward swept wing](/wiki/File:PSU_Blanik.JPG "PSU Blanik.JPG")
[thumb\|[Grumman X\-29](/wiki/Grumman_X-29 "Grumman X-29") experimental aircraft, an extreme example of a forward swept wing](/wiki/File:Grumman-X29-InFlight.jpg "Grumman-X29-InFlight.jpg")
Sweeping a wing forward has approximately the same effect as rearward in terms of drag reduction, but has other advantages in terms of low\-speed handling where tip stall problems simply go away. In this case the low\-speed air flows towards the fuselage, which acts as a very large wing fence. Additionally, wings are generally larger at the root anyway, which allows them to have better low\-speed lift.
However, this arrangement also has serious stability problems. The rearmost section of the wing will stall first causing a pitch\-up moment pushing the aircraft further into stall similar to a swept back wing design. Thus swept\-forward wings are unstable in a fashion similar to the low\-speed problems of a conventional swept wing. However unlike swept back wings, the tips on a forward swept design will stall last, maintaining roll control.
Forward\-swept wings can also experience dangerous flexing effects compared to aft\-swept wings that can negate the tip stall advantage if the wing is not sufficiently stiff. In aft\-swept designs, when the airplane maneuvers at high [load factor](/wiki/Load_factor_%28aerodynamics%29 "Load factor (aerodynamics)") the wing loading and geometry twists the wing in such a way as to create washout (tip twists leading edge down). This reduces the angle of attack at the tip, thus reducing the bending moment on the wing, as well as somewhat reducing the chance of tip stall.["Forward swept wings."](https://web.archive.org/web/20110712214258/http://www.homebuiltairplanes.com/forums/hangar-flying/1247-forward-swept-wings.html#post6578) *Homebuiltairplanes.* Retrieved: August 1, 2011\. However, the same effect on forward\-swept wings produces a wash\-in effect that increases the angle of attack promoting tip stall.
Small amounts of sweep do not cause serious problems, and had been used on a variety of aircraft to move the spar into a convenient location, as on the [Junkers Ju 287](/wiki/Junkers_Ju_287 "Junkers Ju 287") or [HFB 320 Hansa Jet](/wiki/HFB_320_Hansa_Jet "HFB 320 Hansa Jet").Bedell, Peter A. ["Quick Look: Hansa Jet: The ‘German LearJet’ was forward thinking, yet doomed."](https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2017/february/pilot/turbine-quick-look-hansa-jet) *aopa.org*, 1 February 2017\.Sweetman, Bill. ["Junkers Ju287 Technology Surprise, 1945\-Style."](https://aviationweek.com/blog/junkers-ju287-technology-surprise-1945-style) *Aviation Week*, 1 September 1914\. However, larger sweep suitable for high\-speed aircraft, like fighters, was generally impossible until the introduction of [fly by wire](/wiki/Fly_by_wire_%28flight_control%29 "Fly by wire (flight control)") systems that could react quickly enough to damp out these instabilities. The [Grumman X\-29](/wiki/Grumman_X-29 "Grumman X-29") was an experimental technology demonstration project designed to test the forward swept wing for enhanced maneuverability during the 1980s.Green 1970, pp. 493–496\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.ais.org/\~schnars/aero/x\-planes.htm \|title\=The X\-Planes: From X\-1 to X\-34 \|website\=AIS.org \|editor\-first\=Andreas \|editor\-last\=Gehrs\-Pahl \|year\=1995 \|access\-date\=1 September 2009}} The [Sukhoi Su\-47](/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-47 "Sukhoi Su-47") *Berkut* is another notable demonstrator aircraft implementing this technology to achieve high levels of agility.Jackson 2000, pp. 457–458\. To date, no highly swept\-forward design has entered production.
|
[
"Variant designs\n---------------",
"The term \"swept wing\" is normally used to mean \"swept back\", but other swept variants include [forward sweep](/wiki/Forward-swept_wing \"Forward-swept wing\"), [variable sweep wings](/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing \"Variable-sweep wing\") and [oblique wings](/wiki/Oblique_wing \"Oblique wing\") in which one side sweeps forward and the other back. The [delta wing](/wiki/Delta_wing \"Delta wing\") also incorporates the same advantages as part of its layout.",
"### Forward sweep",
"{{Main\\|Forward\\-swept wing}}\n[thumb\\|[LET L\\-13](/wiki/LET_L-13 \"LET L-13\") two\\-seat [glider](/wiki/Glider_aircraft \"Glider aircraft\") showing forward swept wing](/wiki/File:PSU_Blanik.JPG \"PSU Blanik.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|[Grumman X\\-29](/wiki/Grumman_X-29 \"Grumman X-29\") experimental aircraft, an extreme example of a forward swept wing](/wiki/File:Grumman-X29-InFlight.jpg \"Grumman-X29-InFlight.jpg\")",
"Sweeping a wing forward has approximately the same effect as rearward in terms of drag reduction, but has other advantages in terms of low\\-speed handling where tip stall problems simply go away. In this case the low\\-speed air flows towards the fuselage, which acts as a very large wing fence. Additionally, wings are generally larger at the root anyway, which allows them to have better low\\-speed lift.",
"However, this arrangement also has serious stability problems. The rearmost section of the wing will stall first causing a pitch\\-up moment pushing the aircraft further into stall similar to a swept back wing design. Thus swept\\-forward wings are unstable in a fashion similar to the low\\-speed problems of a conventional swept wing. However unlike swept back wings, the tips on a forward swept design will stall last, maintaining roll control.",
"Forward\\-swept wings can also experience dangerous flexing effects compared to aft\\-swept wings that can negate the tip stall advantage if the wing is not sufficiently stiff. In aft\\-swept designs, when the airplane maneuvers at high [load factor](/wiki/Load_factor_%28aerodynamics%29 \"Load factor (aerodynamics)\") the wing loading and geometry twists the wing in such a way as to create washout (tip twists leading edge down). This reduces the angle of attack at the tip, thus reducing the bending moment on the wing, as well as somewhat reducing the chance of tip stall.[\"Forward swept wings.\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110712214258/http://www.homebuiltairplanes.com/forums/hangar-flying/1247-forward-swept-wings.html#post6578) *Homebuiltairplanes.* Retrieved: August 1, 2011\\. However, the same effect on forward\\-swept wings produces a wash\\-in effect that increases the angle of attack promoting tip stall.",
"Small amounts of sweep do not cause serious problems, and had been used on a variety of aircraft to move the spar into a convenient location, as on the [Junkers Ju 287](/wiki/Junkers_Ju_287 \"Junkers Ju 287\") or [HFB 320 Hansa Jet](/wiki/HFB_320_Hansa_Jet \"HFB 320 Hansa Jet\").Bedell, Peter A. [\"Quick Look: Hansa Jet: The ‘German LearJet’ was forward thinking, yet doomed.\"](https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2017/february/pilot/turbine-quick-look-hansa-jet) *aopa.org*, 1 February 2017\\.Sweetman, Bill. [\"Junkers Ju287 Technology Surprise, 1945\\-Style.\"](https://aviationweek.com/blog/junkers-ju287-technology-surprise-1945-style) *Aviation Week*, 1 September 1914\\. However, larger sweep suitable for high\\-speed aircraft, like fighters, was generally impossible until the introduction of [fly by wire](/wiki/Fly_by_wire_%28flight_control%29 \"Fly by wire (flight control)\") systems that could react quickly enough to damp out these instabilities. The [Grumman X\\-29](/wiki/Grumman_X-29 \"Grumman X-29\") was an experimental technology demonstration project designed to test the forward swept wing for enhanced maneuverability during the 1980s.Green 1970, pp. 493–496\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ais.org/\\~schnars/aero/x\\-planes.htm \\|title\\=The X\\-Planes: From X\\-1 to X\\-34 \\|website\\=AIS.org \\|editor\\-first\\=Andreas \\|editor\\-last\\=Gehrs\\-Pahl \\|year\\=1995 \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2009}} The [Sukhoi Su\\-47](/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-47 \"Sukhoi Su-47\") *Berkut* is another notable demonstrator aircraft implementing this technology to achieve high levels of agility.Jackson 2000, pp. 457–458\\. To date, no highly swept\\-forward design has entered production.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Early history
The first successful aeroplanes adhered to the basic design of rectangular wings at right angles to the body of the machine. Such a layout is inherently unstable; if the weight distribution of the aircraft changes even slightly, the wing will want to rotate so its front moves up (weight moving rearward) or down (forward) and this rotation will change the development of lift and cause it to move further in that direction. To make an aircraft stable, the normal solution is to place the weight at one end and offset this with an opposite downward force at the other \- this leads to the classic layout with the engine in front and the control surfaces at the end of a long boom with the wing in the middle. This layout has long been known to be inefficient. The downward force of the control surfaces needs further lift from the wing to offset. The amount of force can be decreased by increasing the length of the boom, but this leads to more [skin friction](/wiki/Skin_friction "Skin friction") and weight of the boom itself.
This problem led to many experiments with different layouts that eliminates the need for the downward force. One such wing geometry appeared before [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), which led to early swept wing designs. In this layout, the wing is swept so that portions lie far in front and in back of the [center of gravity](/wiki/Center_of_gravity "Center of gravity") (CoG), with the control surfaces behind it. The result is a weight distribution similar to the classic layout, but the offsetting control force is no longer a separate surface but part of the wing, which would have existed anyway. This eliminates the need for separate structure, making the aircraft have less drag and require less total lift for the same level of performance. These layouts inspired several flying wing gliders and some powered aircraft during the interwar years.{{cite web \|last\=Hallion \|first\=Richard, P \|title\=The NACA, NASA, and the Supersonic\-Hypersonic Frontie r\|url\=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20100025896\_2010028361\.pdf \|work\=NASA \|publisher\=NASA Technical Reports Server \|access\-date\=7 September 2011}}
[thumb\|A Burgess\-Dunne tailless biplane: the angle of sweep is exaggerated by the sideways view, with washout also present at the wingtips.](/wiki/File:Burgess-Dunne_ExCC.jpg "Burgess-Dunne ExCC.jpg")
The first to achieve stability was British designer [J. W. Dunne](/wiki/J._W._Dunne "J. W. Dunne") who was obsessed with achieving inherent stability in flight. He successfully employed swept wings in his tailless aircraft (which, crucially, used [washout](/wiki/Washout_%28aeronautics%29 "Washout (aeronautics)")) as a means of creating positive [longitudinal static stability](/wiki/Longitudinal_static_stability "Longitudinal static stability").Poulsen, C. M. ["Tailless Trials."](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1943/1943%20-%201376.html) *[Flight](/wiki/Flight_International "Flight International"),* 27 May 1943, pp. 556–558\. Retrieved: 1 August 2014\. For a low\-speed aircraft, swept wings may be used to resolve problems with the [center of gravity](/wiki/Center_of_gravity_of_an_aircraft "Center of gravity of an aircraft"), to move the wing spar into a more convenient location, or to improve the sideways view from the pilot's position. By 1905, Dunne had already built a model glider with swept wings and by 1913 he had constructed successful powered variants that were able to cross the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel "English Channel"). The [Dunne D.5](/wiki/Dunne_D.5 "Dunne D.5") was exceptionally aerodynamically stable for the time,{{cite journal \|last\= Poulsen \|first\= C. M. \|date\=27 May 1943 \|title\=Tailless Trials \|journal\=\[\[Flight International\|Flight]] \|pages\=556–58 \|url\=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1943/1943%20\-%201376\.html \|access\-date\=27 February 2008 }} and the [D.8](/wiki/Dunne_D.8 "Dunne D.8") was sold to the [Royal Flying Corps](/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps "Royal Flying Corps"); it was also manufactured under licence by [Starling Burgess](/wiki/Starling_Burgess "Starling Burgess") to the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") amongst other customers.{{harvnb\|Lewis\|1962\|pages\=228–229}}
Dunne's work ceased with the onset of war in 1914, but afterwards the idea was taken up by [G. T. R. Hill](/wiki/G._T._R._Hill "G. T. R. Hill") in England who designed a series of gliders and aircraft to Dunne's guidelines, notably the [Westland\-Hill Pterodactyl](/wiki/Westland-Hill_Pterodactyl "Westland-Hill Pterodactyl") series.Sturtivant 1990, p. 45\. However, Dunne's theories met with little acceptance amongst the leading aircraft designers and aviation companies at the time.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.aviationclassics.co.uk/news/swept\-wing\-technology \|title\=Issue 9 \- North American F\-86 Sabre: Swept wing technology \|publisher\=Aviation Classics \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010821/http://www.aviationclassics.co.uk/news/swept\-wing\-technology \|archive\-date\=3 December 2013 }}
### German developments
[thumb\|left\|[Adolf Busemann](/wiki/Adolf_Busemann "Adolf Busemann") proposed the use of swept\-wings to reduce drag at high speed, at the [Volta Conference](/wiki/Volta_Conference "Volta Conference") in 1935\.](/wiki/Image:Adolf_Busemann_at_Langley.jpg "Adolf Busemann at Langley.jpg")
The idea of using swept wings to reduce high\-speed drag was developed in Germany in the 1930s. At a [Volta Conference](/wiki/Volta_Conference "Volta Conference") meeting in 1935 in Italy, [Adolf Busemann](/wiki/Adolf_Busemann "Adolf Busemann") suggested the use of swept wings for [supersonic](/wiki/Supersonic "Supersonic") flight. He noted that the airspeed over the wing was dominated by the normal component of the airflow, not the freestream velocity, so by setting the wing at an angle the forward velocity at which the shock waves would form would be higher (the same had been noted by [Max Munk](/wiki/Max_Munk "Max Munk") in 1924, although not in the context of high\-speed flight).Anderson, John D. Jr. *A History of Aerodynamics*. New York: McGraw Hill, 1997, p. 424\. [Albert Betz](/wiki/Albert_Betz "Albert Betz") immediately suggested the same effect would be equally useful in the transonic.["Comment by Hans von Ohain during public talks with Frank Whittle, p. 28\."](http://www.ascho.wpafb.af.mil/encounter/Chap1-28.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209170510/http://www.ascho.wpafb.af.mil/encounter/Chap1\-28\.htm \|date\=9 December 2007 }} *ascho.wpafb.af.mil.* Retrieved: 1 August 2011\. After the presentation the host of the meeting, [Arturo Crocco](/wiki/Gaetano_Crocco "Gaetano Crocco"), jokingly sketched "Busemann's airplane of the future" on the back of a menu while they all dined. Crocco's sketch showed a classic 1950s fighter design, with swept wings and tail surfaces, although he also sketched a swept propeller powering it.
At the time, however, there was no way to power an aircraft to these sorts of speeds, and even the fastest aircraft of the era were only approaching {{convert\|400\|km/h\|0\|abbr\=on}}.The presentation was largely of academic interest, and soon forgotten. Even notable attendees including [Theodore von Kármán](/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n "Theodore von Kármán") and [Eastman Jacobs](/wiki/Eastman_Jacobs "Eastman Jacobs") did not recall the presentation 10 years later when it was re\-introduced to them.Anderson 1997, pp. 423–424\.
Hubert Ludwieg of the High\-Speed Aerodynamics Branch at the AVA Göttingen in 1939 conducted the first wind tunnel tests to investigate Busemann's theory. Two wings, one with no sweep, and one with 45 degrees of sweep were tested at [Mach numbers](/wiki/Mach_number "Mach number") of 0\.7 and 0\.9 in the 11 x 13 cm wind tunnel. The results of these tests confirmed the drag reduction offered by swept wings at transonic speeds. The results of the tests were communicated to [Albert Betz](/wiki/Albert_Betz "Albert Betz") who then passed them on to [Willy Messerschmitt](/wiki/Willy_Messerschmitt "Willy Messerschmitt") in December 1939\. The tests were expanded in 1940 to include wings with 15, 30 and \-45 degrees of sweep and Mach numbers as high as 1\.21\.
With the introduction of [jets](/wiki/Jet_engine "Jet engine") in the later half of the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), the swept wing became increasingly applicable to optimally satisfying aerodynamic needs. The German jet\-powered [Messerschmitt Me 262](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262 "Messerschmitt Me 262") and rocket\-powered [Messerschmitt Me 163](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163 "Messerschmitt Me 163") suffered from [compressibility](/wiki/Compressibility "Compressibility") effects that made both aircraft very difficult to control at high speeds. In addition, the speeds put them into the [wave drag](/wiki/Wave_drag "Wave drag") regime, and anything that could reduce this drag would increase the performance of their aircraft, notably the notoriously short flight times measured in minutes. This resulted in a crash program to introduce new swept wing designs, both for fighters as well as [bombers](/wiki/Bomber "Bomber"). The [Blohm \& Voss P 215](/wiki/Blohm_%26_Voss_P_215 "Blohm & Voss P 215") was designed to take full advantage of the swept wing's aerodynamic properties; however, an order for three prototypes was received only weeks before the war ended and no examples were ever built.Hermann Pohlmann; *Chronik Eines Flugzeugwerkes 1932–1945*, 2nd Impression, Motorbuch, 1982, pp. 190\-193\. The [Focke\-Wulf Ta 183](/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Ta_183 "Focke-Wulf Ta 183") was another swept wing fighter design, but was also not produced before the war's end.Myhra 1999, p. 4\. In the post\-war era, [Kurt Tank](/wiki/Kurt_Tank "Kurt Tank") developed the Ta 183 into the [IAe Pulqui II](/wiki/IAe_Pulqui_II "IAe Pulqui II"), but this proved unsuccessful.Waligorski, Martin. ["Pulqui: Argentina's Jet Adventure."](http://www.ipmsstockholm.org/magazine/2002/06/stuff_eng_profile_pulqui.htm) *Camouflage \& Markings*: *IPMS Stockholm*, 22 September 2006\. Retrieved: 27 April 2010\.
A prototype test aircraft, the [Messerschmitt Me P.1101](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_P.1101 "Messerschmitt Me P.1101"), was built to research the tradeoffs of the design and develop general rules about what angle of sweep to use.Christopher 2013, pp. 157–160\. When it was 80% complete, the P.1101 was captured by US forces and returned to the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), where two additional copies with US\-built engines carried on the research as the [Bell X\-5](/wiki/Bell_X-5 "Bell X-5").Winchester 2005, p. 37\. Germany's wartime experience with the swept wings and its high value for supersonic flight stood in strong contrast to the prevailing views of Allied experts of the era, who commonly espoused their belief in the impossibility of manned vehicles travelling at such speeds.{{Cite magazine \|last\=Ley \|first\=Willy \|date\=November 1948 \|title\=The 'Brickwall' in the Sky \|url\=https://archive.org/stream/Astounding\_v42n03\_1948\-11\_cape1736\#page/n77/mode/2up \|magazine\=Astounding Science Fiction \|pages\=78–99}}
### Postwar advancements
[thumb\|Artist's impression of the Miles M.52](/wiki/File:MilesM52_1.jpg "MilesM52 1.jpg")
During the immediate post\-war era, several nations were conducting research into high speed aircraft. In the United Kingdom, work commenced during 1943 on the [Miles M.52](/wiki/Miles_M.52 "Miles M.52"), a high\-speed experimental aircraft equipped with a straight wing that was developed in conjunction with [Frank Whittle](/wiki/Frank_Whittle "Frank Whittle")'s [Power Jets](/wiki/Power_Jets "Power Jets") company, the [Royal Aircraft Establishment](/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment "Royal Aircraft Establishment") (RAE) in [Farnborough](/wiki/Farnborough_Airport "Farnborough Airport"), and the [National Physical Laboratory](/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_%28United_Kingdom%29 "National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)").Wood 1975, p. 29\. The M.52 was envisioned to be capable of achieving {{convert\|1000\|mph}} in level flight, thus enabling the aircraft to potentially be the first to exceed the speed of sound in the world. In February 1946, the programme was abruptly discontinued for unclear reasons.Wood 1975, pp. 34–35\. It has since been widely recognised that the cancellation of the M.52 was a major setback in British progress in the field of supersonic design.
Another, more successful, programme was the US's [Bell X\-1](/wiki/Bell_X-1 "Bell X-1"), which also was equipped with a straight wing. According to Miles Chief Aerodynamicist Dennis Bancroft, the [Bell Aircraft](/wiki/Bell_Aircraft "Bell Aircraft") company was given access to the drawings and research on the M.52\.Wood 1975, p. 36\. On 14 October 1947, the Bell X\-1 performed the first manned [supersonic](/wiki/Supersonic "Supersonic") flight, piloted by [Captain](/wiki/Captain_%28United_States_O-3%29 "Captain (United States O-3)") [Charles "Chuck" Yeager](/wiki/Chuck_Yeager "Chuck Yeager"), having been [drop launched](/wiki/Drop_launch "Drop launch") from the bomb bay of a [Boeing B\-29 Superfortress](/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress "Boeing B-29 Superfortress") and attained a record\-breaking speed of Mach 1\.06 ({{convert\|700\|mph\|km/h kn}}). The news of a successful straight\-wing supersonic aircraft surprised many aeronautical experts on both sides of the Atlantic, as it was increasingly believed that a swept\-wing design not only highly beneficial but also necessary to break the sound barrier.{{r\|ley194811}}
[thumb\|right\|The [de Havilland DH 108](/wiki/De_Havilland_DH_108 "De Havilland DH 108"), a prototype swept\-wing aircraft](/wiki/File:DH_108_Swallow_tg283.jpg "DH 108 Swallow tg283.jpg")
During the final years of the Second World War, aircraft designer Sir [Geoffrey de Havilland](/wiki/Geoffrey_de_Havilland "Geoffrey de Havilland") commenced development on the [de Havilland Comet](/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet "De Havilland Comet"), which would become the world's first jet airliner. An early design consideration was whether to apply the new swept\-wing configuration.Davies and Birtles 1999, p. 10\. Thus, an experimental aircraft to explore the technology, the [de Havilland DH 108](/wiki/De_Havilland_DH_108 "De Havilland DH 108"), was developed by the firm in 1944, headed by project engineer [John Carver Meadows Frost](/wiki/John_Carver_Meadows_Frost "John Carver Meadows Frost") with a team of 8–10 draughtsmen and engineers. The DH 108 primarily consisted of the pairing of the front fuselage of the [de Havilland Vampire](/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire "De Havilland Vampire") to a swept wing and small vertical tail; it was the first British swept wing jet, unofficially known as the "Swallow".Winchester 2005, p. 78\. It first flew on 15 May 1946, a mere eight months after the project's go\-ahead. Company test pilot and son of the builder, [Geoffrey de Havilland Jr](/wiki/Geoffrey_de_Havilland_Jr "Geoffrey de Havilland Jr")., flew the first of three aircraft and found it extremely fast – fast enough to try for a world speed record. On 12 April 1948, a D.H.108 did set a world's speed record at 973\.65 km/h (605 mph), it subsequently became the first jet aircraft to exceed the speed of sound.{{cite web \|title\=Eric 'Winkle' Brown obituary \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk\-news/2016/feb/22/eric\-winkle\-brown\-obituary \|work\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|date\=22 February 2016 \|access\-date\=13 August 2016}}
Around this same timeframe, the [Air Ministry](/wiki/Air_Ministry "Air Ministry") introduced a program of experimental aircraft to examine the effects of swept wings, as well as the [delta wing](/wiki/Delta_wing "Delta wing") configuration.Buttler 2007, p. 52\. Furthermore, the [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force "Royal Air Force") (RAF) identified a pair of proposed fighter aircraft equipped with swept wings from [Hawker Aircraft](/wiki/Hawker_Aircraft "Hawker Aircraft") and [Supermarine](/wiki/Supermarine "Supermarine"), the [Hawker Hunter](/wiki/Hawker_Hunter "Hawker Hunter") and [Supermarine Swift](/wiki/Supermarine_Swift "Supermarine Swift") respectively, and successfully pressed for orders to be placed 'off the drawing board' in 1950\.Wood 1975, pp. 43–46\. On 7 September 1953, the sole Hunter Mk 3 (the modified first prototype, *WB 188*) flown by [Neville Duke](/wiki/Neville_Duke "Neville Duke") broke the world [air speed record](/wiki/Air_speed_record "Air speed record") for jet\-powered aircraft, attaining a speed of 727\.63 mph (1,171\.01 km/h) over [Littlehampton](/wiki/Littlehampton "Littlehampton"), [West Sussex](/wiki/West_Sussex "West Sussex").["R.Ae.C. Award Winners."](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%200309.html) *Flight International*, 5 February 1954\. Retrieved: 3 November 2009\. This world record stood for less than three weeks before being broken on 25 September 1953 by the Hunter's early rival, the Supermarine Swift, being flown by Michael Lithgow.["Speed Record Again Broken?"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cilgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Vm8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3245,3493974&dq=air+speed+record&hl=en) *Saskatoon Star\-Phoenix,* 25 September 1953\.
In February 1945, [NACA](/wiki/NACA "NACA") engineer [Robert T. Jones](/wiki/Robert_Thomas_Jones_%28engineer%29 "Robert Thomas Jones (engineer)") started looking at highly swept [delta wings](/wiki/Delta_wing "Delta wing") and V shapes, and discovered the same effects as Busemann. He finished a detailed report on the concept in April, but found his work was heavily criticised by other members of [NACA Langley](/wiki/Langley_Research_Center "Langley Research Center"), notably Theodore Theodorsen, who referred to it as "hocus\-pocus" and demanded some "real mathematics". However, Jones had already secured some time for [free\-flight models](/wiki/Free_flight_%28model_aircraft%29 "Free flight (model aircraft)") under the direction of [Robert Gilruth](/wiki/Robert_Gilruth "Robert Gilruth"), whose reports were presented at the end of May and showed a fourfold decrease in drag at high speeds. All of this was compiled into a report published on June 21, 1945, which was sent out to the industry three weeks later.["Wing Planforms for High\-Speed Flight."](https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930081951_1993081951.pdf) *NACA TN\-1033\.* Retrieved: July 24, 2011\. Ironically, by this point Busemann's work had already been passed around.
[thumb\|right\|The first American swept\-wing aircraft, the [Boeing B\-47 Stratojet](/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet "Boeing B-47 Stratojet")](/wiki/File:Boeing_B-47E-65-BW.jpg "Boeing B-47E-65-BW.jpg")
In May 1945, the American [Operation Paperclip](/wiki/Operation_Paperclip "Operation Paperclip") reached [Braunschweig](/wiki/Braunschweig_University_of_Technology "Braunschweig University of Technology"), where US personnel discovered a number of swept wing models and a mass of technical data from the wind tunnels. One member of the US team was [George S. Schairer](/wiki/George_S._Schairer "George S. Schairer"), who was at that time working at the Boeing company. He immediately forwarded a letter to Ben Cohn at Boeing, communicating the value of the swept wing concept.Von Karman, *Aerodynamics: Selected Topics in the Light of their Historical Developments*, 1954\.Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, pp. 39–40\. He also told Cohn to distribute the letter to other companies as well, although only Boeing and North American made immediate use of it.{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2020}}
Boeing was in the midst of designing the [B\-47 Stratojet](/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet "Boeing B-47 Stratojet"), and the initial Model 424 was a straight\-wing design similar to the [B\-45](/wiki/B-45_Tornado "B-45 Tornado"), [B\-46](/wiki/Convair_XB-46 "Convair XB-46") and [B\-48](/wiki/Martin_XB-48 "Martin XB-48") it competed with. Analysis by Boeing engineer Vic Ganzer suggested an optimum sweepback angle of about 35 degrees.Cook 1991, p. 152\. By September 1945, the Braunschweig data had been worked into the design, which re\-emerged as the Model 448, a larger six\-engine design with more robust wings swept at 35 degrees. Another re\-work moved the engines into strut\-mounted pods under the wings due to concerns of the uncontained failure of an internal engine could potentially destroy the aircraft via either fire or vibration.Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 40\. The resulting B\-47 was hailed as the fastest of its class in the world during the late 1940s,Fraser November 1949, p. 139\. and trounced the straight\-winged competition. Boeing's jet\-transport formula of swept wings and pylon\-mounted engines has since been universally adopted.{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2020}}
In fighters, [North American Aviation](/wiki/North_American_Aviation "North American Aviation") was in the midst of working on a straight\-wing jet\-powered naval fighter, then known as the [FJ\-1](/wiki/North_American_FJ-1_Fury "North American FJ-1 Fury"); it was later submitted to the United States Air Force as the [XP\-86](/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre "North American F-86 Sabre").{{harvnb\|Werrell\|2005\|p\=5\.}} Larry Green, who could read German, studied the Busemann reports and convinced management to allow a redesign starting in August 1945\.Lednicer, David. ["The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage."](http://www.ae.illinois.edu/m-selig/ads/aircraft.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420012244/http://www.ae.illinois.edu/m\-selig/ads/aircraft.html \|date\=20 April 2010 }} *ae.illinois.edu,* 15 October 2010\. Retrieved: 19 July 2011\.Radinger and Schick 1996, p. 32\. The performance of the F\-86A allowed it set the first of several official [world speed records](/wiki/Flight_airspeed_record "Flight airspeed record"), attaining {{Convert\|671\|mph\|km/h}} on 15 September 1948, flown by Major [Richard L. Johnson](/wiki/Dick_Johnson_%28test_pilot%29 "Dick Johnson (test pilot)").Wagner 1963, {{page needed\|date\=November 2020}}. With the appearance of the MiG\-15, the F\-86 was rushed into combat, while straight\-wing jets like the [Lockheed P\-80 Shooting Star](/wiki/Lockheed_P-80_Shooting_Star "Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star") and [Republic F\-84 Thunderjet](/wiki/Republic_F-84_Thunderjet "Republic F-84 Thunderjet") were quickly relegated to ground attack missions. Some, such as the F\-84 and [Grumman F\-9 Cougar](/wiki/Grumman_F-9_Cougar "Grumman F-9 Cougar"), were later redesigned with swept wings from straight\-winged aircraft.Knaack 1978, p. 42\.Kinzey 1983, p. 4\. Later planes, such as the [North American F\-100 Super Sabre](/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre "North American F-100 Super Sabre"), would be designed with swept wings from the start, though additional innovations such as the afterburner, area\-rule and new control surfaces would be necessary to master supersonic flight.{{Cite web \|url\=http://ftp.rta.nato.int/public//PubFulltext/RTO/TR/RTO\-TR\-029///TR\-029\-$$ALL.pdf \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=4 November 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717062826/http://ftp.rta.nato.int/public/PubFulltext/RTO/TR/RTO\-TR\-029/TR\-029\-$$ALL.pdf \|archive\-date\=17 July 2013 \|url\-status\=dead }}
[thumb\|[MiG\-15](/wiki/MiG-15 "MiG-15") and [F\-86 Sabre](/wiki/F-86_Sabre "F-86 Sabre") Side\-by\-Side comparison](/wiki/File:MIG-15_Sabre_Side-by-Side_lower_resolution.png "MIG-15 Sabre Side-by-Side lower resolution.png")
The [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") was also quick to investigate the advantages of swept wings on high speed aircraft, when their "captured aviation technology" counterparts to the western Allies spread out across the defeated Third Reich. [Artem Mikoyan](/wiki/Artem_Mikoyan "Artem Mikoyan") was asked by the Soviet government's [TsAGI](/wiki/TsAGI "TsAGI") aviation research department to develop a test\-bed aircraft to research the swept wing idea — the result was the late 1945\-flown, unusual [MiG\-8](/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-8 "Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-8") *Utka* [pusher](/wiki/Pusher_configuration "Pusher configuration") [canard](/wiki/Canard_%28aeronautics%29 "Canard (aeronautics)") layout aircraft, with its rearwards\-located wings being swept back for this type of research.Gunston 1995, p. 184\. The swept wing was applied to the [MiG\-15](/wiki/MiG-15 "MiG-15"), an early jet\-powered fighter, its maximum speed of {{convert\|1075\|km/h\|0\|abbr\=on}} outclassed the straight\-winged American jets and piston\-engined fighters initially deployed during the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War").Seidov and Britton 2014, p. 554\. The MiG\-15 is believed to have been one of [the most produced jet aircraft](/wiki/List_of_most-produced_aircraft "List of most-produced aircraft"); in excess of 13,000 would ultimately be manufactured.{{citation \|url\=http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id\=A19860066000 \|title\=Mikoyan\-Gurevich MiG\-15 (Ji\-2\) Fagot B. \|work\=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220195312/http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id\=A19860066000 \|archive\-date\=20 December 2015 \|url\-status\=dead }}
[thumb\|Soviet MiG\-17](/wiki/File:MiG-17F_Top_View.JPG "MiG-17F Top View.JPG")
The MiG\-15, which could not safely exceed Mach 0\.92, served as the basis for the [MiG\-17](/wiki/MiG-17 "MiG-17"), which was designed to be controllable at higher Mach numbers.Sweetman 1984, p. 11\. Its wing sweep, 45° near the fuselage ( the same as the [F\-100 Super Sabre](/wiki/F-100_Super_Sabre "F-100 Super Sabre")), changed to 42° for the outboard part of the wing.Crosby 2002, p. 212\. A further derivative of the design, designated [MiG\-19](/wiki/MiG-19 "MiG-19"), featured a relatively thin wing suited to supersonic flight that was designed at TsAGI, the Soviet [Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute](/wiki/Central_Aerohydrodynamic_Institute "Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute"); swept back at an angle of 55 degrees, this wing featured a single [wing fence](/wiki/Wing_fence "Wing fence") on each side.Gordon 1997, p. 124\. A specialist high\-altitude variant, the Mig\-19SV, featured, amongst other changes, an adjustable flap to generate greater lift at higher altitudes, helping to increase the aircraft's ceiling from {{convert\|17500\|m\|ft\|abbr\=on}} to {{convert\|18500\|m\|ft\|abbr\=on}}.Belyakov and Marmain 1994, pp. 225–227\.Gunston 1995, pp. 197–198\.
Germany's swept wing research was also obtained by the Swedish aircraft manufacturer [SAAB](/wiki/Saab_AB "Saab AB"), with the help of ex\-Messerschmitt engineers that had fled to [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") during late 1945\.Erichs et al. 1988, p. 37\.Dorr 2013, p. 237\. At the time, SAAB saw the need to make aeronautical advances, particularly in the new field of jet propulsion.Widfeldt 1966, p. 3\. The company incorporated both the jet engine and the swept wing to produce the [Saab 29 Tunnan](/wiki/Saab_29_Tunnan "Saab 29 Tunnan") fighter; on 1 September 1948, the first prototype conducted its maiden flight, flown by the English test pilot [S/L](/wiki/Squadron_leader "Squadron leader") Robert A. 'Bob' Moore, [DFC](/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)") and bar,*Flight* 1950, p. 558\. Although not well known outside Sweden, the Tunnan was the first Western European fighter to be introduced with such a wing configuration.Boyne 2002, p. 547\.["1940s."](http://saabgroup.com/about-company/history/1940s/) *Saab*, Retrieved: 27 March 2016\. In parallel, SAAB also developed another swept wing aircraft, the [Saab 32 Lansen](/wiki/Saab_32_Lansen "Saab 32 Lansen"), primarily to serve as Sweden's standard attack aircraft.*Saab* 30 December 1960, p. 1017\. Its wing, which had a 10 per cent laminar profile and a 35° sweep, featured triangular fences near the [wing roots](/wiki/Wing_root "Wing root") in order to improve airflow when the aircraft was being flown at a high [angle of attack](/wiki/Angle_of_attack "Angle of attack"). On 25 October 1953, a SAAB 32 Lansen attained a [Mach](/wiki/Mach_number "Mach number") number of at least 1\.12 while in a shallow dive, exceeding the [sound barrier](/wiki/Supersonic "Supersonic").Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 135\.
The successes of aircraft such as the Hawker Hunter, the B\-47, and F\-86 showed the value of the swept wing research acquired from Germany. Eventually, almost all advanced design efforts for high speed aircraft would incorporate a wing with a swept leading edge, with either a swept wing or [delta wing](/wiki/Delta_wing "Delta wing") [planform](/wiki/Wing_planform "Wing planform"). The Boeing B\-52, designed in the 1950s, continues in service as a subsonic long\-range heavy bomber.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/224/Article/104465/b\-52\-stratofortress.aspx \|title\=B\-52 Stratofortress – U.S. Air Force – Fact Sheet Display \|website\= af.mil}}{{cite web \|url\=https://medium.com/war\-is\-boring/i\-ll\-be\-damned\-these\-boneyard\-b\-52s\-can\-still\-fly\-4eec4c8bf5cf \|title\=I'll Be Damned, These Boneyard B\-52s Can Still Fly \|first\=Joseph \|last\=Trevithick \|date\=19 February 2015 \|website\=Medium}} While the Soviets never matched the performance of the [Boeing B\-52 Stratofortress](/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress "Boeing B-52 Stratofortress") with a jet aircraft, the intercontinental range [Tupolev Tu\-95](/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95 "Tupolev Tu-95") [turboprop](/wiki/Turboprop "Turboprop") bomber with its near\-jet class top speed of 920 km/h, combining swept wings with propeller propulsion, also remains in service today, being the fastest propeller\-powered production aircraft.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russian\-air\-force\-takes\-first\-modernised\-tupolev\-bombers\-407325/ \|title\=Russian air force takes first modernised Tupolev bombers \|work\=Flightglobal \|first\=Dominic \|last\=Perry \|location\=London \|date\=19 December 2014 \|access\-date\=20 November 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927193745/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russian\-air\-force\-takes\-first\-modernised\-tupolev\-bombers\-407325/ \|archive\-date\=27 September 2015 \|url\-status\=live \|df\=dmy\-all}} In Britain, two swept\-wing bombers entered service, the [Vickers Valiant](/wiki/Vickers_Valiant "Vickers Valiant") (1955\)Andrews and Morgan 1988, p. 439\. and the [Handley Page Victor](/wiki/Handley_Page_Victor "Handley Page Victor") (1958\).Barnes 1976, p. 503\.
By the early 1950s, nearly every new fighter had a swept wing. By the 1960s, most civilian jets also adopted swept wings. Most early transonic and supersonic designs such as the MiG\-19 and F\-100 used long, highly swept wings. Swept wings would reach Mach 2 on the BAC Lightning, and [Republic F\-105 Thunderchief](/wiki/Republic_F-105_Thunderchief "Republic F-105 Thunderchief"), built to operate at low level and very high speed primarily for nuclear strike, but with a secondary air\-to\-air capability.The World's Fighting Planes, William Green 1964, Fourth Edition, Macdonald \& Co. (Publishers) Ltd., Gulf House, 2 Portman Street, London, W.1, p. 214 By the late 1960s, the [McDonnell F\-4 Phantom II](/wiki/McDonnell_F-4_Phantom_II "McDonnell F-4 Phantom II"), was used in large numbers by air forces influenced by the United States. Variable geometry wings were employed on the American [F\-111](/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark "General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark"), [Grumman F\-14 Tomcat](/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat "Grumman F-14 Tomcat") and Soviet [Mikoyan MiG\-27](/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-27 "Mikoyan MiG-27"), although the idea would be abandoned for the American SST design. After the 1970s, most newer generation fighters optimized for maneuvering air combat since the USAF F\-15 and Soviet [Mikoyan MiG\-29](/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-29 "Mikoyan MiG-29") have employed relatively short\-span fixed wings with relatively large wing area.{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2020}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Early history",
"The first successful aeroplanes adhered to the basic design of rectangular wings at right angles to the body of the machine. Such a layout is inherently unstable; if the weight distribution of the aircraft changes even slightly, the wing will want to rotate so its front moves up (weight moving rearward) or down (forward) and this rotation will change the development of lift and cause it to move further in that direction. To make an aircraft stable, the normal solution is to place the weight at one end and offset this with an opposite downward force at the other \\- this leads to the classic layout with the engine in front and the control surfaces at the end of a long boom with the wing in the middle. This layout has long been known to be inefficient. The downward force of the control surfaces needs further lift from the wing to offset. The amount of force can be decreased by increasing the length of the boom, but this leads to more [skin friction](/wiki/Skin_friction \"Skin friction\") and weight of the boom itself.",
"This problem led to many experiments with different layouts that eliminates the need for the downward force. One such wing geometry appeared before [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), which led to early swept wing designs. In this layout, the wing is swept so that portions lie far in front and in back of the [center of gravity](/wiki/Center_of_gravity \"Center of gravity\") (CoG), with the control surfaces behind it. The result is a weight distribution similar to the classic layout, but the offsetting control force is no longer a separate surface but part of the wing, which would have existed anyway. This eliminates the need for separate structure, making the aircraft have less drag and require less total lift for the same level of performance. These layouts inspired several flying wing gliders and some powered aircraft during the interwar years.{{cite web \\|last\\=Hallion \\|first\\=Richard, P \\|title\\=The NACA, NASA, and the Supersonic\\-Hypersonic Frontie r\\|url\\=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20100025896\\_2010028361\\.pdf \\|work\\=NASA \\|publisher\\=NASA Technical Reports Server \\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2011}}",
"[thumb\\|A Burgess\\-Dunne tailless biplane: the angle of sweep is exaggerated by the sideways view, with washout also present at the wingtips.](/wiki/File:Burgess-Dunne_ExCC.jpg \"Burgess-Dunne ExCC.jpg\")\nThe first to achieve stability was British designer [J. W. Dunne](/wiki/J._W._Dunne \"J. W. Dunne\") who was obsessed with achieving inherent stability in flight. He successfully employed swept wings in his tailless aircraft (which, crucially, used [washout](/wiki/Washout_%28aeronautics%29 \"Washout (aeronautics)\")) as a means of creating positive [longitudinal static stability](/wiki/Longitudinal_static_stability \"Longitudinal static stability\").Poulsen, C. M. [\"Tailless Trials.\"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1943/1943%20-%201376.html) *[Flight](/wiki/Flight_International \"Flight International\"),* 27 May 1943, pp. 556–558\\. Retrieved: 1 August 2014\\. For a low\\-speed aircraft, swept wings may be used to resolve problems with the [center of gravity](/wiki/Center_of_gravity_of_an_aircraft \"Center of gravity of an aircraft\"), to move the wing spar into a more convenient location, or to improve the sideways view from the pilot's position. By 1905, Dunne had already built a model glider with swept wings and by 1913 he had constructed successful powered variants that were able to cross the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel \"English Channel\"). The [Dunne D.5](/wiki/Dunne_D.5 \"Dunne D.5\") was exceptionally aerodynamically stable for the time,{{cite journal \\|last\\= Poulsen \\|first\\= C. M. \\|date\\=27 May 1943 \\|title\\=Tailless Trials \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Flight International\\|Flight]] \\|pages\\=556–58 \\|url\\=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1943/1943%20\\-%201376\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=27 February 2008 }} and the [D.8](/wiki/Dunne_D.8 \"Dunne D.8\") was sold to the [Royal Flying Corps](/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps \"Royal Flying Corps\"); it was also manufactured under licence by [Starling Burgess](/wiki/Starling_Burgess \"Starling Burgess\") to the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") amongst other customers.{{harvnb\\|Lewis\\|1962\\|pages\\=228–229}}",
"Dunne's work ceased with the onset of war in 1914, but afterwards the idea was taken up by [G. T. R. Hill](/wiki/G._T._R._Hill \"G. T. R. Hill\") in England who designed a series of gliders and aircraft to Dunne's guidelines, notably the [Westland\\-Hill Pterodactyl](/wiki/Westland-Hill_Pterodactyl \"Westland-Hill Pterodactyl\") series.Sturtivant 1990, p. 45\\. However, Dunne's theories met with little acceptance amongst the leading aircraft designers and aviation companies at the time.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.aviationclassics.co.uk/news/swept\\-wing\\-technology \\|title\\=Issue 9 \\- North American F\\-86 Sabre: Swept wing technology \\|publisher\\=Aviation Classics \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010821/http://www.aviationclassics.co.uk/news/swept\\-wing\\-technology \\|archive\\-date\\=3 December 2013 }}",
"### German developments",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[Adolf Busemann](/wiki/Adolf_Busemann \"Adolf Busemann\") proposed the use of swept\\-wings to reduce drag at high speed, at the [Volta Conference](/wiki/Volta_Conference \"Volta Conference\") in 1935\\.](/wiki/Image:Adolf_Busemann_at_Langley.jpg \"Adolf Busemann at Langley.jpg\")",
"The idea of using swept wings to reduce high\\-speed drag was developed in Germany in the 1930s. At a [Volta Conference](/wiki/Volta_Conference \"Volta Conference\") meeting in 1935 in Italy, [Adolf Busemann](/wiki/Adolf_Busemann \"Adolf Busemann\") suggested the use of swept wings for [supersonic](/wiki/Supersonic \"Supersonic\") flight. He noted that the airspeed over the wing was dominated by the normal component of the airflow, not the freestream velocity, so by setting the wing at an angle the forward velocity at which the shock waves would form would be higher (the same had been noted by [Max Munk](/wiki/Max_Munk \"Max Munk\") in 1924, although not in the context of high\\-speed flight).Anderson, John D. Jr. *A History of Aerodynamics*. New York: McGraw Hill, 1997, p. 424\\. [Albert Betz](/wiki/Albert_Betz \"Albert Betz\") immediately suggested the same effect would be equally useful in the transonic.[\"Comment by Hans von Ohain during public talks with Frank Whittle, p. 28\\.\"](http://www.ascho.wpafb.af.mil/encounter/Chap1-28.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209170510/http://www.ascho.wpafb.af.mil/encounter/Chap1\\-28\\.htm \\|date\\=9 December 2007 }} *ascho.wpafb.af.mil.* Retrieved: 1 August 2011\\. After the presentation the host of the meeting, [Arturo Crocco](/wiki/Gaetano_Crocco \"Gaetano Crocco\"), jokingly sketched \"Busemann's airplane of the future\" on the back of a menu while they all dined. Crocco's sketch showed a classic 1950s fighter design, with swept wings and tail surfaces, although he also sketched a swept propeller powering it.",
"At the time, however, there was no way to power an aircraft to these sorts of speeds, and even the fastest aircraft of the era were only approaching {{convert\\|400\\|km/h\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}.The presentation was largely of academic interest, and soon forgotten. Even notable attendees including [Theodore von Kármán](/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n \"Theodore von Kármán\") and [Eastman Jacobs](/wiki/Eastman_Jacobs \"Eastman Jacobs\") did not recall the presentation 10 years later when it was re\\-introduced to them.Anderson 1997, pp. 423–424\\.",
"Hubert Ludwieg of the High\\-Speed Aerodynamics Branch at the AVA Göttingen in 1939 conducted the first wind tunnel tests to investigate Busemann's theory. Two wings, one with no sweep, and one with 45 degrees of sweep were tested at [Mach numbers](/wiki/Mach_number \"Mach number\") of 0\\.7 and 0\\.9 in the 11 x 13 cm wind tunnel. The results of these tests confirmed the drag reduction offered by swept wings at transonic speeds. The results of the tests were communicated to [Albert Betz](/wiki/Albert_Betz \"Albert Betz\") who then passed them on to [Willy Messerschmitt](/wiki/Willy_Messerschmitt \"Willy Messerschmitt\") in December 1939\\. The tests were expanded in 1940 to include wings with 15, 30 and \\-45 degrees of sweep and Mach numbers as high as 1\\.21\\.",
"With the introduction of [jets](/wiki/Jet_engine \"Jet engine\") in the later half of the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), the swept wing became increasingly applicable to optimally satisfying aerodynamic needs. The German jet\\-powered [Messerschmitt Me 262](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262 \"Messerschmitt Me 262\") and rocket\\-powered [Messerschmitt Me 163](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163 \"Messerschmitt Me 163\") suffered from [compressibility](/wiki/Compressibility \"Compressibility\") effects that made both aircraft very difficult to control at high speeds. In addition, the speeds put them into the [wave drag](/wiki/Wave_drag \"Wave drag\") regime, and anything that could reduce this drag would increase the performance of their aircraft, notably the notoriously short flight times measured in minutes. This resulted in a crash program to introduce new swept wing designs, both for fighters as well as [bombers](/wiki/Bomber \"Bomber\"). The [Blohm \\& Voss P 215](/wiki/Blohm_%26_Voss_P_215 \"Blohm & Voss P 215\") was designed to take full advantage of the swept wing's aerodynamic properties; however, an order for three prototypes was received only weeks before the war ended and no examples were ever built.Hermann Pohlmann; *Chronik Eines Flugzeugwerkes 1932–1945*, 2nd Impression, Motorbuch, 1982, pp. 190\\-193\\. The [Focke\\-Wulf Ta 183](/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Ta_183 \"Focke-Wulf Ta 183\") was another swept wing fighter design, but was also not produced before the war's end.Myhra 1999, p. 4\\. In the post\\-war era, [Kurt Tank](/wiki/Kurt_Tank \"Kurt Tank\") developed the Ta 183 into the [IAe Pulqui II](/wiki/IAe_Pulqui_II \"IAe Pulqui II\"), but this proved unsuccessful.Waligorski, Martin. [\"Pulqui: Argentina's Jet Adventure.\"](http://www.ipmsstockholm.org/magazine/2002/06/stuff_eng_profile_pulqui.htm) *Camouflage \\& Markings*: *IPMS Stockholm*, 22 September 2006\\. Retrieved: 27 April 2010\\.",
"A prototype test aircraft, the [Messerschmitt Me P.1101](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_P.1101 \"Messerschmitt Me P.1101\"), was built to research the tradeoffs of the design and develop general rules about what angle of sweep to use.Christopher 2013, pp. 157–160\\. When it was 80% complete, the P.1101 was captured by US forces and returned to the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), where two additional copies with US\\-built engines carried on the research as the [Bell X\\-5](/wiki/Bell_X-5 \"Bell X-5\").Winchester 2005, p. 37\\. Germany's wartime experience with the swept wings and its high value for supersonic flight stood in strong contrast to the prevailing views of Allied experts of the era, who commonly espoused their belief in the impossibility of manned vehicles travelling at such speeds.{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=Ley \\|first\\=Willy \\|date\\=November 1948 \\|title\\=The 'Brickwall' in the Sky \\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/Astounding\\_v42n03\\_1948\\-11\\_cape1736\\#page/n77/mode/2up \\|magazine\\=Astounding Science Fiction \\|pages\\=78–99}}",
"### Postwar advancements",
"[thumb\\|Artist's impression of the Miles M.52](/wiki/File:MilesM52_1.jpg \"MilesM52 1.jpg\")\nDuring the immediate post\\-war era, several nations were conducting research into high speed aircraft. In the United Kingdom, work commenced during 1943 on the [Miles M.52](/wiki/Miles_M.52 \"Miles M.52\"), a high\\-speed experimental aircraft equipped with a straight wing that was developed in conjunction with [Frank Whittle](/wiki/Frank_Whittle \"Frank Whittle\")'s [Power Jets](/wiki/Power_Jets \"Power Jets\") company, the [Royal Aircraft Establishment](/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment \"Royal Aircraft Establishment\") (RAE) in [Farnborough](/wiki/Farnborough_Airport \"Farnborough Airport\"), and the [National Physical Laboratory](/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)\").Wood 1975, p. 29\\. The M.52 was envisioned to be capable of achieving {{convert\\|1000\\|mph}} in level flight, thus enabling the aircraft to potentially be the first to exceed the speed of sound in the world. In February 1946, the programme was abruptly discontinued for unclear reasons.Wood 1975, pp. 34–35\\. It has since been widely recognised that the cancellation of the M.52 was a major setback in British progress in the field of supersonic design.",
"Another, more successful, programme was the US's [Bell X\\-1](/wiki/Bell_X-1 \"Bell X-1\"), which also was equipped with a straight wing. According to Miles Chief Aerodynamicist Dennis Bancroft, the [Bell Aircraft](/wiki/Bell_Aircraft \"Bell Aircraft\") company was given access to the drawings and research on the M.52\\.Wood 1975, p. 36\\. On 14 October 1947, the Bell X\\-1 performed the first manned [supersonic](/wiki/Supersonic \"Supersonic\") flight, piloted by [Captain](/wiki/Captain_%28United_States_O-3%29 \"Captain (United States O-3)\") [Charles \"Chuck\" Yeager](/wiki/Chuck_Yeager \"Chuck Yeager\"), having been [drop launched](/wiki/Drop_launch \"Drop launch\") from the bomb bay of a [Boeing B\\-29 Superfortress](/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress \"Boeing B-29 Superfortress\") and attained a record\\-breaking speed of Mach 1\\.06 ({{convert\\|700\\|mph\\|km/h kn}}). The news of a successful straight\\-wing supersonic aircraft surprised many aeronautical experts on both sides of the Atlantic, as it was increasingly believed that a swept\\-wing design not only highly beneficial but also necessary to break the sound barrier.{{r\\|ley194811}}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The [de Havilland DH 108](/wiki/De_Havilland_DH_108 \"De Havilland DH 108\"), a prototype swept\\-wing aircraft](/wiki/File:DH_108_Swallow_tg283.jpg \"DH 108 Swallow tg283.jpg\")\nDuring the final years of the Second World War, aircraft designer Sir [Geoffrey de Havilland](/wiki/Geoffrey_de_Havilland \"Geoffrey de Havilland\") commenced development on the [de Havilland Comet](/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet \"De Havilland Comet\"), which would become the world's first jet airliner. An early design consideration was whether to apply the new swept\\-wing configuration.Davies and Birtles 1999, p. 10\\. Thus, an experimental aircraft to explore the technology, the [de Havilland DH 108](/wiki/De_Havilland_DH_108 \"De Havilland DH 108\"), was developed by the firm in 1944, headed by project engineer [John Carver Meadows Frost](/wiki/John_Carver_Meadows_Frost \"John Carver Meadows Frost\") with a team of 8–10 draughtsmen and engineers. The DH 108 primarily consisted of the pairing of the front fuselage of the [de Havilland Vampire](/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire \"De Havilland Vampire\") to a swept wing and small vertical tail; it was the first British swept wing jet, unofficially known as the \"Swallow\".Winchester 2005, p. 78\\. It first flew on 15 May 1946, a mere eight months after the project's go\\-ahead. Company test pilot and son of the builder, [Geoffrey de Havilland Jr](/wiki/Geoffrey_de_Havilland_Jr \"Geoffrey de Havilland Jr\")., flew the first of three aircraft and found it extremely fast – fast enough to try for a world speed record. On 12 April 1948, a D.H.108 did set a world's speed record at 973\\.65 km/h (605 mph), it subsequently became the first jet aircraft to exceed the speed of sound.{{cite web \\|title\\=Eric 'Winkle' Brown obituary \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk\\-news/2016/feb/22/eric\\-winkle\\-brown\\-obituary \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|date\\=22 February 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2016}}",
"Around this same timeframe, the [Air Ministry](/wiki/Air_Ministry \"Air Ministry\") introduced a program of experimental aircraft to examine the effects of swept wings, as well as the [delta wing](/wiki/Delta_wing \"Delta wing\") configuration.Buttler 2007, p. 52\\. Furthermore, the [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\") (RAF) identified a pair of proposed fighter aircraft equipped with swept wings from [Hawker Aircraft](/wiki/Hawker_Aircraft \"Hawker Aircraft\") and [Supermarine](/wiki/Supermarine \"Supermarine\"), the [Hawker Hunter](/wiki/Hawker_Hunter \"Hawker Hunter\") and [Supermarine Swift](/wiki/Supermarine_Swift \"Supermarine Swift\") respectively, and successfully pressed for orders to be placed 'off the drawing board' in 1950\\.Wood 1975, pp. 43–46\\. On 7 September 1953, the sole Hunter Mk 3 (the modified first prototype, *WB 188*) flown by [Neville Duke](/wiki/Neville_Duke \"Neville Duke\") broke the world [air speed record](/wiki/Air_speed_record \"Air speed record\") for jet\\-powered aircraft, attaining a speed of 727\\.63 mph (1,171\\.01 km/h) over [Littlehampton](/wiki/Littlehampton \"Littlehampton\"), [West Sussex](/wiki/West_Sussex \"West Sussex\").[\"R.Ae.C. Award Winners.\"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%200309.html) *Flight International*, 5 February 1954\\. Retrieved: 3 November 2009\\. This world record stood for less than three weeks before being broken on 25 September 1953 by the Hunter's early rival, the Supermarine Swift, being flown by Michael Lithgow.[\"Speed Record Again Broken?\"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cilgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Vm8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3245,3493974&dq=air+speed+record&hl=en) *Saskatoon Star\\-Phoenix,* 25 September 1953\\.",
"In February 1945, [NACA](/wiki/NACA \"NACA\") engineer [Robert T. Jones](/wiki/Robert_Thomas_Jones_%28engineer%29 \"Robert Thomas Jones (engineer)\") started looking at highly swept [delta wings](/wiki/Delta_wing \"Delta wing\") and V shapes, and discovered the same effects as Busemann. He finished a detailed report on the concept in April, but found his work was heavily criticised by other members of [NACA Langley](/wiki/Langley_Research_Center \"Langley Research Center\"), notably Theodore Theodorsen, who referred to it as \"hocus\\-pocus\" and demanded some \"real mathematics\". However, Jones had already secured some time for [free\\-flight models](/wiki/Free_flight_%28model_aircraft%29 \"Free flight (model aircraft)\") under the direction of [Robert Gilruth](/wiki/Robert_Gilruth \"Robert Gilruth\"), whose reports were presented at the end of May and showed a fourfold decrease in drag at high speeds. All of this was compiled into a report published on June 21, 1945, which was sent out to the industry three weeks later.[\"Wing Planforms for High\\-Speed Flight.\"](https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930081951_1993081951.pdf) *NACA TN\\-1033\\.* Retrieved: July 24, 2011\\. Ironically, by this point Busemann's work had already been passed around.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The first American swept\\-wing aircraft, the [Boeing B\\-47 Stratojet](/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet \"Boeing B-47 Stratojet\")](/wiki/File:Boeing_B-47E-65-BW.jpg \"Boeing B-47E-65-BW.jpg\")\nIn May 1945, the American [Operation Paperclip](/wiki/Operation_Paperclip \"Operation Paperclip\") reached [Braunschweig](/wiki/Braunschweig_University_of_Technology \"Braunschweig University of Technology\"), where US personnel discovered a number of swept wing models and a mass of technical data from the wind tunnels. One member of the US team was [George S. Schairer](/wiki/George_S._Schairer \"George S. Schairer\"), who was at that time working at the Boeing company. He immediately forwarded a letter to Ben Cohn at Boeing, communicating the value of the swept wing concept.Von Karman, *Aerodynamics: Selected Topics in the Light of their Historical Developments*, 1954\\.Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, pp. 39–40\\. He also told Cohn to distribute the letter to other companies as well, although only Boeing and North American made immediate use of it.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2020}}",
"Boeing was in the midst of designing the [B\\-47 Stratojet](/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet \"Boeing B-47 Stratojet\"), and the initial Model 424 was a straight\\-wing design similar to the [B\\-45](/wiki/B-45_Tornado \"B-45 Tornado\"), [B\\-46](/wiki/Convair_XB-46 \"Convair XB-46\") and [B\\-48](/wiki/Martin_XB-48 \"Martin XB-48\") it competed with. Analysis by Boeing engineer Vic Ganzer suggested an optimum sweepback angle of about 35 degrees.Cook 1991, p. 152\\. By September 1945, the Braunschweig data had been worked into the design, which re\\-emerged as the Model 448, a larger six\\-engine design with more robust wings swept at 35 degrees. Another re\\-work moved the engines into strut\\-mounted pods under the wings due to concerns of the uncontained failure of an internal engine could potentially destroy the aircraft via either fire or vibration.Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 40\\. The resulting B\\-47 was hailed as the fastest of its class in the world during the late 1940s,Fraser November 1949, p. 139\\. and trounced the straight\\-winged competition. Boeing's jet\\-transport formula of swept wings and pylon\\-mounted engines has since been universally adopted.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2020}}",
"In fighters, [North American Aviation](/wiki/North_American_Aviation \"North American Aviation\") was in the midst of working on a straight\\-wing jet\\-powered naval fighter, then known as the [FJ\\-1](/wiki/North_American_FJ-1_Fury \"North American FJ-1 Fury\"); it was later submitted to the United States Air Force as the [XP\\-86](/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre \"North American F-86 Sabre\").{{harvnb\\|Werrell\\|2005\\|p\\=5\\.}} Larry Green, who could read German, studied the Busemann reports and convinced management to allow a redesign starting in August 1945\\.Lednicer, David. [\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage.\"](http://www.ae.illinois.edu/m-selig/ads/aircraft.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420012244/http://www.ae.illinois.edu/m\\-selig/ads/aircraft.html \\|date\\=20 April 2010 }} *ae.illinois.edu,* 15 October 2010\\. Retrieved: 19 July 2011\\.Radinger and Schick 1996, p. 32\\. The performance of the F\\-86A allowed it set the first of several official [world speed records](/wiki/Flight_airspeed_record \"Flight airspeed record\"), attaining {{Convert\\|671\\|mph\\|km/h}} on 15 September 1948, flown by Major [Richard L. Johnson](/wiki/Dick_Johnson_%28test_pilot%29 \"Dick Johnson (test pilot)\").Wagner 1963, {{page needed\\|date\\=November 2020}}. With the appearance of the MiG\\-15, the F\\-86 was rushed into combat, while straight\\-wing jets like the [Lockheed P\\-80 Shooting Star](/wiki/Lockheed_P-80_Shooting_Star \"Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star\") and [Republic F\\-84 Thunderjet](/wiki/Republic_F-84_Thunderjet \"Republic F-84 Thunderjet\") were quickly relegated to ground attack missions. Some, such as the F\\-84 and [Grumman F\\-9 Cougar](/wiki/Grumman_F-9_Cougar \"Grumman F-9 Cougar\"), were later redesigned with swept wings from straight\\-winged aircraft.Knaack 1978, p. 42\\.Kinzey 1983, p. 4\\. Later planes, such as the [North American F\\-100 Super Sabre](/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre \"North American F-100 Super Sabre\"), would be designed with swept wings from the start, though additional innovations such as the afterburner, area\\-rule and new control surfaces would be necessary to master supersonic flight.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://ftp.rta.nato.int/public//PubFulltext/RTO/TR/RTO\\-TR\\-029///TR\\-029\\-$$ALL.pdf \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=4 November 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717062826/http://ftp.rta.nato.int/public/PubFulltext/RTO/TR/RTO\\-TR\\-029/TR\\-029\\-$$ALL.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=17 July 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"[thumb\\|[MiG\\-15](/wiki/MiG-15 \"MiG-15\") and [F\\-86 Sabre](/wiki/F-86_Sabre \"F-86 Sabre\") Side\\-by\\-Side comparison](/wiki/File:MIG-15_Sabre_Side-by-Side_lower_resolution.png \"MIG-15 Sabre Side-by-Side lower resolution.png\") \nThe [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") was also quick to investigate the advantages of swept wings on high speed aircraft, when their \"captured aviation technology\" counterparts to the western Allies spread out across the defeated Third Reich. [Artem Mikoyan](/wiki/Artem_Mikoyan \"Artem Mikoyan\") was asked by the Soviet government's [TsAGI](/wiki/TsAGI \"TsAGI\") aviation research department to develop a test\\-bed aircraft to research the swept wing idea — the result was the late 1945\\-flown, unusual [MiG\\-8](/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-8 \"Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-8\") *Utka* [pusher](/wiki/Pusher_configuration \"Pusher configuration\") [canard](/wiki/Canard_%28aeronautics%29 \"Canard (aeronautics)\") layout aircraft, with its rearwards\\-located wings being swept back for this type of research.Gunston 1995, p. 184\\. The swept wing was applied to the [MiG\\-15](/wiki/MiG-15 \"MiG-15\"), an early jet\\-powered fighter, its maximum speed of {{convert\\|1075\\|km/h\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} outclassed the straight\\-winged American jets and piston\\-engined fighters initially deployed during the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\").Seidov and Britton 2014, p. 554\\. The MiG\\-15 is believed to have been one of [the most produced jet aircraft](/wiki/List_of_most-produced_aircraft \"List of most-produced aircraft\"); in excess of 13,000 would ultimately be manufactured.{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id\\=A19860066000 \\|title\\=Mikoyan\\-Gurevich MiG\\-15 (Ji\\-2\\) Fagot B. \\|work\\=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220195312/http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id\\=A19860066000 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\n[thumb\\|Soviet MiG\\-17](/wiki/File:MiG-17F_Top_View.JPG \"MiG-17F Top View.JPG\")\nThe MiG\\-15, which could not safely exceed Mach 0\\.92, served as the basis for the [MiG\\-17](/wiki/MiG-17 \"MiG-17\"), which was designed to be controllable at higher Mach numbers.Sweetman 1984, p. 11\\. Its wing sweep, 45° near the fuselage ( the same as the [F\\-100 Super Sabre](/wiki/F-100_Super_Sabre \"F-100 Super Sabre\")), changed to 42° for the outboard part of the wing.Crosby 2002, p. 212\\. A further derivative of the design, designated [MiG\\-19](/wiki/MiG-19 \"MiG-19\"), featured a relatively thin wing suited to supersonic flight that was designed at TsAGI, the Soviet [Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute](/wiki/Central_Aerohydrodynamic_Institute \"Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute\"); swept back at an angle of 55 degrees, this wing featured a single [wing fence](/wiki/Wing_fence \"Wing fence\") on each side.Gordon 1997, p. 124\\. A specialist high\\-altitude variant, the Mig\\-19SV, featured, amongst other changes, an adjustable flap to generate greater lift at higher altitudes, helping to increase the aircraft's ceiling from {{convert\\|17500\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=on}} to {{convert\\|18500\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=on}}.Belyakov and Marmain 1994, pp. 225–227\\.Gunston 1995, pp. 197–198\\.",
"Germany's swept wing research was also obtained by the Swedish aircraft manufacturer [SAAB](/wiki/Saab_AB \"Saab AB\"), with the help of ex\\-Messerschmitt engineers that had fled to [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\") during late 1945\\.Erichs et al. 1988, p. 37\\.Dorr 2013, p. 237\\. At the time, SAAB saw the need to make aeronautical advances, particularly in the new field of jet propulsion.Widfeldt 1966, p. 3\\. The company incorporated both the jet engine and the swept wing to produce the [Saab 29 Tunnan](/wiki/Saab_29_Tunnan \"Saab 29 Tunnan\") fighter; on 1 September 1948, the first prototype conducted its maiden flight, flown by the English test pilot [S/L](/wiki/Squadron_leader \"Squadron leader\") Robert A. 'Bob' Moore, [DFC](/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)\") and bar,*Flight* 1950, p. 558\\. Although not well known outside Sweden, the Tunnan was the first Western European fighter to be introduced with such a wing configuration.Boyne 2002, p. 547\\.[\"1940s.\"](http://saabgroup.com/about-company/history/1940s/) *Saab*, Retrieved: 27 March 2016\\. In parallel, SAAB also developed another swept wing aircraft, the [Saab 32 Lansen](/wiki/Saab_32_Lansen \"Saab 32 Lansen\"), primarily to serve as Sweden's standard attack aircraft.*Saab* 30 December 1960, p. 1017\\. Its wing, which had a 10 per cent laminar profile and a 35° sweep, featured triangular fences near the [wing roots](/wiki/Wing_root \"Wing root\") in order to improve airflow when the aircraft was being flown at a high [angle of attack](/wiki/Angle_of_attack \"Angle of attack\"). On 25 October 1953, a SAAB 32 Lansen attained a [Mach](/wiki/Mach_number \"Mach number\") number of at least 1\\.12 while in a shallow dive, exceeding the [sound barrier](/wiki/Supersonic \"Supersonic\").Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 135\\.",
"The successes of aircraft such as the Hawker Hunter, the B\\-47, and F\\-86 showed the value of the swept wing research acquired from Germany. Eventually, almost all advanced design efforts for high speed aircraft would incorporate a wing with a swept leading edge, with either a swept wing or [delta wing](/wiki/Delta_wing \"Delta wing\") [planform](/wiki/Wing_planform \"Wing planform\"). The Boeing B\\-52, designed in the 1950s, continues in service as a subsonic long\\-range heavy bomber.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/224/Article/104465/b\\-52\\-stratofortress.aspx \\|title\\=B\\-52 Stratofortress – U.S. Air Force – Fact Sheet Display \\|website\\= af.mil}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://medium.com/war\\-is\\-boring/i\\-ll\\-be\\-damned\\-these\\-boneyard\\-b\\-52s\\-can\\-still\\-fly\\-4eec4c8bf5cf \\|title\\=I'll Be Damned, These Boneyard B\\-52s Can Still Fly \\|first\\=Joseph \\|last\\=Trevithick \\|date\\=19 February 2015 \\|website\\=Medium}} While the Soviets never matched the performance of the [Boeing B\\-52 Stratofortress](/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress \"Boeing B-52 Stratofortress\") with a jet aircraft, the intercontinental range [Tupolev Tu\\-95](/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95 \"Tupolev Tu-95\") [turboprop](/wiki/Turboprop \"Turboprop\") bomber with its near\\-jet class top speed of 920 km/h, combining swept wings with propeller propulsion, also remains in service today, being the fastest propeller\\-powered production aircraft.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russian\\-air\\-force\\-takes\\-first\\-modernised\\-tupolev\\-bombers\\-407325/ \\|title\\=Russian air force takes first modernised Tupolev bombers \\|work\\=Flightglobal \\|first\\=Dominic \\|last\\=Perry \\|location\\=London \\|date\\=19 December 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927193745/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russian\\-air\\-force\\-takes\\-first\\-modernised\\-tupolev\\-bombers\\-407325/ \\|archive\\-date\\=27 September 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} In Britain, two swept\\-wing bombers entered service, the [Vickers Valiant](/wiki/Vickers_Valiant \"Vickers Valiant\") (1955\\)Andrews and Morgan 1988, p. 439\\. and the [Handley Page Victor](/wiki/Handley_Page_Victor \"Handley Page Victor\") (1958\\).Barnes 1976, p. 503\\.",
"By the early 1950s, nearly every new fighter had a swept wing. By the 1960s, most civilian jets also adopted swept wings. Most early transonic and supersonic designs such as the MiG\\-19 and F\\-100 used long, highly swept wings. Swept wings would reach Mach 2 on the BAC Lightning, and [Republic F\\-105 Thunderchief](/wiki/Republic_F-105_Thunderchief \"Republic F-105 Thunderchief\"), built to operate at low level and very high speed primarily for nuclear strike, but with a secondary air\\-to\\-air capability.The World's Fighting Planes, William Green 1964, Fourth Edition, Macdonald \\& Co. (Publishers) Ltd., Gulf House, 2 Portman Street, London, W.1, p. 214 By the late 1960s, the [McDonnell F\\-4 Phantom II](/wiki/McDonnell_F-4_Phantom_II \"McDonnell F-4 Phantom II\"), was used in large numbers by air forces influenced by the United States. Variable geometry wings were employed on the American [F\\-111](/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark \"General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark\"), [Grumman F\\-14 Tomcat](/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat \"Grumman F-14 Tomcat\") and Soviet [Mikoyan MiG\\-27](/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-27 \"Mikoyan MiG-27\"), although the idea would be abandoned for the American SST design. After the 1970s, most newer generation fighters optimized for maneuvering air combat since the USAF F\\-15 and Soviet [Mikoyan MiG\\-29](/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-29 \"Mikoyan MiG-29\") have employed relatively short\\-span fixed wings with relatively large wing area.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2020}}",
""
] |
Features
--------
### Playground
{{multiple image
\| direction \= vertical
\| align \= right
\| width \= 220
\| image1 \= Couch Park in Portland.jpg
\| alt caption1 \=
\| caption1 \= The park's pedestrian mall and restrooms before the renovations. The grass hill was removed in 2010 and the bricks were replaced with concrete in 2019
\| image2 \= Couch Park, Portland 2006\.jpg
\| alt caption2 \=
\| caption2 \= The former wooden playground which was removed in 2014 and replaced in 2019
}}
The park's inclusive playground was built in 2019, replacing a large wooden structure that was removed in 2014 due to termite rot. That playground was replaced by an empty plot of barkchips and 6 boulders until the new playground was erected.{{Citation \|title\=Couch Park Playground Demolished\-Parks Replacement Bond \= Solution? \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=I3wrEk0XNR8 \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-12 \|language\=en}} The new playground opened on May 4th, 2019 with a ribbon\-cutting ceremony hosted by city commissioners [Nick Fish](/wiki/Nick_Fish "Nick Fish") and [Amanda Fritz](/wiki/Amanda_Fritz "Amanda Fritz").{{Cite web \|last\=Pfeil \|first\=John \|date\=2019\-05\-21 \|title\=A New, Fully Inclusive Playground for Couch Park \|url\=https://greenworkspc.com/blog/couchpark \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-12 \|website\=GreenWorks {{!}} People \+ Nature by Design \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|title\=Couch Park Portland, OR \|url\=https://www.harpersplayground.org/playgrounds/couch\-park/ \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-12 \|website\=Harper’s Playground \|language\=en\-US}} As part of the playground additions, the pedestrian mall was replaced with concrete and a [Portland Loo](/wiki/Portland_Loo "Portland Loo") was added to supplement the current restroom.
A fence was built around the playground in 2010 thanks to funds provided by The Opus Foundation as well as a voter\-approved 2002 levy.{{Cite news \|last\=Blackman \|first\=Teresa \|date\=June 10, 2010 \|title\=Portland's Couch Park gets upgrades \|publisher\=\[\[KGW]] \|url\=http://www.kgw.com/news/local/Portlands\-Couch\-Park\-gets\-upgrades\-96074674\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|accessdate\=December 24, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616005559/http://www.kgw.com/news/local/Portlands\-Couch\-Park\-gets\-upgrades\-96074674\.html \|archive\-date\=June 16, 2010}}{{Cite web \|title\=Couch Park \|url\=http://www.portlandparksfoundation.org/project/couch\-park \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012411/http://www.portlandparksfoundation.org/project/couch\-park \|archive\-date\=October 15, 2011 \|accessdate\=December 24, 2011 \|publisher\=Portland Parks Foundation}}
The new playground is smaller than the older one. It features a small raised play structure, a short slide, a small [jungle gym](/wiki/Jungle_gym "Jungle gym"), [monkey bars](/wiki/Monkey_bars "Monkey bars"), and a single infant [swing](/wiki/Swing_%28seat%29 "Swing (seat)"). The playground also has rocks to climb on, a decorative [teepee](/wiki/Teepee "Teepee"), and new benches.
### Dog park
The park features an un\-fenced [off\-leash dog park](/wiki/Off-Leash_Area "Off-Leash Area"). The dog park area is used for concerts in the summer.
Couch Park was included in the book *A Bark in the Park: The 45 Best Places to Hike with Your Dog in the Portland, Oregon Region* (2005\).{{Cite book \|last\=Johnson \|first\=Lisa \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-ShBKCEWNzMC\&pg\=PA120 \|title\=A Bark in the Park: The 45 Best Places to Hike with Your Dog in the Portland, Oregon Region \|publisher\=Cruden Bay Books \|year\=2005 \|isbn\=9780974408354 \|page\=120 \|accessdate\=December 25, 2011}}
### Seating areas
The park features two main seating areas. The one in the east end of the park features four extra\-long park benches. It is a frequent gathering place for [homeless](/wiki/Homelessness "Homelessness") individuals. The west end seating area is part of the pedestrian mall and contains four park benches. All the picnic tables were removed from the park during the 2019 updates.
The park also features multiple field areas which are commonly used for picnics and sunbathing.
### Trees
As of 2010 more than one hundred trees representing dozens of tree types exist in the park, including birch, cedar, elm, fir, maple, pine, various fruit trees and others. European white birch and English are the most abundant species in the park.{{Cite web \|year\=2010 \|title\=Trees of Couch Park \|url\=http://www.portlandonline.com/parks/index.cfm?a\=309910\&c\=46269 \|accessdate\=December 25, 2011 \|publisher\=Portland Parks \& Recreation}}
### Public art and memorials
[thumb\|The Memorial Plaque to [Captain John H. Couch](/wiki/John_H._Couch "John H. Couch")](/wiki/File:Couch_Park_%28Portland%2C_Oregon%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "Couch Park (Portland, Oregon) (cropped).jpg")
The park contains a steel sculpture of an abstract spider that was sculpted by David Cotter and installed in 1976 and tile mosaics along the pedestrian mall created by Jere Grimm.
The park also contains a memorial plaque honoring [Captain John H. Couch](/wiki/John_H._Couch "John H. Couch"), for whom the park was named. It was installed in 1993 by the Auld Lange Society, a local civic group who installs plaques on historic figures and events.
The park formerly featured carved wood pillars, which supported the playground, carved by Brent Jenkins, Eric Jensen and William Moore which were removed around 2003\.
|
[
"Features\n--------",
"### Playground",
"{{multiple image\n\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| width \\= 220\n\\| image1 \\= Couch Park in Portland.jpg\n\\| alt caption1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= The park's pedestrian mall and restrooms before the renovations. The grass hill was removed in 2010 and the bricks were replaced with concrete in 2019\n\\| image2 \\= Couch Park, Portland 2006\\.jpg\n\\| alt caption2 \\= \n\\| caption2 \\= The former wooden playground which was removed in 2014 and replaced in 2019\n}}\nThe park's inclusive playground was built in 2019, replacing a large wooden structure that was removed in 2014 due to termite rot. That playground was replaced by an empty plot of barkchips and 6 boulders until the new playground was erected.{{Citation \\|title\\=Couch Park Playground Demolished\\-Parks Replacement Bond \\= Solution? \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=I3wrEk0XNR8 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-12 \\|language\\=en}} The new playground opened on May 4th, 2019 with a ribbon\\-cutting ceremony hosted by city commissioners [Nick Fish](/wiki/Nick_Fish \"Nick Fish\") and [Amanda Fritz](/wiki/Amanda_Fritz \"Amanda Fritz\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Pfeil \\|first\\=John \\|date\\=2019\\-05\\-21 \\|title\\=A New, Fully Inclusive Playground for Couch Park \\|url\\=https://greenworkspc.com/blog/couchpark \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-12 \\|website\\=GreenWorks {{!}} People \\+ Nature by Design \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Couch Park Portland, OR \\|url\\=https://www.harpersplayground.org/playgrounds/couch\\-park/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-12 \\|website\\=Harper’s Playground \\|language\\=en\\-US}} As part of the playground additions, the pedestrian mall was replaced with concrete and a [Portland Loo](/wiki/Portland_Loo \"Portland Loo\") was added to supplement the current restroom.",
"A fence was built around the playground in 2010 thanks to funds provided by The Opus Foundation as well as a voter\\-approved 2002 levy.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Blackman \\|first\\=Teresa \\|date\\=June 10, 2010 \\|title\\=Portland's Couch Park gets upgrades \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[KGW]] \\|url\\=http://www.kgw.com/news/local/Portlands\\-Couch\\-Park\\-gets\\-upgrades\\-96074674\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|accessdate\\=December 24, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616005559/http://www.kgw.com/news/local/Portlands\\-Couch\\-Park\\-gets\\-upgrades\\-96074674\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=June 16, 2010}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Couch Park \\|url\\=http://www.portlandparksfoundation.org/project/couch\\-park \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012411/http://www.portlandparksfoundation.org/project/couch\\-park \\|archive\\-date\\=October 15, 2011 \\|accessdate\\=December 24, 2011 \\|publisher\\=Portland Parks Foundation}}",
"The new playground is smaller than the older one. It features a small raised play structure, a short slide, a small [jungle gym](/wiki/Jungle_gym \"Jungle gym\"), [monkey bars](/wiki/Monkey_bars \"Monkey bars\"), and a single infant [swing](/wiki/Swing_%28seat%29 \"Swing (seat)\"). The playground also has rocks to climb on, a decorative [teepee](/wiki/Teepee \"Teepee\"), and new benches.",
"### Dog park",
"The park features an un\\-fenced [off\\-leash dog park](/wiki/Off-Leash_Area \"Off-Leash Area\"). The dog park area is used for concerts in the summer.",
"Couch Park was included in the book *A Bark in the Park: The 45 Best Places to Hike with Your Dog in the Portland, Oregon Region* (2005\\).{{Cite book \\|last\\=Johnson \\|first\\=Lisa \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-ShBKCEWNzMC\\&pg\\=PA120 \\|title\\=A Bark in the Park: The 45 Best Places to Hike with Your Dog in the Portland, Oregon Region \\|publisher\\=Cruden Bay Books \\|year\\=2005 \\|isbn\\=9780974408354 \\|page\\=120 \\|accessdate\\=December 25, 2011}}",
"### Seating areas",
"The park features two main seating areas. The one in the east end of the park features four extra\\-long park benches. It is a frequent gathering place for [homeless](/wiki/Homelessness \"Homelessness\") individuals. The west end seating area is part of the pedestrian mall and contains four park benches. All the picnic tables were removed from the park during the 2019 updates.",
"The park also features multiple field areas which are commonly used for picnics and sunbathing.",
"### Trees",
"As of 2010 more than one hundred trees representing dozens of tree types exist in the park, including birch, cedar, elm, fir, maple, pine, various fruit trees and others. European white birch and English are the most abundant species in the park.{{Cite web \\|year\\=2010 \\|title\\=Trees of Couch Park \\|url\\=http://www.portlandonline.com/parks/index.cfm?a\\=309910\\&c\\=46269 \\|accessdate\\=December 25, 2011 \\|publisher\\=Portland Parks \\& Recreation}}",
"### Public art and memorials",
"[thumb\\|The Memorial Plaque to [Captain John H. Couch](/wiki/John_H._Couch \"John H. Couch\")](/wiki/File:Couch_Park_%28Portland%2C_Oregon%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Couch Park (Portland, Oregon) (cropped).jpg\")\nThe park contains a steel sculpture of an abstract spider that was sculpted by David Cotter and installed in 1976 and tile mosaics along the pedestrian mall created by Jere Grimm.",
"The park also contains a memorial plaque honoring [Captain John H. Couch](/wiki/John_H._Couch \"John H. Couch\"), for whom the park was named. It was installed in 1993 by the Auld Lange Society, a local civic group who installs plaques on historic figures and events.",
"The park formerly featured carved wood pillars, which supported the playground, carved by Brent Jenkins, Eric Jensen and William Moore which were removed around 2003\\.",
""
] |
Hacienda Chactun history
------------------------
File:Escalinata.jpg\|Colonial Staircase
File:Terrazagrande.jpg\|Arcade Corridor
File:Iglesiaazul.jpg\|Colonial Church
File:Casa de máquinas.JPG\|Home Machines
Haciendas in Yucatán were part of an economic system begun by the Spanish in the 16th century, similar to European feudal system. Initially dedicated to the production of [corn](/wiki/Maize "Maize"), their activities will be diversified with the production of [cane sugar](/wiki/Cane_sugar "Cane sugar"), [henequen](/wiki/Henequen "Henequen") and [cattle](/wiki/Cattle "Cattle"). San Jose Chactún became a leading hacienda in the heyday of the state of Yucatán as a result of technological and social advances. With a train station and many services for worker, the Hacienda functioned as a small town. It has two [churches](/wiki/Church_%28building%29 "Church (building)"), a main house and a house of stripes, and the ruins of the old canteen, the [mill](/wiki/Sugar_mill "Sugar mill") and the stables and a monumental home machines.
The title of the first lands in the royal decree is January 9, 1560, granted in Cogolludo lib.6, Cap.8\. The land was vastly improved between 1623 and 1700, the site of Nohcacab (in the municipality of Becal) was sold in that year, with a sales letter dated 24 December, and so the property became the Hacienda "Chactún Nohcacab", bounded by [Maxcanú](/wiki/Maxcan%C3%BA "Maxcanú"), Becal, [Calkiní](/wiki/Calkin%C3%AD "Calkiní") and [Halachó](/wiki/Halach%C3%B3 "Halachó").
In the second half of 18th century it is known that the property was acquired by a Spaniard, named Pedro Tadeo, as reported in Indian file documents.
In the first half of the 19th century the estate had passed into the hands of Lorenzo Peon y Cano (his grandfather, Alonso Manuel de Peon Valdes, had come to Indian in the first half of the 18th century), then the estate was inherited by Maria de Jesus Peon Fajardo and her son José Dominguez Peón.
For much of the 19th century and all the 20th century the estate has been linked to the same family, also owners of the palace Montejo in Merida. Jose Dominguez Peon, a shareholder in the railroad Merida\-Campeche, got one of the 8 stops on the railway line, which opened in 1898, was at the hacienda owned "San Jose Chactún".
Henequen production continued until about 60 years ago. Since then the estate was gradually losing its splendor. Sara Arrigunaga juanes began the project of renovating the hacienda by repairing buildings and trying to increase its production with ranching and citrus production.
The patron saints of the hacienda are [Saint Joseph](/wiki/Saint_Joseph "Saint Joseph") (March 19\) and Our Lady of the [Immaculate Conception](/wiki/Immaculate_Conception "Immaculate Conception") (December 8\).
|
[
"Hacienda Chactun history\n------------------------",
"",
"File:Escalinata.jpg\\|Colonial Staircase\nFile:Terrazagrande.jpg\\|Arcade Corridor\nFile:Iglesiaazul.jpg\\|Colonial Church\nFile:Casa de máquinas.JPG\\|Home Machines",
"",
"Haciendas in Yucatán were part of an economic system begun by the Spanish in the 16th century, similar to European feudal system. Initially dedicated to the production of [corn](/wiki/Maize \"Maize\"), their activities will be diversified with the production of [cane sugar](/wiki/Cane_sugar \"Cane sugar\"), [henequen](/wiki/Henequen \"Henequen\") and [cattle](/wiki/Cattle \"Cattle\"). San Jose Chactún became a leading hacienda in the heyday of the state of Yucatán as a result of technological and social advances. With a train station and many services for worker, the Hacienda functioned as a small town. It has two [churches](/wiki/Church_%28building%29 \"Church (building)\"), a main house and a house of stripes, and the ruins of the old canteen, the [mill](/wiki/Sugar_mill \"Sugar mill\") and the stables and a monumental home machines.",
"The title of the first lands in the royal decree is January 9, 1560, granted in Cogolludo lib.6, Cap.8\\. The land was vastly improved between 1623 and 1700, the site of Nohcacab (in the municipality of Becal) was sold in that year, with a sales letter dated 24 December, and so the property became the Hacienda \"Chactún Nohcacab\", bounded by [Maxcanú](/wiki/Maxcan%C3%BA \"Maxcanú\"), Becal, [Calkiní](/wiki/Calkin%C3%AD \"Calkiní\") and [Halachó](/wiki/Halach%C3%B3 \"Halachó\").",
"In the second half of 18th century it is known that the property was acquired by a Spaniard, named Pedro Tadeo, as reported in Indian file documents.",
"In the first half of the 19th century the estate had passed into the hands of Lorenzo Peon y Cano (his grandfather, Alonso Manuel de Peon Valdes, had come to Indian in the first half of the 18th century), then the estate was inherited by Maria de Jesus Peon Fajardo and her son José Dominguez Peón.",
"For much of the 19th century and all the 20th century the estate has been linked to the same family, also owners of the palace Montejo in Merida. Jose Dominguez Peon, a shareholder in the railroad Merida\\-Campeche, got one of the 8 stops on the railway line, which opened in 1898, was at the hacienda owned \"San Jose Chactún\".",
"Henequen production continued until about 60 years ago. Since then the estate was gradually losing its splendor. Sara Arrigunaga juanes began the project of renovating the hacienda by repairing buildings and trying to increase its production with ranching and citrus production.",
"The patron saints of the hacienda are [Saint Joseph](/wiki/Saint_Joseph \"Saint Joseph\") (March 19\\) and Our Lady of the [Immaculate Conception](/wiki/Immaculate_Conception \"Immaculate Conception\") (December 8\\).",
""
] |
EAP topics
----------
### Zachman framework
EAP defines the blueprint for subsequent design and implementation and it places the planning/defining stages into a framework. It does not explain how to define the top two rows of the [Zachman Framework](/wiki/Zachman_Framework "Zachman Framework") in detail but for the sake of the planning exercise, abbreviates the analysis. The Zachman Framework provides the broad context for the description of the architecture layers, while EAP focuses on planning and managing the process of establishing the business alignment of the architectures.
EAP is planning that focuses on the development of matrixes for comparing and analyzing data, applications, and technology. Most important, EAP produces an implementation plan. Within the Federal Enterprise Architecture, EAP will be completed segment enterprise by segment enterprise. The results of these efforts may be of Government wide value; therefore, as each segment completes EAP, the results will be published on the ArchitecturePlus web site.
### EAP components
Enterprise Architecture Planning model consists of four levels:
* Level 1 \- *getting started* : This layer leads to producing an EAP workplan and stresses the necessity of high\-level management commitment to support and resource the subsequent six components (or steps) of the process. It consists of Planning Initiation, which covers in general, decisions on which methodology to use, who should be involved, what other support is required, and what toolset will be used.
* Level 2 \- *where we are today* : This layer provides a baseline for defining the eventual architecture and the long\-range migration plan. It consists of:
+ [Business process modeling](/wiki/Business_process_modeling "Business process modeling"), the compilation of a knowledge base about the business functions and the information used in conducting and supporting the various business processes, and
+ Current Systems and Technology, the definition of current application systems and supporting technology platforms.
* Level 3 \- *the vision of where we want to be* : The arrows delineate the basic definition process flow: data architecture, applications architecture, and technology architecture. It consists of:
+ [Data Architecture](/wiki/Data_Architecture "Data Architecture") \- Definition of the major kinds of data needed to support the business.
+ [Applications Architecture](/wiki/Applications_Architecture "Applications Architecture") \- Definition of the major kinds of applications needed to manage that data and support the business functions.
+ [Technology Architecture](/wiki/Technology_Architecture "Technology Architecture") \- Definition of the technology platforms needed to support the applications that manage the data and support the business functions.
* Level 4 \- *how we plan to get there* : This consists of the Implementation / Migration Plans \- Definition of the sequence for implementing applications, a schedule for implementation, a cost/benefit analysis, and a clear path for migration.
### EAP methodology
The Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP) methodology is beneficial to understanding the further definition of the [Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework](/wiki/Federal_Enterprise_Architecture_Framework "Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework") at level IV. EAP is a how to approach for creating the top two rows of the [Zachman Framework](/wiki/Zachman_Framework "Zachman Framework"), Planner and Owner. The design of systems begins in the third row, outside the scope of EAP.
EAP focuses on defining what data, applications, and technology architectures are appropriate for and support the overall enterprise. Exhibit 6 shows the seven components (or steps) of EAP for defining these architectures and the related migration plan. The seven components are in the shape of a wedding cake, with each layer representing a different focus of each major task (or step).
|
[
"EAP topics\n----------",
"### Zachman framework",
"EAP defines the blueprint for subsequent design and implementation and it places the planning/defining stages into a framework. It does not explain how to define the top two rows of the [Zachman Framework](/wiki/Zachman_Framework \"Zachman Framework\") in detail but for the sake of the planning exercise, abbreviates the analysis. The Zachman Framework provides the broad context for the description of the architecture layers, while EAP focuses on planning and managing the process of establishing the business alignment of the architectures.",
"EAP is planning that focuses on the development of matrixes for comparing and analyzing data, applications, and technology. Most important, EAP produces an implementation plan. Within the Federal Enterprise Architecture, EAP will be completed segment enterprise by segment enterprise. The results of these efforts may be of Government wide value; therefore, as each segment completes EAP, the results will be published on the ArchitecturePlus web site.",
"### EAP components",
"Enterprise Architecture Planning model consists of four levels:\n* Level 1 \\- *getting started* : This layer leads to producing an EAP workplan and stresses the necessity of high\\-level management commitment to support and resource the subsequent six components (or steps) of the process. It consists of Planning Initiation, which covers in general, decisions on which methodology to use, who should be involved, what other support is required, and what toolset will be used.\n* Level 2 \\- *where we are today* : This layer provides a baseline for defining the eventual architecture and the long\\-range migration plan. It consists of:\n\t+ [Business process modeling](/wiki/Business_process_modeling \"Business process modeling\"), the compilation of a knowledge base about the business functions and the information used in conducting and supporting the various business processes, and\n\t+ Current Systems and Technology, the definition of current application systems and supporting technology platforms.\n* Level 3 \\- *the vision of where we want to be* : The arrows delineate the basic definition process flow: data architecture, applications architecture, and technology architecture. It consists of:\n\t+ [Data Architecture](/wiki/Data_Architecture \"Data Architecture\") \\- Definition of the major kinds of data needed to support the business.\n\t+ [Applications Architecture](/wiki/Applications_Architecture \"Applications Architecture\") \\- Definition of the major kinds of applications needed to manage that data and support the business functions.\n\t+ [Technology Architecture](/wiki/Technology_Architecture \"Technology Architecture\") \\- Definition of the technology platforms needed to support the applications that manage the data and support the business functions.\n* Level 4 \\- *how we plan to get there* : This consists of the Implementation / Migration Plans \\- Definition of the sequence for implementing applications, a schedule for implementation, a cost/benefit analysis, and a clear path for migration.",
"### EAP methodology",
"The Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP) methodology is beneficial to understanding the further definition of the [Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework](/wiki/Federal_Enterprise_Architecture_Framework \"Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework\") at level IV. EAP is a how to approach for creating the top two rows of the [Zachman Framework](/wiki/Zachman_Framework \"Zachman Framework\"), Planner and Owner. The design of systems begins in the third row, outside the scope of EAP.",
"EAP focuses on defining what data, applications, and technology architectures are appropriate for and support the overall enterprise. Exhibit 6 shows the seven components (or steps) of EAP for defining these architectures and the related migration plan. The seven components are in the shape of a wedding cake, with each layer representing a different focus of each major task (or step).",
""
] |
Career
------
After obtaining an agent, Quinn won a small role in the film *[Paternity](/wiki/Paternity_%28film%29 "Paternity (film)")* and commercial work in New York City. She began appearing in television commercials including [Planters](/wiki/Planters "Planters") [Cheez Balls](/wiki/Cheese_puffs "Cheese puffs"), [Shake ‘n Bake](/wiki/Shake_%E2%80%98n_Bake "Shake ‘n Bake") and Northern [bathroom tissue](/wiki/Toilet_paper "Toilet paper"). At age 8 she landed the role in New York City of the "swing orphan" ([understudy](/wiki/Understudy "Understudy") to all of the orphans except Molly and Annie) in the [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre "Broadway theatre") production of *[Annie](/wiki/Annie_%28musical%29 "Annie (musical)")*.
After eight auditions over the course of a year, and up against over 8,000 other competitors, Quinn received the title role in the 1982 movie *[Annie](/wiki/Annie_%281982_film%29 "Annie (1982 film)")*, directed by [John Huston](/wiki/John_Huston "John Huston"). *Annie* earned Quinn two [Golden Globe](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award "Golden Globe Award") nominations, a win for "Best Actress" from the [Youth in Film Awards](/wiki/Young_Artist_Award "Young Artist Award"), and a [Razzie](/wiki/3rd_Golden_Raspberry_Awards "3rd Golden Raspberry Awards") for "Worst New Star". Aileen was 9 years old when she was cast as Annie.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/01/14/pennsylvania\-girl\-will\-play\-Americas\-favorite\-orphan/6229348296400/\|title\= Pennsylvania girl will play America's favorite orphan\|date\=January 14, 1981\|website\= UPI.com\|agency\=UPI}}
Aileen Quinn was under contract for several years with [Columbia Pictures](/wiki/Columbia_Pictures "Columbia Pictures") to make other *Annie* sequels which never materialized.{{cite news\|url\=http://nypost.com/2014/07/16/32\-years\-later\-annie\-still\-singing\-annie\-songs/\|title\= 32 years later, Annie still singing 'Annie' songs\|date\= July 16, 2014\|work\=New York Post}} During this time, she continued performing in lead roles in [regional theater](/wiki/Regional_theater "Regional theater") in such shows as *[The Wizard of Oz](/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_%281982_film%29 "The Wizard of Oz (1982 film)")* ([Dorothy](/wiki/Dorothy_Gale "Dorothy Gale")), *[Bye, Bye Birdie](/wiki/Bye_Bye_Birdie_%28musical%29 "Bye Bye Birdie (musical)")* (Kim), *Annie* (Annie), *[Shenandoah](/wiki/Shenandoah_%28musical%29 "Shenandoah (musical)")* (Jenny), and *[A Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine](/wiki/A_Day_in_Hollywood/A_Night_in_the_Ukraine "A Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine")* (Harpo). She also lent her voice to two animated cartoon specials which aired on national television, *[The Charmkins](/wiki/The_Charmkins "The Charmkins")* and *[The Wizard of Oz](/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_%281982_film%29 "The Wizard of Oz (1982 film)")*. The *Annie* film soundtrack album went platinum, and subsequently Quinn released her own album, *Bobby's Girl*, in 1982\. Soon after that release, she starred as Princess Zora in the classic fairy tale *[The Frog Prince](/wiki/The_Frog_Prince_%281986_film%29 "The Frog Prince (1986 film)")*, which was released on videocassette and aired on the [Disney Channel](/wiki/Disney_Channel "Disney Channel") several times.
After graduation from college, Quinn once again took to the stage. In 1994, she appeared as Bette in *[Oliver!](/wiki/Oliver%21 "Oliver!")* at [Paper Mill Playhouse](/wiki/Paper_Mill_Playhouse "Paper Mill Playhouse"). She toured the US for more than five years with three Broadway national tours: *[Fiddler on the Roof](/wiki/Fiddler_on_the_Roof "Fiddler on the Roof")* (Chava), *[Peter Pan](/wiki/Peter_Pan "Peter Pan")* (Tootles/Jane) and *[Saturday Night Fever](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever_%28musical%29 "Saturday Night Fever (musical)")* (Annette). She studied [Shakespeare](/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_works "Shakespeare's works") in London, where she appeared in *[As You Like It](/wiki/As_You_Like_It "As You Like It")* and *[Twelfth Night](/wiki/Twelfth_Night_%28play%29 "Twelfth Night (play)")* at [LAMDA](/wiki/London_Academy_of_Music_and_Dramatic_Art "London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art"). Off\-Broadway productions include *Dreamstuff* (Princess), *Creature* (Elizabeth) and *Yiddle With a Fiddle* (Yiddle). Regional theater credits up to the present include *[The Unsinkable Molly Brown](/wiki/The_Unsinkable_Molly_Brown_%28musical%29 "The Unsinkable Molly Brown (musical)")* (Molly), *[That Was Then](/wiki/That_Was_Then "That Was Then")* (World Premiere Play\-April Gregory), and *Funny, You Don't Look Like a Grandmother* (her Daughter).
Quinn appeared in a few small roles in independent films between 2006 and 2010, most notably portraying Lily in *Annie* at Theatre Aspen. She hosted *Generation Gap*, an interactive sitcom used to teach kids how to resolve conflicts. It was written and directed by filmmaker Edna Harris and aired on [PBS](/wiki/PBS "PBS") in 2004\. Quinn played a minor role in the 2009 film *[Multiple Sarcasms](/wiki/Multiple_Sarcasms "Multiple Sarcasms")* which stars [Timothy Hutton](/wiki/Timothy_Hutton "Timothy Hutton") and [Mira Sorvino](/wiki/Mira_Sorvino "Mira Sorvino").
Quinn was an adjunct theater professor at [Monmouth University](/wiki/Monmouth_University "Monmouth University") in [West Long Branch, New Jersey](/wiki/West_Long_Branch%2C_New_Jersey "West Long Branch, New Jersey").{{cite web\|url\=https://movietimes.com/celebrities/aileen\-quinn\|title\=Aileen Quinn biography, photos, news, movies\|website\=MovieTimes.com\|access\-date\=March 17, 2019}}{{Dead link\|date\=August 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Some of the school's campus was the site of the film version of *Annie*.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.app.com/story/news/history/erik\-larsen/2014/12/16/daddy\-warbucks\-moved\-monmouth/20506665/\|title\=When 'Daddy' Warbucks moved into Monmouth U\|work\=Asbury Park Press\|access\-date\=October 17, 2018\|date\=December 16, 2014\|first\=Erik\|last\=Larsen}} She was awarded an honorary degree from Monmouth University in 2009\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.monmouth.edu/news/\|title\=News \|publisher\= Monmouth University \| first\=Monmouth University 400 Cedar AvenueWest Long\|last\=BranchNJ07764732\.571\.3400\| website\= monmouth.edu \|access\-date\=March 17, 2019}} Quinn was also a Spanish, drama, and dance teacher at [Hudson Catholic Regional High School](/wiki/Hudson_Catholic_Regional_High_School "Hudson Catholic Regional High School") in [Jersey City](/wiki/Jersey_City%2C_New_Jersey "Jersey City, New Jersey"), New Jersey.
She has her own band, Aileen Quinn and The Leapin' Lizards.{{cite news\|url\= http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/sep/13/annie\-star\-aileen\-quinn\-new\-band\-leapin\-lizards/\|title\='Annie' star Aileen Quinn on new band The Leapin' Lizards\|website\= washingtontimes.com\|date\=September 13, 2016\|first\=Keith\|last\=Valcourt}} Quinn met her bandmates after a neighbor heard her singing in her apartment, then introduced Quinn to the other musicians.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/entertainment/aileen\-quinn\-and\-the\-leapin\-lizards\-bring\-rockabilly\-to\-carson/\|title\=Aileen Quinn and The Leapin' Lizards bring rockabilly to Carson\|website\=NevadaAppeal.com\|date\=July 25, 2018\|first\=Kyler\|last\=Klix\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726113401/www.nevadaappeal.com/news/entertainment/aileen\-quinn\-and\-the\-leapin\-lizards\-bring\-rockabilly\-to\-carson/\|archivedate\=July 26, 2018}} They released their first album, *Spin Me*, in 2015\.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.laweekly.com/music/red\-aunts\-say\-goodbye\-to\-bassist\-debi\-martini\-10139754\|title\=Red Aunts Say Goodbye to Bassist Debi Martini\|work\= LAWeekly.com\|date\=March 7, 2019\|author\=Falling James\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311072740/www.laweekly.com/music/red\-aunts\-say\-goodbye\-to\-bassist\-debi\-martini\-10139754\|archivedate\=March 11, 2019}} They released their second album, *Lightning and Thunder*, in November 2019\.{{cite news\|url\=http://knvc.org/news/aileen\-quinn\-the\-leapin\-lizards\-and\-a\-serious\-giant\-jenga\-match\-a\-photo\-essay/\|title\=Aileen Quinn \& The Leapin' Lizards and a serious giant Jenga match – a photo essay\|website\=\[\[KNVC]].org\|date\=July 31, 2018\|first1\=Brian\|last1\=Bahouth\|first2\=Joe\|last2\=Bly\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419052855/www.knvc.org/news/aileen\-quinn\-the\-leapin\-lizards\-and\-a\-serious\-giant\-jenga\-match\-a\-photo\-essay/\|archivedate\=April 19, 2019}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"After obtaining an agent, Quinn won a small role in the film *[Paternity](/wiki/Paternity_%28film%29 \"Paternity (film)\")* and commercial work in New York City. She began appearing in television commercials including [Planters](/wiki/Planters \"Planters\") [Cheez Balls](/wiki/Cheese_puffs \"Cheese puffs\"), [Shake ‘n Bake](/wiki/Shake_%E2%80%98n_Bake \"Shake ‘n Bake\") and Northern [bathroom tissue](/wiki/Toilet_paper \"Toilet paper\"). At age 8 she landed the role in New York City of the \"swing orphan\" ([understudy](/wiki/Understudy \"Understudy\") to all of the orphans except Molly and Annie) in the [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\") production of *[Annie](/wiki/Annie_%28musical%29 \"Annie (musical)\")*.",
"After eight auditions over the course of a year, and up against over 8,000 other competitors, Quinn received the title role in the 1982 movie *[Annie](/wiki/Annie_%281982_film%29 \"Annie (1982 film)\")*, directed by [John Huston](/wiki/John_Huston \"John Huston\"). *Annie* earned Quinn two [Golden Globe](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award \"Golden Globe Award\") nominations, a win for \"Best Actress\" from the [Youth in Film Awards](/wiki/Young_Artist_Award \"Young Artist Award\"), and a [Razzie](/wiki/3rd_Golden_Raspberry_Awards \"3rd Golden Raspberry Awards\") for \"Worst New Star\". Aileen was 9 years old when she was cast as Annie.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/01/14/pennsylvania\\-girl\\-will\\-play\\-Americas\\-favorite\\-orphan/6229348296400/\\|title\\= Pennsylvania girl will play America's favorite orphan\\|date\\=January 14, 1981\\|website\\= UPI.com\\|agency\\=UPI}}",
"Aileen Quinn was under contract for several years with [Columbia Pictures](/wiki/Columbia_Pictures \"Columbia Pictures\") to make other *Annie* sequels which never materialized.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://nypost.com/2014/07/16/32\\-years\\-later\\-annie\\-still\\-singing\\-annie\\-songs/\\|title\\= 32 years later, Annie still singing 'Annie' songs\\|date\\= July 16, 2014\\|work\\=New York Post}} During this time, she continued performing in lead roles in [regional theater](/wiki/Regional_theater \"Regional theater\") in such shows as *[The Wizard of Oz](/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_%281982_film%29 \"The Wizard of Oz (1982 film)\")* ([Dorothy](/wiki/Dorothy_Gale \"Dorothy Gale\")), *[Bye, Bye Birdie](/wiki/Bye_Bye_Birdie_%28musical%29 \"Bye Bye Birdie (musical)\")* (Kim), *Annie* (Annie), *[Shenandoah](/wiki/Shenandoah_%28musical%29 \"Shenandoah (musical)\")* (Jenny), and *[A Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine](/wiki/A_Day_in_Hollywood/A_Night_in_the_Ukraine \"A Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine\")* (Harpo). She also lent her voice to two animated cartoon specials which aired on national television, *[The Charmkins](/wiki/The_Charmkins \"The Charmkins\")* and *[The Wizard of Oz](/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_%281982_film%29 \"The Wizard of Oz (1982 film)\")*. The *Annie* film soundtrack album went platinum, and subsequently Quinn released her own album, *Bobby's Girl*, in 1982\\. Soon after that release, she starred as Princess Zora in the classic fairy tale *[The Frog Prince](/wiki/The_Frog_Prince_%281986_film%29 \"The Frog Prince (1986 film)\")*, which was released on videocassette and aired on the [Disney Channel](/wiki/Disney_Channel \"Disney Channel\") several times.",
"After graduation from college, Quinn once again took to the stage. In 1994, she appeared as Bette in *[Oliver!](/wiki/Oliver%21 \"Oliver!\")* at [Paper Mill Playhouse](/wiki/Paper_Mill_Playhouse \"Paper Mill Playhouse\"). She toured the US for more than five years with three Broadway national tours: *[Fiddler on the Roof](/wiki/Fiddler_on_the_Roof \"Fiddler on the Roof\")* (Chava), *[Peter Pan](/wiki/Peter_Pan \"Peter Pan\")* (Tootles/Jane) and *[Saturday Night Fever](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever_%28musical%29 \"Saturday Night Fever (musical)\")* (Annette). She studied [Shakespeare](/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_works \"Shakespeare's works\") in London, where she appeared in *[As You Like It](/wiki/As_You_Like_It \"As You Like It\")* and *[Twelfth Night](/wiki/Twelfth_Night_%28play%29 \"Twelfth Night (play)\")* at [LAMDA](/wiki/London_Academy_of_Music_and_Dramatic_Art \"London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art\"). Off\\-Broadway productions include *Dreamstuff* (Princess), *Creature* (Elizabeth) and *Yiddle With a Fiddle* (Yiddle). Regional theater credits up to the present include *[The Unsinkable Molly Brown](/wiki/The_Unsinkable_Molly_Brown_%28musical%29 \"The Unsinkable Molly Brown (musical)\")* (Molly), *[That Was Then](/wiki/That_Was_Then \"That Was Then\")* (World Premiere Play\\-April Gregory), and *Funny, You Don't Look Like a Grandmother* (her Daughter).",
"Quinn appeared in a few small roles in independent films between 2006 and 2010, most notably portraying Lily in *Annie* at Theatre Aspen. She hosted *Generation Gap*, an interactive sitcom used to teach kids how to resolve conflicts. It was written and directed by filmmaker Edna Harris and aired on [PBS](/wiki/PBS \"PBS\") in 2004\\. Quinn played a minor role in the 2009 film *[Multiple Sarcasms](/wiki/Multiple_Sarcasms \"Multiple Sarcasms\")* which stars [Timothy Hutton](/wiki/Timothy_Hutton \"Timothy Hutton\") and [Mira Sorvino](/wiki/Mira_Sorvino \"Mira Sorvino\").",
"Quinn was an adjunct theater professor at [Monmouth University](/wiki/Monmouth_University \"Monmouth University\") in [West Long Branch, New Jersey](/wiki/West_Long_Branch%2C_New_Jersey \"West Long Branch, New Jersey\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://movietimes.com/celebrities/aileen\\-quinn\\|title\\=Aileen Quinn biography, photos, news, movies\\|website\\=MovieTimes.com\\|access\\-date\\=March 17, 2019}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=August 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} Some of the school's campus was the site of the film version of *Annie*.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.app.com/story/news/history/erik\\-larsen/2014/12/16/daddy\\-warbucks\\-moved\\-monmouth/20506665/\\|title\\=When 'Daddy' Warbucks moved into Monmouth U\\|work\\=Asbury Park Press\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2018\\|date\\=December 16, 2014\\|first\\=Erik\\|last\\=Larsen}} She was awarded an honorary degree from Monmouth University in 2009\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.monmouth.edu/news/\\|title\\=News \\|publisher\\= Monmouth University \\| first\\=Monmouth University 400 Cedar AvenueWest Long\\|last\\=BranchNJ07764732\\.571\\.3400\\| website\\= monmouth.edu \\|access\\-date\\=March 17, 2019}} Quinn was also a Spanish, drama, and dance teacher at [Hudson Catholic Regional High School](/wiki/Hudson_Catholic_Regional_High_School \"Hudson Catholic Regional High School\") in [Jersey City](/wiki/Jersey_City%2C_New_Jersey \"Jersey City, New Jersey\"), New Jersey.",
"She has her own band, Aileen Quinn and The Leapin' Lizards.{{cite news\\|url\\= http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/sep/13/annie\\-star\\-aileen\\-quinn\\-new\\-band\\-leapin\\-lizards/\\|title\\='Annie' star Aileen Quinn on new band The Leapin' Lizards\\|website\\= washingtontimes.com\\|date\\=September 13, 2016\\|first\\=Keith\\|last\\=Valcourt}} Quinn met her bandmates after a neighbor heard her singing in her apartment, then introduced Quinn to the other musicians.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/entertainment/aileen\\-quinn\\-and\\-the\\-leapin\\-lizards\\-bring\\-rockabilly\\-to\\-carson/\\|title\\=Aileen Quinn and The Leapin' Lizards bring rockabilly to Carson\\|website\\=NevadaAppeal.com\\|date\\=July 25, 2018\\|first\\=Kyler\\|last\\=Klix\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726113401/www.nevadaappeal.com/news/entertainment/aileen\\-quinn\\-and\\-the\\-leapin\\-lizards\\-bring\\-rockabilly\\-to\\-carson/\\|archivedate\\=July 26, 2018}} They released their first album, *Spin Me*, in 2015\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.laweekly.com/music/red\\-aunts\\-say\\-goodbye\\-to\\-bassist\\-debi\\-martini\\-10139754\\|title\\=Red Aunts Say Goodbye to Bassist Debi Martini\\|work\\= LAWeekly.com\\|date\\=March 7, 2019\\|author\\=Falling James\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311072740/www.laweekly.com/music/red\\-aunts\\-say\\-goodbye\\-to\\-bassist\\-debi\\-martini\\-10139754\\|archivedate\\=March 11, 2019}} They released their second album, *Lightning and Thunder*, in November 2019\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://knvc.org/news/aileen\\-quinn\\-the\\-leapin\\-lizards\\-and\\-a\\-serious\\-giant\\-jenga\\-match\\-a\\-photo\\-essay/\\|title\\=Aileen Quinn \\& The Leapin' Lizards and a serious giant Jenga match – a photo essay\\|website\\=\\[\\[KNVC]].org\\|date\\=July 31, 2018\\|first1\\=Brian\\|last1\\=Bahouth\\|first2\\=Joe\\|last2\\=Bly\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419052855/www.knvc.org/news/aileen\\-quinn\\-the\\-leapin\\-lizards\\-and\\-a\\-serious\\-giant\\-jenga\\-match\\-a\\-photo\\-essay/\\|archivedate\\=April 19, 2019}}",
""
] |
Life
----
Pirie was born in [Guelph](/wiki/Guelph "Guelph"), Upper Canada, to [George Pirie](/wiki/George_Pirie_%28publisher%29 "George Pirie (publisher)"), a native of [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen "Aberdeen"), Scotland. His mother was Jane Booth, born in Lonmay [Aberdeenshire](/wiki/Aberdeenshire "Aberdeenshire") to a family from the [Isle of Noss](/wiki/Isle_of_Noss "Isle of Noss") in the Shetland Islands.
George Pirie emigrated to Upper Canada with a group of Aberdeen merchants and businessmen. The family arrived in 1838 and joined the Bon Accord settlement located in the vicinity of [Elora](/wiki/Elora%2C_Ontario "Elora, Ontario"). He arrived with his first wife, Mary Robieson, and their children. She died not long after her settlement in Canada, and Mr. Pirie married Miss Jane Booth.
In 1848, George Pirie became the publisher of the *Guelph Herald* newspaper after his attempt at farming in the Bon Accord community. The farm was sold and the family moved to [Guelph](/wiki/Guelph "Guelph") where he ran the *Guelph Herald* publishing and printing office on Wyndham Street. The elder Pirie was a staunch conservative and Scottish Canadian poet.
As a young man, Alexander Fraser Pirie assisted at his father's newspaper office. The paper struggled to maintain circulation and relied upon job printing work. *Imprint* magazine later described these early days in a profile of Pirie:
> "He first saw the light of publication day in his father's office, the Guelph Herald, in 1849, and was brought up to the sound of the mallet and planer, the hammering of wooden quoins in the chases and the incessant cry of "Color!" on the part of the man who pulled the lever of the Washington press. The principal event of his early life was stirring the glue and molasses over a hot fire when the foreman decided to cast a new roller, the making of a new roller being at that time regarded as an epoch in the history of all well\-regulated country printing offices."*Imprint*. Toronto \& Winnipeg: Vol. 1\., No. 3, July–August, 1893\.
At 21 years of age, after his father's death in 1870, Pirie became publisher of *The Herald*. During this time he took on the numerous duties of a local newspaper which included the issuing of marriage licenses. At this time he received a letter from [John A. Macdonald](/wiki/John_A._Macdonald "John A. Macdonald") authorizing him as the local agent for these licenses. However, Pirie had a great desire to work as a journalist in a larger city, and two years later moved on to [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"). In 1924, *The Herald* was absorbed by the *[Guelph Mercury](/wiki/Guelph_Mercury "Guelph Mercury")*.
By 1874, Pirie was working at *The Toronto Sun*This publication had no connection to *The Toronto Sun* established in 1971\. It was an earlier and short\-lived Toronto newspaper with the same name. It was published for several years during the 1870s, and soon went out of business. as a columnist. From a circa 1876 article:
> "The Sun...still retains one of the most fertile humorists in Canada in the person of Mr. Alexander Pirie, commonly known as the "Sun Skit Urchin". This gentleman, who is still very young, finds plenty of work for the scissors of his contemporaries in a daily column of "Sun Skits." They abound in reckless humor, sparing no one, and have just the pleasant bitterness of a dry curacoa. They have now flowed forth in an uninterrupted stream for nearly two years, and neither the supply nor quality shows any signs of falling off".
A caricature of Pirie as the "Sun Skit Urchin" appeared in *Grip* magazine at this time. *Grip* magazine was Canada's version of the satirical British magazine *[Punch](/wiki/Punch_%28magazine%29 "Punch (magazine)")*. While Pirie was also a contributor to *Grip*, these contributions were submitted anonymously. He also penned several articles for *[Saturday Night](/wiki/Saturday_Night_%28magazine%29 "Saturday Night (magazine)")*. "Rambles About Rimouski" was a story of the history of [Rimouski](/wiki/Rimouski "Rimouski"), [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec "Quebec").
Pirie was a popular editorial columnist, as well as social figure and public speaker. During the 1870s, he lived with his mother and other family members on Mutual Street in Toronto. This house, now demolished, was in the vicinity of where [Toronto Metropolitan University](/wiki/Toronto_Metropolitan_University "Toronto Metropolitan University") now stands. He was in demand as a public speaker, and known for his use of political humour. Throughout his years in Toronto Pirie was present at many of the city's social events, such as an 1885 reading by [Robert Kirkland Kernighan](/wiki/Robert_Kirkland_Kernighan "Robert Kirkland Kernighan"). His speaking engagements ranged from reviews of his European travels to speeches in support of Liberal political candidates.
[thumb\|A. F. Pirie's [Masonic](/wiki/Masonic_lodge "Masonic lodge") Certificate, 1875\.](/wiki/Image:PIRIE_A_F_1875_Masonic_Certificate.jpg "PIRIE A F 1875 Masonic Certificate.jpg")
Pirie was accepted as a [Mason](/wiki/Freemasonry "Freemasonry") on September 1, 1875, at the [Grand Lodge](/wiki/Grand_Lodge "Grand Lodge") at [Hamilton](/wiki/Hamilton%2C_Ontario "Hamilton, Ontario"), Ontario. This would have enhanced many social connections in [Victorian era](/wiki/Victorian_era "Victorian era") Toronto.
In 1876, Pirie joined the *[Toronto Telegram](/wiki/Toronto_Telegram "Toronto Telegram")*. He was best known as the second editor of the *Telegram*, a role he held until 1888\. The *Telegram* was founded in 1876 by [John Ross Robertson](/wiki/John_Ross_Robertson "John Ross Robertson") as a paper devoted to Toronto's interests, and, as Robertson described it, devoted to "today's news to\-day"The Municipality of Toronto / A History. Toronto, 1923\.
Pirie spent his first year at the *Telegram* working under the historian [John Charles Dent](/wiki/John_Charles_Dent "John Charles Dent"). After that he took on the role of editor which he held until 1888\.
A 1923 review of the history of Toronto newspapers commented on Pirie's time at the *Telegram*: "Then came Mr. A. F. Pirie, one of the wittiest and most companionable of men, whose paragraphs, straight\-flung and barbed at the point, enlarged public interest in the enterprise".
In 1886, Pirie participated in a literary debate relating to Canada's role in North America and her relationship with the United States. Articles under the heading "Canadian Prospects and Politics" were submitted to *[The North American Review](/wiki/The_North_American_Review "The North American Review")* for the January 1886 issue (Volume 142, Issue 350\) by the Marquis of Lorne and A. F. Pirie with a brief note from Sir John A. Macdonald.{{cite web\|url\=http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi\-bin/moa/sgml/moa\-idx?notisid\=ABQ7578\-0142\&byte\=103370172 \|title\=A. F. Pirie, pp. 45\-49 \|publisher\=Cdl.library.cornell.edu \|date\= \|access\-date\=2013\-08\-09}}
In February 1893, Pirie was elected president of the Canadian Press Association.*Hamilton Spectator*. February 10, 1893 In this capacity he spoke on behalf of Canadian interests at the World Press Conference in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois "Illinois"). In a May 29, 1893, article from the *[Toronto Mail](/wiki/Toronto_Mail "Toronto Mail")*, "Good Words for Canada: Plain Talk at the Press Convention", it was reported that Canada had the "honor of closing the proceedings of the ninth annual convention of the National Editorial Association" with the last address delivered by A. F. Pirie. Mr. Pirie also represented the Canadian Press Association at the World's Press Congress. The reporter felt that "He said some good words for Canada, reminding his hearers that there were a hundred thousand Canadians in Chicago alone..." Also, that Pirie had noted the role women had been taking in the press congress and stated that as the public journals were made for men and women, ..."there seemed to be no good reason that women as well as men should not bear a part in making them". Finally, he made a strong plea for closer trade relations between the U.S. and Canada: "...holding it to be a shame and an outrage that Canadian workmen should be shut out of the United States, and Canadian products subjected to a high duty, after all the Canadians had done for the United States at the time of the civil war, when 40,000 took up arms for the union, and all that Canadians in the States are still doing in building up that country". He appealed to the journalists of America for fair play for Canada.
Pirie's work attracted many admirers. *Imprint* magazine, in profiling the new President of the Canadian Press Association wrote in reference to his 1889 [William Notman](/wiki/William_Notman "William Notman") portrait which was published within the article: "The portrait does not do justice to its subject: to do so it would require to be a "speaking likeness", for our friend is just as handy with his tongue as he is with his pen—he is a born orator as well as journalist." Commenting on his career, *Imprint* noted: "Mr. Pirie is a writer of great versatility, a capital speaker, one of the best\-natured men in the profession, and publishes a model country weekly..."; and on his popularity: "He is one of the most popular of our Canadian journalists, a believer in his country and its future, and is a good representative of the men who make Canadian newspapers."
[thumb\|Mr. \& Mrs. A. F. Pirie's residence, Sydenham Lodge, [Dundas, Ontario](/wiki/Dundas%2C_Ontario "Dundas, Ontario"), Canada. Circa 1890s.](/wiki/Image:Pirie_A_F_residence_Sydenham_Lodge_Dundas.jpg "Pirie A F residence Sydenham Lodge Dundas.jpg")
He married Hester Emma McCausland in Toronto on June 12, 1889, at her father's home on Jarvis Street. Miss McCausland's father Joseph McCausland had been in Toronto since the 1820s and was a native of [Armagh](/wiki/Armagh "Armagh"), Ireland, and founder of a successful Toronto stained glass window firm. The newly married couple moved to Montreal where Pirie briefly worked as an Editor at the *Montreal Star*. At this time, they were photographed by Canada's top portrait photographer William Notman. By 1889, they returned to [Dundas, Ontario](/wiki/Dundas%2C_Ontario "Dundas, Ontario") and purchased a home on Sydenham Street that they named "Sydenham Lodge".{{cite web\|url\=https://archive.org/stream/cihm\_12039\#page/n35/mode/2up \|title\=Picturesque Dundas \[microform] \|date\= \|access\-date\=2013\-08\-09}} Four children were born in Dundas during the 1890s: Russell Fraser,[Russell Fraser Pirie](http://www.canadiangreatwarproject.com/searches/soldierDetail.asp?ID=72000) (1890\-1956\) served in the first World War with the 41st Battery Canadian Field Artillery. He served again in the Second World War with the Veterans' Guard of Canada. He is buried in Grove Cemetery, Dundas, Ontario. Elsie Gowan, Jean Booth and Goldwin McCausland. In recent years, this home was used for the filming of one episode in Season Six of *[The West Wing](/wiki/The_West_Wing_%28TV_series%29 "The West Wing (TV series)")*.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.westwingepguide.com/S6/Episodes/123\_OR.html \|title\=Opposition Research – The West Wing Episode Guide \|publisher\=Westwingepguide.com \|date\= \|access\-date\=2013\-08\-09}}
In 1895, Pirie lost his mother, Jane (Booth) Pirie, who fell ill after a visit to Dundas from her Toronto home. Jane Pirie had actively assisted in her husband's publishing and printing business in Guelph, and in the 1890s had drafted an account of her travels to Western Canada which Mr. Pirie published in the *Dundas Banner*.
Pirie was interested in politics and during the Parliamentary session of 1888 he had represented the *Montreal Star* in the [press gallery](/wiki/Press_gallery "Press gallery") at Ottawa.*The Hamilton Review*, June 14, 1918
In the Provincial General Election of 1898, Pirie had received a Reform nomination as a candidate for North Wentworth.*The Canadian Men and Women of the Time*. 1st edition. Edited by [Henry James Morgan](/wiki/Henry_James_Morgan "Henry James Morgan"). Toronto: Wm. Briggs, 1898,pg. 822\. This was not successful, and afterwards he worked for the Liberal Party of Canada, often appearing as a public speaker, or editing work destined for publication. He appeared in [Brantford, Ontario](/wiki/Brantford%2C_Ontario "Brantford, Ontario"), on behalf of the Hon. William Paterson for the election of 1900\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/key/bio.asp?Language\=E\&query\=16404\&s\= \|title\=PARLINFO \- Parliamentarian File \- Federal Experience \- PATERSON, The Hon. William, P.C \|publisher\=Parl.gc.ca \|access\-date\=2013\-08\-09 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312020104/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/key/bio.asp?Language\=E\&query\=16404\&s\= \|archive\-date\=2007\-03\-12 }} At that time, the audience rose to its feet in a standing ovation. Pirie began his speech noting that his reputation as a humorist preceded him, however, in this case, he had some serious issues to cover.*Brantford Expositor*, November 1900\.
Pirie's wife died of pneumonia in 1901 after a brief illness. She was only 43 years old. After this time, Pirie's health broke down and he limited his public engagements. He continued some of his work for the [Liberal Party of Canada](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada "Liberal Party of Canada") and public speaking engagements. According to newspaper accounts after his death, his relatives noted that he began to stay indoors for much of the time. His cousin, Robinson Pirie of Hamilton, began to visit him to urge him to get out. In 1901, he attended a conference for the Canadian Press Association held in Charlottetown, P.E.I. Pirie wrote to his sister\-in\-law in Toronto (Mrs. Boyce Thompson) that many events had lost their lustre. He told her that he and his wife had always dreamt of returning to Toronto after the children grew up. He described the regular visits he made to his wife's grave on Sundays.
In July 1903,{{cite web\|url\=http://manitobia.ca/content/en/newspapers/BDS/1903/07/06/articles/25\.xml/iarchives?query\=pirie \|title\=Brandon Daily Sun 06\-JUL\-1903 : Digital Resources on Manitoba History \|publisher\=Manitobia.ca \|date\=1903\-07\-06 \|access\-date\=2013\-08\-09}} Pirie visited relatives in [Brandon](/wiki/Brandon%2C_Manitoba "Brandon, Manitoba"), [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba "Manitoba"), in conjunction with some work for the Liberal party. Relatives hoped that this trip might improve his state of mind. After his return to Dundas, he died at home on August 15, 1903\.{{cite web\|url\=http://manitobia.ca/content/en/newspapers/BDS/1903/08/10/articles/3\.xml/iarchives?query\=pirie \|title\=Brandon Daily Sun 10\-AUG\-1903 : Digital Resources on Manitoba History \|publisher\=Manitobia.ca \|date\=1903\-08\-10 \|access\-date\=2013\-08\-09}} This event shocked the community. In a letter preserved at the Whitehern museum archives, Mrs. McQuesten wrote to her son Rev. Calvin McQuesten in Montreal about the event.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.whitehern.ca/result.php?doc\_id\=W5074\&keyword\=pirie\&subject\=\-\-All%20Subjects\-\-\&type\=\-\-All%20Document%20Types\-\-\&creator\=\-\-All%20Creators\-\-\&date\=\-\-Any%20Date\-\- \|title\=M. B. McQuesten letter August 14, 1903 \|publisher\=Whitehern.ca \|date\=1903\-08\-14 \|access\-date\=2013\-08\-09}}
Pirie's pallbearers included [John Ross Robertson](/wiki/John_Ross_Robertson "John Ross Robertson") of the *Toronto Telegram*. He was buried in Grove Cemetery next to his wife. Four children were left without parents. The children's guardian was their paternal aunt, Ada L. Pirie (Mrs. Walpole Murdoch), who had been assisting Pirie since the death of her sister\-in\-law.
Pirie's youngest son, Goldwin McCausland Pirie[Search Details – Veterans Affairs Canada](http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/collections/virtualmem/Detail/363368?GOLDWIN%20MCCAUSLAND%20PIRIE) at www.vac\-acc.gc.ca (1894–1915\), died of wounds received at the [Second Battle of Ypres](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres "Second Battle of Ypres") during the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"). A soldier with the 1st Battalion Western Ontario Regiment, Goldwin Pirie was selected to work as a bomb thrower due to his athletic ability. He had attended Trinity College School in Port Hope where he was well respected as a member of their football rugby team. The 1st battalion participated in a counterattack after the gas attacks, and Goldwin Pirie was hit by a shell during this assault. He lay wounded for several days upon the battlefield before he was picked up and transported for further care. He died at Netley (Royal Victoria Hospital) in England about two months after he was wounded. Pirie, known as Goldie, sent several articles back to Dundas for publication in the *Dundas Star* in 1914 while he was in training at Valcartier Camp, Quebec. He wrote his articles with a humorous bent in the tradition of his father.{{cite web\|author\=Marc Leroux \|url\=http://www.canadiangreatwarproject.com/transcripts/transcriptDisplay.asp?Type\=L\&Id\=1 \|title\=Four Letters from Valcartier Camp, 1914 \|publisher\=Canadiangreatwarproject.com \|date\= \|access\-date\=2013\-08\-09}}
In 1918, *The Hamilton Review* published an article on Pirie by Sir John Willison (of *The Globe*) who had been profiling political and public personalities from Canada's past. He wrote:
> "But Mr. Pirie was more than a jester. He had qualities of heart and mind which were seldom revealed and only to those who had his affection and confidence. These were few, for beneath an apparent openness and spontaneity there was a reserve which was not easily penetrated. He got much out of life, but not all that he desired. Happy but often anxious and foreboding...when I think of Pirie I recall what was said of Shelley: 'He passed through life like a strange bird upon a great journey, singing always of the paradise to which he was travelling, and suddenly lost from the sight of men in the midst of his song.' "Sir John Willison, *The Hamilton Review*, June 14, 1918
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Pirie was born in [Guelph](/wiki/Guelph \"Guelph\"), Upper Canada, to [George Pirie](/wiki/George_Pirie_%28publisher%29 \"George Pirie (publisher)\"), a native of [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen \"Aberdeen\"), Scotland. His mother was Jane Booth, born in Lonmay [Aberdeenshire](/wiki/Aberdeenshire \"Aberdeenshire\") to a family from the [Isle of Noss](/wiki/Isle_of_Noss \"Isle of Noss\") in the Shetland Islands.",
"George Pirie emigrated to Upper Canada with a group of Aberdeen merchants and businessmen. The family arrived in 1838 and joined the Bon Accord settlement located in the vicinity of [Elora](/wiki/Elora%2C_Ontario \"Elora, Ontario\"). He arrived with his first wife, Mary Robieson, and their children. She died not long after her settlement in Canada, and Mr. Pirie married Miss Jane Booth.",
"In 1848, George Pirie became the publisher of the *Guelph Herald* newspaper after his attempt at farming in the Bon Accord community. The farm was sold and the family moved to [Guelph](/wiki/Guelph \"Guelph\") where he ran the *Guelph Herald* publishing and printing office on Wyndham Street. The elder Pirie was a staunch conservative and Scottish Canadian poet.",
"As a young man, Alexander Fraser Pirie assisted at his father's newspaper office. The paper struggled to maintain circulation and relied upon job printing work. *Imprint* magazine later described these early days in a profile of Pirie:",
"",
"> \"He first saw the light of publication day in his father's office, the Guelph Herald, in 1849, and was brought up to the sound of the mallet and planer, the hammering of wooden quoins in the chases and the incessant cry of \"Color!\" on the part of the man who pulled the lever of the Washington press. The principal event of his early life was stirring the glue and molasses over a hot fire when the foreman decided to cast a new roller, the making of a new roller being at that time regarded as an epoch in the history of all well\\-regulated country printing offices.\"*Imprint*. Toronto \\& Winnipeg: Vol. 1\\., No. 3, July–August, 1893\\.",
"At 21 years of age, after his father's death in 1870, Pirie became publisher of *The Herald*. During this time he took on the numerous duties of a local newspaper which included the issuing of marriage licenses. At this time he received a letter from [John A. Macdonald](/wiki/John_A._Macdonald \"John A. Macdonald\") authorizing him as the local agent for these licenses. However, Pirie had a great desire to work as a journalist in a larger city, and two years later moved on to [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"). In 1924, *The Herald* was absorbed by the *[Guelph Mercury](/wiki/Guelph_Mercury \"Guelph Mercury\")*.",
"By 1874, Pirie was working at *The Toronto Sun*This publication had no connection to *The Toronto Sun* established in 1971\\. It was an earlier and short\\-lived Toronto newspaper with the same name. It was published for several years during the 1870s, and soon went out of business. as a columnist. From a circa 1876 article:",
"",
"> \"The Sun...still retains one of the most fertile humorists in Canada in the person of Mr. Alexander Pirie, commonly known as the \"Sun Skit Urchin\". This gentleman, who is still very young, finds plenty of work for the scissors of his contemporaries in a daily column of \"Sun Skits.\" They abound in reckless humor, sparing no one, and have just the pleasant bitterness of a dry curacoa. They have now flowed forth in an uninterrupted stream for nearly two years, and neither the supply nor quality shows any signs of falling off\".",
"A caricature of Pirie as the \"Sun Skit Urchin\" appeared in *Grip* magazine at this time. *Grip* magazine was Canada's version of the satirical British magazine *[Punch](/wiki/Punch_%28magazine%29 \"Punch (magazine)\")*. While Pirie was also a contributor to *Grip*, these contributions were submitted anonymously. He also penned several articles for *[Saturday Night](/wiki/Saturday_Night_%28magazine%29 \"Saturday Night (magazine)\")*. \"Rambles About Rimouski\" was a story of the history of [Rimouski](/wiki/Rimouski \"Rimouski\"), [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\").",
"Pirie was a popular editorial columnist, as well as social figure and public speaker. During the 1870s, he lived with his mother and other family members on Mutual Street in Toronto. This house, now demolished, was in the vicinity of where [Toronto Metropolitan University](/wiki/Toronto_Metropolitan_University \"Toronto Metropolitan University\") now stands. He was in demand as a public speaker, and known for his use of political humour. Throughout his years in Toronto Pirie was present at many of the city's social events, such as an 1885 reading by [Robert Kirkland Kernighan](/wiki/Robert_Kirkland_Kernighan \"Robert Kirkland Kernighan\"). His speaking engagements ranged from reviews of his European travels to speeches in support of Liberal political candidates.",
"[thumb\\|A. F. Pirie's [Masonic](/wiki/Masonic_lodge \"Masonic lodge\") Certificate, 1875\\.](/wiki/Image:PIRIE_A_F_1875_Masonic_Certificate.jpg \"PIRIE A F 1875 Masonic Certificate.jpg\")\nPirie was accepted as a [Mason](/wiki/Freemasonry \"Freemasonry\") on September 1, 1875, at the [Grand Lodge](/wiki/Grand_Lodge \"Grand Lodge\") at [Hamilton](/wiki/Hamilton%2C_Ontario \"Hamilton, Ontario\"), Ontario. This would have enhanced many social connections in [Victorian era](/wiki/Victorian_era \"Victorian era\") Toronto.",
"In 1876, Pirie joined the *[Toronto Telegram](/wiki/Toronto_Telegram \"Toronto Telegram\")*. He was best known as the second editor of the *Telegram*, a role he held until 1888\\. The *Telegram* was founded in 1876 by [John Ross Robertson](/wiki/John_Ross_Robertson \"John Ross Robertson\") as a paper devoted to Toronto's interests, and, as Robertson described it, devoted to \"today's news to\\-day\"The Municipality of Toronto / A History. Toronto, 1923\\.",
"Pirie spent his first year at the *Telegram* working under the historian [John Charles Dent](/wiki/John_Charles_Dent \"John Charles Dent\"). After that he took on the role of editor which he held until 1888\\.",
"A 1923 review of the history of Toronto newspapers commented on Pirie's time at the *Telegram*: \"Then came Mr. A. F. Pirie, one of the wittiest and most companionable of men, whose paragraphs, straight\\-flung and barbed at the point, enlarged public interest in the enterprise\".",
"In 1886, Pirie participated in a literary debate relating to Canada's role in North America and her relationship with the United States. Articles under the heading \"Canadian Prospects and Politics\" were submitted to *[The North American Review](/wiki/The_North_American_Review \"The North American Review\")* for the January 1886 issue (Volume 142, Issue 350\\) by the Marquis of Lorne and A. F. Pirie with a brief note from Sir John A. Macdonald.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi\\-bin/moa/sgml/moa\\-idx?notisid\\=ABQ7578\\-0142\\&byte\\=103370172 \\|title\\=A. F. Pirie, pp. 45\\-49 \\|publisher\\=Cdl.library.cornell.edu \\|date\\= \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-09}}",
"In February 1893, Pirie was elected president of the Canadian Press Association.*Hamilton Spectator*. February 10, 1893 In this capacity he spoke on behalf of Canadian interests at the World Press Conference in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois \"Illinois\"). In a May 29, 1893, article from the *[Toronto Mail](/wiki/Toronto_Mail \"Toronto Mail\")*, \"Good Words for Canada: Plain Talk at the Press Convention\", it was reported that Canada had the \"honor of closing the proceedings of the ninth annual convention of the National Editorial Association\" with the last address delivered by A. F. Pirie. Mr. Pirie also represented the Canadian Press Association at the World's Press Congress. The reporter felt that \"He said some good words for Canada, reminding his hearers that there were a hundred thousand Canadians in Chicago alone...\" Also, that Pirie had noted the role women had been taking in the press congress and stated that as the public journals were made for men and women, ...\"there seemed to be no good reason that women as well as men should not bear a part in making them\". Finally, he made a strong plea for closer trade relations between the U.S. and Canada: \"...holding it to be a shame and an outrage that Canadian workmen should be shut out of the United States, and Canadian products subjected to a high duty, after all the Canadians had done for the United States at the time of the civil war, when 40,000 took up arms for the union, and all that Canadians in the States are still doing in building up that country\". He appealed to the journalists of America for fair play for Canada.",
"Pirie's work attracted many admirers. *Imprint* magazine, in profiling the new President of the Canadian Press Association wrote in reference to his 1889 [William Notman](/wiki/William_Notman \"William Notman\") portrait which was published within the article: \"The portrait does not do justice to its subject: to do so it would require to be a \"speaking likeness\", for our friend is just as handy with his tongue as he is with his pen—he is a born orator as well as journalist.\" Commenting on his career, *Imprint* noted: \"Mr. Pirie is a writer of great versatility, a capital speaker, one of the best\\-natured men in the profession, and publishes a model country weekly...\"; and on his popularity: \"He is one of the most popular of our Canadian journalists, a believer in his country and its future, and is a good representative of the men who make Canadian newspapers.\"",
"[thumb\\|Mr. \\& Mrs. A. F. Pirie's residence, Sydenham Lodge, [Dundas, Ontario](/wiki/Dundas%2C_Ontario \"Dundas, Ontario\"), Canada. Circa 1890s.](/wiki/Image:Pirie_A_F_residence_Sydenham_Lodge_Dundas.jpg \"Pirie A F residence Sydenham Lodge Dundas.jpg\")\nHe married Hester Emma McCausland in Toronto on June 12, 1889, at her father's home on Jarvis Street. Miss McCausland's father Joseph McCausland had been in Toronto since the 1820s and was a native of [Armagh](/wiki/Armagh \"Armagh\"), Ireland, and founder of a successful Toronto stained glass window firm. The newly married couple moved to Montreal where Pirie briefly worked as an Editor at the *Montreal Star*. At this time, they were photographed by Canada's top portrait photographer William Notman. By 1889, they returned to [Dundas, Ontario](/wiki/Dundas%2C_Ontario \"Dundas, Ontario\") and purchased a home on Sydenham Street that they named \"Sydenham Lodge\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/cihm\\_12039\\#page/n35/mode/2up \\|title\\=Picturesque Dundas \\[microform] \\|date\\= \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-09}} Four children were born in Dundas during the 1890s: Russell Fraser,[Russell Fraser Pirie](http://www.canadiangreatwarproject.com/searches/soldierDetail.asp?ID=72000) (1890\\-1956\\) served in the first World War with the 41st Battery Canadian Field Artillery. He served again in the Second World War with the Veterans' Guard of Canada. He is buried in Grove Cemetery, Dundas, Ontario. Elsie Gowan, Jean Booth and Goldwin McCausland. In recent years, this home was used for the filming of one episode in Season Six of *[The West Wing](/wiki/The_West_Wing_%28TV_series%29 \"The West Wing (TV series)\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.westwingepguide.com/S6/Episodes/123\\_OR.html \\|title\\=Opposition Research – The West Wing Episode Guide \\|publisher\\=Westwingepguide.com \\|date\\= \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-09}}",
"In 1895, Pirie lost his mother, Jane (Booth) Pirie, who fell ill after a visit to Dundas from her Toronto home. Jane Pirie had actively assisted in her husband's publishing and printing business in Guelph, and in the 1890s had drafted an account of her travels to Western Canada which Mr. Pirie published in the *Dundas Banner*.",
"Pirie was interested in politics and during the Parliamentary session of 1888 he had represented the *Montreal Star* in the [press gallery](/wiki/Press_gallery \"Press gallery\") at Ottawa.*The Hamilton Review*, June 14, 1918",
"In the Provincial General Election of 1898, Pirie had received a Reform nomination as a candidate for North Wentworth.*The Canadian Men and Women of the Time*. 1st edition. Edited by [Henry James Morgan](/wiki/Henry_James_Morgan \"Henry James Morgan\"). Toronto: Wm. Briggs, 1898,pg. 822\\. This was not successful, and afterwards he worked for the Liberal Party of Canada, often appearing as a public speaker, or editing work destined for publication. He appeared in [Brantford, Ontario](/wiki/Brantford%2C_Ontario \"Brantford, Ontario\"), on behalf of the Hon. William Paterson for the election of 1900\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/key/bio.asp?Language\\=E\\&query\\=16404\\&s\\= \\|title\\=PARLINFO \\- Parliamentarian File \\- Federal Experience \\- PATERSON, The Hon. William, P.C \\|publisher\\=Parl.gc.ca \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-09 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312020104/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/key/bio.asp?Language\\=E\\&query\\=16404\\&s\\= \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-03\\-12 }} At that time, the audience rose to its feet in a standing ovation. Pirie began his speech noting that his reputation as a humorist preceded him, however, in this case, he had some serious issues to cover.*Brantford Expositor*, November 1900\\.",
"Pirie's wife died of pneumonia in 1901 after a brief illness. She was only 43 years old. After this time, Pirie's health broke down and he limited his public engagements. He continued some of his work for the [Liberal Party of Canada](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada \"Liberal Party of Canada\") and public speaking engagements. According to newspaper accounts after his death, his relatives noted that he began to stay indoors for much of the time. His cousin, Robinson Pirie of Hamilton, began to visit him to urge him to get out. In 1901, he attended a conference for the Canadian Press Association held in Charlottetown, P.E.I. Pirie wrote to his sister\\-in\\-law in Toronto (Mrs. Boyce Thompson) that many events had lost their lustre. He told her that he and his wife had always dreamt of returning to Toronto after the children grew up. He described the regular visits he made to his wife's grave on Sundays.",
"In July 1903,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://manitobia.ca/content/en/newspapers/BDS/1903/07/06/articles/25\\.xml/iarchives?query\\=pirie \\|title\\=Brandon Daily Sun 06\\-JUL\\-1903 : Digital Resources on Manitoba History \\|publisher\\=Manitobia.ca \\|date\\=1903\\-07\\-06 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-09}} Pirie visited relatives in [Brandon](/wiki/Brandon%2C_Manitoba \"Brandon, Manitoba\"), [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba \"Manitoba\"), in conjunction with some work for the Liberal party. Relatives hoped that this trip might improve his state of mind. After his return to Dundas, he died at home on August 15, 1903\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://manitobia.ca/content/en/newspapers/BDS/1903/08/10/articles/3\\.xml/iarchives?query\\=pirie \\|title\\=Brandon Daily Sun 10\\-AUG\\-1903 : Digital Resources on Manitoba History \\|publisher\\=Manitobia.ca \\|date\\=1903\\-08\\-10 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-09}} This event shocked the community. In a letter preserved at the Whitehern museum archives, Mrs. McQuesten wrote to her son Rev. Calvin McQuesten in Montreal about the event.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.whitehern.ca/result.php?doc\\_id\\=W5074\\&keyword\\=pirie\\&subject\\=\\-\\-All%20Subjects\\-\\-\\&type\\=\\-\\-All%20Document%20Types\\-\\-\\&creator\\=\\-\\-All%20Creators\\-\\-\\&date\\=\\-\\-Any%20Date\\-\\- \\|title\\=M. B. McQuesten letter August 14, 1903 \\|publisher\\=Whitehern.ca \\|date\\=1903\\-08\\-14 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-09}}",
"Pirie's pallbearers included [John Ross Robertson](/wiki/John_Ross_Robertson \"John Ross Robertson\") of the *Toronto Telegram*. He was buried in Grove Cemetery next to his wife. Four children were left without parents. The children's guardian was their paternal aunt, Ada L. Pirie (Mrs. Walpole Murdoch), who had been assisting Pirie since the death of her sister\\-in\\-law.",
"Pirie's youngest son, Goldwin McCausland Pirie[Search Details – Veterans Affairs Canada](http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/collections/virtualmem/Detail/363368?GOLDWIN%20MCCAUSLAND%20PIRIE) at www.vac\\-acc.gc.ca (1894–1915\\), died of wounds received at the [Second Battle of Ypres](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres \"Second Battle of Ypres\") during the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"). A soldier with the 1st Battalion Western Ontario Regiment, Goldwin Pirie was selected to work as a bomb thrower due to his athletic ability. He had attended Trinity College School in Port Hope where he was well respected as a member of their football rugby team. The 1st battalion participated in a counterattack after the gas attacks, and Goldwin Pirie was hit by a shell during this assault. He lay wounded for several days upon the battlefield before he was picked up and transported for further care. He died at Netley (Royal Victoria Hospital) in England about two months after he was wounded. Pirie, known as Goldie, sent several articles back to Dundas for publication in the *Dundas Star* in 1914 while he was in training at Valcartier Camp, Quebec. He wrote his articles with a humorous bent in the tradition of his father.{{cite web\\|author\\=Marc Leroux \\|url\\=http://www.canadiangreatwarproject.com/transcripts/transcriptDisplay.asp?Type\\=L\\&Id\\=1 \\|title\\=Four Letters from Valcartier Camp, 1914 \\|publisher\\=Canadiangreatwarproject.com \\|date\\= \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-09}}",
"In 1918, *The Hamilton Review* published an article on Pirie by Sir John Willison (of *The Globe*) who had been profiling political and public personalities from Canada's past. He wrote:",
"",
"> \"But Mr. Pirie was more than a jester. He had qualities of heart and mind which were seldom revealed and only to those who had his affection and confidence. These were few, for beneath an apparent openness and spontaneity there was a reserve which was not easily penetrated. He got much out of life, but not all that he desired. Happy but often anxious and foreboding...when I think of Pirie I recall what was said of Shelley: 'He passed through life like a strange bird upon a great journey, singing always of the paradise to which he was travelling, and suddenly lost from the sight of men in the midst of his song.' \"Sir John Willison, *The Hamilton Review*, June 14, 1918",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1890\= 239
\|1900\= 567
\|1910\= 499
\|1920\= 578
\|1930\= 549
\|1940\= 456
\|1950\= 391
\|1960\= 444
\|1970\= 543
\|1980\= 547
\|1990\= 480
\|2000\= 529
\|2010\= 496
\|2020\= 482
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}}
}}
The Platte County portion of Dearborn (the majority of the city) is part of the [Kansas City](/wiki/Kansas_City%2C_Missouri "Kansas City, Missouri"), MO–[KS](/wiki/Kansas "Kansas") [Metropolitan Statistical Area](/wiki/Kansas_City_Metropolitan_Area "Kansas City Metropolitan Area"), while the Buchanan County portion is part of the [St. Joseph](/wiki/St._Joseph%2C_Missouri "St. Joseph, Missouri"), MO–KS [Metropolitan Statistical Area](/wiki/St._Joseph%2C_Missouri_Metropolitan_Area "St. Joseph, Missouri Metropolitan Area").
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2012\-07\-08}} of 2010, there were 496 people, 234 households, and 120 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|557\.3\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 269 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|302\.2\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96\.4% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.4% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.2% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.2% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.8% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 2\.6% of the population.
There were 234 households, of which 26\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 8\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 2\.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48\.7% were non\-families. 41\.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.12 and the average family size was 2\.98\.
The median age in the city was 38\.7 years. 23\.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24\.5% were from 25 to 44; 25\.4% were from 45 to 64; and 19% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48\.6% male and 51\.4% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 529 people, 230 households, and 134 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\|615\.9\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 258 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|300\.4\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96\.22% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.38% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.76% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.19% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 1\.13% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 1\.32% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.32% of the population.
There were 230 households, out of which 30\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 8\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41\.7% were non\-families. 36\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.30 and the average family size was 3\.02\.
In the city the population was spread out, with 26\.1% under the age of 18, 8\.9% from 18 to 24, 25\.9% from 25 to 44, 24\.0% from 45 to 64, and 15\.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 100\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84\.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $34,861, and the median income for a family was $47,727\. Males had a median income of $34,500 versus $24,808 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $17,537\. About 4\.3% of families and 11\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 12\.5% of those under age 18 and 18\.8% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1890\\= 239\n\\|1900\\= 567\n\\|1910\\= 499\n\\|1920\\= 578\n\\|1930\\= 549\n\\|1940\\= 456\n\\|1950\\= 391\n\\|1960\\= 444\n\\|1970\\= 543\n\\|1980\\= 547\n\\|1990\\= 480\n\\|2000\\= 529\n\\|2010\\= 496\n\\|2020\\= 482\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}\nThe Platte County portion of Dearborn (the majority of the city) is part of the [Kansas City](/wiki/Kansas_City%2C_Missouri \"Kansas City, Missouri\"), MO–[KS](/wiki/Kansas \"Kansas\") [Metropolitan Statistical Area](/wiki/Kansas_City_Metropolitan_Area \"Kansas City Metropolitan Area\"), while the Buchanan County portion is part of the [St. Joseph](/wiki/St._Joseph%2C_Missouri \"St. Joseph, Missouri\"), MO–KS [Metropolitan Statistical Area](/wiki/St._Joseph%2C_Missouri_Metropolitan_Area \"St. Joseph, Missouri Metropolitan Area\").",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-08}} of 2010, there were 496 people, 234 households, and 120 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|557\\.3\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 269 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|302\\.2\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96\\.4% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.4% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.2% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.2% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.8% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 2\\.6% of the population.",
"There were 234 households, of which 26\\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 8\\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 2\\.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48\\.7% were non\\-families. 41\\.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.12 and the average family size was 2\\.98\\.",
"The median age in the city was 38\\.7 years. 23\\.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24\\.5% were from 25 to 44; 25\\.4% were from 45 to 64; and 19% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48\\.6% male and 51\\.4% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 529 people, 230 households, and 134 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|615\\.9\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 258 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|300\\.4\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96\\.22% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.38% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.76% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.19% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.13% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 1\\.32% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.32% of the population.",
"There were 230 households, out of which 30\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43\\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 8\\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41\\.7% were non\\-families. 36\\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.30 and the average family size was 3\\.02\\.",
"In the city the population was spread out, with 26\\.1% under the age of 18, 8\\.9% from 18 to 24, 25\\.9% from 25 to 44, 24\\.0% from 45 to 64, and 15\\.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 100\\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84\\.4 males.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $34,861, and the median income for a family was $47,727\\. Males had a median income of $34,500 versus $24,808 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $17,537\\. About 4\\.3% of families and 11\\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 12\\.5% of those under age 18 and 18\\.8% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life
Bednarik was born in [Orschowa (Orşova)](/wiki/Or%C5%9Fova "Orşova"), at the time part of [Austria\-Hungary](/wiki/Austria-Hungary "Austria-Hungary"), to [Czech](/wiki/Czechs_of_Romania "Czechs of Romania") parents; he was son of the second marriage of Adalbert Bednarik (originally from [Moravia](/wiki/Moravia "Moravia")) and Genoveva Hauschka, followed by two sisters, Genoveva, and Maria.
While a pupil at the Traian High School in [Drobeta Turnu Severin](/wiki/Drobeta_Turnu_Severin "Drobeta Turnu Severin"), he won first prize for his works in drawing at the *Tinerimea Română* society.
From 1898 to 1900, Bednarik studied at the [Bucharest](/wiki/Bucharest "Bucharest") School of Fine Arts under the sculptor and water\-colourist, [Ion Georgescu](/wiki/Ion_Georgescu "Ion Georgescu"). In 1901, he went to [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") where he occasionally attended classes at the [Academy of Fine Arts](/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Vienna "Academy of Fine Arts Vienna"); Bednarik preferred instead to study masterpieces in the collections of the [Kunsthistorisches Museum](/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum "Kunsthistorisches Museum") and the [Albertina](/wiki/Albertina%2C_Vienna "Albertina, Vienna").
In 1909, he married Elena Alexandrina Barabaş, also a graduate of the Bucharest School of Fine Arts. Together they left for [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich") to study at the [Royal School of Applied Art](/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Munich "Academy of Fine Arts, Munich"), at a time when the city was a dynamic international cultural centre, brimming with new ideas, in particular the influence of the [Jugendstil](/wiki/Jugendstil "Jugendstil") aesthetic.
### Symbolism
The Bednariks made their debut in 1910, in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), at the [Salon d'Automne](/wiki/Salon_d%27Automne "Salon d'Automne") held in the [Grand Palais](/wiki/Grand_Palais "Grand Palais"). They returned to Bucharest in the same year. Ignat Bednarik exhibited for the first time in Romania in 1913 with *Associaţia Artistică*; he subsequently took part in official salons and opened his first individual exhibition in Bucharest in 1915\.Gemaldeasstellung „Bednarik \- Sofronie” în Rumanischer Lloyd, XXXII (1915\), nr. 8507, decembrie 22, p. 2
His works of this period brought the influence of European [symbolism](/wiki/Symbolism_%28arts%29 "Symbolism (arts)") to Romania at the same time as [Alexandru Macedonski](/wiki/Alexandru_Macedonski "Alexandru Macedonski") was exploring similar ideas in poetry.Olimp Grigore Ioan: „Le Cénacle idéaliste”/„Cenaclul Idealist”/„Idealistic Literary Club” în L’Indepéndence Roumaine”, 38 (1915\), nr. 12236, nov. 30/ dec. 13, p. 2\.
The longing for evasion, a favourite concern of symbolists, shows itself in a variety of ways in his work. A symbolic interpretation of reality, seen through the world of myths, is found in works like *Saved*, while the interdependence of heaven and earth is explored in *When the Gods Came Down to Earth* and a demythologising of fiction is attempted in *End of the Legend* (all 1915\). The need for escape, the longing for the absolute and the desire to recreate reality in an ideal dimension can also be seen in *Towards glory* (1915\), *The Spirit Triumphs* (1916\), *Excelsior*, *The Paths of Life* (1922\) and *Æternum Vale!*.
The escape into the world of legends and ancient ballads (for example, *[Meşterul Manole](/wiki/Me%C5%9Fterul_Manole "Meşterul Manole")*) demonstrates Bednarik's debt to [Romanian folk\-tales](/wiki/Romanian_folklore "Romanian folklore"), seen particularly well in his series of illustrations for [Petre Ispirescu](/wiki/Petre_Ispirescu "Petre Ispirescu")'s *Tales of the Romanians* (1925–1926\).
Notes of nostalgia and reverie also permeate his portrait\-compositions *Ioana* (1920\), *The Letter* (1921\) and *Portrait of Mrs. M. Tomescu* (1923\), while his treatment of philosophical subjects, such as *Towards the [Styx](/wiki/Styx_%28mythology%29 "Styx (mythology)")* (1916\), *The Enigma of Life* (1919\), *[Chimera](/wiki/Chimera_%28mythology%29 "Chimera (mythology)")*, or *[To Be or Not To Be](/wiki/To_be%2C_or_not_to_be "To be, or not to be")* (1922\), is imbued with an air of symbolic mystery.
Another kind of symbolic escape is found in the realm of fine sensations, of correspondences. The theme of music often appears in Bednarik's work, for example *Young Girl Playing the Violin* (1915\), *At the Piano* (1922\) and *Playing the Violin* (1922\). Bednarik often associates music with flowers which decorate the interior where the former is being produced; at times they are so faintly sketched on the canvas as to be almost invisible (another symbolist trait). Flowers are often present in portraits of children (*Mother's Birthday*) and almost always in paintings of female figures (a favourite association of [Art Nouveau](/wiki/Art_Nouveau "Art Nouveau") artists), for example in *Portrait of the Artist's Wife* (1919\), *Portrait of a Young Girl* (1925\), or *Portrait of Miss J.P.* (1924\). They are also seen in his interiors with nudes painted in 1921\. The flower symbolism is enhanced by the choice of the blossom which accompanies the female figure. Mastering the delicate transparency of watercolour, Bednarik surrounds his sitters sometimes with lilies, but more often with roses or peonies. In his next period, from 1919 to 1928, the still life with flowers became one of his favourite subjects.Temele simboliste, p.10\-13, Album Ignat Bednarik, Editura Meridiane, 1987, autor Beatrice Bednarik
The novelty of his work lies in its symbolist conception as well as the atmosphere of deep philosophical contemplation, transposed through watercolour, which imbues his painting with such distinctive individuality.
### Later work
The violence of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") brought an abrupt halt to his heady and coloured symbolist compositions. As a member of the *War Team of Artists and Sculptors*Petru Comarnescu, „Pictorul Bednarik”/„Painter Bednarik”, Arta Plastică IX (1962\), nr/no.4, page.44\. set up in [Iaşi](/wiki/Ia%C5%9Fi "Iaşi") by [Queen Marie](/wiki/Marie_of_Edinburgh "Marie of Edinburgh"), during the time when Bucharest was [occupied by German forces](/wiki/Romanian_Campaign_%28World_War_I%29 "Romanian Campaign (World War I)"), Bednarik employed all his graphic skill in vigorous depictions of conflict and hardships.
Between 1915 and 1927, Bednarik held eight individual watercolour exhibitions in Bucharest and, in 1928, one in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City").The Art Center 65\-67 East 56th Street, An Exhibition of Paintings and Water Colors by Oscar Schmidt, Ignatz Bednarik and Edward Nagel. Shown under the patronage of the Royal Rumanian Legation. October 16 to November 6, 1928 He also executed a series of works which were designed as an overlook of typical scenes from Romanian daily life. Towards 1947, partially recovering his sight after a period of almost total blindness, he painted a number of canvases depicting characters from old Bucharest, or scenes from [Romanian history](/wiki/History_of_Romania "History of Romania") (*The Execution of [Gheorghe Doja](/wiki/Gheorghe_Doja "Gheorghe Doja")*, 1954\). In 1956, a retrospective of the work of Ignat Bednarik was organised in Bucharest by the Union of Artists.Catalogul Expoziției retrospective de acuarelă și desen I. Bednarik, Editat de Uniunea Artiștilor Plastici, București, 1956/Catalog Exhibition of Ignat Bednarik Publishing House, U.A.P. Bucharest 1956
In 1961 he went completely blind. He died two years later.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life",
"Bednarik was born in [Orschowa (Orşova)](/wiki/Or%C5%9Fova \"Orşova\"), at the time part of [Austria\\-Hungary](/wiki/Austria-Hungary \"Austria-Hungary\"), to [Czech](/wiki/Czechs_of_Romania \"Czechs of Romania\") parents; he was son of the second marriage of Adalbert Bednarik (originally from [Moravia](/wiki/Moravia \"Moravia\")) and Genoveva Hauschka, followed by two sisters, Genoveva, and Maria.",
"While a pupil at the Traian High School in [Drobeta Turnu Severin](/wiki/Drobeta_Turnu_Severin \"Drobeta Turnu Severin\"), he won first prize for his works in drawing at the *Tinerimea Română* society.",
"From 1898 to 1900, Bednarik studied at the [Bucharest](/wiki/Bucharest \"Bucharest\") School of Fine Arts under the sculptor and water\\-colourist, [Ion Georgescu](/wiki/Ion_Georgescu \"Ion Georgescu\"). In 1901, he went to [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") where he occasionally attended classes at the [Academy of Fine Arts](/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Vienna \"Academy of Fine Arts Vienna\"); Bednarik preferred instead to study masterpieces in the collections of the [Kunsthistorisches Museum](/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum \"Kunsthistorisches Museum\") and the [Albertina](/wiki/Albertina%2C_Vienna \"Albertina, Vienna\").",
"In 1909, he married Elena Alexandrina Barabaş, also a graduate of the Bucharest School of Fine Arts. Together they left for [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\") to study at the [Royal School of Applied Art](/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Munich \"Academy of Fine Arts, Munich\"), at a time when the city was a dynamic international cultural centre, brimming with new ideas, in particular the influence of the [Jugendstil](/wiki/Jugendstil \"Jugendstil\") aesthetic.",
"### Symbolism",
"The Bednariks made their debut in 1910, in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), at the [Salon d'Automne](/wiki/Salon_d%27Automne \"Salon d'Automne\") held in the [Grand Palais](/wiki/Grand_Palais \"Grand Palais\"). They returned to Bucharest in the same year. Ignat Bednarik exhibited for the first time in Romania in 1913 with *Associaţia Artistică*; he subsequently took part in official salons and opened his first individual exhibition in Bucharest in 1915\\.Gemaldeasstellung „Bednarik \\- Sofronie” în Rumanischer Lloyd, XXXII (1915\\), nr. 8507, decembrie 22, p. 2",
"His works of this period brought the influence of European [symbolism](/wiki/Symbolism_%28arts%29 \"Symbolism (arts)\") to Romania at the same time as [Alexandru Macedonski](/wiki/Alexandru_Macedonski \"Alexandru Macedonski\") was exploring similar ideas in poetry.Olimp Grigore Ioan: „Le Cénacle idéaliste”/„Cenaclul Idealist”/„Idealistic Literary Club” în L’Indepéndence Roumaine”, 38 (1915\\), nr. 12236, nov. 30/ dec. 13, p. 2\\.\n The longing for evasion, a favourite concern of symbolists, shows itself in a variety of ways in his work. A symbolic interpretation of reality, seen through the world of myths, is found in works like *Saved*, while the interdependence of heaven and earth is explored in *When the Gods Came Down to Earth* and a demythologising of fiction is attempted in *End of the Legend* (all 1915\\). The need for escape, the longing for the absolute and the desire to recreate reality in an ideal dimension can also be seen in *Towards glory* (1915\\), *The Spirit Triumphs* (1916\\), *Excelsior*, *The Paths of Life* (1922\\) and *Æternum Vale!*.",
"The escape into the world of legends and ancient ballads (for example, *[Meşterul Manole](/wiki/Me%C5%9Fterul_Manole \"Meşterul Manole\")*) demonstrates Bednarik's debt to [Romanian folk\\-tales](/wiki/Romanian_folklore \"Romanian folklore\"), seen particularly well in his series of illustrations for [Petre Ispirescu](/wiki/Petre_Ispirescu \"Petre Ispirescu\")'s *Tales of the Romanians* (1925–1926\\).",
"Notes of nostalgia and reverie also permeate his portrait\\-compositions *Ioana* (1920\\), *The Letter* (1921\\) and *Portrait of Mrs. M. Tomescu* (1923\\), while his treatment of philosophical subjects, such as *Towards the [Styx](/wiki/Styx_%28mythology%29 \"Styx (mythology)\")* (1916\\), *The Enigma of Life* (1919\\), *[Chimera](/wiki/Chimera_%28mythology%29 \"Chimera (mythology)\")*, or *[To Be or Not To Be](/wiki/To_be%2C_or_not_to_be \"To be, or not to be\")* (1922\\), is imbued with an air of symbolic mystery.",
"Another kind of symbolic escape is found in the realm of fine sensations, of correspondences. The theme of music often appears in Bednarik's work, for example *Young Girl Playing the Violin* (1915\\), *At the Piano* (1922\\) and *Playing the Violin* (1922\\). Bednarik often associates music with flowers which decorate the interior where the former is being produced; at times they are so faintly sketched on the canvas as to be almost invisible (another symbolist trait). Flowers are often present in portraits of children (*Mother's Birthday*) and almost always in paintings of female figures (a favourite association of [Art Nouveau](/wiki/Art_Nouveau \"Art Nouveau\") artists), for example in *Portrait of the Artist's Wife* (1919\\), *Portrait of a Young Girl* (1925\\), or *Portrait of Miss J.P.* (1924\\). They are also seen in his interiors with nudes painted in 1921\\. The flower symbolism is enhanced by the choice of the blossom which accompanies the female figure. Mastering the delicate transparency of watercolour, Bednarik surrounds his sitters sometimes with lilies, but more often with roses or peonies. In his next period, from 1919 to 1928, the still life with flowers became one of his favourite subjects.Temele simboliste, p.10\\-13, Album Ignat Bednarik, Editura Meridiane, 1987, autor Beatrice Bednarik",
"The novelty of his work lies in its symbolist conception as well as the atmosphere of deep philosophical contemplation, transposed through watercolour, which imbues his painting with such distinctive individuality.",
"### Later work",
"The violence of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") brought an abrupt halt to his heady and coloured symbolist compositions. As a member of the *War Team of Artists and Sculptors*Petru Comarnescu, „Pictorul Bednarik”/„Painter Bednarik”, Arta Plastică IX (1962\\), nr/no.4, page.44\\. set up in [Iaşi](/wiki/Ia%C5%9Fi \"Iaşi\") by [Queen Marie](/wiki/Marie_of_Edinburgh \"Marie of Edinburgh\"), during the time when Bucharest was [occupied by German forces](/wiki/Romanian_Campaign_%28World_War_I%29 \"Romanian Campaign (World War I)\"), Bednarik employed all his graphic skill in vigorous depictions of conflict and hardships.",
"Between 1915 and 1927, Bednarik held eight individual watercolour exhibitions in Bucharest and, in 1928, one in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\").The Art Center 65\\-67 East 56th Street, An Exhibition of Paintings and Water Colors by Oscar Schmidt, Ignatz Bednarik and Edward Nagel. Shown under the patronage of the Royal Rumanian Legation. October 16 to November 6, 1928 He also executed a series of works which were designed as an overlook of typical scenes from Romanian daily life. Towards 1947, partially recovering his sight after a period of almost total blindness, he painted a number of canvases depicting characters from old Bucharest, or scenes from [Romanian history](/wiki/History_of_Romania \"History of Romania\") (*The Execution of [Gheorghe Doja](/wiki/Gheorghe_Doja \"Gheorghe Doja\")*, 1954\\). In 1956, a retrospective of the work of Ignat Bednarik was organised in Bucharest by the Union of Artists.Catalogul Expoziției retrospective de acuarelă și desen I. Bednarik, Editat de Uniunea Artiștilor Plastici, București, 1956/Catalog Exhibition of Ignat Bednarik Publishing House, U.A.P. Bucharest 1956",
"In 1961 he went completely blind. He died two years later.",
""
] |
History
-------
On 8 March 1926, Cheberloyevsky District was first formed, as a part of the [Chechen Autonomous Oblast](/wiki/Chechen_Autonomous_Oblast "Chechen Autonomous Oblast"), along with 13 other districts. The administrative center of the district was in the village of [Makazhoy](/wiki/Makazhoy%2C_Cheberloyevsky_District "Makazhoy, Cheberloyevsky District") at that time.{{cite web \|title\=Краткая историческая справка об административно\-территориальном делении Чечено\-Ингушетии \|url\=http://www.akka.ru/404 \|website\=www.akka.ru}} According to the 1926 census, there were 13,053 people living in Cheberloyevsky District, in 11 [selsoviets](/wiki/Selsoviet "Selsoviet").{{cite web \|title\=Основные статистические данные и список населенных мест Чеченской автономной области 1929—1930 \|url\=http://www.akka.ru/404}}
In February 1929, Cheberloyevsky District was disbanded during a consolidation of districts. Its territory became part of the Vedensky and Shatoysky districts.
On 10 January 1932, a Sharo\-Cheberloyevsky District was informally created, within the same territory as the former Cheberloyevsky District. The administrative center was located in the village of [Dai](/wiki/Dai%2C_Chechnya "Dai, Chechnya") at that time.{{cite web \|title\=Административно\-территориальное деление Союза ССР. Изменения произошедшие за время с 1/XI\-1931 г. по 1/ VII\-1932 г. {{!}} Проект "Исторические Материалы" \|url\=http://istmat.info/node/53485 \|website\=istmat.info \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-30 \|archive\-date\=2019\-01\-30 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130162421/http://istmat.info/node/53485 \|url\-status\=dead }} It was restored formally as Cheberloyevsky District in 1935, as a part of the [Chechen\-Ingush ASSR](/wiki/Checheno-Ingush_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic "Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic").{{cite web \|title\=Основные статистические данные и список населенных мест Чеченской автономной области 1929—1930 \|url\=http://www.akka.ru/404}} The administrative center was again changed at this time to Sharo\-Argun.
As of 31 December 1940, the district included over 160 settlements, with a population of more than 17,000 people.{{cite web \|title\=Формирование крестьянских (фермерских) хозяйств в горных районах Чеченской республики \|url\=http://anchr.ru/uploads/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B4%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%20%D0%9A%D0%A4%D0%A5\.doc }}{{Dead link\|date\=July 2020 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
On 23 February 1944, the district was abandoned after the deportation of Vaynakhs. The district was then disbanded and its territory became part of the Vedensky and Shatoysky districts, as well as a part joining the [Botlikhsky District](/wiki/Botlikhsky_District "Botlikhsky District") of the Dagestan ASSR.
On 9 January 1957, the Chechen\-Ingush ASSR was restored. However, former residents of Cheberloyevsky District were unable to return to the area as it was "closed for living". The reason for this remains unclear. The district itself was not restored at this time.
In 1992, the district was again restored by the government of the self\-proclaimed [Chechen Republic of Ichkeria](/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria "Chechen Republic of Ichkeria") in its pre\-1944 borders. However, it was once again disbanded in 1997 and the district borders returned to those from pre\-1992\.{{cite web \|title\=АKKA {{!}} Чеченцы\-аккинцы \|url\=http://www.akka.ru/?type\=info\&cat\=1\&subcat\=5\&subsubcat\=135 \|website\=www.akka.ru}}
In 2012, Cheberloyevsky District was recreated.{{cite web \|title\=В Чеченской Республике восстановлены Чеберлоевский и Галанчожский районы \|url\=http://www.parlamentchr.ru/content/view/1617/1/ \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-30 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411023221/http://www.parlamentchr.ru/content/view/1617/1/ \|archive\-date\=2015\-04\-11 \|url\-status\=dead }} In 2014, the district was restored for a third time, under the constitution of the Chechen Republic.
The population of the district according to the 1939 census was 16,962 people. This included Chechens (the majority at 95\.7%), Russians (1\.6%), Ukrainians (0\.3%), and Ingush (0\.2%), as well as other minority groups.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"On 8 March 1926, Cheberloyevsky District was first formed, as a part of the [Chechen Autonomous Oblast](/wiki/Chechen_Autonomous_Oblast \"Chechen Autonomous Oblast\"), along with 13 other districts. The administrative center of the district was in the village of [Makazhoy](/wiki/Makazhoy%2C_Cheberloyevsky_District \"Makazhoy, Cheberloyevsky District\") at that time.{{cite web \\|title\\=Краткая историческая справка об административно\\-территориальном делении Чечено\\-Ингушетии \\|url\\=http://www.akka.ru/404 \\|website\\=www.akka.ru}} According to the 1926 census, there were 13,053 people living in Cheberloyevsky District, in 11 [selsoviets](/wiki/Selsoviet \"Selsoviet\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Основные статистические данные и список населенных мест Чеченской автономной области 1929—1930 \\|url\\=http://www.akka.ru/404}}",
"In February 1929, Cheberloyevsky District was disbanded during a consolidation of districts. Its territory became part of the Vedensky and Shatoysky districts.",
"On 10 January 1932, a Sharo\\-Cheberloyevsky District was informally created, within the same territory as the former Cheberloyevsky District. The administrative center was located in the village of [Dai](/wiki/Dai%2C_Chechnya \"Dai, Chechnya\") at that time.{{cite web \\|title\\=Административно\\-территориальное деление Союза ССР. Изменения произошедшие за время с 1/XI\\-1931 г. по 1/ VII\\-1932 г. {{!}} Проект \"Исторические Материалы\" \\|url\\=http://istmat.info/node/53485 \\|website\\=istmat.info \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-30 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-30 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130162421/http://istmat.info/node/53485 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} It was restored formally as Cheberloyevsky District in 1935, as a part of the [Chechen\\-Ingush ASSR](/wiki/Checheno-Ingush_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic \"Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Основные статистические данные и список населенных мест Чеченской автономной области 1929—1930 \\|url\\=http://www.akka.ru/404}} The administrative center was again changed at this time to Sharo\\-Argun.",
"As of 31 December 1940, the district included over 160 settlements, with a population of more than 17,000 people.{{cite web \\|title\\=Формирование крестьянских (фермерских) хозяйств в горных районах Чеченской республики \\|url\\=http://anchr.ru/uploads/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B4%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%20%D0%9A%D0%A4%D0%A5\\.doc }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=July 2020 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"On 23 February 1944, the district was abandoned after the deportation of Vaynakhs. The district was then disbanded and its territory became part of the Vedensky and Shatoysky districts, as well as a part joining the [Botlikhsky District](/wiki/Botlikhsky_District \"Botlikhsky District\") of the Dagestan ASSR.",
"On 9 January 1957, the Chechen\\-Ingush ASSR was restored. However, former residents of Cheberloyevsky District were unable to return to the area as it was \"closed for living\". The reason for this remains unclear. The district itself was not restored at this time.",
"In 1992, the district was again restored by the government of the self\\-proclaimed [Chechen Republic of Ichkeria](/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria \"Chechen Republic of Ichkeria\") in its pre\\-1944 borders. However, it was once again disbanded in 1997 and the district borders returned to those from pre\\-1992\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=АKKA {{!}} Чеченцы\\-аккинцы \\|url\\=http://www.akka.ru/?type\\=info\\&cat\\=1\\&subcat\\=5\\&subsubcat\\=135 \\|website\\=www.akka.ru}}",
"In 2012, Cheberloyevsky District was recreated.{{cite web \\|title\\=В Чеченской Республике восстановлены Чеберлоевский и Галанчожский районы \\|url\\=http://www.parlamentchr.ru/content/view/1617/1/ \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-30 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411023221/http://www.parlamentchr.ru/content/view/1617/1/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-04\\-11 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In 2014, the district was restored for a third time, under the constitution of the Chechen Republic.",
"The population of the district according to the 1939 census was 16,962 people. This included Chechens (the majority at 95\\.7%), Russians (1\\.6%), Ukrainians (0\\.3%), and Ingush (0\\.2%), as well as other minority groups.",
""
] |
Pollution
---------
Historically, run\-off from outdoor stockpiles of smelter production contaminated soil on the site, surrounding suburbs and the [River Derwent](/wiki/River_Derwent_%28Tasmania%29 "River Derwent (Tasmania)"). Despite regular monitoring primarily concerned with [legacy pollution](/wiki/Legacy_pollution "Legacy pollution"), the smelter continues to produce [toxic heavy metal](/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal "Toxic heavy metal") contaminants affecting the air, soils and estuary waters surrounding [Greater Hobart](/wiki/Greater_Hobart "Greater Hobart").{{Cite web \|url\=https://tasmaniantimes.com/2021/02/from\-the\-archives\-the\-state\-of\-the\-derwent/ \|title\=From the archives: the State of the Derwent \|date\=2006\-05\-29 \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-22 \|website\=\[\[Tasmanian Times]] \|last\=Obendorf \|first\=David}}
### Airborne emissions
Drawing from data complied in the [National Pollutant Inventory](/wiki/National_Pollutant_Inventory "National Pollutant Inventory"), a report by the [Australian Conservation Foundation](/wiki/Australian_Conservation_Foundation "Australian Conservation Foundation") placed Hobart at number 6 of Australia's most polluted cities in 2018\. The data identified medium levels of [air pollution](/wiki/Air_pollution "Air pollution") in postcodes 7009 (Lutana, [Derwent Park](/wiki/Derwent_Park%2C_Tasmania "Derwent Park, Tasmania"), [Moonah](/wiki/Moonah%2C_Tasmania "Moonah, Tasmania"), [West Moonah](/wiki/West_Moonah%2C_Tasmania "West Moonah, Tasmania")), 7010 ([Glenorchy](/wiki/Glenorchy%2C_Tasmania "Glenorchy, Tasmania"), [Rosetta](/wiki/Rosetta%2C_Tasmania "Rosetta, Tasmania"), [Montrose](/wiki/Montrose%2C_Tasmania "Montrose, Tasmania"), [Goodwood](/wiki/Goodwood%2C_Tasmania "Goodwood, Tasmania"), [Dowsing Point](/wiki/Dowsing_Point%2C_Tasmania "Dowsing Point, Tasmania")) and 7015 ([Lindisfarne](/wiki/Lindisfarne%2C_Tasmania "Lindisfarne, Tasmania"), [Geilston Bay](/wiki/Geilston_Bay%2C_Tasmania "Geilston Bay, Tasmania"), [Rose Bay](/wiki/Rose_Bay%2C_Tasmania "Rose Bay, Tasmania")) with average airborne emission readings of 40% {{NOx}} ([nitric oxide](/wiki/Nitric_oxide "Nitric oxide") ({{chem\|NO}}) and [nitrogen dioxide](/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide "Nitrogen dioxide") ({{chem\|NO\|2}})), and 57% [sulfur dioxide](/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide "Sulfur dioxide") (SO2).{{Cite web \|url\=https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource\-files/2018\-11/apo\-nid203811\.pdf \|title\=The Dirty Truth: Australia’s Most Polluted Postcodes \|date\=2018\-11\-01 \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-22 \|website\=\[\[Australian Conservation Foundation]]}}{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018\-11\-16/australian\-pollution\-mapped\-by\-postcodes/10478620 \|title\=Australia's pollution mapped by postcode reveals nation's 'dirty truth' \|date\=2018\-11\-16 \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-22 \|website\=\[\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] \|last\=Hermant \|first\=Norman \|last2\=Clark \|first2\=Emily}}
### Soil contamination
{{See also\|land pollution}}
In the 1980s, [top soil](/wiki/Top_soil "Top soil") samples from Lutana, Geilston Bay and Lindisfarne revealed high concentrations of [zinc](/wiki/Zinc "Zinc"), [lead](/wiki/Lead "Lead"), and [cadmium](/wiki/Cadmium "Cadmium"). The sampling also revealed that the prevailing wind directions, the terrain of the land, and proximity to the smelter had an impact on the contamination's dissemination pattern.{{Cite web \|url\=https://epa.tas.gov.au/Documents/Lutana\_Background\_Paper\_2009\.pdf \|title\=Managing Soil Contamination in parts of Lutana and Hobart’s eastern shore \|date\=2009\-05\-01 \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-21 \|website\=Environment Protection Authority}}
Early to mid\-1990s soil sampling around Lutana and the eastern shore revealed that increased levels of cadmium, lead, and zinc were confined to the top {{convert\|50\|mm}} of the soil profile, with the bulk concentrated in the top {{convert\|20\|mm}}.
A 2009 report conducted by the [CSIRO](/wiki/CSIRO "CSIRO") recommended that home\-grown vegetables vulnerable to the uptake of heavy metals including lettuce, spinach, carrot and beetroot should be grown in raised garden beds with a minimum depth of {{convert\|30\|cm}} in clean soil.
### Estuary and ocean contamination
{{See also\|Mercury pollution in the ocean}}
The smelter's discharging of [methylmercury](/wiki/Methylmercury "Methylmercury") (mercury) and other toxic heavy metals into the Derwent estuary greatly contributed in creating one of the most polluted river systems in the world by the close of the 1970s.{{Citation \| title\=The bulletin. \| year\=1880 \| section\=105 volumes : illustrations (chiefly coloured), portraits (chiefly coloured); 30\-40 cm. \| issn\=0007\-4039 \| series\=John Ryan Comic Collection (Specific issues). \| issue\=Vol. 099 No. 5091 (17 Jan 1978\) \| location\=Sydney, N.S.W \| publisher\=John Haynes and J.F. Archibald \| url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj\-1605252645 \| id\=nla.obj\-1605252645 \| access\-date\=20 December 2022 \| via\=Trove}}
Deposits of zinc, mercury, cadmium and lead, which are harmful to marine life and accumulate in seafood continue to plague the river greatly due to legacy pollution.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018\-08\-07/curious\-hobart\-river\-derwent\-pollution\-levels/10051026 \|title\=Curious Hobart: Heavy metals, algae and stormwater — just how polluted is the River Derwent? \|date\=2018\-08\-07 \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-08 \|website\=\[\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] \|last\=Lehman \|first\=Ros}}{{Citation \| author1\=Australia. Fisheries Division. \| author2\=Australian Fisheries Management Authority. \| author3\=Australia. Fisheries Branch. \| author4\=Australian Fisheries Service. \| title\=Australian fisheries. \| year\=1969 \| section\=27 v. : ill.; 25\-30 cm. \| issn\=0004\-9115 \| issue\=Vol. 32 No. 10 (October 1973\) \| location\=\[Canberra, A.C.T \| publisher\=Fisheries Branch, Dept. of Primary Industry] \| url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj\-730483375 \| id\=nla.obj\-730483375 \| access\-date\=20 December 2022 \| via\=Trove }}
#### Offshore disposal of jarosite
In the 1960s, a collaborative patent was established with then\-operator Pasminco Metals\-EZ and two other companies for a method to eliminate iron from zinc. This procedure involved the extraction of iron in the form of [jarosite](/wiki/Jarosite "Jarosite"),{{sfn\|Ramshaw\|2012\|p\=13}} a byproduct containing iron, along with various hazardous substances such as cadmium, arsenic, copper, mercury, lead, and residual zinc.{{Cite journal \|title\=Ocean dumping makes waves \|journal\=\[\[Green Left (Australian newspaper)\|Green Left]] \|url\=https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/ocean\-dumping\-makes\-waves \|last\=Kelly \|first\=Tom \|date\=1994\-03\-09 \|issue\=134}} From 1971 to 1997, the jarosite process was implemented at Risdon Zinc Works until it was replaced by the [paragoethite](/wiki/Paragoethite "Paragoethite") process, which was also patented at the refinery.{{sfn\|Ramshaw\|2012\|p\=13}}
Commencing in 1973, Pasminco Metals\-EZ initiated the disposal of jarosite into the southern ocean. Situated approximately {{convert\|60\|nmi}} from Hobart beyond the [continental shelf](/wiki/Tasmanian_Shelf_Province "Tasmanian Shelf Province") in waters with a depth of around {{convert\|2\|km}}, research conducted in proximity to the disposal site identified elevated concentrations of heavy metals in marine organisms, including heightened cadmium levels in fish and sea birds.{{Citation \| author1\=CSIRO. Division of Oceanography \| title\=Research on jarosite dumping at sea : a program of research on jarosite dumping at sea by Pasminco Metals\-EZ : physical dispersal of jarosite and surveys of marine biota heavy metal levels 1991/1994 \| publication\-date\=1994 \| publisher\=CSIRO Division of Oceanography \| url\=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/9821198 \| access\-date\=11 November 2023}}
##### Waste volume estimations
Between 1973 and 1997, Pasminco Metals\-EZ were legally permitted to load and dump up to {{convert\|2400000\|tonnes}} of jarosite waste into the southern ocean annually.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article240615952 \|title\=Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism and Territories Notice Of Application Received And Permit Granted Under The Environment Protection (Sea Dumping) Act 1981 \|newspaper\=Commonwealth Of Australia Gazette. Government Notices \|issue\=GN49 \|location\=Australia, Australia \|date\=18 December 1991 \|accessdate\=12 November 2023 \|page\=3981 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} Annual sea dumping volumes are contested and vary between {{convert\|1700000\|tonnes\|adj\=on}}{{Citation \| author1\=\[\[CSIRO]] \| title\=Annual report 1994–95 \| year\=1995 \|pages\=42–43 \| section\=Monitoring metal wastes \| series\=Parliamentary paper (Australia. Parliament) \| issue\=1994/1995, PP no. 364 of 1995 \| location\=Dickson, ACT \| publisher\=CSIRO \| url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj\-1613442836 \| id\=nla.obj\-1613442836 \| access\-date\=11 November 2023 \| via\=Trove }} and {{convert\|2500000\|tonnes\|adj\=on}} approximations.{{Cite book \|title\=The Greenpeace Story \|last\=Brown \|first\=Michael \|publisher\=\[\[Bantam Books]] \|year\=1991 \|isbn\=9781863590334 \|edition\=2nd \|location\=\[\[Moorebank, New South Wales]] \|pages\=175 \|language\=English \|last2\=May \|first2\=John \|chapter\=A New Era}}
##### Greenpeace Clean Waters campaign
On 14 March 1990, at the docks of Electrolytic Zinc, three activists from [Greenpeace](/wiki/Greenpeace "Greenpeace") were apprehended while occupying the masts of the dumping vessel MV Anson. They displayed a banner proclaiming "Stop E. Z. Dumping." As the dump ship departed the dock, Greenpeace protesters made another attempt to board but were met with aggression from Anson crew members. During the altercation, one activist sustained head injuries after a police boat collided with a Greenpeace inflatable vessel. The day after, law enforcement seized four inflatables and the {{convert\|60\|ft\|adj\=on}} Greenpeace vessel SV Redbill, indicating they would only be returned if Greenpeace ceased their protests. In response, 250 individuals in 30 boats rallied to support Greenpeace's campaign against ocean dumping and demanded the return of the vessels. The boats were returned the following day, and the Federal Minister for the Environment [Ros Kelly](/wiki/Ros_Kelly "Ros Kelly") announced enhanced monitoring procedures and research into alternative waste disposal methods.
#### Monitoring
As part of their operating permit conditions with the [Environment Protection Authority](/wiki/Environment_Protection_Authority_%28Tasmania%29 "Environment Protection Authority (Tasmania)"), Nyrstar are required to monitor levels of toxic heavy metals in marine life sourced within the Derwent estuary, including [oysters](/wiki/Ostrea_angasi "Ostrea angasi"), [mussels](/wiki/Blue_mussel "Blue mussel") and [flathead](/wiki/Platycephalus_laevigatus "Platycephalus laevigatus").{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.sail\-world.com/Australia/Heavy\-Metal\-contamination\-in\-Tasmanias\-River\-Derwent\-still\-an\-issue/\-90241?source\=google \|title\=Heavy Metal contamination in Tasmania's River Derwent still an issue \|date\=2011\-11\-01 \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-17 \|website\=Sail World \|last\=Hyland \|first\=Carl}}
Data is collected from the river every five years, with monitoring extending from [New Norfolk](/wiki/New_Norfolk "New Norfolk") out to the [Iron Pot](/wiki/Iron_Pot "Iron Pot"), with [Storm Bay](/wiki/Storm_Bay "Storm Bay") and the neighbouring [D'Entrecasteaux Channel](/wiki/D%27Entrecasteaux_Channel "D'Entrecasteaux Channel") excluded from investigation.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.themercury.com.au/lifestyle/careful\-what\-you\-eat\-from\-derwent\-catches/news\-story/0683a1438d9115963ca22d89e9368d3b \|title\=Careful what you eat from Derwent catches \|date\=2016\-02\-26 \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-19 \|website\=\[\[The Mercury (Hobart)]] \|last\=Luttrell \|first\=Alex}} 2016 statistics revealed that [bream](/wiki/Bream "Bream") and [shellfish](/wiki/Shellfish "Shellfish") caught in the river could not be consumed due to [high mercury levels](/wiki/Mercury_in_fish "Mercury in fish").
[thumb\|300px\|Bridgewater Bridge and causeway in 2008](/wiki/File:Bridgewater_Causeway.jpg "Bridgewater Causeway.jpg")
#### Bridgewater causeway
Upstream, the [convict\-built](/wiki/Convict_labour "Convict labour"), 1830s [causeway](/wiki/Causeway "Causeway") connecting [Granton](/wiki/Granton%2C_Tasmania "Granton, Tasmania") and [Bridgewater](/wiki/Bridgewater%2C_Tasmania "Bridgewater, Tasmania") via the [Bridgewater Bridge](/wiki/Bridgewater_Bridge_%28Tasmania%29 "Bridgewater Bridge (Tasmania)") acts as a catchment for wastewater pollutants from the smelter. Further to this upstream at [Boyer](/wiki/Boyer%2C_Tasmania "Boyer, Tasmania"), the [pulp and paper mill](/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_mill "Pulp and paper mill") [Norske Skog Boyer](/wiki/Norske_Skog_Boyer "Norske Skog Boyer") routinely pump organic matter, suspended solids, and chemical substances used in the paper\-making process into the river. Studies in 2009, 2012 and 2020 have concluded that [sludge](/wiki/Sludge "Sludge"), wastewater and heavy metal contaminants, including cadmium, lead, zinc and mercury, risk being disturbed by the New Bridgewater Bridge construction project.{{Cite web \|url\=https://web.archive.org/save/https://bridgewaterbridge.tas.gov.au/\_\_data/assets/pdf\_file/0004/306184/Major\_Projects\_Proposal.pdf \|title\=Major Project Proposal: New Bridgewater Bridge \|date\=2020\-11\-03 \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-30 \|website\=\[\[Tasmanian Government]] \|page\=37}}
#### Groundwater Interception System
Developed in collaboration with [GHD Group](/wiki/GHD_Group "GHD Group"), a Groundwater Interception System (GIS) was constructed in 2010\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://aclca.org.au/sa\-docs/sa\-presentation\-150907\.pdf \|title\=NYRSTAR HOBART ZINC SMELTER GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION PROJECT \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-17 \|website\=Australian Contaminated Land Consultants Association}}
The GIS is made up of 13 horizontal cased and open hole bores measuring {{convert\|150\|mm}} in diameter with lengths varying from {{convert\|160\|\-\|220\|m}} each. The total length of the free draining bores is little under {{convert\|2000\|m}}. The neighbouring wastewater treatment facility receives the system's discharge. The system was designed to be low maintenance, containing no pumps or electrical power.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.ghd.com/en/projects/nyrstar\-\-\-groundwater\-interception\-system.aspx \|title\=Nyrstar \- Groundwater Interception System \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-17 \|website\=\[\[GHD Group]]}}
The GIS extracts approximately {{convert\|115\|tonnes}} of zinc, {{convert\|3\|tonnes}} of [cadmium](/wiki/Cadmium "Cadmium"), {{convert\|7\|tonnes}} of [aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium "Aluminium"), and {{convert\|332\|tonnes}} of [sulphate](/wiki/Sulphate "Sulphate") from groundwater annually.
|
[
"Pollution\n---------",
"Historically, run\\-off from outdoor stockpiles of smelter production contaminated soil on the site, surrounding suburbs and the [River Derwent](/wiki/River_Derwent_%28Tasmania%29 \"River Derwent (Tasmania)\"). Despite regular monitoring primarily concerned with [legacy pollution](/wiki/Legacy_pollution \"Legacy pollution\"), the smelter continues to produce [toxic heavy metal](/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal \"Toxic heavy metal\") contaminants affecting the air, soils and estuary waters surrounding [Greater Hobart](/wiki/Greater_Hobart \"Greater Hobart\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://tasmaniantimes.com/2021/02/from\\-the\\-archives\\-the\\-state\\-of\\-the\\-derwent/ \\|title\\=From the archives: the State of the Derwent \\|date\\=2006\\-05\\-29 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-22 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Tasmanian Times]] \\|last\\=Obendorf \\|first\\=David}}",
"### Airborne emissions",
"Drawing from data complied in the [National Pollutant Inventory](/wiki/National_Pollutant_Inventory \"National Pollutant Inventory\"), a report by the [Australian Conservation Foundation](/wiki/Australian_Conservation_Foundation \"Australian Conservation Foundation\") placed Hobart at number 6 of Australia's most polluted cities in 2018\\. The data identified medium levels of [air pollution](/wiki/Air_pollution \"Air pollution\") in postcodes 7009 (Lutana, [Derwent Park](/wiki/Derwent_Park%2C_Tasmania \"Derwent Park, Tasmania\"), [Moonah](/wiki/Moonah%2C_Tasmania \"Moonah, Tasmania\"), [West Moonah](/wiki/West_Moonah%2C_Tasmania \"West Moonah, Tasmania\")), 7010 ([Glenorchy](/wiki/Glenorchy%2C_Tasmania \"Glenorchy, Tasmania\"), [Rosetta](/wiki/Rosetta%2C_Tasmania \"Rosetta, Tasmania\"), [Montrose](/wiki/Montrose%2C_Tasmania \"Montrose, Tasmania\"), [Goodwood](/wiki/Goodwood%2C_Tasmania \"Goodwood, Tasmania\"), [Dowsing Point](/wiki/Dowsing_Point%2C_Tasmania \"Dowsing Point, Tasmania\")) and 7015 ([Lindisfarne](/wiki/Lindisfarne%2C_Tasmania \"Lindisfarne, Tasmania\"), [Geilston Bay](/wiki/Geilston_Bay%2C_Tasmania \"Geilston Bay, Tasmania\"), [Rose Bay](/wiki/Rose_Bay%2C_Tasmania \"Rose Bay, Tasmania\")) with average airborne emission readings of 40% {{NOx}} ([nitric oxide](/wiki/Nitric_oxide \"Nitric oxide\") ({{chem\\|NO}}) and [nitrogen dioxide](/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide \"Nitrogen dioxide\") ({{chem\\|NO\\|2}})), and 57% [sulfur dioxide](/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide \"Sulfur dioxide\") (SO2).{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource\\-files/2018\\-11/apo\\-nid203811\\.pdf \\|title\\=The Dirty Truth: Australia’s Most Polluted Postcodes \\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-01 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-22 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Australian Conservation Foundation]]}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018\\-11\\-16/australian\\-pollution\\-mapped\\-by\\-postcodes/10478620 \\|title\\=Australia's pollution mapped by postcode reveals nation's 'dirty truth' \\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-16 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-22 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] \\|last\\=Hermant \\|first\\=Norman \\|last2\\=Clark \\|first2\\=Emily}}",
"### Soil contamination",
"{{See also\\|land pollution}}\nIn the 1980s, [top soil](/wiki/Top_soil \"Top soil\") samples from Lutana, Geilston Bay and Lindisfarne revealed high concentrations of [zinc](/wiki/Zinc \"Zinc\"), [lead](/wiki/Lead \"Lead\"), and [cadmium](/wiki/Cadmium \"Cadmium\"). The sampling also revealed that the prevailing wind directions, the terrain of the land, and proximity to the smelter had an impact on the contamination's dissemination pattern.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://epa.tas.gov.au/Documents/Lutana\\_Background\\_Paper\\_2009\\.pdf \\|title\\=Managing Soil Contamination in parts of Lutana and Hobart’s eastern shore \\|date\\=2009\\-05\\-01 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-21 \\|website\\=Environment Protection Authority}}",
"Early to mid\\-1990s soil sampling around Lutana and the eastern shore revealed that increased levels of cadmium, lead, and zinc were confined to the top {{convert\\|50\\|mm}} of the soil profile, with the bulk concentrated in the top {{convert\\|20\\|mm}}.",
"A 2009 report conducted by the [CSIRO](/wiki/CSIRO \"CSIRO\") recommended that home\\-grown vegetables vulnerable to the uptake of heavy metals including lettuce, spinach, carrot and beetroot should be grown in raised garden beds with a minimum depth of {{convert\\|30\\|cm}} in clean soil.",
"### Estuary and ocean contamination",
"{{See also\\|Mercury pollution in the ocean}}\nThe smelter's discharging of [methylmercury](/wiki/Methylmercury \"Methylmercury\") (mercury) and other toxic heavy metals into the Derwent estuary greatly contributed in creating one of the most polluted river systems in the world by the close of the 1970s.{{Citation \\| title\\=The bulletin. \\| year\\=1880 \\| section\\=105 volumes : illustrations (chiefly coloured), portraits (chiefly coloured); 30\\-40 cm. \\| issn\\=0007\\-4039 \\| series\\=John Ryan Comic Collection (Specific issues). \\| issue\\=Vol. 099 No. 5091 (17 Jan 1978\\) \\| location\\=Sydney, N.S.W \\| publisher\\=John Haynes and J.F. Archibald \\| url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj\\-1605252645 \\| id\\=nla.obj\\-1605252645 \\| access\\-date\\=20 December 2022 \\| via\\=Trove}}\nDeposits of zinc, mercury, cadmium and lead, which are harmful to marine life and accumulate in seafood continue to plague the river greatly due to legacy pollution.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018\\-08\\-07/curious\\-hobart\\-river\\-derwent\\-pollution\\-levels/10051026 \\|title\\=Curious Hobart: Heavy metals, algae and stormwater — just how polluted is the River Derwent? \\|date\\=2018\\-08\\-07 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-08 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] \\|last\\=Lehman \\|first\\=Ros}}{{Citation \\| author1\\=Australia. Fisheries Division. \\| author2\\=Australian Fisheries Management Authority. \\| author3\\=Australia. Fisheries Branch. \\| author4\\=Australian Fisheries Service. \\| title\\=Australian fisheries. \\| year\\=1969 \\| section\\=27 v. : ill.; 25\\-30 cm. \\| issn\\=0004\\-9115 \\| issue\\=Vol. 32 No. 10 (October 1973\\) \\| location\\=\\[Canberra, A.C.T \\| publisher\\=Fisheries Branch, Dept. of Primary Industry] \\| url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj\\-730483375 \\| id\\=nla.obj\\-730483375 \\| access\\-date\\=20 December 2022 \\| via\\=Trove }}",
"#### Offshore disposal of jarosite",
"In the 1960s, a collaborative patent was established with then\\-operator Pasminco Metals\\-EZ and two other companies for a method to eliminate iron from zinc. This procedure involved the extraction of iron in the form of [jarosite](/wiki/Jarosite \"Jarosite\"),{{sfn\\|Ramshaw\\|2012\\|p\\=13}} a byproduct containing iron, along with various hazardous substances such as cadmium, arsenic, copper, mercury, lead, and residual zinc.{{Cite journal \\|title\\=Ocean dumping makes waves \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Green Left (Australian newspaper)\\|Green Left]] \\|url\\=https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/ocean\\-dumping\\-makes\\-waves \\|last\\=Kelly \\|first\\=Tom \\|date\\=1994\\-03\\-09 \\|issue\\=134}} From 1971 to 1997, the jarosite process was implemented at Risdon Zinc Works until it was replaced by the [paragoethite](/wiki/Paragoethite \"Paragoethite\") process, which was also patented at the refinery.{{sfn\\|Ramshaw\\|2012\\|p\\=13}}",
"Commencing in 1973, Pasminco Metals\\-EZ initiated the disposal of jarosite into the southern ocean. Situated approximately {{convert\\|60\\|nmi}} from Hobart beyond the [continental shelf](/wiki/Tasmanian_Shelf_Province \"Tasmanian Shelf Province\") in waters with a depth of around {{convert\\|2\\|km}}, research conducted in proximity to the disposal site identified elevated concentrations of heavy metals in marine organisms, including heightened cadmium levels in fish and sea birds.{{Citation \\| author1\\=CSIRO. Division of Oceanography \\| title\\=Research on jarosite dumping at sea : a program of research on jarosite dumping at sea by Pasminco Metals\\-EZ : physical dispersal of jarosite and surveys of marine biota heavy metal levels 1991/1994 \\| publication\\-date\\=1994 \\| publisher\\=CSIRO Division of Oceanography \\| url\\=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/9821198 \\| access\\-date\\=11 November 2023}}",
"##### Waste volume estimations",
"Between 1973 and 1997, Pasminco Metals\\-EZ were legally permitted to load and dump up to {{convert\\|2400000\\|tonnes}} of jarosite waste into the southern ocean annually.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article240615952 \\|title\\=Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism and Territories Notice Of Application Received And Permit Granted Under The Environment Protection (Sea Dumping) Act 1981 \\|newspaper\\=Commonwealth Of Australia Gazette. Government Notices \\|issue\\=GN49 \\|location\\=Australia, Australia \\|date\\=18 December 1991 \\|accessdate\\=12 November 2023 \\|page\\=3981 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} Annual sea dumping volumes are contested and vary between {{convert\\|1700000\\|tonnes\\|adj\\=on}}{{Citation \\| author1\\=\\[\\[CSIRO]] \\| title\\=Annual report 1994–95 \\| year\\=1995 \\|pages\\=42–43 \\| section\\=Monitoring metal wastes \\| series\\=Parliamentary paper (Australia. Parliament) \\| issue\\=1994/1995, PP no. 364 of 1995 \\| location\\=Dickson, ACT \\| publisher\\=CSIRO \\| url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj\\-1613442836 \\| id\\=nla.obj\\-1613442836 \\| access\\-date\\=11 November 2023 \\| via\\=Trove }} and {{convert\\|2500000\\|tonnes\\|adj\\=on}} approximations.{{Cite book \\|title\\=The Greenpeace Story \\|last\\=Brown \\|first\\=Michael \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Bantam Books]] \\|year\\=1991 \\|isbn\\=9781863590334 \\|edition\\=2nd \\|location\\=\\[\\[Moorebank, New South Wales]] \\|pages\\=175 \\|language\\=English \\|last2\\=May \\|first2\\=John \\|chapter\\=A New Era}}",
"##### Greenpeace Clean Waters campaign",
"On 14 March 1990, at the docks of Electrolytic Zinc, three activists from [Greenpeace](/wiki/Greenpeace \"Greenpeace\") were apprehended while occupying the masts of the dumping vessel MV Anson. They displayed a banner proclaiming \"Stop E. Z. Dumping.\" As the dump ship departed the dock, Greenpeace protesters made another attempt to board but were met with aggression from Anson crew members. During the altercation, one activist sustained head injuries after a police boat collided with a Greenpeace inflatable vessel. The day after, law enforcement seized four inflatables and the {{convert\\|60\\|ft\\|adj\\=on}} Greenpeace vessel SV Redbill, indicating they would only be returned if Greenpeace ceased their protests. In response, 250 individuals in 30 boats rallied to support Greenpeace's campaign against ocean dumping and demanded the return of the vessels. The boats were returned the following day, and the Federal Minister for the Environment [Ros Kelly](/wiki/Ros_Kelly \"Ros Kelly\") announced enhanced monitoring procedures and research into alternative waste disposal methods.",
"#### Monitoring",
"As part of their operating permit conditions with the [Environment Protection Authority](/wiki/Environment_Protection_Authority_%28Tasmania%29 \"Environment Protection Authority (Tasmania)\"), Nyrstar are required to monitor levels of toxic heavy metals in marine life sourced within the Derwent estuary, including [oysters](/wiki/Ostrea_angasi \"Ostrea angasi\"), [mussels](/wiki/Blue_mussel \"Blue mussel\") and [flathead](/wiki/Platycephalus_laevigatus \"Platycephalus laevigatus\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.sail\\-world.com/Australia/Heavy\\-Metal\\-contamination\\-in\\-Tasmanias\\-River\\-Derwent\\-still\\-an\\-issue/\\-90241?source\\=google \\|title\\=Heavy Metal contamination in Tasmania's River Derwent still an issue \\|date\\=2011\\-11\\-01 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-17 \\|website\\=Sail World \\|last\\=Hyland \\|first\\=Carl}}\nData is collected from the river every five years, with monitoring extending from [New Norfolk](/wiki/New_Norfolk \"New Norfolk\") out to the [Iron Pot](/wiki/Iron_Pot \"Iron Pot\"), with [Storm Bay](/wiki/Storm_Bay \"Storm Bay\") and the neighbouring [D'Entrecasteaux Channel](/wiki/D%27Entrecasteaux_Channel \"D'Entrecasteaux Channel\") excluded from investigation.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.themercury.com.au/lifestyle/careful\\-what\\-you\\-eat\\-from\\-derwent\\-catches/news\\-story/0683a1438d9115963ca22d89e9368d3b \\|title\\=Careful what you eat from Derwent catches \\|date\\=2016\\-02\\-26 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-19 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Mercury (Hobart)]] \\|last\\=Luttrell \\|first\\=Alex}} 2016 statistics revealed that [bream](/wiki/Bream \"Bream\") and [shellfish](/wiki/Shellfish \"Shellfish\") caught in the river could not be consumed due to [high mercury levels](/wiki/Mercury_in_fish \"Mercury in fish\").",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|Bridgewater Bridge and causeway in 2008](/wiki/File:Bridgewater_Causeway.jpg \"Bridgewater Causeway.jpg\")",
"#### Bridgewater causeway",
"Upstream, the [convict\\-built](/wiki/Convict_labour \"Convict labour\"), 1830s [causeway](/wiki/Causeway \"Causeway\") connecting [Granton](/wiki/Granton%2C_Tasmania \"Granton, Tasmania\") and [Bridgewater](/wiki/Bridgewater%2C_Tasmania \"Bridgewater, Tasmania\") via the [Bridgewater Bridge](/wiki/Bridgewater_Bridge_%28Tasmania%29 \"Bridgewater Bridge (Tasmania)\") acts as a catchment for wastewater pollutants from the smelter. Further to this upstream at [Boyer](/wiki/Boyer%2C_Tasmania \"Boyer, Tasmania\"), the [pulp and paper mill](/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_mill \"Pulp and paper mill\") [Norske Skog Boyer](/wiki/Norske_Skog_Boyer \"Norske Skog Boyer\") routinely pump organic matter, suspended solids, and chemical substances used in the paper\\-making process into the river. Studies in 2009, 2012 and 2020 have concluded that [sludge](/wiki/Sludge \"Sludge\"), wastewater and heavy metal contaminants, including cadmium, lead, zinc and mercury, risk being disturbed by the New Bridgewater Bridge construction project.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/save/https://bridgewaterbridge.tas.gov.au/\\_\\_data/assets/pdf\\_file/0004/306184/Major\\_Projects\\_Proposal.pdf \\|title\\=Major Project Proposal: New Bridgewater Bridge \\|date\\=2020\\-11\\-03 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-30 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Tasmanian Government]] \\|page\\=37}}",
"#### Groundwater Interception System",
"Developed in collaboration with [GHD Group](/wiki/GHD_Group \"GHD Group\"), a Groundwater Interception System (GIS) was constructed in 2010\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://aclca.org.au/sa\\-docs/sa\\-presentation\\-150907\\.pdf \\|title\\=NYRSTAR HOBART ZINC SMELTER GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION PROJECT \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-17 \\|website\\=Australian Contaminated Land Consultants Association}}\nThe GIS is made up of 13 horizontal cased and open hole bores measuring {{convert\\|150\\|mm}} in diameter with lengths varying from {{convert\\|160\\|\\-\\|220\\|m}} each. The total length of the free draining bores is little under {{convert\\|2000\\|m}}. The neighbouring wastewater treatment facility receives the system's discharge. The system was designed to be low maintenance, containing no pumps or electrical power.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.ghd.com/en/projects/nyrstar\\-\\-\\-groundwater\\-interception\\-system.aspx \\|title\\=Nyrstar \\- Groundwater Interception System \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-17 \\|website\\=\\[\\[GHD Group]]}}\nThe GIS extracts approximately {{convert\\|115\\|tonnes}} of zinc, {{convert\\|3\\|tonnes}} of [cadmium](/wiki/Cadmium \"Cadmium\"), {{convert\\|7\\|tonnes}} of [aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium \"Aluminium\"), and {{convert\\|332\\|tonnes}} of [sulphate](/wiki/Sulphate \"Sulphate\") from groundwater annually.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Competitive
In 1973, Spiegl and his sister, Ingrid Spieglová, moved from Opava to [Brno](/wiki/Brno "Brno"), where they became students of Ivan Rezek. The siblings represented Czechoslovakia in [pair skating](/wiki/Pair_skating "Pair skating") and won six consecutive national titles, beginning in the 1974–75 season. Their [ISU Championship](/wiki/ISU_Figure_Skating_Championships "ISU Figure Skating Championships") debut came at the [1975 Europeans](/wiki/1975_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "1975 European Figure Skating Championships") in [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen "Copenhagen"), Denmark; the pair finished 12th at the event.
The following season, Spieglová/Spiegl ranked 12th at the [1976 European Championships](/wiki/1976_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "1976 European Figure Skating Championships") in [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva "Geneva"), Switzerland, and then 13th at the [1976 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1976 Winter Olympics") in [Innsbruck](/wiki/Innsbruck "Innsbruck"), Austria. Concluding their season, they placed 10th at the [1976 World Championships](/wiki/1976_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "1976 World Figure Skating Championships") in [Gothenburg](/wiki/Gothenburg "Gothenburg"), Sweden.
The siblings achieved their career\-best world result, 6th, at the [1977 World Championships](/wiki/1977_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "1977 World Figure Skating Championships") in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"), Japan, and [1978 World Championships](/wiki/1978_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "1978 World Figure Skating Championships") in [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa "Ottawa"), Canada. Their highest continental result, 5th, came at the [1978 European Championships](/wiki/1978_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "1978 European Figure Skating Championships") in [Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg "Strasbourg"), France.
Spieglová/Spiegl won silver at the 1977 [Golden Spin of Zagreb](/wiki/Golden_Spin_of_Zagreb "Golden Spin of Zagreb"), silver at the [1978 Prague Skate](/wiki/1978_Prague_Skate "1978 Prague Skate"), bronze at the 1979 [Ennia Challenge Cup](/wiki/Ennia_Challenge_Cup "Ennia Challenge Cup"), and silver at the [1979 Prague Skate](/wiki/1979_Prague_Skate "1979 Prague Skate"). They were scheduled to compete at the [1980 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1980 Winter Olympics") in [Lake Placid, New York](/wiki/Lake_Placid%2C_New_York "Lake Placid, New York"), but the Communists decided to give their spot to someone else. The siblings retired from competition at the end of the season.
### Post\-competitive
Spiegl and his sister skated with [Holiday on Ice](/wiki/Holiday_on_Ice "Holiday on Ice") for seven years. As of 2016, he works as a skating coach at Eskilstuna IK in Sweden.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Competitive",
"In 1973, Spiegl and his sister, Ingrid Spieglová, moved from Opava to [Brno](/wiki/Brno \"Brno\"), where they became students of Ivan Rezek. The siblings represented Czechoslovakia in [pair skating](/wiki/Pair_skating \"Pair skating\") and won six consecutive national titles, beginning in the 1974–75 season. Their [ISU Championship](/wiki/ISU_Figure_Skating_Championships \"ISU Figure Skating Championships\") debut came at the [1975 Europeans](/wiki/1975_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1975 European Figure Skating Championships\") in [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen \"Copenhagen\"), Denmark; the pair finished 12th at the event.",
"The following season, Spieglová/Spiegl ranked 12th at the [1976 European Championships](/wiki/1976_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1976 European Figure Skating Championships\") in [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva \"Geneva\"), Switzerland, and then 13th at the [1976 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics \"Figure skating at the 1976 Winter Olympics\") in [Innsbruck](/wiki/Innsbruck \"Innsbruck\"), Austria. Concluding their season, they placed 10th at the [1976 World Championships](/wiki/1976_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1976 World Figure Skating Championships\") in [Gothenburg](/wiki/Gothenburg \"Gothenburg\"), Sweden.",
"The siblings achieved their career\\-best world result, 6th, at the [1977 World Championships](/wiki/1977_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1977 World Figure Skating Championships\") in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"), Japan, and [1978 World Championships](/wiki/1978_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1978 World Figure Skating Championships\") in [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa \"Ottawa\"), Canada. Their highest continental result, 5th, came at the [1978 European Championships](/wiki/1978_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1978 European Figure Skating Championships\") in [Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg \"Strasbourg\"), France.",
"Spieglová/Spiegl won silver at the 1977 [Golden Spin of Zagreb](/wiki/Golden_Spin_of_Zagreb \"Golden Spin of Zagreb\"), silver at the [1978 Prague Skate](/wiki/1978_Prague_Skate \"1978 Prague Skate\"), bronze at the 1979 [Ennia Challenge Cup](/wiki/Ennia_Challenge_Cup \"Ennia Challenge Cup\"), and silver at the [1979 Prague Skate](/wiki/1979_Prague_Skate \"1979 Prague Skate\"). They were scheduled to compete at the [1980 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics \"Figure skating at the 1980 Winter Olympics\") in [Lake Placid, New York](/wiki/Lake_Placid%2C_New_York \"Lake Placid, New York\"), but the Communists decided to give their spot to someone else. The siblings retired from competition at the end of the season.",
"### Post\\-competitive",
"Spiegl and his sister skated with [Holiday on Ice](/wiki/Holiday_on_Ice \"Holiday on Ice\") for seven years. As of 2016, he works as a skating coach at Eskilstuna IK in Sweden.",
""
] |
Architecture
------------
[thumb\|left\|42 foot wide west facade arched window and main entrance](/wiki/File:Schade_Tower_Enter.png "Schade Tower Enter.png")
Schade Brewery is a roughly rectangular\-shaped structure with dimensions of 101 by 201 feet. The southern facade is not parallel to the northern facade, but flares out slightly as it moves from the west to eastern facades. Most of the facade is built of red brick on a granite foundation, with the exception of a few areas constructed of poured concrete.
The building was constructed in four main phases, with the first taking place in 1902\. That section was composed of a {{frac\|2\|1\|2}}\-story structure built for [cold storage](/wiki/Refrigeration "Refrigeration") with a [gambrel](/wiki/Gambrel "Gambrel") roof. It comprises the central mass of the building, and can be viewed from the exterior along the northern facade. The 1903 additions include the five story western section and tower, which was important for the gravity\-fed operations of the brewery. The facades of this addition include large, arched windows. The largest of which is located on the western front, which is now located at the main entrance to the building, and spans 42 feet wide. Corbelled brick molding outlines the large arched windows, with a brick keystone capping the vertex of the largest of the arched windows.
The tower stands five stories tall with a gabled roof atop, located behind stepped parapet walls on the east and west facades, which feature circular windows near their peak. In 1907, a two\-story addition was constructed directly east of the tower and south of the original 1902 structure. The 1907 addition measures 32 feet by 97 feet, with its exterior (southern) wall being the only non\-parallel exterior wall in the structure. The windows and doorways on the 1907 addition are all arched on the first floor, with rectangular windows on the second story.
Between 1934 and 1937, an addition was added to the east of the building that is markedly different in style from the rest of the structure. Measuring 57 by 104 feet, the exterior walls were made of poured concrete instead of the red brick used in the rest of the building. Moving from the front of the building in the west to the rear of the building in the east, the land slopes down towards the Spokane River, the banks of which are located just over 100 feet from the northeast corner of the building. This slope allowed for the east addition to include a two\-story basement.
Original wood flooring was removed over the years, but the concrete floors on most stories have remained. The concrete floors, with drainage plans necessary for a brewery of its time, have helped maintain structural integrity of the building and prevent calamitous water damage from occurring.
Brick walls were built three feet thick on the lower stories and two feet thick in the upper stories, to project a sense of power and importance. The stepped parapet roof of the tower and the brewery's gambrel roof are reminiscent of Flemish architecture, putting the Schade Brewery into the [Dutch Revival](/wiki/Dutch_Colonial_Revival_architecture "Dutch Colonial Revival architecture") style.
|
[
"Architecture\n------------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|42 foot wide west facade arched window and main entrance](/wiki/File:Schade_Tower_Enter.png \"Schade Tower Enter.png\")\nSchade Brewery is a roughly rectangular\\-shaped structure with dimensions of 101 by 201 feet. The southern facade is not parallel to the northern facade, but flares out slightly as it moves from the west to eastern facades. Most of the facade is built of red brick on a granite foundation, with the exception of a few areas constructed of poured concrete.",
"The building was constructed in four main phases, with the first taking place in 1902\\. That section was composed of a {{frac\\|2\\|1\\|2}}\\-story structure built for [cold storage](/wiki/Refrigeration \"Refrigeration\") with a [gambrel](/wiki/Gambrel \"Gambrel\") roof. It comprises the central mass of the building, and can be viewed from the exterior along the northern facade. The 1903 additions include the five story western section and tower, which was important for the gravity\\-fed operations of the brewery. The facades of this addition include large, arched windows. The largest of which is located on the western front, which is now located at the main entrance to the building, and spans 42 feet wide. Corbelled brick molding outlines the large arched windows, with a brick keystone capping the vertex of the largest of the arched windows.",
"The tower stands five stories tall with a gabled roof atop, located behind stepped parapet walls on the east and west facades, which feature circular windows near their peak. In 1907, a two\\-story addition was constructed directly east of the tower and south of the original 1902 structure. The 1907 addition measures 32 feet by 97 feet, with its exterior (southern) wall being the only non\\-parallel exterior wall in the structure. The windows and doorways on the 1907 addition are all arched on the first floor, with rectangular windows on the second story.",
"Between 1934 and 1937, an addition was added to the east of the building that is markedly different in style from the rest of the structure. Measuring 57 by 104 feet, the exterior walls were made of poured concrete instead of the red brick used in the rest of the building. Moving from the front of the building in the west to the rear of the building in the east, the land slopes down towards the Spokane River, the banks of which are located just over 100 feet from the northeast corner of the building. This slope allowed for the east addition to include a two\\-story basement.",
"Original wood flooring was removed over the years, but the concrete floors on most stories have remained. The concrete floors, with drainage plans necessary for a brewery of its time, have helped maintain structural integrity of the building and prevent calamitous water damage from occurring.",
"Brick walls were built three feet thick on the lower stories and two feet thick in the upper stories, to project a sense of power and importance. The stepped parapet roof of the tower and the brewery's gambrel roof are reminiscent of Flemish architecture, putting the Schade Brewery into the [Dutch Revival](/wiki/Dutch_Colonial_Revival_architecture \"Dutch Colonial Revival architecture\") style.",
""
] |
Military chaplain and missionary
--------------------------------
In 1940, Fr. Leoni was drafted into the [Italian Royal Army](/wiki/Italian_Royal_Army "Italian Royal Army") and served as a [military chaplain](/wiki/Military_chaplain "Military chaplain") in [Albania](/wiki/Albania "Albania") and [Occupied Greece](/wiki/Occupied_Greece "Occupied Greece"). In 1941, Fr. Leoni's unit was assigned to [Dnipropetrovsk](/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk "Dnipropetrovsk"), as part of [Operation Barbarossa](/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa "Operation Barbarossa").
Before his departure for the USSR in October 1941, Fr. Leoni was granted an audience with Metropolitan [Andrey Sheptytsky](/wiki/Andrey_Sheptytsky "Andrey Sheptytsky") of the [Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church](/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church "Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church"). He later recalled, "I told Szeptycki about the condition of the Catholic and Orthodox religions in the Ukraine and about the attitude of the German authorities to the clergy. I reported that under the Germans the Catholic Church was unable to function, that the Orthodox clergy enjoyed the trust of the Germans, and that the number of Orthodox priests was increasing under the German occupation."I. I. Osipova (2003\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota "Fargo, North Dakota"). Page 158\.
In 1943 he was released from military service as the Italian army disintegrated and he decided to stay on as a missionary priest in [Romanian](/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II "Romania in World War II")\-occupied [Odessa](/wiki/Odessa "Odessa").["Mission in the Night," Time Magazine, June 13, 1955](https://web.archive.org/web/20091226034143/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,861543-1,00.html)
When the [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army "Red Army") reoccupied the city on 10 April 1944, Fr. Leoni was at first allowed, despite the stiff opposition of the [Moscow Patriarchate](/wiki/Moscow_Patriarchate "Moscow Patriarchate")'s [Eparchy](/wiki/Eparchy "Eparchy") of Odessa, to remain in the city and continue to minister to local Catholics. Despite this, [NKVD](/wiki/NKVD "NKVD") surveillance of Fr. Leoni and his parishioners began almost immediately.I. I. Osipova (2003\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota "Fargo, North Dakota"). Page 152\.
Even though [Soviet anti\-religious legislation](/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation "Soviet anti-religious legislation") strictly forbade the registration of foreign priests and even though the [NKVD](/wiki/NKVD "NKVD") already had a file on him, Fr. Leoni was allowed to register as the pastor of the Catholics of Odessa in November 1944\. His congregation numbered about 8,000 people, most of whom were [ethnic Poles](/wiki/Poles_in_Ukraine "Poles in Ukraine"). Despite this, Fr. Leoni offered only the [Byzantine Rite](/wiki/Byzantine_Rite "Byzantine Rite") [Divine Liturgy](/wiki/Divine_Liturgy "Divine Liturgy") in [Old Church Slavonic](/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic "Old Church Slavonic") and preached in [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language").
Fr. Leoni later recalled following his arrest, however, "I am essentially a religious man. For me the Catholic Church comes before everything else and politics does not interest me. When I refused to conduct active propaganda among my parishioners \[to get them] to participate and sign up for the State loan and the collection of funds for the defense of the U.S.S.R., I told officials from the district soviet that conducting such propaganda in the church was not our spiritual business. But I had no objection to my parishioners collecting money for the Red Cross, for the families of those at the Front or for war invalids... I believe that, on the one hand, the organs of Soviet power harass the clergy and religion in general, while, on the other hand, they use the Orthodox Church in the battle against other faiths."I. I. Osipova (2003\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota "Fargo, North Dakota"). Page 157\.
Fr. Leoni also received several Orthodox Christians, including at least one priest, into the [Russian Greek Catholic Church](/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church "Russian Greek Catholic Church"),I. I. Osipova (2003\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota "Fargo, North Dakota"). Page 157\. for which he later accused local Russian Orthodox Bishop [Sergei (Larin)](/wiki/Sergei_%28Larin%29 "Sergei (Larin)") of denouncing him to the [NKVD](/wiki/NKVD "NKVD").
|
[
"Military chaplain and missionary\n--------------------------------",
"In 1940, Fr. Leoni was drafted into the [Italian Royal Army](/wiki/Italian_Royal_Army \"Italian Royal Army\") and served as a [military chaplain](/wiki/Military_chaplain \"Military chaplain\") in [Albania](/wiki/Albania \"Albania\") and [Occupied Greece](/wiki/Occupied_Greece \"Occupied Greece\"). In 1941, Fr. Leoni's unit was assigned to [Dnipropetrovsk](/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk \"Dnipropetrovsk\"), as part of [Operation Barbarossa](/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa \"Operation Barbarossa\").",
"Before his departure for the USSR in October 1941, Fr. Leoni was granted an audience with Metropolitan [Andrey Sheptytsky](/wiki/Andrey_Sheptytsky \"Andrey Sheptytsky\") of the [Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church](/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church \"Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church\"). He later recalled, \"I told Szeptycki about the condition of the Catholic and Orthodox religions in the Ukraine and about the attitude of the German authorities to the clergy. I reported that under the Germans the Catholic Church was unable to function, that the Orthodox clergy enjoyed the trust of the Germans, and that the number of Orthodox priests was increasing under the German occupation.\"I. I. Osipova (2003\\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). Page 158\\.",
"In 1943 he was released from military service as the Italian army disintegrated and he decided to stay on as a missionary priest in [Romanian](/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II \"Romania in World War II\")\\-occupied [Odessa](/wiki/Odessa \"Odessa\").[\"Mission in the Night,\" Time Magazine, June 13, 1955](https://web.archive.org/web/20091226034143/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,861543-1,00.html)",
"When the [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army \"Red Army\") reoccupied the city on 10 April 1944, Fr. Leoni was at first allowed, despite the stiff opposition of the [Moscow Patriarchate](/wiki/Moscow_Patriarchate \"Moscow Patriarchate\")'s [Eparchy](/wiki/Eparchy \"Eparchy\") of Odessa, to remain in the city and continue to minister to local Catholics. Despite this, [NKVD](/wiki/NKVD \"NKVD\") surveillance of Fr. Leoni and his parishioners began almost immediately.I. I. Osipova (2003\\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). Page 152\\.",
"Even though [Soviet anti\\-religious legislation](/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation \"Soviet anti-religious legislation\") strictly forbade the registration of foreign priests and even though the [NKVD](/wiki/NKVD \"NKVD\") already had a file on him, Fr. Leoni was allowed to register as the pastor of the Catholics of Odessa in November 1944\\. His congregation numbered about 8,000 people, most of whom were [ethnic Poles](/wiki/Poles_in_Ukraine \"Poles in Ukraine\"). Despite this, Fr. Leoni offered only the [Byzantine Rite](/wiki/Byzantine_Rite \"Byzantine Rite\") [Divine Liturgy](/wiki/Divine_Liturgy \"Divine Liturgy\") in [Old Church Slavonic](/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic \"Old Church Slavonic\") and preached in [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language \"Russian language\").",
"Fr. Leoni later recalled following his arrest, however, \"I am essentially a religious man. For me the Catholic Church comes before everything else and politics does not interest me. When I refused to conduct active propaganda among my parishioners \\[to get them] to participate and sign up for the State loan and the collection of funds for the defense of the U.S.S.R., I told officials from the district soviet that conducting such propaganda in the church was not our spiritual business. But I had no objection to my parishioners collecting money for the Red Cross, for the families of those at the Front or for war invalids... I believe that, on the one hand, the organs of Soviet power harass the clergy and religion in general, while, on the other hand, they use the Orthodox Church in the battle against other faiths.\"I. I. Osipova (2003\\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). Page 157\\.",
"Fr. Leoni also received several Orthodox Christians, including at least one priest, into the [Russian Greek Catholic Church](/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church \"Russian Greek Catholic Church\"),I. I. Osipova (2003\\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). Page 157\\. for which he later accused local Russian Orthodox Bishop [Sergei (Larin)](/wiki/Sergei_%28Larin%29 \"Sergei (Larin)\") of denouncing him to the [NKVD](/wiki/NKVD \"NKVD\").",
""
] |
Political prisoner
------------------
On April 29, 1945, he was arrested by the [NKVD](/wiki/NKVD "NKVD") and brought to the [Lubyanka Prison](/wiki/Lubyanka_%28KGB%29 "Lubyanka (KGB)") in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow") for interrogation. To the outrage of his interrogators, Fr. Leoni refused to answer questions that might harm the Church or other underground priests, such as his former classmate [Walter Ciszek](/wiki/Walter_Ciszek "Walter Ciszek").I. I. Osipova (2003\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota "Fargo, North Dakota"). Pages 153\-155\.
Fr. Leoni's, "sometimes flippant answers earned him spells in [solitary confinement](/wiki/Solitary_confinement "Solitary confinement"), but surprisingly he was not tortured, or at least he does not mention it."Constantin Simon S.J. (2009\), *Pro Russia: The Russicum and Catholic Work for Russia*, [Orientalium](/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute "Pontifical Oriental Institute"). Page 586\.
While refusing to inform against his fellow Catholics, Fr. Leoni had no problem with telling his interrogators exactly what he thought of the Soviet Government. According to his case file, he once said,I. I. Osipova (2003\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota "Fargo, North Dakota"). Page 155\-156\. "Given that I am a Catholic religious, I was and am an enemy of [Marxism](/wiki/Marxism "Marxism") and of the political regime which exists in the USSR \- a regime, which, in my opinion is not different from [Fascism](/wiki/Fascism "Fascism")... I believe that in the USSR there is neither [democracy](/wiki/Democracy "Democracy"), not freedom for the people. The Soviet regime has stripped the people of [freedom of religion](/wiki/Freedom_of_religion "Freedom of religion"), of [freedom of the press](/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press "Freedom of the press"), and of freedom of expression. One is forbidden to think freely, to develop one's initiative or creativity... I have never calumniated the Soviet Government: I have only said what I believe without mincing my words..."Constantin Simon S.J. (2009\), *Pro Russia: The Russicum and Catholic Work for Russia*, [Orientalium](/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute "Pontifical Oriental Institute"). Page 587\.
When NKVD interrogators confronted him with "witnesses" who claimed that he was a supporter of [Fascist](/wiki/Fascist "Fascist") dictators [Adolf Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler "Adolf Hitler") and [Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini "Benito Mussolini"), Fr. Leoni calmly replied, "I do not deny that I favored a change in the political system in the USSR but I never advocated the achievement of such change through an attack on the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union")... I was not a supporter of the system established by Mussolini in Italy and I never told anyone that I shared Mussolini's political views... In Odessa, during the occupation, I helped several young people to avoid being deported to Germany by the Nazis."I. I. Osipova (2003\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota "Fargo, North Dakota"). Page 160\.
On 13 September 1945, Fr. Leoni's interrogation ended and a formal [indictment](/wiki/Indictment "Indictment") was approved. He was declared guilty of [espionage](/wiki/Espionage "Espionage") on behalf of the [Vatican](/wiki/Holy_See "Holy See"), [anti\-Soviet agitation](/wiki/Anti-Soviet_agitation "Anti-Soviet agitation"), and of trying to convert the Orthodox to the [Eastern Catholic Churches](/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches "Eastern Catholic Churches").I. I. Osipova (2003\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota "Fargo, North Dakota"). Page 163\. On November 12, 1945, an NKVD Collegium sentenced him to ten years in the [Gulag](/wiki/Gulag "Gulag").
Fr. Leoni later recalled of the transit prison in [Kirov](/wiki/Kirov%2C_Kirov_Oblast "Kirov, Kirov Oblast"), "Bed\-bugs and roaches multiplied by the millions and at night it was impossible to defend one's self against them because the room was in total darkness. Only when they brought supper did they bring us a miserable oil lamp which immediately they removed. They left us at the mercy of these parasites which in the darkness became even more insatiable and aggressive. The three nights I spent there were a real martyrdom. And even more suffering did I have to endure from human parasites."
Like many other [political prisoners](/wiki/Political_prisoner "Political prisoner") in the [Gulag](/wiki/Gulag "Gulag"), the memoirs of Fr. Leoni also describe being preyed upon and robbed by the *[Vory v Zakone](/wiki/Thief_in_law "Thief in law")*.
While serving his sentence at [Temlag](/wiki/Temlag "Temlag") in the [Mordovian ASSR](/wiki/Mordovian_ASSR "Mordovian ASSR"), Fr. Leoni was again arrested on June 15, 1947, and accused of, "belonging to a [counterrevolutionary](/wiki/Counterrevolutionary "Counterrevolutionary") organisation" of fellow political prisoners which interrogators dubbed "Volya" ("The Will"). According to investigators, "Volya" was planning a prisoner uprising, was smuggling letters to Western Governments, and also trying to tunnel out of the camp. Both Fr. Leoni's memoirs and the investigative file, however, reveal that "Volya" was created and organized by an [NKVD](/wiki/NKVD "NKVD") [agent provocateur](/wiki/Agent_provocateur "Agent provocateur") named Goryachev.I. I. Osipova (2003\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota "Fargo, North Dakota"). Page 166\-168\.
Even so, on August 28–29, 1947, a special [Temlag](/wiki/Temlag "Temlag") camp court declared Fr. Leoni guilty of violating article 58 of the Russian Criminal Code and another 25 years in [Rechlag](/wiki/Rechlag "Rechlag") were added to his sentence.I. I. Osipova (2003\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota "Fargo, North Dakota"). Page 168\-169\.
On 9 April 1951, Father Leoni had an argument at Rechlag with KGB Captain G., who mockingly said, "God? But if your God really existed he would not allow you to be stuck here."I. I. Osipova (2003\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota "Fargo, North Dakota"). Page 171\.
Leoni replied, "Why would he not permit it? Look, I have been found worthy to suffer for Him and I am sure that if I endure everything to the end He will grant me an eternal reward." I. I. Osipova (2003\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota "Fargo, North Dakota"). Page 171\.
The Captain snapped, "A vain hope, since God does not exist."I. I. Osipova (2003\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota "Fargo, North Dakota"). Page 171\.
Fr. Leoni replied, "God existed, God exists now, and will always exist. Soviet power, on the other hand..."I. I. Osipova (2003\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota "Fargo, North Dakota"). Page 171\.
The enraged Captain shouted, "Soviet power existed, exists now, and..."I. I. Osipova (2003\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota "Fargo, North Dakota"). Page 171\.
Fr. Leoni interrupted, "And will not exist in the future!" When the Captain told him that his interruption would cost him two months in the punishment barracks, Fr. Leoni responded, according to his prisoner file, "That will prove that you are parasites."I. I. Osipova (2003\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota "Fargo, North Dakota"). Pages 170\-171\.
According to [Memorial](/wiki/Memorial_%28society%29 "Memorial (society)") member and historian of Soviet [religious persecution](/wiki/Religious_persecution "Religious persecution") Irina Osipova, "Many of his 'outbursts' against the camp administration are not mentioned in his person dossier, but are described by his associates in their memoirs". For example, [Yuri Tregubov](/wiki/Yuri_Tregubov "Yuri Tregubov"), a fellow prisoner who was incarcerated with Fr. Leoni in [Vorkuta](/wiki/Vorkuta "Vorkuta"), later recalled how a KGB Lieutenant\-Colonel arrived in the camp during the summer of 1953 to deliver a lecture on "[Soviet humanism](/wiki/Dialectical_materialism "Dialectical materialism")". The Lieut.\-Col. began by saying, "Soviet power not only chastises you, it also forgives you... Millions have been released, and that's only a small percentage of those who will be freed."I. I. Osipova (2003\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota "Fargo, North Dakota"). Page 171\.
At first a fellow prisoner sarcastically heckled the visitor, saying, "Citizen Commandant, you said that the Soviet authorities have already freed millions and that's only a small percentage of those who will be released. If millions are a small percentage, how many are in the camps? Half the country?" The assembled zeks burst into laughter and another prisoner mockingly called out, "Forty million for sure. That really *is* humanism." Then "Per Leoni", as his fellow zeks called him,I. I. Osipova (2003\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota "Fargo, North Dakota"). Page 172\. stood up and shouted in flawless Russian, "Don't believe the [Chekist](/wiki/Chekism "Chekism") liars! Don't believe this [godless](/wiki/Antitheism "Antitheism") regime! The Chekists are leading you astray, fight them!"Constantin Simon S.J. (2009\), *Pro Russia: The Russicum and Catholic Work for Russia*, [Orientalium](/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute "Pontifical Oriental Institute"). Pages 587\-588\.
For a brief moment, chaos reigned and the guards were only able with difficulty to restore order, after which, "humanism notwithstanding", Fr. Pietro Leoni was sent to a punishment cell.Constantin Simon S.J. (2009\), *Pro Russia: The Russicum and Catholic Work for Russia*, [Orientalium](/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute "Pontifical Oriental Institute"). Page 588\.
Fellow political prisoner Jan Urwich later wrote about how, in 1955, a delegation from Moscow arrived at the [labor camp](/wiki/Labor_camp "Labor camp") to collect signatures for the [Stockholm Appeal](/wiki/Stockholm_Appeal "Stockholm Appeal"), in which the [Cominform](/wiki/Cominform "Cominform")\-controlled [World Peace Council](/wiki/World_Peace_Council "World Peace Council") had called for a global ban on nuclear weapons. A lecturer first made a speech calling for signatures and the [KGB](/wiki/KGB "KGB") officer chairing the meeting urged any prisoner who wished to speak in favor of the appeal to do so. Urwich later recalled, "From the back of the hall came a voice speaking in Russian with an Italian accent, 'Whoever signs the Stockholm Appeal signs his own [death warrant](/wiki/Death_warrant "Death warrant")! Better a cruel death under the [atomic bomb](/wiki/Atomic_bomb "Atomic bomb") than living on in this *happy paradise* where we find ourselves now!' The hall literally erupted. The resulting noise and chaos could not be quelled and the meeting disintegrated. Everything went to pieces."I. I. Osipova (2003\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota "Fargo, North Dakota"). Page 172\.
On 25 April 1955, a Collegium of the [Supreme Court of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union "Supreme Court of the Soviet Union") commuted Fr. Leoni's sentence to seven years imprisonment. As he had already more than served his new sentence, he was told that would be released and allowed to return to his native Italy.I. I. Osipova (2003\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota "Fargo, North Dakota"). Page 173\.
Jan Urwich later recalled, "The news of Fr. Leoni's departure for Rome, at a time when no one expected it, planted much hope and joy... This man made us feel confident that he would tell that [Free World](/wiki/Free_World "Free World"), to which he was returning, the tragic and incredible truth about the country the champions of Humanism and the brotherhood of peoples."
On 17 May 1955, Fr. Leoni was handed over to representatives of the Italian Government in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna"), through the intervention of the [Vatican](/wiki/Holy_See "Holy See").
|
[
"Political prisoner\n------------------",
"On April 29, 1945, he was arrested by the [NKVD](/wiki/NKVD \"NKVD\") and brought to the [Lubyanka Prison](/wiki/Lubyanka_%28KGB%29 \"Lubyanka (KGB)\") in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\") for interrogation. To the outrage of his interrogators, Fr. Leoni refused to answer questions that might harm the Church or other underground priests, such as his former classmate [Walter Ciszek](/wiki/Walter_Ciszek \"Walter Ciszek\").I. I. Osipova (2003\\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). Pages 153\\-155\\.",
"Fr. Leoni's, \"sometimes flippant answers earned him spells in [solitary confinement](/wiki/Solitary_confinement \"Solitary confinement\"), but surprisingly he was not tortured, or at least he does not mention it.\"Constantin Simon S.J. (2009\\), *Pro Russia: The Russicum and Catholic Work for Russia*, [Orientalium](/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute \"Pontifical Oriental Institute\"). Page 586\\.",
"While refusing to inform against his fellow Catholics, Fr. Leoni had no problem with telling his interrogators exactly what he thought of the Soviet Government. According to his case file, he once said,I. I. Osipova (2003\\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). Page 155\\-156\\. \"Given that I am a Catholic religious, I was and am an enemy of [Marxism](/wiki/Marxism \"Marxism\") and of the political regime which exists in the USSR \\- a regime, which, in my opinion is not different from [Fascism](/wiki/Fascism \"Fascism\")... I believe that in the USSR there is neither [democracy](/wiki/Democracy \"Democracy\"), not freedom for the people. The Soviet regime has stripped the people of [freedom of religion](/wiki/Freedom_of_religion \"Freedom of religion\"), of [freedom of the press](/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press \"Freedom of the press\"), and of freedom of expression. One is forbidden to think freely, to develop one's initiative or creativity... I have never calumniated the Soviet Government: I have only said what I believe without mincing my words...\"Constantin Simon S.J. (2009\\), *Pro Russia: The Russicum and Catholic Work for Russia*, [Orientalium](/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute \"Pontifical Oriental Institute\"). Page 587\\.",
"When NKVD interrogators confronted him with \"witnesses\" who claimed that he was a supporter of [Fascist](/wiki/Fascist \"Fascist\") dictators [Adolf Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler \"Adolf Hitler\") and [Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini \"Benito Mussolini\"), Fr. Leoni calmly replied, \"I do not deny that I favored a change in the political system in the USSR but I never advocated the achievement of such change through an attack on the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\")... I was not a supporter of the system established by Mussolini in Italy and I never told anyone that I shared Mussolini's political views... In Odessa, during the occupation, I helped several young people to avoid being deported to Germany by the Nazis.\"I. I. Osipova (2003\\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). Page 160\\.",
"On 13 September 1945, Fr. Leoni's interrogation ended and a formal [indictment](/wiki/Indictment \"Indictment\") was approved. He was declared guilty of [espionage](/wiki/Espionage \"Espionage\") on behalf of the [Vatican](/wiki/Holy_See \"Holy See\"), [anti\\-Soviet agitation](/wiki/Anti-Soviet_agitation \"Anti-Soviet agitation\"), and of trying to convert the Orthodox to the [Eastern Catholic Churches](/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches \"Eastern Catholic Churches\").I. I. Osipova (2003\\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). Page 163\\. On November 12, 1945, an NKVD Collegium sentenced him to ten years in the [Gulag](/wiki/Gulag \"Gulag\").",
"Fr. Leoni later recalled of the transit prison in [Kirov](/wiki/Kirov%2C_Kirov_Oblast \"Kirov, Kirov Oblast\"), \"Bed\\-bugs and roaches multiplied by the millions and at night it was impossible to defend one's self against them because the room was in total darkness. Only when they brought supper did they bring us a miserable oil lamp which immediately they removed. They left us at the mercy of these parasites which in the darkness became even more insatiable and aggressive. The three nights I spent there were a real martyrdom. And even more suffering did I have to endure from human parasites.\"",
"Like many other [political prisoners](/wiki/Political_prisoner \"Political prisoner\") in the [Gulag](/wiki/Gulag \"Gulag\"), the memoirs of Fr. Leoni also describe being preyed upon and robbed by the *[Vory v Zakone](/wiki/Thief_in_law \"Thief in law\")*.",
"While serving his sentence at [Temlag](/wiki/Temlag \"Temlag\") in the [Mordovian ASSR](/wiki/Mordovian_ASSR \"Mordovian ASSR\"), Fr. Leoni was again arrested on June 15, 1947, and accused of, \"belonging to a [counterrevolutionary](/wiki/Counterrevolutionary \"Counterrevolutionary\") organisation\" of fellow political prisoners which interrogators dubbed \"Volya\" (\"The Will\"). According to investigators, \"Volya\" was planning a prisoner uprising, was smuggling letters to Western Governments, and also trying to tunnel out of the camp. Both Fr. Leoni's memoirs and the investigative file, however, reveal that \"Volya\" was created and organized by an [NKVD](/wiki/NKVD \"NKVD\") [agent provocateur](/wiki/Agent_provocateur \"Agent provocateur\") named Goryachev.I. I. Osipova (2003\\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). Page 166\\-168\\.",
"Even so, on August 28–29, 1947, a special [Temlag](/wiki/Temlag \"Temlag\") camp court declared Fr. Leoni guilty of violating article 58 of the Russian Criminal Code and another 25 years in [Rechlag](/wiki/Rechlag \"Rechlag\") were added to his sentence.I. I. Osipova (2003\\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). Page 168\\-169\\.",
"On 9 April 1951, Father Leoni had an argument at Rechlag with KGB Captain G., who mockingly said, \"God? But if your God really existed he would not allow you to be stuck here.\"I. I. Osipova (2003\\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). Page 171\\.",
"Leoni replied, \"Why would he not permit it? Look, I have been found worthy to suffer for Him and I am sure that if I endure everything to the end He will grant me an eternal reward.\" I. I. Osipova (2003\\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). Page 171\\.",
"The Captain snapped, \"A vain hope, since God does not exist.\"I. I. Osipova (2003\\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). Page 171\\.",
"Fr. Leoni replied, \"God existed, God exists now, and will always exist. Soviet power, on the other hand...\"I. I. Osipova (2003\\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). Page 171\\.",
"The enraged Captain shouted, \"Soviet power existed, exists now, and...\"I. I. Osipova (2003\\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). Page 171\\.",
"Fr. Leoni interrupted, \"And will not exist in the future!\" When the Captain told him that his interruption would cost him two months in the punishment barracks, Fr. Leoni responded, according to his prisoner file, \"That will prove that you are parasites.\"I. I. Osipova (2003\\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). Pages 170\\-171\\.",
"According to [Memorial](/wiki/Memorial_%28society%29 \"Memorial (society)\") member and historian of Soviet [religious persecution](/wiki/Religious_persecution \"Religious persecution\") Irina Osipova, \"Many of his 'outbursts' against the camp administration are not mentioned in his person dossier, but are described by his associates in their memoirs\". For example, [Yuri Tregubov](/wiki/Yuri_Tregubov \"Yuri Tregubov\"), a fellow prisoner who was incarcerated with Fr. Leoni in [Vorkuta](/wiki/Vorkuta \"Vorkuta\"), later recalled how a KGB Lieutenant\\-Colonel arrived in the camp during the summer of 1953 to deliver a lecture on \"[Soviet humanism](/wiki/Dialectical_materialism \"Dialectical materialism\")\". The Lieut.\\-Col. began by saying, \"Soviet power not only chastises you, it also forgives you... Millions have been released, and that's only a small percentage of those who will be freed.\"I. I. Osipova (2003\\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). Page 171\\.",
"At first a fellow prisoner sarcastically heckled the visitor, saying, \"Citizen Commandant, you said that the Soviet authorities have already freed millions and that's only a small percentage of those who will be released. If millions are a small percentage, how many are in the camps? Half the country?\" The assembled zeks burst into laughter and another prisoner mockingly called out, \"Forty million for sure. That really *is* humanism.\" Then \"Per Leoni\", as his fellow zeks called him,I. I. Osipova (2003\\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). Page 172\\. stood up and shouted in flawless Russian, \"Don't believe the [Chekist](/wiki/Chekism \"Chekism\") liars! Don't believe this [godless](/wiki/Antitheism \"Antitheism\") regime! The Chekists are leading you astray, fight them!\"Constantin Simon S.J. (2009\\), *Pro Russia: The Russicum and Catholic Work for Russia*, [Orientalium](/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute \"Pontifical Oriental Institute\"). Pages 587\\-588\\.",
"For a brief moment, chaos reigned and the guards were only able with difficulty to restore order, after which, \"humanism notwithstanding\", Fr. Pietro Leoni was sent to a punishment cell.Constantin Simon S.J. (2009\\), *Pro Russia: The Russicum and Catholic Work for Russia*, [Orientalium](/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute \"Pontifical Oriental Institute\"). Page 588\\.",
"Fellow political prisoner Jan Urwich later wrote about how, in 1955, a delegation from Moscow arrived at the [labor camp](/wiki/Labor_camp \"Labor camp\") to collect signatures for the [Stockholm Appeal](/wiki/Stockholm_Appeal \"Stockholm Appeal\"), in which the [Cominform](/wiki/Cominform \"Cominform\")\\-controlled [World Peace Council](/wiki/World_Peace_Council \"World Peace Council\") had called for a global ban on nuclear weapons. A lecturer first made a speech calling for signatures and the [KGB](/wiki/KGB \"KGB\") officer chairing the meeting urged any prisoner who wished to speak in favor of the appeal to do so. Urwich later recalled, \"From the back of the hall came a voice speaking in Russian with an Italian accent, 'Whoever signs the Stockholm Appeal signs his own [death warrant](/wiki/Death_warrant \"Death warrant\")! Better a cruel death under the [atomic bomb](/wiki/Atomic_bomb \"Atomic bomb\") than living on in this *happy paradise* where we find ourselves now!' The hall literally erupted. The resulting noise and chaos could not be quelled and the meeting disintegrated. Everything went to pieces.\"I. I. Osipova (2003\\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). Page 172\\.",
"On 25 April 1955, a Collegium of the [Supreme Court of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Supreme Court of the Soviet Union\") commuted Fr. Leoni's sentence to seven years imprisonment. As he had already more than served his new sentence, he was told that would be released and allowed to return to his native Italy.I. I. Osipova (2003\\), *Hide Me Within They Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR*, Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). Page 173\\.",
"Jan Urwich later recalled, \"The news of Fr. Leoni's departure for Rome, at a time when no one expected it, planted much hope and joy... This man made us feel confident that he would tell that [Free World](/wiki/Free_World \"Free World\"), to which he was returning, the tragic and incredible truth about the country the champions of Humanism and the brotherhood of peoples.\"",
"On 17 May 1955, Fr. Leoni was handed over to representatives of the Italian Government in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\"), through the intervention of the [Vatican](/wiki/Holy_See \"Holy See\").",
""
] |
Division Round Robin Semifinals
-------------------------------
Within each division, the top three teams in the season standings played a [double round robin](/wiki/Double_round_robin "Double round robin"), comprising one home game in each city for each pair of teams, in order to eliminate one of the three participants. A three\-way tie with two wins each would have secured home\-court advantage in the Division Finals for New York or Minneapolis, who finished first in the season standings, against an opponent to be determined by one further game played with the season runner\-up as host. In the event, neither round\-robin generated even a two\-way tie, so no seventh game was required in either Division. Two of three teams (shaded green) advanced to the Division Finals. The second game between Minneapolis and Rochester—the sixth and final Western Division game scheduled—was not played because both teams had qualified for the Division Final *and* Minneapolis had secured home\-court advantage in that series. The sixth and final Eastern Division game scheduled, Boston at Syracuse, was played because home\-court advantage in their subsequent Division Final hadn't been determined. Both teams had won 42 season games and Boston had won by coin flip the edge in case of a tie in the round\-robin stage.
### Eastern Division Round Robin Semifinals
#### (1\) [New York Knicks](/wiki/New_York_Knicks "New York Knicks"), (2\) [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics "Boston Celtics"), (3\) [Syracuse Nationals](/wiki/Syracuse_Nationals "Syracuse Nationals")
{{col\-begin\|width\=auto}}
{{col\-break}}
| \+ Eastern Division | Team | W | L |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [Syracuse Nationals](/wiki/Syracuse_Nationals "Syracuse Nationals") | 4 | 0 |
| [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics "Boston Celtics") | 2 | 2 |
| [New York Knicks](/wiki/New_York_Knicks "New York Knicks") | 0 | 4 |
{{col\-end}}
{{basketballbox
\| bg \= \#eee \| date \= March 16 \| report \= \[https://www.basketball\-reference.com/boxscores/195403160NYK.html Boxscore]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[Boston Celtics]]''' \| score1 \= '''93'''
\| team2 \= \[\[New York Knicks]] \| score2 \= 71
\| Q1 \= '''16'''–15 \| Q2 \= '''32'''–12 \| Q3 \= '''24'''–19 \| Q4 \= 21–'''25'''
\| points1 \= \[\[Bob Cousy\|Cousy]], \[\[Bill Sharman\|Sharman]] 22 each \| assist1 \= \[\[Bob Cousy]] 10
\| points2 \= \[\[Carl Braun (basketball)\|Carl Braun]] 18 \| assist2 \= \[\[Connie Simmons\|Simmons]], \[\[Jim Baechtold\|Baechtold]] 3 each
\| referee \= Sid Borgia, Mendy Rudolph \| place \= \[\[Madison Square Garden (1925\)\|Madison Square Garden III]], \[\[Manhattan]], \[\[New York (state)\|New York]]
}}
{{basketballbox
\| bg \= \| date \= March 17 \| report \= \[https://www.basketball\-reference.com/boxscores/195403170BOS.html Boxscore]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[Syracuse Nationals]]''' \| score1 \= '''96'''
\| team2 \= \[\[Boston Celtics]] \| score2 \= 95
\| overtime \= OT
\| Q1 \= 15–'''17''' \| Q2 \= '''18'''–15 \| Q3 \= '''26'''–24 \| Q4 \= 22–'''25''' \| OT \= '''15'''–14
\| points1 \= \[\[Dolph Schayes]] 20 \| rebounds1 \= \[\[Dolph Schayes]] 13 \| assist1 \= \[\[Earl Lloyd]] 8
\| points2 \= \[\[Bob Cousy]] 32 \| rebounds2 \= ''three players'' 10 each \| assist2 \= \[\[Jack Nichols (basketball)\|Jack Nichols]] 10
\| place \= \[\[Boston Garden]], \[\[Boston]], \[\[Massachusetts]]
}}
{{basketballbox
\| bg \= \#eee \| date \= March 18 \| report \= \[https://www.basketball\-reference.com/boxscores/195403180SYR.html Boxscore]
\| team1 \= \[\[New York Knicks]] \| score1 \= 68
\| team2 \= '''\[\[Syracuse Nationals]]''' \| score2 \= '''75'''
\| Q1 \= 15–'''16''' \| Q2 \= 20–'''25''' \| Q3 \= 14–'''19''' \| Q4 \= '''19'''–15
\| points1 \= \[\[Harry Gallatin]] 15 \| rebounds1 \= \[\[Harry Gallatin]] 20 \| assist1 \= \[\[Jim Baechtold]] 5
\| points2 \= \[\[Dolph Schayes]] 23 \| rebounds2 \= \[\[Dolph Schayes]] 16 \| assist2 \= \[\[Paul Seymour (basketball)\|Paul Seymour]] 6
\| place \= \[\[Onondaga War Memorial]], \[\[Syracuse, New York]]
}}
{{basketballbox
\| bg \= \| date \= March 20 \| report \= \[https://www.basketball\-reference.com/boxscores/195403200BOS.html Boxscore]
\| team1 \= \[\[New York Knicks]] \| score1 \= 78
\| team2 \= '''\[\[Boston Celtics]]''' \| score2 \= '''79'''
\| Q1 \= '''17'''–15 \| Q2 \= '''24'''–21 \| Q3 \= 16–'''19''' \| Q4 \= 21–'''24'''
\| points1 \= \[\[Harry Gallatin]] 15 \| assist1 \= \[\[Carl Braun (basketball)\|Braun]], \[\[Connie Simmons\|Simmons]] 3 each
\| points2 \= \[\[Bill Sharman]] 26 \| assist2 \= \[\[Bob Cousy\|Cousy]], \[\[Jack Nichols (basketball)\|Nichols]] 6 each
\| place \= \[\[Boston Garden]], \[\[Boston]], \[\[Massachusetts]]
\| series \= Syracuse \& Boston clinch berth to Division Finals, New York eliminated
}}
{{basketballbox
\| bg \= \#eee \| date \= March 21 \| report \= \[https://www.basketball\-reference.com/boxscores/195403210NYK.html Boxscore]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[Syracuse Nationals]]''' \| score1 \= '''103'''
\| team2 \= \[\[New York Knicks]] \| score2 \= 99
\| Q1 \= 22–'''25''' \| Q2 \= 15–'''19''' \| Q3 \= '''32'''–26 \| Q4 \= '''34'''–29
\| points1 \= \[\[Dolph Schayes]] 36 \| rebounds1 \= \[\[Dolph Schayes]] 21 \| assist1 \= \[\[Paul Seymour (basketball)\|Paul Seymour]] 6
\| points2 \= \[\[Carl Braun (basketball)\|Carl Braun]] 32 \| rebounds2 \= \[\[Nat Clifton]] 16 \| assist2 \= \[\[Carl Braun (basketball)\|Carl Braun]] 6
\| place \= \[\[Madison Square Garden (1925\)\|Madison Square Garden III]], \[\[Manhattan]], \[\[New York (state)\|New York]] \| referee \= Jocko Collins, Charles Eckman
}}
* With the Knicks having already been mathematically eliminated from contention, this is the only playoff game to date in which one team had nothing to play for. This contest only contributed towards who would have home\-court advantage in the Division Finals between the Nationals and Celtics.
{{basketballbox
\| bg \= \| date \= March 22 \| report \= \[https://www.basketball\-reference.com/boxscores/195403220SYR.html Boxscore]
\| team1 \= \[\[Boston Celtics]] \| score1 \= 85
\| team2 \= '''\[\[Syracuse Nationals]]''' \| score2 \= '''98'''
\| Q1 \= 19–'''27''' \| Q2 \= '''23'''–18 \| Q3 \= 21–'''26''' \| Q4 \= 22–'''27'''
\| points1 \= \[\[Bob Cousy]] 25 \| rebounds1 \= \[\[Jack Nichols (basketball)\|Jack Nichols]] 12 \| assist1 \= \[\[Bob Cousy]] 8
\| points2 \= \[\[Dolph Schayes]] 25 \| rebounds2 \= \[\[Dolph Schayes]] 16 \| assist2 \= \[\[Paul Seymour (basketball)\|Paul Seymour]] 7
\| place \= \[\[Onondaga War Memorial]], \[\[Syracuse, New York]]
\| series \= Syracuse finishes as East's \#1 seed in Division Finals, Boston finishes as the East's \#2 seed
}}
This was the fourth playoff meeting between the Celtics and Knicks, with the Knicks winning two of the first three meetings.
| \+Previous playoff series{{cite web\|url\=https://www.basketball\-reference.com/play\-index/rivals.cgi?request\=1\&team\_id\=BOS\&opp\_id\=NYK\&is\_playoffs\=Y\|title\=Team Rivalry Finder — Boston Celtics versus New York Knicks (Playoffs)\|publisher\=basketball\-reference.com\|access\-date\=February 19, 2021}} |
| --- |
| New York leads 2–1 in all\-time playoff series |
| {{basketballbox \| bg\=\#fff \| date \= 1951 \| team1 \= \[\[Boston Celtics]] \| score1 \= 0 \| team2 \= '''\[\[New York Knicks]]''' \| score2 \= 2 \| place \= \[\[1951 NBA playoffs\|1951 Eastern Division Semifinals]]\| }} {{basketballbox \| bg\=\#fff \| date \= 1952 \| team1 \= \[\[Boston Celtics]] \| score1 \= 1 \| team2 \= '''\[\[New York Knicks]]''' \| score2 \= 2 \| place \= \[\[1952 NBA playoffs\|1952 Eastern Division Semifinals]]\| }} {{basketballbox \| bg\=\#fff \| date \= 1953 \| team1 \= \[\[Boston Celtics]] \| score1 \= 1 \| team2 \= '''\[\[New York Knicks]]''' \| score2 \= 3 \| place \= \[\[1953 NBA playoffs\|1953 Eastern Division Finals]]\| }} |
This was the second playoff meeting between the Celtics and Nationals, with the Celtics winning the first meeting.
| \+Previous playoff series{{cite web\|url\=https://www.basketball\-reference.com/play\-index/rivals.cgi?request\=1\&team\_id\=BOS\&opp\_id\=PHI\&is\_playoffs\=Y\|title\=Team Rivalry Finder — Boston Celtics versus Philadelphia 76ers (Playoffs)\|publisher\=basketball\-reference.com\|access\-date\=February 19, 2021}} |
| --- |
| Boston leads 1–0 in all\-time playoff series |
| {{basketballbox \| bg\=\#fff \| date \= 1953 \| team1 \= '''\[\[Boston Celtics]]''' \| score1 \= 2 \| team2 \= \[\[Syracuse Nationals]] \| score2 \= 0 \| place \= \[\[1953 NBA playoffs\|1953 Eastern Division Semifinals]]\| }} |
This was the fourth playoff meeting between the Knicks and Nationals, with the Knicks winning two of the first three meetings.
| \+Previous playoff series{{cite web\|url\=https://www.basketball\-reference.com/play\-index/rivals.cgi?request\=1\&team\_id\=NYK\&opp\_id\=PHI\&is\_playoffs\=Y\|title\=Team Rivalry Finder — New York Knicks versus Philadelphia 76ers (Playoffs)\|publisher\=basketball\-reference.com\|access\-date\=February 19, 2021}} |
| --- |
| New York leads 2–1 in all\-time playoff series |
| {{basketballbox \| bg\=\#fff \| date \= 1950 \| team1 \= \[\[New York Knicks]] \| score1 \= 1 \| team2 \= '''\[\[Syracuse Nationals]]''' \| score2 \= 2 \| place \= \[\[1950 NBA playoffs\|1950 Eastern Division Finals]]\| }} {{basketballbox \| bg\=\#fff \| date \= 1951 \| team1 \= '''\[\[New York Knicks]]''' \| score1 \= 3 \| team2 \= \[\[Syracuse Nationals]] \| score2 \= 2 \| place \= \[\[1951 NBA playoffs\|1951 Eastern Division Finals]]\| }} {{basketballbox \| bg\=\#fff \| date \= 1952 \| team1 \= '''\[\[New York Knicks]]''' \| score1 \= 3 \| team2 \= \[\[Syracuse Nationals]] \| score2 \= 1 \| place \= \[\[1952 NBA playoffs\|1952 Eastern Division Finals]]\| }} |
### Western Division Round Robin Semifinals
#### (1\) [Minneapolis Lakers](/wiki/Minneapolis_Lakers "Minneapolis Lakers"), (2\) [Rochester Royals](/wiki/Rochester_Royals "Rochester Royals"), (3\) [Fort Wayne Pistons](/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Pistons "Fort Wayne Pistons")
{{col\-begin\|width\=auto}}
{{col\-break}}
| \+ Western Division | Team | W | L |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [Minneapolis Lakers](/wiki/Minneapolis_Lakers "Minneapolis Lakers") | 3 | 0 |
| [Rochester Royals](/wiki/Rochester_Royals "Rochester Royals") | 2 | 1 |
| [Fort Wayne Pistons](/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Pistons "Fort Wayne Pistons") | 0 | 4 |
{{col\-end}}
{{basketballbox
\| bg \= \#eee \| date \= March 16 \| report \= \[https://www.basketball\-reference.com/boxscores/195403160ROC.html Boxscore]
\| team1 \= \[\[Fort Wayne Pistons]] \| score1 \= 75
\| team2 \= '''\[\[Rochester Royals]]''' \| score2 \= '''82'''
\| Q1 \= 13–'''19''' \| Q2 \= 15–'''21''' \| Q3 \= '''23'''–14 \| Q4 \= 24–'''28'''
\| points1 \= \[\[George Yardley]] 20 \| points2 \= \[\[Bobby Wanzer]] 18
\| place \= \[\[Edgerton Park Arena]], \[\[Rochester, New York]]
}}
{{basketballbox
\| bg \= \| date \= March 17 \| report \= \[https://www.basketball\-reference.com/boxscores/195403170MNL.html Boxscore]
\| team1 \= \[\[Rochester Royals]] \| score1 \= 88
\| team2 \= '''\[\[Minneapolis Lakers]]''' \| score2 \= '''109'''
\| Q1 \= 21–'''29''' \| Q2 \= 17–'''34''' \| Q3 \= '''23'''–22 \| Q4 \= '''27'''–24
\| points1 \= \[\[Arnie Risen]] 21 \| points2 \= \[\[Slater Martin]] 24
\| place \= \[\[Minneapolis Auditorium]], \[\[Minneapolis]], \[\[Minnesota]] \| referee \= Jocko Collins, Bill Biebel
}}
{{basketballbox
\| bg \= \#eee \| date \= March 18 \| report \= \[https://www.basketball\-reference.com/boxscores/195403180FTW.html Boxscore]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[Minneapolis Lakers]]''' \| score1 \= '''90'''
\| team2 \= \[\[Fort Wayne Pistons]] \| score2 \= 85
\| Q1 \= '''22'''–21 \| Q2 \= 19–'''20''' \| Q3 \= '''27'''–20 \| Q4 \= 22–'''24'''
\| points1 \= \[\[George Mikan]] 28 \| points2 \= \[\[Frankie Brian]] 20
\| place \= \[\[War Memorial Coliseum]], \[\[Fort Wayne, Indiana]]
\| series \= Minneapolis clinches berth to Division Finals
}}
{{basketballbox
\| bg \= \| date \= March 20 \| report \= \[https://www.basketball\-reference.com/boxscores/195403200MNL.html Boxscore]
\| team1 \= \[\[Fort Wayne Pistons]] \| score1 \= 73
\| team2 \= '''\[\[Minneapolis Lakers]]''' \| score2 \= '''78'''
\| Q1 \= 19–'''21''' \| Q2 \= 15–'''22''' \| Q3 \= 15–15 \| Q4 \= '''24'''–20
\| points1 \= \[\[Max Zaslofsky]] 15 \| points2 \= \[\[George Mikan]] 21
\| place \= \[\[Minneapolis Auditorium]], \[\[Minneapolis]], \[\[Minnesota]] \| referee \= Sid Borgia, Stan Stutz
\| series \= Minneapolis finishes as the West's \#1 seed in Division Finals
}}
{{basketballbox
\| bg \= \#eee \| date \= March 21 \| report \= \[https://www.basketball\-reference.com/boxscores/195403210FTW.html Boxscore]
\| team1 \= '''\[\[Rochester Royals]]''' \| score1 \= '''89'''
\| team2 \= \[\[Fort Wayne Pistons]] \| score2 \= 71
\| Q1 \= '''19'''–14 \| Q2 \= '''17'''–14 \| Q3 \= '''26'''–15 \| Q4 \= 27–'''28'''
\| points1 \= \[\[Bobby Wanzer]] 14 \| points2 \= \[\[George Yardley]] 16
\| place \= \[\[War Memorial Coliseum]], \[\[Fort Wayne, Indiana]]
\| series \= Rochester finishes as the West's \#2 seed in Division Finals, Fort Wayne eliminated
}}
* The contest originally scheduled for March 23 (Minneapolis @ Rochester) was not played due to first place finishers owning a tiebreaker, and thus the final positions in the round\-robin were already locked in.
This was the fourth playoff meeting between the Lakers and Royals, with the Lakers winning two of the first three meetings.
| \+Previous playoff series{{cite web\|url\=https://www.basketball\-reference.com/play\-index/rivals.cgi?request\=1\&team\_id\=LAL\&opp\_id\=SAC\&is\_playoffs\=Y\|title\=Team Rivalry Finder — Los Angeles Lakers versus Sacramento Kings (Playoffs)\|publisher\=basketball\-reference.com\|access\-date\=February 19, 2021}} |
| --- |
| Minneapolis leads 2–1 in all\-time playoff series |
| {{basketballbox \| bg\=\#fff \| date \= 1949 \| team1 \= '''\[\[Minneapolis Lakers]]''' \| score1 \= 2 \| team2 \= \[\[Rochester Royals]] \| score2 \= 0 \| place \= \[\[1949 BAA Playoffs\|1949 Western Division Finals]]\| }} {{basketballbox \| bg\=\#fff \| date \= 1951 \| team1 \= \[\[Minneapolis Lakers]] \| score1 \= 1 \| team2 \= '''\[\[Rochester Royals]]''' \| score2 \= 3 \| place \= \[\[1951 NBA playoffs\|1951 Western Division Finals]]\| }} {{basketballbox \| bg\=\#fff \| date \= 1952 \| team1 \= '''\[\[Minneapolis Lakers]]''' \| score1 \= 3 \| team2 \= \[\[Rochester Royals]] \| score2 \= 1 \| place \= \[\[1952 NBA playoffs\|1952 Western Division Finals]]\| }} |
This was the fifth playoff meeting between the Royals and Pistons, with both teams splitting the first four meetings.
| \+Previous playoff series{{cite web\|url\=https://www.basketball\-reference.com/play\-index/rivals.cgi?request\=1\&team\_id\=DET\&opp\_id\=SAC\&is\_playoffs\=Y\|title\=Team Rivalry Finder — Detroit Pistons versus Sacramento Kings (Playoffs)\|publisher\=basketball\-reference.com\|access\-date\=February 19, 2021}} |
| --- |
| Tied 2–2 in all\-time playoff series |
| {{basketballbox \| bg\=\#fff \| date \= 1950 \| team1 \= '''\[\[Fort Wayne Pistons]]''' \| score1 \= 2 \| team2 \= \[\[Rochester Royals]] \| score2 \= 0 \| place \= \[\[1950 NBA playoffs\|1950 Central Division Semifinals]] \| }} {{basketballbox \| bg\=\#fff \| date \= 1951 \| team1 \= \[\[Fort Wayne Pistons]] \| score1 \= 1 \| team2 \= '''\[\[Rochester Royals]]''' \| score2 \= 2 \| place \= \[\[1951 NBA playoffs\|1951 Western Division Semifinals]] \| }} {{basketballbox \| bg\=\#fff \| date \= 1952 \| team1 \= \[\[Fort Wayne Pistons]] \| score1 \= 0 \| team2 \= '''\[\[Rochester Royals]]''' \| score2 \= 2 \| place \= \[\[1952 NBA playoffs\|1952 Western Division Semifinals]] \| }} {{basketballbox \| bg\=\#fff \| date \= 1953 \| team1 \= '''\[\[Fort Wayne Pistons]]''' \| score1 \= 2 \| team2 \= \[\[Rochester Royals]] \| score2 \= 0 \| place \= \[\[1953 NBA playoffs\|1953 Western Division Semifinals]] \| }} |
This was the third playoff meeting between the Pistons and Lakers, with the Lakers winning the first two meetings.
| \+Previous playoff series{{cite web\|url\=https://www.basketball\-reference.com/play\-index/rivals.cgi?request\=1\&team\_id\=DET\&opp\_id\=LAL\&is\_playoffs\=Y\|title\=Team Rivalry Finder — Detroit Pistons versus Los Angeles Lakers (Playoffs)\|publisher\=basketball\-reference.com\|access\-date\=February 19, 2021}} |
| --- |
| Minneapolis leads 2–0 in all\-time playoff series |
| {{basketballbox \| bg\=\#fff \| date \= 1950 \| team1 \= \[\[Fort Wayne Pistons]] \| score1 \= 0 \| team2 \= '''\[\[Minneapolis Lakers]]''' \| score2 \= 2 \| place \= \[\[1950 NBA playoffs\|1950 Central Division Finals]]\| }} {{basketballbox \| bg\=\#fff \| date \= 1953 \| team1 \= \[\[Fort Wayne Pistons]] \| score1 \= 2 \| team2 \= '''\[\[Minneapolis Lakers]]''' \| score2 \= 3 \| place \= \[\[1953 NBA playoffs\|1953 Western Division Finals]]\| }} |
|
[
"Division Round Robin Semifinals\n-------------------------------",
"Within each division, the top three teams in the season standings played a [double round robin](/wiki/Double_round_robin \"Double round robin\"), comprising one home game in each city for each pair of teams, in order to eliminate one of the three participants. A three\\-way tie with two wins each would have secured home\\-court advantage in the Division Finals for New York or Minneapolis, who finished first in the season standings, against an opponent to be determined by one further game played with the season runner\\-up as host. In the event, neither round\\-robin generated even a two\\-way tie, so no seventh game was required in either Division. Two of three teams (shaded green) advanced to the Division Finals. The second game between Minneapolis and Rochester—the sixth and final Western Division game scheduled—was not played because both teams had qualified for the Division Final *and* Minneapolis had secured home\\-court advantage in that series. The sixth and final Eastern Division game scheduled, Boston at Syracuse, was played because home\\-court advantage in their subsequent Division Final hadn't been determined. Both teams had won 42 season games and Boston had won by coin flip the edge in case of a tie in the round\\-robin stage.",
"### Eastern Division Round Robin Semifinals",
"#### (1\\) [New York Knicks](/wiki/New_York_Knicks \"New York Knicks\"), (2\\) [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics \"Boston Celtics\"), (3\\) [Syracuse Nationals](/wiki/Syracuse_Nationals \"Syracuse Nationals\")",
"{{col\\-begin\\|width\\=auto}}\n{{col\\-break}}",
"| \\+ Eastern Division | Team | W | L |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Syracuse Nationals](/wiki/Syracuse_Nationals \"Syracuse Nationals\") | 4 | 0 |\n| [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics \"Boston Celtics\") | 2 | 2 |\n| [New York Knicks](/wiki/New_York_Knicks \"New York Knicks\") | 0 | 4 |",
"{{col\\-end}}",
"{{basketballbox\n \\| bg \\= \\#eee \\| date \\= March 16 \\| report \\= \\[https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/boxscores/195403160NYK.html Boxscore]\n \\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Boston Celtics]]''' \\| score1 \\= '''93'''\n \\| team2 \\= \\[\\[New York Knicks]] \\| score2 \\= 71\n \\| Q1 \\= '''16'''–15 \\| Q2 \\= '''32'''–12 \\| Q3 \\= '''24'''–19 \\| Q4 \\= 21–'''25'''\n \\| points1 \\= \\[\\[Bob Cousy\\|Cousy]], \\[\\[Bill Sharman\\|Sharman]] 22 each \\| assist1 \\= \\[\\[Bob Cousy]] 10\n \\| points2 \\= \\[\\[Carl Braun (basketball)\\|Carl Braun]] 18 \\| assist2 \\= \\[\\[Connie Simmons\\|Simmons]], \\[\\[Jim Baechtold\\|Baechtold]] 3 each\n \\| referee \\= Sid Borgia, Mendy Rudolph \\| place \\= \\[\\[Madison Square Garden (1925\\)\\|Madison Square Garden III]], \\[\\[Manhattan]], \\[\\[New York (state)\\|New York]]\n}}\n{{basketballbox\n \\| bg \\= \\| date \\= March 17 \\| report \\= \\[https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/boxscores/195403170BOS.html Boxscore]\n \\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Syracuse Nationals]]''' \\| score1 \\= '''96'''\n \\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Boston Celtics]] \\| score2 \\= 95\n \\| overtime \\= OT\n \\| Q1 \\= 15–'''17''' \\| Q2 \\= '''18'''–15 \\| Q3 \\= '''26'''–24 \\| Q4 \\= 22–'''25''' \\| OT \\= '''15'''–14\n \\| points1 \\= \\[\\[Dolph Schayes]] 20 \\| rebounds1 \\= \\[\\[Dolph Schayes]] 13 \\| assist1 \\= \\[\\[Earl Lloyd]] 8\n \\| points2 \\= \\[\\[Bob Cousy]] 32 \\| rebounds2 \\= ''three players'' 10 each \\| assist2 \\= \\[\\[Jack Nichols (basketball)\\|Jack Nichols]] 10\n \\| place \\= \\[\\[Boston Garden]], \\[\\[Boston]], \\[\\[Massachusetts]]\n}}\n{{basketballbox\n \\| bg \\= \\#eee \\| date \\= March 18 \\| report \\= \\[https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/boxscores/195403180SYR.html Boxscore]\n \\| team1 \\= \\[\\[New York Knicks]] \\| score1 \\= 68\n \\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Syracuse Nationals]]''' \\| score2 \\= '''75'''\n \\| Q1 \\= 15–'''16''' \\| Q2 \\= 20–'''25''' \\| Q3 \\= 14–'''19''' \\| Q4 \\= '''19'''–15\n \\| points1 \\= \\[\\[Harry Gallatin]] 15 \\| rebounds1 \\= \\[\\[Harry Gallatin]] 20 \\| assist1 \\= \\[\\[Jim Baechtold]] 5\n \\| points2 \\= \\[\\[Dolph Schayes]] 23 \\| rebounds2 \\= \\[\\[Dolph Schayes]] 16 \\| assist2 \\= \\[\\[Paul Seymour (basketball)\\|Paul Seymour]] 6\n \\| place \\= \\[\\[Onondaga War Memorial]], \\[\\[Syracuse, New York]]\n}}\n{{basketballbox\n \\| bg \\= \\| date \\= March 20 \\| report \\= \\[https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/boxscores/195403200BOS.html Boxscore]\n \\| team1 \\= \\[\\[New York Knicks]] \\| score1 \\= 78\n \\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Boston Celtics]]''' \\| score2 \\= '''79'''\n \\| Q1 \\= '''17'''–15 \\| Q2 \\= '''24'''–21 \\| Q3 \\= 16–'''19''' \\| Q4 \\= 21–'''24'''\n \\| points1 \\= \\[\\[Harry Gallatin]] 15 \\| assist1 \\= \\[\\[Carl Braun (basketball)\\|Braun]], \\[\\[Connie Simmons\\|Simmons]] 3 each\n \\| points2 \\= \\[\\[Bill Sharman]] 26 \\| assist2 \\= \\[\\[Bob Cousy\\|Cousy]], \\[\\[Jack Nichols (basketball)\\|Nichols]] 6 each\n \\| place \\= \\[\\[Boston Garden]], \\[\\[Boston]], \\[\\[Massachusetts]]\n \\| series \\= Syracuse \\& Boston clinch berth to Division Finals, New York eliminated\n}}\n{{basketballbox\n \\| bg \\= \\#eee \\| date \\= March 21 \\| report \\= \\[https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/boxscores/195403210NYK.html Boxscore]\n \\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Syracuse Nationals]]''' \\| score1 \\= '''103'''\n \\| team2 \\= \\[\\[New York Knicks]] \\| score2 \\= 99\n \\| Q1 \\= 22–'''25''' \\| Q2 \\= 15–'''19''' \\| Q3 \\= '''32'''–26 \\| Q4 \\= '''34'''–29\n \\| points1 \\= \\[\\[Dolph Schayes]] 36 \\| rebounds1 \\= \\[\\[Dolph Schayes]] 21 \\| assist1 \\= \\[\\[Paul Seymour (basketball)\\|Paul Seymour]] 6\n \\| points2 \\= \\[\\[Carl Braun (basketball)\\|Carl Braun]] 32 \\| rebounds2 \\= \\[\\[Nat Clifton]] 16 \\| assist2 \\= \\[\\[Carl Braun (basketball)\\|Carl Braun]] 6\n \\| place \\= \\[\\[Madison Square Garden (1925\\)\\|Madison Square Garden III]], \\[\\[Manhattan]], \\[\\[New York (state)\\|New York]] \\| referee \\= Jocko Collins, Charles Eckman\n}}\n* With the Knicks having already been mathematically eliminated from contention, this is the only playoff game to date in which one team had nothing to play for. This contest only contributed towards who would have home\\-court advantage in the Division Finals between the Nationals and Celtics.\n{{basketballbox\n \\| bg \\= \\| date \\= March 22 \\| report \\= \\[https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/boxscores/195403220SYR.html Boxscore]\n \\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Boston Celtics]] \\| score1 \\= 85\n \\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Syracuse Nationals]]''' \\| score2 \\= '''98'''\n \\| Q1 \\= 19–'''27''' \\| Q2 \\= '''23'''–18 \\| Q3 \\= 21–'''26''' \\| Q4 \\= 22–'''27'''\n \\| points1 \\= \\[\\[Bob Cousy]] 25 \\| rebounds1 \\= \\[\\[Jack Nichols (basketball)\\|Jack Nichols]] 12 \\| assist1 \\= \\[\\[Bob Cousy]] 8\n \\| points2 \\= \\[\\[Dolph Schayes]] 25 \\| rebounds2 \\= \\[\\[Dolph Schayes]] 16 \\| assist2 \\= \\[\\[Paul Seymour (basketball)\\|Paul Seymour]] 7\n \\| place \\= \\[\\[Onondaga War Memorial]], \\[\\[Syracuse, New York]]\n \\| series \\= Syracuse finishes as East's \\#1 seed in Division Finals, Boston finishes as the East's \\#2 seed\n}}",
"This was the fourth playoff meeting between the Celtics and Knicks, with the Knicks winning two of the first three meetings.",
"| \\+Previous playoff series{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/play\\-index/rivals.cgi?request\\=1\\&team\\_id\\=BOS\\&opp\\_id\\=NYK\\&is\\_playoffs\\=Y\\|title\\=Team Rivalry Finder — Boston Celtics versus New York Knicks (Playoffs)\\|publisher\\=basketball\\-reference.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2021}} |\n| --- |\n| New York leads 2–1 in all\\-time playoff series |\n| {{basketballbox \\| bg\\=\\#fff \\| date \\= 1951 \\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Boston Celtics]] \\| score1 \\= 0 \\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[New York Knicks]]''' \\| score2 \\= 2 \\| place \\= \\[\\[1951 NBA playoffs\\|1951 Eastern Division Semifinals]]\\| }} {{basketballbox \\| bg\\=\\#fff \\| date \\= 1952 \\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Boston Celtics]] \\| score1 \\= 1 \\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[New York Knicks]]''' \\| score2 \\= 2 \\| place \\= \\[\\[1952 NBA playoffs\\|1952 Eastern Division Semifinals]]\\| }} {{basketballbox \\| bg\\=\\#fff \\| date \\= 1953 \\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Boston Celtics]] \\| score1 \\= 1 \\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[New York Knicks]]''' \\| score2 \\= 3 \\| place \\= \\[\\[1953 NBA playoffs\\|1953 Eastern Division Finals]]\\| }} |",
"",
"This was the second playoff meeting between the Celtics and Nationals, with the Celtics winning the first meeting.",
"| \\+Previous playoff series{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/play\\-index/rivals.cgi?request\\=1\\&team\\_id\\=BOS\\&opp\\_id\\=PHI\\&is\\_playoffs\\=Y\\|title\\=Team Rivalry Finder — Boston Celtics versus Philadelphia 76ers (Playoffs)\\|publisher\\=basketball\\-reference.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2021}} |\n| --- |\n| Boston leads 1–0 in all\\-time playoff series |\n| {{basketballbox \\| bg\\=\\#fff \\| date \\= 1953 \\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Boston Celtics]]''' \\| score1 \\= 2 \\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Syracuse Nationals]] \\| score2 \\= 0 \\| place \\= \\[\\[1953 NBA playoffs\\|1953 Eastern Division Semifinals]]\\| }} |",
"",
"This was the fourth playoff meeting between the Knicks and Nationals, with the Knicks winning two of the first three meetings.",
"| \\+Previous playoff series{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/play\\-index/rivals.cgi?request\\=1\\&team\\_id\\=NYK\\&opp\\_id\\=PHI\\&is\\_playoffs\\=Y\\|title\\=Team Rivalry Finder — New York Knicks versus Philadelphia 76ers (Playoffs)\\|publisher\\=basketball\\-reference.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2021}} |\n| --- |\n| New York leads 2–1 in all\\-time playoff series |\n| {{basketballbox \\| bg\\=\\#fff \\| date \\= 1950 \\| team1 \\= \\[\\[New York Knicks]] \\| score1 \\= 1 \\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Syracuse Nationals]]''' \\| score2 \\= 2 \\| place \\= \\[\\[1950 NBA playoffs\\|1950 Eastern Division Finals]]\\| }} {{basketballbox \\| bg\\=\\#fff \\| date \\= 1951 \\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[New York Knicks]]''' \\| score1 \\= 3 \\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Syracuse Nationals]] \\| score2 \\= 2 \\| place \\= \\[\\[1951 NBA playoffs\\|1951 Eastern Division Finals]]\\| }} {{basketballbox \\| bg\\=\\#fff \\| date \\= 1952 \\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[New York Knicks]]''' \\| score1 \\= 3 \\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Syracuse Nationals]] \\| score2 \\= 1 \\| place \\= \\[\\[1952 NBA playoffs\\|1952 Eastern Division Finals]]\\| }} |",
"",
"### Western Division Round Robin Semifinals",
"#### (1\\) [Minneapolis Lakers](/wiki/Minneapolis_Lakers \"Minneapolis Lakers\"), (2\\) [Rochester Royals](/wiki/Rochester_Royals \"Rochester Royals\"), (3\\) [Fort Wayne Pistons](/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Pistons \"Fort Wayne Pistons\")",
"{{col\\-begin\\|width\\=auto}}\n{{col\\-break}}",
"| \\+ Western Division | Team | W | L |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Minneapolis Lakers](/wiki/Minneapolis_Lakers \"Minneapolis Lakers\") | 3 | 0 |\n| [Rochester Royals](/wiki/Rochester_Royals \"Rochester Royals\") | 2 | 1 |\n| [Fort Wayne Pistons](/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Pistons \"Fort Wayne Pistons\") | 0 | 4 |",
"{{col\\-end}}",
"{{basketballbox\n \\| bg \\= \\#eee \\| date \\= March 16 \\| report \\= \\[https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/boxscores/195403160ROC.html Boxscore]\n \\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Fort Wayne Pistons]] \\| score1 \\= 75\n \\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Rochester Royals]]''' \\| score2 \\= '''82'''\n \\| Q1 \\= 13–'''19''' \\| Q2 \\= 15–'''21''' \\| Q3 \\= '''23'''–14 \\| Q4 \\= 24–'''28'''\n \\| points1 \\= \\[\\[George Yardley]] 20 \\| points2 \\= \\[\\[Bobby Wanzer]] 18\n \\| place \\= \\[\\[Edgerton Park Arena]], \\[\\[Rochester, New York]]\n}}\n{{basketballbox\n \\| bg \\= \\| date \\= March 17 \\| report \\= \\[https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/boxscores/195403170MNL.html Boxscore]\n \\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Rochester Royals]] \\| score1 \\= 88\n \\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Minneapolis Lakers]]''' \\| score2 \\= '''109'''\n \\| Q1 \\= 21–'''29''' \\| Q2 \\= 17–'''34''' \\| Q3 \\= '''23'''–22 \\| Q4 \\= '''27'''–24\n \\| points1 \\= \\[\\[Arnie Risen]] 21 \\| points2 \\= \\[\\[Slater Martin]] 24\n \\| place \\= \\[\\[Minneapolis Auditorium]], \\[\\[Minneapolis]], \\[\\[Minnesota]] \\| referee \\= Jocko Collins, Bill Biebel\n}}\n{{basketballbox\n \\| bg \\= \\#eee \\| date \\= March 18 \\| report \\= \\[https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/boxscores/195403180FTW.html Boxscore]\n \\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Minneapolis Lakers]]''' \\| score1 \\= '''90'''\n \\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Fort Wayne Pistons]] \\| score2 \\= 85\n \\| Q1 \\= '''22'''–21 \\| Q2 \\= 19–'''20''' \\| Q3 \\= '''27'''–20 \\| Q4 \\= 22–'''24'''\n \\| points1 \\= \\[\\[George Mikan]] 28 \\| points2 \\= \\[\\[Frankie Brian]] 20\n \\| place \\= \\[\\[War Memorial Coliseum]], \\[\\[Fort Wayne, Indiana]]\n \\| series \\= Minneapolis clinches berth to Division Finals\n}}\n{{basketballbox\n \\| bg \\= \\| date \\= March 20 \\| report \\= \\[https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/boxscores/195403200MNL.html Boxscore]\n \\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Fort Wayne Pistons]] \\| score1 \\= 73\n \\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Minneapolis Lakers]]''' \\| score2 \\= '''78'''\n \\| Q1 \\= 19–'''21''' \\| Q2 \\= 15–'''22''' \\| Q3 \\= 15–15 \\| Q4 \\= '''24'''–20\n \\| points1 \\= \\[\\[Max Zaslofsky]] 15 \\| points2 \\= \\[\\[George Mikan]] 21\n \\| place \\= \\[\\[Minneapolis Auditorium]], \\[\\[Minneapolis]], \\[\\[Minnesota]] \\| referee \\= Sid Borgia, Stan Stutz\n \\| series \\= Minneapolis finishes as the West's \\#1 seed in Division Finals\n}}\n{{basketballbox\n \\| bg \\= \\#eee \\| date \\= March 21 \\| report \\= \\[https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/boxscores/195403210FTW.html Boxscore]\n \\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Rochester Royals]]''' \\| score1 \\= '''89'''\n \\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Fort Wayne Pistons]] \\| score2 \\= 71\n \\| Q1 \\= '''19'''–14 \\| Q2 \\= '''17'''–14 \\| Q3 \\= '''26'''–15 \\| Q4 \\= 27–'''28'''\n \\| points1 \\= \\[\\[Bobby Wanzer]] 14 \\| points2 \\= \\[\\[George Yardley]] 16 \n \\| place \\= \\[\\[War Memorial Coliseum]], \\[\\[Fort Wayne, Indiana]]\n \\| series \\= Rochester finishes as the West's \\#2 seed in Division Finals, Fort Wayne eliminated\n}}\n* The contest originally scheduled for March 23 (Minneapolis @ Rochester) was not played due to first place finishers owning a tiebreaker, and thus the final positions in the round\\-robin were already locked in.",
"This was the fourth playoff meeting between the Lakers and Royals, with the Lakers winning two of the first three meetings.",
"| \\+Previous playoff series{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/play\\-index/rivals.cgi?request\\=1\\&team\\_id\\=LAL\\&opp\\_id\\=SAC\\&is\\_playoffs\\=Y\\|title\\=Team Rivalry Finder — Los Angeles Lakers versus Sacramento Kings (Playoffs)\\|publisher\\=basketball\\-reference.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2021}} |\n| --- |\n| Minneapolis leads 2–1 in all\\-time playoff series |\n| {{basketballbox \\| bg\\=\\#fff \\| date \\= 1949 \\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Minneapolis Lakers]]''' \\| score1 \\= 2 \\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Rochester Royals]] \\| score2 \\= 0 \\| place \\= \\[\\[1949 BAA Playoffs\\|1949 Western Division Finals]]\\| }} {{basketballbox \\| bg\\=\\#fff \\| date \\= 1951 \\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Minneapolis Lakers]] \\| score1 \\= 1 \\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Rochester Royals]]''' \\| score2 \\= 3 \\| place \\= \\[\\[1951 NBA playoffs\\|1951 Western Division Finals]]\\| }} {{basketballbox \\| bg\\=\\#fff \\| date \\= 1952 \\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Minneapolis Lakers]]''' \\| score1 \\= 3 \\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Rochester Royals]] \\| score2 \\= 1 \\| place \\= \\[\\[1952 NBA playoffs\\|1952 Western Division Finals]]\\| }} |",
"",
"This was the fifth playoff meeting between the Royals and Pistons, with both teams splitting the first four meetings.",
"| \\+Previous playoff series{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/play\\-index/rivals.cgi?request\\=1\\&team\\_id\\=DET\\&opp\\_id\\=SAC\\&is\\_playoffs\\=Y\\|title\\=Team Rivalry Finder — Detroit Pistons versus Sacramento Kings (Playoffs)\\|publisher\\=basketball\\-reference.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2021}} |\n| --- |\n| Tied 2–2 in all\\-time playoff series |\n| {{basketballbox \\| bg\\=\\#fff \\| date \\= 1950 \\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Fort Wayne Pistons]]''' \\| score1 \\= 2 \\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Rochester Royals]] \\| score2 \\= 0 \\| place \\= \\[\\[1950 NBA playoffs\\|1950 Central Division Semifinals]] \\| }} {{basketballbox \\| bg\\=\\#fff \\| date \\= 1951 \\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Fort Wayne Pistons]] \\| score1 \\= 1 \\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Rochester Royals]]''' \\| score2 \\= 2 \\| place \\= \\[\\[1951 NBA playoffs\\|1951 Western Division Semifinals]] \\| }} {{basketballbox \\| bg\\=\\#fff \\| date \\= 1952 \\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Fort Wayne Pistons]] \\| score1 \\= 0 \\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Rochester Royals]]''' \\| score2 \\= 2 \\| place \\= \\[\\[1952 NBA playoffs\\|1952 Western Division Semifinals]] \\| }} {{basketballbox \\| bg\\=\\#fff \\| date \\= 1953 \\| team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Fort Wayne Pistons]]''' \\| score1 \\= 2 \\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Rochester Royals]] \\| score2 \\= 0 \\| place \\= \\[\\[1953 NBA playoffs\\|1953 Western Division Semifinals]] \\| }} |",
"",
"This was the third playoff meeting between the Pistons and Lakers, with the Lakers winning the first two meetings.",
"| \\+Previous playoff series{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/play\\-index/rivals.cgi?request\\=1\\&team\\_id\\=DET\\&opp\\_id\\=LAL\\&is\\_playoffs\\=Y\\|title\\=Team Rivalry Finder — Detroit Pistons versus Los Angeles Lakers (Playoffs)\\|publisher\\=basketball\\-reference.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2021}} |\n| --- |\n| Minneapolis leads 2–0 in all\\-time playoff series |\n| {{basketballbox \\| bg\\=\\#fff \\| date \\= 1950 \\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Fort Wayne Pistons]] \\| score1 \\= 0 \\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Minneapolis Lakers]]''' \\| score2 \\= 2 \\| place \\= \\[\\[1950 NBA playoffs\\|1950 Central Division Finals]]\\| }} {{basketballbox \\| bg\\=\\#fff \\| date \\= 1953 \\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Fort Wayne Pistons]] \\| score1 \\= 2 \\| team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Minneapolis Lakers]]''' \\| score2 \\= 3 \\| place \\= \\[\\[1953 NBA playoffs\\|1953 Western Division Finals]]\\| }} |",
"",
""
] |
Orbit
-----
Before the 2013 recovery it had an observation arc of 41 days with an [uncertainty parameter](/wiki/Uncertainty_Parameter_U "Uncertainty Parameter U") of 7\. Due to [precovery](/wiki/Precovery "Precovery") images from 2007 it now has an observation arc of more than 5 years. It makes close approaches to Earth and Mars.
On 28 December 2013, it passed {{convert \|0\.03222 \|AU\| km \|abbr\=on \|lk\=off \|sigfig\=3}} from Earth. The December 2013 passage was studied by the [Goldstone Deep Space Network](/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex "Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex") and further refined the orbit.
### Impact risk
While listed on the Sentry Risk Table, virtual clones of the asteroid that fit the uncertainty region in the known trajectory showed a 1 in 71,000 chance that the asteroid could [impact](/wiki/Impact_event "Impact event") Earth on 5 January 2080\.
In 2013 it had the 5th highest [impact threat](/wiki/Impact_event "Impact event") on the [Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale](/wiki/Palermo_Technical_Impact_Hazard_Scale "Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale"). It was removed from the [Sentry Risk Table](/wiki/Sentry_%28monitoring_system%29 "Sentry (monitoring system)") on 17 June 2013\.
With a 2080 [Palermo Technical Scale](/wiki/Palermo_Technical_Scale "Palermo Technical Scale") of −3\.58, the odds of impact by {{mp\|2011 BT\|15}} in 2080 were about 3800 times less than the background hazard level of Earth impacts which is defined as the average risk posed by objects of the same size or larger over the years until the date of the potential impact. [JPL Horizons](/wiki/JPL_Horizons_On-Line_Ephemeris_System "JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System") shows that the [nominal](/wiki/Curve_fitting "Curve fitting") pass will be on 17 January 2080 at a distance of {{convert\|0\.125\|AU\|km mi\|abbr\=on\|lk\=on}} from Earth.
|
[
"Orbit\n-----",
"Before the 2013 recovery it had an observation arc of 41 days with an [uncertainty parameter](/wiki/Uncertainty_Parameter_U \"Uncertainty Parameter U\") of 7\\. Due to [precovery](/wiki/Precovery \"Precovery\") images from 2007 it now has an observation arc of more than 5 years. It makes close approaches to Earth and Mars.",
"On 28 December 2013, it passed {{convert \\|0\\.03222 \\|AU\\| km \\|abbr\\=on \\|lk\\=off \\|sigfig\\=3}} from Earth. The December 2013 passage was studied by the [Goldstone Deep Space Network](/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex \"Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex\") and further refined the orbit.",
"### Impact risk",
"While listed on the Sentry Risk Table, virtual clones of the asteroid that fit the uncertainty region in the known trajectory showed a 1 in 71,000 chance that the asteroid could [impact](/wiki/Impact_event \"Impact event\") Earth on 5 January 2080\\.",
"In 2013 it had the 5th highest [impact threat](/wiki/Impact_event \"Impact event\") on the [Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale](/wiki/Palermo_Technical_Impact_Hazard_Scale \"Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale\"). It was removed from the [Sentry Risk Table](/wiki/Sentry_%28monitoring_system%29 \"Sentry (monitoring system)\") on 17 June 2013\\.",
"With a 2080 [Palermo Technical Scale](/wiki/Palermo_Technical_Scale \"Palermo Technical Scale\") of −3\\.58, the odds of impact by {{mp\\|2011 BT\\|15}} in 2080 were about 3800 times less than the background hazard level of Earth impacts which is defined as the average risk posed by objects of the same size or larger over the years until the date of the potential impact. [JPL Horizons](/wiki/JPL_Horizons_On-Line_Ephemeris_System \"JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System\") shows that the [nominal](/wiki/Curve_fitting \"Curve fitting\") pass will be on 17 January 2080 at a distance of {{convert\\|0\\.125\\|AU\\|km mi\\|abbr\\=on\\|lk\\=on}} from Earth.",
""
] |
Career
------
After graduating from Faculty of Geography at the [University of Latvia](/wiki/University_of_Latvia "University of Latvia") in 1986, Viesturs Koziols started off as a commercial manager of newspaper [Atmoda](/wiki/Atmoda "Atmoda"). The paper had a strong connection with the ongoing [Latvian independence movement](/wiki/Latvian_independence_movement "Latvian independence movement"); Viesturs Koziols actively joined it. He was among the organizers {{cite web\|url\=http://www.diena.lv/lat/politics/hot/tie\-bija\-vienotibas\-svetki \|title\=Tie bija vienotības svētki \|publisher\=\[\[Diena]] \|language\=Latvian \|date\=2009\-08\-22 \|accessdate\=2010\-01\-04}} of the large scale demonstration [Baltic Way](/wiki/Baltic_Way "Baltic Way") and joined the [Popular Front of Latvia](/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Latvia "Popular Front of Latvia").
Viesturs Koziols was adviser to both the first and second [Prime Ministers of Latvia](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia "Prime Minister of Latvia"), [Ivars Godmanis](/wiki/Ivars_Godmanis "Ivars Godmanis") and [Valdis Birkavs](/wiki/Valdis_Birkavs "Valdis Birkavs"), in the early 1990s. He was also adviser to the Minister of Economics [Juris Lujāns](/wiki/Juris_Luj%C4%81ns "Juris Lujāns").
During 1995–1997 he was project manager at Norwegian retail chain "Varner Baltija" and manager of real estate administration at "Varner Hakon Invest", both ventures of [Varner\-Gruppen](/wiki/Varner-Gruppen "Varner-Gruppen"). These companies were among first foreign investors in Latvia. Koziols was among politicians and business leaders who founded "Baltic Stability Foundation", an organization with a goal to develop investment strategies for Latvia and develop encouraging investment legislation.
Koziols primary business area (1996–present) is [real estate development](/wiki/Real_estate_development "Real estate development"), [retail development](/wiki/Retail_development "Retail development") and [city planning](/wiki/City_planning "City planning"). Viesturs Koziols has participated in as an [investor](/wiki/Investor "Investor"), developer and consultant in development of [Rimi Baltic](/wiki/Rimi_Baltic "Rimi Baltic"), [Narvesen](/wiki/Narvesen "Narvesen"), Cubus, Bik Bok, [Dressmann](/wiki/Dressmann "Dressmann") store chains; major shopping malls in Riga – Centrs, Mols, Dole, Alfa, Minsk, Origo, Olympia; hotels Radisson Blu Ridzene Hotel, Radisson Blu Hotel Latvija and Hotel Riga and large real estate developments – Saules akmens, Saliena.
From 2001 to 2004 Koziols was elected Chairman of the Council in [joint stock company](/wiki/Joint_stock_company "Joint stock company") [Latvijas Krājbanka](/wiki/Latvijas_Kr%C4%81jbanka "Latvijas Krājbanka") – the bank with most branches in Latvia.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lkb.lv/files/tinymce/files/pdf/EN/FS\_Krajbanka\_2001\_final.pdf \|title\=A/S Latvijas Krājbanka. Financial Statements for the year ended 31 December 2001 \|publisher\=\[\[Latvian Savings Bank]] \|pages\=6 \|date\=2002\-02\-01 \|accessdate\=2010\-01\-08}}
Viesturs Koziols is founder and patron of non\-governmental youth organization "Avantis". Through this organization Koziols supported talented Latvian musicians, cinematographers and athletes. Producer and cameraman for "Avantis" released award winning documentary "Atrasts Amerikā" ("Found in USA").
In 2006 his company "Žurnāls" Ltd. began publishing a weekly magazine called "Republika.lv". Viesturs Koziols was among staff photographers. In 2007, together with photographer [Ilmārs Znotiņš](/wiki/Ilm%C4%81rs_Znoti%C5%86%C5%A1 "Ilmārs Znotiņš"), he opened the photography studio "Imagine" – one of the most professional photo studios in the [Baltic states](/wiki/Baltic_states "Baltic states") and organized a major documentary photography event "One Day in Latvia 2007".
In 2008 Viesturs Koziols became Chairman of the Board of [Kontinental Hockey League](/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League "Kontinental Hockey League") (KHL) ice hockey club [Dinamo Riga](/wiki/Dinamo_Riga "Dinamo Riga").
In 2009 he became freelance adviser in fields of youth work to Ministry of the Interior affairs [Linda Mūrniece](/wiki/Linda_M%C5%ABrniece "Linda Mūrniece").
Together with his business partner from Norway Tormod Stene\-Johansen in 2012 established holding structure Latvian Development Fund (LDF).
October 2016 he was elected in Board of Latvian Hockey Federation and appointed as the Vice\-President and General Secretary of the [Latvian Ice hockey federation](/wiki/Latvian_Ice_Hockey_Federation "Latvian Ice Hockey Federation").
September 2021 Viesturs Koziols during IIHF ( [International Ice Hockey Federation](/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation "International Ice Hockey Federation") )semi\-annual congress was elected as a Council member.
Council appointed Mr. Koziols as a Chairman of IIHF Facilities Committee.
December 2021 left position of General Secretary of Latvian Hockey Federation.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"After graduating from Faculty of Geography at the [University of Latvia](/wiki/University_of_Latvia \"University of Latvia\") in 1986, Viesturs Koziols started off as a commercial manager of newspaper [Atmoda](/wiki/Atmoda \"Atmoda\"). The paper had a strong connection with the ongoing [Latvian independence movement](/wiki/Latvian_independence_movement \"Latvian independence movement\"); Viesturs Koziols actively joined it. He was among the organizers {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.diena.lv/lat/politics/hot/tie\\-bija\\-vienotibas\\-svetki \\|title\\=Tie bija vienotības svētki \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Diena]] \\|language\\=Latvian \\|date\\=2009\\-08\\-22 \\|accessdate\\=2010\\-01\\-04}} of the large scale demonstration [Baltic Way](/wiki/Baltic_Way \"Baltic Way\") and joined the [Popular Front of Latvia](/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Latvia \"Popular Front of Latvia\").",
"Viesturs Koziols was adviser to both the first and second [Prime Ministers of Latvia](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia \"Prime Minister of Latvia\"), [Ivars Godmanis](/wiki/Ivars_Godmanis \"Ivars Godmanis\") and [Valdis Birkavs](/wiki/Valdis_Birkavs \"Valdis Birkavs\"), in the early 1990s. He was also adviser to the Minister of Economics [Juris Lujāns](/wiki/Juris_Luj%C4%81ns \"Juris Lujāns\").",
"During 1995–1997 he was project manager at Norwegian retail chain \"Varner Baltija\" and manager of real estate administration at \"Varner Hakon Invest\", both ventures of [Varner\\-Gruppen](/wiki/Varner-Gruppen \"Varner-Gruppen\"). These companies were among first foreign investors in Latvia. Koziols was among politicians and business leaders who founded \"Baltic Stability Foundation\", an organization with a goal to develop investment strategies for Latvia and develop encouraging investment legislation.",
"Koziols primary business area (1996–present) is [real estate development](/wiki/Real_estate_development \"Real estate development\"), [retail development](/wiki/Retail_development \"Retail development\") and [city planning](/wiki/City_planning \"City planning\"). Viesturs Koziols has participated in as an [investor](/wiki/Investor \"Investor\"), developer and consultant in development of [Rimi Baltic](/wiki/Rimi_Baltic \"Rimi Baltic\"), [Narvesen](/wiki/Narvesen \"Narvesen\"), Cubus, Bik Bok, [Dressmann](/wiki/Dressmann \"Dressmann\") store chains; major shopping malls in Riga – Centrs, Mols, Dole, Alfa, Minsk, Origo, Olympia; hotels Radisson Blu Ridzene Hotel, Radisson Blu Hotel Latvija and Hotel Riga and large real estate developments – Saules akmens, Saliena.",
"From 2001 to 2004 Koziols was elected Chairman of the Council in [joint stock company](/wiki/Joint_stock_company \"Joint stock company\") [Latvijas Krājbanka](/wiki/Latvijas_Kr%C4%81jbanka \"Latvijas Krājbanka\") – the bank with most branches in Latvia.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lkb.lv/files/tinymce/files/pdf/EN/FS\\_Krajbanka\\_2001\\_final.pdf \\|title\\=A/S Latvijas Krājbanka. Financial Statements for the year ended 31 December 2001 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Latvian Savings Bank]] \\|pages\\=6 \\|date\\=2002\\-02\\-01 \\|accessdate\\=2010\\-01\\-08}}",
"Viesturs Koziols is founder and patron of non\\-governmental youth organization \"Avantis\". Through this organization Koziols supported talented Latvian musicians, cinematographers and athletes. Producer and cameraman for \"Avantis\" released award winning documentary \"Atrasts Amerikā\" (\"Found in USA\").",
"In 2006 his company \"Žurnāls\" Ltd. began publishing a weekly magazine called \"Republika.lv\". Viesturs Koziols was among staff photographers. In 2007, together with photographer [Ilmārs Znotiņš](/wiki/Ilm%C4%81rs_Znoti%C5%86%C5%A1 \"Ilmārs Znotiņš\"), he opened the photography studio \"Imagine\" – one of the most professional photo studios in the [Baltic states](/wiki/Baltic_states \"Baltic states\") and organized a major documentary photography event \"One Day in Latvia 2007\".",
"In 2008 Viesturs Koziols became Chairman of the Board of [Kontinental Hockey League](/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League \"Kontinental Hockey League\") (KHL) ice hockey club [Dinamo Riga](/wiki/Dinamo_Riga \"Dinamo Riga\").",
"In 2009 he became freelance adviser in fields of youth work to Ministry of the Interior affairs [Linda Mūrniece](/wiki/Linda_M%C5%ABrniece \"Linda Mūrniece\").",
"Together with his business partner from Norway Tormod Stene\\-Johansen in 2012 established holding structure Latvian Development Fund (LDF).",
"October 2016 he was elected in Board of Latvian Hockey Federation and appointed as the Vice\\-President and General Secretary of the [Latvian Ice hockey federation](/wiki/Latvian_Ice_Hockey_Federation \"Latvian Ice Hockey Federation\").\nSeptember 2021 Viesturs Koziols during IIHF ( [International Ice Hockey Federation](/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation \"International Ice Hockey Federation\") )semi\\-annual congress was elected as a Council member. \nCouncil appointed Mr. Koziols as a Chairman of IIHF Facilities Committee. \nDecember 2021 left position of General Secretary of Latvian Hockey Federation.",
""
] |
Club career
-----------
### South China
Ha Shing Chi joined [South China](/wiki/South_China_AA "South China AA") youth team in 1997 and was promoted to the first team in 2003\.{{Cite news\|url\=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/sports/art/20050302/4703379\|title\=哈成智南華城大兩邊守\|date\=2 March 2005\|newspaper\=\[\[Apple Daily]]}}
Although he was promoted to the first team, he did not have too many match\-play chances until the 2004–05 season as South China refused to use any foreign players. On the other hand, when Ha was studying at the [City University of Hong Kong](/wiki/City_University_of_Hong_Kong "City University of Hong Kong"), he represented its football team, helping the team to claim the champions of Hong Kong University Football League in 2005 by defeating [Chinese University of Hong Kong](/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong "Chinese University of Hong Kong") in the final. He was also crowned the Most Valuable Player of the match.
However, he only featured in one [FA Cup](/wiki/Hong_Kong_FA_Cup "Hong Kong FA Cup") match during the 2005–06 season, As the club promised to strengthen the squad in the following season after their request to remain in the [First Division](/wiki/Hong_Kong_First_Division_League "Hong Kong First Division League") was approved, Ha was released by the club.
### Playing in the Second Division
After being released by South China in 2006, he joined [Second Division](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Second_Division_League "Hong Kong Second Division League") club [Lucky Mile](/wiki/Lucky_Mile "Lucky Mile") as a semi\-professional player. He joined another Second Division club [Kwok Keung](/wiki/Kwok_Keung_AA "Kwok Keung AA") in the next season.
### Tuen Mun Progoal
Ha returned to the top\-tier division campaign as he joined First Division club [Tuen Mun Progoal](/wiki/Tuen_Mun_Progoal_FC "Tuen Mun Progoal FC") in the [2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_in_Hong_Kong_football "2008–09 in Hong Kong football") season. He was one of the key members and featured in most of the matches. His great performance attracted [Happy Valley](/wiki/Happy_Valley_AA "Happy Valley AA"), which Ha joined after the season.
### Happy Valley
Ha joined fellow First Division club Happy Valley in the [2009–10](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_in_Hong_Kong_football "2009–10 in Hong Kong football") season. However, he only featured three league matches throughout the season. Happy Valley was also relegated after the season. He left the club eventually.
### Southern
Ha returned to the second\-tier division and joined the newly promoted side [Southern](/wiki/Southern_District_RSA "Southern District RSA"). In the first season, he helped the team to win the champions of [Junior Shield](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Hong_Kong_Junior_Challenge_Shield "2010–11 Hong Kong Junior Challenge Shield") by scoring the winning 2–1 goal in the 63rd minute. He opted to stay at the club after the season.
As the club's left back first choice, he helped the club gain promotion to the First Division for the first in club history as Southern placed second in the league table. This also meant Ha's second return to the First Division.
In the [2012–13](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_in_Hong_Kong_football "2012–13 in Hong Kong football") season, he did not feature the first five Southern matches. As the club wished to improve their defence, Ha started in Southern's sixth match against South China, and the match eventually ended with a goalless draw. Given Ha's impressive performance, he became the usual left back starter in the following matches, not just having done defensive work, but also often providing freekick assists. He has been selected to the Team of the Week twice in the season.
|
[
"Club career\n-----------",
"### South China",
"Ha Shing Chi joined [South China](/wiki/South_China_AA \"South China AA\") youth team in 1997 and was promoted to the first team in 2003\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/sports/art/20050302/4703379\\|title\\=哈成智南華城大兩邊守\\|date\\=2 March 2005\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Apple Daily]]}}",
"Although he was promoted to the first team, he did not have too many match\\-play chances until the 2004–05 season as South China refused to use any foreign players. On the other hand, when Ha was studying at the [City University of Hong Kong](/wiki/City_University_of_Hong_Kong \"City University of Hong Kong\"), he represented its football team, helping the team to claim the champions of Hong Kong University Football League in 2005 by defeating [Chinese University of Hong Kong](/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong \"Chinese University of Hong Kong\") in the final. He was also crowned the Most Valuable Player of the match.",
"However, he only featured in one [FA Cup](/wiki/Hong_Kong_FA_Cup \"Hong Kong FA Cup\") match during the 2005–06 season, As the club promised to strengthen the squad in the following season after their request to remain in the [First Division](/wiki/Hong_Kong_First_Division_League \"Hong Kong First Division League\") was approved, Ha was released by the club.",
"### Playing in the Second Division",
"After being released by South China in 2006, he joined [Second Division](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Second_Division_League \"Hong Kong Second Division League\") club [Lucky Mile](/wiki/Lucky_Mile \"Lucky Mile\") as a semi\\-professional player. He joined another Second Division club [Kwok Keung](/wiki/Kwok_Keung_AA \"Kwok Keung AA\") in the next season.",
"### Tuen Mun Progoal",
"Ha returned to the top\\-tier division campaign as he joined First Division club [Tuen Mun Progoal](/wiki/Tuen_Mun_Progoal_FC \"Tuen Mun Progoal FC\") in the [2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_in_Hong_Kong_football \"2008–09 in Hong Kong football\") season. He was one of the key members and featured in most of the matches. His great performance attracted [Happy Valley](/wiki/Happy_Valley_AA \"Happy Valley AA\"), which Ha joined after the season.",
"### Happy Valley",
"Ha joined fellow First Division club Happy Valley in the [2009–10](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_in_Hong_Kong_football \"2009–10 in Hong Kong football\") season. However, he only featured three league matches throughout the season. Happy Valley was also relegated after the season. He left the club eventually.",
"### Southern",
"Ha returned to the second\\-tier division and joined the newly promoted side [Southern](/wiki/Southern_District_RSA \"Southern District RSA\"). In the first season, he helped the team to win the champions of [Junior Shield](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Hong_Kong_Junior_Challenge_Shield \"2010–11 Hong Kong Junior Challenge Shield\") by scoring the winning 2–1 goal in the 63rd minute. He opted to stay at the club after the season.",
"As the club's left back first choice, he helped the club gain promotion to the First Division for the first in club history as Southern placed second in the league table. This also meant Ha's second return to the First Division.",
"In the [2012–13](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_in_Hong_Kong_football \"2012–13 in Hong Kong football\") season, he did not feature the first five Southern matches. As the club wished to improve their defence, Ha started in Southern's sixth match against South China, and the match eventually ended with a goalless draw. Given Ha's impressive performance, he became the usual left back starter in the following matches, not just having done defensive work, but also often providing freekick assists. He has been selected to the Team of the Week twice in the season.",
""
] |
Site
----
[thumb\|Mosaic in the House of the Dolphins](/wiki/File:Lepida-Celsa_-_Mosaico_en_la_Casa_de_los_Delfines_03.jpg "Lepida-Celsa - Mosaico en la Casa de los Delfines 03.jpg")
Whole neighbourhoods have been brought to light with paved streets and blocks of houses of several floors arranged around courtyards, in Roman fashion, and rooms decorated with mosaics and paintings are numerous. Commercial establishments such as warehouses, shops, a market and a bakery can be seen.
Roman architects carefully designed the street plan around the terraced slopes so that the streets evacuated rainwater into the [Ebro](/wiki/Ebro "Ebro") because, unlike other Roman cities, it had no drains. For this reason the main arteries of the city are parallel and perpendicular to the river.
Excavations have also unearthed remains of several residential buildings of great interest, among which are the Houses of the Dolphin and of [Hercules](/wiki/Hercules "Hercules"), both with beautiful and important wall paintings.
### House of Hercules
[thumb\|Fresco from the House of Hercules: Hercules and the [Erymanthian boar](/wiki/Erymanthian_boar "Erymanthian boar")](/wiki/File:H%C3%A9rcules_con_la_clava_y_jabal%C3%AD_de_Erimanto.jpg "Hércules con la clava y jabalí de Erimanto.jpg")
This latter house, of enormous dimensions, inaugurated the use of the Tuscan [atrium](/wiki/Atrium_%28architecture%29 "Atrium (architecture)") in Celsa, one of the earliest types of italic\-style house. Two stages can be seen in this house; the first (from the founding of the colony) centred around the Tuscan atrium and the second after the addition of the arcaded courtyard to the north, in the reign of [Augustus](/wiki/Augustus "Augustus"). Rainwater collected in the [impluvium](/wiki/Impluvium "Impluvium") of the atrium and was stored in a giant water tank located under room 29\. The mosaic floors are of great beauty, especially in room 1 which also had walls adorned with paintings of the second [Pompeian style](/wiki/Pompeian_Styles "Pompeian Styles"), displaying several episodes of the labours of Hercules which gave its name to the house. The arcaded courtyard gave access to well\-designed rooms for a peaceful and private life.
### House of the Dolphin
The House of the Dolphin is so named after the beautiful dolphins that decorate the mosaic floors. It was altered several times after combining the two houses that the initially occupied the *[insula](/wiki/Insula_%28Roman_city%29 "Insula (Roman city)")*, or block, up to the time of [Claudius](/wiki/Claudius "Claudius") in 54 AD. This great mansion took shape in the first decade of the 1st c. AD built around two spaces. The first part (rooms 1\-14\) corresponds to
the public area and private rooms of the family; the second (15\-22\) is organised around an open courtyard with various rooms dedicated to services and slaves.
### Other Buildings
The locations of possible temples, the theatre, the [forum](/wiki/Forum_%28Roman%29 "Forum (Roman)"), major cisterns, springs, cemeteries and other public buildings have been identified. The theatre lies below the San José sanctuary where traces of the *[scaenae frons](/wiki/Scaenae_frons "Scaenae frons")* (stage) walls and tiers of seats (*[cavea](/wiki/Cavea "Cavea")*) have been found.
Many small objects as lamps, Pompeian red slip dishes, Iberian ceramics, etc., as well as small bronzes, sculptural remains, coins and small pieces of jewellery are also preserved. A nearby museum displays many of the finds.[Colonia Lepida Celsa Velilla](http://www.museodezaragoza.es/exposiciones/exposicion-permanente-colonia-celsa-velilla-de-ebro-zaragoza/)museodezaragoza.es {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810163615/http://www.museodezaragoza.es/exposiciones/exposicion\-permanente\-colonia\-celsa\-velilla\-de\-ebro\-zaragoza/ \|date\=10 August 2016 }}
|
[
"Site\n----",
"[thumb\\|Mosaic in the House of the Dolphins](/wiki/File:Lepida-Celsa_-_Mosaico_en_la_Casa_de_los_Delfines_03.jpg \"Lepida-Celsa - Mosaico en la Casa de los Delfines 03.jpg\")",
"Whole neighbourhoods have been brought to light with paved streets and blocks of houses of several floors arranged around courtyards, in Roman fashion, and rooms decorated with mosaics and paintings are numerous. Commercial establishments such as warehouses, shops, a market and a bakery can be seen.",
"Roman architects carefully designed the street plan around the terraced slopes so that the streets evacuated rainwater into the [Ebro](/wiki/Ebro \"Ebro\") because, unlike other Roman cities, it had no drains. For this reason the main arteries of the city are parallel and perpendicular to the river.",
"Excavations have also unearthed remains of several residential buildings of great interest, among which are the Houses of the Dolphin and of [Hercules](/wiki/Hercules \"Hercules\"), both with beautiful and important wall paintings.",
"### House of Hercules",
"[thumb\\|Fresco from the House of Hercules: Hercules and the [Erymanthian boar](/wiki/Erymanthian_boar \"Erymanthian boar\")](/wiki/File:H%C3%A9rcules_con_la_clava_y_jabal%C3%AD_de_Erimanto.jpg \"Hércules con la clava y jabalí de Erimanto.jpg\")\nThis latter house, of enormous dimensions, inaugurated the use of the Tuscan [atrium](/wiki/Atrium_%28architecture%29 \"Atrium (architecture)\") in Celsa, one of the earliest types of italic\\-style house. Two stages can be seen in this house; the first (from the founding of the colony) centred around the Tuscan atrium and the second after the addition of the arcaded courtyard to the north, in the reign of [Augustus](/wiki/Augustus \"Augustus\"). Rainwater collected in the [impluvium](/wiki/Impluvium \"Impluvium\") of the atrium and was stored in a giant water tank located under room 29\\. The mosaic floors are of great beauty, especially in room 1 which also had walls adorned with paintings of the second [Pompeian style](/wiki/Pompeian_Styles \"Pompeian Styles\"), displaying several episodes of the labours of Hercules which gave its name to the house. The arcaded courtyard gave access to well\\-designed rooms for a peaceful and private life.",
"### House of the Dolphin",
"The House of the Dolphin is so named after the beautiful dolphins that decorate the mosaic floors. It was altered several times after combining the two houses that the initially occupied the *[insula](/wiki/Insula_%28Roman_city%29 \"Insula (Roman city)\")*, or block, up to the time of [Claudius](/wiki/Claudius \"Claudius\") in 54 AD. This great mansion took shape in the first decade of the 1st c. AD built around two spaces. The first part (rooms 1\\-14\\) corresponds to\nthe public area and private rooms of the family; the second (15\\-22\\) is organised around an open courtyard with various rooms dedicated to services and slaves.",
"### Other Buildings",
"The locations of possible temples, the theatre, the [forum](/wiki/Forum_%28Roman%29 \"Forum (Roman)\"), major cisterns, springs, cemeteries and other public buildings have been identified. The theatre lies below the San José sanctuary where traces of the *[scaenae frons](/wiki/Scaenae_frons \"Scaenae frons\")* (stage) walls and tiers of seats (*[cavea](/wiki/Cavea \"Cavea\")*) have been found.",
"Many small objects as lamps, Pompeian red slip dishes, Iberian ceramics, etc., as well as small bronzes, sculptural remains, coins and small pieces of jewellery are also preserved. A nearby museum displays many of the finds.[Colonia Lepida Celsa Velilla](http://www.museodezaragoza.es/exposiciones/exposicion-permanente-colonia-celsa-velilla-de-ebro-zaragoza/)museodezaragoza.es {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810163615/http://www.museodezaragoza.es/exposiciones/exposicion\\-permanente\\-colonia\\-celsa\\-velilla\\-de\\-ebro\\-zaragoza/ \\|date\\=10 August 2016 }}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life and education
Allen was born on [Wolfe Island](/wiki/Wolfe_Island_%28Ontario%29 "Wolfe Island (Ontario)") near [Kingston](/wiki/Kingston%2C_Ontario "Kingston, Ontario"), Canada West (known as [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario "Ontario") after Confederation), the second son of Catharine Ann Grant and the Rev. Joseph Antisell Allen, a Protestant minister from [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin "Dublin"), Ireland.{{cite book \|author\=Rand, Theodore H. \|date\=1900 \|title\=Treasury of Canadian Verse \|url\=https://archive.org/details/atreasurycanadi00randgoog \|location\=New York \|publisher\= Dutton \|page\= \[https://archive.org/details/atreasurycanadi00randgoog/page/n417 387]}} His mother was a daughter of the fifth [Baron de Longueuil](/wiki/Baron_de_Longueuil "Baron de Longueuil"). Allen was educated at home until, at age 13, he and his parents moved to the United States, then to France, and finally to the United Kingdom.{{cite book \|editor\=John Robert Colombo \|editor\-link\=John Robert Colombo \|title\=''Other Canadas An Anthology of Science Fiction and Fantasy'' \|url\=https://archive.org/details/othercanadasanth00colo \|url\-access\=registration \|year\=1979 \|publisher\=\[\[McGraw\-Hill\|McGraw\-Hill Ryerson]] \|isbn\=0\-07\-082953\-5 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/othercanadasanth00colo/page/30 30] \|chapter\=Grant Allen – The Child of the Phalanstery}} He was educated at [King Edward's School](/wiki/King_Edward%27s_School%2C_Birmingham "King Edward's School, Birmingham") in Birmingham and at [Merton College](/wiki/Merton_College%2C_Oxford "Merton College, Oxford") in [Oxford](/wiki/Oxford "Oxford"), both in the United Kingdom.{{cite book \|last\=Head \|first\=Dominic \|title\=The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English \|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000unse\_r1h5/page/19 19] \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|year\=2006 \|isbn\=0\-521\-83179\-2 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000unse\_r1h5/page/19 }}
After graduation, Allen studied in France, taught at [Brighton College](/wiki/Brighton_College "Brighton College") in 1870–71, and in his mid\-twenties became a professor at Queen's College, a black college in [Jamaica](/wiki/Jamaica "Jamaica").{{cite EB1911 \|wstitle\=Allen, Grant \|volume\=1 \|page\=691}} Despite being the son of a minister, Allen became an atheist and a socialist.
### Writing career
After leaving his professorship, in 1876 he returned to England, where he turned his talents to writing, gaining a reputation for his essays on science and for literary works. A 2007 book by [Oliver Sacks](/wiki/Oliver_Sacks "Oliver Sacks") cites with approval one of Allen's early articles, "Note\-Deafness" (a description of what became known as [amusia](/wiki/Amusia "Amusia"), published in 1878 in the learned journal *[Mind](/wiki/Mind_%28journal%29 "Mind (journal)")*).{{cite book \|last1\=Sacks \|first1\=Oliver \|author\-link1\=Oliver Sacks \|year\=2007 \|title\=Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=7IRrdwzhrZ8C \|publisher\=Pan Macmillan \|publication\-date\=2011 \|isbn\=9780330471138 \|access\-date\=2015\-11\-29 \|quote\=The first extended description of amusia in the medical literature was an 1878 paper by Grant Allen in the journal ''Mind'' \[...] Allen's lengthy paper included a superb case of a young man whom he had "abundant opportunities of observing and experimenting upon" \- the sort of detailed case study that established experimental neurology and psychology in the latter part of the nineteenth century. \|archive\-date\=June 23, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623170947/https://books.google.com/books?id\=7IRrdwzhrZ8C \|url\-status\=live }}
Allen's first books dealt with scientific subjects, and include *Physiological Æsthetics* (1877\) and *Flowers and Their Pedigrees* (1886\) He was first influenced by [associationist psychology](/wiki/Associationism "Associationism") as expounded by [Alexander Bain](/wiki/Alexander_Bain_%28philosopher%29 "Alexander Bain (philosopher)") and by [Herbert Spencer](/wiki/Herbert_Spencer "Herbert Spencer"), the latter who especially espoused the transition from associationist psychology to [Darwinian](/wiki/Darwinism "Darwinism") functionalism. In Allen's many articles on flowers and on perception in insects, Darwinian arguments replaced the old Spencerian terms, leading to a radically new vision of plant life that influenced H.G. Wells and helped transform later botanical research.{{cite journal \|last1\=Endersby \|first1\=Jim \|title\=Deceived by orchids: sex, science, fiction and Darwin \|journal\=The British Journal for the History of Science \|date\=2016 \|volume\=49 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=205–229 \|doi\=10\.1017/S0007087416000352 \|pmid\=27278105 \|s2cid\=23027055 \|url\=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/63549/1/BJHS%20orchids%20%28edited%29\.pdf \|access\-date\=September 18, 2019 \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719102306/http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/63549/1/BJHS%20orchids%20%28edited%29\.pdf \|url\-status\=live }}
On a personal level, a long friendship that started when Allen met Spencer on his return from Jamaica grew uneasy over the years. Allen wrote a critical and revealing biographical article on Spencer that was published after Spencer's death.
After assisting [Sir W. W. Hunter](/wiki/William_Wilson_Hunter "William Wilson Hunter") with his *Gazetteer of India* in the early 1880s, Allen turned his attention to fiction, and between 1884 and 1899 produced about 30 novels. In 1895, his scandalous book titled *[The Woman Who Did](/wiki/The_Woman_Who_Did "The Woman Who Did")*, promulgating certain startling views on marriage and kindred questions, became a bestseller. The book told the story of an independent woman who has a child out of wedlock.{{cite journal \|author\=Cameron, Brooke \|date\=2008 \|title\=Grant Allen's The Woman Who Did: Spencerian Individualism and Teaching New Women to Be Mothers \|journal\=English Literature in Transition, 1880–1920 \|volume\=51 \|number\=3 \|pages\=281–301\|doi\=10\.2487/elt.51\.3(2008\)0025 \|s2cid\=144989371 }} Owing to his concern with these subjects, Allen was associated with [Thomas Hardy](/wiki/Thomas_Hardy "Thomas Hardy"), whose novel *[Jude the Obscure](/wiki/Jude_the_Obscure "Jude the Obscure")* (1895\) was published the same year as *The Woman Who Did*.
In his career, Allen wrote two novels under female pseudonyms. One of these, the short novel *The Type\-writer Girl*, he wrote under the name Olive Pratt Rayner.
Another work, *The Evolution of the Idea of God* (1897\), propounds a theory of religion on heterodox lines comparable to [Herbert Spencer](/wiki/Herbert_Spencer "Herbert Spencer")'s "ghost theory".{{cite news \|url\=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10\.1086/477043?journalCode\=amerjtheo \|title\=Review of ''The Evolution of the Idea of God'' by Grant Allen \|work\=The Journal of Religion \|date\=January 1899 \|doi\=10\.1086/477043 \|access\-date\=November 9, 2016 \|archive\-date\=January 24, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124165518/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10\.1086/477043?journalCode\=amerjtheo\& \|url\-status\=live }} Allen's theory became well known and brief references to it appear in a review by [Marcel Mauss](/wiki/Marcel_Mauss "Marcel Mauss"), [Durkheim's](/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim "Émile Durkheim") nephew, in the articles of [William James](/wiki/William_James "William James") and in the works of [Sigmund Freud](/wiki/Sigmund_Freud "Sigmund Freud"). [G. K. Chesterton](/wiki/G._K._Chesterton "G. K. Chesterton") wrote on what he considered the flawed premise of the idea, arguing that the idea of God preceded human [mythologies](/wiki/Mythologies "Mythologies"), rather than developing from them. Chesterton said of Allen's book on the evolution of the idea of God: "it would be much more interesting if God wrote a book on the evolution of the idea of Grant Allen".{{cite book \|author\=Chesterton, G. K. \|date\=1926 \|title\=The Everlasting Man \|location\=London \|publisher\=Hodder and Stoughton \|page\= 20}}
Allen also became a pioneer in [science fiction](/wiki/Science_fiction "Science fiction"), with the novel *[The British Barbarians](/wiki/The_British_Barbarians "The British Barbarians")* (1895\) This book, published about the same time as [H. G. Wells](/wiki/H._G._Wells "H. G. Wells")'s *[The Time Machine](/wiki/The_Time_Machine "The Time Machine")* (which appeared in January–May 1895, and which includes a mention of Allen[Chapter V](/wiki/s:The_Time_Machine_%28Heinemann_text%29/Chapter_V "The Time Machine (Heinemann text)/Chapter V") of the [Heinemann](/wiki/Heinemann_%28book_publisher%29 "Heinemann (book publisher)") text and [Chapter VII](/wiki/s:The_Time_Machine_%28Holt_text%29/The_Strange_Animal "The Time Machine (Holt text)/The Strange Animal") of the [Holt](/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company "Henry Holt and Company") text), also described time travel, although the plot is quite different. Allen's short story *The Thames Valley Catastrophe* (published December 1897 in *[The Strand Magazine](/wiki/The_Strand_Magazine "The Strand Magazine")*) describes the destruction of London by a sudden and massive [volcanic eruption](/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions "Types of volcanic eruptions").
### Ancestry
{{ahnentafel
\|collapsed\=yes \|align\=center
\|boxstyle\_1\=background\-color: \#fcc;
\|boxstyle\_2\=background\-color: \#fb9;
\|boxstyle\_3\=background\-color: \#ffc;
\|boxstyle\_4\=background\-color: \#bfc;
\|1\= 1\. '''Charles Grant Blairfindie Allen'''
\|2\= 2\. Joseph Antisell Allen
\|3\= 3\. Catharine Ann Grant
\|4\= 4\. Henry Francis Allen
\|5\= 5\. Eliza Josephine Antisell
\|6\= 6\. \[\[Charles William Grant, 5th Baron de Longueuil]]
\|7\= 7\. Caroline Coffin
\|10\= 10\. Joseph Antisell
\|11\= 11\. Elizabeth Gilbert
\|12\= 12\. David Alexander Grant
\|13\= 13\. \[\[Marie\-Charles\-Joseph Le Moyne, Baronne de Longueuil\|Marie\-Charles Le Moyne, 4th Baroness de Longueuil]]
\|14\= 14\. \[\[John Coffin (judge)\|John Coffin]]
\|15\= 15\. Anne Matthews
}}
### Personal life
Allen married twice, first to Caroline Ann Bootheway (1846–1871\) and secondly to Ellen Jerrard (b, 1853\) with whom he had one son, Jerrard Grant Allen (1878–1946\), a theatrical agent/manager who in 1913 married the actress and singer [Violet Englefield](/wiki/Violet_Englefield "Violet Englefield"). They had a son, Reginald "Reggie" Grant Allen (1910\-1985\).{{citation needed\|date\=January 2017}}
Grant Allen's nephew, [Grant Richards](/wiki/Grant_Richards_%28publisher%29 "Grant Richards (publisher)"), was a writer and publisher who founded the [Grant Richards publishing house](/wiki/Grant_Richards_%28publishing_house%29 "Grant Richards (publishing house)"). Allen encouraged his nephew's interest in books and publishing and helped him obtain his first positions in the book trade.[Grant Richards (1872–1948\)](https://www.doaks.org/resources/bliss-tyler-correspondence/annotations/grant-richards) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421010603/https://www.doaks.org/resources/bliss\-tyler\-correspondence/annotations/grant\-richards \|date\=April 21, 2019 }}, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, doaks.org. Retrieved 20 April 2019\. Richards was later to publish a number of books written by his uncle, including *The Evolution of the Idea of God* and those in the book series Grant Allen's Historical Guides.[Grant Allen's Historical Guides (Grant Richards) \- Book Series List](https://www.publishinghistory.com/grant-allens-historical-guides-grant-richards.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420084938/https://www.publishinghistory.com/grant\-allens\-historical\-guides\-grant\-richards.html \|date\=April 20, 2019 }}, publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 20 April 2019\.
Allen's nieces by marriage, novelist [Netta Syrett](/wiki/Netta_Syrett "Netta Syrett"), and artists [Mabel Syrett](/wiki/Mabel_Syrett "Mabel Syrett") and [Nellie Syrret](/wiki/Nellie_Syrret "Nellie Syrret") all contributed work to [The Yellow Book](/wiki/The_Yellow_Book "The Yellow Book").{{Cite book\|last\=Nelson\|first\=Carolyn Christensen\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=flLS5Lg9M\_AC\&q\=grant\+allen\+syrett\|title\=A New Woman Reader: Fiction, Articles and Drama of the 1890s\|date\=2000\-11\-07\|publisher\=Broadview Press\|isbn\=978\-1\-55111\-295\-4\|language\=en\|access\-date\=November 19, 2020\|archive\-date\=January 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124165517/https://books.google.com/books?id\=flLS5Lg9M\_AC\&q\=grant\+allen\+syrett\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|title\=Netta Syrett (1865\-1943\) Y90s Biographies\|url\=https://1890s.ca/syrett\_bio/.\|last\=Stetz\|first\=Margaret D.\|date\=2019\|website\=Yellow Nineties 2\.0\|publisher\=Ryerson University Centre for Digital Humanities}}
In 1893 Allen left London for the hills around the [Devil's Punch Bowl](/wiki/Devil%27s_Punch_Bowl "Devil's Punch Bowl"), enthusing on the advantages of the change of scene: "Up here on the free hills, the sharp air blows in upon us, limpid and clear from a thousand leagues of open ocean; down there in the stagnant town, it stagnates and ferments."Quoted in [Richard Mabey](/wiki/Richard_Mabey "Richard Mabey"), *Dreams of the Good Life* (Penguin 2015\) pp. 47\-48\.
### Death and posthumous publication
Grant Allen died of liver cancer at his home on [Hindhead](/wiki/Hindhead "Hindhead"), [Haslemere](/wiki/Haslemere "Haslemere"), Surrey, England, on 25 October 1899\.{{cite ODNB \|last\=Van Arsdel \|first\= Rosemary T. \|title\=Allen, (Charles) Grant Blairfindie (1848–1899\) \|id\=373 \|date\=October 2005}} He died before finishing *[Hilda Wade](/wiki/Hilda_Wade "Hilda Wade")*. The novel's final two episodes were completed by his friend and neighbour Dr [Arthur Conan Doyle](/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle "Arthur Conan Doyle"); the final episode appeared under the appropriate title "The Episode of the Dead Man Who Spoke" in the *Strand Magazine* in 1900\.{{Citation \|last\=Morton \|first\=Peter \|title\=Last Orders (1896–1899\) \|date\=2005 \|work\=“The Busiest Man in England”: Grant Allen and the Writing Trade, 1875–1900 \|pages\=173–185 \|editor\-last\=Morton \|editor\-first\=Peter \|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1057/9781403980991\_11 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-11 \|place\=New York \|publisher\=Palgrave Macmillan US \|language\=en \|doi\=10\.1057/9781403980991\_11 \|isbn\=978\-1\-4039\-8099\-1 \|quote\=One last matter which agitated \[Allen] was meeting a professional obligation. ''The Strand'' had been running his serial Hilda Wade, and the final two episodes were yet to be produced. Doyle, one of the kindest of men, either wrote them both or finished them off.}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life and education",
"Allen was born on [Wolfe Island](/wiki/Wolfe_Island_%28Ontario%29 \"Wolfe Island (Ontario)\") near [Kingston](/wiki/Kingston%2C_Ontario \"Kingston, Ontario\"), Canada West (known as [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\") after Confederation), the second son of Catharine Ann Grant and the Rev. Joseph Antisell Allen, a Protestant minister from [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin \"Dublin\"), Ireland.{{cite book \\|author\\=Rand, Theodore H. \\|date\\=1900 \\|title\\=Treasury of Canadian Verse \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/atreasurycanadi00randgoog \\|location\\=New York \\|publisher\\= Dutton \\|page\\= \\[https://archive.org/details/atreasurycanadi00randgoog/page/n417 387]}} His mother was a daughter of the fifth [Baron de Longueuil](/wiki/Baron_de_Longueuil \"Baron de Longueuil\"). Allen was educated at home until, at age 13, he and his parents moved to the United States, then to France, and finally to the United Kingdom.{{cite book \\|editor\\=John Robert Colombo \\|editor\\-link\\=John Robert Colombo \\|title\\=''Other Canadas An Anthology of Science Fiction and Fantasy'' \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/othercanadasanth00colo \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|year\\=1979 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[McGraw\\-Hill\\|McGraw\\-Hill Ryerson]] \\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-082953\\-5 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/othercanadasanth00colo/page/30 30] \\|chapter\\=Grant Allen – The Child of the Phalanstery}} He was educated at [King Edward's School](/wiki/King_Edward%27s_School%2C_Birmingham \"King Edward's School, Birmingham\") in Birmingham and at [Merton College](/wiki/Merton_College%2C_Oxford \"Merton College, Oxford\") in [Oxford](/wiki/Oxford \"Oxford\"), both in the United Kingdom.{{cite book \\|last\\=Head \\|first\\=Dominic \\|title\\=The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English \\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000unse\\_r1h5/page/19 19] \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|year\\=2006 \\|isbn\\=0\\-521\\-83179\\-2 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000unse\\_r1h5/page/19 }}",
"After graduation, Allen studied in France, taught at [Brighton College](/wiki/Brighton_College \"Brighton College\") in 1870–71, and in his mid\\-twenties became a professor at Queen's College, a black college in [Jamaica](/wiki/Jamaica \"Jamaica\").{{cite EB1911 \\|wstitle\\=Allen, Grant \\|volume\\=1 \\|page\\=691}} Despite being the son of a minister, Allen became an atheist and a socialist.",
"### Writing career",
"After leaving his professorship, in 1876 he returned to England, where he turned his talents to writing, gaining a reputation for his essays on science and for literary works. A 2007 book by [Oliver Sacks](/wiki/Oliver_Sacks \"Oliver Sacks\") cites with approval one of Allen's early articles, \"Note\\-Deafness\" (a description of what became known as [amusia](/wiki/Amusia \"Amusia\"), published in 1878 in the learned journal *[Mind](/wiki/Mind_%28journal%29 \"Mind (journal)\")*).{{cite book \\|last1\\=Sacks \\|first1\\=Oliver \\|author\\-link1\\=Oliver Sacks \\|year\\=2007 \\|title\\=Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=7IRrdwzhrZ8C \\|publisher\\=Pan Macmillan \\|publication\\-date\\=2011 \\|isbn\\=9780330471138 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-11\\-29 \\|quote\\=The first extended description of amusia in the medical literature was an 1878 paper by Grant Allen in the journal ''Mind'' \\[...] Allen's lengthy paper included a superb case of a young man whom he had \"abundant opportunities of observing and experimenting upon\" \\- the sort of detailed case study that established experimental neurology and psychology in the latter part of the nineteenth century. \\|archive\\-date\\=June 23, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623170947/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=7IRrdwzhrZ8C \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Allen's first books dealt with scientific subjects, and include *Physiological Æsthetics* (1877\\) and *Flowers and Their Pedigrees* (1886\\) He was first influenced by [associationist psychology](/wiki/Associationism \"Associationism\") as expounded by [Alexander Bain](/wiki/Alexander_Bain_%28philosopher%29 \"Alexander Bain (philosopher)\") and by [Herbert Spencer](/wiki/Herbert_Spencer \"Herbert Spencer\"), the latter who especially espoused the transition from associationist psychology to [Darwinian](/wiki/Darwinism \"Darwinism\") functionalism. In Allen's many articles on flowers and on perception in insects, Darwinian arguments replaced the old Spencerian terms, leading to a radically new vision of plant life that influenced H.G. Wells and helped transform later botanical research.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Endersby \\|first1\\=Jim \\|title\\=Deceived by orchids: sex, science, fiction and Darwin \\|journal\\=The British Journal for the History of Science \\|date\\=2016 \\|volume\\=49 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=205–229 \\|doi\\=10\\.1017/S0007087416000352 \\|pmid\\=27278105 \\|s2cid\\=23027055 \\|url\\=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/63549/1/BJHS%20orchids%20%28edited%29\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=September 18, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719102306/http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/63549/1/BJHS%20orchids%20%28edited%29\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"On a personal level, a long friendship that started when Allen met Spencer on his return from Jamaica grew uneasy over the years. Allen wrote a critical and revealing biographical article on Spencer that was published after Spencer's death.",
"After assisting [Sir W. W. Hunter](/wiki/William_Wilson_Hunter \"William Wilson Hunter\") with his *Gazetteer of India* in the early 1880s, Allen turned his attention to fiction, and between 1884 and 1899 produced about 30 novels. In 1895, his scandalous book titled *[The Woman Who Did](/wiki/The_Woman_Who_Did \"The Woman Who Did\")*, promulgating certain startling views on marriage and kindred questions, became a bestseller. The book told the story of an independent woman who has a child out of wedlock.{{cite journal \\|author\\=Cameron, Brooke \\|date\\=2008 \\|title\\=Grant Allen's The Woman Who Did: Spencerian Individualism and Teaching New Women to Be Mothers \\|journal\\=English Literature in Transition, 1880–1920 \\|volume\\=51 \\|number\\=3 \\|pages\\=281–301\\|doi\\=10\\.2487/elt.51\\.3(2008\\)0025 \\|s2cid\\=144989371 }} Owing to his concern with these subjects, Allen was associated with [Thomas Hardy](/wiki/Thomas_Hardy \"Thomas Hardy\"), whose novel *[Jude the Obscure](/wiki/Jude_the_Obscure \"Jude the Obscure\")* (1895\\) was published the same year as *The Woman Who Did*.",
"In his career, Allen wrote two novels under female pseudonyms. One of these, the short novel *The Type\\-writer Girl*, he wrote under the name Olive Pratt Rayner.",
"Another work, *The Evolution of the Idea of God* (1897\\), propounds a theory of religion on heterodox lines comparable to [Herbert Spencer](/wiki/Herbert_Spencer \"Herbert Spencer\")'s \"ghost theory\".{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10\\.1086/477043?journalCode\\=amerjtheo \\|title\\=Review of ''The Evolution of the Idea of God'' by Grant Allen \\|work\\=The Journal of Religion \\|date\\=January 1899 \\|doi\\=10\\.1086/477043 \\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 24, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124165518/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10\\.1086/477043?journalCode\\=amerjtheo\\& \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Allen's theory became well known and brief references to it appear in a review by [Marcel Mauss](/wiki/Marcel_Mauss \"Marcel Mauss\"), [Durkheim's](/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim \"Émile Durkheim\") nephew, in the articles of [William James](/wiki/William_James \"William James\") and in the works of [Sigmund Freud](/wiki/Sigmund_Freud \"Sigmund Freud\"). [G. K. Chesterton](/wiki/G._K._Chesterton \"G. K. Chesterton\") wrote on what he considered the flawed premise of the idea, arguing that the idea of God preceded human [mythologies](/wiki/Mythologies \"Mythologies\"), rather than developing from them. Chesterton said of Allen's book on the evolution of the idea of God: \"it would be much more interesting if God wrote a book on the evolution of the idea of Grant Allen\".{{cite book \\|author\\=Chesterton, G. K. \\|date\\=1926 \\|title\\=The Everlasting Man \\|location\\=London \\|publisher\\=Hodder and Stoughton \\|page\\= 20}}",
"Allen also became a pioneer in [science fiction](/wiki/Science_fiction \"Science fiction\"), with the novel *[The British Barbarians](/wiki/The_British_Barbarians \"The British Barbarians\")* (1895\\) This book, published about the same time as [H. G. Wells](/wiki/H._G._Wells \"H. G. Wells\")'s *[The Time Machine](/wiki/The_Time_Machine \"The Time Machine\")* (which appeared in January–May 1895, and which includes a mention of Allen[Chapter V](/wiki/s:The_Time_Machine_%28Heinemann_text%29/Chapter_V \"The Time Machine (Heinemann text)/Chapter V\") of the [Heinemann](/wiki/Heinemann_%28book_publisher%29 \"Heinemann (book publisher)\") text and [Chapter VII](/wiki/s:The_Time_Machine_%28Holt_text%29/The_Strange_Animal \"The Time Machine (Holt text)/The Strange Animal\") of the [Holt](/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company \"Henry Holt and Company\") text), also described time travel, although the plot is quite different. Allen's short story *The Thames Valley Catastrophe* (published December 1897 in *[The Strand Magazine](/wiki/The_Strand_Magazine \"The Strand Magazine\")*) describes the destruction of London by a sudden and massive [volcanic eruption](/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions \"Types of volcanic eruptions\").",
"### Ancestry",
"{{ahnentafel\n\\|collapsed\\=yes \\|align\\=center\n\\|boxstyle\\_1\\=background\\-color: \\#fcc;\n\\|boxstyle\\_2\\=background\\-color: \\#fb9;\n\\|boxstyle\\_3\\=background\\-color: \\#ffc;\n\\|boxstyle\\_4\\=background\\-color: \\#bfc;\n\\|1\\= 1\\. '''Charles Grant Blairfindie Allen'''\n\\|2\\= 2\\. Joseph Antisell Allen\n\\|3\\= 3\\. Catharine Ann Grant\n\\|4\\= 4\\. Henry Francis Allen\n\\|5\\= 5\\. Eliza Josephine Antisell\n\\|6\\= 6\\. \\[\\[Charles William Grant, 5th Baron de Longueuil]]\n\\|7\\= 7\\. Caroline Coffin\n\\|10\\= 10\\. Joseph Antisell\n\\|11\\= 11\\. Elizabeth Gilbert\n\\|12\\= 12\\. David Alexander Grant\n\\|13\\= 13\\. \\[\\[Marie\\-Charles\\-Joseph Le Moyne, Baronne de Longueuil\\|Marie\\-Charles Le Moyne, 4th Baroness de Longueuil]]\n\\|14\\= 14\\. \\[\\[John Coffin (judge)\\|John Coffin]]\n\\|15\\= 15\\. Anne Matthews\n}}",
"### Personal life",
"Allen married twice, first to Caroline Ann Bootheway (1846–1871\\) and secondly to Ellen Jerrard (b, 1853\\) with whom he had one son, Jerrard Grant Allen (1878–1946\\), a theatrical agent/manager who in 1913 married the actress and singer [Violet Englefield](/wiki/Violet_Englefield \"Violet Englefield\"). They had a son, Reginald \"Reggie\" Grant Allen (1910\\-1985\\).{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2017}}",
"Grant Allen's nephew, [Grant Richards](/wiki/Grant_Richards_%28publisher%29 \"Grant Richards (publisher)\"), was a writer and publisher who founded the [Grant Richards publishing house](/wiki/Grant_Richards_%28publishing_house%29 \"Grant Richards (publishing house)\"). Allen encouraged his nephew's interest in books and publishing and helped him obtain his first positions in the book trade.[Grant Richards (1872–1948\\)](https://www.doaks.org/resources/bliss-tyler-correspondence/annotations/grant-richards) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421010603/https://www.doaks.org/resources/bliss\\-tyler\\-correspondence/annotations/grant\\-richards \\|date\\=April 21, 2019 }}, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, doaks.org. Retrieved 20 April 2019\\. Richards was later to publish a number of books written by his uncle, including *The Evolution of the Idea of God* and those in the book series Grant Allen's Historical Guides.[Grant Allen's Historical Guides (Grant Richards) \\- Book Series List](https://www.publishinghistory.com/grant-allens-historical-guides-grant-richards.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420084938/https://www.publishinghistory.com/grant\\-allens\\-historical\\-guides\\-grant\\-richards.html \\|date\\=April 20, 2019 }}, publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 20 April 2019\\.",
"Allen's nieces by marriage, novelist [Netta Syrett](/wiki/Netta_Syrett \"Netta Syrett\"), and artists [Mabel Syrett](/wiki/Mabel_Syrett \"Mabel Syrett\") and [Nellie Syrret](/wiki/Nellie_Syrret \"Nellie Syrret\") all contributed work to [The Yellow Book](/wiki/The_Yellow_Book \"The Yellow Book\").{{Cite book\\|last\\=Nelson\\|first\\=Carolyn Christensen\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=flLS5Lg9M\\_AC\\&q\\=grant\\+allen\\+syrett\\|title\\=A New Woman Reader: Fiction, Articles and Drama of the 1890s\\|date\\=2000\\-11\\-07\\|publisher\\=Broadview Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-55111\\-295\\-4\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=November 19, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=January 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124165517/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=flLS5Lg9M\\_AC\\&q\\=grant\\+allen\\+syrett\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Netta Syrett (1865\\-1943\\) Y90s Biographies\\|url\\=https://1890s.ca/syrett\\_bio/.\\|last\\=Stetz\\|first\\=Margaret D.\\|date\\=2019\\|website\\=Yellow Nineties 2\\.0\\|publisher\\=Ryerson University Centre for Digital Humanities}}",
"In 1893 Allen left London for the hills around the [Devil's Punch Bowl](/wiki/Devil%27s_Punch_Bowl \"Devil's Punch Bowl\"), enthusing on the advantages of the change of scene: \"Up here on the free hills, the sharp air blows in upon us, limpid and clear from a thousand leagues of open ocean; down there in the stagnant town, it stagnates and ferments.\"Quoted in [Richard Mabey](/wiki/Richard_Mabey \"Richard Mabey\"), *Dreams of the Good Life* (Penguin 2015\\) pp. 47\\-48\\.",
"### Death and posthumous publication",
"Grant Allen died of liver cancer at his home on [Hindhead](/wiki/Hindhead \"Hindhead\"), [Haslemere](/wiki/Haslemere \"Haslemere\"), Surrey, England, on 25 October 1899\\.{{cite ODNB \\|last\\=Van Arsdel \\|first\\= Rosemary T. \\|title\\=Allen, (Charles) Grant Blairfindie (1848–1899\\) \\|id\\=373 \\|date\\=October 2005}} He died before finishing *[Hilda Wade](/wiki/Hilda_Wade \"Hilda Wade\")*. The novel's final two episodes were completed by his friend and neighbour Dr [Arthur Conan Doyle](/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle \"Arthur Conan Doyle\"); the final episode appeared under the appropriate title \"The Episode of the Dead Man Who Spoke\" in the *Strand Magazine* in 1900\\.{{Citation \\|last\\=Morton \\|first\\=Peter \\|title\\=Last Orders (1896–1899\\) \\|date\\=2005 \\|work\\=“The Busiest Man in England”: Grant Allen and the Writing Trade, 1875–1900 \\|pages\\=173–185 \\|editor\\-last\\=Morton \\|editor\\-first\\=Peter \\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1057/9781403980991\\_11 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-11 \\|place\\=New York \\|publisher\\=Palgrave Macmillan US \\|language\\=en \\|doi\\=10\\.1057/9781403980991\\_11 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4039\\-8099\\-1 \\|quote\\=One last matter which agitated \\[Allen] was meeting a professional obligation. ''The Strand'' had been running his serial Hilda Wade, and the final two episodes were yet to be produced. Doyle, one of the kindest of men, either wrote them both or finished them off.}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
Scott Weidemeyer (Sam Eidson) is an overweight, surly delivery driver. He has a poor relationship with his family, including his grandmother, Wanda, with whom he lives. Once a week, he hosts a table top game which he rules with an iron fist. One evening, a player abruptly quits the game permanently to work on his marriage.
Scott tries to replace him, but his foul temper makes him untouchable to anyone who knows him. While out delivering food to the local game shop he previously worked for, he meets a charismatic [hipster](/wiki/Hipster_%28contemporary_subculture%29 "Hipster (contemporary subculture)") named Miles (Garrett Graham.) Scott offers him a place in his game and Miles accepts.
Miles’s friendly and accepting attitude helps him fit in with Scott’s friends, including Wayne (Brock England), Scott’s best friend. But Scott is defensive and touchy around Miles because of all of Miles’ success in life including his attractive girlfriend and running a successful [popular culture](/wiki/Popular_culture "Popular culture") website.
Hours after the game, Scott's grandmother Wanda (Anne Gee Byrd) has a stroke. His mother Barbara (Cyndi Williams), comes to visit, bringing her 3rd fiancé, Bob (Larry Jack Dotson). Scott is antagonistic towards Barbara, resenting her for leaving him with his grandmother as a boy to go live in a [commune](/wiki/Intentional_community "Intentional community"). The following week, Scott tries to run a smooth game night but Barbara interrupts, humiliates Scott in front of the group and forces them to end early.
The players decide to host the next game night at Miles's house, which frustrates Scott. Before the game, Scott attempts to impress the group by declaring that [The Matrix](/wiki/The_Matrix "The Matrix") was written by him in junior high. When Miles begins to poke holes in his claim, Scott begins to yell at Miles and goes to the bathroom to cry. During the game, Miles decides to venture off the story Scott has planned and to kill off an important story [non\-player character](/wiki/Non-player_character "Non-player character"). Scott attempts to cheat his way out of it but Miles's girlfriend catches him. The players tell Scott the game has become too serious and it's no longer fun when he's the [dungeon master](/wiki/Dungeon_Master "Dungeon Master"). Scott has a meltdown and orders them all to leave, but his friends opt to stay and play with Miles instead, which further enrages Scott.
Back at his grandmother's house, Scott finds out his mother wants to sell Wanda's house to settle debt she has accumulated. Barbara manages to convince Wanda to sell the house after offering her a comfortable retirement near Barbara's house in Arizona. An angry Scott, who was promised the house by Wanda, berates his grandmother until she hits him for his disrespect.
Scott returns to the local gaming shop where his hero, Greg Goran (Dakin Matthews), is making an appearance. Scott humbly asks the assistant manager, Pete (John Gholson) for his old job back. During a Q\&A, Scott asks a question seeking validation of his attitude and Goran tells Scott that the GM (game master) is responsible for insuring that the players have fun above all else. Scott becomes enraged, cusses out Goran, insults Pete and denigrates the store. Pete then tells the audience that Scott was fired for masturbating to [hentai anime](/wiki/Hentai "Hentai") pornography in the backroom while the store was being robbed. An angry and humiliated Scott storms out.
Scott blames Miles for everything wrong with his life now. He drives to Miles’s house to confront him and finds Miles is hosting a party. Scott begins drinking and talking with several of Miles's friends. After seeing Scott in his home, Miles calls Wayne and asks him to come get Scott. An intoxicated Scott publicly challenges Miles to a faux battle using crutches as swords. A reluctant Miles agrees, urged on by the party\-goers who are amused by Scott’s ridiculous fantasy antics. Scott loses control, lashes out and hits Miles hard in the face. Miles retaliates by striking him in the stomach which puts him on the floor. Wayne, hurt for not being invited to the party and seeing his friend beaten, decides to attack Miles. Miles throws him back and angrily sends them both away. As Wayne drives Scott home, Scott admits he belittled him because he “needed someone to be a bigger loser than me.”
A few months later, Scott is employed at the Arizona retirement home where his grandmother lives. He himself lives with Bob and Barbara, whose marriage is rapidly deteriorating. Happier and more responsible, he plays his game with a small group of seniors. In the final scene, Scott shows a sliver of improvement in his attitude while still clinging to his serious, competitive nature.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Scott Weidemeyer (Sam Eidson) is an overweight, surly delivery driver. He has a poor relationship with his family, including his grandmother, Wanda, with whom he lives. Once a week, he hosts a table top game which he rules with an iron fist. One evening, a player abruptly quits the game permanently to work on his marriage.\nScott tries to replace him, but his foul temper makes him untouchable to anyone who knows him. While out delivering food to the local game shop he previously worked for, he meets a charismatic [hipster](/wiki/Hipster_%28contemporary_subculture%29 \"Hipster (contemporary subculture)\") named Miles (Garrett Graham.) Scott offers him a place in his game and Miles accepts.",
"Miles’s friendly and accepting attitude helps him fit in with Scott’s friends, including Wayne (Brock England), Scott’s best friend. But Scott is defensive and touchy around Miles because of all of Miles’ success in life including his attractive girlfriend and running a successful [popular culture](/wiki/Popular_culture \"Popular culture\") website.",
"Hours after the game, Scott's grandmother Wanda (Anne Gee Byrd) has a stroke. His mother Barbara (Cyndi Williams), comes to visit, bringing her 3rd fiancé, Bob (Larry Jack Dotson). Scott is antagonistic towards Barbara, resenting her for leaving him with his grandmother as a boy to go live in a [commune](/wiki/Intentional_community \"Intentional community\"). The following week, Scott tries to run a smooth game night but Barbara interrupts, humiliates Scott in front of the group and forces them to end early.",
"The players decide to host the next game night at Miles's house, which frustrates Scott. Before the game, Scott attempts to impress the group by declaring that [The Matrix](/wiki/The_Matrix \"The Matrix\") was written by him in junior high. When Miles begins to poke holes in his claim, Scott begins to yell at Miles and goes to the bathroom to cry. During the game, Miles decides to venture off the story Scott has planned and to kill off an important story [non\\-player character](/wiki/Non-player_character \"Non-player character\"). Scott attempts to cheat his way out of it but Miles's girlfriend catches him. The players tell Scott the game has become too serious and it's no longer fun when he's the [dungeon master](/wiki/Dungeon_Master \"Dungeon Master\"). Scott has a meltdown and orders them all to leave, but his friends opt to stay and play with Miles instead, which further enrages Scott.",
"Back at his grandmother's house, Scott finds out his mother wants to sell Wanda's house to settle debt she has accumulated. Barbara manages to convince Wanda to sell the house after offering her a comfortable retirement near Barbara's house in Arizona. An angry Scott, who was promised the house by Wanda, berates his grandmother until she hits him for his disrespect.",
"Scott returns to the local gaming shop where his hero, Greg Goran (Dakin Matthews), is making an appearance. Scott humbly asks the assistant manager, Pete (John Gholson) for his old job back. During a Q\\&A, Scott asks a question seeking validation of his attitude and Goran tells Scott that the GM (game master) is responsible for insuring that the players have fun above all else. Scott becomes enraged, cusses out Goran, insults Pete and denigrates the store. Pete then tells the audience that Scott was fired for masturbating to [hentai anime](/wiki/Hentai \"Hentai\") pornography in the backroom while the store was being robbed. An angry and humiliated Scott storms out.",
"Scott blames Miles for everything wrong with his life now. He drives to Miles’s house to confront him and finds Miles is hosting a party. Scott begins drinking and talking with several of Miles's friends. After seeing Scott in his home, Miles calls Wayne and asks him to come get Scott. An intoxicated Scott publicly challenges Miles to a faux battle using crutches as swords. A reluctant Miles agrees, urged on by the party\\-goers who are amused by Scott’s ridiculous fantasy antics. Scott loses control, lashes out and hits Miles hard in the face. Miles retaliates by striking him in the stomach which puts him on the floor. Wayne, hurt for not being invited to the party and seeing his friend beaten, decides to attack Miles. Miles throws him back and angrily sends them both away. As Wayne drives Scott home, Scott admits he belittled him because he “needed someone to be a bigger loser than me.”",
"A few months later, Scott is employed at the Arizona retirement home where his grandmother lives. He himself lives with Bob and Barbara, whose marriage is rapidly deteriorating. Happier and more responsible, he plays his game with a small group of seniors. In the final scene, Scott shows a sliver of improvement in his attitude while still clinging to his serious, competitive nature.",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
### BC Lions
Following a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent "Free agent") camp in [Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon "Portland, Oregon"), Phillips joined the [BC Lions](/wiki/BC_Lions "BC Lions") for the [2005 season](/wiki/2005_CFL_season "2005 CFL season"). He started all 18 games during his [rookie](/wiki/Rookie "Rookie") season where he recorded 56 tackles, good for third on the team, as well as three [interceptions](/wiki/Interceptions "Interceptions").
In [2006](/wiki/2006_CFL_season "2006 CFL season"), Phillips moved from his defensive halfback position to the defense's [nickel back](/wiki/Formation_%28American_football%29%23Nickel_formation "Formation (American football)#Nickel formation") for all 18 regular season games. Phillips recorded 23 defensive tackles, five [special teams](/wiki/Special_teams "Special teams") tackles, two interceptions (one for a 23\-yard [touchdown](/wiki/Touchdown "Touchdown")), two [fumble](/wiki/Fumble "Fumble") recoveries and 3 pass knockdowns. Phillips added the [Lions](/wiki/BC_Lions "BC Lions") sole interception in the [Western Division Championship game](/wiki/2006_CFL_season%23Playoff_bracket "2006 CFL season#Playoff bracket") against the [Saskatchewan Roughriders](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Roughriders "Saskatchewan Roughriders"), and chipped in three tackles in the Lion's [2006 Grey Cup](/wiki/94th_Grey_Cup "94th Grey Cup") victory over the [Montreal Alouettes](/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes "Montreal Alouettes").
In [2007](/wiki/2007_CFL_season "2007 CFL season"), Phillips led the [CFL](/wiki/Canadian_Football_League "Canadian Football League") with 12 interceptions, tying a team record held by former Lions defensive back, [Larry Crawford](/wiki/Larry_Crawford "Larry Crawford"), in the process.{{cite web \| url \= https://www.cfl.ca/index.php?module\=fbstats\&func\=interceptions\&year\=2007 \| access\-date \= 2007\-07\-22 \| title \= 2007 Statistics: Interceptions \| publisher \= CFL.ca \| date \= 2007\-07\-22}} He also set a franchise record for most interception return yards in a season with 299 yards. The previous record had been 188\. He also recorded the most tackles in his career with 65 made that year. At the conclusion of the season, Phillips was named a [CFL All\-Star](/wiki/2007_CFL_season%232007_CFL_All-Stars "2007 CFL season#2007 CFL All-Stars") for the first time in his career.
[2008](/wiki/2008_CFL_season "2008 CFL season") was a stark contrast to the previous year as Phillips recorded only one interception in 18 games. The following year, he bounced back with four interceptions while recording the first fumble\-return touchdown of his career, in addition to his third career interception return touchdown. In [2010](/wiki/2010_CFL_season "2010 CFL season") he recorded his highest sack tally to date with four for the year, to accompany another five interceptions with 49 tackles. Subsequently, he earned his second [CFL All\-Star](/wiki/2010_CFL_season%232010_CFL_All-Stars "2010 CFL season#2010 CFL All-Stars") selection that year.
Phillips was part of the [2011 BC Lions team](/wiki/2011_BC_Lions_season "2011 BC Lions season") that began the year with five consecutive losses and finished to win the [99th Grey Cup](/wiki/99th_Grey_Cup "99th Grey Cup") in Vancouver, which had never been done before in CFL history. During the season, he recorded 46 defensive tackles with four interceptions and one interception return touchdown. He had two tackles in the Western Final that year and one in the Grey Cup game itself as he won his second Grey Cup championship.
For the [2012](/wiki/2012_CFL_season "2012 CFL season") and [2013](/wiki/2013_CFL_season "2013 CFL season") seasons, Phillips earned All\-Star selections in both years while fostering his reputation as an excellent coverage defensive back. He recorded four interceptions with 32 defensive tackles in 2012 and two interceptions with 36 defensive tackles in 2013\. In [2014](/wiki/2014_CFL_season "2014 CFL season"), he added another three interceptions to his tally while registering 36 defensive tackles.
For the [2015 season](/wiki/2015_CFL_season "2015 CFL season"), Phillips led the league with six interceptions and made 26 defensive tackles in just 14 games. For the first time in his professional career, he did not play in a game, ending his consecutive games\-played streak at 181 games. Despite playing in only 14 games, Phillips was named to the [2015 CFL Western All\-Star team](/wiki/2015_CFL_season%232015_CFL_Western_All-Star "2015 CFL season#2015 CFL Western All-Star") for the fifth time in his career. He scored his fifth career interception return touchdown in a game against the [Montreal Alouettes](/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes "Montreal Alouettes") on August 20, 2015, which tied for the franchise record for interception return touchdowns. He also set the franchise record for defensive touchdowns with six total, including his fumble return touchdown in 2008\. He finished the season tied for the franchise record for most interception return yards with [Larry Crawford](/wiki/Larry_Crawford "Larry Crawford") who also had 790 yards.
In [2016](/wiki/2016_CFL_season "2016 CFL season"), Phillips set the franchise record for most interception return yards in a career after his 26\-yard return against the [Hamilton Tiger\-Cats](/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats "Hamilton Tiger-Cats"), on July 1, 2016, brought him to 816 yards total. He played in his 200th career game on August 4, 2016 against the Alouettes, which is the sixth\-most games played in BC Lions' history.[Lions wrap up three\-game road swing in Montreal](http://www.bclions.com/2016/08/03/lions-wrap-up-three-game-road-swing-in-montreal/) Phillips was signed through the [2017 CFL season](/wiki/2017_CFL_season "2017 CFL season") with the Lions after he signed a contract extension on January 24, 2016\.[Phillips in orange through 2017](http://www.bclions.com/2016/01/07/phillips-in-orange-through-2017/) Nevertheless, at age 34, he was released by the Lions on February 10, 2017, just prior to the opening of the free agency period.
### Montreal Alouettes
Shortly after his release from BC, Phillips signed with the [Montreal Alouettes](/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes "Montreal Alouettes") on February 15, 2017\.[The Alouettes sign four\-time CFL All\-Star Ryan Phillips](https://en.montrealalouettes.com/2017/02/15/alouettes-sign-four-time-cfl-star-ryan-phillips/) He dressed in two games for the Alouettes, recording eight tackles, but was released on July 16, 2017\.[Alouettes' transactions \- July 16](https://en.montrealalouettes.com/2017/07/16/alouettes-transactions-july-16/)
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### BC Lions",
"Following a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent \"Free agent\") camp in [Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\"), Phillips joined the [BC Lions](/wiki/BC_Lions \"BC Lions\") for the [2005 season](/wiki/2005_CFL_season \"2005 CFL season\"). He started all 18 games during his [rookie](/wiki/Rookie \"Rookie\") season where he recorded 56 tackles, good for third on the team, as well as three [interceptions](/wiki/Interceptions \"Interceptions\").",
"In [2006](/wiki/2006_CFL_season \"2006 CFL season\"), Phillips moved from his defensive halfback position to the defense's [nickel back](/wiki/Formation_%28American_football%29%23Nickel_formation \"Formation (American football)#Nickel formation\") for all 18 regular season games. Phillips recorded 23 defensive tackles, five [special teams](/wiki/Special_teams \"Special teams\") tackles, two interceptions (one for a 23\\-yard [touchdown](/wiki/Touchdown \"Touchdown\")), two [fumble](/wiki/Fumble \"Fumble\") recoveries and 3 pass knockdowns. Phillips added the [Lions](/wiki/BC_Lions \"BC Lions\") sole interception in the [Western Division Championship game](/wiki/2006_CFL_season%23Playoff_bracket \"2006 CFL season#Playoff bracket\") against the [Saskatchewan Roughriders](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Roughriders \"Saskatchewan Roughriders\"), and chipped in three tackles in the Lion's [2006 Grey Cup](/wiki/94th_Grey_Cup \"94th Grey Cup\") victory over the [Montreal Alouettes](/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes \"Montreal Alouettes\").",
"In [2007](/wiki/2007_CFL_season \"2007 CFL season\"), Phillips led the [CFL](/wiki/Canadian_Football_League \"Canadian Football League\") with 12 interceptions, tying a team record held by former Lions defensive back, [Larry Crawford](/wiki/Larry_Crawford \"Larry Crawford\"), in the process.{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.cfl.ca/index.php?module\\=fbstats\\&func\\=interceptions\\&year\\=2007 \\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-07\\-22 \\| title \\= 2007 Statistics: Interceptions \\| publisher \\= CFL.ca \\| date \\= 2007\\-07\\-22}} He also set a franchise record for most interception return yards in a season with 299 yards. The previous record had been 188\\. He also recorded the most tackles in his career with 65 made that year. At the conclusion of the season, Phillips was named a [CFL All\\-Star](/wiki/2007_CFL_season%232007_CFL_All-Stars \"2007 CFL season#2007 CFL All-Stars\") for the first time in his career.",
"[2008](/wiki/2008_CFL_season \"2008 CFL season\") was a stark contrast to the previous year as Phillips recorded only one interception in 18 games. The following year, he bounced back with four interceptions while recording the first fumble\\-return touchdown of his career, in addition to his third career interception return touchdown. In [2010](/wiki/2010_CFL_season \"2010 CFL season\") he recorded his highest sack tally to date with four for the year, to accompany another five interceptions with 49 tackles. Subsequently, he earned his second [CFL All\\-Star](/wiki/2010_CFL_season%232010_CFL_All-Stars \"2010 CFL season#2010 CFL All-Stars\") selection that year.",
"Phillips was part of the [2011 BC Lions team](/wiki/2011_BC_Lions_season \"2011 BC Lions season\") that began the year with five consecutive losses and finished to win the [99th Grey Cup](/wiki/99th_Grey_Cup \"99th Grey Cup\") in Vancouver, which had never been done before in CFL history. During the season, he recorded 46 defensive tackles with four interceptions and one interception return touchdown. He had two tackles in the Western Final that year and one in the Grey Cup game itself as he won his second Grey Cup championship.",
"For the [2012](/wiki/2012_CFL_season \"2012 CFL season\") and [2013](/wiki/2013_CFL_season \"2013 CFL season\") seasons, Phillips earned All\\-Star selections in both years while fostering his reputation as an excellent coverage defensive back. He recorded four interceptions with 32 defensive tackles in 2012 and two interceptions with 36 defensive tackles in 2013\\. In [2014](/wiki/2014_CFL_season \"2014 CFL season\"), he added another three interceptions to his tally while registering 36 defensive tackles.",
"For the [2015 season](/wiki/2015_CFL_season \"2015 CFL season\"), Phillips led the league with six interceptions and made 26 defensive tackles in just 14 games. For the first time in his professional career, he did not play in a game, ending his consecutive games\\-played streak at 181 games. Despite playing in only 14 games, Phillips was named to the [2015 CFL Western All\\-Star team](/wiki/2015_CFL_season%232015_CFL_Western_All-Star \"2015 CFL season#2015 CFL Western All-Star\") for the fifth time in his career. He scored his fifth career interception return touchdown in a game against the [Montreal Alouettes](/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes \"Montreal Alouettes\") on August 20, 2015, which tied for the franchise record for interception return touchdowns. He also set the franchise record for defensive touchdowns with six total, including his fumble return touchdown in 2008\\. He finished the season tied for the franchise record for most interception return yards with [Larry Crawford](/wiki/Larry_Crawford \"Larry Crawford\") who also had 790 yards.",
"In [2016](/wiki/2016_CFL_season \"2016 CFL season\"), Phillips set the franchise record for most interception return yards in a career after his 26\\-yard return against the [Hamilton Tiger\\-Cats](/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats \"Hamilton Tiger-Cats\"), on July 1, 2016, brought him to 816 yards total. He played in his 200th career game on August 4, 2016 against the Alouettes, which is the sixth\\-most games played in BC Lions' history.[Lions wrap up three\\-game road swing in Montreal](http://www.bclions.com/2016/08/03/lions-wrap-up-three-game-road-swing-in-montreal/) Phillips was signed through the [2017 CFL season](/wiki/2017_CFL_season \"2017 CFL season\") with the Lions after he signed a contract extension on January 24, 2016\\.[Phillips in orange through 2017](http://www.bclions.com/2016/01/07/phillips-in-orange-through-2017/) Nevertheless, at age 34, he was released by the Lions on February 10, 2017, just prior to the opening of the free agency period.",
"### Montreal Alouettes",
"Shortly after his release from BC, Phillips signed with the [Montreal Alouettes](/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes \"Montreal Alouettes\") on February 15, 2017\\.[The Alouettes sign four\\-time CFL All\\-Star Ryan Phillips](https://en.montrealalouettes.com/2017/02/15/alouettes-sign-four-time-cfl-star-ryan-phillips/) He dressed in two games for the Alouettes, recording eight tackles, but was released on July 16, 2017\\.[Alouettes' transactions \\- July 16](https://en.montrealalouettes.com/2017/07/16/alouettes-transactions-july-16/)",
""
] |
### BC Lions
Following a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent "Free agent") camp in [Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon "Portland, Oregon"), Phillips joined the [BC Lions](/wiki/BC_Lions "BC Lions") for the [2005 season](/wiki/2005_CFL_season "2005 CFL season"). He started all 18 games during his [rookie](/wiki/Rookie "Rookie") season where he recorded 56 tackles, good for third on the team, as well as three [interceptions](/wiki/Interceptions "Interceptions").
In [2006](/wiki/2006_CFL_season "2006 CFL season"), Phillips moved from his defensive halfback position to the defense's [nickel back](/wiki/Formation_%28American_football%29%23Nickel_formation "Formation (American football)#Nickel formation") for all 18 regular season games. Phillips recorded 23 defensive tackles, five [special teams](/wiki/Special_teams "Special teams") tackles, two interceptions (one for a 23\-yard [touchdown](/wiki/Touchdown "Touchdown")), two [fumble](/wiki/Fumble "Fumble") recoveries and 3 pass knockdowns. Phillips added the [Lions](/wiki/BC_Lions "BC Lions") sole interception in the [Western Division Championship game](/wiki/2006_CFL_season%23Playoff_bracket "2006 CFL season#Playoff bracket") against the [Saskatchewan Roughriders](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Roughriders "Saskatchewan Roughriders"), and chipped in three tackles in the Lion's [2006 Grey Cup](/wiki/94th_Grey_Cup "94th Grey Cup") victory over the [Montreal Alouettes](/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes "Montreal Alouettes").
In [2007](/wiki/2007_CFL_season "2007 CFL season"), Phillips led the [CFL](/wiki/Canadian_Football_League "Canadian Football League") with 12 interceptions, tying a team record held by former Lions defensive back, [Larry Crawford](/wiki/Larry_Crawford "Larry Crawford"), in the process.{{cite web \| url \= https://www.cfl.ca/index.php?module\=fbstats\&func\=interceptions\&year\=2007 \| access\-date \= 2007\-07\-22 \| title \= 2007 Statistics: Interceptions \| publisher \= CFL.ca \| date \= 2007\-07\-22}} He also set a franchise record for most interception return yards in a season with 299 yards. The previous record had been 188\. He also recorded the most tackles in his career with 65 made that year. At the conclusion of the season, Phillips was named a [CFL All\-Star](/wiki/2007_CFL_season%232007_CFL_All-Stars "2007 CFL season#2007 CFL All-Stars") for the first time in his career.
[2008](/wiki/2008_CFL_season "2008 CFL season") was a stark contrast to the previous year as Phillips recorded only one interception in 18 games. The following year, he bounced back with four interceptions while recording the first fumble\-return touchdown of his career, in addition to his third career interception return touchdown. In [2010](/wiki/2010_CFL_season "2010 CFL season") he recorded his highest sack tally to date with four for the year, to accompany another five interceptions with 49 tackles. Subsequently, he earned his second [CFL All\-Star](/wiki/2010_CFL_season%232010_CFL_All-Stars "2010 CFL season#2010 CFL All-Stars") selection that year.
Phillips was part of the [2011 BC Lions team](/wiki/2011_BC_Lions_season "2011 BC Lions season") that began the year with five consecutive losses and finished to win the [99th Grey Cup](/wiki/99th_Grey_Cup "99th Grey Cup") in Vancouver, which had never been done before in CFL history. During the season, he recorded 46 defensive tackles with four interceptions and one interception return touchdown. He had two tackles in the Western Final that year and one in the Grey Cup game itself as he won his second Grey Cup championship.
For the [2012](/wiki/2012_CFL_season "2012 CFL season") and [2013](/wiki/2013_CFL_season "2013 CFL season") seasons, Phillips earned All\-Star selections in both years while fostering his reputation as an excellent coverage defensive back. He recorded four interceptions with 32 defensive tackles in 2012 and two interceptions with 36 defensive tackles in 2013\. In [2014](/wiki/2014_CFL_season "2014 CFL season"), he added another three interceptions to his tally while registering 36 defensive tackles.
For the [2015 season](/wiki/2015_CFL_season "2015 CFL season"), Phillips led the league with six interceptions and made 26 defensive tackles in just 14 games. For the first time in his professional career, he did not play in a game, ending his consecutive games\-played streak at 181 games. Despite playing in only 14 games, Phillips was named to the [2015 CFL Western All\-Star team](/wiki/2015_CFL_season%232015_CFL_Western_All-Star "2015 CFL season#2015 CFL Western All-Star") for the fifth time in his career. He scored his fifth career interception return touchdown in a game against the [Montreal Alouettes](/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes "Montreal Alouettes") on August 20, 2015, which tied for the franchise record for interception return touchdowns. He also set the franchise record for defensive touchdowns with six total, including his fumble return touchdown in 2008\. He finished the season tied for the franchise record for most interception return yards with [Larry Crawford](/wiki/Larry_Crawford "Larry Crawford") who also had 790 yards.
In [2016](/wiki/2016_CFL_season "2016 CFL season"), Phillips set the franchise record for most interception return yards in a career after his 26\-yard return against the [Hamilton Tiger\-Cats](/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats "Hamilton Tiger-Cats"), on July 1, 2016, brought him to 816 yards total. He played in his 200th career game on August 4, 2016 against the Alouettes, which is the sixth\-most games played in BC Lions' history.[Lions wrap up three\-game road swing in Montreal](http://www.bclions.com/2016/08/03/lions-wrap-up-three-game-road-swing-in-montreal/) Phillips was signed through the [2017 CFL season](/wiki/2017_CFL_season "2017 CFL season") with the Lions after he signed a contract extension on January 24, 2016\.[Phillips in orange through 2017](http://www.bclions.com/2016/01/07/phillips-in-orange-through-2017/) Nevertheless, at age 34, he was released by the Lions on February 10, 2017, just prior to the opening of the free agency period.
|
[
"### BC Lions",
"Following a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent \"Free agent\") camp in [Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\"), Phillips joined the [BC Lions](/wiki/BC_Lions \"BC Lions\") for the [2005 season](/wiki/2005_CFL_season \"2005 CFL season\"). He started all 18 games during his [rookie](/wiki/Rookie \"Rookie\") season where he recorded 56 tackles, good for third on the team, as well as three [interceptions](/wiki/Interceptions \"Interceptions\").",
"In [2006](/wiki/2006_CFL_season \"2006 CFL season\"), Phillips moved from his defensive halfback position to the defense's [nickel back](/wiki/Formation_%28American_football%29%23Nickel_formation \"Formation (American football)#Nickel formation\") for all 18 regular season games. Phillips recorded 23 defensive tackles, five [special teams](/wiki/Special_teams \"Special teams\") tackles, two interceptions (one for a 23\\-yard [touchdown](/wiki/Touchdown \"Touchdown\")), two [fumble](/wiki/Fumble \"Fumble\") recoveries and 3 pass knockdowns. Phillips added the [Lions](/wiki/BC_Lions \"BC Lions\") sole interception in the [Western Division Championship game](/wiki/2006_CFL_season%23Playoff_bracket \"2006 CFL season#Playoff bracket\") against the [Saskatchewan Roughriders](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Roughriders \"Saskatchewan Roughriders\"), and chipped in three tackles in the Lion's [2006 Grey Cup](/wiki/94th_Grey_Cup \"94th Grey Cup\") victory over the [Montreal Alouettes](/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes \"Montreal Alouettes\").",
"In [2007](/wiki/2007_CFL_season \"2007 CFL season\"), Phillips led the [CFL](/wiki/Canadian_Football_League \"Canadian Football League\") with 12 interceptions, tying a team record held by former Lions defensive back, [Larry Crawford](/wiki/Larry_Crawford \"Larry Crawford\"), in the process.{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.cfl.ca/index.php?module\\=fbstats\\&func\\=interceptions\\&year\\=2007 \\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-07\\-22 \\| title \\= 2007 Statistics: Interceptions \\| publisher \\= CFL.ca \\| date \\= 2007\\-07\\-22}} He also set a franchise record for most interception return yards in a season with 299 yards. The previous record had been 188\\. He also recorded the most tackles in his career with 65 made that year. At the conclusion of the season, Phillips was named a [CFL All\\-Star](/wiki/2007_CFL_season%232007_CFL_All-Stars \"2007 CFL season#2007 CFL All-Stars\") for the first time in his career.",
"[2008](/wiki/2008_CFL_season \"2008 CFL season\") was a stark contrast to the previous year as Phillips recorded only one interception in 18 games. The following year, he bounced back with four interceptions while recording the first fumble\\-return touchdown of his career, in addition to his third career interception return touchdown. In [2010](/wiki/2010_CFL_season \"2010 CFL season\") he recorded his highest sack tally to date with four for the year, to accompany another five interceptions with 49 tackles. Subsequently, he earned his second [CFL All\\-Star](/wiki/2010_CFL_season%232010_CFL_All-Stars \"2010 CFL season#2010 CFL All-Stars\") selection that year.",
"Phillips was part of the [2011 BC Lions team](/wiki/2011_BC_Lions_season \"2011 BC Lions season\") that began the year with five consecutive losses and finished to win the [99th Grey Cup](/wiki/99th_Grey_Cup \"99th Grey Cup\") in Vancouver, which had never been done before in CFL history. During the season, he recorded 46 defensive tackles with four interceptions and one interception return touchdown. He had two tackles in the Western Final that year and one in the Grey Cup game itself as he won his second Grey Cup championship.",
"For the [2012](/wiki/2012_CFL_season \"2012 CFL season\") and [2013](/wiki/2013_CFL_season \"2013 CFL season\") seasons, Phillips earned All\\-Star selections in both years while fostering his reputation as an excellent coverage defensive back. He recorded four interceptions with 32 defensive tackles in 2012 and two interceptions with 36 defensive tackles in 2013\\. In [2014](/wiki/2014_CFL_season \"2014 CFL season\"), he added another three interceptions to his tally while registering 36 defensive tackles.",
"For the [2015 season](/wiki/2015_CFL_season \"2015 CFL season\"), Phillips led the league with six interceptions and made 26 defensive tackles in just 14 games. For the first time in his professional career, he did not play in a game, ending his consecutive games\\-played streak at 181 games. Despite playing in only 14 games, Phillips was named to the [2015 CFL Western All\\-Star team](/wiki/2015_CFL_season%232015_CFL_Western_All-Star \"2015 CFL season#2015 CFL Western All-Star\") for the fifth time in his career. He scored his fifth career interception return touchdown in a game against the [Montreal Alouettes](/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes \"Montreal Alouettes\") on August 20, 2015, which tied for the franchise record for interception return touchdowns. He also set the franchise record for defensive touchdowns with six total, including his fumble return touchdown in 2008\\. He finished the season tied for the franchise record for most interception return yards with [Larry Crawford](/wiki/Larry_Crawford \"Larry Crawford\") who also had 790 yards.",
"In [2016](/wiki/2016_CFL_season \"2016 CFL season\"), Phillips set the franchise record for most interception return yards in a career after his 26\\-yard return against the [Hamilton Tiger\\-Cats](/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats \"Hamilton Tiger-Cats\"), on July 1, 2016, brought him to 816 yards total. He played in his 200th career game on August 4, 2016 against the Alouettes, which is the sixth\\-most games played in BC Lions' history.[Lions wrap up three\\-game road swing in Montreal](http://www.bclions.com/2016/08/03/lions-wrap-up-three-game-road-swing-in-montreal/) Phillips was signed through the [2017 CFL season](/wiki/2017_CFL_season \"2017 CFL season\") with the Lions after he signed a contract extension on January 24, 2016\\.[Phillips in orange through 2017](http://www.bclions.com/2016/01/07/phillips-in-orange-through-2017/) Nevertheless, at age 34, he was released by the Lions on February 10, 2017, just prior to the opening of the free agency period.",
""
] |
History
-------
[left\|thumb\|Albert Alfred Cook, 1908](/wiki/File:Albert_Alfred_Cook%2C_1908.tiff "Albert Alfred Cook, 1908.tiff")
Greenmount Homestead was erected in 1915 for Albert and Vida Cook. Albert Alfred Cook was the son of Kennedy district pioneer John Cook, who took up Balnagowan Station on the northern side of the [Pioneer River](/wiki/Pioneer_River "Pioneer River") in 1862\. Greenmount Station, on the southern side of the Pioneer River, was taken up in 1861 by [John Mackay](/wiki/John_Mackay_%28Australian_pioneer%29 "John Mackay (Australian pioneer)"), the first European settler in the district. In 1864 [Mackay](/wiki/Mackay%2C_Queensland "Mackay, Queensland") forfeited ownership of the lease, and the property passed through a number of owners and resumptions until acquired in 1914 by Vida Althea Cook.
Despite having erected a new homestead at Balnagowan in 1908, which was extended in 1912, the Cooks chose to make their home at Greenmount. In 1914\-15 Mackay architect William Sykes prepared the designs for Greenmount Homestead, modifying substantially Albert Cook's rough plans for modelling the new building on the second Balnagowan. The house was erected in July–December 1915 by local Walkerston contractors Arthur Carter \& Co., on land overlooking the Cook family company's [Pleystowe sugar mill](/wiki/Pleystowe_Sugar_Mill "Pleystowe Sugar Mill"). The fireplace and mantelpiece from the second Balnagowan were removed to Greenmount.
Most of the outbuildings and structures associated with the running of the homestead were erected in 1915: the cattle dip and yards, house well, tank stand, gas house, and septic tank; the motor buggy house at Balnagowan was dismantled and re\-erected at Greenmount as a workman's hut; similarly, another motor house and box shed from Balnagowan became a garage at Greenmount. Early in 1916 a motor house was constructed using timber and iron from Balnagowan, a wash house was erected, and the Balnagowan bush house was removed to Greenmount. This was replaced in 1928, and re\-built in 1988\.
In mid\-1918 a dray shed was erected from storm\-damaged structures at Balnagowan; the passage connecting the bathroom to the main house was enclosed, as was the kitchen verandah on the southern side; and a schoolroom, constructed of timber and iron from dismantled Balnagowan buildings, was erected between the garage and gas house on the southern side of the house. This was removed in 1954 to a ridge near the cattle yards and used as married quarters. An electricity generator was installed in 1925, and in the following year a workshop and skillion were erected.
The house has been altered little since the 1920s. In the 1950s the western verandah and part of the front verandah were glazed and a bathroom added, and flywire screens were placed on the remaining verandahs. The roof and guttering were replaced in 1988\.
At Greenmount {{circa\|1917}}, the Cooks established one of Queensland's first [Aberdeen\-Angus](/wiki/Aberdeen-Angus "Aberdeen-Angus") studs. This breed had been introduced in Australia {{circa\|1840}}, but by the 1880s, numbered little more than 1,000 head in Queensland, which was then the largest beef producer in the Australian colonies. In the 1910s, Queensland cattle breeders were reassessing the beef and milk production values of the Aberdeen\-Angus, and Albert Cook was amongst this vanguard. Following Albert's death in 1948 his son Thomas took over the management of Greenmount, and in the 1950s introduced [Brahmans](/wiki/Brahman_%28cattle%29 "Brahman (cattle)") and Brahman crossbreeds to the Greenmount stud.
Following Thomas Cook's death in 1981, the homestead on {{convert\|11\.3\|ha}}, together with three generations of the Cook family's furniture and effects, was given by his widow to the [Pioneer Shire Council](/wiki/Shire_of_Pioneer "Shire of Pioneer") (now the [Mackay Regional Council](/wiki/Mackay_Regional_Council "Mackay Regional Council")), which leases the property to the [Mackay Historical Society](/wiki/Mackay_Historical_Society "Mackay Historical Society") as a museum. The grounds, maintained by the society as the Tom and Dorothy Cook Memorial Park, include a fig tree ([Ficus](/wiki/Ficus "Ficus") sp.) believed to have been planted by John Mackay in 1862\.
Several small timber buildings have been moved onto the site since its lease to the Mackay Historical Society: the old [Walkerston railway station](/wiki/Walkerston_railway_station "Walkerston railway station") {{circa\|1986}}, and two former single men's barracks from the [Marian sugar mill](/wiki/Marian_Sugar_Mill "Marian Sugar Mill"), in 1991\. These do not form part of the listing in the Queensland Heritage Register.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[left\\|thumb\\|Albert Alfred Cook, 1908](/wiki/File:Albert_Alfred_Cook%2C_1908.tiff \"Albert Alfred Cook, 1908.tiff\")\nGreenmount Homestead was erected in 1915 for Albert and Vida Cook. Albert Alfred Cook was the son of Kennedy district pioneer John Cook, who took up Balnagowan Station on the northern side of the [Pioneer River](/wiki/Pioneer_River \"Pioneer River\") in 1862\\. Greenmount Station, on the southern side of the Pioneer River, was taken up in 1861 by [John Mackay](/wiki/John_Mackay_%28Australian_pioneer%29 \"John Mackay (Australian pioneer)\"), the first European settler in the district. In 1864 [Mackay](/wiki/Mackay%2C_Queensland \"Mackay, Queensland\") forfeited ownership of the lease, and the property passed through a number of owners and resumptions until acquired in 1914 by Vida Althea Cook.",
"Despite having erected a new homestead at Balnagowan in 1908, which was extended in 1912, the Cooks chose to make their home at Greenmount. In 1914\\-15 Mackay architect William Sykes prepared the designs for Greenmount Homestead, modifying substantially Albert Cook's rough plans for modelling the new building on the second Balnagowan. The house was erected in July–December 1915 by local Walkerston contractors Arthur Carter \\& Co., on land overlooking the Cook family company's [Pleystowe sugar mill](/wiki/Pleystowe_Sugar_Mill \"Pleystowe Sugar Mill\"). The fireplace and mantelpiece from the second Balnagowan were removed to Greenmount.",
"Most of the outbuildings and structures associated with the running of the homestead were erected in 1915: the cattle dip and yards, house well, tank stand, gas house, and septic tank; the motor buggy house at Balnagowan was dismantled and re\\-erected at Greenmount as a workman's hut; similarly, another motor house and box shed from Balnagowan became a garage at Greenmount. Early in 1916 a motor house was constructed using timber and iron from Balnagowan, a wash house was erected, and the Balnagowan bush house was removed to Greenmount. This was replaced in 1928, and re\\-built in 1988\\.",
"In mid\\-1918 a dray shed was erected from storm\\-damaged structures at Balnagowan; the passage connecting the bathroom to the main house was enclosed, as was the kitchen verandah on the southern side; and a schoolroom, constructed of timber and iron from dismantled Balnagowan buildings, was erected between the garage and gas house on the southern side of the house. This was removed in 1954 to a ridge near the cattle yards and used as married quarters. An electricity generator was installed in 1925, and in the following year a workshop and skillion were erected.",
"The house has been altered little since the 1920s. In the 1950s the western verandah and part of the front verandah were glazed and a bathroom added, and flywire screens were placed on the remaining verandahs. The roof and guttering were replaced in 1988\\.",
"At Greenmount {{circa\\|1917}}, the Cooks established one of Queensland's first [Aberdeen\\-Angus](/wiki/Aberdeen-Angus \"Aberdeen-Angus\") studs. This breed had been introduced in Australia {{circa\\|1840}}, but by the 1880s, numbered little more than 1,000 head in Queensland, which was then the largest beef producer in the Australian colonies. In the 1910s, Queensland cattle breeders were reassessing the beef and milk production values of the Aberdeen\\-Angus, and Albert Cook was amongst this vanguard. Following Albert's death in 1948 his son Thomas took over the management of Greenmount, and in the 1950s introduced [Brahmans](/wiki/Brahman_%28cattle%29 \"Brahman (cattle)\") and Brahman crossbreeds to the Greenmount stud.",
"Following Thomas Cook's death in 1981, the homestead on {{convert\\|11\\.3\\|ha}}, together with three generations of the Cook family's furniture and effects, was given by his widow to the [Pioneer Shire Council](/wiki/Shire_of_Pioneer \"Shire of Pioneer\") (now the [Mackay Regional Council](/wiki/Mackay_Regional_Council \"Mackay Regional Council\")), which leases the property to the [Mackay Historical Society](/wiki/Mackay_Historical_Society \"Mackay Historical Society\") as a museum. The grounds, maintained by the society as the Tom and Dorothy Cook Memorial Park, include a fig tree ([Ficus](/wiki/Ficus \"Ficus\") sp.) believed to have been planted by John Mackay in 1862\\.",
"Several small timber buildings have been moved onto the site since its lease to the Mackay Historical Society: the old [Walkerston railway station](/wiki/Walkerston_railway_station \"Walkerston railway station\") {{circa\\|1986}}, and two former single men's barracks from the [Marian sugar mill](/wiki/Marian_Sugar_Mill \"Marian Sugar Mill\"), in 1991\\. These do not form part of the listing in the Queensland Heritage Register.",
""
] |
Description
-----------
Greenmount Homestead, consisting of the main house and various outbuildings, is situated on an easterly slope with a ridge to the southwest. The site, one of the few elevated sites in the area, overlooks canefields and contains a formal garden to the north, a dam to the east and mature trees.
The main house is a single\-storeyed timber building with a corrugated iron gambrel roof with projecting [gables](/wiki/Gable "Gable"). The building is encircled by verandahs with lower skillion roofs which connect a kitchen house on the southwest and an office on the southeast, both with corrugated iron hipped roofs. The building has timber stumps with timber slab and woven sheet infill.
The north elevation is symmetrical with a central projecting gabled entry [porch](/wiki/Porch "Porch") with twin side stair, recessed seat and timber louvres. The [gable](/wiki/Gable "Gable") has shingle cladding and a lower [awning](/wiki/Awning "Awning") supported by deep, curved timber [brackets](/wiki/Bracket_%28architecture%29 "Bracket (architecture)"). The verandahs have crossbraced railing, timber posts and brackets and raked, lined ceilings. The verandahs have been enclosed, with the south and east having sash and casement windows, and the remaining verandahs having flywire. The kitchen house and office buildings are clad in corrugated iron and have metal window hoods.
French doors with fanlights open onto the verandahs, and the recessed main entry has a timber panelled door with leadlight glass inserts, [sidelights](/wiki/Sidelights "Sidelights") and fanlight. An etched glass panel in the door has the inscription GREENMOUNT. The floorplan consists of bedrooms to the east and west, a drawing room on the north with a large [bay window](/wiki/Bay_window "Bay window") and a large dining room on the south. An ensuite has been built on the west verandah.
Internally, the building has ornate pressed metal ceilings, single skin tongue and groove timber walls, timber batten arches, sash windows and fanlights above internal doors. The building houses original furniture, fittings and artefacts which belonged to the Cook family.
The formal garden to the north of the building comprises a circular drive and lawn enclosed by hedges and palms. A fernery is located to the west of the building. An avenue of mango ([Mangifera indica](/wiki/Mangifera_indica "Mangifera indica")) trees, lining the original driveway, is located to the south of the building and continues onto the adjoining property. Large figs (Ficus sp.) are located around the site which is currently accessed from the northwest.
Outbuildings include; hipped roofed, corrugated iron clad blacksmith's workshop, laundry/outside shower and a [lighting](/wiki/Lighting "Lighting") plant [shed](/wiki/Shed "Shed") to the south, sulky shed and garage to the southeast; a skillion roofed, corrugated iron clad staff shed with an ant bed floor to the south; a gabled roof, asbestos cement sheeted seed house to the west; and the timber and iron Balnagowan kitchen/schoolhouse and a cattle dip which are on an adjoining property to the southwest. Other structures include a kennel, chicken coop and tank stands. These buildings also contain much of the original machinery and fixtures.
Buildings and machinery recently moved to the site, and not part of the original homestead complex, include two small timber buildings, a gabled roof timber railway station located to the northeast and various farming machinery.
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"Greenmount Homestead, consisting of the main house and various outbuildings, is situated on an easterly slope with a ridge to the southwest. The site, one of the few elevated sites in the area, overlooks canefields and contains a formal garden to the north, a dam to the east and mature trees.",
"The main house is a single\\-storeyed timber building with a corrugated iron gambrel roof with projecting [gables](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\"). The building is encircled by verandahs with lower skillion roofs which connect a kitchen house on the southwest and an office on the southeast, both with corrugated iron hipped roofs. The building has timber stumps with timber slab and woven sheet infill.",
"The north elevation is symmetrical with a central projecting gabled entry [porch](/wiki/Porch \"Porch\") with twin side stair, recessed seat and timber louvres. The [gable](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\") has shingle cladding and a lower [awning](/wiki/Awning \"Awning\") supported by deep, curved timber [brackets](/wiki/Bracket_%28architecture%29 \"Bracket (architecture)\"). The verandahs have crossbraced railing, timber posts and brackets and raked, lined ceilings. The verandahs have been enclosed, with the south and east having sash and casement windows, and the remaining verandahs having flywire. The kitchen house and office buildings are clad in corrugated iron and have metal window hoods.",
"French doors with fanlights open onto the verandahs, and the recessed main entry has a timber panelled door with leadlight glass inserts, [sidelights](/wiki/Sidelights \"Sidelights\") and fanlight. An etched glass panel in the door has the inscription GREENMOUNT. The floorplan consists of bedrooms to the east and west, a drawing room on the north with a large [bay window](/wiki/Bay_window \"Bay window\") and a large dining room on the south. An ensuite has been built on the west verandah.",
"Internally, the building has ornate pressed metal ceilings, single skin tongue and groove timber walls, timber batten arches, sash windows and fanlights above internal doors. The building houses original furniture, fittings and artefacts which belonged to the Cook family.",
"The formal garden to the north of the building comprises a circular drive and lawn enclosed by hedges and palms. A fernery is located to the west of the building. An avenue of mango ([Mangifera indica](/wiki/Mangifera_indica \"Mangifera indica\")) trees, lining the original driveway, is located to the south of the building and continues onto the adjoining property. Large figs (Ficus sp.) are located around the site which is currently accessed from the northwest.",
"Outbuildings include; hipped roofed, corrugated iron clad blacksmith's workshop, laundry/outside shower and a [lighting](/wiki/Lighting \"Lighting\") plant [shed](/wiki/Shed \"Shed\") to the south, sulky shed and garage to the southeast; a skillion roofed, corrugated iron clad staff shed with an ant bed floor to the south; a gabled roof, asbestos cement sheeted seed house to the west; and the timber and iron Balnagowan kitchen/schoolhouse and a cattle dip which are on an adjoining property to the southwest. Other structures include a kennel, chicken coop and tank stands. These buildings also contain much of the original machinery and fixtures.",
"Buildings and machinery recently moved to the site, and not part of the original homestead complex, include two small timber buildings, a gabled roof timber railway station located to the northeast and various farming machinery.",
""
] |
Heritage listing
----------------
Greenmount Homestead was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register "Queensland Heritage Register") on 6 September 1993 having satisfied the following criteria.
**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**
Greenmount Homestead at Walkerston demonstrates a now uncommon aspect of Queensland's cultural heritage, as the main house and its associated outbuildings and structures, and the formal garden, furniture and personal effects, form a cohesive and intact grouping which together demonstrate a way of life no longer common. The house, together with the large group of associated outbuildings and structures and the formal garden, and the physical arrangement of these elements, are important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of an early 20th century Queensland homestead complex. The place is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the local community, in particular the landmark contribution of the buildings and grounds, through form, scale and siting; the quality and intactness of the interiors, including early fixtures and furnishings; and the landscaping, including the substantially intact formal garden. It has a strong association with the local community, which perceives the place as an historically significant element in the Mackay/Walkerston cultural landscape. It has a special association with the Cook family and their contribution to the development of the Mackay region and to the growth of the sugar and cattle breeding industries in Queensland over more than 120 years.
**The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.**
Greenmount Homestead at Walkerston demonstrates a now uncommon aspect of Queensland's cultural heritage, as the main house and its associated outbuildings and structures, and the formal garden, furniture and personal effects, form a cohesive and intact grouping which together demonstrate a way of life no longer common.
**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**
The house, together with the large group of associated outbuildings and structures and the formal garden, and the physical arrangement of these elements, are important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of an early 20th century Queensland homestead complex.
**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**
The place is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the local community, in particular the landmark contribution of the buildings and grounds, through form, scale and siting; the quality and intactness of the interiors, including early fixtures and furnishings; and the landscaping, including the substantially intact formal garden.
**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**
It has a strong association with the local community, which perceives the place as an historically significant element in the Mackay/Walkerston cultural landscape.
**The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.**
It has a special association with the Cook family and their contribution to the development of the Mackay region and to the growth of the sugar and cattle breeding industries in Queensland over more than 120 years.
|
[
"Heritage listing\n----------------",
"Greenmount Homestead was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register \"Queensland Heritage Register\") on 6 September 1993 having satisfied the following criteria.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**",
"Greenmount Homestead at Walkerston demonstrates a now uncommon aspect of Queensland's cultural heritage, as the main house and its associated outbuildings and structures, and the formal garden, furniture and personal effects, form a cohesive and intact grouping which together demonstrate a way of life no longer common. The house, together with the large group of associated outbuildings and structures and the formal garden, and the physical arrangement of these elements, are important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of an early 20th century Queensland homestead complex. The place is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the local community, in particular the landmark contribution of the buildings and grounds, through form, scale and siting; the quality and intactness of the interiors, including early fixtures and furnishings; and the landscaping, including the substantially intact formal garden. It has a strong association with the local community, which perceives the place as an historically significant element in the Mackay/Walkerston cultural landscape. It has a special association with the Cook family and their contribution to the development of the Mackay region and to the growth of the sugar and cattle breeding industries in Queensland over more than 120 years.",
"**The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.**",
"Greenmount Homestead at Walkerston demonstrates a now uncommon aspect of Queensland's cultural heritage, as the main house and its associated outbuildings and structures, and the formal garden, furniture and personal effects, form a cohesive and intact grouping which together demonstrate a way of life no longer common.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**",
"The house, together with the large group of associated outbuildings and structures and the formal garden, and the physical arrangement of these elements, are important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of an early 20th century Queensland homestead complex.",
"**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**",
"The place is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the local community, in particular the landmark contribution of the buildings and grounds, through form, scale and siting; the quality and intactness of the interiors, including early fixtures and furnishings; and the landscaping, including the substantially intact formal garden.",
"**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**",
"It has a strong association with the local community, which perceives the place as an historically significant element in the Mackay/Walkerston cultural landscape.",
"**The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.**",
"It has a special association with the Cook family and their contribution to the development of the Mackay region and to the growth of the sugar and cattle breeding industries in Queensland over more than 120 years.",
""
] |
Business career in films
------------------------
In 1903, Harry's brothers, Abe and Sam, began to exhibit *[The Great Train Robbery](/wiki/The_Great_Train_Robbery_%281903_film%29 "The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)")* at carnivals across Ohio and Pennsylvania. In 1905, Harry sold his bicycle shop and joined his brothers in their fledgling film business.{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/32 32], 33\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2}} With the money Harry made from selling the bicycle shop, the three brothers were able to purchase a building in New Castle, Pennsylvania. They would use this building to establish their first theater, the Cascade.{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/34 34]}} The Cascade was so successful that the brothers were able to purchase a second theater in New Castle.{{cite book\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Bob\|title\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|year\=1990\|isbn\=0\-07\-064259\-1\|page\=22}} This makeshift theatre, called the Bijou, was furnished with chairs borrowed from a local undertaker.
{{cite news
\| title \= Jack L. Warner's Death Closes Out Pioneer Clan of 'Talkies'
\| url \= https://archive.org/details/sim\_variety\_1978\-09\-13\_292\_6/page/2
\| work \= Variety
\| date \= September 13, 1978
\| page \= 2
}}
In 1907, the Warners expanded the business further and purchased fifteen theaters in Pennsylvania. Harry, Sam, and Albert then formed a new film exchange company, The Duquesne Amusement Supply Company, and rented an office in the Bakewell building in downtown Pittsburgh. Harry sent Sam to New York to purchase, and ship, films for their Pittsburgh exchange company, while he and Albert remained in Pittsburgh to run the business. In 1909, the brothers sold the Cascade Theater and established a second film exchange company in Norfolk, Virginia. Harry agreed to let younger brother Jack be a part of the company, sending him to Norfolk to serve as Sam's assistant.{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/40 40]–42\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2}} A serious problem threatened the Warners' film company with the advent of [Thomas Edison](/wiki/Thomas_Edison "Thomas Edison")'s [Motion Picture Patents Company](/wiki/Motion_Picture_Patents_Company "Motion Picture Patents Company") (also known as the Edison Trust), which charged distributors exorbitant fees.{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/65 65]–66\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2}} In 1910, the Warners sold the family business to the [General Film Company](/wiki/General_Film_Company "General Film Company") for "$10,000 in cash, $12,000 in preferred stock, and payments over a four\-year period for a total of $52,000".{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/45 45]–46\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2}}
After they sold their business, Harry and his three brothers joined forces with independent filmmaker [Carl Laemmle](/wiki/Carl_Laemmle "Carl Laemmle")'s [Independent Motion Picture Company](/wiki/Independent_Motion_Picture_Company "Independent Motion Picture Company"), and began distributing films from his Pittsburgh film exchange division. In 1912, the brothers earned a $1,500 profit with the film *Dante's Inferno*. In the wake of this success, Harry and the brothers broke with Laemmle and established their own film production company.{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/46 46]–48\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2}} They named their new company Warner Features.{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/51 51]}} Once Warner Features was established, Harry acquired an office in New York with his brother Albert, sending Sam and Jack to run the new corporation's film exchange divisions in San Francisco and Los Angeles.{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/54 54]}} In 1917, Harry won more capital for the studio when he was able to negotiate a deal with Ambassador [James W. Gerard](/wiki/James_W._Gerard "James W. Gerard") to make Gerard's book *My Four Years In Germany* into a film.{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/62 62]}}
In 1918, after the success of *[My Four Years in Germany](/wiki/My_Four_Years_in_Germany "My Four Years in Germany")*, the brothers were able to establish a studio near [Hollywood, California](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_California "Hollywood, California"). In the new Hollywood studio, Sam became co\-head of production along with his younger brother, Jack.{{cite book\|last\=Warner\|first\=Jack L.\|author2\=Jennings, Southern\|title\=My First Hundred Years in Hollywood\|url\=https://archive.org/details/myfirsthundredye00warnrich\|url\-access\=registration\|publisher\=Random House\|year\=1965\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/myfirsthundredye00warnrich/page/100 100–101]}} They were convinced that they would have to make movies themselves if they were to ever generate a profit. Between the years 1919 and 1920, the studio did not turn a profit.{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/71 71]–73\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2}} During this time, banker Motley Flint, who was, unlike most bankers at the time, not [anti\-semitic](/wiki/Antisemitism "Antisemitism"), helped the brothers pay off their debts. The four brothers then decided to relocate their studio from [Culver City, California](/wiki/Culver_City%2C_California "Culver City, California"), to the [Sunset Boulevard](/wiki/Sunset_Boulevard "Sunset Boulevard") section of Hollywood.{{cite book\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Bob\|title\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|year\=1990\|isbn\=0\-07\-064259\-1\|page\=38}}
During this time, Warner decided to focus on making only dramas for the studio. The studio rebounded in 1921 with the success of the studio's film *[Why Girls Leave Home](/wiki/Why_Girls_Leave_Home_%281921_film%29 "Why Girls Leave Home (1921 film)")*; The film's director, [Harry Rapf](/wiki/Harry_Rapf "Harry Rapf"), became the studio's new head producer. On April 4, 1923, following the success of the studio's film *[The Gold Diggers](/wiki/The_Gold_Diggers_%281923_film%29 "The Gold Diggers (1923 film)")*, **[Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc.](/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures%2C_Inc. "Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc.")** was officially established, with help from a loan given to Harry by Montly Flint. Harry became company president, with Albert as treasurer and Jack and Sam as co\-heads of production.{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/76 76], 77\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2}} Harry and his family moved to Hollywood.{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/152 152]}}
### Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc.
The studio discovered a trained [German Shepherd](/wiki/German_Shepherd_Dog "German Shepherd Dog") named [Rin Tin Tin](/wiki/Rin_Tin_Tin "Rin Tin Tin") in 1923\. The canine made his starring debut in *[Where the North Begins](/wiki/Where_the_North_Begins "Where the North Begins")*, a film about an abandoned pup who is raised by wolves and befriends a fur trapper. According to one biographer, Jack Warner's initial doubts about the project were quelled when he met Rin Tin Tin, "who seemed to display more intelligence than some of the Warner comics." The trained dog proved to be the studio's most important commercial asset until the introduction of sound. Prolific screenwriter [Darryl F. Zanuck](/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck "Darryl F. Zanuck") produced several scripts for Rin Tin Tin vehicles and, during one year, wrote more than half of the studio's features. Between 1928 and 1933, Zanuck served as the studio's executive producer, a position whose responsibilities included the day\-to\-day production of films; while Warner's younger brother Jack and Zanuck were able to develop a close friendship, Warner never really accepted Zanuck as a friend.
After establishing Warner Bros., the studio had unfortunately overdrawn $1 million (the amount which Warner had borrowed from Flint) and Warner decided to pay off the debt by expanding the studio's operations further. In the process, Warner acquired forty theaters in the state of Pennsylvania. In 1924, Warner Bros. would produce two more successful films, *[The Marriage Circle](/wiki/The_Marriage_Circle "The Marriage Circle")* and *[Beau Brummell](/wiki/Beau_Brummel_%281924_film%29 "Beau Brummel (1924 film)")*. In 1924, after Rapf departed the studio to accept an offer at MGM, [Ernst Lubitsch](/wiki/Ernst_Lubitsch "Ernst Lubitsch"), the successful director of *The Marriage Circle*, was also given the title of head producer; Lubitsch would add additional success for the studio's profits. The film *Beau Brummel* also made [John Barrymore](/wiki/John_Barrymore "John Barrymore") a top star at the studio as well. Despite the success the studio now, the brothers were still unable to compete with The Big Three ([Paramount](/wiki/Paramount_Studios "Paramount Studios"), [Universal](/wiki/Universal_Studios "Universal Studios"), and [First National](/wiki/First_National_Pictures "First National Pictures")).
In 1925, Harry and a large group of independent film\-makers assembled in
Milwaukee to challenge the monopoly the Big Three had over the film industry. Harry and the other independent film\-makers at the Milwaukee convention agreed to spend $500,000 in newspaper advertisements; this action would help benefit Warner Bros. profits. With help from a loan supplied by [Goldman, Sachs](/wiki/Goldman%2C_Sachs "Goldman, Sachs") head banker Waddill Catchings, Warner would find a way to successfully respond to the growing concern the Big Three Studios further induced to Warner Bros., and expanded the company's operations further by purchasing the Brooklyn theater company [Vitagraph](/wiki/Vitagraph "Vitagraph"). Because of this, Warner Pictures now owned theaters in the New York area. Around this time, Warner purchased a home in the Los Angeles neighborhood of [Hancock Park](/wiki/Hancock_Park "Hancock Park"), where he remained until 1929\.
In the later part of 1925, Harry's younger brother Sam had also acquired a radio station, [KFWB](/wiki/KFWB "KFWB"). After acquiring his radio station, Sam decided to make an attempt to use synchronized sound in future Warner Bros. Pictures. Harry had initial reservations about the idea; when Sam first made this suggestion, Harry wanted to focus on background music before delving into people talking on screen. Harry responded, "We could ultimately develop sound to the point where people ask for talking pictures" The company also began acquiring theaters. Eventually, Warner Bros. came to own and operate some 250 theaters. By February 1926, however, the brothers' radio business had failed, and the studio was facing a net loss of $333,413\.00\.
After a long period of refusing to accept the usage of sound in the company's films, Warner now agreed to use [synchronized sound](/wiki/Synchronized_sound "Synchronized sound") in Warner Bros. shorts, as long as it was used only for [background music](/wiki/Soundtrack "Soundtrack"), Harry then made a visit to [Western Electric](/wiki/Western_Electric "Western Electric")'s [Bell Laboratories](/wiki/Bell_Labs "Bell Labs") in New York, (which younger brother Sam had earlier visited) and was impressed. One problem that occurred for the Warners, though, was the fact that the high\-ups at Western Electric were perceived as anti\-Semitic. Sam, though, was able to convince the high\-ups to sign with the studio after his wife Lina wore a gold cross at a dinner he attended with Western Electric brass. After this, Harry signed a partnership agreement with Western Electric to use Bell Laboratories to test the sound\-on\-film process.
### Godfather of Talkies
The success of Warner Bros.' early [talkie films](/wiki/Sound_film "Sound film") (*[The Jazz Singer](/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer "The Jazz Singer")*, *[The Lights of New York](/wiki/Lights_of_New_York_%281928_film%29 "Lights of New York (1928 film)")*, *[The Singing Fool](/wiki/The_Singing_Fool "The Singing Fool")* and *[The Terror](/wiki/The_Terror_%281928_film%29 "The Terror (1928 film)")*) catapulted the studio into the ranks of the major studios. Flush with cash, the Warners abandoned their old location in the [Poverty Row](/wiki/Poverty_Row "Poverty Row") section of Hollywood and acquired a big studio in [Burbank, California](/wiki/Burbank%2C_California "Burbank, California").{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/142 142]–151\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2}} As a result of this success, Warner was able to acquire the Stanley Company of America (founded by [Jules E. Mastbaum](/wiki/Jules_E._Mastbaum "Jules E. Mastbaum")), which controlled most of the first\-run theaters on the East Coast.{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/146 146]}} This purchase gave them a share in rival [First National Pictures](/wiki/First_National_Pictures "First National Pictures"), of which Stanley owned one\-third.{{cite book\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Bob\|title\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|year\=1990\|page\=65\|isbn\=0\-07\-064259\-1}} After this purchase, Warner was soon able to acquire [William Fox](/wiki/William_Fox_%28producer%29 "William Fox (producer)")’s one third remaining share in First National and was now officially the majority stockholder of the company. After success of the studio's 1929 First National film *[Noah's Ark](/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_%281928_film%29 "Noah's Ark (1928 film)")*,{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/151 151]}} Harry Warner also agreed to make [Michael Curtiz](/wiki/Michael_Curtiz "Michael Curtiz") a major director at the Burbank studio as well.{{cite book\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Bob\|title\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|year\=1990\|isbn\=0\-07\-064259\-1\|page\=127}}
Warner, after purchasing a string of music publishers,{{cite book\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Bob\|title\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|year\=1990\|page\=66\|isbn\=0\-07\-064259\-1}} diversified the company by establishing a music subsidiary\-Warner Bros. Music\- and buying out additional radio companies, acquiring foreign sound patents, and adding a lithograph company as well;{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/147 147]}} he even was able to produce a Broadway musical *[Fifty Million Frenchmen](/wiki/Fifty_Million_Frenchmen "Fifty Million Frenchmen")*.{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/148 148]}} By the time the [1st Academy Awards](/wiki/1st_Academy_Awards "1st Academy Awards") took place, Warner was recognized as the second most powerful figure in the movie industry, just behind MGM head [Nicholas Schenck](/wiki/Nicholas_Schenck "Nicholas Schenck").{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/149 149]}} In the wake of the success of *[Gold Diggers of Broadway](/wiki/Gold_Diggers_of_Broadway "Gold Diggers of Broadway")*, journalists had dubbed Warner "the godfather of the talking screen." The studio's net profit was now over $14,000,000\.00\. During this time, Warner soon also grew tired of the Hollywood atmosphere and acquired a twenty\-two acre ranch in [Mount Vernon, New York](/wiki/Mount_Vernon%2C_New_York "Mount Vernon, New York"). Once Warner returned to New York, he and Albert were able to work together once again.{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/173 173]}}
### The Great Depression
Following Albert's advice, Jack and Harry Warner acquired three [Paramount](/wiki/Paramount_Studios "Paramount Studios") stars ([William Powell](/wiki/William_Powell "William Powell"), [Kay Francis](/wiki/Kay_Francis "Kay Francis") and [Ruth Chatterton](/wiki/Ruth_Chatterton "Ruth Chatterton")) for salaries doubled from their previous ones. This move proved to be a success, and stockholders maintained confidence in the Warners.{{cite book\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Bob\|title\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|year\=1990\|pages\=75, 76\|isbn\=0\-07\-064259\-1}} The first year of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"), 1930, did not damage the studio badly,{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/160 160]}} and Warner was even able to acquire more theaters for the studio in [Atlantic City](/wiki/Atlantic_City "Atlantic City").{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,739489,00\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050129094434/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,739489,00\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 29, 2005\|title\=Warner Week\|date\=1930\-06\-09\|magazine\=Time}} During this time, Warner was also engaged in a lawsuit with a Boston stockholder who accused him of trying use money from the studio's profitable businesses to try to purchase his vast 300 shares of stock and {{Clarify span\|text\=create a \[\[monopoly]].\|reason\=How? Over what?\|date\=April 2023}}{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740216,00\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715225301/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740216,00\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=July 15, 2010\|title\=Deals \& Developments\|date\=1930\-09\-01\|magazine\=Time}} The company would, however, suffer a minor financial blow during the year after Motley Flint, the longtime banker for the studio, and by now also a close friend of the Warners, was murdered by an angry investor.{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/72 72]}}
In the latter part of 1929, much to Harry's dismay, younger brother Jack would hire sixty\-one\-year\-old actor [George Arliss](/wiki/George_Arliss "George Arliss") to star in the studio's film *[Disraeli](/wiki/Disraeli_%281929_film%29 "Disraeli (1929 film)")*.{{cite book\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Bob\|title\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|year\=1990\|isbn\=0\-07\-064259\-1\|page\=77}} To Warner's surprise, the film Disraeli would go on to be a success at the box office, Arliss won the [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award "Academy Award") for Best Actor, and Warner was convinced to make him a top star for the studio as well. During the Depression era, the studio also produced a series of gangster films; Warner Bros. soon became known as "gangster studio."{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/books/08/24/mob.movies/index.html\|title\=The mobster and the movies\|date\=2004\-08\-24\|publisher\=CNN}} The studio's first gangster film *[Little Caesar](/wiki/Little_Caesar_%28film%29 "Little Caesar (film)")* was a great success at the box office.{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/184 184]}} Following Little Caesar, the studio agreed to cast Edward Robinson in a wave of gangster pictures.{{cite book\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Bob\|title\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|year\=1990\|pages\=77–79\|isbn\=0\-07\-064259\-1}} The studio's second gangster film, *[The Public Enemy](/wiki/The_Public_Enemy "The Public Enemy")*,{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/185 185]}} would also make James Cagney arguably the studio's new top star,{{cite book\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Bob\|title\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|year\=1990\|isbn\=0\-07\-064259\-1\|page\=81}} and the Warners were now further convinced to make more gangster films as well. Another gangster film the studio released during the Depression era was the critically acclaimed *[I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang](/wiki/I_Am_a_Fugitive_from_a_Chain_Gang "I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang")*.{{cite book\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Bob\|title\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|year\=1990\|isbn\=0\-07\-064259\-1\|page\=83}} The film made Paul Muni a top studio star, and also got audiences in the United States to question the country’s legal system.{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,744829,00\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114074634/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,744829,00\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 14, 2009\|title\=Fugitive\|date\=1932\-12\-26\|magazine\=Time}}
However, they would begin to feel the effects of the Depression in 1931\. As ticket prices became unaffordable, the studio would lose money. By the end of 1931, the studio suffered a net loss of reportedly $8,000,000\.00, During this time, Warner rented the Teddington Studio in London, England.{{cite book\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Bob\|title\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|year\=1990\|isbn\=0\-07\-064259\-1\|page\=110}} To help fight off the financial problems the Depression gave the studio, Warner Bros was now focused on making films for the London market and [Irving Asher](/wiki/Irving_Asher "Irving Asher") was appointed as the Teddington Studio's head producer. Unfortunately, the Teddington studio could not bring in additional profit to the Warners, and the Burbank studio would lose an additional $14,000,000 in 1932 as well. In 1934, Warner officially bought out the struggling Teddington Studio.
However, relief would come for the studio after Franklin Roosevelt became US president in 1933 and the [New Deal](/wiki/New_Deal "New Deal") revived the US Economy. Moviegoers returned, and during the year the studio was able to make a very profitable picture, *[42nd Street](/wiki/42nd_Street_%28film%29 "42nd Street (film)")*, which revived the studio's musical films.{{cite book\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Bob\|title\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|year\=1990\|isbn\=0\-07\-064259\-1\|page\=85}} However, in 1933, a blow would also occur as the studio's longtime head producer [Darryl F. Zanuck](/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck "Darryl F. Zanuck") would quit over disagreements with Harry Warner, which included Warner being strongly against allowing Zanuck’s film *[Baby Face](/wiki/Baby_Face_%28film%29 "Baby Face (film)")* to step outside the [Hays Code](/wiki/United_States_Motion_Picture_Production_Code_of_1930 "United States Motion Picture Production Code of 1930") boundaries;{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745754\-2,00\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114103955/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745754\-2,00\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 14, 2009\|title\=Musicomedies of the Week\|date\=1933\-07\-03\|magazine\=Time\|page\=2}} and refusing to restore Zanuck’s salary, which had been reduced as a result of the financial woes the studio temporarily faced from President Roosevelt's bank holiday{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/182 182], 183\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2}} \- let alone raise it in the wake of the New Deal's economic rebound.{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,847255,00\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114084127/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,847255,00\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 14, 2009\|title\=New Deal in Hollywood\|date\=1933\-05\-01\|magazine\=Time\|page\=2}} Following Zanuck's resignation, studio director [Hal B. Wallis](/wiki/Hal_B._Wallis "Hal B. Wallis") took his place as the studio's executive producer,{{cite book\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Bob\|title\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|year\=1990\|isbn\=0\-07\-064259\-1\|page\=88}} and Harry—who, along with his brother Jack, was a notable "penny\-pincher"—{{cite book\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Bob\|title\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|year\=1990\|isbn\=0\-07\-064259\-1\|page\=112}} finally agreed to bring salaries back up to industry expectations once again.
In 1933, the studio was also able to bring newspaper tycoon [William Randolph Hearst](/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst "William Randolph Hearst")'s Cosmopolitan films into the Warner Bros. fold.{{cite book\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Bob\|title\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|year\=1990\|isbn\=0\-07\-064259\-1\|page\=96}} Hearst had previously been signed with [MGM](/wiki/MGM "MGM"), but he ended his ties with the company after a dispute with the company's head producer [Irving Thalberg](/wiki/Irving_Thalberg "Irving Thalberg") over the treatment of [Marion Davies](/wiki/Marion_Davies "Marion Davies");{{cite book\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Bob\|title\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|year\=1990\|pages\=95, 96\|isbn\=0\-07\-064259\-1}} Davies was a longtime mistress of Hearst, and was now struggling to draw box office success. Through the studio's partnership with Hearst, Harry's younger brother Jack was also able to sign Davies to a studio contract as well. However, Hearst's company and Davies' films could not increase the studio's net profits.
In 1934, the studio had a net loss of over $2,500,000\. $500,000 of this loss was the result of physical damage to the Warner Bros. Burbank studio that occurred after a massive fire that broke out in the studio around the end of 1934, and destroyed twenty years' worth of early Warner Bros. films.{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/209 209]}} The following year, Hearst's film adaption of William Shakespeare's *[A Midsummer Night's Dream](/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream_%281935_film%29 "A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935 film)")* would fail at the box office and the studio's net loss increased.{{cite book\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Bob\|title\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|year\=1990\|isbn\=0\-07\-064259\-1\|page\=99}} During this time, Warner was also [indicted](/wiki/Indictment "Indictment"), along with six other Hollywood studio figures who owned movie theaters, of conspiracy to violate the [Sherman Antitrust Act](/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act "Sherman Antitrust Act"), through an attempt to gain a monopoly over theaters in the [St. Louis area](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri "St. Louis, Missouri").{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,787960,00\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114104041/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,787960,00\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 14, 2009\|title\=St. Louis Suit\|date\=1935\-01\-21\|magazine\=Time}} In 1935, Warner, along with executives at RKO and Paramount,{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,755156,00\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011175534/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,755156,00\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=October 11, 2011\|title\=Lawsuit in St. Louis\|date\=1935\-10\-14\|magazine\=Time}} were put on trial for this charge. After a mistrial occurred, Warner sold the company's movie theaters, at least for a short time, and the case was never reopened. One problem that remained for Warner, however, was the studio's [projectionist](/wiki/Projectionist "Projectionist") labor union, which had fallen under [Mafia](/wiki/Italian-American_Mafia "Italian-American Mafia") control.{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/211 211]}}
In 1935, the studio's revived musicals would also suffer a major blow after director [Busby Berkeley](/wiki/Busby_Berkeley "Busby Berkeley") was arrested after killing three people while driving drunk one night.{{cite book\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Bob\|title\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\|publisher\=McGraw\-Hill\|year\=1990\|isbn\=0\-07\-064259\-1\|page\=86}} During the studio's union crisis, Warner received a threatening phone call from a union member, stating that he would seize Warner's daughter Betty and adopted daughter Lita within forty\-eight hours. Warner then agreed to accept the union's demands, and the kidnapping threat ended. However, 1935 also saw some relief for Harry as the studio rebounded with a year\-end net profit of $674,158\.00\. Around this time, a depressed Warner—seeing that the newly recovered business no longer needed loans to pay off debts—decided to move to California, and acquired {{convert\|3000\|acre\|km2}} of ranch land just northwest of Hollywood in [Calabasas, California](/wiki/Calabasas%2C_California "Calabasas, California"). He later moved into a 1,100\-acre ranch in the [San Fernando Valley](/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley "San Fernando Valley").{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/212 212]}}
During 1936, the studio's film *[The Story of Louis Pasteur](/wiki/The_Story_of_Louis_Pasteur "The Story of Louis Pasteur")* was a success at the box office.{{cite book\|last\=Warner\-Sperling\|first\=Cass \|author2\=Millner, Cork \|author3\=Warner, Jack \|author4\= Warner, Jack Jr. \|title\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\|year\=1998 \|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0958\-2\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/114 114]}} In addition to the film's box office success, Paul Muni won the Oscar for Best Actor in March 1937 for his performance as the title role. The studio's film *[The Life of Emile Zola](/wiki/The_Life_of_Emile_Zola "The Life of Emile Zola")* (1937\), also starring Muni, gave the studio its first Oscar for Best Picture.
|
[
"Business career in films\n------------------------",
"In 1903, Harry's brothers, Abe and Sam, began to exhibit *[The Great Train Robbery](/wiki/The_Great_Train_Robbery_%281903_film%29 \"The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)\")* at carnivals across Ohio and Pennsylvania. In 1905, Harry sold his bicycle shop and joined his brothers in their fledgling film business.{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/32 32], 33\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2}} With the money Harry made from selling the bicycle shop, the three brothers were able to purchase a building in New Castle, Pennsylvania. They would use this building to establish their first theater, the Cascade.{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/34 34]}} The Cascade was so successful that the brothers were able to purchase a second theater in New Castle.{{cite book\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|year\\=1990\\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-064259\\-1\\|page\\=22}} This makeshift theatre, called the Bijou, was furnished with chairs borrowed from a local undertaker.\n{{cite news\n \\| title \\= Jack L. Warner's Death Closes Out Pioneer Clan of 'Talkies'\n \\| url \\= https://archive.org/details/sim\\_variety\\_1978\\-09\\-13\\_292\\_6/page/2\n \\| work \\= Variety\n \\| date \\= September 13, 1978\n \\| page \\= 2\n}}",
"In 1907, the Warners expanded the business further and purchased fifteen theaters in Pennsylvania. Harry, Sam, and Albert then formed a new film exchange company, The Duquesne Amusement Supply Company, and rented an office in the Bakewell building in downtown Pittsburgh. Harry sent Sam to New York to purchase, and ship, films for their Pittsburgh exchange company, while he and Albert remained in Pittsburgh to run the business. In 1909, the brothers sold the Cascade Theater and established a second film exchange company in Norfolk, Virginia. Harry agreed to let younger brother Jack be a part of the company, sending him to Norfolk to serve as Sam's assistant.{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/40 40]–42\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2}} A serious problem threatened the Warners' film company with the advent of [Thomas Edison](/wiki/Thomas_Edison \"Thomas Edison\")'s [Motion Picture Patents Company](/wiki/Motion_Picture_Patents_Company \"Motion Picture Patents Company\") (also known as the Edison Trust), which charged distributors exorbitant fees.{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/65 65]–66\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2}} In 1910, the Warners sold the family business to the [General Film Company](/wiki/General_Film_Company \"General Film Company\") for \"$10,000 in cash, $12,000 in preferred stock, and payments over a four\\-year period for a total of $52,000\".{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/45 45]–46\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2}}",
"After they sold their business, Harry and his three brothers joined forces with independent filmmaker [Carl Laemmle](/wiki/Carl_Laemmle \"Carl Laemmle\")'s [Independent Motion Picture Company](/wiki/Independent_Motion_Picture_Company \"Independent Motion Picture Company\"), and began distributing films from his Pittsburgh film exchange division. In 1912, the brothers earned a $1,500 profit with the film *Dante's Inferno*. In the wake of this success, Harry and the brothers broke with Laemmle and established their own film production company.{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/46 46]–48\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2}} They named their new company Warner Features.{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/51 51]}} Once Warner Features was established, Harry acquired an office in New York with his brother Albert, sending Sam and Jack to run the new corporation's film exchange divisions in San Francisco and Los Angeles.{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/54 54]}} In 1917, Harry won more capital for the studio when he was able to negotiate a deal with Ambassador [James W. Gerard](/wiki/James_W._Gerard \"James W. Gerard\") to make Gerard's book *My Four Years In Germany* into a film.{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/62 62]}}",
"In 1918, after the success of *[My Four Years in Germany](/wiki/My_Four_Years_in_Germany \"My Four Years in Germany\")*, the brothers were able to establish a studio near [Hollywood, California](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_California \"Hollywood, California\"). In the new Hollywood studio, Sam became co\\-head of production along with his younger brother, Jack.{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\|first\\=Jack L.\\|author2\\=Jennings, Southern\\|title\\=My First Hundred Years in Hollywood\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/myfirsthundredye00warnrich\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|publisher\\=Random House\\|year\\=1965\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/myfirsthundredye00warnrich/page/100 100–101]}} They were convinced that they would have to make movies themselves if they were to ever generate a profit. Between the years 1919 and 1920, the studio did not turn a profit.{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/71 71]–73\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2}} During this time, banker Motley Flint, who was, unlike most bankers at the time, not [anti\\-semitic](/wiki/Antisemitism \"Antisemitism\"), helped the brothers pay off their debts. The four brothers then decided to relocate their studio from [Culver City, California](/wiki/Culver_City%2C_California \"Culver City, California\"), to the [Sunset Boulevard](/wiki/Sunset_Boulevard \"Sunset Boulevard\") section of Hollywood.{{cite book\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|year\\=1990\\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-064259\\-1\\|page\\=38}}",
"During this time, Warner decided to focus on making only dramas for the studio. The studio rebounded in 1921 with the success of the studio's film *[Why Girls Leave Home](/wiki/Why_Girls_Leave_Home_%281921_film%29 \"Why Girls Leave Home (1921 film)\")*; The film's director, [Harry Rapf](/wiki/Harry_Rapf \"Harry Rapf\"), became the studio's new head producer. On April 4, 1923, following the success of the studio's film *[The Gold Diggers](/wiki/The_Gold_Diggers_%281923_film%29 \"The Gold Diggers (1923 film)\")*, **[Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc.](/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures%2C_Inc. \"Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc.\")** was officially established, with help from a loan given to Harry by Montly Flint. Harry became company president, with Albert as treasurer and Jack and Sam as co\\-heads of production.{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/76 76], 77\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2}} Harry and his family moved to Hollywood.{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/152 152]}}",
"### Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc.",
"The studio discovered a trained [German Shepherd](/wiki/German_Shepherd_Dog \"German Shepherd Dog\") named [Rin Tin Tin](/wiki/Rin_Tin_Tin \"Rin Tin Tin\") in 1923\\. The canine made his starring debut in *[Where the North Begins](/wiki/Where_the_North_Begins \"Where the North Begins\")*, a film about an abandoned pup who is raised by wolves and befriends a fur trapper. According to one biographer, Jack Warner's initial doubts about the project were quelled when he met Rin Tin Tin, \"who seemed to display more intelligence than some of the Warner comics.\" The trained dog proved to be the studio's most important commercial asset until the introduction of sound. Prolific screenwriter [Darryl F. Zanuck](/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck \"Darryl F. Zanuck\") produced several scripts for Rin Tin Tin vehicles and, during one year, wrote more than half of the studio's features. Between 1928 and 1933, Zanuck served as the studio's executive producer, a position whose responsibilities included the day\\-to\\-day production of films; while Warner's younger brother Jack and Zanuck were able to develop a close friendship, Warner never really accepted Zanuck as a friend.",
"After establishing Warner Bros., the studio had unfortunately overdrawn $1 million (the amount which Warner had borrowed from Flint) and Warner decided to pay off the debt by expanding the studio's operations further. In the process, Warner acquired forty theaters in the state of Pennsylvania. In 1924, Warner Bros. would produce two more successful films, *[The Marriage Circle](/wiki/The_Marriage_Circle \"The Marriage Circle\")* and *[Beau Brummell](/wiki/Beau_Brummel_%281924_film%29 \"Beau Brummel (1924 film)\")*. In 1924, after Rapf departed the studio to accept an offer at MGM, [Ernst Lubitsch](/wiki/Ernst_Lubitsch \"Ernst Lubitsch\"), the successful director of *The Marriage Circle*, was also given the title of head producer; Lubitsch would add additional success for the studio's profits. The film *Beau Brummel* also made [John Barrymore](/wiki/John_Barrymore \"John Barrymore\") a top star at the studio as well. Despite the success the studio now, the brothers were still unable to compete with The Big Three ([Paramount](/wiki/Paramount_Studios \"Paramount Studios\"), [Universal](/wiki/Universal_Studios \"Universal Studios\"), and [First National](/wiki/First_National_Pictures \"First National Pictures\")).",
"In 1925, Harry and a large group of independent film\\-makers assembled in\nMilwaukee to challenge the monopoly the Big Three had over the film industry. Harry and the other independent film\\-makers at the Milwaukee convention agreed to spend $500,000 in newspaper advertisements; this action would help benefit Warner Bros. profits. With help from a loan supplied by [Goldman, Sachs](/wiki/Goldman%2C_Sachs \"Goldman, Sachs\") head banker Waddill Catchings, Warner would find a way to successfully respond to the growing concern the Big Three Studios further induced to Warner Bros., and expanded the company's operations further by purchasing the Brooklyn theater company [Vitagraph](/wiki/Vitagraph \"Vitagraph\"). Because of this, Warner Pictures now owned theaters in the New York area. Around this time, Warner purchased a home in the Los Angeles neighborhood of [Hancock Park](/wiki/Hancock_Park \"Hancock Park\"), where he remained until 1929\\.",
"In the later part of 1925, Harry's younger brother Sam had also acquired a radio station, [KFWB](/wiki/KFWB \"KFWB\"). After acquiring his radio station, Sam decided to make an attempt to use synchronized sound in future Warner Bros. Pictures. Harry had initial reservations about the idea; when Sam first made this suggestion, Harry wanted to focus on background music before delving into people talking on screen. Harry responded, \"We could ultimately develop sound to the point where people ask for talking pictures\" The company also began acquiring theaters. Eventually, Warner Bros. came to own and operate some 250 theaters. By February 1926, however, the brothers' radio business had failed, and the studio was facing a net loss of $333,413\\.00\\.",
"After a long period of refusing to accept the usage of sound in the company's films, Warner now agreed to use [synchronized sound](/wiki/Synchronized_sound \"Synchronized sound\") in Warner Bros. shorts, as long as it was used only for [background music](/wiki/Soundtrack \"Soundtrack\"), Harry then made a visit to [Western Electric](/wiki/Western_Electric \"Western Electric\")'s [Bell Laboratories](/wiki/Bell_Labs \"Bell Labs\") in New York, (which younger brother Sam had earlier visited) and was impressed. One problem that occurred for the Warners, though, was the fact that the high\\-ups at Western Electric were perceived as anti\\-Semitic. Sam, though, was able to convince the high\\-ups to sign with the studio after his wife Lina wore a gold cross at a dinner he attended with Western Electric brass. After this, Harry signed a partnership agreement with Western Electric to use Bell Laboratories to test the sound\\-on\\-film process.",
"### Godfather of Talkies",
"The success of Warner Bros.' early [talkie films](/wiki/Sound_film \"Sound film\") (*[The Jazz Singer](/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer \"The Jazz Singer\")*, *[The Lights of New York](/wiki/Lights_of_New_York_%281928_film%29 \"Lights of New York (1928 film)\")*, *[The Singing Fool](/wiki/The_Singing_Fool \"The Singing Fool\")* and *[The Terror](/wiki/The_Terror_%281928_film%29 \"The Terror (1928 film)\")*) catapulted the studio into the ranks of the major studios. Flush with cash, the Warners abandoned their old location in the [Poverty Row](/wiki/Poverty_Row \"Poverty Row\") section of Hollywood and acquired a big studio in [Burbank, California](/wiki/Burbank%2C_California \"Burbank, California\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/142 142]–151\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2}} As a result of this success, Warner was able to acquire the Stanley Company of America (founded by [Jules E. Mastbaum](/wiki/Jules_E._Mastbaum \"Jules E. Mastbaum\")), which controlled most of the first\\-run theaters on the East Coast.{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/146 146]}} This purchase gave them a share in rival [First National Pictures](/wiki/First_National_Pictures \"First National Pictures\"), of which Stanley owned one\\-third.{{cite book\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|year\\=1990\\|page\\=65\\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-064259\\-1}} After this purchase, Warner was soon able to acquire [William Fox](/wiki/William_Fox_%28producer%29 \"William Fox (producer)\")’s one third remaining share in First National and was now officially the majority stockholder of the company. After success of the studio's 1929 First National film *[Noah's Ark](/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_%281928_film%29 \"Noah's Ark (1928 film)\")*,{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/151 151]}} Harry Warner also agreed to make [Michael Curtiz](/wiki/Michael_Curtiz \"Michael Curtiz\") a major director at the Burbank studio as well.{{cite book\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|year\\=1990\\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-064259\\-1\\|page\\=127}}",
"Warner, after purchasing a string of music publishers,{{cite book\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|year\\=1990\\|page\\=66\\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-064259\\-1}} diversified the company by establishing a music subsidiary\\-Warner Bros. Music\\- and buying out additional radio companies, acquiring foreign sound patents, and adding a lithograph company as well;{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/147 147]}} he even was able to produce a Broadway musical *[Fifty Million Frenchmen](/wiki/Fifty_Million_Frenchmen \"Fifty Million Frenchmen\")*.{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/148 148]}} By the time the [1st Academy Awards](/wiki/1st_Academy_Awards \"1st Academy Awards\") took place, Warner was recognized as the second most powerful figure in the movie industry, just behind MGM head [Nicholas Schenck](/wiki/Nicholas_Schenck \"Nicholas Schenck\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/149 149]}} In the wake of the success of *[Gold Diggers of Broadway](/wiki/Gold_Diggers_of_Broadway \"Gold Diggers of Broadway\")*, journalists had dubbed Warner \"the godfather of the talking screen.\" The studio's net profit was now over $14,000,000\\.00\\. During this time, Warner soon also grew tired of the Hollywood atmosphere and acquired a twenty\\-two acre ranch in [Mount Vernon, New York](/wiki/Mount_Vernon%2C_New_York \"Mount Vernon, New York\"). Once Warner returned to New York, he and Albert were able to work together once again.{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/173 173]}}",
"### The Great Depression",
"Following Albert's advice, Jack and Harry Warner acquired three [Paramount](/wiki/Paramount_Studios \"Paramount Studios\") stars ([William Powell](/wiki/William_Powell \"William Powell\"), [Kay Francis](/wiki/Kay_Francis \"Kay Francis\") and [Ruth Chatterton](/wiki/Ruth_Chatterton \"Ruth Chatterton\")) for salaries doubled from their previous ones. This move proved to be a success, and stockholders maintained confidence in the Warners.{{cite book\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|year\\=1990\\|pages\\=75, 76\\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-064259\\-1}} The first year of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\"), 1930, did not damage the studio badly,{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/160 160]}} and Warner was even able to acquire more theaters for the studio in [Atlantic City](/wiki/Atlantic_City \"Atlantic City\").{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,739489,00\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050129094434/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,739489,00\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 29, 2005\\|title\\=Warner Week\\|date\\=1930\\-06\\-09\\|magazine\\=Time}} During this time, Warner was also engaged in a lawsuit with a Boston stockholder who accused him of trying use money from the studio's profitable businesses to try to purchase his vast 300 shares of stock and {{Clarify span\\|text\\=create a \\[\\[monopoly]].\\|reason\\=How? Over what?\\|date\\=April 2023}}{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740216,00\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715225301/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740216,00\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2010\\|title\\=Deals \\& Developments\\|date\\=1930\\-09\\-01\\|magazine\\=Time}} The company would, however, suffer a minor financial blow during the year after Motley Flint, the longtime banker for the studio, and by now also a close friend of the Warners, was murdered by an angry investor.{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/72 72]}}",
"In the latter part of 1929, much to Harry's dismay, younger brother Jack would hire sixty\\-one\\-year\\-old actor [George Arliss](/wiki/George_Arliss \"George Arliss\") to star in the studio's film *[Disraeli](/wiki/Disraeli_%281929_film%29 \"Disraeli (1929 film)\")*.{{cite book\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|year\\=1990\\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-064259\\-1\\|page\\=77}} To Warner's surprise, the film Disraeli would go on to be a success at the box office, Arliss won the [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award \"Academy Award\") for Best Actor, and Warner was convinced to make him a top star for the studio as well. During the Depression era, the studio also produced a series of gangster films; Warner Bros. soon became known as \"gangster studio.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/books/08/24/mob.movies/index.html\\|title\\=The mobster and the movies\\|date\\=2004\\-08\\-24\\|publisher\\=CNN}} The studio's first gangster film *[Little Caesar](/wiki/Little_Caesar_%28film%29 \"Little Caesar (film)\")* was a great success at the box office.{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/184 184]}} Following Little Caesar, the studio agreed to cast Edward Robinson in a wave of gangster pictures.{{cite book\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|year\\=1990\\|pages\\=77–79\\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-064259\\-1}} The studio's second gangster film, *[The Public Enemy](/wiki/The_Public_Enemy \"The Public Enemy\")*,{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/185 185]}} would also make James Cagney arguably the studio's new top star,{{cite book\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|year\\=1990\\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-064259\\-1\\|page\\=81}} and the Warners were now further convinced to make more gangster films as well. Another gangster film the studio released during the Depression era was the critically acclaimed *[I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang](/wiki/I_Am_a_Fugitive_from_a_Chain_Gang \"I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang\")*.{{cite book\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|year\\=1990\\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-064259\\-1\\|page\\=83}} The film made Paul Muni a top studio star, and also got audiences in the United States to question the country’s legal system.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,744829,00\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114074634/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,744829,00\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 14, 2009\\|title\\=Fugitive\\|date\\=1932\\-12\\-26\\|magazine\\=Time}}",
"However, they would begin to feel the effects of the Depression in 1931\\. As ticket prices became unaffordable, the studio would lose money. By the end of 1931, the studio suffered a net loss of reportedly $8,000,000\\.00, During this time, Warner rented the Teddington Studio in London, England.{{cite book\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|year\\=1990\\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-064259\\-1\\|page\\=110}} To help fight off the financial problems the Depression gave the studio, Warner Bros was now focused on making films for the London market and [Irving Asher](/wiki/Irving_Asher \"Irving Asher\") was appointed as the Teddington Studio's head producer. Unfortunately, the Teddington studio could not bring in additional profit to the Warners, and the Burbank studio would lose an additional $14,000,000 in 1932 as well. In 1934, Warner officially bought out the struggling Teddington Studio.",
"However, relief would come for the studio after Franklin Roosevelt became US president in 1933 and the [New Deal](/wiki/New_Deal \"New Deal\") revived the US Economy. Moviegoers returned, and during the year the studio was able to make a very profitable picture, *[42nd Street](/wiki/42nd_Street_%28film%29 \"42nd Street (film)\")*, which revived the studio's musical films.{{cite book\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|year\\=1990\\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-064259\\-1\\|page\\=85}} However, in 1933, a blow would also occur as the studio's longtime head producer [Darryl F. Zanuck](/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck \"Darryl F. Zanuck\") would quit over disagreements with Harry Warner, which included Warner being strongly against allowing Zanuck’s film *[Baby Face](/wiki/Baby_Face_%28film%29 \"Baby Face (film)\")* to step outside the [Hays Code](/wiki/United_States_Motion_Picture_Production_Code_of_1930 \"United States Motion Picture Production Code of 1930\") boundaries;{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745754\\-2,00\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114103955/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745754\\-2,00\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 14, 2009\\|title\\=Musicomedies of the Week\\|date\\=1933\\-07\\-03\\|magazine\\=Time\\|page\\=2}} and refusing to restore Zanuck’s salary, which had been reduced as a result of the financial woes the studio temporarily faced from President Roosevelt's bank holiday{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/182 182], 183\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2}} \\- let alone raise it in the wake of the New Deal's economic rebound.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,847255,00\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114084127/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,847255,00\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 14, 2009\\|title\\=New Deal in Hollywood\\|date\\=1933\\-05\\-01\\|magazine\\=Time\\|page\\=2}} Following Zanuck's resignation, studio director [Hal B. Wallis](/wiki/Hal_B._Wallis \"Hal B. Wallis\") took his place as the studio's executive producer,{{cite book\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|year\\=1990\\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-064259\\-1\\|page\\=88}} and Harry—who, along with his brother Jack, was a notable \"penny\\-pincher\"—{{cite book\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|year\\=1990\\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-064259\\-1\\|page\\=112}} finally agreed to bring salaries back up to industry expectations once again.",
"In 1933, the studio was also able to bring newspaper tycoon [William Randolph Hearst](/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst \"William Randolph Hearst\")'s Cosmopolitan films into the Warner Bros. fold.{{cite book\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|year\\=1990\\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-064259\\-1\\|page\\=96}} Hearst had previously been signed with [MGM](/wiki/MGM \"MGM\"), but he ended his ties with the company after a dispute with the company's head producer [Irving Thalberg](/wiki/Irving_Thalberg \"Irving Thalberg\") over the treatment of [Marion Davies](/wiki/Marion_Davies \"Marion Davies\");{{cite book\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|year\\=1990\\|pages\\=95, 96\\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-064259\\-1}} Davies was a longtime mistress of Hearst, and was now struggling to draw box office success. Through the studio's partnership with Hearst, Harry's younger brother Jack was also able to sign Davies to a studio contract as well. However, Hearst's company and Davies' films could not increase the studio's net profits.",
"In 1934, the studio had a net loss of over $2,500,000\\. $500,000 of this loss was the result of physical damage to the Warner Bros. Burbank studio that occurred after a massive fire that broke out in the studio around the end of 1934, and destroyed twenty years' worth of early Warner Bros. films.{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/209 209]}} The following year, Hearst's film adaption of William Shakespeare's *[A Midsummer Night's Dream](/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream_%281935_film%29 \"A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935 film)\")* would fail at the box office and the studio's net loss increased.{{cite book\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|year\\=1990\\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-064259\\-1\\|page\\=99}} During this time, Warner was also [indicted](/wiki/Indictment \"Indictment\"), along with six other Hollywood studio figures who owned movie theaters, of conspiracy to violate the [Sherman Antitrust Act](/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act \"Sherman Antitrust Act\"), through an attempt to gain a monopoly over theaters in the [St. Louis area](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri \"St. Louis, Missouri\").{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,787960,00\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114104041/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,787960,00\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 14, 2009\\|title\\=St. Louis Suit\\|date\\=1935\\-01\\-21\\|magazine\\=Time}} In 1935, Warner, along with executives at RKO and Paramount,{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,755156,00\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011175534/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,755156,00\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=October 11, 2011\\|title\\=Lawsuit in St. Louis\\|date\\=1935\\-10\\-14\\|magazine\\=Time}} were put on trial for this charge. After a mistrial occurred, Warner sold the company's movie theaters, at least for a short time, and the case was never reopened. One problem that remained for Warner, however, was the studio's [projectionist](/wiki/Projectionist \"Projectionist\") labor union, which had fallen under [Mafia](/wiki/Italian-American_Mafia \"Italian-American Mafia\") control.{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/211 211]}}",
"In 1935, the studio's revived musicals would also suffer a major blow after director [Busby Berkeley](/wiki/Busby_Berkeley \"Busby Berkeley\") was arrested after killing three people while driving drunk one night.{{cite book\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Bob\\|title\\=Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner\\|publisher\\=McGraw\\-Hill\\|year\\=1990\\|isbn\\=0\\-07\\-064259\\-1\\|page\\=86}} During the studio's union crisis, Warner received a threatening phone call from a union member, stating that he would seize Warner's daughter Betty and adopted daughter Lita within forty\\-eight hours. Warner then agreed to accept the union's demands, and the kidnapping threat ended. However, 1935 also saw some relief for Harry as the studio rebounded with a year\\-end net profit of $674,158\\.00\\. Around this time, a depressed Warner—seeing that the newly recovered business no longer needed loans to pay off debts—decided to move to California, and acquired {{convert\\|3000\\|acre\\|km2}} of ranch land just northwest of Hollywood in [Calabasas, California](/wiki/Calabasas%2C_California \"Calabasas, California\"). He later moved into a 1,100\\-acre ranch in the [San Fernando Valley](/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley \"San Fernando Valley\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/212 212]}}",
"During 1936, the studio's film *[The Story of Louis Pasteur](/wiki/The_Story_of_Louis_Pasteur \"The Story of Louis Pasteur\")* was a success at the box office.{{cite book\\|last\\=Warner\\-Sperling\\|first\\=Cass \\|author2\\=Millner, Cork \\|author3\\=Warner, Jack \\|author4\\= Warner, Jack Jr. \\|title\\=Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper\\|year\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0958\\-2\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbethyna0000sper/page/114 114]}} In addition to the film's box office success, Paul Muni won the Oscar for Best Actor in March 1937 for his performance as the title role. The studio's film *[The Life of Emile Zola](/wiki/The_Life_of_Emile_Zola \"The Life of Emile Zola\")* (1937\\), also starring Muni, gave the studio its first Oscar for Best Picture.",
""
] |
### Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc.
The studio discovered a trained [German Shepherd](/wiki/German_Shepherd_Dog "German Shepherd Dog") named [Rin Tin Tin](/wiki/Rin_Tin_Tin "Rin Tin Tin") in 1923\. The canine made his starring debut in *[Where the North Begins](/wiki/Where_the_North_Begins "Where the North Begins")*, a film about an abandoned pup who is raised by wolves and befriends a fur trapper. According to one biographer, Jack Warner's initial doubts about the project were quelled when he met Rin Tin Tin, "who seemed to display more intelligence than some of the Warner comics." The trained dog proved to be the studio's most important commercial asset until the introduction of sound. Prolific screenwriter [Darryl F. Zanuck](/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck "Darryl F. Zanuck") produced several scripts for Rin Tin Tin vehicles and, during one year, wrote more than half of the studio's features. Between 1928 and 1933, Zanuck served as the studio's executive producer, a position whose responsibilities included the day\-to\-day production of films; while Warner's younger brother Jack and Zanuck were able to develop a close friendship, Warner never really accepted Zanuck as a friend.
After establishing Warner Bros., the studio had unfortunately overdrawn $1 million (the amount which Warner had borrowed from Flint) and Warner decided to pay off the debt by expanding the studio's operations further. In the process, Warner acquired forty theaters in the state of Pennsylvania. In 1924, Warner Bros. would produce two more successful films, *[The Marriage Circle](/wiki/The_Marriage_Circle "The Marriage Circle")* and *[Beau Brummell](/wiki/Beau_Brummel_%281924_film%29 "Beau Brummel (1924 film)")*. In 1924, after Rapf departed the studio to accept an offer at MGM, [Ernst Lubitsch](/wiki/Ernst_Lubitsch "Ernst Lubitsch"), the successful director of *The Marriage Circle*, was also given the title of head producer; Lubitsch would add additional success for the studio's profits. The film *Beau Brummel* also made [John Barrymore](/wiki/John_Barrymore "John Barrymore") a top star at the studio as well. Despite the success the studio now, the brothers were still unable to compete with The Big Three ([Paramount](/wiki/Paramount_Studios "Paramount Studios"), [Universal](/wiki/Universal_Studios "Universal Studios"), and [First National](/wiki/First_National_Pictures "First National Pictures")).
In 1925, Harry and a large group of independent film\-makers assembled in
Milwaukee to challenge the monopoly the Big Three had over the film industry. Harry and the other independent film\-makers at the Milwaukee convention agreed to spend $500,000 in newspaper advertisements; this action would help benefit Warner Bros. profits. With help from a loan supplied by [Goldman, Sachs](/wiki/Goldman%2C_Sachs "Goldman, Sachs") head banker Waddill Catchings, Warner would find a way to successfully respond to the growing concern the Big Three Studios further induced to Warner Bros., and expanded the company's operations further by purchasing the Brooklyn theater company [Vitagraph](/wiki/Vitagraph "Vitagraph"). Because of this, Warner Pictures now owned theaters in the New York area. Around this time, Warner purchased a home in the Los Angeles neighborhood of [Hancock Park](/wiki/Hancock_Park "Hancock Park"), where he remained until 1929\.
In the later part of 1925, Harry's younger brother Sam had also acquired a radio station, [KFWB](/wiki/KFWB "KFWB"). After acquiring his radio station, Sam decided to make an attempt to use synchronized sound in future Warner Bros. Pictures. Harry had initial reservations about the idea; when Sam first made this suggestion, Harry wanted to focus on background music before delving into people talking on screen. Harry responded, "We could ultimately develop sound to the point where people ask for talking pictures" The company also began acquiring theaters. Eventually, Warner Bros. came to own and operate some 250 theaters. By February 1926, however, the brothers' radio business had failed, and the studio was facing a net loss of $333,413\.00\.
After a long period of refusing to accept the usage of sound in the company's films, Warner now agreed to use [synchronized sound](/wiki/Synchronized_sound "Synchronized sound") in Warner Bros. shorts, as long as it was used only for [background music](/wiki/Soundtrack "Soundtrack"), Harry then made a visit to [Western Electric](/wiki/Western_Electric "Western Electric")'s [Bell Laboratories](/wiki/Bell_Labs "Bell Labs") in New York, (which younger brother Sam had earlier visited) and was impressed. One problem that occurred for the Warners, though, was the fact that the high\-ups at Western Electric were perceived as anti\-Semitic. Sam, though, was able to convince the high\-ups to sign with the studio after his wife Lina wore a gold cross at a dinner he attended with Western Electric brass. After this, Harry signed a partnership agreement with Western Electric to use Bell Laboratories to test the sound\-on\-film process.
|
[
"### Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc.",
"The studio discovered a trained [German Shepherd](/wiki/German_Shepherd_Dog \"German Shepherd Dog\") named [Rin Tin Tin](/wiki/Rin_Tin_Tin \"Rin Tin Tin\") in 1923\\. The canine made his starring debut in *[Where the North Begins](/wiki/Where_the_North_Begins \"Where the North Begins\")*, a film about an abandoned pup who is raised by wolves and befriends a fur trapper. According to one biographer, Jack Warner's initial doubts about the project were quelled when he met Rin Tin Tin, \"who seemed to display more intelligence than some of the Warner comics.\" The trained dog proved to be the studio's most important commercial asset until the introduction of sound. Prolific screenwriter [Darryl F. Zanuck](/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck \"Darryl F. Zanuck\") produced several scripts for Rin Tin Tin vehicles and, during one year, wrote more than half of the studio's features. Between 1928 and 1933, Zanuck served as the studio's executive producer, a position whose responsibilities included the day\\-to\\-day production of films; while Warner's younger brother Jack and Zanuck were able to develop a close friendship, Warner never really accepted Zanuck as a friend.",
"After establishing Warner Bros., the studio had unfortunately overdrawn $1 million (the amount which Warner had borrowed from Flint) and Warner decided to pay off the debt by expanding the studio's operations further. In the process, Warner acquired forty theaters in the state of Pennsylvania. In 1924, Warner Bros. would produce two more successful films, *[The Marriage Circle](/wiki/The_Marriage_Circle \"The Marriage Circle\")* and *[Beau Brummell](/wiki/Beau_Brummel_%281924_film%29 \"Beau Brummel (1924 film)\")*. In 1924, after Rapf departed the studio to accept an offer at MGM, [Ernst Lubitsch](/wiki/Ernst_Lubitsch \"Ernst Lubitsch\"), the successful director of *The Marriage Circle*, was also given the title of head producer; Lubitsch would add additional success for the studio's profits. The film *Beau Brummel* also made [John Barrymore](/wiki/John_Barrymore \"John Barrymore\") a top star at the studio as well. Despite the success the studio now, the brothers were still unable to compete with The Big Three ([Paramount](/wiki/Paramount_Studios \"Paramount Studios\"), [Universal](/wiki/Universal_Studios \"Universal Studios\"), and [First National](/wiki/First_National_Pictures \"First National Pictures\")).",
"In 1925, Harry and a large group of independent film\\-makers assembled in\nMilwaukee to challenge the monopoly the Big Three had over the film industry. Harry and the other independent film\\-makers at the Milwaukee convention agreed to spend $500,000 in newspaper advertisements; this action would help benefit Warner Bros. profits. With help from a loan supplied by [Goldman, Sachs](/wiki/Goldman%2C_Sachs \"Goldman, Sachs\") head banker Waddill Catchings, Warner would find a way to successfully respond to the growing concern the Big Three Studios further induced to Warner Bros., and expanded the company's operations further by purchasing the Brooklyn theater company [Vitagraph](/wiki/Vitagraph \"Vitagraph\"). Because of this, Warner Pictures now owned theaters in the New York area. Around this time, Warner purchased a home in the Los Angeles neighborhood of [Hancock Park](/wiki/Hancock_Park \"Hancock Park\"), where he remained until 1929\\.",
"In the later part of 1925, Harry's younger brother Sam had also acquired a radio station, [KFWB](/wiki/KFWB \"KFWB\"). After acquiring his radio station, Sam decided to make an attempt to use synchronized sound in future Warner Bros. Pictures. Harry had initial reservations about the idea; when Sam first made this suggestion, Harry wanted to focus on background music before delving into people talking on screen. Harry responded, \"We could ultimately develop sound to the point where people ask for talking pictures\" The company also began acquiring theaters. Eventually, Warner Bros. came to own and operate some 250 theaters. By February 1926, however, the brothers' radio business had failed, and the studio was facing a net loss of $333,413\\.00\\.",
"After a long period of refusing to accept the usage of sound in the company's films, Warner now agreed to use [synchronized sound](/wiki/Synchronized_sound \"Synchronized sound\") in Warner Bros. shorts, as long as it was used only for [background music](/wiki/Soundtrack \"Soundtrack\"), Harry then made a visit to [Western Electric](/wiki/Western_Electric \"Western Electric\")'s [Bell Laboratories](/wiki/Bell_Labs \"Bell Labs\") in New York, (which younger brother Sam had earlier visited) and was impressed. One problem that occurred for the Warners, though, was the fact that the high\\-ups at Western Electric were perceived as anti\\-Semitic. Sam, though, was able to convince the high\\-ups to sign with the studio after his wife Lina wore a gold cross at a dinner he attended with Western Electric brass. After this, Harry signed a partnership agreement with Western Electric to use Bell Laboratories to test the sound\\-on\\-film process.",
""
] |
Stauropegic monasteries
-----------------------
A stauropegic monastery, also rendered "stavropegic", "stauropegial" or "stavropegial", is an [Eastern Orthodox](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox "Eastern Orthodox") or [Eastern Catholic](/wiki/Eastern_Catholic "Eastern Catholic") Christian [monastery](/wiki/Monastery "Monastery"), subordinated directly to a [primate](/wiki/Primate_%28bishop%29 "Primate (bishop)") or [Synod](/wiki/Synod "Synod"), rather than to a [local Bishop](/wiki/Local_bishop "Local bishop").
The practice of exempting some monasteries from jurisdictions of local bishops, placing them under a direct jurisdiction of the patriarch, was present at least since the reign of Byzantine Emperor [Maurice](/wiki/Maurice_%28Byzantine_Emperor%29 "Maurice (Byzantine Emperor)") (582\-602\). Such exemptions became more common after the [Council of Constantinople](/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_%28861%29 "Council of Constantinople (861)") (861\). In time, those practices included not only monasteries, but also various parochial churches, to the extent that authorities had to regulate the issue by imposing stricter criteria for the creation of such exemptions.{{sfn\|Thomas\|1987\|p\=214\-243}}{{sfn\|Troianos\|2012\|p\=173}}
Stauropegic monasteries are distinguished from the greatest monasteries, called *[lavras](/wiki/Lavra "Lavra")*, and from the patriarchal *[metochions](/wiki/Metochion "Metochion")*, where the patriarch serves as a parish priest. The metochions of the Patriarch of Moscow are the [Vysokopetrovsky Monastery](/wiki/Vysokopetrovsky_Monastery "Vysokopetrovsky Monastery") and [Nikolo\-Perervinsky Monastery](/wiki/Nikolo-Perervinsky_Monastery "Nikolo-Perervinsky Monastery").
### Bulgarian Orthodox Church
The [Bulgarian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church "Bulgarian Orthodox Church") has three stauropegic monasteries:{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.bulgariamonasteries.com/stavropigialni\_manastiri.html\|title\=Ставропигиални манастири в България \- България манастири\|website\=www.bulgariamonasteries.com\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-07}}
* [Rila Monastery](/wiki/Rila_Monastery "Rila Monastery")
* [Bachkovo Monastery](/wiki/Bachkovo_Monastery "Bachkovo Monastery")
* [Troyan Monastery](/wiki/Troyan_Monastery "Troyan Monastery")
The [Alexander Nevsky Cathedral](/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral%2C_Sofia "Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia") and the [Sofia Seminary](/wiki/Sofia_Seminary "Sofia Seminary") are also directly subordinate to the Bulgarian Patriarch and Synod.
### Serbian Orthodox Church
[thumb\|right\|190px\|[Patriarchal Monastery of Peć](/wiki/Patriarchal_Monastery_of_Pe%C4%87 "Patriarchal Monastery of Peć"), stauropegic monastery of the [Serbian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church "Serbian Orthodox Church")](/wiki/File:JuPe%C4%87Patriarchenkloster1.jpg "JuPećPatriarchenkloster1.jpg")
Several major Serbian Orthodox monasteries had special status in Middle Ages. Today, the [Serbian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church "Serbian Orthodox Church") has two stauropegic monasteries:{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-01\-03\|title\=Манастири \- АРХИЕПИСКОПИЈА\|url\=http://arhiepiskopija.rs/index.php/arhiepiskopija/manastiri\|access\-date\=2021\-07\-25\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103090553/http://arhiepiskopija.rs/index.php/arhiepiskopija/manastiri\|archive\-date\=2020\-01\-03}}
* [Patriarchal Monastery of Peć](/wiki/Patriarchal_Monastery_of_Pe%C4%87 "Patriarchal Monastery of Peć"), ancient seat of the [Serbian Patriarchate of Peć](/wiki/Serbian_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87 "Serbian Patriarchate of Peć") (1346\-1463 and 1557\-1766\). The principal title of [Serbian Patriarchs](/wiki/Serbian_Patriarch "Serbian Patriarch") is still [Archbishop of Peć](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Pe%C4%87 "Archbishop of Peć").
* [Saint Sava Serbian Orthodox Monastery](/wiki/Saint_Sava_Serbian_Orthodox_Monastery_and_Seminary "Saint Sava Serbian Orthodox Monastery and Seminary") in [Libertyville, Illinois](/wiki/Libertyville%2C_Illinois "Libertyville, Illinois"), [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States").
### Russian Orthodox Church
The first stauropegic monastery in the [Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church "Russian Orthodox Church") was [Simonov Monastery](/wiki/Simonov_Monastery "Simonov Monastery") (1383\). It was subordinated directly to the [Ecumenical Patriarch](/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch "Ecumenical Patriarch"), because it was founded by Greeks and was home to the [patriarch](/wiki/Ecumenical_patriarch_of_Constantinople "Ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople") during his visits to [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow").
In 1561 [Ivan the Terrible](/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible "Ivan the Terrible") decreed that the following seven monasteries should precede all the rest:
* [Trinity Lavra](/wiki/Trinity_Lavra "Trinity Lavra"), [Sergiev Posad](/wiki/Sergiev_Posad "Sergiev Posad")
* [Chudov Monastery](/wiki/Chudov_Monastery "Chudov Monastery"), Moscow
* [Andronikov Monastery](/wiki/Andronikov_Monastery "Andronikov Monastery"), Moscow
* [Kirillo\-Belozersky Monastery](/wiki/Kirillo-Belozersky_Monastery "Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery"), [Kirillov](/wiki/Kirillov_%28town%29 "Kirillov (town)")
* [Epiphany Monastery](/wiki/Epiphany_Monastery "Epiphany Monastery"), Moscow
* [Pafnutiev Monastery](/wiki/Pafnutiev_Monastery "Pafnutiev Monastery"), [Borovsk](/wiki/Borovsk "Borovsk")
* [Joseph\-Volokolamsky Monastery](/wiki/Joseph-Volokolamsky_Monastery "Joseph-Volokolamsky Monastery") near [Volokolamsk](/wiki/Volokolamsk "Volokolamsk")
After the establishment of the [Patriarchate in Moscow](/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow "Patriarch of Moscow"), there were no stauropegic monasteries subordinated directly to the Patriarch for some time. But [Nikon](/wiki/Patriarch_Nikon "Patriarch Nikon") founded the [New Jerusalem Monastery](/wiki/New_Jerusalem_Monastery "New Jerusalem Monastery"), [Valday Iversky Monastery](/wiki/Valday_Iversky_Monastery "Valday Iversky Monastery"), and [Kiy Island Monastery](/wiki/Kiy_Island "Kiy Island"), which he governed himself, instead of placing each under an [hegumen](/wiki/Hegumen "Hegumen") (abbot).
The Greek custom, first introduced by Nikon, was continued by other Patriarchs and by the [Holy Governing Synod](/wiki/Holy_Governing_Synod "Holy Governing Synod"). Stauropegic houses were not always the most important monasteries, the holiest, the richest, or the largest. They might have been dear to the ruling Patriarch for personal reasons. In the 19th century, apart from four [lavras](/wiki/Lavra "Lavra"), seven monasteries were considered stauropegial:
* [Novospassky Monastery](/wiki/Novospassky_Monastery "Novospassky Monastery"), Moscow
* [New Jerusalem Monastery](/wiki/New_Jerusalem_Monastery "New Jerusalem Monastery"), Istra
* [Simonov Monastery](/wiki/Simonov_Monastery "Simonov Monastery"), Moscow
* [Donskoy Monastery](/wiki/Donskoy_Monastery "Donskoy Monastery"), Moscow
* [Solovetsky Monastery](/wiki/Solovetsky_Monastery "Solovetsky Monastery"), Solovki
* [Yakovlevsky Monastery](/wiki/Yakovlevsky_Monastery "Yakovlevsky Monastery"), Rostov
* [Zaikonospassky Monastery](/wiki/Zaikonospassky_Monastery "Zaikonospassky Monastery"), Moscow
{{As of\|2000}}, the following monasteries were recognized as stauropegial by the Russian Orthodox Church:
Monasteries of [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow"):
* [Danilov Monastery](/wiki/Danilov_Monastery "Danilov Monastery"), Moscow
* [Donskoy Monastery](/wiki/Donskoy_Monastery "Donskoy Monastery"), Moscow
* [Novospassky Monastery](/wiki/Novospassky_Monastery "Novospassky Monastery"), Moscow
* [Sretensky Monastery](/wiki/Sretensky_Monastery "Sretensky Monastery"), Moscow
* [Zachatyevsky Convent](/wiki/Zachatyevsky_Convent "Zachatyevsky Convent"), Moscow
* [Intercession Convent, Moscow](/wiki/Intercession_Convent%2C_Moscow "Intercession Convent, Moscow")
* [Nativity Convent, Moscow](/wiki/Nativity_Convent%2C_Moscow "Nativity Convent, Moscow")
Monasteries of Central Russia:
* [Joseph\-Volokolamsky Monastery](/wiki/Joseph-Volokolamsky_Monastery "Joseph-Volokolamsky Monastery"), [Moscow Oblast](/wiki/Moscow_Oblast "Moscow Oblast")
* [New Jerusalem Monastery](/wiki/New_Jerusalem_Monastery "New Jerusalem Monastery"), Moscow Oblast
* [Optina Monastery](/wiki/Optina_Monastery "Optina Monastery"), [Kaluga Oblast](/wiki/Kaluga_Oblast "Kaluga Oblast")
* [St. Savva Monastery](/wiki/St._Savva_Monastery "St. Savva Monastery"), Moscow Oblast
* [Ugreshi Monastery](/wiki/Ugreshi_Monastery "Ugreshi Monastery"), Moscow Oblast
* [Amvrosievsky Shamordinsky Convent](/wiki/Amvrosievsky_Shamordinsky_Convent "Amvrosievsky Shamordinsky Convent"), Kaluga Oblast
* [Borisoglebsky Anosin Convent](/wiki/Borisoglebsky_Anosin_Convent "Borisoglebsky Anosin Convent"), Moscow Oblast
* [Intercession Convent, Khotkovo](/wiki/Intercession_Convent%2C_Khotkovo "Intercession Convent, Khotkovo"), Moscow Oblast
* [Krestovozdvizhensky Convent](/wiki/Krestovozdvizhensky_Convent "Krestovozdvizhensky Convent"), Moscow Oblast
Monasteries of North\-Western Russia:
* [Solovetsky Monastery](/wiki/Solovetsky_Monastery "Solovetsky Monastery"), [Arkhangelsk Oblast](/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast "Arkhangelsk Oblast")
* [Valaam Monastery](/wiki/Valaam_Monastery "Valaam Monastery"), [Republic of Karelia](/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia "Republic of Karelia")
* [Vyashchizhi Monastery](/wiki/Vyashchizhi_Monastery "Vyashchizhi Monastery"), [Novgorod Oblast](/wiki/Novgorod_Oblast "Novgorod Oblast")
* [Ioannovsky Convent](/wiki/Ioannovsky_Convent "Ioannovsky Convent"), [Saint Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg "Saint Petersburg")
Monasteries outside Russia:
* [Assumption Monastery, Zhirovitsy](/wiki/Assumption_Monastery%2C_Zhirovitsy "Assumption Monastery, Zhirovitsy"), [Hrodna Oblast](/wiki/Hrodna_Oblast "Hrodna Oblast"), [Belarus](/wiki/Belarus "Belarus")
* [Glinsk Hermitage](/wiki/Glinsk_Hermitage "Glinsk Hermitage"), [Sumy Oblast](/wiki/Sumy_Oblast "Sumy Oblast"), Ukraine
* [Holy Trinity Monastery](/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Monastery_%28Jordanville%2C_New_York%29 "Holy Trinity Monastery (Jordanville, New York)"), [Jordanville, New York](/wiki/Jordanville%2C_New_York "Jordanville, New York"), [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States")
* [Pühtitsa Convent](/wiki/P%C3%BChtitsa_Convent "Pühtitsa Convent"), [Estonia](/wiki/Estonia "Estonia")
* [St. George Monastery, Horodnytsia](/wiki/St._George_Monastery%2C_Horodnytsia "St. George Monastery, Horodnytsia"), [Zhytomyr Oblast](/wiki/Zhytomyr_Oblast "Zhytomyr Oblast"), Ukraine
* [Trinity Convent](/wiki/Trinity_Convent%2C_Korets "Trinity Convent, Korets"), [Korets](/wiki/Korets "Korets"), [Rivne Oblast](/wiki/Rivne_Oblast "Rivne Oblast"), Ukraine
* [Assumption Monastery, Zimne](/wiki/Zymne_Monastery "Zymne Monastery"), [Volyn Oblast](/wiki/Volyn_Oblast "Volyn Oblast"), Ukraine
### Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
A stauropegial monastery (*monasterium stauropegiaceum*) under patriarchal jurisdiction (*monasterium iuris patriarchalis*) is a monastery that is subject directly to the patriarch (can. 434 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches).{{Cite web\|last\=\|first\=\|title\=Univ Monastery Becomes Subject to Greek Catholic Patriarch\|url\=https://www.byzcath.org/index.php/news\-mainmenu\-49/2398\-univ\-monastery\-becomes\-subject\-to\-greek\-catholic\-patriarch\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-12\|website\=RISU.ORG.UA\|publication\-date\=7 May 2008\|via\=Byzantine Catholic Church in America}}
Monasteries in Ukraine:
* [Univ Lavra](/wiki/Univ_Lavra "Univ Lavra")
|
[
"Stauropegic monasteries\n-----------------------",
"A stauropegic monastery, also rendered \"stavropegic\", \"stauropegial\" or \"stavropegial\", is an [Eastern Orthodox](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox \"Eastern Orthodox\") or [Eastern Catholic](/wiki/Eastern_Catholic \"Eastern Catholic\") Christian [monastery](/wiki/Monastery \"Monastery\"), subordinated directly to a [primate](/wiki/Primate_%28bishop%29 \"Primate (bishop)\") or [Synod](/wiki/Synod \"Synod\"), rather than to a [local Bishop](/wiki/Local_bishop \"Local bishop\").",
"The practice of exempting some monasteries from jurisdictions of local bishops, placing them under a direct jurisdiction of the patriarch, was present at least since the reign of Byzantine Emperor [Maurice](/wiki/Maurice_%28Byzantine_Emperor%29 \"Maurice (Byzantine Emperor)\") (582\\-602\\). Such exemptions became more common after the [Council of Constantinople](/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_%28861%29 \"Council of Constantinople (861)\") (861\\). In time, those practices included not only monasteries, but also various parochial churches, to the extent that authorities had to regulate the issue by imposing stricter criteria for the creation of such exemptions.{{sfn\\|Thomas\\|1987\\|p\\=214\\-243}}{{sfn\\|Troianos\\|2012\\|p\\=173}}",
"Stauropegic monasteries are distinguished from the greatest monasteries, called *[lavras](/wiki/Lavra \"Lavra\")*, and from the patriarchal *[metochions](/wiki/Metochion \"Metochion\")*, where the patriarch serves as a parish priest. The metochions of the Patriarch of Moscow are the [Vysokopetrovsky Monastery](/wiki/Vysokopetrovsky_Monastery \"Vysokopetrovsky Monastery\") and [Nikolo\\-Perervinsky Monastery](/wiki/Nikolo-Perervinsky_Monastery \"Nikolo-Perervinsky Monastery\").",
"### Bulgarian Orthodox Church",
"The [Bulgarian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church \"Bulgarian Orthodox Church\") has three stauropegic monasteries:{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bulgariamonasteries.com/stavropigialni\\_manastiri.html\\|title\\=Ставропигиални манастири в България \\- България манастири\\|website\\=www.bulgariamonasteries.com\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-07}}\n* [Rila Monastery](/wiki/Rila_Monastery \"Rila Monastery\")\n* [Bachkovo Monastery](/wiki/Bachkovo_Monastery \"Bachkovo Monastery\")\n* [Troyan Monastery](/wiki/Troyan_Monastery \"Troyan Monastery\")",
"The [Alexander Nevsky Cathedral](/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral%2C_Sofia \"Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia\") and the [Sofia Seminary](/wiki/Sofia_Seminary \"Sofia Seminary\") are also directly subordinate to the Bulgarian Patriarch and Synod.",
"### Serbian Orthodox Church",
"[thumb\\|right\\|190px\\|[Patriarchal Monastery of Peć](/wiki/Patriarchal_Monastery_of_Pe%C4%87 \"Patriarchal Monastery of Peć\"), stauropegic monastery of the [Serbian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church \"Serbian Orthodox Church\")](/wiki/File:JuPe%C4%87Patriarchenkloster1.jpg \"JuPećPatriarchenkloster1.jpg\")",
"Several major Serbian Orthodox monasteries had special status in Middle Ages. Today, the [Serbian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church \"Serbian Orthodox Church\") has two stauropegic monasteries:{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-01\\-03\\|title\\=Манастири \\- АРХИЕПИСКОПИЈА\\|url\\=http://arhiepiskopija.rs/index.php/arhiepiskopija/manastiri\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-25\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103090553/http://arhiepiskopija.rs/index.php/arhiepiskopija/manastiri\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-03}}\n* [Patriarchal Monastery of Peć](/wiki/Patriarchal_Monastery_of_Pe%C4%87 \"Patriarchal Monastery of Peć\"), ancient seat of the [Serbian Patriarchate of Peć](/wiki/Serbian_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87 \"Serbian Patriarchate of Peć\") (1346\\-1463 and 1557\\-1766\\). The principal title of [Serbian Patriarchs](/wiki/Serbian_Patriarch \"Serbian Patriarch\") is still [Archbishop of Peć](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Pe%C4%87 \"Archbishop of Peć\").\n* [Saint Sava Serbian Orthodox Monastery](/wiki/Saint_Sava_Serbian_Orthodox_Monastery_and_Seminary \"Saint Sava Serbian Orthodox Monastery and Seminary\") in [Libertyville, Illinois](/wiki/Libertyville%2C_Illinois \"Libertyville, Illinois\"), [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\").",
"### Russian Orthodox Church",
"The first stauropegic monastery in the [Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church \"Russian Orthodox Church\") was [Simonov Monastery](/wiki/Simonov_Monastery \"Simonov Monastery\") (1383\\). It was subordinated directly to the [Ecumenical Patriarch](/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch \"Ecumenical Patriarch\"), because it was founded by Greeks and was home to the [patriarch](/wiki/Ecumenical_patriarch_of_Constantinople \"Ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople\") during his visits to [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\").",
"In 1561 [Ivan the Terrible](/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible \"Ivan the Terrible\") decreed that the following seven monasteries should precede all the rest:\n* [Trinity Lavra](/wiki/Trinity_Lavra \"Trinity Lavra\"), [Sergiev Posad](/wiki/Sergiev_Posad \"Sergiev Posad\")\n* [Chudov Monastery](/wiki/Chudov_Monastery \"Chudov Monastery\"), Moscow\n* [Andronikov Monastery](/wiki/Andronikov_Monastery \"Andronikov Monastery\"), Moscow\n* [Kirillo\\-Belozersky Monastery](/wiki/Kirillo-Belozersky_Monastery \"Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery\"), [Kirillov](/wiki/Kirillov_%28town%29 \"Kirillov (town)\")\n* [Epiphany Monastery](/wiki/Epiphany_Monastery \"Epiphany Monastery\"), Moscow\n* [Pafnutiev Monastery](/wiki/Pafnutiev_Monastery \"Pafnutiev Monastery\"), [Borovsk](/wiki/Borovsk \"Borovsk\")\n* [Joseph\\-Volokolamsky Monastery](/wiki/Joseph-Volokolamsky_Monastery \"Joseph-Volokolamsky Monastery\") near [Volokolamsk](/wiki/Volokolamsk \"Volokolamsk\")",
"After the establishment of the [Patriarchate in Moscow](/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow \"Patriarch of Moscow\"), there were no stauropegic monasteries subordinated directly to the Patriarch for some time. But [Nikon](/wiki/Patriarch_Nikon \"Patriarch Nikon\") founded the [New Jerusalem Monastery](/wiki/New_Jerusalem_Monastery \"New Jerusalem Monastery\"), [Valday Iversky Monastery](/wiki/Valday_Iversky_Monastery \"Valday Iversky Monastery\"), and [Kiy Island Monastery](/wiki/Kiy_Island \"Kiy Island\"), which he governed himself, instead of placing each under an [hegumen](/wiki/Hegumen \"Hegumen\") (abbot).",
"The Greek custom, first introduced by Nikon, was continued by other Patriarchs and by the [Holy Governing Synod](/wiki/Holy_Governing_Synod \"Holy Governing Synod\"). Stauropegic houses were not always the most important monasteries, the holiest, the richest, or the largest. They might have been dear to the ruling Patriarch for personal reasons. In the 19th century, apart from four [lavras](/wiki/Lavra \"Lavra\"), seven monasteries were considered stauropegial:\n* [Novospassky Monastery](/wiki/Novospassky_Monastery \"Novospassky Monastery\"), Moscow\n* [New Jerusalem Monastery](/wiki/New_Jerusalem_Monastery \"New Jerusalem Monastery\"), Istra\n* [Simonov Monastery](/wiki/Simonov_Monastery \"Simonov Monastery\"), Moscow\n* [Donskoy Monastery](/wiki/Donskoy_Monastery \"Donskoy Monastery\"), Moscow\n* [Solovetsky Monastery](/wiki/Solovetsky_Monastery \"Solovetsky Monastery\"), Solovki\n* [Yakovlevsky Monastery](/wiki/Yakovlevsky_Monastery \"Yakovlevsky Monastery\"), Rostov\n* [Zaikonospassky Monastery](/wiki/Zaikonospassky_Monastery \"Zaikonospassky Monastery\"), Moscow",
"{{As of\\|2000}}, the following monasteries were recognized as stauropegial by the Russian Orthodox Church:",
"Monasteries of [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\"):\n* [Danilov Monastery](/wiki/Danilov_Monastery \"Danilov Monastery\"), Moscow\n* [Donskoy Monastery](/wiki/Donskoy_Monastery \"Donskoy Monastery\"), Moscow\n* [Novospassky Monastery](/wiki/Novospassky_Monastery \"Novospassky Monastery\"), Moscow\n* [Sretensky Monastery](/wiki/Sretensky_Monastery \"Sretensky Monastery\"), Moscow\n* [Zachatyevsky Convent](/wiki/Zachatyevsky_Convent \"Zachatyevsky Convent\"), Moscow\n* [Intercession Convent, Moscow](/wiki/Intercession_Convent%2C_Moscow \"Intercession Convent, Moscow\")\n* [Nativity Convent, Moscow](/wiki/Nativity_Convent%2C_Moscow \"Nativity Convent, Moscow\")",
"Monasteries of Central Russia:\n* [Joseph\\-Volokolamsky Monastery](/wiki/Joseph-Volokolamsky_Monastery \"Joseph-Volokolamsky Monastery\"), [Moscow Oblast](/wiki/Moscow_Oblast \"Moscow Oblast\")\n* [New Jerusalem Monastery](/wiki/New_Jerusalem_Monastery \"New Jerusalem Monastery\"), Moscow Oblast\n* [Optina Monastery](/wiki/Optina_Monastery \"Optina Monastery\"), [Kaluga Oblast](/wiki/Kaluga_Oblast \"Kaluga Oblast\")\n* [St. Savva Monastery](/wiki/St._Savva_Monastery \"St. Savva Monastery\"), Moscow Oblast\n* [Ugreshi Monastery](/wiki/Ugreshi_Monastery \"Ugreshi Monastery\"), Moscow Oblast\n* [Amvrosievsky Shamordinsky Convent](/wiki/Amvrosievsky_Shamordinsky_Convent \"Amvrosievsky Shamordinsky Convent\"), Kaluga Oblast\n* [Borisoglebsky Anosin Convent](/wiki/Borisoglebsky_Anosin_Convent \"Borisoglebsky Anosin Convent\"), Moscow Oblast\n* [Intercession Convent, Khotkovo](/wiki/Intercession_Convent%2C_Khotkovo \"Intercession Convent, Khotkovo\"), Moscow Oblast\n* [Krestovozdvizhensky Convent](/wiki/Krestovozdvizhensky_Convent \"Krestovozdvizhensky Convent\"), Moscow Oblast",
"Monasteries of North\\-Western Russia:\n* [Solovetsky Monastery](/wiki/Solovetsky_Monastery \"Solovetsky Monastery\"), [Arkhangelsk Oblast](/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast \"Arkhangelsk Oblast\")\n* [Valaam Monastery](/wiki/Valaam_Monastery \"Valaam Monastery\"), [Republic of Karelia](/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia \"Republic of Karelia\")\n* [Vyashchizhi Monastery](/wiki/Vyashchizhi_Monastery \"Vyashchizhi Monastery\"), [Novgorod Oblast](/wiki/Novgorod_Oblast \"Novgorod Oblast\")\n* [Ioannovsky Convent](/wiki/Ioannovsky_Convent \"Ioannovsky Convent\"), [Saint Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg \"Saint Petersburg\")",
"Monasteries outside Russia:\n* [Assumption Monastery, Zhirovitsy](/wiki/Assumption_Monastery%2C_Zhirovitsy \"Assumption Monastery, Zhirovitsy\"), [Hrodna Oblast](/wiki/Hrodna_Oblast \"Hrodna Oblast\"), [Belarus](/wiki/Belarus \"Belarus\")\n* [Glinsk Hermitage](/wiki/Glinsk_Hermitage \"Glinsk Hermitage\"), [Sumy Oblast](/wiki/Sumy_Oblast \"Sumy Oblast\"), Ukraine\n* [Holy Trinity Monastery](/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Monastery_%28Jordanville%2C_New_York%29 \"Holy Trinity Monastery (Jordanville, New York)\"), [Jordanville, New York](/wiki/Jordanville%2C_New_York \"Jordanville, New York\"), [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\")\n* [Pühtitsa Convent](/wiki/P%C3%BChtitsa_Convent \"Pühtitsa Convent\"), [Estonia](/wiki/Estonia \"Estonia\")\n* [St. George Monastery, Horodnytsia](/wiki/St._George_Monastery%2C_Horodnytsia \"St. George Monastery, Horodnytsia\"), [Zhytomyr Oblast](/wiki/Zhytomyr_Oblast \"Zhytomyr Oblast\"), Ukraine\n* [Trinity Convent](/wiki/Trinity_Convent%2C_Korets \"Trinity Convent, Korets\"), [Korets](/wiki/Korets \"Korets\"), [Rivne Oblast](/wiki/Rivne_Oblast \"Rivne Oblast\"), Ukraine\n* [Assumption Monastery, Zimne](/wiki/Zymne_Monastery \"Zymne Monastery\"), [Volyn Oblast](/wiki/Volyn_Oblast \"Volyn Oblast\"), Ukraine",
"### Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church",
"A stauropegial monastery (*monasterium stauropegiaceum*) under patriarchal jurisdiction (*monasterium iuris patriarchalis*) is a monastery that is subject directly to the patriarch (can. 434 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches).{{Cite web\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|title\\=Univ Monastery Becomes Subject to Greek Catholic Patriarch\\|url\\=https://www.byzcath.org/index.php/news\\-mainmenu\\-49/2398\\-univ\\-monastery\\-becomes\\-subject\\-to\\-greek\\-catholic\\-patriarch\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-12\\|website\\=RISU.ORG.UA\\|publication\\-date\\=7 May 2008\\|via\\=Byzantine Catholic Church in America}}",
"Monasteries in Ukraine:\n* [Univ Lavra](/wiki/Univ_Lavra \"Univ Lavra\")",
""
] |
Gameplay
--------
[thumb\|right\|Sums of money on the game board in the 2023 revival series. Small amounts are represented with a blue outline while large amounts are represented with a red outline. This applies to the insides of the boxes.](/wiki/File:Deal_or_no_deal_2023_board_recreation.png "Deal or no deal 2023 board recreation.png")
Contestants can win prize money ranging from between 1p and £100,000 (£250,000 and £500,000 for a couple of specials in the Channel 4 era). The game is played using 22 sealed red boxes, each with an identifying number from 1 to 22 displayed on the front. Inside each box is a sum of money. All the boxes are sealed by an independent adjudicator, who is the only person to know the value inside each box.
At the start of each game one of the 22 contestants, each standing behind one of the red boxes, is selected to be the contestant for that episode. The contestants themselves do not know who is to take the seat until it is revealed at the beginning of the show. The contestant's box contains their potential prize. One at a time, the contestant chooses one of the 21 remaining boxes (other than their own) to be opened, eliminating the value inside it from the list of possible amounts in the contestant's box (displayed on a large screen opposite them). It is in the contestant's interest to uncover smaller amounts of money in the hope that their prize is a larger amount or that they can get a higher offer from the Banker. Boxes are opened by the remaining 21 contestants; these contestants are also regularly spoken to by the host and the contestant, and offer support and advice. These contestants return for the following episodes, along with a new contestant replacing the previous episode's contestant, so that all contestants eventually play the game (although there have been episodes where only 21 contestants played because a contestant that was supposed to play could not do so for health reasons). This provides continuity between shows.
There are six rounds: in the opening round five boxes are opened, then three in each subsequent round (in series 12, two boxes for penultimate round and one for final round, increases the number of rounds to seven). After the required number of boxes have been opened in a round, the Banker offers to buy the contestant's box. The amount is dependent on the remaining box values: if several larger amounts are gone, the offer is likely to be low, as the probability is higher that the contestant's box contains a small amount of money. Occasionally, the first offer (or on very rare occasions a later offer) has been replaced by an offer to the contestant to swap their box for one of the remaining unopened boxes. The first offer can also be used by the Banker to offer non\-monetary items; however, they are rarely taken.
The host tells the contestant the offer and asks the eponymous question. The contestant responds either "deal" or "no deal". Responding with "deal" means the contestant agrees to sell their box for the amount of money offered, relinquishing the prize in the box. The game is now over, though play continues to show the hypothetical outcome had the contestant not dealt. Saying "no deal" means the contestant keeps their box, and proceeds to the next round, again hoping to reveal small amounts in the remaining boxes.
After the final round, only two boxes remain. If the contestant rejects the final offer and has not dealt, their box will be opened and whatever prize it contains will be what the player has won. However, in some circumstances, the Banker can offer the opportunity for the contestant to swap their box with the other remaining unopened box and take the prize contained in the other box instead. Swaps are more likely to occur when a relatively large prize money value remains in play alongside a much lower monetary value, with the offer done by the Banker in the hope that the player unintentionally gives away a significant prize and leaves with a much smaller amount. In the original series, if the final red in play was the jackpot prize (£250,000\), the swap would automatically be offered to the contestant.
### Twists
In the Channel 4 series, various twists, either during themed special shows or permanently, applied to the gameplay. From 2014 to 2016, "Box 23" was added to the game. This allowed contestants to purchase it with their winnings to either double their winnings, halve it, add £10,000, lose it all, or have no change. In the same year, the "offer button" was added \- meaning that if the contestant predicted their first offer within a 10% range they were able to call for an offer from the Banker at any time. Other twists like the "Banker's Gamble" (meaning they could return dealt money to win whatever is in their box) or moving on one box at a time before an offer were factors in achieving the original top prize winners.
|
[
"Gameplay\n--------",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Sums of money on the game board in the 2023 revival series. Small amounts are represented with a blue outline while large amounts are represented with a red outline. This applies to the insides of the boxes.](/wiki/File:Deal_or_no_deal_2023_board_recreation.png \"Deal or no deal 2023 board recreation.png\")\nContestants can win prize money ranging from between 1p and £100,000 (£250,000 and £500,000 for a couple of specials in the Channel 4 era). The game is played using 22 sealed red boxes, each with an identifying number from 1 to 22 displayed on the front. Inside each box is a sum of money. All the boxes are sealed by an independent adjudicator, who is the only person to know the value inside each box.",
"At the start of each game one of the 22 contestants, each standing behind one of the red boxes, is selected to be the contestant for that episode. The contestants themselves do not know who is to take the seat until it is revealed at the beginning of the show. The contestant's box contains their potential prize. One at a time, the contestant chooses one of the 21 remaining boxes (other than their own) to be opened, eliminating the value inside it from the list of possible amounts in the contestant's box (displayed on a large screen opposite them). It is in the contestant's interest to uncover smaller amounts of money in the hope that their prize is a larger amount or that they can get a higher offer from the Banker. Boxes are opened by the remaining 21 contestants; these contestants are also regularly spoken to by the host and the contestant, and offer support and advice. These contestants return for the following episodes, along with a new contestant replacing the previous episode's contestant, so that all contestants eventually play the game (although there have been episodes where only 21 contestants played because a contestant that was supposed to play could not do so for health reasons). This provides continuity between shows.",
"There are six rounds: in the opening round five boxes are opened, then three in each subsequent round (in series 12, two boxes for penultimate round and one for final round, increases the number of rounds to seven). After the required number of boxes have been opened in a round, the Banker offers to buy the contestant's box. The amount is dependent on the remaining box values: if several larger amounts are gone, the offer is likely to be low, as the probability is higher that the contestant's box contains a small amount of money. Occasionally, the first offer (or on very rare occasions a later offer) has been replaced by an offer to the contestant to swap their box for one of the remaining unopened boxes. The first offer can also be used by the Banker to offer non\\-monetary items; however, they are rarely taken.",
"The host tells the contestant the offer and asks the eponymous question. The contestant responds either \"deal\" or \"no deal\". Responding with \"deal\" means the contestant agrees to sell their box for the amount of money offered, relinquishing the prize in the box. The game is now over, though play continues to show the hypothetical outcome had the contestant not dealt. Saying \"no deal\" means the contestant keeps their box, and proceeds to the next round, again hoping to reveal small amounts in the remaining boxes.",
"After the final round, only two boxes remain. If the contestant rejects the final offer and has not dealt, their box will be opened and whatever prize it contains will be what the player has won. However, in some circumstances, the Banker can offer the opportunity for the contestant to swap their box with the other remaining unopened box and take the prize contained in the other box instead. Swaps are more likely to occur when a relatively large prize money value remains in play alongside a much lower monetary value, with the offer done by the Banker in the hope that the player unintentionally gives away a significant prize and leaves with a much smaller amount. In the original series, if the final red in play was the jackpot prize (£250,000\\), the swap would automatically be offered to the contestant.",
"### Twists",
"In the Channel 4 series, various twists, either during themed special shows or permanently, applied to the gameplay. From 2014 to 2016, \"Box 23\" was added to the game. This allowed contestants to purchase it with their winnings to either double their winnings, halve it, add £10,000, lose it all, or have no change. In the same year, the \"offer button\" was added \\- meaning that if the contestant predicted their first offer within a 10% range they were able to call for an offer from the Banker at any time. Other twists like the \"Banker's Gamble\" (meaning they could return dealt money to win whatever is in their box) or moving on one box at a time before an offer were factors in achieving the original top prize winners.",
""
] |
AIMMS Prescriptive Analytics Platform
-------------------------------------
The AIMMS Prescriptive Analytics Platform consists of an [algebraic modeling language](/wiki/Algebraic_modeling_language "Algebraic modeling language"), an [integrated development environment](/wiki/Integrated_development_environment "Integrated development environment") for both editing models and creating a [graphical user interface](/wiki/Graphical_user_interface "Graphical user interface") around these models, and a graphical end\-user environment.{{cite book\|url\=http://www.aimms.com/aimms/download/manuals/aimms\_user.pdf\|title\=AIMMS User's Guide\|last\=Roelofs\|first\=Marcel\|publisher\=lulu.com\|year\=2010\|isbn\=978\-0\-557\-06360\-4\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-10\|archive\-date\=2015\-06\-07\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607014753/http://www.aimms.com/aimms/download/manuals/aimms\_user.pdf\|url\-status\=dead}}
AIMMS is linked to multiple [solvers](/wiki/Solver "Solver") through the AIMMS Open Solver Interface.{{cite web\|url\=http://download.aimms.com/aimms/AimmsOSI/frames.html?frmname\=topic\&frmfile\=index.html\|title\=AIMMS Open Solver Interface API\|author\=Paragon Decision Technology\|year\=2009}} Supported solvers include [CPLEX](/wiki/CPLEX "CPLEX"), [MOSEK](/wiki/MOSEK "MOSEK"), [FICO Xpress](/wiki/FICO_Xpress "FICO Xpress"), CBC, Conopt, [MINOS](/wiki/MINOS_%28optimization_software%29 "MINOS (optimization software)"), [IPOPT](/wiki/IPOPT "IPOPT"), [SNOPT](/wiki/SNOPT "SNOPT"), [KNITRO](/wiki/KNITRO "KNITRO") and CP Optimizer.
AIMMS features a mixture of [declarative](/wiki/Declarative_programming "Declarative programming") and [imperative](/wiki/Imperative_programming "Imperative programming") programming styles. Formulation of optimization models takes place through declarative language elements such as sets and indices, as well as scalar and multidimensional parameters, variables and constraints, which are common to all [algebraic modeling languages](/wiki/Algebraic_modeling_language "Algebraic modeling language"), and allow for a concise description of most problems in the domain of mathematical optimization. [Units of measurement](/wiki/Units_of_measurement "Units of measurement") are natively supported in the language, and compile\- and runtime unit analysis may be employed to detect modeling errors.
Procedures and [control flow](/wiki/Control_flow "Control flow") statements are available in AIMMS for
* the exchange of data with external data sources such as [spreadsheets](/wiki/Spreadsheet "Spreadsheet"), [databases](/wiki/Database "Database"), [XML](/wiki/XML "XML") and text files
* data pre\- and post\-processing tasks around optimization models
* user interface event handling
* the construction of hybrid algorithms for problem types for which no direct efficient solvers are available.
To support the re\-use of common modeling components, AIMMS allows modelers to organize their model in user model [libraries](/wiki/Library_%28computing%29 "Library (computing)").
AIMMS supports a wide range of mathematical optimization problem types:
* [Linear programming](/wiki/Linear_programming "Linear programming")
* [Quadratic programming](/wiki/Quadratic_programming "Quadratic programming")
* [Nonlinear programming](/wiki/Nonlinear_programming "Nonlinear programming")
* [Mixed\-integer programming](/wiki/Linear_programming%23Integer_unknowns "Linear programming#Integer unknowns")
* Mixed\-integer nonlinear programming
* [Global optimization](/wiki/Global_optimization "Global optimization")
* [Complementarity problems](/wiki/Complementarity_theory "Complementarity theory") (MPECs)
* [Stochastic programming](/wiki/Stochastic_programming "Stochastic programming")
* [Robust optimization](/wiki/Robust_optimization "Robust optimization")
* [Constraint programming](/wiki/Constraint_programming "Constraint programming")
[Uncertainty](/wiki/Uncertainty "Uncertainty") can be taken into account in [deterministic](/wiki/Deterministic_system "Deterministic system") linear and mixed integer optimization models in AIMMS through the specification of additional attributes, such that [stochastic](/wiki/Stochastic_programming "Stochastic programming") or [robust](/wiki/Robust_optimization "Robust optimization") optimization techniques can be applied alongside the existing deterministic solution techniques.
Custom hybrid and decomposition algorithms can be constructed using the GMP system library which makes available at the modeling level many of the basic building blocks used internally by the higher level solution methods present in AIMMS, matrix modification methods, as well as specialized steps for customizing solution algorithms for specific problem types.
Optimization solutions created with AIMMS can be used either as a standalone [desktop application](/wiki/Desktop_application "Desktop application") or can be embedded as a [software component](/wiki/Software_component "Software component") in other applications.
|
[
"AIMMS Prescriptive Analytics Platform\n-------------------------------------",
"The AIMMS Prescriptive Analytics Platform consists of an [algebraic modeling language](/wiki/Algebraic_modeling_language \"Algebraic modeling language\"), an [integrated development environment](/wiki/Integrated_development_environment \"Integrated development environment\") for both editing models and creating a [graphical user interface](/wiki/Graphical_user_interface \"Graphical user interface\") around these models, and a graphical end\\-user environment.{{cite book\\|url\\=http://www.aimms.com/aimms/download/manuals/aimms\\_user.pdf\\|title\\=AIMMS User's Guide\\|last\\=Roelofs\\|first\\=Marcel\\|publisher\\=lulu.com\\|year\\=2010\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-557\\-06360\\-4\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-10\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-06\\-07\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607014753/http://www.aimms.com/aimms/download/manuals/aimms\\_user.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\nAIMMS is linked to multiple [solvers](/wiki/Solver \"Solver\") through the AIMMS Open Solver Interface.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://download.aimms.com/aimms/AimmsOSI/frames.html?frmname\\=topic\\&frmfile\\=index.html\\|title\\=AIMMS Open Solver Interface API\\|author\\=Paragon Decision Technology\\|year\\=2009}} Supported solvers include [CPLEX](/wiki/CPLEX \"CPLEX\"), [MOSEK](/wiki/MOSEK \"MOSEK\"), [FICO Xpress](/wiki/FICO_Xpress \"FICO Xpress\"), CBC, Conopt, [MINOS](/wiki/MINOS_%28optimization_software%29 \"MINOS (optimization software)\"), [IPOPT](/wiki/IPOPT \"IPOPT\"), [SNOPT](/wiki/SNOPT \"SNOPT\"), [KNITRO](/wiki/KNITRO \"KNITRO\") and CP Optimizer.",
"AIMMS features a mixture of [declarative](/wiki/Declarative_programming \"Declarative programming\") and [imperative](/wiki/Imperative_programming \"Imperative programming\") programming styles. Formulation of optimization models takes place through declarative language elements such as sets and indices, as well as scalar and multidimensional parameters, variables and constraints, which are common to all [algebraic modeling languages](/wiki/Algebraic_modeling_language \"Algebraic modeling language\"), and allow for a concise description of most problems in the domain of mathematical optimization. [Units of measurement](/wiki/Units_of_measurement \"Units of measurement\") are natively supported in the language, and compile\\- and runtime unit analysis may be employed to detect modeling errors.",
"Procedures and [control flow](/wiki/Control_flow \"Control flow\") statements are available in AIMMS for \n* the exchange of data with external data sources such as [spreadsheets](/wiki/Spreadsheet \"Spreadsheet\"), [databases](/wiki/Database \"Database\"), [XML](/wiki/XML \"XML\") and text files\n* data pre\\- and post\\-processing tasks around optimization models\n* user interface event handling\n* the construction of hybrid algorithms for problem types for which no direct efficient solvers are available. \nTo support the re\\-use of common modeling components, AIMMS allows modelers to organize their model in user model [libraries](/wiki/Library_%28computing%29 \"Library (computing)\").",
"AIMMS supports a wide range of mathematical optimization problem types:\n* [Linear programming](/wiki/Linear_programming \"Linear programming\")\n* [Quadratic programming](/wiki/Quadratic_programming \"Quadratic programming\")\n* [Nonlinear programming](/wiki/Nonlinear_programming \"Nonlinear programming\")\n* [Mixed\\-integer programming](/wiki/Linear_programming%23Integer_unknowns \"Linear programming#Integer unknowns\")\n* Mixed\\-integer nonlinear programming\n* [Global optimization](/wiki/Global_optimization \"Global optimization\")\n* [Complementarity problems](/wiki/Complementarity_theory \"Complementarity theory\") (MPECs)\n* [Stochastic programming](/wiki/Stochastic_programming \"Stochastic programming\")\n* [Robust optimization](/wiki/Robust_optimization \"Robust optimization\")\n* [Constraint programming](/wiki/Constraint_programming \"Constraint programming\")\n[Uncertainty](/wiki/Uncertainty \"Uncertainty\") can be taken into account in [deterministic](/wiki/Deterministic_system \"Deterministic system\") linear and mixed integer optimization models in AIMMS through the specification of additional attributes, such that [stochastic](/wiki/Stochastic_programming \"Stochastic programming\") or [robust](/wiki/Robust_optimization \"Robust optimization\") optimization techniques can be applied alongside the existing deterministic solution techniques.",
"Custom hybrid and decomposition algorithms can be constructed using the GMP system library which makes available at the modeling level many of the basic building blocks used internally by the higher level solution methods present in AIMMS, matrix modification methods, as well as specialized steps for customizing solution algorithms for specific problem types.",
"Optimization solutions created with AIMMS can be used either as a standalone [desktop application](/wiki/Desktop_application \"Desktop application\") or can be embedded as a [software component](/wiki/Software_component \"Software component\") in other applications.",
""
] |
Products
--------
Brocade focuses on [Fibre Channel](/wiki/Fibre_Channel "Fibre Channel") and [FICON](/wiki/FICON "FICON") [storage area network](/wiki/Storage_area_network "Storage area network") (SAN) directors and switches; SAN extension switches ([FCIP](/wiki/FCIP "FCIP")), embedded switches for blade servers, optical transceivers and SAN management software.
Prior to the acquisition by Broadcom, Brocade also provided ultra\-low\-latency data center switches; [Ethernet fabrics](/wiki/Virtual_Cluster_Switching "Virtual Cluster Switching"), Federal and enterprise Ethernet ([LAN](/wiki/LAN "LAN")/[WLAN](/wiki/WLAN "WLAN")) [switches](/wiki/Network_switch "Network switch"); [WAN](/wiki/Wide_area_network "Wide area network") ([Internet](/wiki/Internet "Internet")) [routers](/wiki/Router_%28computing%29 "Router (computing)"); [application delivery controllers](/wiki/Application_delivery_controller "Application delivery controller") (load balancers); embedded [Ethernet](/wiki/Ethernet "Ethernet") switch blades; Fibre Channel [host bus adapters](/wiki/Host_bus_adapter "Host bus adapter") (HBAs); [converged Fibre Channel/Ethernet network adapters](/wiki/Converged_Network_Adapter "Converged Network Adapter") (CNAs), and [Ethernet transceivers](/wiki/Transceiver%23Ethernet "Transceiver#Ethernet"). Other hardware from Brocade supports common protocols including [iSCSI](/wiki/ISCSI "ISCSI"), [Gigabit Ethernet](/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet "Gigabit Ethernet"), [FCoE](/wiki/Fibre_Channel_over_Ethernet "Fibre Channel over Ethernet"), [DCB/CEE](/wiki/Data_center_bridging "Data center bridging"), and Layer 4\-7 networking protocols.
Brocade also previously sold software\-based networking devices including technology for [SDN](/wiki/Software-defined_networking "Software-defined networking"), [Network virtualization](/wiki/Network_virtualization "Network virtualization"), virtual routers, virtual firewalls, virtual [Application Delivery Controllers](/wiki/Application_Delivery_Controller "Application Delivery Controller") (load balancers), [network security appliances](/wiki/Network_Security "Network Security") and VPNs through its wholly owned subsidiary, [Vyatta](/wiki/Vyatta "Vyatta").
### Fibre Channel
Brocade's first Fibre Channel switch SilkWorm 1000 (SW1000\) (released in 1997\) was based on the "Stitch" 1 Gbit/s [ASIC](/wiki/ASIC "ASIC") and their own [VxWorks](/wiki/VxWorks "VxWorks")\-based firmware ([Fabric OS](/wiki/Fabric_OS "Fabric OS") or FOS). SilkWorm eventually came to be a long\-lived marketing designation for an entire line of products, with the first product being retro\-named the SilkWorm 1000 (SW1000\) to distinguish it from subsequent platforms. Bruce Bergman was the [CEO](/wiki/CEO "CEO") during most of this period. Product names were generally puns on various kinds of [woven fabric](/wiki/Woven_fabric "Woven fabric"), since a switched Fibre Channel network is also called a "[fabric](/wiki/Switched_fabric "Switched fabric")". The SilkWorm 1000 series included the SilkWorm I and II launched in 1997 with 16 ports. In 1998, the SilkWorm Express launched with 8 ports.
In 1998, [Gregory Reyes](/wiki/Gregory_Reyes "Gregory Reyes") joined the company as CEO. Between 1999 and 2000, Brocade launched several 1 Gbit/s switches including the SilkWorm 2800 (16\-ports), SilkWorm 2400 (8\-ports), SilkWorm 2250 (16\-ports) and the SilkWorm 2050 (8\-ports) based on the Loom ASIC. In 2001, Brocade released the SilkWorm 6400, which was designated a "director" similarlyBy today's standards, SW 6400 was a semi\-director, simply a bundle of small switches interconnected with external cables and integrated with a basic management application, Fabric Manager 1\.0\. to IBM [ESCON directors](/wiki/ESCON_director "ESCON director") already well\-established{{cite journal\|last\=Cooney\|first\=Michael\|title\=IBM prepping entry\-level ESCON connectivity\|journal\=Network World\|date\=January 8, 1996\|volume\=13\| issue \= 2\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ow0EAAAAMBAJ\&q\=ESCON%20director%20fibre\&pg\=PA10\|access\-date\=August 10, 2011\|page\=10\|issn\=0887\-7661}} in the [mainframe computer](/wiki/Mainframe_computer "Mainframe computer") market. The term "director" became universally used for more expensive FC switches.{{cite web \|title\= Fibre Channel Directors: Myths, Realities, and Evaluations \|author\= Henry Newman \|date\= September 18, 2003 \|work\= Enterprise Storage Forum \|url\= http://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/hardware/features/article.php/3079491/Fibre\-Channel\-Directors\-Myths\-Realities\-and\-Evaluations.htm \|access\-date\= August 9, 2011 }}
From 2001 to 2003, Brocade released switches based on its third generation ASIC, "BLOOM" (Big LOOM). BLOOM introduced increased throughput of 2 Gbit/s. Between 2001\-2002 the SilkWorm 3800 (16\-ports) and SilkWorm 3200 (8\-ports), and SilkWorm 3900 (32\-ports) were launched. Brocade integrated BLOOM into its first "pure" director, the SilkWorm 12000, in April 2002\. The director offered up to 128 ports in two 64\-port pseudo\-switches (*domains*). The 12000 represented several internal architecture and technical changes besides the new ASIC: it had an upgraded control processor architecture ([Intel i960](/wiki/Intel_i960 "Intel i960") moved to [PowerPC 405GP](/wiki/PowerPC_400 "PowerPC 400")), changed the embedded operating system (FOS v4\.0 migrated from Wind River Systems VxWorks to [MontaVista Linux](/wiki/MontaVista_Linux "MontaVista Linux")), and introduced the [backplane](/wiki/Backplane "Backplane") architecture (hierarchical PCI buses with replaceable blades attached to a backplane). The Bloom ASIC also introduced a notable capability of frame\-level [Fibre Channel](/wiki/Fibre_Channel "Fibre Channel") trunking, which provided high throughput with load balancing across multiple cables. It needed to be implemented in the ASIC hardware to ensure in\-order delivery of frames. Also, hot firmware upgrade was introduced with FOS v4\.1 in October 2003\.
At the time, Brocade's main rival, [McDATA](/wiki/McDATA "McDATA"), held over 90% market share in director segment, owing to a strong position first in the ESCON market, and then in the FICON market. The SilkWorm 12000 director gained over one\-third of the market share after its release in 2002\. Brocade added mainframe customers with [FICON](/wiki/FICON "FICON") and FICON CUP support on the SilkWorm 12000\.
In 2004, the BLOOM II improved on the previous ASIC design by reducing its power consumption and die size, while maintaining 2 Gbit/s technology. New switches were launched including the SilkWorm 3850 (16\-ports) and SilkWorm 3250 (8\-ports). BLOOM II also powered Brocade's second\-generation director, the SilkWorm 24000\. Still a 128\-port design, it was the first one which could operate as a single 128\-port switch (a single domain). The new director also used approximately two thirds less power than its predecessor. Brocade also introduced its first multiprotocol Fibre Channel router, the SilkWorm 7420\. Brocade also acquired Rhapsody Networks (a SAN virtualization [startup company](/wiki/Startup_company "Startup company")). This was also the time frame in which Brocade first entered into the embedded switch market, delivering multiple switches physically integrated into other vendors' hardware, such as storage controllers and [blade server](/wiki/Blade_server "Blade server") chassis.
2004 also saw the introduction of 4 Gbit/s Condor\-based platforms. Between 2004 and 2006, Brocade launched several switches including the 4900 (64\-ports) 4100 (32\-ports), and 200E (16\-ports). The 384\-port 48000 director was launched in 2005\. In 2006, the second generation multiprotocol Fibre Channel router 7500 switch and FR4\-18i blade for the 48000 director were launched.
In January 2008 Brocade launched the 384\-port 8 Gbit/s DCX Backbone. {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.networkcomputing.com/data\-centers/brocade\-unveils\-backbone\-switch\|title\=Brocade Unveils Backbone Switch\|date\=January 23, 2008}}
In May 2008, Brocade unveiled 3 new 8 Gbit/s switches: 24\-port 300 switch, 40\-port 5100 switch and the 80\-port 5300 switch. {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.crn.com/news/storage/207603361/brocade\-unveils\-8\-gbps\-fibre\-channel\-with\-virtualization\-twist.htm \|title\=Brocade Unveils 8\-Gbps Fibre Channel With Virtualization Twist.\|first\=Joe\|last\=Kovar\|date\=May 13, 2008}}
In January 2009, Brocade launched the 192\-port 8 Gbit/s DCX\-4S Backbone. {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2530479/brocade\-launches\-smaller\-\-modular\-backbone\-switch.html \|title\=Brocade launches smaller, modular backbone switch\|first\=Lucas\|last\=Mearian\|date\=January 27, 2009}}
In September 2009, Brocade launched the Brocade 7800 Extension Switch and the FX8\-24 Extension Blade for the DCX Backbone family for extending SANs over FCIP (Fibre Channel over IP). They also launched the Brocade 8000 Switch and the FCOE 10\-24 blade for the DCX Backbone family for FCoE (Fibre Channel over Ethernet) SAN connectivity. {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.crn.com/news/storage/220100627/brocade\-boost\-new\-storage\-networking\-products\-broader\-channel\-program \|title\=Brocade Boost: New Storage Networking Products, Broader Channel Program\|first\=Joseph\|last\=Kovar\|date\=September 22, 2009}}
In late 2010 Brocade introduced [Virtual Cluster Switching](/wiki/Virtual_Cluster_Switching "Virtual Cluster Switching") (VCS) on the VDX{{cite web \|url\= http://www.brocade.com/products/all/switches/index.page?network\=ETHERNET\_FABRIC \|title\= Ethernet Switches and SAN Switches \- Brocade "VDX" \|access\-date\= June 8, 2013 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130608083521/http://www.brocade.com/products/all/switches/index.page?network\=ETHERNET\_FABRIC \|archive\-date\= June 8, 2013 \|url\-status\= dead }} ultra\-low\-latency data center switch product line. These are [DCB/CEE](/wiki/Data_center_bridging "Data center bridging")\- and [TRILL](/wiki/TRILL "TRILL")\-based switches, eliminating the need for [Spanning Tree Protocol](/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol "Spanning Tree Protocol"), and supporting multi\-hop [Fibre Channel over Ethernet](/wiki/Fibre_Channel_over_Ethernet "Fibre Channel over Ethernet") (FCoE) and self\-trunking.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.packetmischief.ca/2012/05/23/five\-features\-of\-brocade\-vcs/ \| title\=Five Features of Brocade VCS \| date\=May 23, 2012 }}
In May 2011,"Brocade Advances Data Center Fabric Leadership With Innovative Private Cloud\-Optimized Networking Solutions" [http://newsroom.brocade.com/easyir/customrel.do?easyirid\=74A6E71C169DEDA9\&version\=live\&releasejsp\=custom\_184\&prid\=751065](http://newsroom.brocade.com/easyir/customrel.do?easyirid=74A6E71C169DEDA9&version=live&releasejsp=custom_184&prid=751065) Brocade launched the industry's first "[Gen 5 Fibre Channel](/wiki/Gen_5_Fibre_Channel "Gen 5 Fibre Channel")" (16 Gbit/s) SAN platform family including the Brocade DCX 8510 Backbone, 6510 switch and 1860 Fabric Adapter. The Brocade DCX 8510 is available in 8\-slot or 4\-slot chassis models supporting up to 384 16 Gbit/s ports at line\-rate speeds and 8\.2 terabits per second (Tbit/s) of chassis bandwidth. It includes optical UltraScale inter\-chassis links (ICLs) which simplify scale\-out design for multi\-chassis architectures. The Brocade 6510 switch is a 48\-port 16 Gbit/s switch designed for virtualized applications and high\-performance storage including [SSD](/wiki/SSD "SSD") arrays. Brocade also introduced the [1860 Fabric Adapter](/wiki/1860_Fabric_Adapter "1860 Fabric Adapter"), the industry's first adapter which includes [AnyIO](/wiki/AnyIO "AnyIO") 16 Gbit/s [FC HBA](/wiki/FC_HBA "FC HBA"), [10GbE CNA](/wiki/10GbE_CNA "10GbE CNA"), and [10GbE NIC](/wiki/10GbE_NIC "10GbE NIC") functionality on the same card.
In April 2012, Brocade launched the Gen 5 (16 Gbit/s) 6505 switch (24\-port) entry\-level switch.
In March 2013, Brocade launched the Gen 5 (16 Gbit/s) 6520 96\-port Fibre Channel high\-density switch and announced Brocade Fabric Vision technology. Brocade Fabric Vision technology introduces advanced diagnostics, monitoring, and management capabilities through a combination of ASIC, FOS, and Brocade Network Advisor. New features include Brocade Monitoring and Alerting Policy Suite (MAPS) for fabric\-wide threshold configuration and monitoring and Brocade Flow Vision for data flow monitoring and analysis.
In October 2014, Brocade launched the Gen 5 (16 Gbit/s) 7840 extension switch and the FC16\-64 64\-port blade for the DCX 8510\. {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2014/10/16/brocade\-tackles\-remote\-replication\-with\-better\-wan\-links\|title\=Brocade Pitches Extension Switch as Replacement for WAN Optimization Appliances\|first\=Jason\|last\=Verge\|date\=October 16, 2014}}
In March 2016,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.storagereview.com/news/brocade\-g620\-gen\-6\-fibre\-channel\-switch\-released\|title\=Brocade G620 Gen 6 Fibre Channel Switch Released\|first\=Lyle\|last\=Smith\|date\=March 1, 2016}} Brocade launched the G620 switch, their first Gen 6 (32 Gbit/s) Fibre Channel product.
In July 2016, Brocade launched the Gen 6 (32 Gbit/s) X6 Director with 4 slots (192 or 256\-ports) or 8 slots (382 or 512\-ports) and SX6 extension blade. {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.enterprisetimes.co.uk/2016/07/20/brocade\-supercharges\-storage\-networks/ \|title\=Brocade supercharges storage networks\|first\=Ian\|last\=Murphy\|date\=July 20, 2016}}
In March 2017, Brocade launched the Gen 6 (32 Gbit/s) G610 entry switch (24\-port). {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.eweek.com/networking/brocade\-launches\-new\-fibre\-channel\-switch\-for\-flash\-data\-centers/ \|title\=Brocade Launches New Fibre Channel Switch for Flash Data Centers\|first\=Chris\|last\=Preimesberger\|date\=March 29, 2017}}
In April 2018, Brocade launched the Gen 6 (32 Gbit/s) G630 enterprise switch (128\-port) and FC32\-64 high density blade (64\-port) for the X6 Director. {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.storagereview.com/news/broadcom\-announces\-new\-nvme\-automation\-for\-brocade\-switches \|title\=Broadcom Announces New NVMe \& Automation For Brocade Switches\|first\=Adam\|last\=Armstrong\|date\=April 10, 2018}}
In December 2018, Brocade launched the Gen 6 (32 Gbit/s) 7810 extension switch. {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/news/252454945/Broadcom\-Brocade\-launches\-two\-new\-SAN\-management\-products\|title\=Broadcom Brocade launches 2 new SAN management products\|first\=Carol\|last\=Sliwa\|date\=December 23, 2018}}
In September 2020,{{Cite web\|url\=https://blocksandfiles.com/2020/09/02/broadcoms\-gen\-7\-fibre\-channel\-switches/\|title\=Broadcom launches first Gen 7 Fibre Channel switches\|first\=Chris\|last\=Mellor\|date\=September 2, 2020\|website\=Blocks and Files}} Brocade launched the X7 Director and G720 Switch, their first Gen 7 (64 Gbit/s) Fibre Channel products.
In February 2022, {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.storagereview.com/news/brocade\-g730\-high\-density\-64g\-fc\-switching\-platform\-announced\|title\=Brocade G730 High Density 64G FC Switching Platform Announced\|first\=Harold\|last\=Fritts\|date\=February 15, 2022\|website\=StorageReview}} Brocade launched the Gen 7 (64 Gbit/s) G730 128\-port switch and the 64 Gbit/s double density optical transceiver.
In August 2023, {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.storagereview.com/news/64g\-fibre\-channel\-expands\-with\-brocade\-x7\-director\-7850\-switch\|title\=64G Fibre Channel Expands with Brocade X7 Director, 7850 Switch\|first\=Harold\|last\=Fritts\|date\=August 15, 2023\|website\=StorageReview}} Brocade launched the Gen 7 (64 Gbit/s) FC64\-64 64\-port blade for the X7 Director and the 64 Gbit/s 7850 Extension Switch.
#### SAN ASICs
Brocade designs its Fibre Channel ASICs for performing switching functions in its SAN switches.
The first family of SAN switches, the SilkWorm 1000, released in 1997, were based on the first generation of Brocade ASICs, called **Stitch**. The SilkWorm 6400 series of SAN Director class switches and SilkWorm 2400/2800 switches, released in 1999, were based on the second generation of Brocade ASICs, called **LOOM**. The SilkWorm 12000/24000 SAN Directors and SilkWorm 3200/3800/3850 SAN switches, released in 2001, were based on the third and fourth generation of Brocade ASICs called **BLOOM** and **BLOOM\-II**.
The fifth generation of ASICs, called **Condor and GoldenEye** (scaled\-down Condor), powered the SilkWorm 48000 series of Directors and port blades, FR4\-18i Extension Blade, and SilkWorm 200E/4100/4900/7500 series of switches respectively. These products were released into the market in 2004\.
The sixth generation of Brocade ASICs (designed in 2008\) are called **Condor2 and GoldenEye2**. Condor2 supports 40 ports of 8 Gbit/s per ASIC and GoldenEye2 supports 32 ports of 8 Gbit/s. These ASICs are used in the DCX Backbone Family of chassis and port blades, FS8\-18 Encryption Blade, FX8\-24 Extension Blade, and 300/5100/5300/7800/Encryption switches.
The seventh generation of Brocade ASICs are **Condor3**. Condor3 supports 48 ports of 16 Gbit/s per ASIC. These ASICs are used in the DCX 8510 Backbone Family and port blades, and the 6505/6510/6520 switches. The initial 16 Gbit/s product line (DCX 8510\-8, DCX 8510\-4, 6510 48\-port switch, and 1860 Fabric Adapter) was originally launched in 2011\. The 6505 24\-port switch was launched in May 2012\. The 6520 96\-port switch was launched in March 2013\.
The eighth generation of Brocade ASICs are **Condor4**. Condor4 supports 32 Gbit/s. These ASICs are used in X6 Director chassis and port blades, and the G610/G620/G630 switches.
The ninth generation of Brocade ASICs are **Condor5 and GoldenEye5**. Condor5 and GoldenEye5 support 64 Gbit/s. Condor5 is used in X7 Director chassis and port blades, the G720 switches, and GoldenEye5 is used in the G730 switches.
#### SAN products
{{See also\|Fabric OS}}
Latest products (Gen 7 \- 64G):
{{anchor\|Product table}}
| Brocade name | Brocadeswitchtype | Max. port data rate (Gbit/s) | Max. ports | Dell EMC version | Fujitsu version | HDS version | HP version | IBM version |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| X7\-8 | 180 | 64 | 512 (SFP\-DD)/384 (SFP) | ED\-DCX7\-8B | | | | SAN512B\-7 |
| X7\-4 | 179 | 64 | 256 (SFP\-DD)/192 (SFP) | ED\-DCX7\-4B | | | | SAN256B\-7 |
| G720 | 181 | 64 | 64 (SFP\-DD)/48 (SFP) | DS\-7720B | | | | SAN64B\-7 |
| G730 | 189 | 64 | 128 (SFP\-DD)/96 (SFP) | | | | |
| 7850 (extension) | 190 | 64 (FC)/100 (GbE) | 24 FC (8 SFP \+ 8 SFP\-DD) \+ 18 Ethernet (16 SFP \+ 2 QSFP) | | | | | |
Recent products (Gen 6 \- 32G):
{{anchor\|Product table}}
| Brocade name | Brocadeswitchtype | Max. port data rate (Gbit/s) | Max. ports | Dell EMC version | Fujitsu version | HDS version | HP version | IBM version |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| X6\-8 | 166 | 32/128 | 512 | ED\-DCX6\-8B | | | SN8600B 8\-slot SAN Director Switch | SAN512B\-6 |
| X6\-4 | 165 | 32/128 | 256 | ED\-DCX6\-4B | | | SN8600B 4\-slot SAN Director Switch | SAN256B\-6 |
| G610 | 170 | 32 | 24 | DS\-6610B | | | SN3600B | SAN24B\-6 |
| G620 | 162 | 32/128 | 48 (SFP) \+ 4 (QSFP) \= 64 | DS\-6620B | G620 | G620 | SN6600B | SAN64B\-6 |
| G630 | 173 | 32/128 | 96 (SFP) \+ 8 (QSFP) \= 128 | DS\-6630B | | | SN6650B | SAN128B\-6 |
| 7810 (extension) | 178 | 32 | 12 FC\+6 Ethernet | MP\-7810B | | | | SAN18B\-6 |
End\-of\-sale products (Gen 5 \- 16G):
{{anchor\|Product table}}
| Brocade name | Brocadeswitchtype | Max. port data rate (Gbit/s) | Max. ports | Dell version | EMC version | Fujitsu version | HDS version | HP version | IBM version |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| DCX 8510\-8 | 120 | 16 | 512 | DCX 8510\-8 | ED\-DCX8510\-8B | DCX 8510\-8 | DCX 8510\-8 | SN8000B SAN Director 8\-Slot | SAN768B\-2 |
| DCX 8510\-4 | 121 | 16 | 256 | DCX 8510\-4 | ED\-DCX8510\-4B | DCX 8510\-4 | DCX 8510\-4 | SN8000B SAN Director 4\-Slot | SAN384B\-2 |
| 6505 | 118 | 16 | 24 | 6505 | DS\-6505B | | 6505 | SN3000B | SAN24B\-5 |
| 6510 | 109 | 16 | 48 | 6510 | DS\-6510B | 6510 | 6510 | SN6000B | SAN48B\-5 |
| 6520 | 133 | 16 | 96 | 6520 | DS\-6520B | 6520 | 6520 | SN6500B | SAN96B\-5 |
| 7840 (extension) | 148 | 16 | 24 FC\+12 Ethernet | MP\-7840B | | | | SAN42B\-R |
#### Legacy SAN products
| Legacy products (1G 2G 4G):
| |
| Brocade name | Brocadeswitchtype | Max. port speed (Gb/s) | Max. ports | IBM version | HP version | EMC version |
| 1000 | 1 | 1 | 16 | ? | ? | ? |
| 2000 | 7 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 2800 | 2, 6 | 1 | 16 | 2109\-S16 | 16B | DS\-16B |
| 3000 | 18 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 3014 | 33 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 3016 | 22 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 3200 | 16 | 2 | 8 | 3534\-F08 | 2/8 | DS\-8B2 |
| 3250 | 27 | 2 | 8 | 2005\-H08 | 2/8V | ? |
| 3800 | 9 | 2 | 16 | 2109\-F16 | 2/16 | DS\-16B2 |
| 3800VL | 17 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 3850 | 26 | 2 | 16 | 2005\-H16 | 2/16V | DS\-16B3 |
| 3900 | 12 | 2 | 32 | 2109\-F32 | 2/32 | DS\-32B2 |
| 12000 Director | 10 | 2 | 2 x 64 | 2109\-M12 | 2/64 | ED\-12000\-B |
| 24000 Director | 21 | 4 | 128 | 2109\-M14 | 2/128 | ED\-24000B |
| 48000 Director | 42 | 4 | 384 | 2109\-M48 | 4/256 | ED\-48000B |
| 200E | 34 | 4 | 16 | 2005\-B16 | 4/16 | DS\-220B |
| 4100 | 32 | 4 | 32 | 2005\-B32 | 4/32 | DS\-4100B |
| 4900 | 44 | 4 | 64 | 2005\-B64 | 4/64 | DS\-4900B |
| 5000 | 58 | 4 | 32 | 2005\-B5K | 4/32B | DS\-5000B |
| AP\-7420 | ? | 4 | 16 | 2109\-A16 | ? | ? |
| 7500 | 46 | 4 | 16 | 2005\-R18 | 400 MPR | MP\-7500B |
| 7600 app | 55\.2 | 4 | 16 | ? | ? | ? |
| Legacy products (8G):
| |
| Brocade name | Brocadeswitchtype | Max. port data rate (Gbit/s) | Max. ports | Dell version | EMC version | Fujitsu version | HDS version | HP version | IBM version |
| DCX | 62 | 8 | 512 | | ED\-DCX\-B | | DCX | DC SAN Backbone Director | SAN768B |
| DCX\-4S | 77 | 8 | 256 | B\-DCX | ED\-DCX\-4S\-B | | DCX\-4S | DC04 SAN Director | SAN384B |
| 300 | 71 | 8 | 24 | 300 | DS\-300B | 300 | 300 | 8/24 | SAN24B\-4 |
| 5100 | 66 | 8 | 40 | 5100 | DS\-5100B | 5100 | 5100 | 8/40 | SAN40B\-4 |
| VA\-40FC | 92 | 8 | 40 | | | | | | |
| 5300 | 64 | 8 | 80 | 5300 | DS\-5300B | 5300 | 5300 | 8/80 | SAN80B\-4 |
| 7800 (extension) | 83 | 8 | 16 FC\+6 Ethernet | | MP\-7800B | 7800 | 7800 | 1606 Extension SAN Switch | SAN06B\-R |
| Encryption Switch | 67 | 8 | 32 | | ES\-5832B | | | Encryption SAN Switch | SAN32B\-E4 Encryption Switch |
| Legacy products (McDATA):
| |
| Brocade name | McDATA namebeforeacquisition | Max. port speed (Gb/s) | Max. ports | IBM version | HP version | EMC version |
| Mi10K | Intrepid 10000 | 10 | 256 | 2027\-256 | ? | ED\-10000M |
| M6140 | Intrepid 6140 | 10 | 140 | 2027\-140 | 2/140 | ED\-140M |
| ? | ED\-6064 | 10 | 64 | 2032\-064 | 2/64 | ED\-64M |
| ? | Sphereon 4300 | 2 | 12 | 2026\-E12 | 2/12 | ? |
| M4400 | Sphereon 4400 | 4 | 16 | 2026\-416 | N/A | DS\-4400M |
| ? | Sphereon 4500 | 2 | 24 | 2026\-224 | 2/24 | DS\-24M2 |
| M4700 | Sphereon 4700 | 4 | 32 | 2026\-432 | N/A | DS\-4700M |
| ? | Sphereon 3232 | 2 | 32 | 2027\-232 | 2/32 | DS\-32M2 |
| ? | ES\-3016 | 1 | 16 | 2031\-016 | ? | DS\-16M |
| ? | ES\-3032 | 1 | 32 | 2031\-032 | ? | DS\-32M |
| ? | ES\-3216 | 2 | 16 | 2031\-216 | ? | DS\-16M2 |
### Ethernet switches and routers
Brocade entered into the Federal, ISP, carrier, enterprise and campus switch/router market through its acquisition of [Foundry Networks](/wiki/Foundry_Networks "Foundry Networks") in 2008\.
In September 2010, Brocade entered the [100 Gigabit Ethernet](/wiki/100_Gigabit_Ethernet "100 Gigabit Ethernet") market with the 32\-port Brocade MLXe Core Router chassis and a two\-port 100 Gigabit Ethernet module, targeted at service providers and data centers. Along with it, the company also released the Brocade Network Advisor{{cite web \|url\=http://www.brocade.com/products/all/management\-software/product\-details/network\-advisor/ \|title\=Network Advisor "Brocade Network Advisor"}} application for managing IP, storage, MPLS, application delivery, and wireless elements in converged service provider and data center networks. In November 2011, Brocade announced a large 100 Gigabit Ethernet deployment.{{Cite news \|title\= Medical research group skips 40G, makes 'right move' to 100G Ethernet \|work\= Network World \|author\= Jim Duffy \|date\= November 15, 2011 \|url\= http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/111511\-hughes\-medical\-100g\-ethernet\-253131\.html \|access\-date\= July 16, 2013 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130508064506/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/111511\-hughes\-medical\-100g\-ethernet\-253131\.html \|archive\-date\= May 8, 2013 \|url\-status\= dead \|df\= mdy\-all }}
In December 2010, Brocade began shipping the Brocade VDX 6720 Switch as part of its product family for Ethernet fabric environments based on Brocade VCS Fabric technology designed for highly scalable virtualized and cloud computing environments. In August 2011, Brocade introduced two additional products for this family. The Brocade VDX 6730 Switch is a 10 GbE switch which can also use FCoE to bridge VCS Fabrics with Fibre Channel SAN fabrics. The Brocade VDX 6710 Switch is an entry\-level 1/10 GbE switch which enables legacy 1 GbE servers to connect to VCS Fabrics as well as traditional LANs. In September 2012, Brocade announced a [modular switch](/wiki/Modular_switch "Modular switch") as part of this portfolio. The Brocade VDX 8770 Switch supports single VCS Fabrics as large as 8000\+ switch ports supporting up to 384,000 VMs attached to a single VCS Fabric. The VDX 8770 provides port\-to\-port latency at 3\.5 μs across 1, 10, and 40 GbE ports.
In November 2011, Brocade introduced the Brocade ICX product family. It released the Brocade ICX 6610 Switch for the Federal, enterprise and campus networking segment, with a maximum switching capacity of 576 Gbit/s and forwarding capacity of 432 Mpps with PoE\+.{{Cite web\|last\=Enzer\|first\=Georgina\|date\=10 November 2011\|title\=Brocade develops new enterprise solutions\|url\=https://www.itp.net/586977\-brocade\-develops\-new\-enterprise\-solutions\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-25\|website\=itp.net}}{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.brocade.com/downloads/documents/data\_sheets/product\_data\_sheets/icx\-6610\-switch\-ds.pdf \|title\=Error404 \|access\-date\=March 14, 2014 \|archive\-date\=March 3, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233426/http://www.brocade.com/downloads/documents/data\_sheets/product\_data\_sheets/icx\-6610\-switch\-ds.pdf \|url\-status\=dead }} In March 2012, Brocade released the Brocade ICX 6430 Switch and Brocade ICX 6450 Switch for the Federal, enterprise and campus networking segments, with full stacking capabilities as well as Layer 2 and Layer 3 functionality. The switches are available in 24\- and 48\-port 1 GbE models, with optional 1/10 GbE uplink/stacking ports. The company also announced its HyperEdge technology for automated single\-point management and mix\-and\-max stacking for sharing advanced functionality among all the members of a switching stack. In September 2012, Brocade introduced the fixed form factor Brocade ICX 6650 switch. This Ethernet switch features 1/10 GbE ports for server connectivity and 10/40 GbE ports for uplink connectivity. It is designed for data center top\-of\-rack (ToR) environments and Federal, enterprise and campus LAN aggregation deployments.
In 2009, Brocade introduced the Brocade Mobility family of Wireless LAN (WLAN) for federal, enterprise and campus environments, including multiple models of access points and controllers.
### Software
The Brocade software product portfolio includes SAN management software networking. Legacy software includes network management applications, IP network management solutions and software networking solutions {{buzzword inline\|date\=June 2019}} include:
* SAN Management Software
+ Brocade SANnav Management Portal and SANnav Global View(current)
+ SAN Health (Current)
+ Brocade Network Advisor (legacy)
+ Data Center Fabric Manager (DCFM) (legacy)
+ Enterprise Fabric Connectivity Manager (EFCM) (from McDATA) (legacy)
+ Fabric Manager (legacy)
+ Host Connectivity Manager (HCM) (legacy)
* SAN Application Modules (legacy)
+ Data Migration Manager (DMM) (legacy)
* IP Network Management Software (legacy)
+ IronView Network Manager (INM) (legacy)
* Software networking solutions{{buzzword inline\|date\=June 2019}}
+ {{Proper name\|\[\[Vyatta\|Brocade Vyatta 5400 vRouter]]}}
+ {{Proper name\|Brocade vADX}} (a virtual version of Brocade's ADX application delivery platform).{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.networkcomputing.com/next\-generation\-data\-center/news/networking/brocade\-announces\-new\-hardware\-software/240154024 \|title\=Brocade Announces New Hardware, Software for Data Center Strategy \| \|access\-date\=August 5, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217080712/http://www.networkcomputing.com/next\-generation\-data\-center/news/networking/brocade\-announces\-new\-hardware\-software/240154024 \|archive\-date\=December 17, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead }}
|
[
"Products\n--------",
"Brocade focuses on [Fibre Channel](/wiki/Fibre_Channel \"Fibre Channel\") and [FICON](/wiki/FICON \"FICON\") [storage area network](/wiki/Storage_area_network \"Storage area network\") (SAN) directors and switches; SAN extension switches ([FCIP](/wiki/FCIP \"FCIP\")), embedded switches for blade servers, optical transceivers and SAN management software.",
"Prior to the acquisition by Broadcom, Brocade also provided ultra\\-low\\-latency data center switches; [Ethernet fabrics](/wiki/Virtual_Cluster_Switching \"Virtual Cluster Switching\"), Federal and enterprise Ethernet ([LAN](/wiki/LAN \"LAN\")/[WLAN](/wiki/WLAN \"WLAN\")) [switches](/wiki/Network_switch \"Network switch\"); [WAN](/wiki/Wide_area_network \"Wide area network\") ([Internet](/wiki/Internet \"Internet\")) [routers](/wiki/Router_%28computing%29 \"Router (computing)\"); [application delivery controllers](/wiki/Application_delivery_controller \"Application delivery controller\") (load balancers); embedded [Ethernet](/wiki/Ethernet \"Ethernet\") switch blades; Fibre Channel [host bus adapters](/wiki/Host_bus_adapter \"Host bus adapter\") (HBAs); [converged Fibre Channel/Ethernet network adapters](/wiki/Converged_Network_Adapter \"Converged Network Adapter\") (CNAs), and [Ethernet transceivers](/wiki/Transceiver%23Ethernet \"Transceiver#Ethernet\"). Other hardware from Brocade supports common protocols including [iSCSI](/wiki/ISCSI \"ISCSI\"), [Gigabit Ethernet](/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet \"Gigabit Ethernet\"), [FCoE](/wiki/Fibre_Channel_over_Ethernet \"Fibre Channel over Ethernet\"), [DCB/CEE](/wiki/Data_center_bridging \"Data center bridging\"), and Layer 4\\-7 networking protocols.",
"Brocade also previously sold software\\-based networking devices including technology for [SDN](/wiki/Software-defined_networking \"Software-defined networking\"), [Network virtualization](/wiki/Network_virtualization \"Network virtualization\"), virtual routers, virtual firewalls, virtual [Application Delivery Controllers](/wiki/Application_Delivery_Controller \"Application Delivery Controller\") (load balancers), [network security appliances](/wiki/Network_Security \"Network Security\") and VPNs through its wholly owned subsidiary, [Vyatta](/wiki/Vyatta \"Vyatta\").",
"### Fibre Channel",
"Brocade's first Fibre Channel switch SilkWorm 1000 (SW1000\\) (released in 1997\\) was based on the \"Stitch\" 1 Gbit/s [ASIC](/wiki/ASIC \"ASIC\") and their own [VxWorks](/wiki/VxWorks \"VxWorks\")\\-based firmware ([Fabric OS](/wiki/Fabric_OS \"Fabric OS\") or FOS). SilkWorm eventually came to be a long\\-lived marketing designation for an entire line of products, with the first product being retro\\-named the SilkWorm 1000 (SW1000\\) to distinguish it from subsequent platforms. Bruce Bergman was the [CEO](/wiki/CEO \"CEO\") during most of this period. Product names were generally puns on various kinds of [woven fabric](/wiki/Woven_fabric \"Woven fabric\"), since a switched Fibre Channel network is also called a \"[fabric](/wiki/Switched_fabric \"Switched fabric\")\". The SilkWorm 1000 series included the SilkWorm I and II launched in 1997 with 16 ports. In 1998, the SilkWorm Express launched with 8 ports.",
"In 1998, [Gregory Reyes](/wiki/Gregory_Reyes \"Gregory Reyes\") joined the company as CEO. Between 1999 and 2000, Brocade launched several 1 Gbit/s switches including the SilkWorm 2800 (16\\-ports), SilkWorm 2400 (8\\-ports), SilkWorm 2250 (16\\-ports) and the SilkWorm 2050 (8\\-ports) based on the Loom ASIC. In 2001, Brocade released the SilkWorm 6400, which was designated a \"director\" similarlyBy today's standards, SW 6400 was a semi\\-director, simply a bundle of small switches interconnected with external cables and integrated with a basic management application, Fabric Manager 1\\.0\\. to IBM [ESCON directors](/wiki/ESCON_director \"ESCON director\") already well\\-established{{cite journal\\|last\\=Cooney\\|first\\=Michael\\|title\\=IBM prepping entry\\-level ESCON connectivity\\|journal\\=Network World\\|date\\=January 8, 1996\\|volume\\=13\\| issue \\= 2\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ow0EAAAAMBAJ\\&q\\=ESCON%20director%20fibre\\&pg\\=PA10\\|access\\-date\\=August 10, 2011\\|page\\=10\\|issn\\=0887\\-7661}} in the [mainframe computer](/wiki/Mainframe_computer \"Mainframe computer\") market. The term \"director\" became universally used for more expensive FC switches.{{cite web \\|title\\= Fibre Channel Directors: Myths, Realities, and Evaluations \\|author\\= Henry Newman \\|date\\= September 18, 2003 \\|work\\= Enterprise Storage Forum \\|url\\= http://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/hardware/features/article.php/3079491/Fibre\\-Channel\\-Directors\\-Myths\\-Realities\\-and\\-Evaluations.htm \\|access\\-date\\= August 9, 2011 }}",
"From 2001 to 2003, Brocade released switches based on its third generation ASIC, \"BLOOM\" (Big LOOM). BLOOM introduced increased throughput of 2 Gbit/s. Between 2001\\-2002 the SilkWorm 3800 (16\\-ports) and SilkWorm 3200 (8\\-ports), and SilkWorm 3900 (32\\-ports) were launched. Brocade integrated BLOOM into its first \"pure\" director, the SilkWorm 12000, in April 2002\\. The director offered up to 128 ports in two 64\\-port pseudo\\-switches (*domains*). The 12000 represented several internal architecture and technical changes besides the new ASIC: it had an upgraded control processor architecture ([Intel i960](/wiki/Intel_i960 \"Intel i960\") moved to [PowerPC 405GP](/wiki/PowerPC_400 \"PowerPC 400\")), changed the embedded operating system (FOS v4\\.0 migrated from Wind River Systems VxWorks to [MontaVista Linux](/wiki/MontaVista_Linux \"MontaVista Linux\")), and introduced the [backplane](/wiki/Backplane \"Backplane\") architecture (hierarchical PCI buses with replaceable blades attached to a backplane). The Bloom ASIC also introduced a notable capability of frame\\-level [Fibre Channel](/wiki/Fibre_Channel \"Fibre Channel\") trunking, which provided high throughput with load balancing across multiple cables. It needed to be implemented in the ASIC hardware to ensure in\\-order delivery of frames. Also, hot firmware upgrade was introduced with FOS v4\\.1 in October 2003\\.",
"At the time, Brocade's main rival, [McDATA](/wiki/McDATA \"McDATA\"), held over 90% market share in director segment, owing to a strong position first in the ESCON market, and then in the FICON market. The SilkWorm 12000 director gained over one\\-third of the market share after its release in 2002\\. Brocade added mainframe customers with [FICON](/wiki/FICON \"FICON\") and FICON CUP support on the SilkWorm 12000\\.",
"In 2004, the BLOOM II improved on the previous ASIC design by reducing its power consumption and die size, while maintaining 2 Gbit/s technology. New switches were launched including the SilkWorm 3850 (16\\-ports) and SilkWorm 3250 (8\\-ports). BLOOM II also powered Brocade's second\\-generation director, the SilkWorm 24000\\. Still a 128\\-port design, it was the first one which could operate as a single 128\\-port switch (a single domain). The new director also used approximately two thirds less power than its predecessor. Brocade also introduced its first multiprotocol Fibre Channel router, the SilkWorm 7420\\. Brocade also acquired Rhapsody Networks (a SAN virtualization [startup company](/wiki/Startup_company \"Startup company\")). This was also the time frame in which Brocade first entered into the embedded switch market, delivering multiple switches physically integrated into other vendors' hardware, such as storage controllers and [blade server](/wiki/Blade_server \"Blade server\") chassis.",
"2004 also saw the introduction of 4 Gbit/s Condor\\-based platforms. Between 2004 and 2006, Brocade launched several switches including the 4900 (64\\-ports) 4100 (32\\-ports), and 200E (16\\-ports). The 384\\-port 48000 director was launched in 2005\\. In 2006, the second generation multiprotocol Fibre Channel router 7500 switch and FR4\\-18i blade for the 48000 director were launched.",
"In January 2008 Brocade launched the 384\\-port 8 Gbit/s DCX Backbone. {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.networkcomputing.com/data\\-centers/brocade\\-unveils\\-backbone\\-switch\\|title\\=Brocade Unveils Backbone Switch\\|date\\=January 23, 2008}}",
"In May 2008, Brocade unveiled 3 new 8 Gbit/s switches: 24\\-port 300 switch, 40\\-port 5100 switch and the 80\\-port 5300 switch. {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.crn.com/news/storage/207603361/brocade\\-unveils\\-8\\-gbps\\-fibre\\-channel\\-with\\-virtualization\\-twist.htm \\|title\\=Brocade Unveils 8\\-Gbps Fibre Channel With Virtualization Twist.\\|first\\=Joe\\|last\\=Kovar\\|date\\=May 13, 2008}}",
"In January 2009, Brocade launched the 192\\-port 8 Gbit/s DCX\\-4S Backbone. {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2530479/brocade\\-launches\\-smaller\\-\\-modular\\-backbone\\-switch.html \\|title\\=Brocade launches smaller, modular backbone switch\\|first\\=Lucas\\|last\\=Mearian\\|date\\=January 27, 2009}}",
"In September 2009, Brocade launched the Brocade 7800 Extension Switch and the FX8\\-24 Extension Blade for the DCX Backbone family for extending SANs over FCIP (Fibre Channel over IP). They also launched the Brocade 8000 Switch and the FCOE 10\\-24 blade for the DCX Backbone family for FCoE (Fibre Channel over Ethernet) SAN connectivity. {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.crn.com/news/storage/220100627/brocade\\-boost\\-new\\-storage\\-networking\\-products\\-broader\\-channel\\-program \\|title\\=Brocade Boost: New Storage Networking Products, Broader Channel Program\\|first\\=Joseph\\|last\\=Kovar\\|date\\=September 22, 2009}}",
"In late 2010 Brocade introduced [Virtual Cluster Switching](/wiki/Virtual_Cluster_Switching \"Virtual Cluster Switching\") (VCS) on the VDX{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.brocade.com/products/all/switches/index.page?network\\=ETHERNET\\_FABRIC \\|title\\= Ethernet Switches and SAN Switches \\- Brocade \"VDX\" \\|access\\-date\\= June 8, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130608083521/http://www.brocade.com/products/all/switches/index.page?network\\=ETHERNET\\_FABRIC \\|archive\\-date\\= June 8, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\= dead }} ultra\\-low\\-latency data center switch product line. These are [DCB/CEE](/wiki/Data_center_bridging \"Data center bridging\")\\- and [TRILL](/wiki/TRILL \"TRILL\")\\-based switches, eliminating the need for [Spanning Tree Protocol](/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol \"Spanning Tree Protocol\"), and supporting multi\\-hop [Fibre Channel over Ethernet](/wiki/Fibre_Channel_over_Ethernet \"Fibre Channel over Ethernet\") (FCoE) and self\\-trunking.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.packetmischief.ca/2012/05/23/five\\-features\\-of\\-brocade\\-vcs/ \\| title\\=Five Features of Brocade VCS \\| date\\=May 23, 2012 }}",
"In May 2011,\"Brocade Advances Data Center Fabric Leadership With Innovative Private Cloud\\-Optimized Networking Solutions\" [http://newsroom.brocade.com/easyir/customrel.do?easyirid\\=74A6E71C169DEDA9\\&version\\=live\\&releasejsp\\=custom\\_184\\&prid\\=751065](http://newsroom.brocade.com/easyir/customrel.do?easyirid=74A6E71C169DEDA9&version=live&releasejsp=custom_184&prid=751065) Brocade launched the industry's first \"[Gen 5 Fibre Channel](/wiki/Gen_5_Fibre_Channel \"Gen 5 Fibre Channel\")\" (16 Gbit/s) SAN platform family including the Brocade DCX 8510 Backbone, 6510 switch and 1860 Fabric Adapter. The Brocade DCX 8510 is available in 8\\-slot or 4\\-slot chassis models supporting up to 384 16 Gbit/s ports at line\\-rate speeds and 8\\.2 terabits per second (Tbit/s) of chassis bandwidth. It includes optical UltraScale inter\\-chassis links (ICLs) which simplify scale\\-out design for multi\\-chassis architectures. The Brocade 6510 switch is a 48\\-port 16 Gbit/s switch designed for virtualized applications and high\\-performance storage including [SSD](/wiki/SSD \"SSD\") arrays. Brocade also introduced the [1860 Fabric Adapter](/wiki/1860_Fabric_Adapter \"1860 Fabric Adapter\"), the industry's first adapter which includes [AnyIO](/wiki/AnyIO \"AnyIO\") 16 Gbit/s [FC HBA](/wiki/FC_HBA \"FC HBA\"), [10GbE CNA](/wiki/10GbE_CNA \"10GbE CNA\"), and [10GbE NIC](/wiki/10GbE_NIC \"10GbE NIC\") functionality on the same card.",
"In April 2012, Brocade launched the Gen 5 (16 Gbit/s) 6505 switch (24\\-port) entry\\-level switch.",
"In March 2013, Brocade launched the Gen 5 (16 Gbit/s) 6520 96\\-port Fibre Channel high\\-density switch and announced Brocade Fabric Vision technology. Brocade Fabric Vision technology introduces advanced diagnostics, monitoring, and management capabilities through a combination of ASIC, FOS, and Brocade Network Advisor. New features include Brocade Monitoring and Alerting Policy Suite (MAPS) for fabric\\-wide threshold configuration and monitoring and Brocade Flow Vision for data flow monitoring and analysis.",
"In October 2014, Brocade launched the Gen 5 (16 Gbit/s) 7840 extension switch and the FC16\\-64 64\\-port blade for the DCX 8510\\. {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2014/10/16/brocade\\-tackles\\-remote\\-replication\\-with\\-better\\-wan\\-links\\|title\\=Brocade Pitches Extension Switch as Replacement for WAN Optimization Appliances\\|first\\=Jason\\|last\\=Verge\\|date\\=October 16, 2014}}",
"In March 2016,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.storagereview.com/news/brocade\\-g620\\-gen\\-6\\-fibre\\-channel\\-switch\\-released\\|title\\=Brocade G620 Gen 6 Fibre Channel Switch Released\\|first\\=Lyle\\|last\\=Smith\\|date\\=March 1, 2016}} Brocade launched the G620 switch, their first Gen 6 (32 Gbit/s) Fibre Channel product.",
"In July 2016, Brocade launched the Gen 6 (32 Gbit/s) X6 Director with 4 slots (192 or 256\\-ports) or 8 slots (382 or 512\\-ports) and SX6 extension blade. {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.enterprisetimes.co.uk/2016/07/20/brocade\\-supercharges\\-storage\\-networks/ \\|title\\=Brocade supercharges storage networks\\|first\\=Ian\\|last\\=Murphy\\|date\\=July 20, 2016}}",
"In March 2017, Brocade launched the Gen 6 (32 Gbit/s) G610 entry switch (24\\-port). {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.eweek.com/networking/brocade\\-launches\\-new\\-fibre\\-channel\\-switch\\-for\\-flash\\-data\\-centers/ \\|title\\=Brocade Launches New Fibre Channel Switch for Flash Data Centers\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\=Preimesberger\\|date\\=March 29, 2017}}",
"In April 2018, Brocade launched the Gen 6 (32 Gbit/s) G630 enterprise switch (128\\-port) and FC32\\-64 high density blade (64\\-port) for the X6 Director. {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.storagereview.com/news/broadcom\\-announces\\-new\\-nvme\\-automation\\-for\\-brocade\\-switches \\|title\\=Broadcom Announces New NVMe \\& Automation For Brocade Switches\\|first\\=Adam\\|last\\=Armstrong\\|date\\=April 10, 2018}}",
"In December 2018, Brocade launched the Gen 6 (32 Gbit/s) 7810 extension switch. {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/news/252454945/Broadcom\\-Brocade\\-launches\\-two\\-new\\-SAN\\-management\\-products\\|title\\=Broadcom Brocade launches 2 new SAN management products\\|first\\=Carol\\|last\\=Sliwa\\|date\\=December 23, 2018}}",
"In September 2020,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://blocksandfiles.com/2020/09/02/broadcoms\\-gen\\-7\\-fibre\\-channel\\-switches/\\|title\\=Broadcom launches first Gen 7 Fibre Channel switches\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\=Mellor\\|date\\=September 2, 2020\\|website\\=Blocks and Files}} Brocade launched the X7 Director and G720 Switch, their first Gen 7 (64 Gbit/s) Fibre Channel products.",
"In February 2022, {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.storagereview.com/news/brocade\\-g730\\-high\\-density\\-64g\\-fc\\-switching\\-platform\\-announced\\|title\\=Brocade G730 High Density 64G FC Switching Platform Announced\\|first\\=Harold\\|last\\=Fritts\\|date\\=February 15, 2022\\|website\\=StorageReview}} Brocade launched the Gen 7 (64 Gbit/s) G730 128\\-port switch and the 64 Gbit/s double density optical transceiver.",
"In August 2023, {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.storagereview.com/news/64g\\-fibre\\-channel\\-expands\\-with\\-brocade\\-x7\\-director\\-7850\\-switch\\|title\\=64G Fibre Channel Expands with Brocade X7 Director, 7850 Switch\\|first\\=Harold\\|last\\=Fritts\\|date\\=August 15, 2023\\|website\\=StorageReview}} Brocade launched the Gen 7 (64 Gbit/s) FC64\\-64 64\\-port blade for the X7 Director and the 64 Gbit/s 7850 Extension Switch.",
"#### SAN ASICs",
"Brocade designs its Fibre Channel ASICs for performing switching functions in its SAN switches.",
"The first family of SAN switches, the SilkWorm 1000, released in 1997, were based on the first generation of Brocade ASICs, called **Stitch**. The SilkWorm 6400 series of SAN Director class switches and SilkWorm 2400/2800 switches, released in 1999, were based on the second generation of Brocade ASICs, called **LOOM**. The SilkWorm 12000/24000 SAN Directors and SilkWorm 3200/3800/3850 SAN switches, released in 2001, were based on the third and fourth generation of Brocade ASICs called **BLOOM** and **BLOOM\\-II**.",
"The fifth generation of ASICs, called **Condor and GoldenEye** (scaled\\-down Condor), powered the SilkWorm 48000 series of Directors and port blades, FR4\\-18i Extension Blade, and SilkWorm 200E/4100/4900/7500 series of switches respectively. These products were released into the market in 2004\\.",
"The sixth generation of Brocade ASICs (designed in 2008\\) are called **Condor2 and GoldenEye2**. Condor2 supports 40 ports of 8 Gbit/s per ASIC and GoldenEye2 supports 32 ports of 8 Gbit/s. These ASICs are used in the DCX Backbone Family of chassis and port blades, FS8\\-18 Encryption Blade, FX8\\-24 Extension Blade, and 300/5100/5300/7800/Encryption switches.",
"The seventh generation of Brocade ASICs are **Condor3**. Condor3 supports 48 ports of 16 Gbit/s per ASIC. These ASICs are used in the DCX 8510 Backbone Family and port blades, and the 6505/6510/6520 switches. The initial 16 Gbit/s product line (DCX 8510\\-8, DCX 8510\\-4, 6510 48\\-port switch, and 1860 Fabric Adapter) was originally launched in 2011\\. The 6505 24\\-port switch was launched in May 2012\\. The 6520 96\\-port switch was launched in March 2013\\.",
"The eighth generation of Brocade ASICs are **Condor4**. Condor4 supports 32 Gbit/s. These ASICs are used in X6 Director chassis and port blades, and the G610/G620/G630 switches.",
"The ninth generation of Brocade ASICs are **Condor5 and GoldenEye5**. Condor5 and GoldenEye5 support 64 Gbit/s. Condor5 is used in X7 Director chassis and port blades, the G720 switches, and GoldenEye5 is used in the G730 switches.",
"#### SAN products",
"{{See also\\|Fabric OS}}",
"Latest products (Gen 7 \\- 64G):",
"{{anchor\\|Product table}}",
"",
"| Brocade name | Brocadeswitchtype | Max. port data rate (Gbit/s) | Max. ports | Dell EMC version | Fujitsu version | HDS version | HP version | IBM version |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| X7\\-8 | 180 | 64 | 512 (SFP\\-DD)/384 (SFP) | ED\\-DCX7\\-8B | | | | SAN512B\\-7 |\n| X7\\-4 | 179 | 64 | 256 (SFP\\-DD)/192 (SFP) | ED\\-DCX7\\-4B | | | | SAN256B\\-7 |\n| G720 | 181 | 64 | 64 (SFP\\-DD)/48 (SFP) | DS\\-7720B | | | | SAN64B\\-7 |\n| G730 | 189 | 64 | 128 (SFP\\-DD)/96 (SFP) | | | | |\n| 7850 (extension) | 190 | 64 (FC)/100 (GbE) | 24 FC (8 SFP \\+ 8 SFP\\-DD) \\+ 18 Ethernet (16 SFP \\+ 2 QSFP) | | | | | |",
"Recent products (Gen 6 \\- 32G):",
"{{anchor\\|Product table}}",
"",
"| Brocade name | Brocadeswitchtype | Max. port data rate (Gbit/s) | Max. ports | Dell EMC version | Fujitsu version | HDS version | HP version | IBM version |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| X6\\-8 | 166 | 32/128 | 512 | ED\\-DCX6\\-8B | | | SN8600B 8\\-slot SAN Director Switch | SAN512B\\-6 |\n| X6\\-4 | 165 | 32/128 | 256 | ED\\-DCX6\\-4B | | | SN8600B 4\\-slot SAN Director Switch | SAN256B\\-6 |\n| G610 | 170 | 32 | 24 | DS\\-6610B | | | SN3600B | SAN24B\\-6 |\n| G620 | 162 | 32/128 | 48 (SFP) \\+ 4 (QSFP) \\= 64 | DS\\-6620B | G620 | G620 | SN6600B | SAN64B\\-6 |\n| G630 | 173 | 32/128 | 96 (SFP) \\+ 8 (QSFP) \\= 128 | DS\\-6630B | | | SN6650B | SAN128B\\-6 |\n| 7810 (extension) | 178 | 32 | 12 FC\\+6 Ethernet | MP\\-7810B | | | | SAN18B\\-6 |",
"End\\-of\\-sale products (Gen 5 \\- 16G):",
"{{anchor\\|Product table}}",
"",
"| Brocade name | Brocadeswitchtype | Max. port data rate (Gbit/s) | Max. ports | Dell version | EMC version | Fujitsu version | HDS version | HP version | IBM version |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| DCX 8510\\-8 | 120 | 16 | 512 | DCX 8510\\-8 | ED\\-DCX8510\\-8B | DCX 8510\\-8 | DCX 8510\\-8 | SN8000B SAN Director 8\\-Slot | SAN768B\\-2 |\n| DCX 8510\\-4 | 121 | 16 | 256 | DCX 8510\\-4 | ED\\-DCX8510\\-4B | DCX 8510\\-4 | DCX 8510\\-4 | SN8000B SAN Director 4\\-Slot | SAN384B\\-2 |\n| 6505 | 118 | 16 | 24 | 6505 | DS\\-6505B | | 6505 | SN3000B | SAN24B\\-5 |\n| 6510 | 109 | 16 | 48 | 6510 | DS\\-6510B | 6510 | 6510 | SN6000B | SAN48B\\-5 |\n| 6520 | 133 | 16 | 96 | 6520 | DS\\-6520B | 6520 | 6520 | SN6500B | SAN96B\\-5 |\n| 7840 (extension) | 148 | 16 | 24 FC\\+12 Ethernet | MP\\-7840B | | | | SAN42B\\-R |",
"#### Legacy SAN products",
"",
"| Legacy products (1G 2G 4G):",
"| |\n| Brocade name | Brocadeswitchtype | Max. port speed (Gb/s) | Max. ports | IBM version | HP version | EMC version |\n| 1000 | 1 | 1 | 16 | ? | ? | ? |\n| 2000 | 7 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |\n| 2800 | 2, 6 | 1 | 16 | 2109\\-S16 | 16B | DS\\-16B |\n| 3000 | 18 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |\n| 3014 | 33 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |\n| 3016 | 22 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |\n| 3200 | 16 | 2 | 8 | 3534\\-F08 | 2/8 | DS\\-8B2 |\n| 3250 | 27 | 2 | 8 | 2005\\-H08 | 2/8V | ? |\n| 3800 | 9 | 2 | 16 | 2109\\-F16 | 2/16 | DS\\-16B2 |\n| 3800VL | 17 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |\n| 3850 | 26 | 2 | 16 | 2005\\-H16 | 2/16V | DS\\-16B3 |\n| 3900 | 12 | 2 | 32 | 2109\\-F32 | 2/32 | DS\\-32B2 |\n| 12000 Director | 10 | 2 | 2 x 64 | 2109\\-M12 | 2/64 | ED\\-12000\\-B |\n| 24000 Director | 21 | 4 | 128 | 2109\\-M14 | 2/128 | ED\\-24000B |\n| 48000 Director | 42 | 4 | 384 | 2109\\-M48 | 4/256 | ED\\-48000B |\n| 200E | 34 | 4 | 16 | 2005\\-B16 | 4/16 | DS\\-220B |\n| 4100 | 32 | 4 | 32 | 2005\\-B32 | 4/32 | DS\\-4100B |\n| 4900 | 44 | 4 | 64 | 2005\\-B64 | 4/64 | DS\\-4900B |\n| 5000 | 58 | 4 | 32 | 2005\\-B5K | 4/32B | DS\\-5000B |\n| AP\\-7420 | ? | 4 | 16 | 2109\\-A16 | ? | ? |\n| 7500 | 46 | 4 | 16 | 2005\\-R18 | 400 MPR | MP\\-7500B |\n| 7600 app | 55\\.2 | 4 | 16 | ? | ? | ? |",
"",
"| Legacy products (8G):",
"| |\n| Brocade name | Brocadeswitchtype | Max. port data rate (Gbit/s) | Max. ports | Dell version | EMC version | Fujitsu version | HDS version | HP version | IBM version |\n| DCX | 62 | 8 | 512 | | ED\\-DCX\\-B | | DCX | DC SAN Backbone Director | SAN768B |\n| DCX\\-4S | 77 | 8 | 256 | B\\-DCX | ED\\-DCX\\-4S\\-B | | DCX\\-4S | DC04 SAN Director | SAN384B |\n| 300 | 71 | 8 | 24 | 300 | DS\\-300B | 300 | 300 | 8/24 | SAN24B\\-4 |\n| 5100 | 66 | 8 | 40 | 5100 | DS\\-5100B | 5100 | 5100 | 8/40 | SAN40B\\-4 |\n| VA\\-40FC | 92 | 8 | 40 | | | | | | |\n| 5300 | 64 | 8 | 80 | 5300 | DS\\-5300B | 5300 | 5300 | 8/80 | SAN80B\\-4 |\n| 7800 (extension) | 83 | 8 | 16 FC\\+6 Ethernet | | MP\\-7800B | 7800 | 7800 | 1606 Extension SAN Switch | SAN06B\\-R |\n| Encryption Switch | 67 | 8 | 32 | | ES\\-5832B | | | Encryption SAN Switch | SAN32B\\-E4 Encryption Switch |",
"",
"| Legacy products (McDATA):",
"| |\n| Brocade name | McDATA namebeforeacquisition | Max. port speed (Gb/s) | Max. ports | IBM version | HP version | EMC version |\n| Mi10K | Intrepid 10000 | 10 | 256 | 2027\\-256 | ? | ED\\-10000M |\n| M6140 | Intrepid 6140 | 10 | 140 | 2027\\-140 | 2/140 | ED\\-140M |\n| ? | ED\\-6064 | 10 | 64 | 2032\\-064 | 2/64 | ED\\-64M |\n| ? | Sphereon 4300 | 2 | 12 | 2026\\-E12 | 2/12 | ? |\n| M4400 | Sphereon 4400 | 4 | 16 | 2026\\-416 | N/A | DS\\-4400M |\n| ? | Sphereon 4500 | 2 | 24 | 2026\\-224 | 2/24 | DS\\-24M2 |\n| M4700 | Sphereon 4700 | 4 | 32 | 2026\\-432 | N/A | DS\\-4700M |\n| ? | Sphereon 3232 | 2 | 32 | 2027\\-232 | 2/32 | DS\\-32M2 |\n| ? | ES\\-3016 | 1 | 16 | 2031\\-016 | ? | DS\\-16M |\n| ? | ES\\-3032 | 1 | 32 | 2031\\-032 | ? | DS\\-32M |\n| ? | ES\\-3216 | 2 | 16 | 2031\\-216 | ? | DS\\-16M2 |",
"### Ethernet switches and routers",
"Brocade entered into the Federal, ISP, carrier, enterprise and campus switch/router market through its acquisition of [Foundry Networks](/wiki/Foundry_Networks \"Foundry Networks\") in 2008\\.",
"In September 2010, Brocade entered the [100 Gigabit Ethernet](/wiki/100_Gigabit_Ethernet \"100 Gigabit Ethernet\") market with the 32\\-port Brocade MLXe Core Router chassis and a two\\-port 100 Gigabit Ethernet module, targeted at service providers and data centers. Along with it, the company also released the Brocade Network Advisor{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.brocade.com/products/all/management\\-software/product\\-details/network\\-advisor/ \\|title\\=Network Advisor \"Brocade Network Advisor\"}} application for managing IP, storage, MPLS, application delivery, and wireless elements in converged service provider and data center networks. In November 2011, Brocade announced a large 100 Gigabit Ethernet deployment.{{Cite news \\|title\\= Medical research group skips 40G, makes 'right move' to 100G Ethernet \\|work\\= Network World \\|author\\= Jim Duffy \\|date\\= November 15, 2011 \\|url\\= http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/111511\\-hughes\\-medical\\-100g\\-ethernet\\-253131\\.html \\|access\\-date\\= July 16, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130508064506/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/111511\\-hughes\\-medical\\-100g\\-ethernet\\-253131\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\= May 8, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\= dead \\|df\\= mdy\\-all }}",
"In December 2010, Brocade began shipping the Brocade VDX 6720 Switch as part of its product family for Ethernet fabric environments based on Brocade VCS Fabric technology designed for highly scalable virtualized and cloud computing environments. In August 2011, Brocade introduced two additional products for this family. The Brocade VDX 6730 Switch is a 10 GbE switch which can also use FCoE to bridge VCS Fabrics with Fibre Channel SAN fabrics. The Brocade VDX 6710 Switch is an entry\\-level 1/10 GbE switch which enables legacy 1 GbE servers to connect to VCS Fabrics as well as traditional LANs. In September 2012, Brocade announced a [modular switch](/wiki/Modular_switch \"Modular switch\") as part of this portfolio. The Brocade VDX 8770 Switch supports single VCS Fabrics as large as 8000\\+ switch ports supporting up to 384,000 VMs attached to a single VCS Fabric. The VDX 8770 provides port\\-to\\-port latency at 3\\.5 μs across 1, 10, and 40 GbE ports.",
"In November 2011, Brocade introduced the Brocade ICX product family. It released the Brocade ICX 6610 Switch for the Federal, enterprise and campus networking segment, with a maximum switching capacity of 576 Gbit/s and forwarding capacity of 432 Mpps with PoE\\+.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Enzer\\|first\\=Georgina\\|date\\=10 November 2011\\|title\\=Brocade develops new enterprise solutions\\|url\\=https://www.itp.net/586977\\-brocade\\-develops\\-new\\-enterprise\\-solutions\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-25\\|website\\=itp.net}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.brocade.com/downloads/documents/data\\_sheets/product\\_data\\_sheets/icx\\-6610\\-switch\\-ds.pdf \\|title\\=Error404 \\|access\\-date\\=March 14, 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 3, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233426/http://www.brocade.com/downloads/documents/data\\_sheets/product\\_data\\_sheets/icx\\-6610\\-switch\\-ds.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In March 2012, Brocade released the Brocade ICX 6430 Switch and Brocade ICX 6450 Switch for the Federal, enterprise and campus networking segments, with full stacking capabilities as well as Layer 2 and Layer 3 functionality. The switches are available in 24\\- and 48\\-port 1 GbE models, with optional 1/10 GbE uplink/stacking ports. The company also announced its HyperEdge technology for automated single\\-point management and mix\\-and\\-max stacking for sharing advanced functionality among all the members of a switching stack. In September 2012, Brocade introduced the fixed form factor Brocade ICX 6650 switch. This Ethernet switch features 1/10 GbE ports for server connectivity and 10/40 GbE ports for uplink connectivity. It is designed for data center top\\-of\\-rack (ToR) environments and Federal, enterprise and campus LAN aggregation deployments.",
"In 2009, Brocade introduced the Brocade Mobility family of Wireless LAN (WLAN) for federal, enterprise and campus environments, including multiple models of access points and controllers.",
"### Software",
"The Brocade software product portfolio includes SAN management software networking. Legacy software includes network management applications, IP network management solutions and software networking solutions {{buzzword inline\\|date\\=June 2019}} include:",
"* SAN Management Software\n\t+ Brocade SANnav Management Portal and SANnav Global View(current)\n\t+ SAN Health (Current)\n\t+ Brocade Network Advisor (legacy)\n\t+ Data Center Fabric Manager (DCFM) (legacy)\n\t+ Enterprise Fabric Connectivity Manager (EFCM) (from McDATA) (legacy)\n\t+ Fabric Manager (legacy)\n\t+ Host Connectivity Manager (HCM) (legacy)\n* SAN Application Modules (legacy)\n\t+ Data Migration Manager (DMM) (legacy)\n* IP Network Management Software (legacy)\n\t+ IronView Network Manager (INM) (legacy)\n* Software networking solutions{{buzzword inline\\|date\\=June 2019}}\n\t+ {{Proper name\\|\\[\\[Vyatta\\|Brocade Vyatta 5400 vRouter]]}}\n\t+ {{Proper name\\|Brocade vADX}} (a virtual version of Brocade's ADX application delivery platform).{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.networkcomputing.com/next\\-generation\\-data\\-center/news/networking/brocade\\-announces\\-new\\-hardware\\-software/240154024 \\|title\\=Brocade Announces New Hardware, Software for Data Center Strategy \\| \\|access\\-date\\=August 5, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217080712/http://www.networkcomputing.com/next\\-generation\\-data\\-center/news/networking/brocade\\-announces\\-new\\-hardware\\-software/240154024 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 17, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}"
] |
### Fibre Channel
Brocade's first Fibre Channel switch SilkWorm 1000 (SW1000\) (released in 1997\) was based on the "Stitch" 1 Gbit/s [ASIC](/wiki/ASIC "ASIC") and their own [VxWorks](/wiki/VxWorks "VxWorks")\-based firmware ([Fabric OS](/wiki/Fabric_OS "Fabric OS") or FOS). SilkWorm eventually came to be a long\-lived marketing designation for an entire line of products, with the first product being retro\-named the SilkWorm 1000 (SW1000\) to distinguish it from subsequent platforms. Bruce Bergman was the [CEO](/wiki/CEO "CEO") during most of this period. Product names were generally puns on various kinds of [woven fabric](/wiki/Woven_fabric "Woven fabric"), since a switched Fibre Channel network is also called a "[fabric](/wiki/Switched_fabric "Switched fabric")". The SilkWorm 1000 series included the SilkWorm I and II launched in 1997 with 16 ports. In 1998, the SilkWorm Express launched with 8 ports.
In 1998, [Gregory Reyes](/wiki/Gregory_Reyes "Gregory Reyes") joined the company as CEO. Between 1999 and 2000, Brocade launched several 1 Gbit/s switches including the SilkWorm 2800 (16\-ports), SilkWorm 2400 (8\-ports), SilkWorm 2250 (16\-ports) and the SilkWorm 2050 (8\-ports) based on the Loom ASIC. In 2001, Brocade released the SilkWorm 6400, which was designated a "director" similarlyBy today's standards, SW 6400 was a semi\-director, simply a bundle of small switches interconnected with external cables and integrated with a basic management application, Fabric Manager 1\.0\. to IBM [ESCON directors](/wiki/ESCON_director "ESCON director") already well\-established{{cite journal\|last\=Cooney\|first\=Michael\|title\=IBM prepping entry\-level ESCON connectivity\|journal\=Network World\|date\=January 8, 1996\|volume\=13\| issue \= 2\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ow0EAAAAMBAJ\&q\=ESCON%20director%20fibre\&pg\=PA10\|access\-date\=August 10, 2011\|page\=10\|issn\=0887\-7661}} in the [mainframe computer](/wiki/Mainframe_computer "Mainframe computer") market. The term "director" became universally used for more expensive FC switches.{{cite web \|title\= Fibre Channel Directors: Myths, Realities, and Evaluations \|author\= Henry Newman \|date\= September 18, 2003 \|work\= Enterprise Storage Forum \|url\= http://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/hardware/features/article.php/3079491/Fibre\-Channel\-Directors\-Myths\-Realities\-and\-Evaluations.htm \|access\-date\= August 9, 2011 }}
From 2001 to 2003, Brocade released switches based on its third generation ASIC, "BLOOM" (Big LOOM). BLOOM introduced increased throughput of 2 Gbit/s. Between 2001\-2002 the SilkWorm 3800 (16\-ports) and SilkWorm 3200 (8\-ports), and SilkWorm 3900 (32\-ports) were launched. Brocade integrated BLOOM into its first "pure" director, the SilkWorm 12000, in April 2002\. The director offered up to 128 ports in two 64\-port pseudo\-switches (*domains*). The 12000 represented several internal architecture and technical changes besides the new ASIC: it had an upgraded control processor architecture ([Intel i960](/wiki/Intel_i960 "Intel i960") moved to [PowerPC 405GP](/wiki/PowerPC_400 "PowerPC 400")), changed the embedded operating system (FOS v4\.0 migrated from Wind River Systems VxWorks to [MontaVista Linux](/wiki/MontaVista_Linux "MontaVista Linux")), and introduced the [backplane](/wiki/Backplane "Backplane") architecture (hierarchical PCI buses with replaceable blades attached to a backplane). The Bloom ASIC also introduced a notable capability of frame\-level [Fibre Channel](/wiki/Fibre_Channel "Fibre Channel") trunking, which provided high throughput with load balancing across multiple cables. It needed to be implemented in the ASIC hardware to ensure in\-order delivery of frames. Also, hot firmware upgrade was introduced with FOS v4\.1 in October 2003\.
At the time, Brocade's main rival, [McDATA](/wiki/McDATA "McDATA"), held over 90% market share in director segment, owing to a strong position first in the ESCON market, and then in the FICON market. The SilkWorm 12000 director gained over one\-third of the market share after its release in 2002\. Brocade added mainframe customers with [FICON](/wiki/FICON "FICON") and FICON CUP support on the SilkWorm 12000\.
In 2004, the BLOOM II improved on the previous ASIC design by reducing its power consumption and die size, while maintaining 2 Gbit/s technology. New switches were launched including the SilkWorm 3850 (16\-ports) and SilkWorm 3250 (8\-ports). BLOOM II also powered Brocade's second\-generation director, the SilkWorm 24000\. Still a 128\-port design, it was the first one which could operate as a single 128\-port switch (a single domain). The new director also used approximately two thirds less power than its predecessor. Brocade also introduced its first multiprotocol Fibre Channel router, the SilkWorm 7420\. Brocade also acquired Rhapsody Networks (a SAN virtualization [startup company](/wiki/Startup_company "Startup company")). This was also the time frame in which Brocade first entered into the embedded switch market, delivering multiple switches physically integrated into other vendors' hardware, such as storage controllers and [blade server](/wiki/Blade_server "Blade server") chassis.
2004 also saw the introduction of 4 Gbit/s Condor\-based platforms. Between 2004 and 2006, Brocade launched several switches including the 4900 (64\-ports) 4100 (32\-ports), and 200E (16\-ports). The 384\-port 48000 director was launched in 2005\. In 2006, the second generation multiprotocol Fibre Channel router 7500 switch and FR4\-18i blade for the 48000 director were launched.
In January 2008 Brocade launched the 384\-port 8 Gbit/s DCX Backbone. {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.networkcomputing.com/data\-centers/brocade\-unveils\-backbone\-switch\|title\=Brocade Unveils Backbone Switch\|date\=January 23, 2008}}
In May 2008, Brocade unveiled 3 new 8 Gbit/s switches: 24\-port 300 switch, 40\-port 5100 switch and the 80\-port 5300 switch. {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.crn.com/news/storage/207603361/brocade\-unveils\-8\-gbps\-fibre\-channel\-with\-virtualization\-twist.htm \|title\=Brocade Unveils 8\-Gbps Fibre Channel With Virtualization Twist.\|first\=Joe\|last\=Kovar\|date\=May 13, 2008}}
In January 2009, Brocade launched the 192\-port 8 Gbit/s DCX\-4S Backbone. {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2530479/brocade\-launches\-smaller\-\-modular\-backbone\-switch.html \|title\=Brocade launches smaller, modular backbone switch\|first\=Lucas\|last\=Mearian\|date\=January 27, 2009}}
In September 2009, Brocade launched the Brocade 7800 Extension Switch and the FX8\-24 Extension Blade for the DCX Backbone family for extending SANs over FCIP (Fibre Channel over IP). They also launched the Brocade 8000 Switch and the FCOE 10\-24 blade for the DCX Backbone family for FCoE (Fibre Channel over Ethernet) SAN connectivity. {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.crn.com/news/storage/220100627/brocade\-boost\-new\-storage\-networking\-products\-broader\-channel\-program \|title\=Brocade Boost: New Storage Networking Products, Broader Channel Program\|first\=Joseph\|last\=Kovar\|date\=September 22, 2009}}
In late 2010 Brocade introduced [Virtual Cluster Switching](/wiki/Virtual_Cluster_Switching "Virtual Cluster Switching") (VCS) on the VDX{{cite web \|url\= http://www.brocade.com/products/all/switches/index.page?network\=ETHERNET\_FABRIC \|title\= Ethernet Switches and SAN Switches \- Brocade "VDX" \|access\-date\= June 8, 2013 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130608083521/http://www.brocade.com/products/all/switches/index.page?network\=ETHERNET\_FABRIC \|archive\-date\= June 8, 2013 \|url\-status\= dead }} ultra\-low\-latency data center switch product line. These are [DCB/CEE](/wiki/Data_center_bridging "Data center bridging")\- and [TRILL](/wiki/TRILL "TRILL")\-based switches, eliminating the need for [Spanning Tree Protocol](/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol "Spanning Tree Protocol"), and supporting multi\-hop [Fibre Channel over Ethernet](/wiki/Fibre_Channel_over_Ethernet "Fibre Channel over Ethernet") (FCoE) and self\-trunking.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.packetmischief.ca/2012/05/23/five\-features\-of\-brocade\-vcs/ \| title\=Five Features of Brocade VCS \| date\=May 23, 2012 }}
In May 2011,"Brocade Advances Data Center Fabric Leadership With Innovative Private Cloud\-Optimized Networking Solutions" [http://newsroom.brocade.com/easyir/customrel.do?easyirid\=74A6E71C169DEDA9\&version\=live\&releasejsp\=custom\_184\&prid\=751065](http://newsroom.brocade.com/easyir/customrel.do?easyirid=74A6E71C169DEDA9&version=live&releasejsp=custom_184&prid=751065) Brocade launched the industry's first "[Gen 5 Fibre Channel](/wiki/Gen_5_Fibre_Channel "Gen 5 Fibre Channel")" (16 Gbit/s) SAN platform family including the Brocade DCX 8510 Backbone, 6510 switch and 1860 Fabric Adapter. The Brocade DCX 8510 is available in 8\-slot or 4\-slot chassis models supporting up to 384 16 Gbit/s ports at line\-rate speeds and 8\.2 terabits per second (Tbit/s) of chassis bandwidth. It includes optical UltraScale inter\-chassis links (ICLs) which simplify scale\-out design for multi\-chassis architectures. The Brocade 6510 switch is a 48\-port 16 Gbit/s switch designed for virtualized applications and high\-performance storage including [SSD](/wiki/SSD "SSD") arrays. Brocade also introduced the [1860 Fabric Adapter](/wiki/1860_Fabric_Adapter "1860 Fabric Adapter"), the industry's first adapter which includes [AnyIO](/wiki/AnyIO "AnyIO") 16 Gbit/s [FC HBA](/wiki/FC_HBA "FC HBA"), [10GbE CNA](/wiki/10GbE_CNA "10GbE CNA"), and [10GbE NIC](/wiki/10GbE_NIC "10GbE NIC") functionality on the same card.
In April 2012, Brocade launched the Gen 5 (16 Gbit/s) 6505 switch (24\-port) entry\-level switch.
In March 2013, Brocade launched the Gen 5 (16 Gbit/s) 6520 96\-port Fibre Channel high\-density switch and announced Brocade Fabric Vision technology. Brocade Fabric Vision technology introduces advanced diagnostics, monitoring, and management capabilities through a combination of ASIC, FOS, and Brocade Network Advisor. New features include Brocade Monitoring and Alerting Policy Suite (MAPS) for fabric\-wide threshold configuration and monitoring and Brocade Flow Vision for data flow monitoring and analysis.
In October 2014, Brocade launched the Gen 5 (16 Gbit/s) 7840 extension switch and the FC16\-64 64\-port blade for the DCX 8510\. {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2014/10/16/brocade\-tackles\-remote\-replication\-with\-better\-wan\-links\|title\=Brocade Pitches Extension Switch as Replacement for WAN Optimization Appliances\|first\=Jason\|last\=Verge\|date\=October 16, 2014}}
In March 2016,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.storagereview.com/news/brocade\-g620\-gen\-6\-fibre\-channel\-switch\-released\|title\=Brocade G620 Gen 6 Fibre Channel Switch Released\|first\=Lyle\|last\=Smith\|date\=March 1, 2016}} Brocade launched the G620 switch, their first Gen 6 (32 Gbit/s) Fibre Channel product.
In July 2016, Brocade launched the Gen 6 (32 Gbit/s) X6 Director with 4 slots (192 or 256\-ports) or 8 slots (382 or 512\-ports) and SX6 extension blade. {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.enterprisetimes.co.uk/2016/07/20/brocade\-supercharges\-storage\-networks/ \|title\=Brocade supercharges storage networks\|first\=Ian\|last\=Murphy\|date\=July 20, 2016}}
In March 2017, Brocade launched the Gen 6 (32 Gbit/s) G610 entry switch (24\-port). {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.eweek.com/networking/brocade\-launches\-new\-fibre\-channel\-switch\-for\-flash\-data\-centers/ \|title\=Brocade Launches New Fibre Channel Switch for Flash Data Centers\|first\=Chris\|last\=Preimesberger\|date\=March 29, 2017}}
In April 2018, Brocade launched the Gen 6 (32 Gbit/s) G630 enterprise switch (128\-port) and FC32\-64 high density blade (64\-port) for the X6 Director. {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.storagereview.com/news/broadcom\-announces\-new\-nvme\-automation\-for\-brocade\-switches \|title\=Broadcom Announces New NVMe \& Automation For Brocade Switches\|first\=Adam\|last\=Armstrong\|date\=April 10, 2018}}
In December 2018, Brocade launched the Gen 6 (32 Gbit/s) 7810 extension switch. {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/news/252454945/Broadcom\-Brocade\-launches\-two\-new\-SAN\-management\-products\|title\=Broadcom Brocade launches 2 new SAN management products\|first\=Carol\|last\=Sliwa\|date\=December 23, 2018}}
In September 2020,{{Cite web\|url\=https://blocksandfiles.com/2020/09/02/broadcoms\-gen\-7\-fibre\-channel\-switches/\|title\=Broadcom launches first Gen 7 Fibre Channel switches\|first\=Chris\|last\=Mellor\|date\=September 2, 2020\|website\=Blocks and Files}} Brocade launched the X7 Director and G720 Switch, their first Gen 7 (64 Gbit/s) Fibre Channel products.
In February 2022, {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.storagereview.com/news/brocade\-g730\-high\-density\-64g\-fc\-switching\-platform\-announced\|title\=Brocade G730 High Density 64G FC Switching Platform Announced\|first\=Harold\|last\=Fritts\|date\=February 15, 2022\|website\=StorageReview}} Brocade launched the Gen 7 (64 Gbit/s) G730 128\-port switch and the 64 Gbit/s double density optical transceiver.
In August 2023, {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.storagereview.com/news/64g\-fibre\-channel\-expands\-with\-brocade\-x7\-director\-7850\-switch\|title\=64G Fibre Channel Expands with Brocade X7 Director, 7850 Switch\|first\=Harold\|last\=Fritts\|date\=August 15, 2023\|website\=StorageReview}} Brocade launched the Gen 7 (64 Gbit/s) FC64\-64 64\-port blade for the X7 Director and the 64 Gbit/s 7850 Extension Switch.
#### SAN ASICs
Brocade designs its Fibre Channel ASICs for performing switching functions in its SAN switches.
The first family of SAN switches, the SilkWorm 1000, released in 1997, were based on the first generation of Brocade ASICs, called **Stitch**. The SilkWorm 6400 series of SAN Director class switches and SilkWorm 2400/2800 switches, released in 1999, were based on the second generation of Brocade ASICs, called **LOOM**. The SilkWorm 12000/24000 SAN Directors and SilkWorm 3200/3800/3850 SAN switches, released in 2001, were based on the third and fourth generation of Brocade ASICs called **BLOOM** and **BLOOM\-II**.
The fifth generation of ASICs, called **Condor and GoldenEye** (scaled\-down Condor), powered the SilkWorm 48000 series of Directors and port blades, FR4\-18i Extension Blade, and SilkWorm 200E/4100/4900/7500 series of switches respectively. These products were released into the market in 2004\.
The sixth generation of Brocade ASICs (designed in 2008\) are called **Condor2 and GoldenEye2**. Condor2 supports 40 ports of 8 Gbit/s per ASIC and GoldenEye2 supports 32 ports of 8 Gbit/s. These ASICs are used in the DCX Backbone Family of chassis and port blades, FS8\-18 Encryption Blade, FX8\-24 Extension Blade, and 300/5100/5300/7800/Encryption switches.
The seventh generation of Brocade ASICs are **Condor3**. Condor3 supports 48 ports of 16 Gbit/s per ASIC. These ASICs are used in the DCX 8510 Backbone Family and port blades, and the 6505/6510/6520 switches. The initial 16 Gbit/s product line (DCX 8510\-8, DCX 8510\-4, 6510 48\-port switch, and 1860 Fabric Adapter) was originally launched in 2011\. The 6505 24\-port switch was launched in May 2012\. The 6520 96\-port switch was launched in March 2013\.
The eighth generation of Brocade ASICs are **Condor4**. Condor4 supports 32 Gbit/s. These ASICs are used in X6 Director chassis and port blades, and the G610/G620/G630 switches.
The ninth generation of Brocade ASICs are **Condor5 and GoldenEye5**. Condor5 and GoldenEye5 support 64 Gbit/s. Condor5 is used in X7 Director chassis and port blades, the G720 switches, and GoldenEye5 is used in the G730 switches.
#### SAN products
{{See also\|Fabric OS}}
Latest products (Gen 7 \- 64G):
{{anchor\|Product table}}
| Brocade name | Brocadeswitchtype | Max. port data rate (Gbit/s) | Max. ports | Dell EMC version | Fujitsu version | HDS version | HP version | IBM version |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| X7\-8 | 180 | 64 | 512 (SFP\-DD)/384 (SFP) | ED\-DCX7\-8B | | | | SAN512B\-7 |
| X7\-4 | 179 | 64 | 256 (SFP\-DD)/192 (SFP) | ED\-DCX7\-4B | | | | SAN256B\-7 |
| G720 | 181 | 64 | 64 (SFP\-DD)/48 (SFP) | DS\-7720B | | | | SAN64B\-7 |
| G730 | 189 | 64 | 128 (SFP\-DD)/96 (SFP) | | | | |
| 7850 (extension) | 190 | 64 (FC)/100 (GbE) | 24 FC (8 SFP \+ 8 SFP\-DD) \+ 18 Ethernet (16 SFP \+ 2 QSFP) | | | | | |
Recent products (Gen 6 \- 32G):
{{anchor\|Product table}}
| Brocade name | Brocadeswitchtype | Max. port data rate (Gbit/s) | Max. ports | Dell EMC version | Fujitsu version | HDS version | HP version | IBM version |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| X6\-8 | 166 | 32/128 | 512 | ED\-DCX6\-8B | | | SN8600B 8\-slot SAN Director Switch | SAN512B\-6 |
| X6\-4 | 165 | 32/128 | 256 | ED\-DCX6\-4B | | | SN8600B 4\-slot SAN Director Switch | SAN256B\-6 |
| G610 | 170 | 32 | 24 | DS\-6610B | | | SN3600B | SAN24B\-6 |
| G620 | 162 | 32/128 | 48 (SFP) \+ 4 (QSFP) \= 64 | DS\-6620B | G620 | G620 | SN6600B | SAN64B\-6 |
| G630 | 173 | 32/128 | 96 (SFP) \+ 8 (QSFP) \= 128 | DS\-6630B | | | SN6650B | SAN128B\-6 |
| 7810 (extension) | 178 | 32 | 12 FC\+6 Ethernet | MP\-7810B | | | | SAN18B\-6 |
End\-of\-sale products (Gen 5 \- 16G):
{{anchor\|Product table}}
| Brocade name | Brocadeswitchtype | Max. port data rate (Gbit/s) | Max. ports | Dell version | EMC version | Fujitsu version | HDS version | HP version | IBM version |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| DCX 8510\-8 | 120 | 16 | 512 | DCX 8510\-8 | ED\-DCX8510\-8B | DCX 8510\-8 | DCX 8510\-8 | SN8000B SAN Director 8\-Slot | SAN768B\-2 |
| DCX 8510\-4 | 121 | 16 | 256 | DCX 8510\-4 | ED\-DCX8510\-4B | DCX 8510\-4 | DCX 8510\-4 | SN8000B SAN Director 4\-Slot | SAN384B\-2 |
| 6505 | 118 | 16 | 24 | 6505 | DS\-6505B | | 6505 | SN3000B | SAN24B\-5 |
| 6510 | 109 | 16 | 48 | 6510 | DS\-6510B | 6510 | 6510 | SN6000B | SAN48B\-5 |
| 6520 | 133 | 16 | 96 | 6520 | DS\-6520B | 6520 | 6520 | SN6500B | SAN96B\-5 |
| 7840 (extension) | 148 | 16 | 24 FC\+12 Ethernet | MP\-7840B | | | | SAN42B\-R |
#### Legacy SAN products
| Legacy products (1G 2G 4G):
| |
| Brocade name | Brocadeswitchtype | Max. port speed (Gb/s) | Max. ports | IBM version | HP version | EMC version |
| 1000 | 1 | 1 | 16 | ? | ? | ? |
| 2000 | 7 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 2800 | 2, 6 | 1 | 16 | 2109\-S16 | 16B | DS\-16B |
| 3000 | 18 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 3014 | 33 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 3016 | 22 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 3200 | 16 | 2 | 8 | 3534\-F08 | 2/8 | DS\-8B2 |
| 3250 | 27 | 2 | 8 | 2005\-H08 | 2/8V | ? |
| 3800 | 9 | 2 | 16 | 2109\-F16 | 2/16 | DS\-16B2 |
| 3800VL | 17 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 3850 | 26 | 2 | 16 | 2005\-H16 | 2/16V | DS\-16B3 |
| 3900 | 12 | 2 | 32 | 2109\-F32 | 2/32 | DS\-32B2 |
| 12000 Director | 10 | 2 | 2 x 64 | 2109\-M12 | 2/64 | ED\-12000\-B |
| 24000 Director | 21 | 4 | 128 | 2109\-M14 | 2/128 | ED\-24000B |
| 48000 Director | 42 | 4 | 384 | 2109\-M48 | 4/256 | ED\-48000B |
| 200E | 34 | 4 | 16 | 2005\-B16 | 4/16 | DS\-220B |
| 4100 | 32 | 4 | 32 | 2005\-B32 | 4/32 | DS\-4100B |
| 4900 | 44 | 4 | 64 | 2005\-B64 | 4/64 | DS\-4900B |
| 5000 | 58 | 4 | 32 | 2005\-B5K | 4/32B | DS\-5000B |
| AP\-7420 | ? | 4 | 16 | 2109\-A16 | ? | ? |
| 7500 | 46 | 4 | 16 | 2005\-R18 | 400 MPR | MP\-7500B |
| 7600 app | 55\.2 | 4 | 16 | ? | ? | ? |
| Legacy products (8G):
| |
| Brocade name | Brocadeswitchtype | Max. port data rate (Gbit/s) | Max. ports | Dell version | EMC version | Fujitsu version | HDS version | HP version | IBM version |
| DCX | 62 | 8 | 512 | | ED\-DCX\-B | | DCX | DC SAN Backbone Director | SAN768B |
| DCX\-4S | 77 | 8 | 256 | B\-DCX | ED\-DCX\-4S\-B | | DCX\-4S | DC04 SAN Director | SAN384B |
| 300 | 71 | 8 | 24 | 300 | DS\-300B | 300 | 300 | 8/24 | SAN24B\-4 |
| 5100 | 66 | 8 | 40 | 5100 | DS\-5100B | 5100 | 5100 | 8/40 | SAN40B\-4 |
| VA\-40FC | 92 | 8 | 40 | | | | | | |
| 5300 | 64 | 8 | 80 | 5300 | DS\-5300B | 5300 | 5300 | 8/80 | SAN80B\-4 |
| 7800 (extension) | 83 | 8 | 16 FC\+6 Ethernet | | MP\-7800B | 7800 | 7800 | 1606 Extension SAN Switch | SAN06B\-R |
| Encryption Switch | 67 | 8 | 32 | | ES\-5832B | | | Encryption SAN Switch | SAN32B\-E4 Encryption Switch |
| Legacy products (McDATA):
| |
| Brocade name | McDATA namebeforeacquisition | Max. port speed (Gb/s) | Max. ports | IBM version | HP version | EMC version |
| Mi10K | Intrepid 10000 | 10 | 256 | 2027\-256 | ? | ED\-10000M |
| M6140 | Intrepid 6140 | 10 | 140 | 2027\-140 | 2/140 | ED\-140M |
| ? | ED\-6064 | 10 | 64 | 2032\-064 | 2/64 | ED\-64M |
| ? | Sphereon 4300 | 2 | 12 | 2026\-E12 | 2/12 | ? |
| M4400 | Sphereon 4400 | 4 | 16 | 2026\-416 | N/A | DS\-4400M |
| ? | Sphereon 4500 | 2 | 24 | 2026\-224 | 2/24 | DS\-24M2 |
| M4700 | Sphereon 4700 | 4 | 32 | 2026\-432 | N/A | DS\-4700M |
| ? | Sphereon 3232 | 2 | 32 | 2027\-232 | 2/32 | DS\-32M2 |
| ? | ES\-3016 | 1 | 16 | 2031\-016 | ? | DS\-16M |
| ? | ES\-3032 | 1 | 32 | 2031\-032 | ? | DS\-32M |
| ? | ES\-3216 | 2 | 16 | 2031\-216 | ? | DS\-16M2 |
|
[
"### Fibre Channel",
"Brocade's first Fibre Channel switch SilkWorm 1000 (SW1000\\) (released in 1997\\) was based on the \"Stitch\" 1 Gbit/s [ASIC](/wiki/ASIC \"ASIC\") and their own [VxWorks](/wiki/VxWorks \"VxWorks\")\\-based firmware ([Fabric OS](/wiki/Fabric_OS \"Fabric OS\") or FOS). SilkWorm eventually came to be a long\\-lived marketing designation for an entire line of products, with the first product being retro\\-named the SilkWorm 1000 (SW1000\\) to distinguish it from subsequent platforms. Bruce Bergman was the [CEO](/wiki/CEO \"CEO\") during most of this period. Product names were generally puns on various kinds of [woven fabric](/wiki/Woven_fabric \"Woven fabric\"), since a switched Fibre Channel network is also called a \"[fabric](/wiki/Switched_fabric \"Switched fabric\")\". The SilkWorm 1000 series included the SilkWorm I and II launched in 1997 with 16 ports. In 1998, the SilkWorm Express launched with 8 ports.",
"In 1998, [Gregory Reyes](/wiki/Gregory_Reyes \"Gregory Reyes\") joined the company as CEO. Between 1999 and 2000, Brocade launched several 1 Gbit/s switches including the SilkWorm 2800 (16\\-ports), SilkWorm 2400 (8\\-ports), SilkWorm 2250 (16\\-ports) and the SilkWorm 2050 (8\\-ports) based on the Loom ASIC. In 2001, Brocade released the SilkWorm 6400, which was designated a \"director\" similarlyBy today's standards, SW 6400 was a semi\\-director, simply a bundle of small switches interconnected with external cables and integrated with a basic management application, Fabric Manager 1\\.0\\. to IBM [ESCON directors](/wiki/ESCON_director \"ESCON director\") already well\\-established{{cite journal\\|last\\=Cooney\\|first\\=Michael\\|title\\=IBM prepping entry\\-level ESCON connectivity\\|journal\\=Network World\\|date\\=January 8, 1996\\|volume\\=13\\| issue \\= 2\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ow0EAAAAMBAJ\\&q\\=ESCON%20director%20fibre\\&pg\\=PA10\\|access\\-date\\=August 10, 2011\\|page\\=10\\|issn\\=0887\\-7661}} in the [mainframe computer](/wiki/Mainframe_computer \"Mainframe computer\") market. The term \"director\" became universally used for more expensive FC switches.{{cite web \\|title\\= Fibre Channel Directors: Myths, Realities, and Evaluations \\|author\\= Henry Newman \\|date\\= September 18, 2003 \\|work\\= Enterprise Storage Forum \\|url\\= http://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/hardware/features/article.php/3079491/Fibre\\-Channel\\-Directors\\-Myths\\-Realities\\-and\\-Evaluations.htm \\|access\\-date\\= August 9, 2011 }}",
"From 2001 to 2003, Brocade released switches based on its third generation ASIC, \"BLOOM\" (Big LOOM). BLOOM introduced increased throughput of 2 Gbit/s. Between 2001\\-2002 the SilkWorm 3800 (16\\-ports) and SilkWorm 3200 (8\\-ports), and SilkWorm 3900 (32\\-ports) were launched. Brocade integrated BLOOM into its first \"pure\" director, the SilkWorm 12000, in April 2002\\. The director offered up to 128 ports in two 64\\-port pseudo\\-switches (*domains*). The 12000 represented several internal architecture and technical changes besides the new ASIC: it had an upgraded control processor architecture ([Intel i960](/wiki/Intel_i960 \"Intel i960\") moved to [PowerPC 405GP](/wiki/PowerPC_400 \"PowerPC 400\")), changed the embedded operating system (FOS v4\\.0 migrated from Wind River Systems VxWorks to [MontaVista Linux](/wiki/MontaVista_Linux \"MontaVista Linux\")), and introduced the [backplane](/wiki/Backplane \"Backplane\") architecture (hierarchical PCI buses with replaceable blades attached to a backplane). The Bloom ASIC also introduced a notable capability of frame\\-level [Fibre Channel](/wiki/Fibre_Channel \"Fibre Channel\") trunking, which provided high throughput with load balancing across multiple cables. It needed to be implemented in the ASIC hardware to ensure in\\-order delivery of frames. Also, hot firmware upgrade was introduced with FOS v4\\.1 in October 2003\\.",
"At the time, Brocade's main rival, [McDATA](/wiki/McDATA \"McDATA\"), held over 90% market share in director segment, owing to a strong position first in the ESCON market, and then in the FICON market. The SilkWorm 12000 director gained over one\\-third of the market share after its release in 2002\\. Brocade added mainframe customers with [FICON](/wiki/FICON \"FICON\") and FICON CUP support on the SilkWorm 12000\\.",
"In 2004, the BLOOM II improved on the previous ASIC design by reducing its power consumption and die size, while maintaining 2 Gbit/s technology. New switches were launched including the SilkWorm 3850 (16\\-ports) and SilkWorm 3250 (8\\-ports). BLOOM II also powered Brocade's second\\-generation director, the SilkWorm 24000\\. Still a 128\\-port design, it was the first one which could operate as a single 128\\-port switch (a single domain). The new director also used approximately two thirds less power than its predecessor. Brocade also introduced its first multiprotocol Fibre Channel router, the SilkWorm 7420\\. Brocade also acquired Rhapsody Networks (a SAN virtualization [startup company](/wiki/Startup_company \"Startup company\")). This was also the time frame in which Brocade first entered into the embedded switch market, delivering multiple switches physically integrated into other vendors' hardware, such as storage controllers and [blade server](/wiki/Blade_server \"Blade server\") chassis.",
"2004 also saw the introduction of 4 Gbit/s Condor\\-based platforms. Between 2004 and 2006, Brocade launched several switches including the 4900 (64\\-ports) 4100 (32\\-ports), and 200E (16\\-ports). The 384\\-port 48000 director was launched in 2005\\. In 2006, the second generation multiprotocol Fibre Channel router 7500 switch and FR4\\-18i blade for the 48000 director were launched.",
"In January 2008 Brocade launched the 384\\-port 8 Gbit/s DCX Backbone. {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.networkcomputing.com/data\\-centers/brocade\\-unveils\\-backbone\\-switch\\|title\\=Brocade Unveils Backbone Switch\\|date\\=January 23, 2008}}",
"In May 2008, Brocade unveiled 3 new 8 Gbit/s switches: 24\\-port 300 switch, 40\\-port 5100 switch and the 80\\-port 5300 switch. {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.crn.com/news/storage/207603361/brocade\\-unveils\\-8\\-gbps\\-fibre\\-channel\\-with\\-virtualization\\-twist.htm \\|title\\=Brocade Unveils 8\\-Gbps Fibre Channel With Virtualization Twist.\\|first\\=Joe\\|last\\=Kovar\\|date\\=May 13, 2008}}",
"In January 2009, Brocade launched the 192\\-port 8 Gbit/s DCX\\-4S Backbone. {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2530479/brocade\\-launches\\-smaller\\-\\-modular\\-backbone\\-switch.html \\|title\\=Brocade launches smaller, modular backbone switch\\|first\\=Lucas\\|last\\=Mearian\\|date\\=January 27, 2009}}",
"In September 2009, Brocade launched the Brocade 7800 Extension Switch and the FX8\\-24 Extension Blade for the DCX Backbone family for extending SANs over FCIP (Fibre Channel over IP). They also launched the Brocade 8000 Switch and the FCOE 10\\-24 blade for the DCX Backbone family for FCoE (Fibre Channel over Ethernet) SAN connectivity. {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.crn.com/news/storage/220100627/brocade\\-boost\\-new\\-storage\\-networking\\-products\\-broader\\-channel\\-program \\|title\\=Brocade Boost: New Storage Networking Products, Broader Channel Program\\|first\\=Joseph\\|last\\=Kovar\\|date\\=September 22, 2009}}",
"In late 2010 Brocade introduced [Virtual Cluster Switching](/wiki/Virtual_Cluster_Switching \"Virtual Cluster Switching\") (VCS) on the VDX{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.brocade.com/products/all/switches/index.page?network\\=ETHERNET\\_FABRIC \\|title\\= Ethernet Switches and SAN Switches \\- Brocade \"VDX\" \\|access\\-date\\= June 8, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130608083521/http://www.brocade.com/products/all/switches/index.page?network\\=ETHERNET\\_FABRIC \\|archive\\-date\\= June 8, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\= dead }} ultra\\-low\\-latency data center switch product line. These are [DCB/CEE](/wiki/Data_center_bridging \"Data center bridging\")\\- and [TRILL](/wiki/TRILL \"TRILL\")\\-based switches, eliminating the need for [Spanning Tree Protocol](/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol \"Spanning Tree Protocol\"), and supporting multi\\-hop [Fibre Channel over Ethernet](/wiki/Fibre_Channel_over_Ethernet \"Fibre Channel over Ethernet\") (FCoE) and self\\-trunking.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.packetmischief.ca/2012/05/23/five\\-features\\-of\\-brocade\\-vcs/ \\| title\\=Five Features of Brocade VCS \\| date\\=May 23, 2012 }}",
"In May 2011,\"Brocade Advances Data Center Fabric Leadership With Innovative Private Cloud\\-Optimized Networking Solutions\" [http://newsroom.brocade.com/easyir/customrel.do?easyirid\\=74A6E71C169DEDA9\\&version\\=live\\&releasejsp\\=custom\\_184\\&prid\\=751065](http://newsroom.brocade.com/easyir/customrel.do?easyirid=74A6E71C169DEDA9&version=live&releasejsp=custom_184&prid=751065) Brocade launched the industry's first \"[Gen 5 Fibre Channel](/wiki/Gen_5_Fibre_Channel \"Gen 5 Fibre Channel\")\" (16 Gbit/s) SAN platform family including the Brocade DCX 8510 Backbone, 6510 switch and 1860 Fabric Adapter. The Brocade DCX 8510 is available in 8\\-slot or 4\\-slot chassis models supporting up to 384 16 Gbit/s ports at line\\-rate speeds and 8\\.2 terabits per second (Tbit/s) of chassis bandwidth. It includes optical UltraScale inter\\-chassis links (ICLs) which simplify scale\\-out design for multi\\-chassis architectures. The Brocade 6510 switch is a 48\\-port 16 Gbit/s switch designed for virtualized applications and high\\-performance storage including [SSD](/wiki/SSD \"SSD\") arrays. Brocade also introduced the [1860 Fabric Adapter](/wiki/1860_Fabric_Adapter \"1860 Fabric Adapter\"), the industry's first adapter which includes [AnyIO](/wiki/AnyIO \"AnyIO\") 16 Gbit/s [FC HBA](/wiki/FC_HBA \"FC HBA\"), [10GbE CNA](/wiki/10GbE_CNA \"10GbE CNA\"), and [10GbE NIC](/wiki/10GbE_NIC \"10GbE NIC\") functionality on the same card.",
"In April 2012, Brocade launched the Gen 5 (16 Gbit/s) 6505 switch (24\\-port) entry\\-level switch.",
"In March 2013, Brocade launched the Gen 5 (16 Gbit/s) 6520 96\\-port Fibre Channel high\\-density switch and announced Brocade Fabric Vision technology. Brocade Fabric Vision technology introduces advanced diagnostics, monitoring, and management capabilities through a combination of ASIC, FOS, and Brocade Network Advisor. New features include Brocade Monitoring and Alerting Policy Suite (MAPS) for fabric\\-wide threshold configuration and monitoring and Brocade Flow Vision for data flow monitoring and analysis.",
"In October 2014, Brocade launched the Gen 5 (16 Gbit/s) 7840 extension switch and the FC16\\-64 64\\-port blade for the DCX 8510\\. {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2014/10/16/brocade\\-tackles\\-remote\\-replication\\-with\\-better\\-wan\\-links\\|title\\=Brocade Pitches Extension Switch as Replacement for WAN Optimization Appliances\\|first\\=Jason\\|last\\=Verge\\|date\\=October 16, 2014}}",
"In March 2016,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.storagereview.com/news/brocade\\-g620\\-gen\\-6\\-fibre\\-channel\\-switch\\-released\\|title\\=Brocade G620 Gen 6 Fibre Channel Switch Released\\|first\\=Lyle\\|last\\=Smith\\|date\\=March 1, 2016}} Brocade launched the G620 switch, their first Gen 6 (32 Gbit/s) Fibre Channel product.",
"In July 2016, Brocade launched the Gen 6 (32 Gbit/s) X6 Director with 4 slots (192 or 256\\-ports) or 8 slots (382 or 512\\-ports) and SX6 extension blade. {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.enterprisetimes.co.uk/2016/07/20/brocade\\-supercharges\\-storage\\-networks/ \\|title\\=Brocade supercharges storage networks\\|first\\=Ian\\|last\\=Murphy\\|date\\=July 20, 2016}}",
"In March 2017, Brocade launched the Gen 6 (32 Gbit/s) G610 entry switch (24\\-port). {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.eweek.com/networking/brocade\\-launches\\-new\\-fibre\\-channel\\-switch\\-for\\-flash\\-data\\-centers/ \\|title\\=Brocade Launches New Fibre Channel Switch for Flash Data Centers\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\=Preimesberger\\|date\\=March 29, 2017}}",
"In April 2018, Brocade launched the Gen 6 (32 Gbit/s) G630 enterprise switch (128\\-port) and FC32\\-64 high density blade (64\\-port) for the X6 Director. {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.storagereview.com/news/broadcom\\-announces\\-new\\-nvme\\-automation\\-for\\-brocade\\-switches \\|title\\=Broadcom Announces New NVMe \\& Automation For Brocade Switches\\|first\\=Adam\\|last\\=Armstrong\\|date\\=April 10, 2018}}",
"In December 2018, Brocade launched the Gen 6 (32 Gbit/s) 7810 extension switch. {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/news/252454945/Broadcom\\-Brocade\\-launches\\-two\\-new\\-SAN\\-management\\-products\\|title\\=Broadcom Brocade launches 2 new SAN management products\\|first\\=Carol\\|last\\=Sliwa\\|date\\=December 23, 2018}}",
"In September 2020,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://blocksandfiles.com/2020/09/02/broadcoms\\-gen\\-7\\-fibre\\-channel\\-switches/\\|title\\=Broadcom launches first Gen 7 Fibre Channel switches\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\=Mellor\\|date\\=September 2, 2020\\|website\\=Blocks and Files}} Brocade launched the X7 Director and G720 Switch, their first Gen 7 (64 Gbit/s) Fibre Channel products.",
"In February 2022, {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.storagereview.com/news/brocade\\-g730\\-high\\-density\\-64g\\-fc\\-switching\\-platform\\-announced\\|title\\=Brocade G730 High Density 64G FC Switching Platform Announced\\|first\\=Harold\\|last\\=Fritts\\|date\\=February 15, 2022\\|website\\=StorageReview}} Brocade launched the Gen 7 (64 Gbit/s) G730 128\\-port switch and the 64 Gbit/s double density optical transceiver.",
"In August 2023, {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.storagereview.com/news/64g\\-fibre\\-channel\\-expands\\-with\\-brocade\\-x7\\-director\\-7850\\-switch\\|title\\=64G Fibre Channel Expands with Brocade X7 Director, 7850 Switch\\|first\\=Harold\\|last\\=Fritts\\|date\\=August 15, 2023\\|website\\=StorageReview}} Brocade launched the Gen 7 (64 Gbit/s) FC64\\-64 64\\-port blade for the X7 Director and the 64 Gbit/s 7850 Extension Switch.",
"#### SAN ASICs",
"Brocade designs its Fibre Channel ASICs for performing switching functions in its SAN switches.",
"The first family of SAN switches, the SilkWorm 1000, released in 1997, were based on the first generation of Brocade ASICs, called **Stitch**. The SilkWorm 6400 series of SAN Director class switches and SilkWorm 2400/2800 switches, released in 1999, were based on the second generation of Brocade ASICs, called **LOOM**. The SilkWorm 12000/24000 SAN Directors and SilkWorm 3200/3800/3850 SAN switches, released in 2001, were based on the third and fourth generation of Brocade ASICs called **BLOOM** and **BLOOM\\-II**.",
"The fifth generation of ASICs, called **Condor and GoldenEye** (scaled\\-down Condor), powered the SilkWorm 48000 series of Directors and port blades, FR4\\-18i Extension Blade, and SilkWorm 200E/4100/4900/7500 series of switches respectively. These products were released into the market in 2004\\.",
"The sixth generation of Brocade ASICs (designed in 2008\\) are called **Condor2 and GoldenEye2**. Condor2 supports 40 ports of 8 Gbit/s per ASIC and GoldenEye2 supports 32 ports of 8 Gbit/s. These ASICs are used in the DCX Backbone Family of chassis and port blades, FS8\\-18 Encryption Blade, FX8\\-24 Extension Blade, and 300/5100/5300/7800/Encryption switches.",
"The seventh generation of Brocade ASICs are **Condor3**. Condor3 supports 48 ports of 16 Gbit/s per ASIC. These ASICs are used in the DCX 8510 Backbone Family and port blades, and the 6505/6510/6520 switches. The initial 16 Gbit/s product line (DCX 8510\\-8, DCX 8510\\-4, 6510 48\\-port switch, and 1860 Fabric Adapter) was originally launched in 2011\\. The 6505 24\\-port switch was launched in May 2012\\. The 6520 96\\-port switch was launched in March 2013\\.",
"The eighth generation of Brocade ASICs are **Condor4**. Condor4 supports 32 Gbit/s. These ASICs are used in X6 Director chassis and port blades, and the G610/G620/G630 switches.",
"The ninth generation of Brocade ASICs are **Condor5 and GoldenEye5**. Condor5 and GoldenEye5 support 64 Gbit/s. Condor5 is used in X7 Director chassis and port blades, the G720 switches, and GoldenEye5 is used in the G730 switches.",
"#### SAN products",
"{{See also\\|Fabric OS}}",
"Latest products (Gen 7 \\- 64G):",
"{{anchor\\|Product table}}",
"",
"| Brocade name | Brocadeswitchtype | Max. port data rate (Gbit/s) | Max. ports | Dell EMC version | Fujitsu version | HDS version | HP version | IBM version |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| X7\\-8 | 180 | 64 | 512 (SFP\\-DD)/384 (SFP) | ED\\-DCX7\\-8B | | | | SAN512B\\-7 |\n| X7\\-4 | 179 | 64 | 256 (SFP\\-DD)/192 (SFP) | ED\\-DCX7\\-4B | | | | SAN256B\\-7 |\n| G720 | 181 | 64 | 64 (SFP\\-DD)/48 (SFP) | DS\\-7720B | | | | SAN64B\\-7 |\n| G730 | 189 | 64 | 128 (SFP\\-DD)/96 (SFP) | | | | |\n| 7850 (extension) | 190 | 64 (FC)/100 (GbE) | 24 FC (8 SFP \\+ 8 SFP\\-DD) \\+ 18 Ethernet (16 SFP \\+ 2 QSFP) | | | | | |",
"Recent products (Gen 6 \\- 32G):",
"{{anchor\\|Product table}}",
"",
"| Brocade name | Brocadeswitchtype | Max. port data rate (Gbit/s) | Max. ports | Dell EMC version | Fujitsu version | HDS version | HP version | IBM version |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| X6\\-8 | 166 | 32/128 | 512 | ED\\-DCX6\\-8B | | | SN8600B 8\\-slot SAN Director Switch | SAN512B\\-6 |\n| X6\\-4 | 165 | 32/128 | 256 | ED\\-DCX6\\-4B | | | SN8600B 4\\-slot SAN Director Switch | SAN256B\\-6 |\n| G610 | 170 | 32 | 24 | DS\\-6610B | | | SN3600B | SAN24B\\-6 |\n| G620 | 162 | 32/128 | 48 (SFP) \\+ 4 (QSFP) \\= 64 | DS\\-6620B | G620 | G620 | SN6600B | SAN64B\\-6 |\n| G630 | 173 | 32/128 | 96 (SFP) \\+ 8 (QSFP) \\= 128 | DS\\-6630B | | | SN6650B | SAN128B\\-6 |\n| 7810 (extension) | 178 | 32 | 12 FC\\+6 Ethernet | MP\\-7810B | | | | SAN18B\\-6 |",
"End\\-of\\-sale products (Gen 5 \\- 16G):",
"{{anchor\\|Product table}}",
"",
"| Brocade name | Brocadeswitchtype | Max. port data rate (Gbit/s) | Max. ports | Dell version | EMC version | Fujitsu version | HDS version | HP version | IBM version |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| DCX 8510\\-8 | 120 | 16 | 512 | DCX 8510\\-8 | ED\\-DCX8510\\-8B | DCX 8510\\-8 | DCX 8510\\-8 | SN8000B SAN Director 8\\-Slot | SAN768B\\-2 |\n| DCX 8510\\-4 | 121 | 16 | 256 | DCX 8510\\-4 | ED\\-DCX8510\\-4B | DCX 8510\\-4 | DCX 8510\\-4 | SN8000B SAN Director 4\\-Slot | SAN384B\\-2 |\n| 6505 | 118 | 16 | 24 | 6505 | DS\\-6505B | | 6505 | SN3000B | SAN24B\\-5 |\n| 6510 | 109 | 16 | 48 | 6510 | DS\\-6510B | 6510 | 6510 | SN6000B | SAN48B\\-5 |\n| 6520 | 133 | 16 | 96 | 6520 | DS\\-6520B | 6520 | 6520 | SN6500B | SAN96B\\-5 |\n| 7840 (extension) | 148 | 16 | 24 FC\\+12 Ethernet | MP\\-7840B | | | | SAN42B\\-R |",
"#### Legacy SAN products",
"",
"| Legacy products (1G 2G 4G):",
"| |\n| Brocade name | Brocadeswitchtype | Max. port speed (Gb/s) | Max. ports | IBM version | HP version | EMC version |\n| 1000 | 1 | 1 | 16 | ? | ? | ? |\n| 2000 | 7 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |\n| 2800 | 2, 6 | 1 | 16 | 2109\\-S16 | 16B | DS\\-16B |\n| 3000 | 18 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |\n| 3014 | 33 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |\n| 3016 | 22 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |\n| 3200 | 16 | 2 | 8 | 3534\\-F08 | 2/8 | DS\\-8B2 |\n| 3250 | 27 | 2 | 8 | 2005\\-H08 | 2/8V | ? |\n| 3800 | 9 | 2 | 16 | 2109\\-F16 | 2/16 | DS\\-16B2 |\n| 3800VL | 17 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |\n| 3850 | 26 | 2 | 16 | 2005\\-H16 | 2/16V | DS\\-16B3 |\n| 3900 | 12 | 2 | 32 | 2109\\-F32 | 2/32 | DS\\-32B2 |\n| 12000 Director | 10 | 2 | 2 x 64 | 2109\\-M12 | 2/64 | ED\\-12000\\-B |\n| 24000 Director | 21 | 4 | 128 | 2109\\-M14 | 2/128 | ED\\-24000B |\n| 48000 Director | 42 | 4 | 384 | 2109\\-M48 | 4/256 | ED\\-48000B |\n| 200E | 34 | 4 | 16 | 2005\\-B16 | 4/16 | DS\\-220B |\n| 4100 | 32 | 4 | 32 | 2005\\-B32 | 4/32 | DS\\-4100B |\n| 4900 | 44 | 4 | 64 | 2005\\-B64 | 4/64 | DS\\-4900B |\n| 5000 | 58 | 4 | 32 | 2005\\-B5K | 4/32B | DS\\-5000B |\n| AP\\-7420 | ? | 4 | 16 | 2109\\-A16 | ? | ? |\n| 7500 | 46 | 4 | 16 | 2005\\-R18 | 400 MPR | MP\\-7500B |\n| 7600 app | 55\\.2 | 4 | 16 | ? | ? | ? |",
"",
"| Legacy products (8G):",
"| |\n| Brocade name | Brocadeswitchtype | Max. port data rate (Gbit/s) | Max. ports | Dell version | EMC version | Fujitsu version | HDS version | HP version | IBM version |\n| DCX | 62 | 8 | 512 | | ED\\-DCX\\-B | | DCX | DC SAN Backbone Director | SAN768B |\n| DCX\\-4S | 77 | 8 | 256 | B\\-DCX | ED\\-DCX\\-4S\\-B | | DCX\\-4S | DC04 SAN Director | SAN384B |\n| 300 | 71 | 8 | 24 | 300 | DS\\-300B | 300 | 300 | 8/24 | SAN24B\\-4 |\n| 5100 | 66 | 8 | 40 | 5100 | DS\\-5100B | 5100 | 5100 | 8/40 | SAN40B\\-4 |\n| VA\\-40FC | 92 | 8 | 40 | | | | | | |\n| 5300 | 64 | 8 | 80 | 5300 | DS\\-5300B | 5300 | 5300 | 8/80 | SAN80B\\-4 |\n| 7800 (extension) | 83 | 8 | 16 FC\\+6 Ethernet | | MP\\-7800B | 7800 | 7800 | 1606 Extension SAN Switch | SAN06B\\-R |\n| Encryption Switch | 67 | 8 | 32 | | ES\\-5832B | | | Encryption SAN Switch | SAN32B\\-E4 Encryption Switch |",
"",
"| Legacy products (McDATA):",
"| |\n| Brocade name | McDATA namebeforeacquisition | Max. port speed (Gb/s) | Max. ports | IBM version | HP version | EMC version |\n| Mi10K | Intrepid 10000 | 10 | 256 | 2027\\-256 | ? | ED\\-10000M |\n| M6140 | Intrepid 6140 | 10 | 140 | 2027\\-140 | 2/140 | ED\\-140M |\n| ? | ED\\-6064 | 10 | 64 | 2032\\-064 | 2/64 | ED\\-64M |\n| ? | Sphereon 4300 | 2 | 12 | 2026\\-E12 | 2/12 | ? |\n| M4400 | Sphereon 4400 | 4 | 16 | 2026\\-416 | N/A | DS\\-4400M |\n| ? | Sphereon 4500 | 2 | 24 | 2026\\-224 | 2/24 | DS\\-24M2 |\n| M4700 | Sphereon 4700 | 4 | 32 | 2026\\-432 | N/A | DS\\-4700M |\n| ? | Sphereon 3232 | 2 | 32 | 2027\\-232 | 2/32 | DS\\-32M2 |\n| ? | ES\\-3016 | 1 | 16 | 2031\\-016 | ? | DS\\-16M |\n| ? | ES\\-3032 | 1 | 32 | 2031\\-032 | ? | DS\\-32M |\n| ? | ES\\-3216 | 2 | 16 | 2031\\-216 | ? | DS\\-16M2 |",
""
] |
#### SAN ASICs
Brocade designs its Fibre Channel ASICs for performing switching functions in its SAN switches.
The first family of SAN switches, the SilkWorm 1000, released in 1997, were based on the first generation of Brocade ASICs, called **Stitch**. The SilkWorm 6400 series of SAN Director class switches and SilkWorm 2400/2800 switches, released in 1999, were based on the second generation of Brocade ASICs, called **LOOM**. The SilkWorm 12000/24000 SAN Directors and SilkWorm 3200/3800/3850 SAN switches, released in 2001, were based on the third and fourth generation of Brocade ASICs called **BLOOM** and **BLOOM\-II**.
The fifth generation of ASICs, called **Condor and GoldenEye** (scaled\-down Condor), powered the SilkWorm 48000 series of Directors and port blades, FR4\-18i Extension Blade, and SilkWorm 200E/4100/4900/7500 series of switches respectively. These products were released into the market in 2004\.
The sixth generation of Brocade ASICs (designed in 2008\) are called **Condor2 and GoldenEye2**. Condor2 supports 40 ports of 8 Gbit/s per ASIC and GoldenEye2 supports 32 ports of 8 Gbit/s. These ASICs are used in the DCX Backbone Family of chassis and port blades, FS8\-18 Encryption Blade, FX8\-24 Extension Blade, and 300/5100/5300/7800/Encryption switches.
The seventh generation of Brocade ASICs are **Condor3**. Condor3 supports 48 ports of 16 Gbit/s per ASIC. These ASICs are used in the DCX 8510 Backbone Family and port blades, and the 6505/6510/6520 switches. The initial 16 Gbit/s product line (DCX 8510\-8, DCX 8510\-4, 6510 48\-port switch, and 1860 Fabric Adapter) was originally launched in 2011\. The 6505 24\-port switch was launched in May 2012\. The 6520 96\-port switch was launched in March 2013\.
The eighth generation of Brocade ASICs are **Condor4**. Condor4 supports 32 Gbit/s. These ASICs are used in X6 Director chassis and port blades, and the G610/G620/G630 switches.
The ninth generation of Brocade ASICs are **Condor5 and GoldenEye5**. Condor5 and GoldenEye5 support 64 Gbit/s. Condor5 is used in X7 Director chassis and port blades, the G720 switches, and GoldenEye5 is used in the G730 switches.
|
[
"#### SAN ASICs",
"Brocade designs its Fibre Channel ASICs for performing switching functions in its SAN switches.",
"The first family of SAN switches, the SilkWorm 1000, released in 1997, were based on the first generation of Brocade ASICs, called **Stitch**. The SilkWorm 6400 series of SAN Director class switches and SilkWorm 2400/2800 switches, released in 1999, were based on the second generation of Brocade ASICs, called **LOOM**. The SilkWorm 12000/24000 SAN Directors and SilkWorm 3200/3800/3850 SAN switches, released in 2001, were based on the third and fourth generation of Brocade ASICs called **BLOOM** and **BLOOM\\-II**.",
"The fifth generation of ASICs, called **Condor and GoldenEye** (scaled\\-down Condor), powered the SilkWorm 48000 series of Directors and port blades, FR4\\-18i Extension Blade, and SilkWorm 200E/4100/4900/7500 series of switches respectively. These products were released into the market in 2004\\.",
"The sixth generation of Brocade ASICs (designed in 2008\\) are called **Condor2 and GoldenEye2**. Condor2 supports 40 ports of 8 Gbit/s per ASIC and GoldenEye2 supports 32 ports of 8 Gbit/s. These ASICs are used in the DCX Backbone Family of chassis and port blades, FS8\\-18 Encryption Blade, FX8\\-24 Extension Blade, and 300/5100/5300/7800/Encryption switches.",
"The seventh generation of Brocade ASICs are **Condor3**. Condor3 supports 48 ports of 16 Gbit/s per ASIC. These ASICs are used in the DCX 8510 Backbone Family and port blades, and the 6505/6510/6520 switches. The initial 16 Gbit/s product line (DCX 8510\\-8, DCX 8510\\-4, 6510 48\\-port switch, and 1860 Fabric Adapter) was originally launched in 2011\\. The 6505 24\\-port switch was launched in May 2012\\. The 6520 96\\-port switch was launched in March 2013\\.",
"The eighth generation of Brocade ASICs are **Condor4**. Condor4 supports 32 Gbit/s. These ASICs are used in X6 Director chassis and port blades, and the G610/G620/G630 switches.",
"The ninth generation of Brocade ASICs are **Condor5 and GoldenEye5**. Condor5 and GoldenEye5 support 64 Gbit/s. Condor5 is used in X7 Director chassis and port blades, the G720 switches, and GoldenEye5 is used in the G730 switches.",
""
] |
Early life
----------
Douglas Edward Ithier was born on 20 July 1974, in Middle Swan, Western Australia, Australia, and is the first son of Douglas Rudolf Ithier (a Mauritius born immigrant) and Mary Thelma Martain (née Ithier). At the age of 2 his mother separated from his father and they moved to a country town of [Albany, Western Australia](/wiki/Albany%2C_Western_Australia "Albany, Western Australia") where Ithier played for Yakamia SC and then Albany Primary until moving to Bunbury at the age of 9 to play for Bunbury Tricolore juniors. Supporting [Liverpool F.C.](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. "Liverpool F.C.") from the age of 4, his childhood footballing heroes were [John Barnes](/wiki/John_Barnes "John Barnes") and [Craig Johnston](/wiki/Craig_Johnston "Craig Johnston").
Ithier and his single parent mother moved to Bunbury and lived in a rough area of Government State Housing suburb called [Withers, Western Australia](/wiki/Withers%2C_Western_Australia "Withers, Western Australia") which is located 350m from the Bunbury Tricolore SC grounds. His young days were spent racing home from school to attend training and it is well known by club officials that Ithier would help with duties around the club that formed his work ethic and strong discipline.
Ithier won individual Fairest and Best awards for every junior team he played for from Under 8's up to Under 16 age groups.
Ithier began playing men's football aged 15 and was playing junior Under 16 age group football on Saturdays and men's 4th team amateur football on Sundays. In 1992 he won the Fairest and Best player for the whole SWSA 2nd Division men's competition as a 15 year old playing in defence as a [sweeper](/wiki/Sweeper_%28association_football%29 "Sweeper (association football)").
From the age of 4 and a half until 17 and three quarters, Ithier played as a [centre\-forward](/wiki/Centre-forward "Centre-forward") scoring goals in many ways and was particularly good in the air heading from set pieces. But he was signed to his first professional contract as a [centre\-back](/wiki/Centre-back "Centre-back") after he was told by his [Floreat Athena](/wiki/Floreat_Athena "Floreat Athena") manager Eric Williams when signing that he was a good Striker, but would only make money as a defender.
|
[
"Early life\n----------",
"Douglas Edward Ithier was born on 20 July 1974, in Middle Swan, Western Australia, Australia, and is the first son of Douglas Rudolf Ithier (a Mauritius born immigrant) and Mary Thelma Martain (née Ithier). At the age of 2 his mother separated from his father and they moved to a country town of [Albany, Western Australia](/wiki/Albany%2C_Western_Australia \"Albany, Western Australia\") where Ithier played for Yakamia SC and then Albany Primary until moving to Bunbury at the age of 9 to play for Bunbury Tricolore juniors. Supporting [Liverpool F.C.](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\") from the age of 4, his childhood footballing heroes were [John Barnes](/wiki/John_Barnes \"John Barnes\") and [Craig Johnston](/wiki/Craig_Johnston \"Craig Johnston\").",
"Ithier and his single parent mother moved to Bunbury and lived in a rough area of Government State Housing suburb called [Withers, Western Australia](/wiki/Withers%2C_Western_Australia \"Withers, Western Australia\") which is located 350m from the Bunbury Tricolore SC grounds. His young days were spent racing home from school to attend training and it is well known by club officials that Ithier would help with duties around the club that formed his work ethic and strong discipline.",
"Ithier won individual Fairest and Best awards for every junior team he played for from Under 8's up to Under 16 age groups.",
"Ithier began playing men's football aged 15 and was playing junior Under 16 age group football on Saturdays and men's 4th team amateur football on Sundays. In 1992 he won the Fairest and Best player for the whole SWSA 2nd Division men's competition as a 15 year old playing in defence as a [sweeper](/wiki/Sweeper_%28association_football%29 \"Sweeper (association football)\").",
"From the age of 4 and a half until 17 and three quarters, Ithier played as a [centre\\-forward](/wiki/Centre-forward \"Centre-forward\") scoring goals in many ways and was particularly good in the air heading from set pieces. But he was signed to his first professional contract as a [centre\\-back](/wiki/Centre-back \"Centre-back\") after he was told by his [Floreat Athena](/wiki/Floreat_Athena \"Floreat Athena\") manager Eric Williams when signing that he was a good Striker, but would only make money as a defender.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Bunbury Tricolore SC
[thumb\|An 18 yo Ithier in the WAASSA State team photo](/wiki/File:1993_WAASSA_State_Senior_State_Team_Photo.jpg "1993 WAASSA State Senior State Team Photo.jpg")
In 1990 at the age of 16 Ithier started his senior career with Bunbury Tricolore SC. In his 3rd year with the club in 1992 he won the WAASSA 1st Division League title[Amateur League First Division](http://members.iinet.net.au/~jacob/wasoccer/records/amfirst.htm) and WAASSA Amateur Cup[Amateur League Cup](http://members.iinet.net.au/~jacob/wasoccer/records/amcup.htm) double. He was the club's youngest ever captain in 1993,[Bunbury United Coach Quits](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1993-06-24_-_Bunbury_United_coach_quits.jpg) was selected in the WAASSA State team and competed in the Australian Amateur Titles – [Arafura Games](/wiki/Arafura_Games "Arafura Games") where he was named Western Australia's best player, was voted 3rd best player of the tournament and selected in the 1993 Australian Amateur team.[National Selection has scouts calling](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1993-05-27_-_National_Selection_has_scouts_calling.jpg)
### Floreat Athena
In 1994 Ithier signed with [Floreat Athena](/wiki/Floreat_Athena "Floreat Athena") and was runner up 1994 Rookie of the Year. Dubbed the "Adopted Greek" during his 9 years on and off with [Floreat Athena](/wiki/Floreat_Athena "Floreat Athena"), Ithier was renowned for spectacular long range goals (including one from the halfway line in the 2001 Night Series Final),[2001 Night Series Final Goal on YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRePhMRJLi4) specialty freekicks, and bone crunching tackles.
As club co\-captain, Ithier won the 1996 [Floreat Athena](/wiki/Floreat_Athena "Floreat Athena") Fairest and Best player and was voted 4th Best Player in the WA State League competition which led to Ithier being invited to trial with the newly formed [Perth Glory](/wiki/Perth_Glory_FC "Perth Glory FC") and subsequent signing after 2 weeks impressing then coach [Gary Marocchi](/wiki/Gary_Marocchi "Gary Marocchi").
Ithier was able to figure heavily in Athena's treble\-winning team of 1997 in Perth Glory's off season, regarded as one of Athena's best years, winning the WA State League, Divella Cup and WA Night Series[Floreat Athena Honours](https://floreatathenafc.com.au/joomla/index.php/club/honours) trophies under coach and former [Greek](/wiki/Greeks "Greeks") legend Jim Pyrgolis. Ithier is one of only five players elevated to "Legend" status as listed on the club's website.[Floreat Athena Legends](http://www.floreatathenafc.com.au/joomla/index.php/10-floreat-athena/17-legends)
### Perth Glory
[thumb\|Ithier in the 1996 Perth Glory inaugural team photo](/wiki/File:1996-10-13_Perth_Glory_inaugural_team_photo.jpg "1996-10-13 Perth Glory inaugural team photo.jpg")
Ithier played in the [inaugural season](/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Perth_Glory_SC_season "1996–97 Perth Glory SC season") with the first Perth Glory game held at [Perth Oval](/wiki/Perth_Oval "Perth Oval") on 13 October 1996 versus UTS Olympic currently [Sydney Olympic FC](/wiki/Sydney_Olympic_FC "Sydney Olympic FC") and despite the team losing the game 1–4, Ithier received the first ever Man\-of\-the\-Match award for his defensive efforts against [Kris Trajanovski](/wiki/Kris_Trajanovski "Kris Trajanovski"). In his 2 seasons Ithier being WA born was a cult figure amongst Perth Glory supporters for his flamboyant, aggressive play and changing hairstyles.
### Sarawak FA
In 1998 Ithier started his [Asian](/wiki/Asia "Asia") career with 1997 [Malaysian Super League](/wiki/Malaysian_Super_League "Malaysian Super League") champions [Sarawak FA](/wiki/Sarawak_FA "Sarawak FA") with notable players [Alistair Edwards](/wiki/Alistair_Edwards "Alistair Edwards") and [Billy Bone](/wiki/Billy_Bone "Billy Bone") and under the guidance of [Alan Vest](/wiki/Alan_Vest "Alan Vest"). In his debut game Ithier won the 1998 [Malaysia Charity Shield](/wiki/Malaysia_Charity_Shield "Malaysia Charity Shield")[Magnificent](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1998-04-06_-_Magnificent.jpg) against [Selangor FA](/wiki/Selangor_FA "Selangor FA") in which Sarawak FA won 3–1 with 9 players at a sold out [Sarawak Stadium](/wiki/Sarawak_Stadium "Sarawak Stadium"). Playing in the sweeper role Ithier flourished and quickly became a crowd favorite scoring game winning goals like his free\-kick against [Perlis F.A.](/wiki/Perlis_F.A. "Perlis F.A.")[Amazing Beckham\-like Freekick for Sarawak Doug Ithier](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4a6sQ1PcceE) Alan Vest once described Ithier as the "Best Header" of the ball in all Malaysia and named him Captain of the side in [Billy Bone](/wiki/Billy_Bone "Billy Bone")'s absence. Ithier's form in Malaysia earned him the trial with [Blackburn Rovers F.C.](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. "Blackburn Rovers F.C.")
### Blackburn Rovers F.C.
In 1998, Ithier had a three\-week trial with 1994/95 [English Premier League](/wiki/English_Premier_League "English Premier League") Champions [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. "Blackburn Rovers F.C."). This side, managed by [Roy Hodgson](/wiki/Roy_Hodgson "Roy Hodgson"), included such players as [Chris Sutton](/wiki/Chris_Sutton "Chris Sutton"), [Damien Duff](/wiki/Damien_Duff "Damien Duff"), [Colin Hendry](/wiki/Colin_Hendry "Colin Hendry") and [Martin Dahlin](/wiki/Martin_Dahlin "Martin Dahlin"). Ithier was refused the relevant work permit however.
### Walsall F.C.
Ithier signed to play for the [English First Division](/wiki/English_First_Division "English First Division") (now [EFL Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship "EFL Championship")) side [Walsall](/wiki/Walsall_F.C. "Walsall F.C.") whilst processing his work permit, and played 3 games but without the European heritage required to play in the [English Premier League](/wiki/English_Premier_League "English Premier League") and not wanting to play lower divisions whilst waiting, Ithier decided to return and focus on plying his trade in Asia.
### Marine Castle United
[thumb\|alt\=Doug Ithier celebrates goal in S\-League\|Ithier celebrates goal in S\-League](/wiki/File:1999-04-28_Doug_Ithier_celebrates_goal_in_S-League.jpg "1999-04-28 Doug Ithier celebrates goal in S-League.jpg")
After returning from the UK, Ithier signed with [S\-League](/wiki/S-League "S-League") team [Marine Castle United](/wiki/Marine_Castle_United "Marine Castle United") for the 1999 season. Ithier will be remembered in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") for his blond hair and colourfully designed Adidas boots.
[thumb\|Ithier's personally designed Adidas Boots](/wiki/File:1999-06-08_Doug_Ithier%27s_Adidas_Boots.jpg "1999-06-08 Doug Ithier's Adidas Boots.jpg")
He was selected as one of the best foreign players and played in the S\-League All Stars game.[S\-League All Star Team](/wiki/1999-05-04_-_S-League_top_50.jpg "1999-05-04 - S-League top 50.jpg") He was again a crowd favorite and constantly surrounded by fans after the game even when the team performed badly, giving autographs.
Ithier was involved in a life\-threatening incident whilst playing against [Tanjong Pagar United Football Club](/wiki/Tanjong_Pagar_United_Football_Club "Tanjong Pagar United Football Club"). He rose to head a ball from a corner and collided with a player being knocked unconscious. The home side Tanjong Pagar FC did not have an ambulance present, and Ithier was saved by the Marine Castle's physio. Tanjong Pagar United embroiled in controversy was fined by the S\-League and the decision resulted in the safety procedures at all clubs to be re\-written. Ithier played the following week against doctors advice and was named Man\-of\-The Match!{{citation needed\|date\=October 2024}}
### Floreat Athena
In 2000 Ithier returned for his second stint with [Floreat Athena](/wiki/Floreat_Athena "Floreat Athena") winning the 2000 Night Series final 6\-0 versus [Inglewood United FC](/wiki/Inglewood_United_FC "Inglewood United FC") scoring the 3rd goal.[Athena Wins Night Series](http://members.iinet.net.au/~jacob/wasoccer/2000ns.htm) In 2001 Floreat Athena finished runner up in the night series despite Ithier scoring a goal from the halfway line in the 2001 Night Series Final.[2001 Night Series Final Goal on YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRePhMRJLi4) In 2002 Floreat Athena finished runner up in the WA State League.
### Western Knights SC
In 2003 Ithier was recruited by former Floreat Athena teammate Ronnie Campbell and signed with [Western Knights SC](/wiki/Western_Knights_SC "Western Knights SC"). Ithier won the 2003 Night Series in his first season with the club and after a strong early season Ithier was attracting interest from Asian sides once more.
### Chengdu Wuniu
[thumb\|Ithier playing Chengdu in the Chinese Professional League in 2003](/wiki/File:2003-03-22_-_Chengdu_vs_Changchun_Jinlai_Yatai.jpg "2003-03-22 - Chengdu vs Changchun Jinlai Yatai.jpg")
Ithier signed with Chinese professional football club based in Chengdu, China Chengdu Wuniu F.C. (currently [Chengdu Tiancheng F.C.](/wiki/Chengdu_Tiancheng_F.C. "Chengdu Tiancheng F.C.")).
The club was known as Chengdu Five Bulls named after their first sponsor, the Five Bulls Cigarette Company and Ithier played alongside former Cameroon national player [Joseph N'Do](/wiki/Joseph_N%27Do "Joseph N'Do"), Brazilian player [Milson](/wiki/Milson_%28footballer%2C_born_1977%29 "Milson (footballer, born 1977)") and many Chinese national team players.
Four games into the season the Chinese Professional league was suspended due to the [2002–2004 SARS outbreak](/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak "2002–2004 SARS outbreak") putting Ithier's career on hold[SARS Delays Ithiers Chinese Dream](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2003-03-24_-_SARS_delays_Ithier%27s_Chinese_dream.jpg) as he returned to Perth with fears the outbreak would end the season. The season was renewed after a 6\-week break with the team finishing a respectable 6th position.
### Western Knights SC
In 2004 Ithier returned to play for Western Knights SC as he decided his future and subsequently won the WA State League and WA Top 5 Cup Double, and finished runner up in the WA Night Series. Towards the end of the 2004 season Ithier damaged his L3/L4 spinal disc in a training session incident, but played out the year choosing to delay the required surgery until the end of the season. Ithier played the 2005 season but suffered in constant back pain and this would be the last season of his career.
### WA State Teams
[thumb\|Ithier before playing Red Star Belgrade in 2001](/wiki/File:2010-05-08_WA_State_Team_Photo.jpg "2010-05-08 WA State Team Photo.jpg")
Ithier represented the senior [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia_state_association_football_team "Western Australia state association football team") team 10 times scoring on 4 occasions from 1996 to 2003,[WA State Team History](http://members.iinet.net.au/~jacob/wasoccer/stateteam/index.htm) including playing against [Red Star Belgrade](/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade "Red Star Belgrade"),[2001 State Team on FootbalWA website](http://members.iinet.net.au/~jacob/wasoccer/stateteam/state2001.htm) the [Indonesia national football team](/wiki/Indonesia_national_football_team "Indonesia national football team"),[WA vs Indonesia Program](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1996_WA_vs_Indonesia_Match_Program.jpg) the [Singapore national football team](/wiki/Singapore_national_football_team "Singapore national football team"), and [Sarawak FA](/wiki/Sarawak_FA "Sarawak FA") in a match played November 1997 in [Sarawak Stadium](/wiki/Sarawak_Stadium "Sarawak Stadium") Sarawak in which Ithier impressed the local side who ended signing Ithier 4 months later for the 1998 [Malaysian Super League](/wiki/Malaysian_Super_League "Malaysian Super League") season as a result.
Ithier first represented Western Australia in 1991 as a junior Captaining the WAASSA State U/18's side to go undefeated in its country tour that year.
### Hall of Fame
On 17 July 2009 Ithier was officially inducted into the South West Soccer Hall of Fame as a Champion[SWSA Hall Of Fame](https://www.swsa.net.au/hall-of-fame/) for his recognition in being the first Western Australian country based player to rise through the Amateur junior and senior grades playing with Bunbury Tricolore (currently named Bunbury United) and play professionally for Perth Glory. Ithier's achievement helped create the pathway for many young country based players to follow their careers including [Josh Risdon](/wiki/Josh_Risdon "Josh Risdon") who went on further to represent the Socceroos. Ithier is currently listed as a Club Legend on Bunbury United's website[BUSC Club Legends](https://soccer.bunburyunitedsc.com.au/our-club/club-legends/) for his achievement's with the club.
In 2021, as part of Floreat Athena's 70th anniversary celebrations, a Dream Team of all past and current players was voted for and Ithier was nominated in the Defender position.[Floreat Athena Dream Team](https://floreatathenafc.com.au/joomla/index.php/dream-team/dream-team-2021-defenders#)
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Bunbury Tricolore SC",
"[thumb\\|An 18 yo Ithier in the WAASSA State team photo](/wiki/File:1993_WAASSA_State_Senior_State_Team_Photo.jpg \"1993 WAASSA State Senior State Team Photo.jpg\")\nIn 1990 at the age of 16 Ithier started his senior career with Bunbury Tricolore SC. In his 3rd year with the club in 1992 he won the WAASSA 1st Division League title[Amateur League First Division](http://members.iinet.net.au/~jacob/wasoccer/records/amfirst.htm) and WAASSA Amateur Cup[Amateur League Cup](http://members.iinet.net.au/~jacob/wasoccer/records/amcup.htm) double. He was the club's youngest ever captain in 1993,[Bunbury United Coach Quits](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1993-06-24_-_Bunbury_United_coach_quits.jpg) was selected in the WAASSA State team and competed in the Australian Amateur Titles – [Arafura Games](/wiki/Arafura_Games \"Arafura Games\") where he was named Western Australia's best player, was voted 3rd best player of the tournament and selected in the 1993 Australian Amateur team.[National Selection has scouts calling](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1993-05-27_-_National_Selection_has_scouts_calling.jpg)",
"### Floreat Athena",
"In 1994 Ithier signed with [Floreat Athena](/wiki/Floreat_Athena \"Floreat Athena\") and was runner up 1994 Rookie of the Year. Dubbed the \"Adopted Greek\" during his 9 years on and off with [Floreat Athena](/wiki/Floreat_Athena \"Floreat Athena\"), Ithier was renowned for spectacular long range goals (including one from the halfway line in the 2001 Night Series Final),[2001 Night Series Final Goal on YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRePhMRJLi4) specialty freekicks, and bone crunching tackles.",
"As club co\\-captain, Ithier won the 1996 [Floreat Athena](/wiki/Floreat_Athena \"Floreat Athena\") Fairest and Best player and was voted 4th Best Player in the WA State League competition which led to Ithier being invited to trial with the newly formed [Perth Glory](/wiki/Perth_Glory_FC \"Perth Glory FC\") and subsequent signing after 2 weeks impressing then coach [Gary Marocchi](/wiki/Gary_Marocchi \"Gary Marocchi\").",
"Ithier was able to figure heavily in Athena's treble\\-winning team of 1997 in Perth Glory's off season, regarded as one of Athena's best years, winning the WA State League, Divella Cup and WA Night Series[Floreat Athena Honours](https://floreatathenafc.com.au/joomla/index.php/club/honours) trophies under coach and former [Greek](/wiki/Greeks \"Greeks\") legend Jim Pyrgolis. Ithier is one of only five players elevated to \"Legend\" status as listed on the club's website.[Floreat Athena Legends](http://www.floreatathenafc.com.au/joomla/index.php/10-floreat-athena/17-legends)",
"### Perth Glory",
"[thumb\\|Ithier in the 1996 Perth Glory inaugural team photo](/wiki/File:1996-10-13_Perth_Glory_inaugural_team_photo.jpg \"1996-10-13 Perth Glory inaugural team photo.jpg\")",
"Ithier played in the [inaugural season](/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Perth_Glory_SC_season \"1996–97 Perth Glory SC season\") with the first Perth Glory game held at [Perth Oval](/wiki/Perth_Oval \"Perth Oval\") on 13 October 1996 versus UTS Olympic currently [Sydney Olympic FC](/wiki/Sydney_Olympic_FC \"Sydney Olympic FC\") and despite the team losing the game 1–4, Ithier received the first ever Man\\-of\\-the\\-Match award for his defensive efforts against [Kris Trajanovski](/wiki/Kris_Trajanovski \"Kris Trajanovski\"). In his 2 seasons Ithier being WA born was a cult figure amongst Perth Glory supporters for his flamboyant, aggressive play and changing hairstyles.",
"### Sarawak FA",
"In 1998 Ithier started his [Asian](/wiki/Asia \"Asia\") career with 1997 [Malaysian Super League](/wiki/Malaysian_Super_League \"Malaysian Super League\") champions [Sarawak FA](/wiki/Sarawak_FA \"Sarawak FA\") with notable players [Alistair Edwards](/wiki/Alistair_Edwards \"Alistair Edwards\") and [Billy Bone](/wiki/Billy_Bone \"Billy Bone\") and under the guidance of [Alan Vest](/wiki/Alan_Vest \"Alan Vest\"). In his debut game Ithier won the 1998 [Malaysia Charity Shield](/wiki/Malaysia_Charity_Shield \"Malaysia Charity Shield\")[Magnificent](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1998-04-06_-_Magnificent.jpg) against [Selangor FA](/wiki/Selangor_FA \"Selangor FA\") in which Sarawak FA won 3–1 with 9 players at a sold out [Sarawak Stadium](/wiki/Sarawak_Stadium \"Sarawak Stadium\"). Playing in the sweeper role Ithier flourished and quickly became a crowd favorite scoring game winning goals like his free\\-kick against [Perlis F.A.](/wiki/Perlis_F.A. \"Perlis F.A.\")[Amazing Beckham\\-like Freekick for Sarawak Doug Ithier](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4a6sQ1PcceE) Alan Vest once described Ithier as the \"Best Header\" of the ball in all Malaysia and named him Captain of the side in [Billy Bone](/wiki/Billy_Bone \"Billy Bone\")'s absence. Ithier's form in Malaysia earned him the trial with [Blackburn Rovers F.C.](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. \"Blackburn Rovers F.C.\")",
"### Blackburn Rovers F.C.",
"In 1998, Ithier had a three\\-week trial with 1994/95 [English Premier League](/wiki/English_Premier_League \"English Premier League\") Champions [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. \"Blackburn Rovers F.C.\"). This side, managed by [Roy Hodgson](/wiki/Roy_Hodgson \"Roy Hodgson\"), included such players as [Chris Sutton](/wiki/Chris_Sutton \"Chris Sutton\"), [Damien Duff](/wiki/Damien_Duff \"Damien Duff\"), [Colin Hendry](/wiki/Colin_Hendry \"Colin Hendry\") and [Martin Dahlin](/wiki/Martin_Dahlin \"Martin Dahlin\"). Ithier was refused the relevant work permit however.",
"### Walsall F.C.",
"Ithier signed to play for the [English First Division](/wiki/English_First_Division \"English First Division\") (now [EFL Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship \"EFL Championship\")) side [Walsall](/wiki/Walsall_F.C. \"Walsall F.C.\") whilst processing his work permit, and played 3 games but without the European heritage required to play in the [English Premier League](/wiki/English_Premier_League \"English Premier League\") and not wanting to play lower divisions whilst waiting, Ithier decided to return and focus on plying his trade in Asia.",
"### Marine Castle United",
"[thumb\\|alt\\=Doug Ithier celebrates goal in S\\-League\\|Ithier celebrates goal in S\\-League](/wiki/File:1999-04-28_Doug_Ithier_celebrates_goal_in_S-League.jpg \"1999-04-28 Doug Ithier celebrates goal in S-League.jpg\")",
"After returning from the UK, Ithier signed with [S\\-League](/wiki/S-League \"S-League\") team [Marine Castle United](/wiki/Marine_Castle_United \"Marine Castle United\") for the 1999 season. Ithier will be remembered in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\") for his blond hair and colourfully designed Adidas boots. \n[thumb\\|Ithier's personally designed Adidas Boots](/wiki/File:1999-06-08_Doug_Ithier%27s_Adidas_Boots.jpg \"1999-06-08 Doug Ithier's Adidas Boots.jpg\")",
"He was selected as one of the best foreign players and played in the S\\-League All Stars game.[S\\-League All Star Team](/wiki/1999-05-04_-_S-League_top_50.jpg \"1999-05-04 - S-League top 50.jpg\") He was again a crowd favorite and constantly surrounded by fans after the game even when the team performed badly, giving autographs.",
"Ithier was involved in a life\\-threatening incident whilst playing against [Tanjong Pagar United Football Club](/wiki/Tanjong_Pagar_United_Football_Club \"Tanjong Pagar United Football Club\"). He rose to head a ball from a corner and collided with a player being knocked unconscious. The home side Tanjong Pagar FC did not have an ambulance present, and Ithier was saved by the Marine Castle's physio. Tanjong Pagar United embroiled in controversy was fined by the S\\-League and the decision resulted in the safety procedures at all clubs to be re\\-written. Ithier played the following week against doctors advice and was named Man\\-of\\-The Match!{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2024}}",
"### Floreat Athena",
"In 2000 Ithier returned for his second stint with [Floreat Athena](/wiki/Floreat_Athena \"Floreat Athena\") winning the 2000 Night Series final 6\\-0 versus [Inglewood United FC](/wiki/Inglewood_United_FC \"Inglewood United FC\") scoring the 3rd goal.[Athena Wins Night Series](http://members.iinet.net.au/~jacob/wasoccer/2000ns.htm) In 2001 Floreat Athena finished runner up in the night series despite Ithier scoring a goal from the halfway line in the 2001 Night Series Final.[2001 Night Series Final Goal on YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRePhMRJLi4) In 2002 Floreat Athena finished runner up in the WA State League.",
"### Western Knights SC",
"In 2003 Ithier was recruited by former Floreat Athena teammate Ronnie Campbell and signed with [Western Knights SC](/wiki/Western_Knights_SC \"Western Knights SC\"). Ithier won the 2003 Night Series in his first season with the club and after a strong early season Ithier was attracting interest from Asian sides once more.",
"### Chengdu Wuniu",
"[thumb\\|Ithier playing Chengdu in the Chinese Professional League in 2003](/wiki/File:2003-03-22_-_Chengdu_vs_Changchun_Jinlai_Yatai.jpg \"2003-03-22 - Chengdu vs Changchun Jinlai Yatai.jpg\")\nIthier signed with Chinese professional football club based in Chengdu, China Chengdu Wuniu F.C. (currently [Chengdu Tiancheng F.C.](/wiki/Chengdu_Tiancheng_F.C. \"Chengdu Tiancheng F.C.\")).",
"The club was known as Chengdu Five Bulls named after their first sponsor, the Five Bulls Cigarette Company and Ithier played alongside former Cameroon national player [Joseph N'Do](/wiki/Joseph_N%27Do \"Joseph N'Do\"), Brazilian player [Milson](/wiki/Milson_%28footballer%2C_born_1977%29 \"Milson (footballer, born 1977)\") and many Chinese national team players.",
"Four games into the season the Chinese Professional league was suspended due to the [2002–2004 SARS outbreak](/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak \"2002–2004 SARS outbreak\") putting Ithier's career on hold[SARS Delays Ithiers Chinese Dream](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2003-03-24_-_SARS_delays_Ithier%27s_Chinese_dream.jpg) as he returned to Perth with fears the outbreak would end the season. The season was renewed after a 6\\-week break with the team finishing a respectable 6th position.",
"### Western Knights SC",
"In 2004 Ithier returned to play for Western Knights SC as he decided his future and subsequently won the WA State League and WA Top 5 Cup Double, and finished runner up in the WA Night Series. Towards the end of the 2004 season Ithier damaged his L3/L4 spinal disc in a training session incident, but played out the year choosing to delay the required surgery until the end of the season. Ithier played the 2005 season but suffered in constant back pain and this would be the last season of his career.",
"### WA State Teams",
"[thumb\\|Ithier before playing Red Star Belgrade in 2001](/wiki/File:2010-05-08_WA_State_Team_Photo.jpg \"2010-05-08 WA State Team Photo.jpg\")\nIthier represented the senior [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia_state_association_football_team \"Western Australia state association football team\") team 10 times scoring on 4 occasions from 1996 to 2003,[WA State Team History](http://members.iinet.net.au/~jacob/wasoccer/stateteam/index.htm) including playing against [Red Star Belgrade](/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade \"Red Star Belgrade\"),[2001 State Team on FootbalWA website](http://members.iinet.net.au/~jacob/wasoccer/stateteam/state2001.htm) the [Indonesia national football team](/wiki/Indonesia_national_football_team \"Indonesia national football team\"),[WA vs Indonesia Program](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1996_WA_vs_Indonesia_Match_Program.jpg) the [Singapore national football team](/wiki/Singapore_national_football_team \"Singapore national football team\"), and [Sarawak FA](/wiki/Sarawak_FA \"Sarawak FA\") in a match played November 1997 in [Sarawak Stadium](/wiki/Sarawak_Stadium \"Sarawak Stadium\") Sarawak in which Ithier impressed the local side who ended signing Ithier 4 months later for the 1998 [Malaysian Super League](/wiki/Malaysian_Super_League \"Malaysian Super League\") season as a result.",
"Ithier first represented Western Australia in 1991 as a junior Captaining the WAASSA State U/18's side to go undefeated in its country tour that year.",
"### Hall of Fame",
"On 17 July 2009 Ithier was officially inducted into the South West Soccer Hall of Fame as a Champion[SWSA Hall Of Fame](https://www.swsa.net.au/hall-of-fame/) for his recognition in being the first Western Australian country based player to rise through the Amateur junior and senior grades playing with Bunbury Tricolore (currently named Bunbury United) and play professionally for Perth Glory. Ithier's achievement helped create the pathway for many young country based players to follow their careers including [Josh Risdon](/wiki/Josh_Risdon \"Josh Risdon\") who went on further to represent the Socceroos. Ithier is currently listed as a Club Legend on Bunbury United's website[BUSC Club Legends](https://soccer.bunburyunitedsc.com.au/our-club/club-legends/) for his achievement's with the club.",
"In 2021, as part of Floreat Athena's 70th anniversary celebrations, a Dream Team of all past and current players was voted for and Ithier was nominated in the Defender position.[Floreat Athena Dream Team](https://floreatathenafc.com.au/joomla/index.php/dream-team/dream-team-2021-defenders#)",
""
] |
History
-------
The Crown Grant for the land on which the Castle Hotel stands was originally granted to [John Henry Monger Snr](/wiki/John_Henry_Monger_Snr "John Henry Monger Snr") on 3 November 1852 for £11\. He also took a grant of the property to the rear for £11\.Landgate York Town Lots 22 and 23, Crown Grant ET 1162 and ET 1169 dated 3 November 1852 to John Henry Monger, store keeper.
The original part of the current building which is called the Castle Hotel (right hand side on [Avon Terrace](/wiki/Avon_Terrace%2C_York "Avon Terrace, York")) was constructed in 1853 for Samuel Craig using [ticket\-of\-leave](/wiki/Ticket-of-leave "Ticket-of-leave") men from the York Convict Hiring Depot.A.M. Clack and Jenni McColl: York Sketchbook, p. 12\.{{efn\|Monger was an engineer and one of the only people in York with building skills for a two storey building (he had just finished building the two storey second stage of \[\[Faversham House]]), and as the property was not assigned by Monger to Craig until after it was constructed, it is likely that Monger was involved in the design and construction of this first stage of the hotel.}}
By September 1853, Craig was trading as the Castle Hotel and the York Agricultural Society held a meeting there.Inquirer 21 September 1853, p.2\.
[thumb\|left\|Castle Hotel in about October 1877, from a panorama photograph taken by James Manning for the Paris Exhibition 1878\. The rise in Avon Terrace was removed in 1907\.Eastern Districts Chronicle, 20 April 1907, p.3\.](/wiki/File:Castle_Hotel_1877.jpg "Castle Hotel 1877.jpg")
Title was transferred from John Henry Monger to Samuel Craig in December 1853 for £20\.Landgate Deeds and Ordinances Index: York Town Lot 22: V/376/409 Conveyance 22 December 1853 from John Henry Monger of York, Gentleman, to Samuel Craig, Victualler, of the same place.{{efn\|The price is obviously for the land only.}} Monger remained the owner of the property to the rear though it is now part of the hotel site.
Samuel Craig announced the opening of the old section of the Castle Hotel on 1 November 1854, promising “the largest and choicest selection of wines, spirits, etc ever brought over the hill”.Inquirer 1 November 1854, p.4\. From that time on, all the meetings of the York Agricultural Society were held at the Castle Hotel and it became their unofficial headquarters.A.M. Clack and Jenni McColl: York Sketchbook, p. 12\.
An advertisement dated 20 December 1855 published on 23 January 1856 promotes “excellent beds. Good Stabling, and an ostler always in attendance. Private upstairs sitting and bedrooms. Superior wines, spirits, cordials, ale and porter etc, kept in a spacious, cool cellar, always on hand. Commodious stockyards and enclosures.”Inquirer and Commercial News 23 January 1856, p.4\.
Praise was given to Samuel Craig in a newspaper of the day in September 1856:“Mr Craig has deserved well for the way in which his rooms, and especially the bedrooms, are arranged for light, air, and cleanliness; and although the other hotel\-keepers are not chargeable with any want of the latter, they do not keep pace with the times; there is a visible want of progress about them in comparison with the Castle Hotel.Inquirer and Commercial News 10 September 1856, p.3\.
The hotel survived the flood of July 1862 when the water was three feet deep in the cellar.The Inquirer and Commercial News 30 July 1862 p.2\. The hotel was extended with a "large addition" to the south of the original in 1862,The Inquirer and Commercial News 5 November 1862, p.1 virtually doubling the premises.John Boyd Craig: HeirLine, a private family history, 2002(?) (unpublished), p.13\.
This extended and older part of the hotel was described in 1966 as "an almost perfectly preserved coaching inn complex complete with kitchen, meat house, laundry, bathrooms, forge, stables, and fodder house clustered round a broad, generous courtyard at the back".John Maxwell Freeland: The Australian Pub, Melbourne University Press, 1966\.
Samuel's wife, Mary Craig became the licensee in November 1869Perth Gazette and West Australian Times 8 November 1872, p.2\. and a month later, Samuel Craig died.{{efn\|He died in the Castle Hotel on 12 December 1869\.}}The Perth Gazette and West Australian Times, 17 December 1869, p.3\. The business continued under the reins of Mary, who was referred to as the “hostess” of the Castle Hotel.The Perth Gazette and West Australian Times 29 April 1870, p.3\.{{efn\|From 1872, she was being assisted by eldest son Frank.The Perth Gazette and West Australian Times 5 January 1872, p.2\.}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The Crown Grant for the land on which the Castle Hotel stands was originally granted to [John Henry Monger Snr](/wiki/John_Henry_Monger_Snr \"John Henry Monger Snr\") on 3 November 1852 for £11\\. He also took a grant of the property to the rear for £11\\.Landgate York Town Lots 22 and 23, Crown Grant ET 1162 and ET 1169 dated 3 November 1852 to John Henry Monger, store keeper.",
"The original part of the current building which is called the Castle Hotel (right hand side on [Avon Terrace](/wiki/Avon_Terrace%2C_York \"Avon Terrace, York\")) was constructed in 1853 for Samuel Craig using [ticket\\-of\\-leave](/wiki/Ticket-of-leave \"Ticket-of-leave\") men from the York Convict Hiring Depot.A.M. Clack and Jenni McColl: York Sketchbook, p. 12\\.{{efn\\|Monger was an engineer and one of the only people in York with building skills for a two storey building (he had just finished building the two storey second stage of \\[\\[Faversham House]]), and as the property was not assigned by Monger to Craig until after it was constructed, it is likely that Monger was involved in the design and construction of this first stage of the hotel.}}",
"By September 1853, Craig was trading as the Castle Hotel and the York Agricultural Society held a meeting there.Inquirer 21 September 1853, p.2\\.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Castle Hotel in about October 1877, from a panorama photograph taken by James Manning for the Paris Exhibition 1878\\. The rise in Avon Terrace was removed in 1907\\.Eastern Districts Chronicle, 20 April 1907, p.3\\.](/wiki/File:Castle_Hotel_1877.jpg \"Castle Hotel 1877.jpg\")",
"Title was transferred from John Henry Monger to Samuel Craig in December 1853 for £20\\.Landgate Deeds and Ordinances Index: York Town Lot 22: V/376/409 Conveyance 22 December 1853 from John Henry Monger of York, Gentleman, to Samuel Craig, Victualler, of the same place.{{efn\\|The price is obviously for the land only.}} Monger remained the owner of the property to the rear though it is now part of the hotel site.",
"Samuel Craig announced the opening of the old section of the Castle Hotel on 1 November 1854, promising “the largest and choicest selection of wines, spirits, etc ever brought over the hill”.Inquirer 1 November 1854, p.4\\. From that time on, all the meetings of the York Agricultural Society were held at the Castle Hotel and it became their unofficial headquarters.A.M. Clack and Jenni McColl: York Sketchbook, p. 12\\.",
"An advertisement dated 20 December 1855 published on 23 January 1856 promotes “excellent beds. Good Stabling, and an ostler always in attendance. Private upstairs sitting and bedrooms. Superior wines, spirits, cordials, ale and porter etc, kept in a spacious, cool cellar, always on hand. Commodious stockyards and enclosures.”Inquirer and Commercial News 23 January 1856, p.4\\.",
"Praise was given to Samuel Craig in a newspaper of the day in September 1856:“Mr Craig has deserved well for the way in which his rooms, and especially the bedrooms, are arranged for light, air, and cleanliness; and although the other hotel\\-keepers are not chargeable with any want of the latter, they do not keep pace with the times; there is a visible want of progress about them in comparison with the Castle Hotel.Inquirer and Commercial News 10 September 1856, p.3\\.",
"The hotel survived the flood of July 1862 when the water was three feet deep in the cellar.The Inquirer and Commercial News 30 July 1862 p.2\\. The hotel was extended with a \"large addition\" to the south of the original in 1862,The Inquirer and Commercial News 5 November 1862, p.1 virtually doubling the premises.John Boyd Craig: HeirLine, a private family history, 2002(?) (unpublished), p.13\\.",
"This extended and older part of the hotel was described in 1966 as \"an almost perfectly preserved coaching inn complex complete with kitchen, meat house, laundry, bathrooms, forge, stables, and fodder house clustered round a broad, generous courtyard at the back\".John Maxwell Freeland: The Australian Pub, Melbourne University Press, 1966\\.",
"Samuel's wife, Mary Craig became the licensee in November 1869Perth Gazette and West Australian Times 8 November 1872, p.2\\. and a month later, Samuel Craig died.{{efn\\|He died in the Castle Hotel on 12 December 1869\\.}}The Perth Gazette and West Australian Times, 17 December 1869, p.3\\. The business continued under the reins of Mary, who was referred to as the “hostess” of the Castle Hotel.The Perth Gazette and West Australian Times 29 April 1870, p.3\\.{{efn\\|From 1872, she was being assisted by eldest son Frank.The Perth Gazette and West Australian Times 5 January 1872, p.2\\.}}",
""
] |
Frank, William, James and May Craig
-----------------------------------
From July 1883,{{efn\|This is when Frank Craig returned to York after running Mary's hotel in Cossack.West Australian 20 July 1883, p.1\.}} Mary's son Frank was managing the hotel.West Australian 2 December 1884, p.3\. In December 1884, Mary Craig leased the hotel to Frank.West Australian 2 December 1884, p.3; Eastern Districts Chronicle, 5 January 1885, p.3; 27 February 1886, p.3; 8 December 1888, p.7; 23 August 1890, p.6\. Frank constructed a separate building on the corner "for the purpose of banquetting".{{efn\|This building can be seen on the left in the 1904 photograph in this article.}} West Australian 21 February 1885, p.6\.
On 12 November 1885, a fire broke out in the yard of the Castle Hotel, burning a haystack, a dray, some timber and about 10 tons of sandalwood, all worth over £250\.West Australian, 19 November 1885, p.3; Daily News, 12 November 1885, p.3\. On 29 January 1888, a Mr D’Elmaine was staying at the Castle Hotel and went out onto the balcony for some fresh air. A draft came in the door and blew flames from a candle onto the things on his bed which caught alight. The fire was put out but the whole of his bedding was burnt.The Daily News, 31 January 1888, p.3\.
Frank Craig added a [billiard room](/wiki/Billiard_room "Billiard room") to the hotel in 1887\.Eastern Districts Chronicle, 8 January 1887, p.2; 26 February 1887, p.2\.
In 1892, for a short period [Cobb \& Co](/wiki/Cobb_%26_Co "Cobb & Co") ran a coach from York to the Yilgarn, with bookings at the Castle Hotel.Eastern Districts Chronicle, 9 July 1892, p.4\.
On 11 November 1892, quoting the Eastern Districts Chronicle:Eastern Districts Chronicle, 12 November 1892, p.3\.
{{quotation\|a man named Peter Donnolley, employed as ostler at the Castle Hotel, had made application to Mr. Frank Craig, the landlord, for drink to be supplied to him. This he was refused as he had been previously supplied with two or three glasses of liquor. Not satisfied with this Donnolley made repeated requests to be served, and refusing to leave the bar to attend to his duties Mr. Craig endeavoured to quietly eject him. This evidently enraged Donnolley who with an open pen\-knife attacked Mr. Craig, and succeeded in stabbing him in the stomach the full length of the blade, following up with an oath congratulating himself upon having achieved his end. Moving away Mr. Craig experienced a peculiar feeling, which turned out to be blood emanating from the wound. The police were at once summoned, and Donnolley was arrested, a knife being found in his possession.}}
A few weeks later, Frank Craig handed the business over to his brother William T Craig,Eastern Districts Chronicle, 10 December 1892, p.3\. who renovated the premises.Eastern Districts Chronicle, 7 January 1893, p.7\. William handed over to his brother James and May Craig in 1896\.Southern Cross Herald, 20 March 1896, p.3\.{{efn\|James purchased the hotel at auction for £3,000 on 1 October 1901\.Eastern Districts Chronicle, 5 October 1901, p.2\.}}
[thumb\|left\|Castle Hotel in 1904 with a sign "M Craig" ("M" being for May).](/wiki/File:CastleHotel.jpg "CastleHotel.jpg")
May continued to run the hotel after James' accidental drowning while at sea in 1902\.Northam Advertiser 10 September 1902, p.3\.
May constructed the corner building in 1905 and 1912\.John Boyd Craig: HeirLine, a private family history, 2002(?) (unpublished), p.13\. The architect was William G Wolf, a several times bankrupt American architect who had been designing buildings in Melbourne and Sydney and had just completed the design and construction of [His Majesty's Theatre](/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Theatre%2C_Perth "His Majesty's Theatre, Perth") (1902 to 1904\).Taylor, Dr John J., ‘William George Wolf (1855\-1925\)', Western Australian Architect Biographies; The West Australian 14 March 1905, p.3\.
The key authors on Australian architectural style describe the Castle Hotel as “a corner pub screened with loggia\-like verandah” and they included the hotel as an exemplar of Federation Filigree style.R Apperly, R Irving and P Reynolds: A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture: Angus \& Robertson, 1994, p.108
May leased the hotel to Thomas Charles Evans{{efn\|Evans had managed the grocery and hardware departments of Edwards' store.Eastern Districts Chronicle, 18 March 1905, p.2\.}} in March 1905, taking control again in 1915\.Eastern Districts Chronicle, 26 February 1914, p.4\. May died on 7 January 1924West Australian 9 January 1924, p.1\. and left the hotel to her son Basil, who continued to run the hotel.York Visitor Centre: Heritage York Trails, p.7\.
The bar of the Castle Hotel was the scene of a murder on 17 April 1953 when market gardeners from two feuding Albanian families attacked each other and one was fatally stabbed.The West Australian, 6 June 1953, p.10\.
The Craig family continued to own and run the hotel until 1990, extensively restoring and enlarging the hotel. Only the stables were damaged in the [1968 Meckering earthquake](/wiki/1968_Meckering_earthquake "1968 Meckering earthquake").A.M. Clack and Jenni McColl: York Sketchbook, p. 12\.
|
[
"Frank, William, James and May Craig\n-----------------------------------",
"From July 1883,{{efn\\|This is when Frank Craig returned to York after running Mary's hotel in Cossack.West Australian 20 July 1883, p.1\\.}} Mary's son Frank was managing the hotel.West Australian 2 December 1884, p.3\\. In December 1884, Mary Craig leased the hotel to Frank.West Australian 2 December 1884, p.3; Eastern Districts Chronicle, 5 January 1885, p.3; 27 February 1886, p.3; 8 December 1888, p.7; 23 August 1890, p.6\\. Frank constructed a separate building on the corner \"for the purpose of banquetting\".{{efn\\|This building can be seen on the left in the 1904 photograph in this article.}} West Australian 21 February 1885, p.6\\.",
"On 12 November 1885, a fire broke out in the yard of the Castle Hotel, burning a haystack, a dray, some timber and about 10 tons of sandalwood, all worth over £250\\.West Australian, 19 November 1885, p.3; Daily News, 12 November 1885, p.3\\. On 29 January 1888, a Mr D’Elmaine was staying at the Castle Hotel and went out onto the balcony for some fresh air. A draft came in the door and blew flames from a candle onto the things on his bed which caught alight. The fire was put out but the whole of his bedding was burnt.The Daily News, 31 January 1888, p.3\\.",
"Frank Craig added a [billiard room](/wiki/Billiard_room \"Billiard room\") to the hotel in 1887\\.Eastern Districts Chronicle, 8 January 1887, p.2; 26 February 1887, p.2\\.",
"In 1892, for a short period [Cobb \\& Co](/wiki/Cobb_%26_Co \"Cobb & Co\") ran a coach from York to the Yilgarn, with bookings at the Castle Hotel.Eastern Districts Chronicle, 9 July 1892, p.4\\.",
"On 11 November 1892, quoting the Eastern Districts Chronicle:Eastern Districts Chronicle, 12 November 1892, p.3\\.\n{{quotation\\|a man named Peter Donnolley, employed as ostler at the Castle Hotel, had made application to Mr. Frank Craig, the landlord, for drink to be supplied to him. This he was refused as he had been previously supplied with two or three glasses of liquor. Not satisfied with this Donnolley made repeated requests to be served, and refusing to leave the bar to attend to his duties Mr. Craig endeavoured to quietly eject him. This evidently enraged Donnolley who with an open pen\\-knife attacked Mr. Craig, and succeeded in stabbing him in the stomach the full length of the blade, following up with an oath congratulating himself upon having achieved his end. Moving away Mr. Craig experienced a peculiar feeling, which turned out to be blood emanating from the wound. The police were at once summoned, and Donnolley was arrested, a knife being found in his possession.}}",
"A few weeks later, Frank Craig handed the business over to his brother William T Craig,Eastern Districts Chronicle, 10 December 1892, p.3\\. who renovated the premises.Eastern Districts Chronicle, 7 January 1893, p.7\\. William handed over to his brother James and May Craig in 1896\\.Southern Cross Herald, 20 March 1896, p.3\\.{{efn\\|James purchased the hotel at auction for £3,000 on 1 October 1901\\.Eastern Districts Chronicle, 5 October 1901, p.2\\.}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Castle Hotel in 1904 with a sign \"M Craig\" (\"M\" being for May).](/wiki/File:CastleHotel.jpg \"CastleHotel.jpg\")",
"May continued to run the hotel after James' accidental drowning while at sea in 1902\\.Northam Advertiser 10 September 1902, p.3\\.",
"May constructed the corner building in 1905 and 1912\\.John Boyd Craig: HeirLine, a private family history, 2002(?) (unpublished), p.13\\. The architect was William G Wolf, a several times bankrupt American architect who had been designing buildings in Melbourne and Sydney and had just completed the design and construction of [His Majesty's Theatre](/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Theatre%2C_Perth \"His Majesty's Theatre, Perth\") (1902 to 1904\\).Taylor, Dr John J., ‘William George Wolf (1855\\-1925\\)', Western Australian Architect Biographies; The West Australian 14 March 1905, p.3\\.",
"The key authors on Australian architectural style describe the Castle Hotel as “a corner pub screened with loggia\\-like verandah” and they included the hotel as an exemplar of Federation Filigree style.R Apperly, R Irving and P Reynolds: A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture: Angus \\& Robertson, 1994, p.108",
"May leased the hotel to Thomas Charles Evans{{efn\\|Evans had managed the grocery and hardware departments of Edwards' store.Eastern Districts Chronicle, 18 March 1905, p.2\\.}} in March 1905, taking control again in 1915\\.Eastern Districts Chronicle, 26 February 1914, p.4\\. May died on 7 January 1924West Australian 9 January 1924, p.1\\. and left the hotel to her son Basil, who continued to run the hotel.York Visitor Centre: Heritage York Trails, p.7\\.",
"The bar of the Castle Hotel was the scene of a murder on 17 April 1953 when market gardeners from two feuding Albanian families attacked each other and one was fatally stabbed.The West Australian, 6 June 1953, p.10\\.",
"The Craig family continued to own and run the hotel until 1990, extensively restoring and enlarging the hotel. Only the stables were damaged in the [1968 Meckering earthquake](/wiki/1968_Meckering_earthquake \"1968 Meckering earthquake\").A.M. Clack and Jenni McColl: York Sketchbook, p. 12\\.",
""
] |
Plot summary
------------
President Meyer continues to govern while she and her team try to leverage the election results in Nevada as their path to victory. A new [Secret Service](/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service "United States Secret Service") agent, Marjorie, is hired to Selina's detail. Meanwhile, Mike and his wife, Wendy, begin the process of adopting an infant girl from China. Amy rejoins Selina's team to manage the campaign operation in Nevada and after Dan is fired from his lobbying job, Amy hires Dan to help her in Nevada, where Richard is also hired into a leadership role. Selina taps veteran political operative Bob Bradley, "The Eagle", to oversee the Nevada strategy. While in [Carson City](/wiki/Carson_City%2C_Nevada "Carson City, Nevada"), Amy and Dan have a flirtatious moment that ends with Dan sleeping with Amy's sister. Amy meets election observer Buddy Calhoun in Nevada and they begin dating.
The stock market crashes after the Election Day tie, so Selina puts Tom James in the unsavory role of economy czar. She meets and begins a relationship with banking magnate Charlie Baird. One day Selina accidentally [tweets](/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") an insult about Senator O'Brien meant only for Charlie and then blames the Tweet on Chinese hackers. She decides to levy sanctions against China on the advice of Bob Bradley. The team eventually realizes Bob is experiencing some mental confusion and he's removed from his role.
Missing ballots are recovered from [Washoe County](/wiki/Washoe_County%2C_Nevada "Washoe County, Nevada") and Selina brings in her friend Karen Collins to delay the state's certification deadline. However, after the ballots are counted O'Brien is officially declared the winner of Nevada's [electoral college](/wiki/Electoral_college "Electoral college") votes, as well as the winner of the popular vote. The election will now be voted on by Congress. Jonah's uncle Jeff Kane helps Jonah run for an open New Hampshire congressional seat that will be pivotal for the upcoming vote. His campaign is successful when his opponent runs afoul of the [NRA](/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America "National Rifle Association of America").
Selina's mother, referred to as Mee\-Maw, is hospitalized after a stroke. Selina takes her off life support and, though she has largely negative feelings towards her mother, receives a significant bump in favorability polls due to the perception that she is grieving.
At the height of the economic crisis, Selina has to decide between two banks to bail out, one of which belongs to Charlie. He breaks up with her when she decides to bailout the other bank. Amy is put in charge of investigating *[Politico](/wiki/Politico "Politico")*'s claims that someone on Selina's core staff called the President a cunt. The investigation reveals that it was every staffer except Gary. Catherine comes out as a lesbian and reveals that she and Marjorie have fallen in love. The relationship developed while Catherine filmed Selina in the White House for her thesis documentary project (shown in "Kissing Your Sister").
Selina meets with the President of China to negotiate a deal to lift the sanctions. In a positive turn, the talks go well and he promises he is open to a path to [independence for Tibet](/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement "Tibetan independence movement").
Tom James is caught attempting to convince congresspeople to abstain from the upcoming election vote in a maneuver to secure his Presidency. After he and Selina have a screaming argument at the White House holiday party, they end up having sex.
Two months after Election Day, the House of Representatives hold the historic vote to break the election tie. Both candidates fail to secure at least 26 votes, sending the decision over to the Senate. This results in yet another tie, broken by sitting Vice President Andrew Doyle. He votes for President O'Brien's running mate Senator Laura Montez. Montez is sworn in at the inauguration and to Selina's further dismay, gets credit for negotiating independence for Tibet.
|
[
"Plot summary\n------------",
"President Meyer continues to govern while she and her team try to leverage the election results in Nevada as their path to victory. A new [Secret Service](/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service \"United States Secret Service\") agent, Marjorie, is hired to Selina's detail. Meanwhile, Mike and his wife, Wendy, begin the process of adopting an infant girl from China. Amy rejoins Selina's team to manage the campaign operation in Nevada and after Dan is fired from his lobbying job, Amy hires Dan to help her in Nevada, where Richard is also hired into a leadership role. Selina taps veteran political operative Bob Bradley, \"The Eagle\", to oversee the Nevada strategy. While in [Carson City](/wiki/Carson_City%2C_Nevada \"Carson City, Nevada\"), Amy and Dan have a flirtatious moment that ends with Dan sleeping with Amy's sister. Amy meets election observer Buddy Calhoun in Nevada and they begin dating.",
"The stock market crashes after the Election Day tie, so Selina puts Tom James in the unsavory role of economy czar. She meets and begins a relationship with banking magnate Charlie Baird. One day Selina accidentally [tweets](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") an insult about Senator O'Brien meant only for Charlie and then blames the Tweet on Chinese hackers. She decides to levy sanctions against China on the advice of Bob Bradley. The team eventually realizes Bob is experiencing some mental confusion and he's removed from his role.",
"Missing ballots are recovered from [Washoe County](/wiki/Washoe_County%2C_Nevada \"Washoe County, Nevada\") and Selina brings in her friend Karen Collins to delay the state's certification deadline. However, after the ballots are counted O'Brien is officially declared the winner of Nevada's [electoral college](/wiki/Electoral_college \"Electoral college\") votes, as well as the winner of the popular vote. The election will now be voted on by Congress. Jonah's uncle Jeff Kane helps Jonah run for an open New Hampshire congressional seat that will be pivotal for the upcoming vote. His campaign is successful when his opponent runs afoul of the [NRA](/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America \"National Rifle Association of America\").",
"Selina's mother, referred to as Mee\\-Maw, is hospitalized after a stroke. Selina takes her off life support and, though she has largely negative feelings towards her mother, receives a significant bump in favorability polls due to the perception that she is grieving.",
"At the height of the economic crisis, Selina has to decide between two banks to bail out, one of which belongs to Charlie. He breaks up with her when she decides to bailout the other bank. Amy is put in charge of investigating *[Politico](/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")*'s claims that someone on Selina's core staff called the President a cunt. The investigation reveals that it was every staffer except Gary. Catherine comes out as a lesbian and reveals that she and Marjorie have fallen in love. The relationship developed while Catherine filmed Selina in the White House for her thesis documentary project (shown in \"Kissing Your Sister\").",
"Selina meets with the President of China to negotiate a deal to lift the sanctions. In a positive turn, the talks go well and he promises he is open to a path to [independence for Tibet](/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement \"Tibetan independence movement\").",
"Tom James is caught attempting to convince congresspeople to abstain from the upcoming election vote in a maneuver to secure his Presidency. After he and Selina have a screaming argument at the White House holiday party, they end up having sex.",
"Two months after Election Day, the House of Representatives hold the historic vote to break the election tie. Both candidates fail to secure at least 26 votes, sending the decision over to the Senate. This results in yet another tie, broken by sitting Vice President Andrew Doyle. He votes for President O'Brien's running mate Senator Laura Montez. Montez is sworn in at the inauguration and to Selina's further dismay, gets credit for negotiating independence for Tibet.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Prentice was born in 1871 at Mid\-Greenwell, near [Carnwath](/wiki/Carnwath "Carnwath") in Lanarkshire to James and Christine Prentice (née Elder). His father worked as a farmer and owned 58 acres of land while his mother died in 1876\. He spent his childhood living with his five brothers and sisters at Craigen House, Carnwath.
He moved to Edinburgh and was a medical student at the [University of Edinburgh](/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh "University of Edinburgh"). Three years later, he was qualified as a doctor at the university and obtained a [licentiate](/wiki/Licentiate_%28degree%29 "Licentiate (degree)") from both [Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Edinburgh "Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh") and [Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Glasgow "Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow") in 1894\.
He was ordained as a minister in 1894 by the [Old Free Church of Scotland](/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_%281843%E2%80%931900%29 "Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)") and moved to Africa to conduct missionary activities.
Prentice worked with Dr. Robert Scott, a Scottish when he first settled in Africa. In 1897, during his Africa's journey, he toured the northern parts of [Luangwa valley](/wiki/Luangwa_River "Luangwa River"), making contact with [Senga people](/wiki/Senga_people "Senga people") who lived in large stockaded villages surrounded by thorn trees and visited Kamanga and seeing evidence of the Swahili dwellings among the [Bisa](/wiki/Bissa_people "Bissa people"). According to an 1898 British Medical Registration record, he stayed at Loudon, Nyasaland.
Record also indicated that Prentice was in [Kasungu](/wiki/Kasungu "Kasungu") in 1897 but had travelled to [Bandawe](/wiki/Bandawe "Bandawe"). He opened seven schools in Kasungu after spending time there since 1897\. He also established the Chilanga missionary station and was appointed head of the mission in October 1900 during his time in Kasungu.{{cite book \|last\=M. Kalinga \|first\=Owen J. \|date\=2012 \|title\=Historical Dictionary of Malawi \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=FuXPkCVjzasC\&q\=prenice\+bandawe\+malawi\+historical\+dictionary\&pg\=PA405 \|publisher\=Rowman \& Littlefield \|page\=405\|isbn\=9780810859616 }}
During World War I, he joined as a Captain with the Column 3/1 [King's African Rifles](/wiki/King%27s_African_Rifles "King's African Rifles") and was later transferred to Column 4/1 as a medical officer. On 19 May 1917, he was appointed as temporary Captain with the Nyasaland Field Force.
On 12 February 1924, Prentice arrived in London from [Beira](/wiki/Beira%2C_Mozambique "Beira, Mozambique"), Mozambique on board the Royal Mail Ship of HMHS Goorkha. Later on 12 August 1927, he departed from London for Biera on a Royal Mail Ship Electrician. He returned to Scotland in 1924 and spent time staying in Kennetpans, [Clackmannan](/wiki/Clackmannan "Clackmannan") until somewhere around 1931\.
During the 1930s and 1940s, he stayed at [Fort Jameson](/wiki/Chipata "Chipata"), During his time at Fort Jameson, George farmed tobacco on the farm named Nchere Hill in
Northern Rhodesia (modern\-day [Zambia](/wiki/Zambia "Zambia")) and died there in 1948\. He was buried at Aylmer May Cemetery, Rhodes Park, [Lusaka](/wiki/Lusaka "Lusaka").
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Prentice was born in 1871 at Mid\\-Greenwell, near [Carnwath](/wiki/Carnwath \"Carnwath\") in Lanarkshire to James and Christine Prentice (née Elder). His father worked as a farmer and owned 58 acres of land while his mother died in 1876\\. He spent his childhood living with his five brothers and sisters at Craigen House, Carnwath.",
"He moved to Edinburgh and was a medical student at the [University of Edinburgh](/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh \"University of Edinburgh\"). Three years later, he was qualified as a doctor at the university and obtained a [licentiate](/wiki/Licentiate_%28degree%29 \"Licentiate (degree)\") from both [Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Edinburgh \"Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh\") and [Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Glasgow \"Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow\") in 1894\\.",
"He was ordained as a minister in 1894 by the [Old Free Church of Scotland](/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_%281843%E2%80%931900%29 \"Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)\") and moved to Africa to conduct missionary activities.",
"Prentice worked with Dr. Robert Scott, a Scottish when he first settled in Africa. In 1897, during his Africa's journey, he toured the northern parts of [Luangwa valley](/wiki/Luangwa_River \"Luangwa River\"), making contact with [Senga people](/wiki/Senga_people \"Senga people\") who lived in large stockaded villages surrounded by thorn trees and visited Kamanga and seeing evidence of the Swahili dwellings among the [Bisa](/wiki/Bissa_people \"Bissa people\"). According to an 1898 British Medical Registration record, he stayed at Loudon, Nyasaland.",
"Record also indicated that Prentice was in [Kasungu](/wiki/Kasungu \"Kasungu\") in 1897 but had travelled to [Bandawe](/wiki/Bandawe \"Bandawe\"). He opened seven schools in Kasungu after spending time there since 1897\\. He also established the Chilanga missionary station and was appointed head of the mission in October 1900 during his time in Kasungu.{{cite book \\|last\\=M. Kalinga \\|first\\=Owen J. \\|date\\=2012 \\|title\\=Historical Dictionary of Malawi \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=FuXPkCVjzasC\\&q\\=prenice\\+bandawe\\+malawi\\+historical\\+dictionary\\&pg\\=PA405 \\|publisher\\=Rowman \\& Littlefield \\|page\\=405\\|isbn\\=9780810859616 }}",
"During World War I, he joined as a Captain with the Column 3/1 [King's African Rifles](/wiki/King%27s_African_Rifles \"King's African Rifles\") and was later transferred to Column 4/1 as a medical officer. On 19 May 1917, he was appointed as temporary Captain with the Nyasaland Field Force.",
"On 12 February 1924, Prentice arrived in London from [Beira](/wiki/Beira%2C_Mozambique \"Beira, Mozambique\"), Mozambique on board the Royal Mail Ship of HMHS Goorkha. Later on 12 August 1927, he departed from London for Biera on a Royal Mail Ship Electrician. He returned to Scotland in 1924 and spent time staying in Kennetpans, [Clackmannan](/wiki/Clackmannan \"Clackmannan\") until somewhere around 1931\\.",
"During the 1930s and 1940s, he stayed at [Fort Jameson](/wiki/Chipata \"Chipata\"), During his time at Fort Jameson, George farmed tobacco on the farm named Nchere Hill in\nNorthern Rhodesia (modern\\-day [Zambia](/wiki/Zambia \"Zambia\")) and died there in 1948\\. He was buried at Aylmer May Cemetery, Rhodes Park, [Lusaka](/wiki/Lusaka \"Lusaka\").",
""
] |
Tournaments
-----------
{{col\-begin\|width\=100%}}
{{col\-break\|width\=48%}}
### Dubai Sevens
{{main\|2018 Dubai Sevens}}
The 2018 Dubai Sevens took place from 30 November to 1 December 2018\. South Africa were drawn in Pool A of the competition, alongside [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team "Argentina national rugby sevens team"), [Samoa](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team "Samoa national rugby sevens team") and [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_rugby_sevens_team "Zimbabwe national rugby sevens team"). They beat Zimbabwe and Samoa, and — despite losing their final match to Argentina — finished top of Pool A. They lost to [England](/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team "England national rugby sevens team") in their Cup quarter final to drop into the 5th\-place play\-off. They beat [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team "Scotland national rugby sevens team") in the semi\-final of that competition, but lost to [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team "Fiji national rugby sevens team") in the final to finish sixth in the tournament.
The Pool A log:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1877/pools \| title\=Dubai, Pools \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=1 December 2018}}
| **Pool A log** |
| --- |
| Pos | Team | P | W | D | L | PD | Pts |
| 1 | South Africa | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \+33 | **7** |
| 2 | Argentina | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \+6 | **7** |
| 3 | Samoa | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | −3 | **7** |
| 4 | Zimbabwe | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | −36 | **3** |
The matches played were:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1877/fixtures \| title\=Dubai, Fixtures \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=1 December 2018}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool A
\| date \= 30 November 2018
\| time \= 10:52
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 31–0
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1877/match\#match\-26728 \| title\=Match Centre: Dubai, Pool A, Match 6 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=30 November 2018 \| accessdate\=1 December 2018}}
\| away \= Zimbabwe
\| try1 \= \[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|2}}
\[\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\|6}}
\[\[Kyle Brown (rugby union)\|Kyle Brown]] {{try\|8}}
\[\[Rosko Specman]] {{try\|10\|14\+1}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|2\|7}}
\[\[Justin Geduld]] {{kick\|11}}
\| stadium \= Dubai
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Matt Rodden]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool A
\| date \= 30 November 2018
\| time \= 14:36
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 19–12
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1877/match\#match\-26736 \| title\=Match Centre: Dubai, Pool A, Match 14 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=30 November 2018 \| accessdate\=1 December 2018}}
\| away \= Samoa
\| try1 \= \[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|7}}
\[\[Werner Kok]] {{try\|11}}
\[\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\|14}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|7}}
\[\[Rosko Specman]] {{kick\|11}}
\| try2 \= \[\[John Vaili]] {{try\|7\+1}}
\[\[Alatasi Tupou]] {{try\|12}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Tila Mealoi]] {{kick\|7\+1}}
\| stadium \= Dubai
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Damian Schneider]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool A
\| date \= 30 November 2018
\| time \= 19:53
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 12–17
\| result \= L
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1877/match\#match\-26744 \| title\=Match Centre: Dubai, Pool A, Match 22 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=30 November 2018 \| accessdate\=1 December 2018}}
\| away \= Argentina
\| try1 \= \[\[Ryan Oosthuizen]] {{try\|3}}
\[\[Werner Kok]] {{try\|5}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|3}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Franco Sábato]] {{try\|1\|14\+1}}
\[\[Marcos Moroni]] {{try\|10}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Gastón Revol]] {{kick\|14\+2}}
\| stadium \= Dubai
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Damon Murphy]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Cup QF
\| date \= 1 December 2018
\| time \= 11:00
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 5–22
\| result \= L
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1877/match\#match\-26751 \| title\=Match Centre: Dubai, Cup Quarter\-finals, Match 29 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=30 November 2018 \| accessdate\=1 December 2018}}
\| away \= England
\| try1 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\|13}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Tom Mitchell (rugby union, born 1989\)\|Tom Mitchell]] {{try\|2\|7}}
\[\[Tom Bowen (rugby)\|Tom Bowen]] {{try\|10}}
\[\[Phil Burgess]] {{try\|11}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Tom Mitchell (rugby union, born 1989\)\|Tom Mitchell]] {{kick\|7}}
\| stadium \= Dubai
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[James Doleman]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= 5th SF
\| date \= 1 December 2018
\| time \= 15:33
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 29–0
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1877/match\#match\-26759 \| title\=Match Centre: Dubai, 5th Place Semi\-finals, Match 37 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=1 December 2018 \| accessdate\=1 December 2018}}
\| away \= Scotland
\| try1 \= \[\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\|3\|12}}
\[\[Werner Kok]] {{try\|9}}
\[\[Zain Davids]] {{try\|11}}
\[\[Rosko Specman]] {{try\|12}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Dewald Human]] {{kick\|10\|11}}
\| stadium \= Dubai
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Jérémy Rozier]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= 5th F
\| date \= 1 December 2018
\| time \= 18:40
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 19–24
\| result \= L
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1877/match\#match\-26765 \| title\=Match Centre: Dubai, 5th Place Play\-Off, Match 43 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=1 December 2018 \| accessdate\=1 December 2018}}
\| away \= Fiji
\| try1 \= \[\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\|7\|10\|13}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Dewald Human]] {{kick\|8\|13}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Mesu Kunalolo]] {{try\|6}}
\[\[Aminiasi Tuimaba]] {{try\|9\|18}}
\[\[Waisea Nacuqu]] {{try\|14}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Waisea Nacuqu]] {{kick\|6}}
\[\[Vatemo Ravouvou]] {{kick\|9}}
\| stadium \= Dubai
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Richard Haughton]]
}}
The player record for the tournament is:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1877/teams/2420 \| title\=Dubai, South Africa 7s \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=1 December 2018}}
| Player record |
| --- |
| No | Player | [ZIM](/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_rugby_sevens_team "Zimbabwe national rugby sevens team") | [SAM](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team "Samoa national rugby sevens team") | [ARG](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team "Argentina national rugby sevens team") | [ENG](/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team "England national rugby sevens team") | [SCO](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team "Scotland national rugby sevens team") | [FJI](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team "Fiji national rugby sevens team") | Apps | Tries | Cons | Points |
| 1 | [Impi Visser](/wiki/Impi_Visser "Impi Visser") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2 | [Philip Snyman](/wiki/Philip_Snyman "Philip Snyman") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 3 | [Ryan Oosthuizen](/wiki/Ryan_Oosthuizen "Ryan Oosthuizen") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 4 | [Zain Davids](/wiki/Zain_Davids "Zain Davids") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 5 | [Werner Kok](/wiki/Werner_Kok "Werner Kok") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 3 | 0 | 15 |
| 6 | [Kyle Brown](/wiki/Kyle_Brown_%28rugby_union%29 "Kyle Brown (rugby union)") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 7 | [Branco du Preez](/wiki/Branco_du_Preez "Branco du Preez") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | | {{MaybeCheck}} | 5 | 1 | 4 | 13 |
| 8 | [Rosko Specman](/wiki/Rosko_Specman "Rosko Specman") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 3 | 1 | 17 |
| 9 | [Justin Geduld](/wiki/Justin_Geduld "Justin Geduld") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 10 | [Dewald Human](/wiki/Dewald_Human "Dewald Human") | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 5 | 0 | 4 | 8 |
| 11 | [Siviwe Soyizwapi](/wiki/Siviwe_Soyizwapi "Siviwe Soyizwapi") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 10 |
| 12 | [Muller du Plessis](/wiki/Muller_du_Plessis "Muller du Plessis") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 5 | 6 | 0 | 30 |
| 13 | [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids "Selvyn Davids") (reserve) | | | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 3 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| Total | | | | | | | | 6 | 19 | 10 | 115 |
| *Legend: [13px](/wiki/File:Green_check.svg "Green check.svg") indicates the player started the match, [13px](/wiki/File:Yellow_check.svg "Yellow check.svg") indicates the player came on as a replacement in the match and {{inj}} indicates a player was ruled out through injury.* |
{{col\-break\|width\=4%}}
{{col\-break\|width\=48%}}
### Cape Town Sevens
{{main\|2018 South Africa Sevens}}
The 2018 Cape Town Sevens took place from 8 to 9 December 2018\. South Africa were drawn in Pool A of the competition, alongside [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team "New Zealand national rugby sevens team"), [Samoa](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team "Samoa national rugby sevens team") and [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_rugby_sevens_team "Zimbabwe national rugby sevens team"). They beat Zimbabwe and Samoa, and — despite losing their final match to New Zealand — finished top of Pool A. They beat [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team "Scotland national rugby sevens team") in the Cup quarter final, before losing to [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team "Fiji national rugby sevens team") in the semi\-final. They finished in third place after beating [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team "New Zealand national rugby sevens team") in the bronze final.
The Pool A log:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1878/pools \| title\=Cape Town, Pools \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=9 December 2018}}
| **Pool A log** |
| --- |
| Pos | Team | P | W | D | L | PD | Pts |
| 1 | South Africa | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \+48 | **7** |
| 2 | New Zealand | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \+36 | **7** |
| 3 | Samoa | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \+15 | **7** |
| 4 | Zimbabwe | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | −99 | **3** |
The matches played were:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1878/fixtures \| title\=Cape Town, Fixtures \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=9 December 2018}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool A
\| date \= 8 December 2018
\| time \= 12:27
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 22–12
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1878/match\#match\-26779 \| title\=Match Centre: Cape Town, Pool A, Match 7 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=8 December 2018 \| accessdate\=9 December 2018}}
\| away \= Samoa
\| try1 \= \[\[Kyle Brown (rugby union)\|Kyle Brown]] {{try\|6}}
\[\[Philip Snyman]] {{try\|8}}
\[\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\|9}}
\[\[Impi Visser]] {{try\|12}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Justin Geduld]] {{kick\|13}}
\| try2 \= \[\[David Afamasaga]] {{try\|2}}
\[\[John Vaili]] {{try\|15}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Alatasi Tupou]] {{kick\|2}}
\| stadium \= Cape Town
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[James Doleman]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool A
\| date \= 8 December 2018
\| time \= 15:48
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 43–0
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1878/match\#match\-26787 \| title\=Match Centre: Cape Town, Pool A, Match 15 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=8 December 2018 \| accessdate\=9 December 2018}}
\| away \= Zimbabwe
\| try1 \= \[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|1\|6\|14}}
\[\[Rosko Specman]] {{try\|5}}
\[\[Kyle Brown (rugby union)\|Kyle Brown]] {{try\|8}}
\[\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\|8}}
\[\[Impi Visser]] {{try\|12}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Justin Geduld]] {{kick\|1\|5\|9}}
\[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|8}}
\| stadium \= Cape Town
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Jérémy Rozier]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool A
\| date \= 8 December 2018
\| time \= 19:56
\| home \= New Zealand
\| score \= 26–21
\| result \= L
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1878/match\#match\-26796 \| title\=Match Centre: Cape Town, Pool A, Match 24 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=8 December 2018 \| accessdate\=9 December 2018}}
\| away \= South Africa
\| try1 \= \[\[Andrew Knewstubb]] {{try\|7}}
\[\[Sione Molia]] {{try\|10\|14}}
\[\[Vilimoni Koroi]] {{try\|17}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Andrew Knewstubb]] {{kick\|7\|15}}
\[\[Vilimoni Koroi]] {{kick\|11}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Rosko Specman]] {{try\|5}}
\[\[Werner Kok]] {{try\|10}}
\[\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\|13}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Justin Geduld]] {{kick\|6\|10\|13}}
\| stadium \= Cape Town
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Damon Murphy]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Cup QF
\| date \= 9 December 2018
\| time \= 12:04
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 21–12
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1878/match\#match\-26801 \| title\=Match Centre: Cape Town, Cup Quarter\-finals, Match 29 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=9 December 2018 \| accessdate\=9 December 2018}}
\| away \= Scotland
\| try1 \= \[\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\|4}}
\[\[Rosko Specman]] {{try\|8}}
\[\[Werner Kok]] {{try\|15}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Justin Geduld]] {{kick\|4\|8\|15}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Sam Pecqueur]] {{try\|7\|11}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Gavin Lowe]] {{kick\|8}}
\| stadium \= Cape Town
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Matt Rodden]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Cup SF
\| date \= 9 December 2018
\| time \= 16:34
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 12–17
\| result \= L
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1878/match\#match\-26812 \| title\=Match Centre: Cape Town, Cup Semi\-finals, Match 39 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=9 December 2018 \| accessdate\=9 December 2018}}
\| away \= Fiji
\| try1 \= \[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|2}}
\[\[Rosko Specman]] {{try\|10}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Justin Geduld]] {{kick\|10}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Vilimoni Botitu]] {{try\|4}}
\[\[Waisea Nacuqu]] {{try\|6}}
\[\[Alasio Naduva]] {{try\|14}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Waisea Nacuqu]] {{kick\|6}}
\| stadium \= Cape Town
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[James Doleman]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Bronze F
\| date \= 9 December 2018
\| time \= 19:18
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 10–5
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1878/match\#match\-26817 \| title\=Match Centre: Cape Town, Bronze Final, Match 44 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=9 December 2018 \| accessdate\=9 December 2018}}
\| away \= New Zealand
\| try1 \= \[\[Werner Kok]] {{try\|6}}
\[\[Dewald Human]] {{try\|13}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Sione Molia]] {{try\|2}}
\| stadium \= Cape Town
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Matt Rodden]]
}}
The player record for the tournament is:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1878/teams/2420 \| title\=Cape Town, South Africa 7s \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=9 December 2018}}
| Player record |
| --- |
| No | Player | [SAM](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team "Samoa national rugby sevens team") | [ZIM](/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_rugby_sevens_team "Zimbabwe national rugby sevens team") | [NZL](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team "New Zealand national rugby sevens team") | [SCO](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team "Scotland national rugby sevens team") | [FJI](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team "Fiji national rugby sevens team") | [NZL](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team "New Zealand national rugby sevens team") | Apps | Tries | Cons | Points |
| 1 | [Impi Visser](/wiki/Impi_Visser "Impi Visser") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 10 |
| 2 | [Philip Snyman](/wiki/Philip_Snyman "Philip Snyman") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | 3 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 3 | [Ryan Oosthuizen](/wiki/Ryan_Oosthuizen "Ryan Oosthuizen") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 4 | [Zain Davids](/wiki/Zain_Davids "Zain Davids") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{inj}} | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 5 | [Werner Kok](/wiki/Werner_Kok "Werner Kok") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 3 | 0 | 15 |
| 6 | [Kyle Brown](/wiki/Kyle_Brown_%28rugby_union%29 "Kyle Brown (rugby union)") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 10 |
| 7 | [Branco du Preez](/wiki/Branco_du_Preez "Branco du Preez") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| 8 | [Rosko Specman](/wiki/Rosko_Specman "Rosko Specman") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 4 | 0 | 20 |
| 9 | [Justin Geduld](/wiki/Justin_Geduld "Justin Geduld") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 3 | 11 | 37 |
| 10 | [Dewald Human](/wiki/Dewald_Human "Dewald Human") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | | | | {{ya}} | 3 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 11 | [Siviwe Soyizwapi](/wiki/Siviwe_Soyizwapi "Siviwe Soyizwapi") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 4 | 0 | 20 |
| 12 | [Muller du Plessis](/wiki/Muller_du_Plessis "Muller du Plessis") | {{ya}} | | | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 13 | [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids "Selvyn Davids") (reserve) | | | | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | | | | | | | | 6 | 21 | 12 | 129 |
| *Legend: [13px](/wiki/File:Green_check.svg "Green check.svg") indicates the player started the match, [13px](/wiki/File:Yellow_check.svg "Yellow check.svg") indicates the player came on as a replacement in the match and {{inj}} indicates a player was ruled out through injury.* |
{{col\-end}}
{{col\-begin\|width\=100%}}
{{col\-break\|width\=48%}}
### Hamilton Sevens
{{main\|2019 New Zealand Sevens}}
The 2019 Hamilton Sevens took place from 26 to 27 January 2019\. South Africa were drawn in Pool C of the competition, alongside [France](/wiki/France_national_rugby_sevens_team "France national rugby sevens team"), [Kenya](/wiki/Kenya_national_rugby_sevens_team "Kenya national rugby sevens team") and [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team "Scotland national rugby sevens team"). They won all three matches in the pool stage to finish top of Pool C. They beat [Samoa](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team "Samoa national rugby sevens team") in their Cup quarter final, but lost to [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team "Fiji national rugby sevens team") in the semi\-finals, and to [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team "New Zealand national rugby sevens team") in the bronze final to finish fourth in the tournament.
The Pool C log:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1879/pools \| title\=Hamilton, Pools \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=1 February 2019}}
| **Pool C log** |
| --- |
| Pos | Team | P | W | D | L | PD | Pts |
| 1 | South Africa | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | \+50 | **9** |
| 2 | Scotland | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | −5 | **7** |
| 3 | Kenya | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | −24 | **5** |
| 4 | France | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | −21 | **3** |
The matches played were:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1879/fixtures \| title\=Hamilton, Fixtures \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=1 February 2019}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool C
\| date \= 26 January 2019
\| time \= 10:22
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 29–10
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1879/match\#match\-26900 \| title\=Match Centre: Hamilton, Pool C, Match 2 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=26 January 2019 \| accessdate\=1 February 2019}}
\| away \= Kenya
\| try1 \= \[\[Kyle Brown (rugby union)\|Kyle Brown]] {{try\|4}}
\[\[Werner Kok]] {{try\|6}}
\[\[Zain Davids]] {{try\|7}}
\[\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\|9}}
\[\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\|13}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|8}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|14}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Jacob Ojee]] {{try\|2}}
\[\[Cyprian Kuto]] {{try\|11}}
\| stadium \= Hamilton
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Matt Rodden]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool C
\| date \= 26 January 2019
\| time \= 14:10
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 17–5
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1879/match\#match\-26908 \| title\=Match Centre: Hamilton, Pool C, Match 10 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=26 January 2019 \| accessdate\=1 February 2019}}
\| away \= France
\| try1 \= \[\[Werner Kok]] {{try\|4}}
\[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|6}}
\[\[Philip Snyman]] {{try\|13}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|13}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Samuel Alerte]] {{try\|11}}
\| stadium \= Hamilton
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\|Richard Kelly]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool C
\| date \= 26 January 2019
\| time \= 18:22
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 26–7
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1879/match\#match\-26916 \| title\=Match Centre: Hamilton, Pool C, Match 18 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=26 January 2019 \| accessdate\=1 February 2019}}
\| away \= Scotland
\| try1 \= \[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|5\|14}}
\[\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\|7}}
\[\[Werner Kok]] {{try\|11}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|5}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|12\|15}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Sam Pecqueur]] {{try\|10}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Robbie Fergusson]] {{kick\|10}}
\| stadium \= Hamilton
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Jérémy Rozier]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Cup QF
\| date \= 27 January 2019
\| time \= 11:58
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 28–19
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1879/match\#match\-26928 \| title\=Match Centre: Hamilton, Cup Quarter\-finals, Match 30 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=27 January 2019 \| accessdate\=1 February 2019}}
\| away \= Samoa
\| try1 \= \[\[Chris Dry]] {{try\|7}}
\[\[Dewald Human]] {{try\|9}}
\[\[Werner Kok]] {{try\|12}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\|13}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|8}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|10\|12\|14}}
\| try2 \= \[\[David Afamasaga]] {{try\|5}}
\[\[Alatasi Tupou]] {{try\|10}}
\[\[Danny Tusitala]] {{try\|15}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Alatasi Tupou]] {{kick\|6}}
\[\[Danny Tusitala]] {{try\|15}}
\| stadium \= Hamilton
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[James Doleman]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Cup SF
\| date \= 27 January 2019
\| time \= 16:16
\| home \= Fiji
\| score \= 29–7
\| result \= L
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1879/match\#match\-26937 \| title\=Match Centre: Hamilton, Cup Semi\-finals, Match 39 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=27 January 2019 \| accessdate\=1 February 2019}}
\| away \= South Africa
\| try1 \= \[\[Kalione Nasoko]] {{try\|1}}
\[\[Aminiasi Tuimaba]] {{try\|5\|14}}
\[\[Vilimoni Botitu]] {{try\|8}}
\[\[Waisea Nacuqu]] {{try\|10}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Waisea Nacuqu]] {{kick\|2}}
\[\[Vilimoni Botitu]] {{try\|6}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\|13}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|13}}
\| stadium \= Hamilton
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\|Richard Kelly]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Bronze F
\| date \= 27 January 2019
\| time \= 19:10
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 7–29
\| result \= L
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1879/match\#match\-26942 \| title\=Match Centre: Hamilton, Bronze Final, Match 44 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=27 January 2019 \| accessdate\=1 February 2019}}
\| away \= New Zealand
\| try1 \= \[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|4}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|5}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Tone Ng Shiu]] {{try\|6\|9}}
\[\[Tim Mikkelson]] {{try\|9}}
\[\[Joe Ravouvou]] {{try\|12}}
\[\[Sam Dickson (rugby union)\|Sam Dickson]] {{try\|14}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Andrew Knewstubb]] {{kick\|6\|9}}
\| stadium \= Hamilton
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Sam Grove\-White]]
}}
The player record for the tournament is:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1879/teams/2420 \| title\=Hamilton, South Africa 7s \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=1 February 2019}}
| Player record |
| --- |
| No | Player | [KEN](/wiki/Kenya_national_rugby_sevens_team "Kenya national rugby sevens team") | [FRA](/wiki/France_national_rugby_sevens_team "France national rugby sevens team") | [SCO](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team "Scotland national rugby sevens team") | [SAM](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team "Samoa national rugby sevens team") | [FJI](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team "Fiji national rugby sevens team") | [NZL](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team "New Zealand national rugby sevens team") | Apps | Tries | Cons | Points |
| 1 | [Chris Dry](/wiki/Chris_Dry "Chris Dry") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 2 | [Philip Snyman](/wiki/Philip_Snyman "Philip Snyman") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 3 | [Impi Visser](/wiki/Impi_Visser "Impi Visser") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 4 | [Zain Davids](/wiki/Zain_Davids "Zain Davids") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 5 | [Werner Kok](/wiki/Werner_Kok "Werner Kok") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 4 | 0 | 20 |
| 6 | [Kyle Brown](/wiki/Kyle_Brown_%28rugby_union%29 "Kyle Brown (rugby union)") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 7 | [Branco du Preez](/wiki/Branco_du_Preez "Branco du Preez") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | | 5 | 2 | 3 | 16 |
| 8 | [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids "Selvyn Davids") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 2 | 9 | 28 |
| 9 | [Justin Geduld](/wiki/Justin_Geduld "Justin Geduld") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 10 | [Dewald Human](/wiki/Dewald_Human "Dewald Human") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 11 | [Siviwe Soyizwapi](/wiki/Siviwe_Soyizwapi "Siviwe Soyizwapi") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 4 | 0 | 20 |
| 12 | [Stedman Gans](/wiki/Stedman_Gans "Stedman Gans") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 13 | [JC Pretorius](/wiki/JC_Pretorius "JC Pretorius") (reserve) | | | | | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | | | | | | | | 6 | 18 | 12 | 114 |
| *Legend: [13px](/wiki/File:Green_check.svg "Green check.svg") indicates the player started the match, [13px](/wiki/File:Yellow_check.svg "Yellow check.svg") indicates the player came on as a replacement in the match and {{inj}} indicates a player was ruled out through injury.* |
{{col\-break\|width\=4%}}
{{col\-break\|width\=48%}}
### Sydney Sevens
{{main\|2019 Sydney Sevens}}
The 2019 Sydney Sevens took place from 2 to 3 February 2019\. South Africa were drawn in Pool D of the competition, alongside [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team "Argentina national rugby sevens team"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_sevens_team "Australia national rugby sevens team") and [Tonga](/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_sevens_team "Tonga national rugby sevens team"). They beat Tonga and Argentina, and — despite losing their final match to Australia — finished top of Pool D. They lost to [England](/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team "England national rugby sevens team") in their Cup quarter final to drop into the 5th\-place play\-off. They beat [Spain](/wiki/Spain_national_rugby_sevens_team "Spain national rugby sevens team") in the semi\-final of that competition and beat [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_sevens_team "Australia national rugby sevens team") in the final to finish fifth in the tournament.
The Pool D log:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1880/pools \| title\=Sydney, Pools \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=2 February 2019}}
| **Pool D log** |
| --- |
| Pos | Team | P | W | D | L | PD | Pts |
| 1 | South Africa | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \+47 | **7** |
| 2 | Australia | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \+25 | **7** |
| 3 | Argentina | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \+22 | **7** |
| 4 | Tonga | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | −94 | **3** |
The matches played were:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1880/fixtures \| title\=Sydney, Fixtures \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=2 February 2019}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool D
\| date \= 2 February 2019
\| time \= 10:50
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 45–5
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1880/match\#match\-26957 \| title\=Match Centre: Sydney, Pool D, Match 6 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=2 February 2019 \| accessdate\=2 February 2019}}
\| away \= Tonga
\| try1 \= \[\[Werner Kok]] {{try\|4\|9}}
\[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|7\|8}}
\[\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\|11\|13}}
\[\[Dewald Human]] {{try\|15}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|4\|7}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|9}}
\[\[Dewald Human]] {{kick\|11\|13}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Fine Inisi]] {{try\|2}}
\| stadium \= Sydney
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Matt Rodden]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool D
\| date \= 2 February 2019
\| time \= 16:18
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 25–10
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1880/match\#match\-26965 \| title\=Match Centre: Sydney, Pool D, Match 14 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=2 February 2019 \| accessdate\=2 February 2019}}
\| away \= Argentina
\| try1 \= \[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|8\|9}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\|11}}
\[\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\|14}}
\[\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\|15}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Renzo Barbier]] {{try\|5}}
\[\[Rodrigo Etchart]] {{try\|12}}
\| stadium \= Sydney
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Sam Grove\-White]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool D
\| date \= 2 February 2019
\| time \= 20:23
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 21–29
\| result \= L
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1880/match\#match\-26973 \| title\=Match Centre: Sydney, Pool D, Match 22 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=2 February 2019 \| accessdate\=2 February 2019}}
\| away \= Australia
\| try1 \= \[\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\|7\|9}}
\[\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\|11}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|7}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|9\|12}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Jeral Skelton]] {{try\|2}}
\[\[Lewis Holland]] {{try\|3\|4}}
\[\[Josh Coward]] {{try\|13}}
\[\[Nick Malouf]] {{try\|16}}
\| con2 \= \[\[John Porch]] {{try\|3}}
\[\[Josh Coward]] {{try\|14}}
\| stadium \= Sydney
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Craig Evans (rugby referee)\|Craig Evans]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Cup QF
\| date \= 3 February 2019
\| time \= 13:00
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 5–26
\| result \= L
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1880/match\#match\-26982 \| title\=Match Centre: Sydney, Cup Quarter\-finals, Match 31 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=3 February 2019 \| accessdate\=6 February 2019}}
\| away \= England
\| try1 \= \[\[Zain Davids]] {{try\|8}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Charlton Kerr]] {{try\|3}}
\[\[Tom Mitchell (rugby union, born 1989\)\|Tom Mitchell]] {{try\|4}}
\[\[Phil Burgess]] {{try\|12}}
\[\[Tom Bowen (rugby union)\|Tom Bowen]] {{try\|14}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Dan Bibby]] {{kick\|3\|5\|13}}
\| stadium \= Sydney
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\|Richard Kelly]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= 5th SF
\| date \= 3 February 2019
\| time \= 15:54
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 33–0
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1880/match\#match\-26989 \| title\=Match Centre: Sydney, 5th Place Semi\-final, Match 38 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=3 February 2019 \| accessdate\=6 February 2019}}
\| away \= Spain
\| try1 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\|1\|7}}
\[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|11\|13}}
\[\[Dewald Human]] {{try\|15}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|2\|8}}
\[\[Dewald Human]] {{kick\|13\|15}}
\| stadium \= Sydney
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Craig Evans (rugby referee)\|Craig Evans]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= 5th F
\| date \= 3 February 2019
\| time \= 20:07
\| home \= Australia
\| score \= 10–12
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1880/match\#match\-26994 \| title\=Match Centre: Sydney, 5th Place Play Off, Match 43 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=3 February 2019 \| accessdate\=6 February 2019}}
\| away \= South Africa
\| try1 \= \[\[John Porch]] {{try\|7}}
\[\[Nick Malouf]] {{try\|11}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\|2}}
\[\[Kyle Brown (rugby union)\|Kyle Brown]] {{try\|14}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Justin Geduld]] {{kick\|2}}
\| stadium \= Sydney
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Richard Haughton]]
}}
The player record for the tournament is:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1880/teams/2420 \| title\=Sydney, South Africa 7s \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=2 February 2019}}
| Player record |
| --- |
| No | Player | [TGA](/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_sevens_team "Tonga national rugby sevens team") | [ARG](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team "Argentina national rugby sevens team") | [AUS](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_sevens_team "Australia national rugby sevens team") | [ENG](/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team "England national rugby sevens team") | [ESP](/wiki/Spain_national_rugby_sevens_team "Spain national rugby sevens team") | [AUS](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_sevens_team "Australia national rugby sevens team") | Apps | Tries | Cons | Points |
| 1 | [Chris Dry](/wiki/Chris_Dry "Chris Dry") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2 | [Philip Snyman](/wiki/Philip_Snyman "Philip Snyman") | | | | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 3 | [Impi Visser](/wiki/Impi_Visser "Impi Visser") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 4 | [Zain Davids](/wiki/Zain_Davids "Zain Davids") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 5 | [Werner Kok](/wiki/Werner_Kok "Werner Kok") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 10 |
| 6 | [JC Pretorius](/wiki/JC_Pretorius "JC Pretorius") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 7 | [Branco du Preez](/wiki/Branco_du_Preez "Branco du Preez") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 0 | 3 | 6 |
| 8 | [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids "Selvyn Davids") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 4 | 5 | 30 |
| 9 | [Justin Geduld](/wiki/Justin_Geduld "Justin Geduld") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 3 | 1 | 17 |
| 10 | [Dewald Human](/wiki/Dewald_Human "Dewald Human") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 2 | 4 | 18 |
| 11 | [Siviwe Soyizwapi](/wiki/Siviwe_Soyizwapi "Siviwe Soyizwapi") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 6 | 0 | 30 |
| 12 | [Stedman Gans](/wiki/Stedman_Gans "Stedman Gans") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 4 | 0 | 20 |
| 13 | [Kyle Brown](/wiki/Kyle_Brown_%28rugby_union%29 "Kyle Brown (rugby union)") (reserve) | | | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 3 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| Total | | | | | | | | 6 | 23 | 13 | 141 |
| *Legend: [13px](/wiki/File:Green_check.svg "Green check.svg") indicates the player started the match, [13px](/wiki/File:Yellow_check.svg "Yellow check.svg") indicates the player came on as a replacement in the match and {{inj}} indicates a player was ruled out through injury.* |
{{col\-end}}
{{col\-begin\|width\=100%}}
{{col\-break\|width\=48%}}
### Las Vegas Sevens
{{main\|2019 USA Sevens}}
The 2019 Las Vegas Sevens took place from 1 to 3 March 2019\. South Africa were drawn in Pool C of the competition, alongside [Chile](/wiki/Chile_national_rugby_sevens_team "Chile national rugby sevens team"), [England](/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team "England national rugby sevens team") and [Japan](/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_sevens_team "Japan national rugby sevens team"). They beat Japan and England and drew against Chile to finish top of Pool C. They lost to the [United States](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team "United States national rugby sevens team") in their Cup quarter final to drop into the 5th\-place play\-off. They lost to [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team "Fiji national rugby sevens team") in the semi\-final of that competition to finish seventh/eighth in the tournament.
The Pool C log:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1881/pools \| title\=Las Vegas, Pools \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
| **Pool C log** |
| --- |
| Pos | Team | P | W | D | L | PD | Pts |
| 1 | South Africa | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | \+43 | **8** |
| 2 | England | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \+24 | **7** |
| 3 | Japan | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | −33 | **5** |
| 4 | Chile | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | −34 | **4** |
The matches played were:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1881/fixtures \| title\=Las Vegas, Fixtures \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool C
\| date \= 1 March 2019
\| time \= 17:12
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 26–0
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1881/match\#match\-27003 \| title\=Match Centre: Las Vegas, Pool C, Match 7 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=1 March 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= Japan
\| try1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\|7}}
\[\[Impi Visser]] {{try\|8}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\|12}}
\[\[Mfundo Ndhlovu]] {{try\|15}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|7}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|12\|15}}
\| stadium \= Las Vegas
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Francisco González (rugby referee)\|Francisco González]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool C
\| date \= 1 March 2019
\| time \= 20:13
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 5–5
\| result \= D
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1881/match\#match\-27011 \| title\=Match Centre: Las Vegas, Pool C, Match 15 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=1 March 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= Chile
\| try1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\|4}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Benjamin De Vidts]] {{try\|11}}
\| stadium \= Las Vegas
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Paulo Duarte (rugby referee)\|Paulo Duarte]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool C
\| date \= 2 March 2019
\| time \= 14:10
\| home \= England
\| score \= 12–29
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1881/match\#match\-27020 \| title\=Match Centre: Las Vegas, Pool C, Match 24 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=2 March 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= South Africa
\| try1 \= \[\[Tom Bowen (rugby union)\|Tom Bowen]] {{try\|6}}
\[\[Charlton Kerr]] {{try\|13}}
\| con1 \= \[\[William Edwards (rugby)\|William Edwards]] {{kick\|14}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Philip Snyman]] {{try\|2}}
\[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|8}}
\[\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\|9}}
\[\[JC Pretorius]] {{try\|11}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\|15}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|10}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|15}}
\| stadium \= Las Vegas
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\|Richard Kelly]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Cup QF
\| date \= 2 March 2019
\| time \= 18:10
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 10–29
\| result \= L
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1881/match\#match\-27026 \| title\=Match Centre: Las Vegas, Cup Quarter\-finals, Match 30 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=2 March 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= United States
\| try1 \= \[\[JC Pretorius]] {{try\|13}}
\[\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\|15}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Danny Barrett (rugby union)\|Danny Barrett]] {{try\|2}}
\[\[Stephen Tomasin]] {{try\|4}}
\[\[Martin Iosefo]] {{try\|6}}
\[\[Carlin Isles]] {{try\|9}}
\[\[Matai Leuta]] {{try\|10}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Madison Hughes]] {{kick\|5\|7}}
\| stadium \= Las Vegas
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\|Richard Kelly]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= 5th SF
\| date \= 3 March 2019
\| time \= 12:28
\| home \= Fiji
\| score \= 14–12
\| result \= L
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1881/match\#match\-27033 \| title\=Match Centre: Las Vegas, 5th Place Semi\-final, Match 37 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=3 March 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= South Africa
\| try1 \= \[\[Josua Vakurunabili]] {{try\|1}}
\[\[Kalione Nasoko]] {{try\|7}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Vilimoni Botitu]] {{kick\|2\|8}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Ryan Oosthuizen]] {{try\|4}}
\[\[JC Pretorius]] {{try\|11}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|11}}
\| stadium \= Las Vegas
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Jérémy Rozier]]
}}
The player record for the tournament is:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1881/teams/2420 \| title\=Las Vegas, South Africa 7s \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
| Player record |
| --- |
| No | Player | [JPN](/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_sevens_team "Japan national rugby sevens team") | [CHL](/wiki/Chile_national_rugby_sevens_team "Chile national rugby sevens team") | [ENG](/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team "England national rugby sevens team") | [USA](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team "United States national rugby sevens team") | [FJI](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team "Fiji national rugby sevens team") | | Apps | Tries | Cons | Points |
| 1 | [Ryan Oosthuizen](/wiki/Ryan_Oosthuizen "Ryan Oosthuizen") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 2 | [Philip Snyman](/wiki/Philip_Snyman "Philip Snyman") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 3 | [Impi Visser](/wiki/Impi_Visser "Impi Visser") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 4 | [Sako Makata](/wiki/Sako_Makata "Sako Makata") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 5 | [Werner Kok](/wiki/Werner_Kok "Werner Kok") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 6 | [JC Pretorius](/wiki/JC_Pretorius "JC Pretorius") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 3 | 0 | 15 |
| 7 | [Branco du Preez](/wiki/Branco_du_Preez "Branco du Preez") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 2 | 2 | 14 |
| 8 | [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids "Selvyn Davids") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 2 | 4 | 18 |
| 9 | [Justin Geduld](/wiki/Justin_Geduld "Justin Geduld") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 10 | [Stedman Gans](/wiki/Stedman_Gans "Stedman Gans") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 11 | [Siviwe Soyizwapi](/wiki/Siviwe_Soyizwapi "Siviwe Soyizwapi") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 12 | [Mfundo Ndhlovu](/wiki/Mfundo_Ndhlovu "Mfundo Ndhlovu") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{inj}} | {{n/a}} | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 13 | [Muller du Plessis](/wiki/Muller_du_Plessis "Muller du Plessis") (reserve) | | | | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | | | | | | | | 5 | 14 | 6 | 82 |
| *Legend: [13px](/wiki/File:Green_check.svg "Green check.svg") indicates the player started the match, [13px](/wiki/File:Yellow_check.svg "Yellow check.svg") indicates the player came on as a replacement in the match and {{inj}} indicates a player was ruled out through injury.* |
{{col\-break\|width\=4%}}
{{col\-break\|width\=48%}}
### Vancouver Sevens
The 2019 Vancouver Sevens took place from 9 to 10 March 2019\. South Africa were drawn in Pool A of the competition, alongside [Chile](/wiki/Chile_national_rugby_sevens_team "Chile national rugby sevens team"), the [United States](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team "United States national rugby sevens team") and [Wales](/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_sevens_team "Wales national rugby sevens team"). They beat Chile, Wales and the United States to finish top of Pool A. They beat [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team "Argentina national rugby sevens team") in their Cup quarter final, [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team "Fiji national rugby sevens team") in their Cup semi\-final and [France](/wiki/France_national_rugby_sevens_team "France national rugby sevens team") in the final to win the tournament.
The Pool A log:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1882/pools \| title\=Vancouver, Pools \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
| **Pool A log** |
| --- |
| Pos | Team | P | W | D | L | PD | Pts |
| 1 | South Africa | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | \+64 | **9** |
| 2 | United States | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \+28 | **7** |
| 3 | Wales | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | −28 | **5** |
| 4 | Chile | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | −64 | **3** |
The matches played were:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1882/fixtures \| title\=Vancouver, Fixtures \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool A
\| date \= 9 March 2019
\| time \= 11:23
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 43–0
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1881/match\#match\-27003 \| title\=Match Centre: Vancouver, Pool A, Match 7 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=9 March 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= Chile
\| try1 \= \[\[JC Pretorius]] {{try\|1\|12}}
\[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|2\|6}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\|5\|10}}
\[\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\|15}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|1\|5\|6\|13}}
\| stadium \= Vancouver
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Craig Evans (rugby referee)\|Craig Evans]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool A
\| date \= 9 March 2019
\| time \= 14:52
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 19–10
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1882/match\#match\-27168 \| title\=Match Centre: Vancouver, Pool A, Match 15 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=9 March 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= Wales
\| try1 \= \[\[Philip Snyman]] {{try\|4}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\|7}}
\[\[JC Pretorius]] {{try\|9}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|8\|10}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Ben Cambriani]] {{try\|1}}
\[\[Ben Roach]] {{try\|13}}
\| stadium \= Vancouver
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Jordan Way]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool A
\| date \= 9 March 2019
\| time \= 18:46
\| home \= United States
\| score \= 7–19
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1882/match\#match\-27177 \| title\=Match Centre: Vancouver, Pool A, Match 24 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=9 March 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= South Africa
\| try1 \= \[\[Stephen Tomasin]] {{try\|11}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Madison Hughes]] {{kick\|12}}
\| try2 \= \[\[JC Pretorius]] {{try\|2\|13}}
\[\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\|5}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|2\|6}}
\| stadium \= Vancouver
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\|Richard Kelly]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Cup QF
\| date \= 10 March 2019
\| time \= 11:08
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 33–12
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1882/match\#match\-27182 \| title\=Match Centre: Vancouver, Cup Quarter\-finals, Match 29 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=10 March 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= Argentina
\| try1 \= \[\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\|2}}
\[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|7\|8}}
\[\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\|9}}
\[\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\|11}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|3\|8\|9}}
\[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|12}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Fernando Luna (rugby union)\|Fernando Luna]] {{try\|1}}
\[\[Francisco Ulloa (rugby union)\|Francisco Ulloa]] {{try\|14}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Santiago Mare]] {{kick\|1}}
\| stadium \= Vancouver
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\|Richard Kelly]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Cup SF
\| date \= 10 March 2019
\| time \= 15:08
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 31–12
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1882/match\#match\-27192 \| title\=Match Centre: Vancouver, Cup Semi\-finals, Match 39 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=10 March 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= Fiji
\| try1 \= \[\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\|6}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\|7}}
\[\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\|10}}
\[\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\|12\|14}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|7\|8\|13}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Aminiasi Tuimaba]] {{try\|4}}
\[\[Jerry Tuwai]] {{try\|15}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Terio Veilawa]] {{kick\|16}}
\| stadium \= Vancouver
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\|Richard Kelly]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Cup F
\| date \= 10 March 2019
\| time \= 18:19
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 21–12
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1882/match\#match\-27198 \| title\=Match Centre: Vancouver, Cup Final, Match 45 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=10 March 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= France
\| try1 \= \[\[Impi Visser]] {{try\|6}}
\[\[Werner Kok]] {{try\|8}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\|10}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|7\|9\|11}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Pierre Gilles Lakafia]] {{try\|3}}
\[\[Stephen Parez]] {{try\|10}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Jean\-Pascal Barraque]] {{kick\|10}}
\| stadium \= Vancouver
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Craig Evans (rugby referee)\|Craig Evans]]
}}
The player record for the tournament is:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1882/teams/2420 \| title\=Vancouver, South Africa 7s \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
| Player record |
| --- |
| No | Player | [CHL](/wiki/Chile_national_rugby_sevens_team "Chile national rugby sevens team") | [WAL](/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_sevens_team "Wales national rugby sevens team") | [USA](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team "United States national rugby sevens team") | [ARG](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team "Argentina national rugby sevens team") | [FJI](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team "Fiji national rugby sevens team") | [FRA](/wiki/France_national_rugby_sevens_team "France national rugby sevens team") | Apps | Tries | Cons | Points |
| 1 | [Zain Davids](/wiki/Zain_Davids "Zain Davids") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2 | [Philip Snyman](/wiki/Philip_Snyman "Philip Snyman") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 3 | [Impi Visser](/wiki/Impi_Visser "Impi Visser") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 4 | [Sako Makata](/wiki/Sako_Makata "Sako Makata") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 5 | [Werner Kok](/wiki/Werner_Kok "Werner Kok") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 6 | [JC Pretorius](/wiki/JC_Pretorius "JC Pretorius") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 5 | 0 | 25 |
| 7 | [Branco du Preez](/wiki/Branco_du_Preez "Branco du Preez") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 8 | [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids "Selvyn Davids") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 5 | 17 | 59 |
| 9 | [Justin Geduld](/wiki/Justin_Geduld "Justin Geduld") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 10 |
| 10 | [Stedman Gans](/wiki/Stedman_Gans "Stedman Gans") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 3 | 0 | 15 |
| 11 | [Siviwe Soyizwapi](/wiki/Siviwe_Soyizwapi "Siviwe Soyizwapi") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 4 | 0 | 20 |
| 12 | [Muller du Plessis](/wiki/Muller_du_Plessis "Muller du Plessis") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 4 | 0 | 20 |
| 13 | [Kurt\-Lee Arendse](/wiki/Kurt-Lee_Arendse "Kurt-Lee Arendse") (reserve) | | | | | {{MaybeCheck}} | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | | | | | | | | 6 | 26 | 18 | 166 |
| *Legend: [13px](/wiki/File:Green_check.svg "Green check.svg") indicates the player started the match, [13px](/wiki/File:Yellow_check.svg "Yellow check.svg") indicates the player came on as a replacement in the match and {{inj}} indicates a player was ruled out through injury.* |
{{col\-end}}
{{col\-begin\|width\=100%}}
{{col\-break\|width\=48%}}
### Hong Kong Sevens
{{main\|2019 Hong Kong Sevens}}
The 2019 Hong Kong Sevens took place from 5 to 7 April 2019\. South Africa were drawn in Pool A of the competition, alongside [Japan](/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_sevens_team "Japan national rugby sevens team"), [Samoa](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team "Samoa national rugby sevens team") and [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team "Scotland national rugby sevens team"). They beat all three teams to finish top of Pool A. They lost to the [United States](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team "United States national rugby sevens team") in their Cup quarter final to drop into the 5th\-place play\-off. They lost to [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team "Argentina national rugby sevens team") in the semi\-final of that competition to finish seventh/eighth in the tournament.
The Pool A log:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1883/pools \| title\=Hong Kong, Pools \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
| **Pool A log** |
| --- |
| Pos | Team | P | W | D | L | PD | Pts |
| 1 | South Africa | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | \+45 | **9** |
| 2 | Samoa | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \+6 | **7** |
| 3 | Scotland | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | −12 | **5** |
| 4 | Japan | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | −39 | **3** |
The matches played were:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1883/fixtures \| title\=Hong Kong, Fixtures \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool A
\| date \= 5 April 2019
\| time \= 18:06
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 22–7
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1883/match\#match\-27201 \| title\=Match Centre: Hong Kong, Pool A, Match 2 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=5 April 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= Japan
\| try1 \= \[\[Werner Kok]] {{try\|3\|9}}
\[\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\|10}}
\[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|12}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|9}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Siosifa Lisala]] {{try\|1}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Katsuyuki Sakai]] {{kick\|2}}
\| stadium \= Hong Kong
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Paulo Duarte (rugby referee)\|Paulo Duarte]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool A
\| date \= 6 April 2019
\| time \= 11:41
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 26–10
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1883/match\#match\-27209 \| title\=Match Centre: Hong Kong, Pool A, Match 10 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=6 April 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= Scotland
\| try1 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\|6}}
\[\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\|9}}
\[\[Ryan Oosthuizen]] {{try\|9}}
\[\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\|11}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|7}}
\[\[Justin Geduld]] {{kick\|10}}
\[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|11}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Jamie Farndale]] {{try\|13}}
\[\[Tom Brown (rugby union)\|Tom Brown]] {{kick\|14}}
\| stadium \= Hong Kong
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\|Richard Kelly]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool A
\| date \= 6 April 2019
\| time \= 15:22
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 21–7
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1883/match\#match\-27217 \| title\=Match Centre: Hong Kong, Pool A, Match 18 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=6 April 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= Samoa
\| try1 \= \[\[Impi Visser]] {{try\|4}}
\[\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\|9}}
\[\[Werner Kok]] {{try\|12}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|5\|10}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|12}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Tomasi Alosio]] {{try\|15}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Murphy Paulo]] {{kick\|16}}
\| stadium \= Hong Kong
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[James Doleman]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Cup QF
\| date \= 7 April 2019
\| time \= 10:58
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 12–21
\| result \= L
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1883/match\#match\-27228 \| title\=Match Centre: Hong Kong, Cup Quarter\-finals, Match 29 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=7 April 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= United States
\| try1 \= \[\[Impi Visser]] {{try\|2\|8}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|2}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Carlin Isles]] {{try\|4\|8}}
\[\[Ben Pinkelman]] {{try\|10}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Madison Hughes]] {{kick\|5\|9\|11}}
\| stadium \= Hong Kong
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[James Doleman]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= 5th SF
\| date \= 7 April 2019
\| time \= 14:55
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 17–19
\| result \= L
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1883/match\#match\-27236 \| title\=Match Centre: Hong Kong, 5th Place Semi\-final, Match 37 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=7 April 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= Argentina
\| try1 \= \[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|2}}
\[\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\|5}}
\[\[Kurt\-Lee Arendse]] {{try\|9}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|5}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Santiago Álvarez (rugby union)\|Santiago Álvarez]] {{try\|8}}
\[\[Lautaro Bazan Velez]] {{try\|13}}
\[\[Matías Osadczuk]] {{try\|14}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Santiago Mare]] {{kick\|8\|14}}
\| stadium \= Hong Kong
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Craig Evans (rugby referee)\|Craig Evans]]
}}
The player record for the tournament is:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1883/teams/2420 \| title\=Hong Kong, South Africa 7s \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
| Player record |
| --- |
| No | Player | [JPN](/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_sevens_team "Japan national rugby sevens team") | [SCO](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team "Scotland national rugby sevens team") | [SAM](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team "Samoa national rugby sevens team") | [USA](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team "United States national rugby sevens team") | [ARG](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team "Argentina national rugby sevens team") | | Apps | Tries | Cons | Points |
| 1 | [Chris Dry](/wiki/Chris_Dry "Chris Dry") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2 | [Sako Makata](/wiki/Sako_Makata "Sako Makata") | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 3 | [Impi Visser](/wiki/Impi_Visser "Impi Visser") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{inj}} | {{n/a}} | 4 | 3 | 0 | 15 |
| 4 | [Ryan Oosthuizen](/wiki/Ryan_Oosthuizen "Ryan Oosthuizen") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 5 | [Werner Kok](/wiki/Werner_Kok "Werner Kok") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 3 | 0 | 15 |
| 6 | [Kurt\-Lee Arendse](/wiki/Kurt-Lee_Arendse "Kurt-Lee Arendse") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 7 | [Branco du Preez](/wiki/Branco_du_Preez "Branco du Preez") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 2 | 4 | 18 |
| 8 | [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids "Selvyn Davids") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 4 | 13 |
| 9 | [Justin Geduld](/wiki/Justin_Geduld "Justin Geduld") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 2 | 1 | 12 |
| 10 | [Stedman Gans](/wiki/Stedman_Gans "Stedman Gans") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 11 | [Siviwe Soyizwapi](/wiki/Siviwe_Soyizwapi "Siviwe Soyizwapi") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 2 | 0 | 10 |
| 12 | [Angelo Davids](/wiki/Angelo_Davids "Angelo Davids") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 13 | [James Murphy](/wiki/James_Murphy_%28rugby_union%29 "James Murphy (rugby union)") (reserve) | | | | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | | | | | | | | 5 | 16 | 9 | 98 |
| *Legend: [13px](/wiki/File:Green_check.svg "Green check.svg") indicates the player started the match, [13px](/wiki/File:Yellow_check.svg "Yellow check.svg") indicates the player came on as a replacement in the match and {{inj}} indicates a player was ruled out through injury.* |
{{col\-break\|width\=4%}}
{{col\-break\|width\=48%}}
### Singapore Sevens
{{main\|2019 Singapore Sevens}}
The 2019 Singapore Sevens took place from 13 to 14 April 2019\. South Africa were drawn in Pool A of the competition, alongside [Canada](/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_sevens_team "Canada national rugby sevens team"), [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team "Fiji national rugby sevens team") and [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team "Scotland national rugby sevens team"). They beat all three sides to finish top of Pool A. They beat [Samoa](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team "Samoa national rugby sevens team") in their Cup quarter final, the [United States](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team "United States national rugby sevens team") in their Cup semi\-final and [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team "Fiji national rugby sevens team") in the final to win the tournament.
The Pool A log:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1884/pools \| title\=Singapore, Pools \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
| **Pool A log** |
| --- |
| Pos | Team | P | W | D | L | PD | Pts |
| 1 | South Africa | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | \+72 | **9** |
| 2 | Fiji | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | \+21 | **5** |
| 3 | Scotland | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | −42 | **5** |
| 4 | Canada | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | −51 | **5** |
The matches played were:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1884/fixtures \| title\=Singapore, Fixtures \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool A
\| date \= 13 April 2019
\| time \= 12:14
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 36–10
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1884/match\#match\-27364 \| title\=Match Centre: Singapore, Pool A, Match 7 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=13 March 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= Scotland
\| try1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\|4}}
\[\[Werner Kok]] {{try\|6}}
\[\[Impi Visser]] {{try\|8}}
\[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|10\|12}}
\[\[Angelo Davids]] {{try\|13}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|6\|9}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|10}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Max McFarland]] {{try\|2\|8}}
\| stadium \= Singapore
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\|Richard Kelly]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool A
\| date \= 13 April 2019
\| time \= 15:40
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 36–0
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1884/match\#match\-27372 \| title\=Match Centre: Singapore, Pool A, Match 15 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=13 April 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= Canada
\| try1 \= \[\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\|5}}
\[\[Ryan Oosthuizen]] {{try\|10}}
\[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|8}}
\[\[Kurt\-Lee Arendse]] {{try\|10\|12}}
\[\[Sako Makata]] {{try\|11}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|10}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|12\|13}}
\| stadium \= Singapore
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Craig Evans (rugby referee)\|Craig Evans]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool A
\| date \= 13 April 2019
\| time \= 19:28
\| home \= Fiji
\| score \= 7–17
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1884/match\#match\-27381 \| title\=Match Centre: Singapore, Pool A, Match 24 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=13 April 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= South Africa
\| try1 \= \[\[Livai Ikanikoda]] {{try\|10}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Vilimoni Botitu]] {{kick\|10}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\|6}}
\[\[Kurt\-Lee Arendse]] {{try\|11}}
\[\[Werner Kok]] {{try\|13}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|12}}
\| stadium \= Singapore
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[James Doleman]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Cup QF
\| date \= 14 April 2019
\| time \= 11:30
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 21–12
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1884/match\#match\-27386 \| title\=Match Centre: Singapore, Cup Quarter\-finals, Match 29 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=14 April 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= Samoa
\| try1 \= \[\[Impi Visser]] {{try\|7}}
\[\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\|9}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\|11}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|8}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|10\|12}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Melani Matavao]] {{try\|3\|5}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Tila Mealoi]] {{kick\|5}}
\| stadium \= Singapore
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[James Doleman]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Cup SF
\| date \= 14 April 2019
\| time \= 15:50
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 24–12
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1884/match\#match\-27396 \| title\=Match Centre: Singapore, Cup Semi\-finals, Match 39 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=14 April 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= United States
\| try1 \= \[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|1}}
\[\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\|5}}
\[\[Impi Visser]] {{try\|11}}
\[\[Try (rugby)\|penalty try]] {{try\|14}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|2}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Stephen Tomasin]] {{try\|9}}
\[\[Joe Schroeder]] {{try\|14}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Madison Hughes]] {{kick\|15}}
\| stadium \= Singapore
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Craig Evans (rugby referee)\|Craig Evans]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Cup F
\| date \= 14 April 2019
\| time \= 19:00
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 20–19
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1884/match\#match\-27402 \| title\=Match Centre: Singapore, Cup Final, Match 45 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=14 April 2019 \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
\| away \= Fiji
\| try1 \= \[\[Kurt\-Lee Arendse]] {{try\|10}}
\[\[Angelo Davids]] {{try\|11}}
\[\[Ryan Oosthuizen]] {{try\|12}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|12}}
\| pen1 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|14}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Aminiasi Tuimaba]] {{try\|2}}
\[\[Napolioni Bolaca]] {{try\|5}}
\[\[Vilimoni Botitu]] {{try\|7}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Napolioni Bolaca]] {{kick\|3\|7}}
\| stadium \= Singapore
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\|Richard Kelly]]
}}
The player record for the tournament is:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1884/teams/2420 \| title\=Singapore, South Africa 7s \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=19 April 2019}}
| Player record |
| --- |
| No | Player | [SCO](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team "Scotland national rugby sevens team") | [CAN](/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_sevens_team "Canada national rugby sevens team") | [FJI](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team "Fiji national rugby sevens team") | [SAM](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team "Samoa national rugby sevens team") | [USA](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team "United States national rugby sevens team") | [FJI](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team "Fiji national rugby sevens team") | Apps | Tries | Cons | Pens | Points |
| 1 | [Chris Dry](/wiki/Chris_Dry "Chris Dry") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2 | [Sako Makata](/wiki/Sako_Makata "Sako Makata") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | | | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
| 3 | [Impi Visser](/wiki/Impi_Visser "Impi Visser") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 15 |
| 4 | [Ryan Oosthuizen](/wiki/Ryan_Oosthuizen "Ryan Oosthuizen") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 5 | [Werner Kok](/wiki/Werner_Kok "Werner Kok") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 6 | [Kurt\-Lee Arendse](/wiki/Kurt-Lee_Arendse "Kurt-Lee Arendse") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 20 |
| 7 | [Branco du Preez](/wiki/Branco_du_Preez "Branco du Preez") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 15 |
| 8 | [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids "Selvyn Davids") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 22 |
| 9 | [Justin Geduld](/wiki/Justin_Geduld "Justin Geduld") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 10 | [Stedman Gans](/wiki/Stedman_Gans "Stedman Gans") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 11 | [Siviwe Soyizwapi](/wiki/Siviwe_Soyizwapi "Siviwe Soyizwapi") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{inj}} | 5 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 20 |
| 12 | [Angelo Davids](/wiki/Angelo_Davids "Angelo Davids") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 13 | [James Murphy](/wiki/James_Murphy_%28rugby_union%29 "James Murphy (rugby union)") (reserve) | | | | | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | [penalty try](/wiki/Try_%28rugby%29 "Try (rugby)") | | | | | | | — | 1 | — | — | 7 |
| Total | | | | | | | | 6 | 25 | 12 | 1 | 154 |
| *Legend: [13px](/wiki/File:Green_check.svg "Green check.svg") indicates the player started the match, [13px](/wiki/File:Yellow_check.svg "Yellow check.svg") indicates the player came on as a replacement in the match and {{inj}} indicates a player was ruled out through injury.* |
{{col\-end}}
{{col\-begin\|width\=100%}}
{{col\-break\|width\=48%}}
### London Sevens
{{main\|2019 London Sevens}}
The 2019 London Sevens took place from 25 to 26 May 2019\. South Africa were drawn in Pool A of the competition, alongside [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team "Argentina national rugby sevens team"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_sevens_team "Canada national rugby sevens team") and [Japan](/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_sevens_team "Japan national rugby sevens team"). They beat all three teams to finish top of Pool A. They lost to [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_sevens_team "Australia national rugby sevens team") in their Cup quarter final to drop into the 5th\-place play\-off. They lost to [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team "New Zealand national rugby sevens team") in the semi\-final of that competition to finish seventh/eighth in the tournament.
The Pool A log:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1885/pools \| title\=London, Pools \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=26 May 2019}}
| **Pool A log** |
| --- |
| Pos | Team | P | W | D | L | PD | Pts |
| 1 | South Africa | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | \+99 | **9** |
| 2 | Canada | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | −10 | **7** |
| 3 | Argentina | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | \+8 | **5** |
| 4 | Japan | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | −97 | **3** |
The matches played were:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1885/fixtures \| title\=London, Fixtures \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=26 May 2019}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool A
\| date \= 25 May 2019
\| time \= 11:20
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 49–0
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1885/match\#match\-27444 \| title\=Match Centre: London, Pool A, Match 6 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=25 May 2019 \| accessdate\=26 May 2019}}
\| away \= Japan
\| try1 \= \[\[Kurt\-Lee Arendse]] {{try\|2\|13}}
\[\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\|4}}
\[\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\|5}}
\[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|7}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\|10}}
\[\[Sako Makata]] {{try\|15}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|3\|4\|6\|7}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|10\|13\|16}}
\| stadium \= London
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Tevita Rokovereni]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool A
\| date \= 25 May 2019
\| time \= 14:26
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 45–14
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1885/match\#match\-27452 \| title\=Match Centre: London, Pool A, Match 14 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=25 May 2019 \| accessdate\=26 May 2019}}
\| away \= Canada
\| try1 \= \[\[Werner Kok]] {{try\|1\|11}}
\[\[Kurt\-Lee Arendse]] {{try\|5}}
\[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|8}}
\[\[JC Pretorius]] {{try\|9}}
\[\[Impi Visser]] {{try\|14}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\|15}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|2\|6}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|10\|14\|15}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Matt Mullins (rugby union)\|Matt Mullins]] {{try\|4}}
\[\[Luke McCloskey]] {{try\|7}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Nathan Hirayama]] {{kick\|4\|8}}
\| stadium \= London
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Sam Grove\-White]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool A
\| date \= 25 May 2019
\| time \= 17:32
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 40–21
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1885/match\#match\-27460 \| title\=Match Centre: London, Pool A, Match 22 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=25 May 2019 \| accessdate\=26 May 2019}}
\| away \= Argentina
\| try1 \= \[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|3\|7}}
\[\[Kurt\-Lee Arendse]] {{try\|6}}
\[\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\|9}}
\[\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\|10}}
\[\[Werner Kok]] {{try\|14}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|4\|6\|8}}
\[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|9\|15}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Germán Schulz]] {{try\|5}}
\[\[Franco Sábato]] {{try\|12\|13}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Lautaro Bazan Velez]] {{kick\|5}}
\[\[Gastón Revol]] {{kick\|12}}
\[\[Francisco Ulloa (rugby union)\|Francisco Ulloa]] {{kick\|13}}
\| stadium \= London
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Paulo Duarte (rugby referee)\|Paulo Duarte]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Cup QF
\| date \= 26 May 2019
\| time \= 10:58
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 22–29
\| result \= L
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1885/match\#match\-27467 \| title\=Match Centre: London, Cup Quarter\-finals, Match 29 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=26 May 2019 \| accessdate\=3 August 2019}}
\| away \= Australia
\| try1 \= \[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|5}}
\[\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\|7}}
\[\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\|14}}
\[\[JC Pretorius]] {{try\|15}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|6}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Henry Hutchison]] {{try\|1\|9}}
\[\[Joe Pincus]] {{try\|3}}
\[\[Matt Hood]] {{try\|8}}
\[\[Ben O'Donnell]] {{try\|10}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Lewis Holland]] {{kick\|1}}
\[\[Josh Coward]] {{kick\|9}}
\| stadium \= London
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Sam Grove\-White]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= 5th SF
\| date \= 26 May 2019
\| time \= 14:04
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 17–21
\| result \= L
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1885/match\#match\-27475 \| title\=Match Centre: London, 5th Place Semi\-final, Match 37 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=26 May 2019 \| accessdate\=3 August 2019}}
\| away \= New Zealand
\| try1 \= \[\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\|4\|7}}
\[\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\|13}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\|13}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Sione Molia]] {{try\|2}}
\[\[Andrew Knewstubb]] {{try\|10}}
\[\[Tim Mikkelson]] {{try\|15}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Vilimoni Koroi]] {{kick\|3}}
\[\[Andrew Knewstubb]] {{kick\|10}}
\[\[Tim Mikkelson]] {{kick\|15}}
\| stadium \= London
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Jérémy Rozier]]
}}
The player record for the tournament is:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1885/teams/2420 \| title\=London, South Africa 7s \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=26 May 2019}}
| Player record |
| --- |
| No | Player | [JPN](/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_sevens_team "Japan national rugby sevens team") | [CAN](/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_sevens_team "Canada national rugby sevens team") | [ARG](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team "Argentina national rugby sevens team") | [AUS](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_sevens_team "Australia national rugby sevens team") | [NZL](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team "New Zealand national rugby sevens team") | | Apps | Tries | Cons | Points |
| 1 | [Ryan Oosthuizen](/wiki/Ryan_Oosthuizen "Ryan Oosthuizen") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2 | [Sako Makata](/wiki/Sako_Makata "Sako Makata") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 3 | [Impi Visser](/wiki/Impi_Visser "Impi Visser") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 4 | [Kurt\-Lee Arendse](/wiki/Kurt-Lee_Arendse "Kurt-Lee Arendse") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{inj}} | {{n/a}} | 4 | 4 | 0 | 20 |
| 5 | [Werner Kok](/wiki/Werner_Kok "Werner Kok") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 3 | 0 | 15 |
| 6 | [JC Pretorius](/wiki/JC_Pretorius "JC Pretorius") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 2 | 0 | 10 |
| 7 | [Branco du Preez](/wiki/Branco_du_Preez "Branco du Preez") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 10 | 25 |
| 8 | [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids "Selvyn Davids") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 2 | 9 | 28 |
| 9 | [Justin Geduld](/wiki/Justin_Geduld "Justin Geduld") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 2 | 0 | 10 |
| 10 | [Stedman Gans](/wiki/Stedman_Gans "Stedman Gans") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 2 | 0 | 10 |
| 11 | [Siviwe Soyizwapi](/wiki/Siviwe_Soyizwapi "Siviwe Soyizwapi") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 5 | 0 | 25 |
| 12 | [Muller du Plessis](/wiki/Muller_du_Plessis "Muller du Plessis") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 4 | 0 | 20 |
| 13 | [Philip Snyman](/wiki/Philip_Snyman "Philip Snyman") (reserve) | | | | | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | | | | | | | | 5 | 27 | 19 | 173 |
| *Legend: [13px](/wiki/File:Green_check.svg "Green check.svg") indicates the player started the match, [13px](/wiki/File:Yellow_check.svg "Yellow check.svg") indicates the player came on as a replacement in the match and {{inj}} indicates a player was ruled out through injury.* |
{{col\-break\|width\=4%}}
{{col\-break\|width\=48%}}
### Paris Sevens
{{main\|2019 Paris Sevens}}
The 2019 Paris Sevens took place from 1 to 2 June 2019\. South Africa were drawn in Pool B of the competition, alongside [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_sevens_team "Australia national rugby sevens team"), [Kenya](/wiki/Kenya_national_rugby_sevens_team "Kenya national rugby sevens team") and [Wales](/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_sevens_team "Wales national rugby sevens team"). They beat all three sides to finish top of Pool B. They beat [Samoa](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team "Samoa national rugby sevens team") in their Cup quarter final, but lost to [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team "New Zealand national rugby sevens team") in their Cup semi\-final. They finished in third place after beating the [United States](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team "United States national rugby sevens team") in the bronze final.
The Pool B log:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1886/pools \| title\=Paris, Pools \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=3 August 2019}}
| **Pool B log** |
| --- |
| Pos | Team | P | W | D | L | PD | Pts |
| 1 | South Africa | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | \+34 | **9** |
| 2 | Kenya | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −12 | **6** |
| 3 | Wales | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | −3 | **5** |
| 4 | Australia | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | −19 | **4** |
The matches played were:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1886/fixtures \| title\=Paris, Fixtures \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=3 August 2019}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool B
\| date \= 1 June 2019
\| time \= 11:44
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 22–7
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1886/match\#match\-27546 \| title\=Match Centre: Paris, Pool B, Match 3 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=1 June 2019 \| accessdate\=3 August 2019}}
\| away \= Wales
\| try1 \= \[\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\|6}}
\[\[Cecil Afrika]] {{try\|8}}
\[\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\|10}}
\[\[Mfundo Ndhlovu]] {{try\|14}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|7}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Joe Goodchild]] {{try\|12}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Ethan Davies]] {{kick\|12}}
\| stadium \= Paris
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Tevita Rokovereni]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool B
\| date \= 1 June 2019
\| time \= 15:10
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 29–12
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1886/match\#match\-27554 \| title\=Match Centre: Paris, Pool B, Match 11 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=1 June 2019 \| accessdate\=3 August 2019}}
\| away \= Kenya
\| try1 \= \[\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\|2\|10}}
\[\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\|4}}
\[\[Impi Visser]] {{try\|12}}
\[\[Mfundo Ndhlovu]] {{try\|13}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Dewald Human]] {{kick\|12\|13}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Jacob Ojee]] {{try\|6}}
\[\[Andrew Amonde]] {{try\|9}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Michael Wanjala]] {{kick\|10}}
\| stadium \= Paris
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Paulo Duarte (rugby referee)\|Paulo Duarte]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Pool B
\| date \= 1 June 2019
\| time \= 18:58
\| home \= Australia
\| score \= 17–19
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1886/match\#match\-27563 \| title\=Match Centre: Paris, Pool B, Match 20 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=1 June 2019 \| accessdate\=3 August 2019}}
\| away \= South Africa
\| try1 \= \[\[Matt Hood]] {{try\|7}}
\[\[Maurice Longbottom]] {{try\|8}}
\[\[Will Maddocks]] {{try\|13}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Lewis Holland]] {{kick\|13}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\|1}}
\[\[JC Pretorius]] {{try\|3}}
\[\[Impi Visser]] {{try\|10}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|1\|3}}
\| stadium \= Paris
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\|Richard Kelly]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Cup QF
\| date \= 2 June 2019
\| time \= 12:34
\| home \= South Africa
\| score \= 40–7
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1886/match\#match\-27575 \| title\=Match Centre: Paris, Cup Quarter\-finals, Match 32 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=2 June 2019 \| accessdate\=3 August 2019}}
\| away \= Samoa
\| try1 \= \[\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\|2\|8}}
\[\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\|3}}
\[\[Werner Kok]] {{try\|5}}
\[\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\|8}}
\[\[Philip Snyman]] {{try\|14}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\|3\|6\|8\|9}}
\[\[Dewald Human]] {{kick\|14}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Alamanda Motuga]] {{try\|16}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Paulo Toilolo Fanuasa]] {{kick\|17}}
\| stadium \= Paris
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Sam Grove\-White]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Cup SF
\| date \= 2 June 2019
\| time \= 15:45
\| home \= New Zealand
\| score \= 33–7
\| result \= L
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1886/match\#match\-27583 \| title\=Match Centre: Paris, Cup Semi\-finals, Match 40 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=2 June 2019 \| accessdate\=3 August 2019}}
\| away \= South Africa
\| try1 \= \[\[Regan Ware]] {{try\|2\|6}}
\[\[Jona Nareki]] {{try\|7}}
\[\[Andrew Knewstubb]] {{try\|12}}
\[\[Amanaki Nicole]] {{try\|14}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Andrew Knewstubb]] {{kick\|3\|6\|7\|12}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Cecil Afrika]] {{try\|10}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Dewald Human]] {{kick\|10}}
\| stadium \= Paris
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Jérémy Rozier]]
}}
{{rugbybox collapsible
\| note \= Bronze F
\| date \= 2 June 2019
\| time \= 18:08
\| home \= United States
\| score \= 7–24
\| result \= W
\| report \= Scoreboard{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1886/match\#match\-27587 \| title\=Match Centre: Paris, Bronze Final, Match 44 \| work\=World Rugby \| date\=2 June 2019 \| accessdate\=3 August 2019}}
\| away \= South Africa
\| try1 \= \[\[Perry Baker]] {{try\|3}}
\| con1 \= \[\[Madison Hughes]] {{kick\|3}}
\| try2 \= \[\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\|6\|14}}
\[\[Ryan Oosthuizen]] {{try\|9}}
\[\[Philip Snyman]] {{try\|11}}
\| con2 \= \[\[Dewald Human]] {{kick\|9\|14}}
\| stadium \= Paris
\| attendance \=
\| referee \= \[\[Jordan Way]]
}}
The player record for the tournament is:{{cite web \| url\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\-series/stage/1886/teams/2420 \| title\=Paris, South Africa 7s \| work\=World Rugby \| accessdate\=3 August 2019}}
| Player record |
| --- |
| No | Player | [WAL](/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_sevens_team "Wales national rugby sevens team") | [KEN](/wiki/Kenya_national_rugby_sevens_team "Kenya national rugby sevens team") | [AUS](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_sevens_team "Australia national rugby sevens team") | [SAM](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team "Samoa national rugby sevens team") | [NZL](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team "New Zealand national rugby sevens team") | [USA](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team "United States national rugby sevens team") | Apps | Tries | Cons | Points |
| 1 | [Ryan Oosthuizen](/wiki/Ryan_Oosthuizen "Ryan Oosthuizen") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 2 | [Sako Makata](/wiki/Sako_Makata "Sako Makata") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 3 | [Impi Visser](/wiki/Impi_Visser "Impi Visser") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{inj}} | 5 | 2 | 0 | 10 |
| 4 | [Mfundo Ndhlovu](/wiki/Mfundo_Ndhlovu "Mfundo Ndhlovu") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | 3 | 2 | 0 | 10 |
| 5 | [Werner Kok](/wiki/Werner_Kok "Werner Kok") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 6 | [JC Pretorius](/wiki/JC_Pretorius "JC Pretorius") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 7 | [Branco du Preez](/wiki/Branco_du_Preez "Branco du Preez") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 2 | 7 | 24 |
| 8 | [Dewald Human](/wiki/Dewald_Human "Dewald Human") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 0 | 6 | 12 |
| 9 | [Justin Geduld](/wiki/Justin_Geduld "Justin Geduld") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 3 | 0 | 15 |
| 10 | [Cecil Afrika](/wiki/Cecil_Afrika "Cecil Afrika") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 10 |
| 11 | [Siviwe Soyizwapi](/wiki/Siviwe_Soyizwapi "Siviwe Soyizwapi") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 12 | [Muller du Plessis](/wiki/Muller_du_Plessis "Muller du Plessis") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 6 | 0 | 30 |
| 13 | [Philip Snyman](/wiki/Philip_Snyman "Philip Snyman") (reserve) | | | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 3 | 2 | 0 | 10 |
| Total | | | | | | | | 6 | 23 | 13 | 141 |
| *Legend: [13px](/wiki/File:Green_check.svg "Green check.svg") indicates the player started the match, [13px](/wiki/File:Yellow_check.svg "Yellow check.svg") indicates the player came on as a replacement in the match and {{inj}} indicates a player was ruled out through injury.* |
{{col\-end}}
|
[
"Tournaments\n-----------",
"{{col\\-begin\\|width\\=100%}}\n{{col\\-break\\|width\\=48%}}",
"### Dubai Sevens",
"{{main\\|2018 Dubai Sevens}}",
"The 2018 Dubai Sevens took place from 30 November to 1 December 2018\\. South Africa were drawn in Pool A of the competition, alongside [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Argentina national rugby sevens team\"), [Samoa](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Samoa national rugby sevens team\") and [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Zimbabwe national rugby sevens team\"). They beat Zimbabwe and Samoa, and — despite losing their final match to Argentina — finished top of Pool A. They lost to [England](/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team \"England national rugby sevens team\") in their Cup quarter final to drop into the 5th\\-place play\\-off. They beat [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Scotland national rugby sevens team\") in the semi\\-final of that competition, but lost to [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Fiji national rugby sevens team\") in the final to finish sixth in the tournament.",
"The Pool A log:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1877/pools \\| title\\=Dubai, Pools \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=1 December 2018}}",
"",
"| **Pool A log** |\n| --- |\n| Pos | Team | P | W | D | L | PD | Pts |\n| 1 | South Africa | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \\+33 | **7** |\n| 2 | Argentina | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \\+6 | **7** |\n| 3 | Samoa | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | −3 | **7** |\n| 4 | Zimbabwe | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | −36 | **3** |",
"The matches played were:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1877/fixtures \\| title\\=Dubai, Fixtures \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=1 December 2018}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool A\n\\| date \\= 30 November 2018\n\\| time \\= 10:52\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 31–0\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1877/match\\#match\\-26728 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Dubai, Pool A, Match 6 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=30 November 2018 \\| accessdate\\=1 December 2018}}\n\\| away \\= Zimbabwe\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|2}} \n\\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Kyle Brown (rugby union)\\|Kyle Brown]] {{try\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Rosko Specman]] {{try\\|10\\|14\\+1}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|2\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{kick\\|11}}\n\\| stadium \\= Dubai\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Matt Rodden]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool A\n\\| date \\= 30 November 2018\n\\| time \\= 14:36\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 19–12\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1877/match\\#match\\-26736 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Dubai, Pool A, Match 14 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=30 November 2018 \\| accessdate\\=1 December 2018}}\n\\| away \\= Samoa\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Werner Kok]] {{try\\|11}} \n\\[\\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\\|14}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Rosko Specman]] {{kick\\|11}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[John Vaili]] {{try\\|7\\+1}} \n\\[\\[Alatasi Tupou]] {{try\\|12}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Tila Mealoi]] {{kick\\|7\\+1}}\n\\| stadium \\= Dubai\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Damian Schneider]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool A\n\\| date \\= 30 November 2018\n\\| time \\= 19:53\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 12–17\n\\| result \\= L\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1877/match\\#match\\-26744 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Dubai, Pool A, Match 22 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=30 November 2018 \\| accessdate\\=1 December 2018}}\n\\| away \\= Argentina\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Ryan Oosthuizen]] {{try\\|3}} \n\\[\\[Werner Kok]] {{try\\|5}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|3}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Franco Sábato]] {{try\\|1\\|14\\+1}} \n\\[\\[Marcos Moroni]] {{try\\|10}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Gastón Revol]] {{kick\\|14\\+2}}\n\\| stadium \\= Dubai\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Damon Murphy]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Cup QF\n\\| date \\= 1 December 2018\n\\| time \\= 11:00\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 5–22\n\\| result \\= L\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1877/match\\#match\\-26751 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Dubai, Cup Quarter\\-finals, Match 29 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=30 November 2018 \\| accessdate\\=1 December 2018}}\n\\| away \\= England\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\\|13}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Tom Mitchell (rugby union, born 1989\\)\\|Tom Mitchell]] {{try\\|2\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Tom Bowen (rugby)\\|Tom Bowen]] {{try\\|10}} \n\\[\\[Phil Burgess]] {{try\\|11}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Tom Mitchell (rugby union, born 1989\\)\\|Tom Mitchell]] {{kick\\|7}}\n\\| stadium \\= Dubai\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[James Doleman]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= 5th SF\n\\| date \\= 1 December 2018\n\\| time \\= 15:33\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 29–0\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1877/match\\#match\\-26759 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Dubai, 5th Place Semi\\-finals, Match 37 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=1 December 2018 \\| accessdate\\=1 December 2018}}\n\\| away \\= Scotland\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\\|3\\|12}} \n\\[\\[Werner Kok]] {{try\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Zain Davids]] {{try\\|11}} \n\\[\\[Rosko Specman]] {{try\\|12}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Dewald Human]] {{kick\\|10\\|11}}\n\\| stadium \\= Dubai\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Jérémy Rozier]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= 5th F\n\\| date \\= 1 December 2018\n\\| time \\= 18:40\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 19–24\n\\| result \\= L\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1877/match\\#match\\-26765 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Dubai, 5th Place Play\\-Off, Match 43 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=1 December 2018 \\| accessdate\\=1 December 2018}}\n\\| away \\= Fiji\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\\|7\\|10\\|13}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Dewald Human]] {{kick\\|8\\|13}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Mesu Kunalolo]] {{try\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Aminiasi Tuimaba]] {{try\\|9\\|18}} \n\\[\\[Waisea Nacuqu]] {{try\\|14}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Waisea Nacuqu]] {{kick\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Vatemo Ravouvou]] {{kick\\|9}}\n\\| stadium \\= Dubai\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Richard Haughton]]\n}}",
"The player record for the tournament is:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1877/teams/2420 \\| title\\=Dubai, South Africa 7s \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=1 December 2018}}",
"",
"| Player record |\n| --- |\n| No | Player | [ZIM](/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Zimbabwe national rugby sevens team\") | [SAM](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Samoa national rugby sevens team\") | [ARG](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Argentina national rugby sevens team\") | [ENG](/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team \"England national rugby sevens team\") | [SCO](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Scotland national rugby sevens team\") | [FJI](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Fiji national rugby sevens team\") | Apps | Tries | Cons | Points |\n| 1 | [Impi Visser](/wiki/Impi_Visser \"Impi Visser\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 2 | [Philip Snyman](/wiki/Philip_Snyman \"Philip Snyman\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 3 | [Ryan Oosthuizen](/wiki/Ryan_Oosthuizen \"Ryan Oosthuizen\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 4 | [Zain Davids](/wiki/Zain_Davids \"Zain Davids\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 5 | [Werner Kok](/wiki/Werner_Kok \"Werner Kok\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 3 | 0 | 15 |\n| 6 | [Kyle Brown](/wiki/Kyle_Brown_%28rugby_union%29 \"Kyle Brown (rugby union)\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 7 | [Branco du Preez](/wiki/Branco_du_Preez \"Branco du Preez\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | | {{MaybeCheck}} | 5 | 1 | 4 | 13 |\n| 8 | [Rosko Specman](/wiki/Rosko_Specman \"Rosko Specman\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 3 | 1 | 17 |\n| 9 | [Justin Geduld](/wiki/Justin_Geduld \"Justin Geduld\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 |\n| 10 | [Dewald Human](/wiki/Dewald_Human \"Dewald Human\") | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 5 | 0 | 4 | 8 |\n| 11 | [Siviwe Soyizwapi](/wiki/Siviwe_Soyizwapi \"Siviwe Soyizwapi\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 10 |\n| 12 | [Muller du Plessis](/wiki/Muller_du_Plessis \"Muller du Plessis\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 5 | 6 | 0 | 30 |\n| 13 | [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids \"Selvyn Davids\") (reserve) | | | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 3 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| Total | | | | | | | | 6 | 19 | 10 | 115 |\n| *Legend: [13px](/wiki/File:Green_check.svg \"Green check.svg\") indicates the player started the match, [13px](/wiki/File:Yellow_check.svg \"Yellow check.svg\") indicates the player came on as a replacement in the match and {{inj}} indicates a player was ruled out through injury.* |",
"{{col\\-break\\|width\\=4%}}\n{{col\\-break\\|width\\=48%}}",
"### Cape Town Sevens",
"{{main\\|2018 South Africa Sevens}}",
"The 2018 Cape Town Sevens took place from 8 to 9 December 2018\\. South Africa were drawn in Pool A of the competition, alongside [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team \"New Zealand national rugby sevens team\"), [Samoa](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Samoa national rugby sevens team\") and [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Zimbabwe national rugby sevens team\"). They beat Zimbabwe and Samoa, and — despite losing their final match to New Zealand — finished top of Pool A. They beat [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Scotland national rugby sevens team\") in the Cup quarter final, before losing to [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Fiji national rugby sevens team\") in the semi\\-final. They finished in third place after beating [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team \"New Zealand national rugby sevens team\") in the bronze final.",
"The Pool A log:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1878/pools \\| title\\=Cape Town, Pools \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=9 December 2018}}",
"",
"| **Pool A log** |\n| --- |\n| Pos | Team | P | W | D | L | PD | Pts |\n| 1 | South Africa | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \\+48 | **7** |\n| 2 | New Zealand | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \\+36 | **7** |\n| 3 | Samoa | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \\+15 | **7** |\n| 4 | Zimbabwe | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | −99 | **3** |",
"The matches played were:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1878/fixtures \\| title\\=Cape Town, Fixtures \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=9 December 2018}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool A\n\\| date \\= 8 December 2018\n\\| time \\= 12:27\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 22–12\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1878/match\\#match\\-26779 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Cape Town, Pool A, Match 7 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=8 December 2018 \\| accessdate\\=9 December 2018}}\n\\| away \\= Samoa\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Kyle Brown (rugby union)\\|Kyle Brown]] {{try\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Philip Snyman]] {{try\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Impi Visser]] {{try\\|12}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{kick\\|13}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[David Afamasaga]] {{try\\|2}} \n\\[\\[John Vaili]] {{try\\|15}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Alatasi Tupou]] {{kick\\|2}}\n\\| stadium \\= Cape Town\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[James Doleman]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool A\n\\| date \\= 8 December 2018\n\\| time \\= 15:48\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 43–0\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1878/match\\#match\\-26787 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Cape Town, Pool A, Match 15 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=8 December 2018 \\| accessdate\\=9 December 2018}}\n\\| away \\= Zimbabwe\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|1\\|6\\|14}} \n\\[\\[Rosko Specman]] {{try\\|5}} \n\\[\\[Kyle Brown (rugby union)\\|Kyle Brown]] {{try\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Impi Visser]] {{try\\|12}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{kick\\|1\\|5\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|8}}\n\\| stadium \\= Cape Town\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Jérémy Rozier]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool A\n\\| date \\= 8 December 2018\n\\| time \\= 19:56\n\\| home \\= New Zealand\n\\| score \\= 26–21\n\\| result \\= L\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1878/match\\#match\\-26796 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Cape Town, Pool A, Match 24 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=8 December 2018 \\| accessdate\\=9 December 2018}}\n\\| away \\= South Africa\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Andrew Knewstubb]] {{try\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Sione Molia]] {{try\\|10\\|14}} \n\\[\\[Vilimoni Koroi]] {{try\\|17}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Andrew Knewstubb]] {{kick\\|7\\|15}} \n\\[\\[Vilimoni Koroi]] {{kick\\|11}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Rosko Specman]] {{try\\|5}} \n\\[\\[Werner Kok]] {{try\\|10}} \n\\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\\|13}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{kick\\|6\\|10\\|13}}\n\\| stadium \\= Cape Town\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Damon Murphy]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Cup QF\n\\| date \\= 9 December 2018\n\\| time \\= 12:04\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 21–12\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1878/match\\#match\\-26801 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Cape Town, Cup Quarter\\-finals, Match 29 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=9 December 2018 \\| accessdate\\=9 December 2018}}\n\\| away \\= Scotland\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\\|4}} \n\\[\\[Rosko Specman]] {{try\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Werner Kok]] {{try\\|15}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{kick\\|4\\|8\\|15}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Sam Pecqueur]] {{try\\|7\\|11}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Gavin Lowe]] {{kick\\|8}}\n\\| stadium \\= Cape Town\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Matt Rodden]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Cup SF\n\\| date \\= 9 December 2018\n\\| time \\= 16:34\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 12–17\n\\| result \\= L\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1878/match\\#match\\-26812 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Cape Town, Cup Semi\\-finals, Match 39 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=9 December 2018 \\| accessdate\\=9 December 2018}}\n\\| away \\= Fiji\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|2}} \n\\[\\[Rosko Specman]] {{try\\|10}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{kick\\|10}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Vilimoni Botitu]] {{try\\|4}} \n\\[\\[Waisea Nacuqu]] {{try\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Alasio Naduva]] {{try\\|14}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Waisea Nacuqu]] {{kick\\|6}}\n\\| stadium \\= Cape Town\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[James Doleman]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Bronze F\n\\| date \\= 9 December 2018\n\\| time \\= 19:18\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 10–5\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1878/match\\#match\\-26817 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Cape Town, Bronze Final, Match 44 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=9 December 2018 \\| accessdate\\=9 December 2018}}\n\\| away \\= New Zealand\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Werner Kok]] {{try\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Dewald Human]] {{try\\|13}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Sione Molia]] {{try\\|2}}\n\\| stadium \\= Cape Town\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Matt Rodden]]\n}}",
"The player record for the tournament is:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1878/teams/2420 \\| title\\=Cape Town, South Africa 7s \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=9 December 2018}}",
"",
"| Player record |\n| --- |\n| No | Player | [SAM](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Samoa national rugby sevens team\") | [ZIM](/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Zimbabwe national rugby sevens team\") | [NZL](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team \"New Zealand national rugby sevens team\") | [SCO](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Scotland national rugby sevens team\") | [FJI](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Fiji national rugby sevens team\") | [NZL](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team \"New Zealand national rugby sevens team\") | Apps | Tries | Cons | Points |\n| 1 | [Impi Visser](/wiki/Impi_Visser \"Impi Visser\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 10 |\n| 2 | [Philip Snyman](/wiki/Philip_Snyman \"Philip Snyman\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | 3 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 3 | [Ryan Oosthuizen](/wiki/Ryan_Oosthuizen \"Ryan Oosthuizen\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 4 | [Zain Davids](/wiki/Zain_Davids \"Zain Davids\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{inj}} | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 5 | [Werner Kok](/wiki/Werner_Kok \"Werner Kok\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 3 | 0 | 15 |\n| 6 | [Kyle Brown](/wiki/Kyle_Brown_%28rugby_union%29 \"Kyle Brown (rugby union)\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 10 |\n| 7 | [Branco du Preez](/wiki/Branco_du_Preez \"Branco du Preez\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 1 | 7 |\n| 8 | [Rosko Specman](/wiki/Rosko_Specman \"Rosko Specman\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 4 | 0 | 20 |\n| 9 | [Justin Geduld](/wiki/Justin_Geduld \"Justin Geduld\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 3 | 11 | 37 |\n| 10 | [Dewald Human](/wiki/Dewald_Human \"Dewald Human\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | | | | {{ya}} | 3 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 11 | [Siviwe Soyizwapi](/wiki/Siviwe_Soyizwapi \"Siviwe Soyizwapi\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 4 | 0 | 20 |\n| 12 | [Muller du Plessis](/wiki/Muller_du_Plessis \"Muller du Plessis\") | {{ya}} | | | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 13 | [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids \"Selvyn Davids\") (reserve) | | | | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| Total | | | | | | | | 6 | 21 | 12 | 129 |\n| *Legend: [13px](/wiki/File:Green_check.svg \"Green check.svg\") indicates the player started the match, [13px](/wiki/File:Yellow_check.svg \"Yellow check.svg\") indicates the player came on as a replacement in the match and {{inj}} indicates a player was ruled out through injury.* |",
"{{col\\-end}}",
"{{col\\-begin\\|width\\=100%}}\n{{col\\-break\\|width\\=48%}}",
"### Hamilton Sevens",
"{{main\\|2019 New Zealand Sevens}}",
"The 2019 Hamilton Sevens took place from 26 to 27 January 2019\\. South Africa were drawn in Pool C of the competition, alongside [France](/wiki/France_national_rugby_sevens_team \"France national rugby sevens team\"), [Kenya](/wiki/Kenya_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Kenya national rugby sevens team\") and [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Scotland national rugby sevens team\"). They won all three matches in the pool stage to finish top of Pool C. They beat [Samoa](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Samoa national rugby sevens team\") in their Cup quarter final, but lost to [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Fiji national rugby sevens team\") in the semi\\-finals, and to [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team \"New Zealand national rugby sevens team\") in the bronze final to finish fourth in the tournament.",
"The Pool C log:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1879/pools \\| title\\=Hamilton, Pools \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=1 February 2019}}",
"",
"| **Pool C log** |\n| --- |\n| Pos | Team | P | W | D | L | PD | Pts |\n| 1 | South Africa | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | \\+50 | **9** |\n| 2 | Scotland | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | −5 | **7** |\n| 3 | Kenya | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | −24 | **5** |\n| 4 | France | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | −21 | **3** |",
"The matches played were:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1879/fixtures \\| title\\=Hamilton, Fixtures \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=1 February 2019}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool C\n\\| date \\= 26 January 2019\n\\| time \\= 10:22\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 29–10\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1879/match\\#match\\-26900 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Hamilton, Pool C, Match 2 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=26 January 2019 \\| accessdate\\=1 February 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Kenya\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Kyle Brown (rugby union)\\|Kyle Brown]] {{try\\|4}} \n\\[\\[Werner Kok]] {{try\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Zain Davids]] {{try\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\\|13}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|14}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Jacob Ojee]] {{try\\|2}} \n\\[\\[Cyprian Kuto]] {{try\\|11}}\n\\| stadium \\= Hamilton\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Matt Rodden]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool C\n\\| date \\= 26 January 2019\n\\| time \\= 14:10\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 17–5\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1879/match\\#match\\-26908 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Hamilton, Pool C, Match 10 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=26 January 2019 \\| accessdate\\=1 February 2019}}\n\\| away \\= France\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Werner Kok]] {{try\\|4}} \n\\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Philip Snyman]] {{try\\|13}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|13}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Samuel Alerte]] {{try\\|11}}\n\\| stadium \\= Hamilton\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\\|Richard Kelly]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool C\n\\| date \\= 26 January 2019\n\\| time \\= 18:22\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 26–7\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1879/match\\#match\\-26916 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Hamilton, Pool C, Match 18 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=26 January 2019 \\| accessdate\\=1 February 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Scotland\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|5\\|14}} \n\\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Werner Kok]] {{try\\|11}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|5}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|12\\|15}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Sam Pecqueur]] {{try\\|10}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Robbie Fergusson]] {{kick\\|10}}\n\\| stadium \\= Hamilton\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Jérémy Rozier]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Cup QF\n\\| date \\= 27 January 2019\n\\| time \\= 11:58\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 28–19\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1879/match\\#match\\-26928 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Hamilton, Cup Quarter\\-finals, Match 30 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=27 January 2019 \\| accessdate\\=1 February 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Samoa\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Chris Dry]] {{try\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Dewald Human]] {{try\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Werner Kok]] {{try\\|12}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\\|13}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|10\\|12\\|14}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[David Afamasaga]] {{try\\|5}} \n\\[\\[Alatasi Tupou]] {{try\\|10}} \n\\[\\[Danny Tusitala]] {{try\\|15}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Alatasi Tupou]] {{kick\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Danny Tusitala]] {{try\\|15}}\n\\| stadium \\= Hamilton\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[James Doleman]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Cup SF\n\\| date \\= 27 January 2019\n\\| time \\= 16:16\n\\| home \\= Fiji\n\\| score \\= 29–7\n\\| result \\= L\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1879/match\\#match\\-26937 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Hamilton, Cup Semi\\-finals, Match 39 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=27 January 2019 \\| accessdate\\=1 February 2019}}\n\\| away \\= South Africa\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Kalione Nasoko]] {{try\\|1}} \n\\[\\[Aminiasi Tuimaba]] {{try\\|5\\|14}} \n\\[\\[Vilimoni Botitu]] {{try\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Waisea Nacuqu]] {{try\\|10}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Waisea Nacuqu]] {{kick\\|2}} \n\\[\\[Vilimoni Botitu]] {{try\\|6}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\\|13}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|13}}\n\\| stadium \\= Hamilton\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\\|Richard Kelly]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Bronze F\n\\| date \\= 27 January 2019\n\\| time \\= 19:10\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 7–29\n\\| result \\= L\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1879/match\\#match\\-26942 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Hamilton, Bronze Final, Match 44 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=27 January 2019 \\| accessdate\\=1 February 2019}}\n\\| away \\= New Zealand\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|4}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|5}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Tone Ng Shiu]] {{try\\|6\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Tim Mikkelson]] {{try\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Joe Ravouvou]] {{try\\|12}} \n\\[\\[Sam Dickson (rugby union)\\|Sam Dickson]] {{try\\|14}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Andrew Knewstubb]] {{kick\\|6\\|9}}\n\\| stadium \\= Hamilton\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Sam Grove\\-White]]\n}}",
"The player record for the tournament is:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1879/teams/2420 \\| title\\=Hamilton, South Africa 7s \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=1 February 2019}}",
"",
"| Player record |\n| --- |\n| No | Player | [KEN](/wiki/Kenya_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Kenya national rugby sevens team\") | [FRA](/wiki/France_national_rugby_sevens_team \"France national rugby sevens team\") | [SCO](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Scotland national rugby sevens team\") | [SAM](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Samoa national rugby sevens team\") | [FJI](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Fiji national rugby sevens team\") | [NZL](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team \"New Zealand national rugby sevens team\") | Apps | Tries | Cons | Points |\n| 1 | [Chris Dry](/wiki/Chris_Dry \"Chris Dry\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 2 | [Philip Snyman](/wiki/Philip_Snyman \"Philip Snyman\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 3 | [Impi Visser](/wiki/Impi_Visser \"Impi Visser\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 4 | [Zain Davids](/wiki/Zain_Davids \"Zain Davids\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 5 | [Werner Kok](/wiki/Werner_Kok \"Werner Kok\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 4 | 0 | 20 |\n| 6 | [Kyle Brown](/wiki/Kyle_Brown_%28rugby_union%29 \"Kyle Brown (rugby union)\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 7 | [Branco du Preez](/wiki/Branco_du_Preez \"Branco du Preez\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | | 5 | 2 | 3 | 16 |\n| 8 | [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids \"Selvyn Davids\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 2 | 9 | 28 |\n| 9 | [Justin Geduld](/wiki/Justin_Geduld \"Justin Geduld\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 10 | [Dewald Human](/wiki/Dewald_Human \"Dewald Human\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 11 | [Siviwe Soyizwapi](/wiki/Siviwe_Soyizwapi \"Siviwe Soyizwapi\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 4 | 0 | 20 |\n| 12 | [Stedman Gans](/wiki/Stedman_Gans \"Stedman Gans\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 13 | [JC Pretorius](/wiki/JC_Pretorius \"JC Pretorius\") (reserve) | | | | | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| Total | | | | | | | | 6 | 18 | 12 | 114 |\n| *Legend: [13px](/wiki/File:Green_check.svg \"Green check.svg\") indicates the player started the match, [13px](/wiki/File:Yellow_check.svg \"Yellow check.svg\") indicates the player came on as a replacement in the match and {{inj}} indicates a player was ruled out through injury.* |",
"{{col\\-break\\|width\\=4%}}\n{{col\\-break\\|width\\=48%}}",
"### Sydney Sevens",
"{{main\\|2019 Sydney Sevens}}",
"The 2019 Sydney Sevens took place from 2 to 3 February 2019\\. South Africa were drawn in Pool D of the competition, alongside [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Argentina national rugby sevens team\"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Australia national rugby sevens team\") and [Tonga](/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Tonga national rugby sevens team\"). They beat Tonga and Argentina, and — despite losing their final match to Australia — finished top of Pool D. They lost to [England](/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team \"England national rugby sevens team\") in their Cup quarter final to drop into the 5th\\-place play\\-off. They beat [Spain](/wiki/Spain_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Spain national rugby sevens team\") in the semi\\-final of that competition and beat [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Australia national rugby sevens team\") in the final to finish fifth in the tournament.",
"The Pool D log:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1880/pools \\| title\\=Sydney, Pools \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=2 February 2019}}",
"",
"| **Pool D log** |\n| --- |\n| Pos | Team | P | W | D | L | PD | Pts |\n| 1 | South Africa | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \\+47 | **7** |\n| 2 | Australia | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \\+25 | **7** |\n| 3 | Argentina | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \\+22 | **7** |\n| 4 | Tonga | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | −94 | **3** |",
"The matches played were:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1880/fixtures \\| title\\=Sydney, Fixtures \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=2 February 2019}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool D\n\\| date \\= 2 February 2019\n\\| time \\= 10:50\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 45–5\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1880/match\\#match\\-26957 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Sydney, Pool D, Match 6 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=2 February 2019 \\| accessdate\\=2 February 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Tonga\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Werner Kok]] {{try\\|4\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|7\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\\|11\\|13}} \n\\[\\[Dewald Human]] {{try\\|15}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|4\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Dewald Human]] {{kick\\|11\\|13}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Fine Inisi]] {{try\\|2}}\n\\| stadium \\= Sydney\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Matt Rodden]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool D\n\\| date \\= 2 February 2019\n\\| time \\= 16:18\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 25–10\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1880/match\\#match\\-26965 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Sydney, Pool D, Match 14 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=2 February 2019 \\| accessdate\\=2 February 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Argentina\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|8\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\\|11}} \n\\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\\|14}} \n\\[\\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\\|15}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Renzo Barbier]] {{try\\|5}} \n\\[\\[Rodrigo Etchart]] {{try\\|12}}\n\\| stadium \\= Sydney\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Sam Grove\\-White]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool D\n\\| date \\= 2 February 2019\n\\| time \\= 20:23\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 21–29\n\\| result \\= L\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1880/match\\#match\\-26973 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Sydney, Pool D, Match 22 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=2 February 2019 \\| accessdate\\=2 February 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Australia\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\\|7\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\\|11}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|9\\|12}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Jeral Skelton]] {{try\\|2}} \n\\[\\[Lewis Holland]] {{try\\|3\\|4}} \n\\[\\[Josh Coward]] {{try\\|13}} \n\\[\\[Nick Malouf]] {{try\\|16}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[John Porch]] {{try\\|3}} \n\\[\\[Josh Coward]] {{try\\|14}}\n\\| stadium \\= Sydney\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Craig Evans (rugby referee)\\|Craig Evans]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Cup QF\n\\| date \\= 3 February 2019\n\\| time \\= 13:00\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 5–26\n\\| result \\= L\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1880/match\\#match\\-26982 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Sydney, Cup Quarter\\-finals, Match 31 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=3 February 2019 \\| accessdate\\=6 February 2019}}\n\\| away \\= England\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Zain Davids]] {{try\\|8}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Charlton Kerr]] {{try\\|3}} \n\\[\\[Tom Mitchell (rugby union, born 1989\\)\\|Tom Mitchell]] {{try\\|4}} \n\\[\\[Phil Burgess]] {{try\\|12}} \n\\[\\[Tom Bowen (rugby union)\\|Tom Bowen]] {{try\\|14}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Dan Bibby]] {{kick\\|3\\|5\\|13}}\n\\| stadium \\= Sydney\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\\|Richard Kelly]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= 5th SF\n\\| date \\= 3 February 2019\n\\| time \\= 15:54\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 33–0\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1880/match\\#match\\-26989 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Sydney, 5th Place Semi\\-final, Match 38 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=3 February 2019 \\| accessdate\\=6 February 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Spain\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\\|1\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|11\\|13}} \n\\[\\[Dewald Human]] {{try\\|15}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|2\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Dewald Human]] {{kick\\|13\\|15}}\n\\| stadium \\= Sydney\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Craig Evans (rugby referee)\\|Craig Evans]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= 5th F\n\\| date \\= 3 February 2019\n\\| time \\= 20:07\n\\| home \\= Australia\n\\| score \\= 10–12\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1880/match\\#match\\-26994 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Sydney, 5th Place Play Off, Match 43 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=3 February 2019 \\| accessdate\\=6 February 2019}}\n\\| away \\= South Africa\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[John Porch]] {{try\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Nick Malouf]] {{try\\|11}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\\|2}} \n\\[\\[Kyle Brown (rugby union)\\|Kyle Brown]] {{try\\|14}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{kick\\|2}}\n\\| stadium \\= Sydney\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Richard Haughton]]\n}}",
"The player record for the tournament is:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1880/teams/2420 \\| title\\=Sydney, South Africa 7s \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=2 February 2019}}",
"",
"| Player record |\n| --- |\n| No | Player | [TGA](/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Tonga national rugby sevens team\") | [ARG](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Argentina national rugby sevens team\") | [AUS](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Australia national rugby sevens team\") | [ENG](/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team \"England national rugby sevens team\") | [ESP](/wiki/Spain_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Spain national rugby sevens team\") | [AUS](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Australia national rugby sevens team\") | Apps | Tries | Cons | Points |\n| 1 | [Chris Dry](/wiki/Chris_Dry \"Chris Dry\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 2 | [Philip Snyman](/wiki/Philip_Snyman \"Philip Snyman\") | | | | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 3 | [Impi Visser](/wiki/Impi_Visser \"Impi Visser\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 4 | [Zain Davids](/wiki/Zain_Davids \"Zain Davids\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 5 | [Werner Kok](/wiki/Werner_Kok \"Werner Kok\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 10 |\n| 6 | [JC Pretorius](/wiki/JC_Pretorius \"JC Pretorius\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 7 | [Branco du Preez](/wiki/Branco_du_Preez \"Branco du Preez\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 0 | 3 | 6 |\n| 8 | [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids \"Selvyn Davids\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 4 | 5 | 30 |\n| 9 | [Justin Geduld](/wiki/Justin_Geduld \"Justin Geduld\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 3 | 1 | 17 |\n| 10 | [Dewald Human](/wiki/Dewald_Human \"Dewald Human\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 2 | 4 | 18 |\n| 11 | [Siviwe Soyizwapi](/wiki/Siviwe_Soyizwapi \"Siviwe Soyizwapi\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 6 | 0 | 30 |\n| 12 | [Stedman Gans](/wiki/Stedman_Gans \"Stedman Gans\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 4 | 0 | 20 |\n| 13 | [Kyle Brown](/wiki/Kyle_Brown_%28rugby_union%29 \"Kyle Brown (rugby union)\") (reserve) | | | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 3 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| Total | | | | | | | | 6 | 23 | 13 | 141 |\n| *Legend: [13px](/wiki/File:Green_check.svg \"Green check.svg\") indicates the player started the match, [13px](/wiki/File:Yellow_check.svg \"Yellow check.svg\") indicates the player came on as a replacement in the match and {{inj}} indicates a player was ruled out through injury.* |",
"{{col\\-end}}",
"{{col\\-begin\\|width\\=100%}}\n{{col\\-break\\|width\\=48%}}",
"### Las Vegas Sevens",
"{{main\\|2019 USA Sevens}}",
"The 2019 Las Vegas Sevens took place from 1 to 3 March 2019\\. South Africa were drawn in Pool C of the competition, alongside [Chile](/wiki/Chile_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Chile national rugby sevens team\"), [England](/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team \"England national rugby sevens team\") and [Japan](/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Japan national rugby sevens team\"). They beat Japan and England and drew against Chile to finish top of Pool C. They lost to the [United States](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team \"United States national rugby sevens team\") in their Cup quarter final to drop into the 5th\\-place play\\-off. They lost to [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Fiji national rugby sevens team\") in the semi\\-final of that competition to finish seventh/eighth in the tournament.",
"The Pool C log:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1881/pools \\| title\\=Las Vegas, Pools \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}",
"",
"| **Pool C log** |\n| --- |\n| Pos | Team | P | W | D | L | PD | Pts |\n| 1 | South Africa | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | \\+43 | **8** |\n| 2 | England | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \\+24 | **7** |\n| 3 | Japan | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | −33 | **5** |\n| 4 | Chile | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | −34 | **4** |",
"The matches played were:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1881/fixtures \\| title\\=Las Vegas, Fixtures \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool C\n\\| date \\= 1 March 2019\n\\| time \\= 17:12\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 26–0\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1881/match\\#match\\-27003 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Las Vegas, Pool C, Match 7 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=1 March 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Japan\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Impi Visser]] {{try\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\\|12}} \n\\[\\[Mfundo Ndhlovu]] {{try\\|15}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|12\\|15}}\n\\| stadium \\= Las Vegas\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Francisco González (rugby referee)\\|Francisco González]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool C\n\\| date \\= 1 March 2019\n\\| time \\= 20:13\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 5–5\n\\| result \\= D\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1881/match\\#match\\-27011 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Las Vegas, Pool C, Match 15 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=1 March 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Chile\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\\|4}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Benjamin De Vidts]] {{try\\|11}}\n\\| stadium \\= Las Vegas\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Paulo Duarte (rugby referee)\\|Paulo Duarte]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool C\n\\| date \\= 2 March 2019\n\\| time \\= 14:10\n\\| home \\= England\n\\| score \\= 12–29\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1881/match\\#match\\-27020 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Las Vegas, Pool C, Match 24 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=2 March 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= South Africa\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Tom Bowen (rugby union)\\|Tom Bowen]] {{try\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Charlton Kerr]] {{try\\|13}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[William Edwards (rugby)\\|William Edwards]] {{kick\\|14}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Philip Snyman]] {{try\\|2}} \n\\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\\|9}} \n\\[\\[JC Pretorius]] {{try\\|11}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\\|15}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|10}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|15}}\n\\| stadium \\= Las Vegas\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\\|Richard Kelly]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Cup QF\n\\| date \\= 2 March 2019\n\\| time \\= 18:10\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 10–29\n\\| result \\= L\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1881/match\\#match\\-27026 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Las Vegas, Cup Quarter\\-finals, Match 30 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=2 March 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= United States\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[JC Pretorius]] {{try\\|13}} \n\\[\\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\\|15}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Danny Barrett (rugby union)\\|Danny Barrett]] {{try\\|2}} \n\\[\\[Stephen Tomasin]] {{try\\|4}} \n\\[\\[Martin Iosefo]] {{try\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Carlin Isles]] {{try\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Matai Leuta]] {{try\\|10}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Madison Hughes]] {{kick\\|5\\|7}}\n\\| stadium \\= Las Vegas\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\\|Richard Kelly]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= 5th SF\n\\| date \\= 3 March 2019\n\\| time \\= 12:28\n\\| home \\= Fiji\n\\| score \\= 14–12\n\\| result \\= L\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1881/match\\#match\\-27033 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Las Vegas, 5th Place Semi\\-final, Match 37 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=3 March 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= South Africa\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Josua Vakurunabili]] {{try\\|1}} \n\\[\\[Kalione Nasoko]] {{try\\|7}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Vilimoni Botitu]] {{kick\\|2\\|8}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Ryan Oosthuizen]] {{try\\|4}} \n\\[\\[JC Pretorius]] {{try\\|11}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|11}}\n\\| stadium \\= Las Vegas\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Jérémy Rozier]]\n}}",
"The player record for the tournament is:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1881/teams/2420 \\| title\\=Las Vegas, South Africa 7s \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}",
"",
"| Player record |\n| --- |\n| No | Player | [JPN](/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Japan national rugby sevens team\") | [CHL](/wiki/Chile_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Chile national rugby sevens team\") | [ENG](/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team \"England national rugby sevens team\") | [USA](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team \"United States national rugby sevens team\") | [FJI](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Fiji national rugby sevens team\") | | Apps | Tries | Cons | Points |\n| 1 | [Ryan Oosthuizen](/wiki/Ryan_Oosthuizen \"Ryan Oosthuizen\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 2 | [Philip Snyman](/wiki/Philip_Snyman \"Philip Snyman\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 3 | [Impi Visser](/wiki/Impi_Visser \"Impi Visser\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 4 | [Sako Makata](/wiki/Sako_Makata \"Sako Makata\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 5 | [Werner Kok](/wiki/Werner_Kok \"Werner Kok\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 6 | [JC Pretorius](/wiki/JC_Pretorius \"JC Pretorius\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 3 | 0 | 15 |\n| 7 | [Branco du Preez](/wiki/Branco_du_Preez \"Branco du Preez\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 2 | 2 | 14 |\n| 8 | [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids \"Selvyn Davids\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 2 | 4 | 18 |\n| 9 | [Justin Geduld](/wiki/Justin_Geduld \"Justin Geduld\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 10 | [Stedman Gans](/wiki/Stedman_Gans \"Stedman Gans\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 11 | [Siviwe Soyizwapi](/wiki/Siviwe_Soyizwapi \"Siviwe Soyizwapi\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 12 | [Mfundo Ndhlovu](/wiki/Mfundo_Ndhlovu \"Mfundo Ndhlovu\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{inj}} | {{n/a}} | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 13 | [Muller du Plessis](/wiki/Muller_du_Plessis \"Muller du Plessis\") (reserve) | | | | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| Total | | | | | | | | 5 | 14 | 6 | 82 |\n| *Legend: [13px](/wiki/File:Green_check.svg \"Green check.svg\") indicates the player started the match, [13px](/wiki/File:Yellow_check.svg \"Yellow check.svg\") indicates the player came on as a replacement in the match and {{inj}} indicates a player was ruled out through injury.* |",
"{{col\\-break\\|width\\=4%}}\n{{col\\-break\\|width\\=48%}}",
"### Vancouver Sevens",
"The 2019 Vancouver Sevens took place from 9 to 10 March 2019\\. South Africa were drawn in Pool A of the competition, alongside [Chile](/wiki/Chile_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Chile national rugby sevens team\"), the [United States](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team \"United States national rugby sevens team\") and [Wales](/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Wales national rugby sevens team\"). They beat Chile, Wales and the United States to finish top of Pool A. They beat [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Argentina national rugby sevens team\") in their Cup quarter final, [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Fiji national rugby sevens team\") in their Cup semi\\-final and [France](/wiki/France_national_rugby_sevens_team \"France national rugby sevens team\") in the final to win the tournament.",
"The Pool A log:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1882/pools \\| title\\=Vancouver, Pools \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}",
"",
"| **Pool A log** |\n| --- |\n| Pos | Team | P | W | D | L | PD | Pts |\n| 1 | South Africa | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | \\+64 | **9** |\n| 2 | United States | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \\+28 | **7** |\n| 3 | Wales | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | −28 | **5** |\n| 4 | Chile | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | −64 | **3** |",
"The matches played were:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1882/fixtures \\| title\\=Vancouver, Fixtures \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool A\n\\| date \\= 9 March 2019\n\\| time \\= 11:23\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 43–0\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1881/match\\#match\\-27003 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Vancouver, Pool A, Match 7 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=9 March 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Chile\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[JC Pretorius]] {{try\\|1\\|12}} \n\\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|2\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\\|5\\|10}} \n\\[\\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\\|15}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|1\\|5\\|6\\|13}}\n\\| stadium \\= Vancouver\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Craig Evans (rugby referee)\\|Craig Evans]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool A\n\\| date \\= 9 March 2019\n\\| time \\= 14:52\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 19–10\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1882/match\\#match\\-27168 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Vancouver, Pool A, Match 15 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=9 March 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Wales\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Philip Snyman]] {{try\\|4}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\\|7}} \n\\[\\[JC Pretorius]] {{try\\|9}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|8\\|10}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Ben Cambriani]] {{try\\|1}} \n\\[\\[Ben Roach]] {{try\\|13}}\n\\| stadium \\= Vancouver\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Jordan Way]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool A\n\\| date \\= 9 March 2019\n\\| time \\= 18:46\n\\| home \\= United States\n\\| score \\= 7–19\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1882/match\\#match\\-27177 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Vancouver, Pool A, Match 24 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=9 March 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= South Africa\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Stephen Tomasin]] {{try\\|11}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Madison Hughes]] {{kick\\|12}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[JC Pretorius]] {{try\\|2\\|13}} \n\\[\\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\\|5}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|2\\|6}}\n\\| stadium \\= Vancouver\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\\|Richard Kelly]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Cup QF\n\\| date \\= 10 March 2019\n\\| time \\= 11:08\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 33–12\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1882/match\\#match\\-27182 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Vancouver, Cup Quarter\\-finals, Match 29 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=10 March 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Argentina\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\\|2}} \n\\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|7\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\\|11}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|3\\|8\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|12}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Fernando Luna (rugby union)\\|Fernando Luna]] {{try\\|1}} \n\\[\\[Francisco Ulloa (rugby union)\\|Francisco Ulloa]] {{try\\|14}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Santiago Mare]] {{kick\\|1}}\n\\| stadium \\= Vancouver\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\\|Richard Kelly]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Cup SF\n\\| date \\= 10 March 2019\n\\| time \\= 15:08\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 31–12\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1882/match\\#match\\-27192 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Vancouver, Cup Semi\\-finals, Match 39 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=10 March 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Fiji\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\\|10}} \n\\[\\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\\|12\\|14}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|7\\|8\\|13}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Aminiasi Tuimaba]] {{try\\|4}} \n\\[\\[Jerry Tuwai]] {{try\\|15}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Terio Veilawa]] {{kick\\|16}}\n\\| stadium \\= Vancouver\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\\|Richard Kelly]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Cup F\n\\| date \\= 10 March 2019\n\\| time \\= 18:19\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 21–12\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1882/match\\#match\\-27198 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Vancouver, Cup Final, Match 45 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=10 March 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= France\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Impi Visser]] {{try\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Werner Kok]] {{try\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\\|10}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|7\\|9\\|11}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Pierre Gilles Lakafia]] {{try\\|3}} \n\\[\\[Stephen Parez]] {{try\\|10}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Jean\\-Pascal Barraque]] {{kick\\|10}}\n\\| stadium \\= Vancouver\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Craig Evans (rugby referee)\\|Craig Evans]]\n}}",
"The player record for the tournament is:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1882/teams/2420 \\| title\\=Vancouver, South Africa 7s \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}",
"",
"| Player record |\n| --- |\n| No | Player | [CHL](/wiki/Chile_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Chile national rugby sevens team\") | [WAL](/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Wales national rugby sevens team\") | [USA](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team \"United States national rugby sevens team\") | [ARG](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Argentina national rugby sevens team\") | [FJI](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Fiji national rugby sevens team\") | [FRA](/wiki/France_national_rugby_sevens_team \"France national rugby sevens team\") | Apps | Tries | Cons | Points |\n| 1 | [Zain Davids](/wiki/Zain_Davids \"Zain Davids\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 2 | [Philip Snyman](/wiki/Philip_Snyman \"Philip Snyman\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 3 | [Impi Visser](/wiki/Impi_Visser \"Impi Visser\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 4 | [Sako Makata](/wiki/Sako_Makata \"Sako Makata\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 5 | [Werner Kok](/wiki/Werner_Kok \"Werner Kok\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 6 | [JC Pretorius](/wiki/JC_Pretorius \"JC Pretorius\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 5 | 0 | 25 |\n| 7 | [Branco du Preez](/wiki/Branco_du_Preez \"Branco du Preez\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 0 | 1 | 2 |\n| 8 | [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids \"Selvyn Davids\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 5 | 17 | 59 |\n| 9 | [Justin Geduld](/wiki/Justin_Geduld \"Justin Geduld\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 10 |\n| 10 | [Stedman Gans](/wiki/Stedman_Gans \"Stedman Gans\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 3 | 0 | 15 |\n| 11 | [Siviwe Soyizwapi](/wiki/Siviwe_Soyizwapi \"Siviwe Soyizwapi\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 4 | 0 | 20 |\n| 12 | [Muller du Plessis](/wiki/Muller_du_Plessis \"Muller du Plessis\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 4 | 0 | 20 |\n| 13 | [Kurt\\-Lee Arendse](/wiki/Kurt-Lee_Arendse \"Kurt-Lee Arendse\") (reserve) | | | | | {{MaybeCheck}} | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| Total | | | | | | | | 6 | 26 | 18 | 166 |\n| *Legend: [13px](/wiki/File:Green_check.svg \"Green check.svg\") indicates the player started the match, [13px](/wiki/File:Yellow_check.svg \"Yellow check.svg\") indicates the player came on as a replacement in the match and {{inj}} indicates a player was ruled out through injury.* |",
"{{col\\-end}}",
"{{col\\-begin\\|width\\=100%}}\n{{col\\-break\\|width\\=48%}}",
"### Hong Kong Sevens",
"{{main\\|2019 Hong Kong Sevens}}",
"The 2019 Hong Kong Sevens took place from 5 to 7 April 2019\\. South Africa were drawn in Pool A of the competition, alongside [Japan](/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Japan national rugby sevens team\"), [Samoa](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Samoa national rugby sevens team\") and [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Scotland national rugby sevens team\"). They beat all three teams to finish top of Pool A. They lost to the [United States](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team \"United States national rugby sevens team\") in their Cup quarter final to drop into the 5th\\-place play\\-off. They lost to [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Argentina national rugby sevens team\") in the semi\\-final of that competition to finish seventh/eighth in the tournament.",
"The Pool A log:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1883/pools \\| title\\=Hong Kong, Pools \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}",
"",
"| **Pool A log** |\n| --- |\n| Pos | Team | P | W | D | L | PD | Pts |\n| 1 | South Africa | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | \\+45 | **9** |\n| 2 | Samoa | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | \\+6 | **7** |\n| 3 | Scotland | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | −12 | **5** |\n| 4 | Japan | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | −39 | **3** |",
"The matches played were:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1883/fixtures \\| title\\=Hong Kong, Fixtures \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool A\n\\| date \\= 5 April 2019\n\\| time \\= 18:06\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 22–7\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1883/match\\#match\\-27201 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Hong Kong, Pool A, Match 2 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=5 April 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Japan\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Werner Kok]] {{try\\|3\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\\|10}} \n\\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|12}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|9}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Siosifa Lisala]] {{try\\|1}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Katsuyuki Sakai]] {{kick\\|2}}\n\\| stadium \\= Hong Kong\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Paulo Duarte (rugby referee)\\|Paulo Duarte]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool A\n\\| date \\= 6 April 2019\n\\| time \\= 11:41\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 26–10\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1883/match\\#match\\-27209 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Hong Kong, Pool A, Match 10 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=6 April 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Scotland\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Ryan Oosthuizen]] {{try\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\\|11}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{kick\\|10}} \n\\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|11}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Jamie Farndale]] {{try\\|13}} \n\\[\\[Tom Brown (rugby union)\\|Tom Brown]] {{kick\\|14}}\n\\| stadium \\= Hong Kong\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\\|Richard Kelly]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool A\n\\| date \\= 6 April 2019\n\\| time \\= 15:22\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 21–7\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1883/match\\#match\\-27217 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Hong Kong, Pool A, Match 18 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=6 April 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Samoa\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Impi Visser]] {{try\\|4}} \n\\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Werner Kok]] {{try\\|12}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|5\\|10}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|12}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Tomasi Alosio]] {{try\\|15}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Murphy Paulo]] {{kick\\|16}}\n\\| stadium \\= Hong Kong\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[James Doleman]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Cup QF\n\\| date \\= 7 April 2019\n\\| time \\= 10:58\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 12–21\n\\| result \\= L\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1883/match\\#match\\-27228 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Hong Kong, Cup Quarter\\-finals, Match 29 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=7 April 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= United States\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Impi Visser]] {{try\\|2\\|8}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|2}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Carlin Isles]] {{try\\|4\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Ben Pinkelman]] {{try\\|10}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Madison Hughes]] {{kick\\|5\\|9\\|11}}\n\\| stadium \\= Hong Kong\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[James Doleman]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= 5th SF\n\\| date \\= 7 April 2019\n\\| time \\= 14:55\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 17–19\n\\| result \\= L\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1883/match\\#match\\-27236 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Hong Kong, 5th Place Semi\\-final, Match 37 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=7 April 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Argentina\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|2}} \n\\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\\|5}} \n\\[\\[Kurt\\-Lee Arendse]] {{try\\|9}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|5}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Santiago Álvarez (rugby union)\\|Santiago Álvarez]] {{try\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Lautaro Bazan Velez]] {{try\\|13}} \n\\[\\[Matías Osadczuk]] {{try\\|14}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Santiago Mare]] {{kick\\|8\\|14}}\n\\| stadium \\= Hong Kong\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Craig Evans (rugby referee)\\|Craig Evans]]\n}}",
"The player record for the tournament is:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1883/teams/2420 \\| title\\=Hong Kong, South Africa 7s \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}",
"",
"| Player record |\n| --- |\n| No | Player | [JPN](/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Japan national rugby sevens team\") | [SCO](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Scotland national rugby sevens team\") | [SAM](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Samoa national rugby sevens team\") | [USA](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team \"United States national rugby sevens team\") | [ARG](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Argentina national rugby sevens team\") | | Apps | Tries | Cons | Points |\n| 1 | [Chris Dry](/wiki/Chris_Dry \"Chris Dry\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 2 | [Sako Makata](/wiki/Sako_Makata \"Sako Makata\") | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 3 | [Impi Visser](/wiki/Impi_Visser \"Impi Visser\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{inj}} | {{n/a}} | 4 | 3 | 0 | 15 |\n| 4 | [Ryan Oosthuizen](/wiki/Ryan_Oosthuizen \"Ryan Oosthuizen\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 5 | [Werner Kok](/wiki/Werner_Kok \"Werner Kok\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 3 | 0 | 15 |\n| 6 | [Kurt\\-Lee Arendse](/wiki/Kurt-Lee_Arendse \"Kurt-Lee Arendse\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 7 | [Branco du Preez](/wiki/Branco_du_Preez \"Branco du Preez\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 2 | 4 | 18 |\n| 8 | [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids \"Selvyn Davids\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 4 | 13 |\n| 9 | [Justin Geduld](/wiki/Justin_Geduld \"Justin Geduld\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 2 | 1 | 12 |\n| 10 | [Stedman Gans](/wiki/Stedman_Gans \"Stedman Gans\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 11 | [Siviwe Soyizwapi](/wiki/Siviwe_Soyizwapi \"Siviwe Soyizwapi\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 2 | 0 | 10 |\n| 12 | [Angelo Davids](/wiki/Angelo_Davids \"Angelo Davids\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 13 | [James Murphy](/wiki/James_Murphy_%28rugby_union%29 \"James Murphy (rugby union)\") (reserve) | | | | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| Total | | | | | | | | 5 | 16 | 9 | 98 |\n| *Legend: [13px](/wiki/File:Green_check.svg \"Green check.svg\") indicates the player started the match, [13px](/wiki/File:Yellow_check.svg \"Yellow check.svg\") indicates the player came on as a replacement in the match and {{inj}} indicates a player was ruled out through injury.* |",
"{{col\\-break\\|width\\=4%}}\n{{col\\-break\\|width\\=48%}}",
"### Singapore Sevens",
"{{main\\|2019 Singapore Sevens}}",
"The 2019 Singapore Sevens took place from 13 to 14 April 2019\\. South Africa were drawn in Pool A of the competition, alongside [Canada](/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Canada national rugby sevens team\"), [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Fiji national rugby sevens team\") and [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Scotland national rugby sevens team\"). They beat all three sides to finish top of Pool A. They beat [Samoa](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Samoa national rugby sevens team\") in their Cup quarter final, the [United States](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team \"United States national rugby sevens team\") in their Cup semi\\-final and [Fiji](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Fiji national rugby sevens team\") in the final to win the tournament.",
"The Pool A log:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1884/pools \\| title\\=Singapore, Pools \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}",
"",
"| **Pool A log** |\n| --- |\n| Pos | Team | P | W | D | L | PD | Pts |\n| 1 | South Africa | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | \\+72 | **9** |\n| 2 | Fiji | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | \\+21 | **5** |\n| 3 | Scotland | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | −42 | **5** |\n| 4 | Canada | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | −51 | **5** |",
"The matches played were:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1884/fixtures \\| title\\=Singapore, Fixtures \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool A\n\\| date \\= 13 April 2019\n\\| time \\= 12:14\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 36–10\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1884/match\\#match\\-27364 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Singapore, Pool A, Match 7 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=13 March 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Scotland\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\\|4}} \n\\[\\[Werner Kok]] {{try\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Impi Visser]] {{try\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|10\\|12}} \n\\[\\[Angelo Davids]] {{try\\|13}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|6\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|10}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Max McFarland]] {{try\\|2\\|8}}\n\\| stadium \\= Singapore\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\\|Richard Kelly]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool A\n\\| date \\= 13 April 2019\n\\| time \\= 15:40\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 36–0\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1884/match\\#match\\-27372 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Singapore, Pool A, Match 15 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=13 April 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Canada\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\\|5}} \n\\[\\[Ryan Oosthuizen]] {{try\\|10}} \n\\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Kurt\\-Lee Arendse]] {{try\\|10\\|12}} \n\\[\\[Sako Makata]] {{try\\|11}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|10}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|12\\|13}}\n\\| stadium \\= Singapore\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Craig Evans (rugby referee)\\|Craig Evans]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool A\n\\| date \\= 13 April 2019\n\\| time \\= 19:28\n\\| home \\= Fiji\n\\| score \\= 7–17\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1884/match\\#match\\-27381 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Singapore, Pool A, Match 24 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=13 April 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= South Africa\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Livai Ikanikoda]] {{try\\|10}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Vilimoni Botitu]] {{kick\\|10}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Kurt\\-Lee Arendse]] {{try\\|11}} \n\\[\\[Werner Kok]] {{try\\|13}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|12}}\n\\| stadium \\= Singapore\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[James Doleman]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Cup QF\n\\| date \\= 14 April 2019\n\\| time \\= 11:30\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 21–12\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1884/match\\#match\\-27386 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Singapore, Cup Quarter\\-finals, Match 29 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=14 April 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Samoa\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Impi Visser]] {{try\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\\|11}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|10\\|12}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Melani Matavao]] {{try\\|3\\|5}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Tila Mealoi]] {{kick\\|5}}\n\\| stadium \\= Singapore\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[James Doleman]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Cup SF\n\\| date \\= 14 April 2019\n\\| time \\= 15:50\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 24–12\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1884/match\\#match\\-27396 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Singapore, Cup Semi\\-finals, Match 39 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=14 April 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= United States\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|1}} \n\\[\\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\\|5}} \n\\[\\[Impi Visser]] {{try\\|11}} \n\\[\\[Try (rugby)\\|penalty try]] {{try\\|14}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|2}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Stephen Tomasin]] {{try\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Joe Schroeder]] {{try\\|14}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Madison Hughes]] {{kick\\|15}}\n\\| stadium \\= Singapore\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Craig Evans (rugby referee)\\|Craig Evans]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Cup F\n\\| date \\= 14 April 2019\n\\| time \\= 19:00\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 20–19\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1884/match\\#match\\-27402 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Singapore, Cup Final, Match 45 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=14 April 2019 \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Fiji\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Kurt\\-Lee Arendse]] {{try\\|10}} \n\\[\\[Angelo Davids]] {{try\\|11}} \n\\[\\[Ryan Oosthuizen]] {{try\\|12}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|12}}\n\\| pen1 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|14}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Aminiasi Tuimaba]] {{try\\|2}} \n\\[\\[Napolioni Bolaca]] {{try\\|5}} \n\\[\\[Vilimoni Botitu]] {{try\\|7}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Napolioni Bolaca]] {{kick\\|3\\|7}}\n\\| stadium \\= Singapore\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\\|Richard Kelly]]\n}}",
"The player record for the tournament is:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1884/teams/2420 \\| title\\=Singapore, South Africa 7s \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=19 April 2019}}",
"",
"| Player record |\n| --- |\n| No | Player | [SCO](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Scotland national rugby sevens team\") | [CAN](/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Canada national rugby sevens team\") | [FJI](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Fiji national rugby sevens team\") | [SAM](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Samoa national rugby sevens team\") | [USA](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team \"United States national rugby sevens team\") | [FJI](/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Fiji national rugby sevens team\") | Apps | Tries | Cons | Pens | Points |\n| 1 | [Chris Dry](/wiki/Chris_Dry \"Chris Dry\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 2 | [Sako Makata](/wiki/Sako_Makata \"Sako Makata\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | | | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 |\n| 3 | [Impi Visser](/wiki/Impi_Visser \"Impi Visser\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 15 |\n| 4 | [Ryan Oosthuizen](/wiki/Ryan_Oosthuizen \"Ryan Oosthuizen\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 10 |\n| 5 | [Werner Kok](/wiki/Werner_Kok \"Werner Kok\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 10 |\n| 6 | [Kurt\\-Lee Arendse](/wiki/Kurt-Lee_Arendse \"Kurt-Lee Arendse\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 20 |\n| 7 | [Branco du Preez](/wiki/Branco_du_Preez \"Branco du Preez\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 15 |\n| 8 | [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids \"Selvyn Davids\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 22 |\n| 9 | [Justin Geduld](/wiki/Justin_Geduld \"Justin Geduld\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 10 |\n| 10 | [Stedman Gans](/wiki/Stedman_Gans \"Stedman Gans\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 10 |\n| 11 | [Siviwe Soyizwapi](/wiki/Siviwe_Soyizwapi \"Siviwe Soyizwapi\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{inj}} | 5 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 20 |\n| 12 | [Angelo Davids](/wiki/Angelo_Davids \"Angelo Davids\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 10 |\n| 13 | [James Murphy](/wiki/James_Murphy_%28rugby_union%29 \"James Murphy (rugby union)\") (reserve) | | | | | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| | [penalty try](/wiki/Try_%28rugby%29 \"Try (rugby)\") | | | | | | | — | 1 | — | — | 7 |\n| Total | | | | | | | | 6 | 25 | 12 | 1 | 154 |\n| *Legend: [13px](/wiki/File:Green_check.svg \"Green check.svg\") indicates the player started the match, [13px](/wiki/File:Yellow_check.svg \"Yellow check.svg\") indicates the player came on as a replacement in the match and {{inj}} indicates a player was ruled out through injury.* |",
"{{col\\-end}}",
"{{col\\-begin\\|width\\=100%}}\n{{col\\-break\\|width\\=48%}}",
"### London Sevens",
"{{main\\|2019 London Sevens}}",
"The 2019 London Sevens took place from 25 to 26 May 2019\\. South Africa were drawn in Pool A of the competition, alongside [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Argentina national rugby sevens team\"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Canada national rugby sevens team\") and [Japan](/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Japan national rugby sevens team\"). They beat all three teams to finish top of Pool A. They lost to [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Australia national rugby sevens team\") in their Cup quarter final to drop into the 5th\\-place play\\-off. They lost to [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team \"New Zealand national rugby sevens team\") in the semi\\-final of that competition to finish seventh/eighth in the tournament.",
"The Pool A log:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1885/pools \\| title\\=London, Pools \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=26 May 2019}}",
"",
"| **Pool A log** |\n| --- |\n| Pos | Team | P | W | D | L | PD | Pts |\n| 1 | South Africa | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | \\+99 | **9** |\n| 2 | Canada | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | −10 | **7** |\n| 3 | Argentina | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | \\+8 | **5** |\n| 4 | Japan | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | −97 | **3** |",
"The matches played were:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1885/fixtures \\| title\\=London, Fixtures \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=26 May 2019}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool A\n\\| date \\= 25 May 2019\n\\| time \\= 11:20\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 49–0\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1885/match\\#match\\-27444 \\| title\\=Match Centre: London, Pool A, Match 6 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=25 May 2019 \\| accessdate\\=26 May 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Japan\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Kurt\\-Lee Arendse]] {{try\\|2\\|13}} \n\\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\\|4}} \n\\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\\|5}} \n\\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\\|10}} \n\\[\\[Sako Makata]] {{try\\|15}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|3\\|4\\|6\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|10\\|13\\|16}}\n\\| stadium \\= London\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Tevita Rokovereni]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool A\n\\| date \\= 25 May 2019\n\\| time \\= 14:26\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 45–14\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1885/match\\#match\\-27452 \\| title\\=Match Centre: London, Pool A, Match 14 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=25 May 2019 \\| accessdate\\=26 May 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Canada\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Werner Kok]] {{try\\|1\\|11}} \n\\[\\[Kurt\\-Lee Arendse]] {{try\\|5}} \n\\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|8}} \n\\[\\[JC Pretorius]] {{try\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Impi Visser]] {{try\\|14}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{try\\|15}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|2\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|10\\|14\\|15}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Matt Mullins (rugby union)\\|Matt Mullins]] {{try\\|4}} \n\\[\\[Luke McCloskey]] {{try\\|7}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Nathan Hirayama]] {{kick\\|4\\|8}}\n\\| stadium \\= London\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Sam Grove\\-White]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool A\n\\| date \\= 25 May 2019\n\\| time \\= 17:32\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 40–21\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1885/match\\#match\\-27460 \\| title\\=Match Centre: London, Pool A, Match 22 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=25 May 2019 \\| accessdate\\=26 May 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Argentina\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|3\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Kurt\\-Lee Arendse]] {{try\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\\|10}} \n\\[\\[Werner Kok]] {{try\\|14}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|4\\|6\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|9\\|15}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Germán Schulz]] {{try\\|5}} \n\\[\\[Franco Sábato]] {{try\\|12\\|13}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Lautaro Bazan Velez]] {{kick\\|5}} \n\\[\\[Gastón Revol]] {{kick\\|12}} \n\\[\\[Francisco Ulloa (rugby union)\\|Francisco Ulloa]] {{kick\\|13}}\n\\| stadium \\= London\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Paulo Duarte (rugby referee)\\|Paulo Duarte]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Cup QF\n\\| date \\= 26 May 2019\n\\| time \\= 10:58\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 22–29\n\\| result \\= L\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1885/match\\#match\\-27467 \\| title\\=Match Centre: London, Cup Quarter\\-finals, Match 29 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=26 May 2019 \\| accessdate\\=3 August 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Australia\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|5}} \n\\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\\|14}} \n\\[\\[JC Pretorius]] {{try\\|15}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|6}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Henry Hutchison]] {{try\\|1\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Joe Pincus]] {{try\\|3}} \n\\[\\[Matt Hood]] {{try\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Ben O'Donnell]] {{try\\|10}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Lewis Holland]] {{kick\\|1}} \n\\[\\[Josh Coward]] {{kick\\|9}}\n\\| stadium \\= London\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Sam Grove\\-White]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= 5th SF\n\\| date \\= 26 May 2019\n\\| time \\= 14:04\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 17–21\n\\| result \\= L\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1885/match\\#match\\-27475 \\| title\\=Match Centre: London, 5th Place Semi\\-final, Match 37 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=26 May 2019 \\| accessdate\\=3 August 2019}}\n\\| away \\= New Zealand\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\\|4\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Stedman Gans]] {{try\\|13}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Selvyn Davids]] {{kick\\|13}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Sione Molia]] {{try\\|2}} \n\\[\\[Andrew Knewstubb]] {{try\\|10}} \n\\[\\[Tim Mikkelson]] {{try\\|15}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Vilimoni Koroi]] {{kick\\|3}} \n\\[\\[Andrew Knewstubb]] {{kick\\|10}} \n\\[\\[Tim Mikkelson]] {{kick\\|15}}\n\\| stadium \\= London\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Jérémy Rozier]]\n}}",
"The player record for the tournament is:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1885/teams/2420 \\| title\\=London, South Africa 7s \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=26 May 2019}}",
"",
"| Player record |\n| --- |\n| No | Player | [JPN](/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Japan national rugby sevens team\") | [CAN](/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Canada national rugby sevens team\") | [ARG](/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Argentina national rugby sevens team\") | [AUS](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Australia national rugby sevens team\") | [NZL](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team \"New Zealand national rugby sevens team\") | | Apps | Tries | Cons | Points |\n| 1 | [Ryan Oosthuizen](/wiki/Ryan_Oosthuizen \"Ryan Oosthuizen\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 2 | [Sako Makata](/wiki/Sako_Makata \"Sako Makata\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 3 | [Impi Visser](/wiki/Impi_Visser \"Impi Visser\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 4 | [Kurt\\-Lee Arendse](/wiki/Kurt-Lee_Arendse \"Kurt-Lee Arendse\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{inj}} | {{n/a}} | 4 | 4 | 0 | 20 |\n| 5 | [Werner Kok](/wiki/Werner_Kok \"Werner Kok\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 3 | 0 | 15 |\n| 6 | [JC Pretorius](/wiki/JC_Pretorius \"JC Pretorius\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 2 | 0 | 10 |\n| 7 | [Branco du Preez](/wiki/Branco_du_Preez \"Branco du Preez\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 1 | 10 | 25 |\n| 8 | [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids \"Selvyn Davids\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 2 | 9 | 28 |\n| 9 | [Justin Geduld](/wiki/Justin_Geduld \"Justin Geduld\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 2 | 0 | 10 |\n| 10 | [Stedman Gans](/wiki/Stedman_Gans \"Stedman Gans\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 2 | 0 | 10 |\n| 11 | [Siviwe Soyizwapi](/wiki/Siviwe_Soyizwapi \"Siviwe Soyizwapi\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 5 | 0 | 25 |\n| 12 | [Muller du Plessis](/wiki/Muller_du_Plessis \"Muller du Plessis\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 5 | 4 | 0 | 20 |\n| 13 | [Philip Snyman](/wiki/Philip_Snyman \"Philip Snyman\") (reserve) | | | | | {{ya}} | {{n/a}} | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| Total | | | | | | | | 5 | 27 | 19 | 173 |\n| *Legend: [13px](/wiki/File:Green_check.svg \"Green check.svg\") indicates the player started the match, [13px](/wiki/File:Yellow_check.svg \"Yellow check.svg\") indicates the player came on as a replacement in the match and {{inj}} indicates a player was ruled out through injury.* |",
"{{col\\-break\\|width\\=4%}}\n{{col\\-break\\|width\\=48%}}",
"### Paris Sevens",
"{{main\\|2019 Paris Sevens}}",
"The 2019 Paris Sevens took place from 1 to 2 June 2019\\. South Africa were drawn in Pool B of the competition, alongside [Australia](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Australia national rugby sevens team\"), [Kenya](/wiki/Kenya_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Kenya national rugby sevens team\") and [Wales](/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Wales national rugby sevens team\"). They beat all three sides to finish top of Pool B. They beat [Samoa](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Samoa national rugby sevens team\") in their Cup quarter final, but lost to [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team \"New Zealand national rugby sevens team\") in their Cup semi\\-final. They finished in third place after beating the [United States](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team \"United States national rugby sevens team\") in the bronze final.",
"The Pool B log:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1886/pools \\| title\\=Paris, Pools \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=3 August 2019}}",
"",
"| **Pool B log** |\n| --- |\n| Pos | Team | P | W | D | L | PD | Pts |\n| 1 | South Africa | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | \\+34 | **9** |\n| 2 | Kenya | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −12 | **6** |\n| 3 | Wales | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | −3 | **5** |\n| 4 | Australia | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | −19 | **4** |",
"The matches played were:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1886/fixtures \\| title\\=Paris, Fixtures \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=3 August 2019}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool B\n\\| date \\= 1 June 2019\n\\| time \\= 11:44\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 22–7\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1886/match\\#match\\-27546 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Paris, Pool B, Match 3 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=1 June 2019 \\| accessdate\\=3 August 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Wales\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Cecil Afrika]] {{try\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\\|10}} \n\\[\\[Mfundo Ndhlovu]] {{try\\|14}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|7}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Joe Goodchild]] {{try\\|12}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Ethan Davies]] {{kick\\|12}}\n\\| stadium \\= Paris\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Tevita Rokovereni]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool B\n\\| date \\= 1 June 2019\n\\| time \\= 15:10\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 29–12\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1886/match\\#match\\-27554 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Paris, Pool B, Match 11 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=1 June 2019 \\| accessdate\\=3 August 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Kenya\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\\|2\\|10}} \n\\[\\[Siviwe Soyizwapi]] {{try\\|4}} \n\\[\\[Impi Visser]] {{try\\|12}} \n\\[\\[Mfundo Ndhlovu]] {{try\\|13}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Dewald Human]] {{kick\\|12\\|13}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Jacob Ojee]] {{try\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Andrew Amonde]] {{try\\|9}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Michael Wanjala]] {{kick\\|10}}\n\\| stadium \\= Paris\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Paulo Duarte (rugby referee)\\|Paulo Duarte]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Pool B\n\\| date \\= 1 June 2019\n\\| time \\= 18:58\n\\| home \\= Australia\n\\| score \\= 17–19\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1886/match\\#match\\-27563 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Paris, Pool B, Match 20 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=1 June 2019 \\| accessdate\\=3 August 2019}}\n\\| away \\= South Africa\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Matt Hood]] {{try\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Maurice Longbottom]] {{try\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Will Maddocks]] {{try\\|13}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Lewis Holland]] {{kick\\|13}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\\|1}} \n\\[\\[JC Pretorius]] {{try\\|3}} \n\\[\\[Impi Visser]] {{try\\|10}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|1\\|3}}\n\\| stadium \\= Paris\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Richard Kelly (rugby referee)\\|Richard Kelly]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Cup QF\n\\| date \\= 2 June 2019\n\\| time \\= 12:34\n\\| home \\= South Africa\n\\| score \\= 40–7\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1886/match\\#match\\-27575 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Paris, Cup Quarter\\-finals, Match 32 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=2 June 2019 \\| accessdate\\=3 August 2019}}\n\\| away \\= Samoa\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Justin Geduld]] {{try\\|2\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{try\\|3}} \n\\[\\[Werner Kok]] {{try\\|5}} \n\\[\\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\\|8}} \n\\[\\[Philip Snyman]] {{try\\|14}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Branco du Preez]] {{kick\\|3\\|6\\|8\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Dewald Human]] {{kick\\|14}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Alamanda Motuga]] {{try\\|16}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Paulo Toilolo Fanuasa]] {{kick\\|17}}\n\\| stadium \\= Paris\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Sam Grove\\-White]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Cup SF\n\\| date \\= 2 June 2019\n\\| time \\= 15:45\n\\| home \\= New Zealand\n\\| score \\= 33–7\n\\| result \\= L\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1886/match\\#match\\-27583 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Paris, Cup Semi\\-finals, Match 40 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=2 June 2019 \\| accessdate\\=3 August 2019}}\n\\| away \\= South Africa\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Regan Ware]] {{try\\|2\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Jona Nareki]] {{try\\|7}} \n\\[\\[Andrew Knewstubb]] {{try\\|12}} \n\\[\\[Amanaki Nicole]] {{try\\|14}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Andrew Knewstubb]] {{kick\\|3\\|6\\|7\\|12}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Cecil Afrika]] {{try\\|10}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Dewald Human]] {{kick\\|10}}\n\\| stadium \\= Paris\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Jérémy Rozier]]\n}}",
"{{rugbybox collapsible\n\\| note \\= Bronze F\n\\| date \\= 2 June 2019\n\\| time \\= 18:08\n\\| home \\= United States\n\\| score \\= 7–24\n\\| result \\= W\n\\| report \\= Scoreboard{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1886/match\\#match\\-27587 \\| title\\=Match Centre: Paris, Bronze Final, Match 44 \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| date\\=2 June 2019 \\| accessdate\\=3 August 2019}}\n\\| away \\= South Africa\n\\| try1 \\= \\[\\[Perry Baker]] {{try\\|3}}\n\\| con1 \\= \\[\\[Madison Hughes]] {{kick\\|3}}\n\\| try2 \\= \\[\\[Muller du Plessis]] {{try\\|6\\|14}} \n\\[\\[Ryan Oosthuizen]] {{try\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Philip Snyman]] {{try\\|11}}\n\\| con2 \\= \\[\\[Dewald Human]] {{kick\\|9\\|14}}\n\\| stadium \\= Paris\n\\| attendance \\= \n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Jordan Way]]\n}}",
"The player record for the tournament is:{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.world.rugby/sevens\\-series/stage/1886/teams/2420 \\| title\\=Paris, South Africa 7s \\| work\\=World Rugby \\| accessdate\\=3 August 2019}}",
"",
"| Player record |\n| --- |\n| No | Player | [WAL](/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Wales national rugby sevens team\") | [KEN](/wiki/Kenya_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Kenya national rugby sevens team\") | [AUS](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Australia national rugby sevens team\") | [SAM](/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team \"Samoa national rugby sevens team\") | [NZL](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team \"New Zealand national rugby sevens team\") | [USA](/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team \"United States national rugby sevens team\") | Apps | Tries | Cons | Points |\n| 1 | [Ryan Oosthuizen](/wiki/Ryan_Oosthuizen \"Ryan Oosthuizen\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 2 | [Sako Makata](/wiki/Sako_Makata \"Sako Makata\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 3 | [Impi Visser](/wiki/Impi_Visser \"Impi Visser\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{inj}} | 5 | 2 | 0 | 10 |\n| 4 | [Mfundo Ndhlovu](/wiki/Mfundo_Ndhlovu \"Mfundo Ndhlovu\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | {{inj}} | 3 | 2 | 0 | 10 |\n| 5 | [Werner Kok](/wiki/Werner_Kok \"Werner Kok\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 6 | [JC Pretorius](/wiki/JC_Pretorius \"JC Pretorius\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 7 | [Branco du Preez](/wiki/Branco_du_Preez \"Branco du Preez\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 2 | 7 | 24 |\n| 8 | [Dewald Human](/wiki/Dewald_Human \"Dewald Human\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 0 | 6 | 12 |\n| 9 | [Justin Geduld](/wiki/Justin_Geduld \"Justin Geduld\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 6 | 3 | 0 | 15 |\n| 10 | [Cecil Afrika](/wiki/Cecil_Afrika \"Cecil Afrika\") | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 2 | 0 | 10 |\n| 11 | [Siviwe Soyizwapi](/wiki/Siviwe_Soyizwapi \"Siviwe Soyizwapi\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |\n| 12 | [Muller du Plessis](/wiki/Muller_du_Plessis \"Muller du Plessis\") | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | {{ya}} | 6 | 6 | 0 | 30 |\n| 13 | [Philip Snyman](/wiki/Philip_Snyman \"Philip Snyman\") (reserve) | | | | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | {{MaybeCheck}} | 3 | 2 | 0 | 10 |\n| Total | | | | | | | | 6 | 23 | 13 | 141 |\n| *Legend: [13px](/wiki/File:Green_check.svg \"Green check.svg\") indicates the player started the match, [13px](/wiki/File:Yellow_check.svg \"Yellow check.svg\") indicates the player came on as a replacement in the match and {{inj}} indicates a player was ruled out through injury.* |",
"{{col\\-end}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
Blondie Bumstead forms a civilian defense group, Housewives of America, by persuading her housewife neighbors to join. But the forming of the group creates trouble in her own household.
Blondie's husband, Dagwood, isn't happy with coming home every night finding a note saying that his wife is at a meeting with the housewives. And her son, Baby, is left on his own all the time. The family dog, Daisy, roams freely around the house with no one to look after it. The household is falling apart, and the same goes for all the other households in the neighborhood. The other husbands are experiencing very similar situations. they blame Blondie for all this, since she is the one who started the Housewives of America. They go to Dagwood and demand that he acts to put an end to the commotion, and get his wife to dissolve the group entirely.
In another different turn of events, Dagwood's boss, J.C. Dithers, has been thrown out of his home, which is to be used by a delegation of soldiers visiting the area. Dithers flees the scene and takes up camp at a nearby hotel, and comes visiting Dagwood in his home. When Dithers is at the Bumstead house, a soldier from the delegation by the name of Herschel Smith comes to look for his host. Seeing the soldier and aware of Dagwood's predicament, Dithers comes up with a plan to disband the Housewives of America once and for all. He urges Dagwood to borrow the soldier's uniform, and go to the camp where the women's group are staying overnight on a training mission. Dagwood is to inform Blondie that he has enlisted in the army.
When Dagwood arrives to the camp all the women are already gone, except for Blondie. The women was scared off by an odd\-looking man who was sneaking around the camp, believing that he indeed was a spy, trying to perform an act of sabotage on the nearby dam. Seeing Dagwood in his dashing uniform overwhelms Blondie and makes her realize that her rightful place is in her home, as support of her brave husband going off to war.
Sitting in his underwear at Dagwood's house, Herschel gets the message that he is to report back to active duty. He gets desperate to get his uniform back right away and sets out in search of Dagwood. Herschel arrives at the Housewives of America camp just as Blondie is about to renounce her membership in the group. Following behind him are Dithers and two M.P.s, who are looking for their AWOL soldier.
The M.P.s mistake Dagwood for their lost soldier and begin to chase him, as he runs for the woods and up the mountainside. Running toward the dam, Dagwood catches sight of a little suspicious looking man, climbing up the dam with a parcel under his arm. Dagwood assumes the parcel contains a bomb, and that the man is about to blow up the dam. He starts chasing the man to stop the sabotage, forgetting about his own predicament for a moment. He catches up and struggles with the man for control over the parcel. Just when he gains control over the package, Blondie, Dithers and the two soldiers arrive at the scene.
When they open the package, it turns out it only contained some rationed sugar that the man tried to stow away. However, the soldiers are so impressed by Dagwood's heroics that they forgive him his unlawful wearing of a military uniform. Dagwood returns to his home with his wife and isn't bothered anymore by the Housewives of America.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/69078/Blondie\-for\-Victory/\|title\=''Blondie for Victory'' (1942\) \- Overview\|publisher\=\[\[Turner Classic Movies]]\|access\-date\=March 13, 2020}}
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Blondie Bumstead forms a civilian defense group, Housewives of America, by persuading her housewife neighbors to join. But the forming of the group creates trouble in her own household.",
"Blondie's husband, Dagwood, isn't happy with coming home every night finding a note saying that his wife is at a meeting with the housewives. And her son, Baby, is left on his own all the time. The family dog, Daisy, roams freely around the house with no one to look after it. The household is falling apart, and the same goes for all the other households in the neighborhood. The other husbands are experiencing very similar situations. they blame Blondie for all this, since she is the one who started the Housewives of America. They go to Dagwood and demand that he acts to put an end to the commotion, and get his wife to dissolve the group entirely.",
"In another different turn of events, Dagwood's boss, J.C. Dithers, has been thrown out of his home, which is to be used by a delegation of soldiers visiting the area. Dithers flees the scene and takes up camp at a nearby hotel, and comes visiting Dagwood in his home. When Dithers is at the Bumstead house, a soldier from the delegation by the name of Herschel Smith comes to look for his host. Seeing the soldier and aware of Dagwood's predicament, Dithers comes up with a plan to disband the Housewives of America once and for all. He urges Dagwood to borrow the soldier's uniform, and go to the camp where the women's group are staying overnight on a training mission. Dagwood is to inform Blondie that he has enlisted in the army.",
"When Dagwood arrives to the camp all the women are already gone, except for Blondie. The women was scared off by an odd\\-looking man who was sneaking around the camp, believing that he indeed was a spy, trying to perform an act of sabotage on the nearby dam. Seeing Dagwood in his dashing uniform overwhelms Blondie and makes her realize that her rightful place is in her home, as support of her brave husband going off to war.",
"Sitting in his underwear at Dagwood's house, Herschel gets the message that he is to report back to active duty. He gets desperate to get his uniform back right away and sets out in search of Dagwood. Herschel arrives at the Housewives of America camp just as Blondie is about to renounce her membership in the group. Following behind him are Dithers and two M.P.s, who are looking for their AWOL soldier.",
"The M.P.s mistake Dagwood for their lost soldier and begin to chase him, as he runs for the woods and up the mountainside. Running toward the dam, Dagwood catches sight of a little suspicious looking man, climbing up the dam with a parcel under his arm. Dagwood assumes the parcel contains a bomb, and that the man is about to blow up the dam. He starts chasing the man to stop the sabotage, forgetting about his own predicament for a moment. He catches up and struggles with the man for control over the parcel. Just when he gains control over the package, Blondie, Dithers and the two soldiers arrive at the scene.",
"When they open the package, it turns out it only contained some rationed sugar that the man tried to stow away. However, the soldiers are so impressed by Dagwood's heroics that they forgive him his unlawful wearing of a military uniform. Dagwood returns to his home with his wife and isn't bothered anymore by the Housewives of America.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/69078/Blondie\\-for\\-Victory/\\|title\\=''Blondie for Victory'' (1942\\) \\- Overview\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Turner Classic Movies]]\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2020}}",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|HP 9000 model J6000 system board](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-J6000-Workstation-SystemBoard-A5990-60010_43.jpg "HP-HP9000-J6000-Workstation-SystemBoard-A5990-60010 43.jpg")
The first HP 9000 models comprised the HP 9000 Series 200 and Series 500 ranges. These were rebadged existing models, the Series 200 including various [Motorola](/wiki/Motorola "Motorola") [68000](/wiki/Motorola_68000 "Motorola 68000") (68k) based workstations such as the HP 9826 and HP 9836, and the Series 500 using HP's [FOCUS](/wiki/HP_FOCUS "HP FOCUS") [microprocessor](/wiki/Microprocessor "Microprocessor") architecture introduced in the HP 9020 workstation. These were followed by the HP 9000 Series 300 and Series 400 workstations which also used 68k\-series microprocessors. From the mid\-1980s onward, HP began changing to its own microprocessors based on its proprietary [PA\-RISC](/wiki/PA-RISC "PA-RISC") [instruction set architecture](/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture "Instruction set architecture") (ISA), for the Series 600, 700, 800, and later lines. More recent models use either the PA\-RISC or its successor, the HP–Intel [IA\-64](/wiki/IA-64 "IA-64") ISA.
All of the HP 9000 line run various versions of the [HP\-UX](/wiki/HP-UX "HP-UX") [operating system](/wiki/Operating_system "Operating system"), except earlier Series 200 models, which ran standalone applications or the Basic Workstation / Pascal 3\.1 Workstation{{cite web\|url\=https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers\_hp9000pascal3\.1WorkstationVol1May85\_22442341/98615\-90022\_Pascal3\.1\_Workstation\_Vol1\_May85\#page/n1/mode/2up\|title\=HP Pascal 3\.1 Workstation system manual\|work\=archive.org\|date\=May 1985\|publisher\=\[\[Hewlett\-Packard]]\|access\-date\=20 July 2013}} operating systems. HP released the Series 400, also known as the Apollo 400, after acquiring [Apollo Computer](/wiki/Apollo_Computer "Apollo Computer") in 1989\. These models had the ability to run either HP\-UX or Apollo's [Domain/OS](/wiki/Domain/OS "Domain/OS").
From the early 1990s onward, HP replaced the HP 9000 *Series* numbers with an alphabetical *Class* nomenclature. In 2001, HP again changed the naming scheme for their HP 9000 servers. The A\-class systems were renamed as the rp2400s, the L\-class became the rp5400s, and the N\-class the rp7400s. The *rp* prefix signified a PA\-RISC architecture, while *rx* was used for IA\-64\-based systems, later rebranded [HPE Integrity Servers](/wiki/HPE_Integrity_Servers "HPE Integrity Servers").
In 2003, HP launched the xw series, which uses x86 processors and runs [Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_library_files "Microsoft Windows library files"). The xw series remained until 2009 when it was replaced by HP Z.
On 30 April 2008, HP announced end of sales for the PA\-RISC\-based HP 9000\. The last order date for PA\-RISC\-based HP 9000 systems was 31 December 2008 and the last ship date was 1 April 2009\. The last order date for new HP 9000 PA\-RISC options was December 31, 2009, with a last ship date of 1 April 2010\. HP intends to support these systems through to 2013, with possible extensions.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hp.com/products1/evolution/9000/eol\_announcement.html\|title\=HP 9000 End of Sale Announcements\|work\=www.hp.com\|publisher\=\[\[Hewlett\-Packard]]\|access\-date\=10 February 2010}}
The end of life for HP 9000 also marks the end of an era, as it essentially marks HP's withdrawal from the Unix workstation market (the HP 9000 workstations are end of life, and there are no HP Integrity workstations, so there is no longer a solution which targets HP/UX at the desktop). When the move from PA\-RISC (9000\) to Itanium (Integrity) was announced, Integrity workstations running either HP/UX or Windows were initially announced and offered, but were moved to end of sales life relatively quickly, with no replacement (arguably because x86\-64 made IA\-64 uncompetitive on the desktop, and HP/UX does not support x86\-64, with HP offering desktop Linux as an alternative, not fully compatible, solution).
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|HP 9000 model J6000 system board](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-J6000-Workstation-SystemBoard-A5990-60010_43.jpg \"HP-HP9000-J6000-Workstation-SystemBoard-A5990-60010 43.jpg\")",
"The first HP 9000 models comprised the HP 9000 Series 200 and Series 500 ranges. These were rebadged existing models, the Series 200 including various [Motorola](/wiki/Motorola \"Motorola\") [68000](/wiki/Motorola_68000 \"Motorola 68000\") (68k) based workstations such as the HP 9826 and HP 9836, and the Series 500 using HP's [FOCUS](/wiki/HP_FOCUS \"HP FOCUS\") [microprocessor](/wiki/Microprocessor \"Microprocessor\") architecture introduced in the HP 9020 workstation. These were followed by the HP 9000 Series 300 and Series 400 workstations which also used 68k\\-series microprocessors. From the mid\\-1980s onward, HP began changing to its own microprocessors based on its proprietary [PA\\-RISC](/wiki/PA-RISC \"PA-RISC\") [instruction set architecture](/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture \"Instruction set architecture\") (ISA), for the Series 600, 700, 800, and later lines. More recent models use either the PA\\-RISC or its successor, the HP–Intel [IA\\-64](/wiki/IA-64 \"IA-64\") ISA.",
"All of the HP 9000 line run various versions of the [HP\\-UX](/wiki/HP-UX \"HP-UX\") [operating system](/wiki/Operating_system \"Operating system\"), except earlier Series 200 models, which ran standalone applications or the Basic Workstation / Pascal 3\\.1 Workstation{{cite web\\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers\\_hp9000pascal3\\.1WorkstationVol1May85\\_22442341/98615\\-90022\\_Pascal3\\.1\\_Workstation\\_Vol1\\_May85\\#page/n1/mode/2up\\|title\\=HP Pascal 3\\.1 Workstation system manual\\|work\\=archive.org\\|date\\=May 1985\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hewlett\\-Packard]]\\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2013}} operating systems. HP released the Series 400, also known as the Apollo 400, after acquiring [Apollo Computer](/wiki/Apollo_Computer \"Apollo Computer\") in 1989\\. These models had the ability to run either HP\\-UX or Apollo's [Domain/OS](/wiki/Domain/OS \"Domain/OS\").",
"From the early 1990s onward, HP replaced the HP 9000 *Series* numbers with an alphabetical *Class* nomenclature. In 2001, HP again changed the naming scheme for their HP 9000 servers. The A\\-class systems were renamed as the rp2400s, the L\\-class became the rp5400s, and the N\\-class the rp7400s. The *rp* prefix signified a PA\\-RISC architecture, while *rx* was used for IA\\-64\\-based systems, later rebranded [HPE Integrity Servers](/wiki/HPE_Integrity_Servers \"HPE Integrity Servers\").",
"In 2003, HP launched the xw series, which uses x86 processors and runs [Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_library_files \"Microsoft Windows library files\"). The xw series remained until 2009 when it was replaced by HP Z.",
"On 30 April 2008, HP announced end of sales for the PA\\-RISC\\-based HP 9000\\. The last order date for PA\\-RISC\\-based HP 9000 systems was 31 December 2008 and the last ship date was 1 April 2009\\. The last order date for new HP 9000 PA\\-RISC options was December 31, 2009, with a last ship date of 1 April 2010\\. HP intends to support these systems through to 2013, with possible extensions.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hp.com/products1/evolution/9000/eol\\_announcement.html\\|title\\=HP 9000 End of Sale Announcements\\|work\\=www.hp.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hewlett\\-Packard]]\\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2010}}",
"The end of life for HP 9000 also marks the end of an era, as it essentially marks HP's withdrawal from the Unix workstation market (the HP 9000 workstations are end of life, and there are no HP Integrity workstations, so there is no longer a solution which targets HP/UX at the desktop). When the move from PA\\-RISC (9000\\) to Itanium (Integrity) was announced, Integrity workstations running either HP/UX or Windows were initially announced and offered, but were moved to end of sales life relatively quickly, with no replacement (arguably because x86\\-64 made IA\\-64 uncompetitive on the desktop, and HP/UX does not support x86\\-64, with HP offering desktop Linux as an alternative, not fully compatible, solution).",
""
] |
Workstation models
------------------
Prior to January 1985 (see also [HP 9800 series](/wiki/HP_9800_series "HP 9800 series")):
* *Series 200*{{snd}} 16 (HP 9816\), 20 (HP 9920\), 26 (HP 9826\), 36 (HP 9836\)
* *Series 500*{{snd}} 20 (HP 9020\), 30 (HP 9030\), 40 (HP 9040\)
After 1985:
* *Series 200*{{snd}} 216 (HP 9816\), 217 (HP 9817\), 220 (HP 9920\), 226 (HP 9826\), 236 (HP 9836\), 237 (HP 9837\)
* *Series 300*{{snd}} 310, 318, 319, 320, 322, 330, 332, 340, 345, 350, 360, 362, 370, 375, 380, 382, 385
* *Series 400 (HP Apollo 9000 Series 400\)*{{snd}} 400dl, 400s, 400t, 425dl, 425e, 425s, 425t, 433dl, 433s, 433t
* *Series 500*{{snd}} 520 (HP 9020\), 530 (HP 9030\), 540 (HP 9040\), 550, 560
* *Series 600*{{snd}} 635SV, 645SV
* *Series 700*{{snd}} 705, 710, 712, 715, 720, 725, 730, 735, 742, 743, 744, 745, 747, 748, 750, 755
* *B\-class*{{snd}} B132L, B160L, B132L\+, B180L, B1000, B2000, B2600
* *C\-class*{{snd}} C100, C110, C132L, C160, C160L, C180, C180L, C180XP, C200, C240, C360, C3000, C3600, C3650, C3700, C3750, C8000
* *J\-class*{{snd}} J200, J210, J210XC, J280, J282, J2240, J5000, J5600, J6000, J6700, J6750, J7000
### Series 200
[thumb\|1 MBit Magnetic [bubble memory](/wiki/Bubble_memory "Bubble memory") board from early HP 9000/200 series computer](/wiki/File:HP_bubble_memory_board_%28crop%29.jpg "HP bubble memory board (crop).jpg")
The Series 200 workstations originated before there were any "Series" at HP. The first model was the HP 9826A, followed by the HP 9836A. Later, a color version of the 9836 (9836C) was introduced. There was also a rack\-mount version, the HP 9920A. These were all based on the [Motorola 68000](/wiki/Motorola_68000 "Motorola 68000") chip. There were 'S' versions of the models that included memory bundled in. When HP\-UX was included as an OS, there was a 'U' version of the 9836s and 9920 that used the [68012](/wiki/68012 "68012") processor. The model numbers included the letter 'U' (9836U, 9836CU, and 9920U). Later versions of the Series 200's included the 9816, 9817, and 9837\. These systems were soon renamed as the HP Series 200 line, before being renamed again as part HP 9000 family, the HP 9000 Series 200\.
There was also a "portable" version of the Series 200 called the [Integral](/wiki/HP_Integral_PC "HP Integral PC"). The official model was the HP9807\. This machine was about the size of a portable sewing machine, contained a MC68000 processor, ROM based HP\-UX, 3½ inch [floppy disk](/wiki/Floppy_disk "Floppy disk") drive, inkjet printer, a keyboard, mouse, and an electroluminescent display similar to the early GRiD Compass computers. It was not battery powered, and unlike the other Series 200's that were manufactured in [Fort Collins, Colorado](/wiki/Fort_Collins%2C_Colorado "Fort Collins, Colorado"), it was made in [Corvallis, Oregon](/wiki/Corvallis%2C_Oregon "Corvallis, Oregon").
### Series 300/400
[thumb\|HP 9000 model 425 running [HP\-UX](/wiki/HP-UX "HP-UX") and [Visual User Environment](/wiki/Visual_User_Environment "Visual User Environment") (VUE)](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-425e-Workstation_02.jpg "HP-HP9000-425e-Workstation 02.jpg")
[thumb\|HP 9000 model 425 running [HP\-UX](/wiki/HP-UX "HP-UX") and [VUE](/wiki/Visual_User_Environment "Visual User Environment")](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-425-Workstation_26.jpg "HP-HP9000-425-Workstation 26.jpg")
The Series 300 workstations were based around Motorola 68000\-series processors, ranging from the [68010](/wiki/68010 "68010") (Model 310, introduced 1985{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.hpmuseum.net/display\_item.php?hw\=120\|title \= HP Computer Museum}}) to the [Motorola 68040](/wiki/Motorola_68040 "Motorola 68040") (Model 38x, introduced 1991{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.hpmuseum.net/display\_item.php?hw\=206\|title \= HP Computer Museum}}). The Series 400 (introduced 1990{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.hpmuseum.net/exhibit.php?class\=1\&cat\=41\|title \= HP Computer Museum}}) were intended to supersede the [Apollo/Domain](/wiki/Apollo/Domain "Apollo/Domain") workstations and were also based on the 68030/040\. They were branded "HP Apollo" and added Apollo [Domain/OS](/wiki/Domain/OS "Domain/OS") compatibility. The suffix 's' and 't' used on the Series 400 represented "Side" (as in Desk side) and "Top" (as in Desk top) model. The last two digits of the Series 400 originally was the clock frequency of the processor in MHz (e.g. 433 was 33 MHz). At introduction, the Series 400 had a socket for the MC68040, but since they were not available at the time, an emulator card with an MC68030 and additional circuitry was installed. Customers who purchased systems were given a guaranteed upgrade price of $5,000USD to the MC68040, when they became available. The Series 300 and 400 shared the same I/O interface as the Series 200\. The 32\-bit DIO\-II bus is rated at 6 MB/s.[Service Handbook. HP 9000 Series 300 Computers. Model 332](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/hp/9000_300/98572-90039_Series_300_Model_332_Service_Handbook_Feb89.pdf). February, 1989\. HP Part Number 98572\-90039
### Series 500
The Series 500s were based on the [HP FOCUS](/wiki/HP_FOCUS "HP FOCUS") microprocessor. They began as the HP 9020, HP 9030, and HP 9040, were renamed the HP Series 500 Model 20, 30, and 40 shortly after introduction, and later renamed again as the HP 9000 Model 520, 530 and 540\. The 520 was a complete workstation with built\-in keyboard, display, 5\.25\-inch floppy disk, and optional thermal printer and 5 MB hard disk. The 520 could run [BASIC](/wiki/BASIC "BASIC") or HP\-UX and there were three different models based on the displays attached (two color and one monochrome). The 530 was a [rackmount](/wiki/Rackmount "Rackmount") version of the Series 500, could only run HP\-UX, and used a serial interface console. The 540 was a 530 mounted inside a cabinet, similar to the disk drives offered then and included a serial [multiplexer](/wiki/Multiplexer "Multiplexer") (MUX). Later models of the Series 500s were the 550 and 560, which had a completely different chassis and could be connected to graphics processors. The processors in the original Series 500s ran at 20 MHz, and could reach a benchmark speed of 1 million [instructions per second](/wiki/Instructions_per_second "Instructions per second") (MIPS), equivalent to a [VAX\-11](/wiki/VAX-11 "VAX-11")/780, then a common benchmark standard. They could be networked together and with 200 and 300 series using the Shared Resource Manager (SRM).
Because of their performance, the US government placed the 500 series on its export restricted list. The computers were only permitted to be sold in Western Europe, [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"), and [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"), with any other country needing written approval.
### Series 700
[thumb\|HP 9000 model 735 running the [Common Desktop Environment](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment "Common Desktop Environment") (CDE) login manager](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-735-125-Workstation_24.jpg "HP-HP9000-735-125-Workstation 24.jpg")
[thumb\|HP 9000 model 735 running [HP\-UX](/wiki/HP-UX "HP-UX") with [CDE](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment "Common Desktop Environment")](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-735-99-Workstation_02.jpg "HP-HP9000-735-99-Workstation 02.jpg")
[thumb\|HP 9000 model 715](/wiki/File:Hp9000_715.jpg "Hp9000 715.jpg")
[thumb\|HP 9000 model 712 running [HP\-UX](/wiki/HP-UX "HP-UX") with [CDE](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment "Common Desktop Environment")](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-712-60-Workstation_62.jpg "HP-HP9000-712-60-Workstation 62.jpg")
The first workstations in the series, the Model 720, Model 730 and Model 750 systems were introduced on 26 March 1991 and were code\-named "Snakes". The models used the PA\-7000 microprocessor, with the Model 720 using a 50 MHz version and the Model 730 and Model 750 using a 66 MHz version. The PA\-7000 is provided with 128 KB of instruction cache on the Model 720 and 730 and 256 KB on the Model 750\. All models are provided with 256 KB of data cache. The Model 720 and Model 730 supported 16 to 64 MB of memory, while the Model 750 supported up to 192 MB. Onboard SCSI was provided by an [NCR](/wiki/NCR_Corporation "NCR Corporation") 53C700 SCSI controller. These systems could use both 2D and 3D graphics options, with 2D options being the greyscale GRX and the color CRX. 3D options were the Personal VRX and the Turbo GRX."Hewlett\-Packard Unleashes Its RS/6000 Killers".
In early January 1992, HP introduced the Model 705, code\-named "Bushmaster Snake", and the Model 710, code\-named "Bushmaster Junior". Both systems are low\-end diskless workstations, with the Model 705 using a 32 MHz PA\-7000 and the Model 710 using a 50 MHz version. At introduction, the Model 705 was priced at under US$5,000, and the Model 710 under US$10,000\."Hewlett Packard Announcements".
The first Series 700 workstations were superseded by the Model 715/33, 715/50, 725/50 low\-end workstations and the Model 735/99, 735/125, 755/99 and 755/125 high\-end workstations on 10 November 1992\."MPower Multimedia Software Accompanies New HP 9000 700s". The existing Model 715 and Model 725 were later updated with the introduction of the Model 715/75 and 725/75 in September 1993\. The new models used a 75 MHz [PA\-7100](/wiki/PA-7100 "PA-7100")."...Adds New Workstations, Industrial UNIX Packages".
Increasing integration led to the introduction of the Model 712/60 and Model 712/80i workstations on 18 January 1994\."Hewlett\-Packard 712/60 Station Offers Stunning Spec For $4,000" Code\-named "Gecko", these models were intended to compete with entry\-level workstations from [Sun Microsystems](/wiki/Sun_Microsystems "Sun Microsystems") and high\-end personal computers."Hewlett\-Packard Fuels Drive To Low\-End UNIX, Invades Sun's Commercial Ground". They used the [PA\-7100LC](/wiki/PA-7100LC "PA-7100LC") microprocessor operating at 60 and 80 MHz, respectively. The Model 712/80i was an integer only model, with the floating point\-unit disabled. Both supported 16 to 128 MB of memory."Hewlett\-Packard's Gecko Line, Due Later This Month, To Feature Precision Architecture RISC 7100LC".
The Model 715/64, 715/80, 715/100 and 725/100 were introduced in May 1994, targeted at the 2D and 3D graphics market. These workstations use the PA\-7100LC microprocessor and supported 32 to 128 MB of memory, except for the Model 725/100, which supported up to 512 MB."Hewlett\-Packard Fortifies Its UNIX Mid\-Range".
The Model 712/100 (*King Gecko*), an entry\-level workstation, and Model 715/100 XC, a mid\-range workstation, were introduced in June 1995\. The Model 712/100 is a Model 712 with a 100 MHz PA\-7100LC and 256 KB of cache while the Model 715/100 XC is a Model 715/100 with 1 MB of cache."HP Launches Mid\-Range 9000 With 1MB Of Cache Memory".
The Model 712 and 715 workstations feature the Lasi ASIC, connected by the [GSC bus](/wiki/GSC_bus "GSC bus"). The Lasi ASIC provided an integrated NCR 53C710 SCSI controller, an Intel Apricot 10 Mbit Ethernet interface, CD\-quality sound, PS/2 keyboard and mouse, a serial and a parallel port. All models, except for the 712 series machines also use the Wax ASIC to provide an [EISA](/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture "Extended Industry Standard Architecture") adapter, a second serial port and support for the [HIL bus](/wiki/HIL_bus "HIL bus").
The SGC bus (System Graphics Connect), which is used in the earlier series 700 workstations, has similar specifications as [PCI](/wiki/Conventional_PCI "Conventional PCI") with 32\-bit/33 MHz <http://paulaxford.com/computer_collection/hp_735/index.htm> and a typical bandwidth of about 100 MB/s [http://openpa.net/bus.html\#sgc](http://openpa.net/bus.html#sgc).
#### VME Industrial Workstations
Models 742i, 743i, 744, 745/745i, 747i, 748i."Hewlett\-Packard Adds Board\-Level HP9000 742i"."Hewlett Has First VME Single\-Board RISC Computer"."Hewlett\-Packard Adds 742RT, HP\-RT Operating System, Hard Hat 700s".
### B, C, J class
[thumb\|HP 9000 B180L displaying the [CDE](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment "Common Desktop Environment") login manager](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-B180-Workstation_62.jpg "HP-HP9000-B180-Workstation 62.jpg")
[thumb\|HP 9000 C360 displaying the [CDE](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment "Common Desktop Environment") login manager](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-C360-Workstation_01.jpg "HP-HP9000-C360-Workstation 01.jpg")
[thumb\|HP 9000 C8000 running [HP\-UX](/wiki/HP-UX "HP-UX") with [CDE](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment "Common Desktop Environment")](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-C8000-Workstation_33.jpg "HP-HP9000-C8000-Workstation 33.jpg")
The C100, C110, J200, J210 and J210XC use the [PA\-7200](/wiki/PA-7200 "PA-7200") processor, connected to the UTurn IOMMU via the [Runway bus](/wiki/Runway_bus "Runway bus"). The C100 and C110 are single processor systems, and the J200 and J210 are dual processor systems. The Uturn IOMMU has two GSC buses. These machines continue to use the Lasi and Wax ASICs.
The B132L (introduced 1996{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc\_id\=1209820\|title\=HP VISUALIZE Model B132L Named 1997 UNIX Review Labs Reference Platform for Advanced 32\-Bit Graphics Workstations\|date\=26 February 1997\|website\=EE Times\|access\-date\=18 March 2017}}), B160L, B132L\+, B180L, C132L, C160L and C180L workstations are based on the [PA\-7300LC](/wiki/PA-7300LC "PA-7300LC") processor, a development of the PA\-7100LC with integrated cache and GSC bus controller. Standard graphics is the [Visualize EG](/wiki/Visualize_EG "Visualize EG"). These machines use the Dino GSC to [PCI](/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect "Peripheral Component Interconnect") adapter which also provides the second serial port in place of Wax; they optionally have the Wax EISA adapter.
The C160, C180, C180\-XP, J280 and J282 use the [PA\-8000](/wiki/PA-8000 "PA-8000") processor and are the first 64\-bit HP workstations. They are based on the same Runway/GSC architecture as the earlier C and J class workstations.
The C200, C240 and J2240 offer increased speed with the [PA\-8200](/wiki/PA-8200 "PA-8200") processor and the C360 uses the [PA\-8500](/wiki/PA-8500 "PA-8500") processor.
The B1000, B2000, C3000, J5000 and J7000 were also based on the PA\-8500 processor, but had a very different architecture. The U2/Uturn IOMMU and the GSC bus is gone, replaced with the Astro IOMMU, connected via Ropes to several Elroy PCI host adapters.
The B2600, C3600 and J5600 upgrade these machines with the [PA\-8600](/wiki/PA-8600 "PA-8600") processor. The J6000 is a rack\-mountable workstation which can also be stood on its side in a tower configuration.
The C3650, C3700, C3750, J6700 and J6750 are [PA\-8700](/wiki/PA-8700 "PA-8700")\-based.
The C8000 uses the dual\-core [PA\-8800](/wiki/PA-8800 "PA-8800") or [PA\-8900](/wiki/PA-8900 "PA-8900") processors, which uses the same bus as the McKinley and Madison Itanium processors and shares the same [zx1](/wiki/Itanium "Itanium") chipset. The Elroy PCI adapters have been replaced with Mercury [PCI\-X](/wiki/PCI-X "PCI-X") adapters and one Quicksilver [AGP](/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port "Accelerated Graphics Port") 8x adapter.
|
[
"Workstation models\n------------------",
"Prior to January 1985 (see also [HP 9800 series](/wiki/HP_9800_series \"HP 9800 series\")):\n* *Series 200*{{snd}} 16 (HP 9816\\), 20 (HP 9920\\), 26 (HP 9826\\), 36 (HP 9836\\)\n* *Series 500*{{snd}} 20 (HP 9020\\), 30 (HP 9030\\), 40 (HP 9040\\)",
"After 1985:\n* *Series 200*{{snd}} 216 (HP 9816\\), 217 (HP 9817\\), 220 (HP 9920\\), 226 (HP 9826\\), 236 (HP 9836\\), 237 (HP 9837\\)\n* *Series 300*{{snd}} 310, 318, 319, 320, 322, 330, 332, 340, 345, 350, 360, 362, 370, 375, 380, 382, 385\n* *Series 400 (HP Apollo 9000 Series 400\\)*{{snd}} 400dl, 400s, 400t, 425dl, 425e, 425s, 425t, 433dl, 433s, 433t\n* *Series 500*{{snd}} 520 (HP 9020\\), 530 (HP 9030\\), 540 (HP 9040\\), 550, 560\n* *Series 600*{{snd}} 635SV, 645SV\n* *Series 700*{{snd}} 705, 710, 712, 715, 720, 725, 730, 735, 742, 743, 744, 745, 747, 748, 750, 755\n* *B\\-class*{{snd}} B132L, B160L, B132L\\+, B180L, B1000, B2000, B2600\n* *C\\-class*{{snd}} C100, C110, C132L, C160, C160L, C180, C180L, C180XP, C200, C240, C360, C3000, C3600, C3650, C3700, C3750, C8000\n* *J\\-class*{{snd}} J200, J210, J210XC, J280, J282, J2240, J5000, J5600, J6000, J6700, J6750, J7000",
"### Series 200",
"[thumb\\|1 MBit Magnetic [bubble memory](/wiki/Bubble_memory \"Bubble memory\") board from early HP 9000/200 series computer](/wiki/File:HP_bubble_memory_board_%28crop%29.jpg \"HP bubble memory board (crop).jpg\")\nThe Series 200 workstations originated before there were any \"Series\" at HP. The first model was the HP 9826A, followed by the HP 9836A. Later, a color version of the 9836 (9836C) was introduced. There was also a rack\\-mount version, the HP 9920A. These were all based on the [Motorola 68000](/wiki/Motorola_68000 \"Motorola 68000\") chip. There were 'S' versions of the models that included memory bundled in. When HP\\-UX was included as an OS, there was a 'U' version of the 9836s and 9920 that used the [68012](/wiki/68012 \"68012\") processor. The model numbers included the letter 'U' (9836U, 9836CU, and 9920U). Later versions of the Series 200's included the 9816, 9817, and 9837\\. These systems were soon renamed as the HP Series 200 line, before being renamed again as part HP 9000 family, the HP 9000 Series 200\\.",
"There was also a \"portable\" version of the Series 200 called the [Integral](/wiki/HP_Integral_PC \"HP Integral PC\"). The official model was the HP9807\\. This machine was about the size of a portable sewing machine, contained a MC68000 processor, ROM based HP\\-UX, 3½ inch [floppy disk](/wiki/Floppy_disk \"Floppy disk\") drive, inkjet printer, a keyboard, mouse, and an electroluminescent display similar to the early GRiD Compass computers. It was not battery powered, and unlike the other Series 200's that were manufactured in [Fort Collins, Colorado](/wiki/Fort_Collins%2C_Colorado \"Fort Collins, Colorado\"), it was made in [Corvallis, Oregon](/wiki/Corvallis%2C_Oregon \"Corvallis, Oregon\").",
"### Series 300/400",
"[thumb\\|HP 9000 model 425 running [HP\\-UX](/wiki/HP-UX \"HP-UX\") and [Visual User Environment](/wiki/Visual_User_Environment \"Visual User Environment\") (VUE)](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-425e-Workstation_02.jpg \"HP-HP9000-425e-Workstation 02.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|HP 9000 model 425 running [HP\\-UX](/wiki/HP-UX \"HP-UX\") and [VUE](/wiki/Visual_User_Environment \"Visual User Environment\")](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-425-Workstation_26.jpg \"HP-HP9000-425-Workstation 26.jpg\")",
"The Series 300 workstations were based around Motorola 68000\\-series processors, ranging from the [68010](/wiki/68010 \"68010\") (Model 310, introduced 1985{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hpmuseum.net/display\\_item.php?hw\\=120\\|title \\= HP Computer Museum}}) to the [Motorola 68040](/wiki/Motorola_68040 \"Motorola 68040\") (Model 38x, introduced 1991{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hpmuseum.net/display\\_item.php?hw\\=206\\|title \\= HP Computer Museum}}). The Series 400 (introduced 1990{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hpmuseum.net/exhibit.php?class\\=1\\&cat\\=41\\|title \\= HP Computer Museum}}) were intended to supersede the [Apollo/Domain](/wiki/Apollo/Domain \"Apollo/Domain\") workstations and were also based on the 68030/040\\. They were branded \"HP Apollo\" and added Apollo [Domain/OS](/wiki/Domain/OS \"Domain/OS\") compatibility. The suffix 's' and 't' used on the Series 400 represented \"Side\" (as in Desk side) and \"Top\" (as in Desk top) model. The last two digits of the Series 400 originally was the clock frequency of the processor in MHz (e.g. 433 was 33 MHz). At introduction, the Series 400 had a socket for the MC68040, but since they were not available at the time, an emulator card with an MC68030 and additional circuitry was installed. Customers who purchased systems were given a guaranteed upgrade price of $5,000USD to the MC68040, when they became available. The Series 300 and 400 shared the same I/O interface as the Series 200\\. The 32\\-bit DIO\\-II bus is rated at 6 MB/s.[Service Handbook. HP 9000 Series 300 Computers. Model 332](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/hp/9000_300/98572-90039_Series_300_Model_332_Service_Handbook_Feb89.pdf). February, 1989\\. HP Part Number 98572\\-90039",
"### Series 500",
"The Series 500s were based on the [HP FOCUS](/wiki/HP_FOCUS \"HP FOCUS\") microprocessor. They began as the HP 9020, HP 9030, and HP 9040, were renamed the HP Series 500 Model 20, 30, and 40 shortly after introduction, and later renamed again as the HP 9000 Model 520, 530 and 540\\. The 520 was a complete workstation with built\\-in keyboard, display, 5\\.25\\-inch floppy disk, and optional thermal printer and 5 MB hard disk. The 520 could run [BASIC](/wiki/BASIC \"BASIC\") or HP\\-UX and there were three different models based on the displays attached (two color and one monochrome). The 530 was a [rackmount](/wiki/Rackmount \"Rackmount\") version of the Series 500, could only run HP\\-UX, and used a serial interface console. The 540 was a 530 mounted inside a cabinet, similar to the disk drives offered then and included a serial [multiplexer](/wiki/Multiplexer \"Multiplexer\") (MUX). Later models of the Series 500s were the 550 and 560, which had a completely different chassis and could be connected to graphics processors. The processors in the original Series 500s ran at 20 MHz, and could reach a benchmark speed of 1 million [instructions per second](/wiki/Instructions_per_second \"Instructions per second\") (MIPS), equivalent to a [VAX\\-11](/wiki/VAX-11 \"VAX-11\")/780, then a common benchmark standard. They could be networked together and with 200 and 300 series using the Shared Resource Manager (SRM).",
"Because of their performance, the US government placed the 500 series on its export restricted list. The computers were only permitted to be sold in Western Europe, [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"), and [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\"), with any other country needing written approval.",
"### Series 700",
"[thumb\\|HP 9000 model 735 running the [Common Desktop Environment](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment \"Common Desktop Environment\") (CDE) login manager](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-735-125-Workstation_24.jpg \"HP-HP9000-735-125-Workstation 24.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|HP 9000 model 735 running [HP\\-UX](/wiki/HP-UX \"HP-UX\") with [CDE](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment \"Common Desktop Environment\")](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-735-99-Workstation_02.jpg \"HP-HP9000-735-99-Workstation 02.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|HP 9000 model 715](/wiki/File:Hp9000_715.jpg \"Hp9000 715.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|HP 9000 model 712 running [HP\\-UX](/wiki/HP-UX \"HP-UX\") with [CDE](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment \"Common Desktop Environment\")](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-712-60-Workstation_62.jpg \"HP-HP9000-712-60-Workstation 62.jpg\")",
"The first workstations in the series, the Model 720, Model 730 and Model 750 systems were introduced on 26 March 1991 and were code\\-named \"Snakes\". The models used the PA\\-7000 microprocessor, with the Model 720 using a 50 MHz version and the Model 730 and Model 750 using a 66 MHz version. The PA\\-7000 is provided with 128 KB of instruction cache on the Model 720 and 730 and 256 KB on the Model 750\\. All models are provided with 256 KB of data cache. The Model 720 and Model 730 supported 16 to 64 MB of memory, while the Model 750 supported up to 192 MB. Onboard SCSI was provided by an [NCR](/wiki/NCR_Corporation \"NCR Corporation\") 53C700 SCSI controller. These systems could use both 2D and 3D graphics options, with 2D options being the greyscale GRX and the color CRX. 3D options were the Personal VRX and the Turbo GRX.\"Hewlett\\-Packard Unleashes Its RS/6000 Killers\".",
"In early January 1992, HP introduced the Model 705, code\\-named \"Bushmaster Snake\", and the Model 710, code\\-named \"Bushmaster Junior\". Both systems are low\\-end diskless workstations, with the Model 705 using a 32 MHz PA\\-7000 and the Model 710 using a 50 MHz version. At introduction, the Model 705 was priced at under US$5,000, and the Model 710 under US$10,000\\.\"Hewlett Packard Announcements\".",
"The first Series 700 workstations were superseded by the Model 715/33, 715/50, 725/50 low\\-end workstations and the Model 735/99, 735/125, 755/99 and 755/125 high\\-end workstations on 10 November 1992\\.\"MPower Multimedia Software Accompanies New HP 9000 700s\". The existing Model 715 and Model 725 were later updated with the introduction of the Model 715/75 and 725/75 in September 1993\\. The new models used a 75 MHz [PA\\-7100](/wiki/PA-7100 \"PA-7100\").\"...Adds New Workstations, Industrial UNIX Packages\".\nIncreasing integration led to the introduction of the Model 712/60 and Model 712/80i workstations on 18 January 1994\\.\"Hewlett\\-Packard 712/60 Station Offers Stunning Spec For $4,000\" Code\\-named \"Gecko\", these models were intended to compete with entry\\-level workstations from [Sun Microsystems](/wiki/Sun_Microsystems \"Sun Microsystems\") and high\\-end personal computers.\"Hewlett\\-Packard Fuels Drive To Low\\-End UNIX, Invades Sun's Commercial Ground\". They used the [PA\\-7100LC](/wiki/PA-7100LC \"PA-7100LC\") microprocessor operating at 60 and 80 MHz, respectively. The Model 712/80i was an integer only model, with the floating point\\-unit disabled. Both supported 16 to 128 MB of memory.\"Hewlett\\-Packard's Gecko Line, Due Later This Month, To Feature Precision Architecture RISC 7100LC\".",
"The Model 715/64, 715/80, 715/100 and 725/100 were introduced in May 1994, targeted at the 2D and 3D graphics market. These workstations use the PA\\-7100LC microprocessor and supported 32 to 128 MB of memory, except for the Model 725/100, which supported up to 512 MB.\"Hewlett\\-Packard Fortifies Its UNIX Mid\\-Range\".",
"The Model 712/100 (*King Gecko*), an entry\\-level workstation, and Model 715/100 XC, a mid\\-range workstation, were introduced in June 1995\\. The Model 712/100 is a Model 712 with a 100 MHz PA\\-7100LC and 256 KB of cache while the Model 715/100 XC is a Model 715/100 with 1 MB of cache.\"HP Launches Mid\\-Range 9000 With 1MB Of Cache Memory\".",
"The Model 712 and 715 workstations feature the Lasi ASIC, connected by the [GSC bus](/wiki/GSC_bus \"GSC bus\"). The Lasi ASIC provided an integrated NCR 53C710 SCSI controller, an Intel Apricot 10 Mbit Ethernet interface, CD\\-quality sound, PS/2 keyboard and mouse, a serial and a parallel port. All models, except for the 712 series machines also use the Wax ASIC to provide an [EISA](/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture \"Extended Industry Standard Architecture\") adapter, a second serial port and support for the [HIL bus](/wiki/HIL_bus \"HIL bus\").",
"The SGC bus (System Graphics Connect), which is used in the earlier series 700 workstations, has similar specifications as [PCI](/wiki/Conventional_PCI \"Conventional PCI\") with 32\\-bit/33 MHz <http://paulaxford.com/computer_collection/hp_735/index.htm> and a typical bandwidth of about 100 MB/s [http://openpa.net/bus.html\\#sgc](http://openpa.net/bus.html#sgc).",
"#### VME Industrial Workstations",
"Models 742i, 743i, 744, 745/745i, 747i, 748i.\"Hewlett\\-Packard Adds Board\\-Level HP9000 742i\".\"Hewlett Has First VME Single\\-Board RISC Computer\".\"Hewlett\\-Packard Adds 742RT, HP\\-RT Operating System, Hard Hat 700s\".",
"### B, C, J class",
"[thumb\\|HP 9000 B180L displaying the [CDE](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment \"Common Desktop Environment\") login manager](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-B180-Workstation_62.jpg \"HP-HP9000-B180-Workstation 62.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|HP 9000 C360 displaying the [CDE](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment \"Common Desktop Environment\") login manager](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-C360-Workstation_01.jpg \"HP-HP9000-C360-Workstation 01.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|HP 9000 C8000 running [HP\\-UX](/wiki/HP-UX \"HP-UX\") with [CDE](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment \"Common Desktop Environment\")](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-C8000-Workstation_33.jpg \"HP-HP9000-C8000-Workstation 33.jpg\")",
"The C100, C110, J200, J210 and J210XC use the [PA\\-7200](/wiki/PA-7200 \"PA-7200\") processor, connected to the UTurn IOMMU via the [Runway bus](/wiki/Runway_bus \"Runway bus\"). The C100 and C110 are single processor systems, and the J200 and J210 are dual processor systems. The Uturn IOMMU has two GSC buses. These machines continue to use the Lasi and Wax ASICs.",
"The B132L (introduced 1996{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc\\_id\\=1209820\\|title\\=HP VISUALIZE Model B132L Named 1997 UNIX Review Labs Reference Platform for Advanced 32\\-Bit Graphics Workstations\\|date\\=26 February 1997\\|website\\=EE Times\\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2017}}), B160L, B132L\\+, B180L, C132L, C160L and C180L workstations are based on the [PA\\-7300LC](/wiki/PA-7300LC \"PA-7300LC\") processor, a development of the PA\\-7100LC with integrated cache and GSC bus controller. Standard graphics is the [Visualize EG](/wiki/Visualize_EG \"Visualize EG\"). These machines use the Dino GSC to [PCI](/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect \"Peripheral Component Interconnect\") adapter which also provides the second serial port in place of Wax; they optionally have the Wax EISA adapter.",
"The C160, C180, C180\\-XP, J280 and J282 use the [PA\\-8000](/wiki/PA-8000 \"PA-8000\") processor and are the first 64\\-bit HP workstations. They are based on the same Runway/GSC architecture as the earlier C and J class workstations.",
"The C200, C240 and J2240 offer increased speed with the [PA\\-8200](/wiki/PA-8200 \"PA-8200\") processor and the C360 uses the [PA\\-8500](/wiki/PA-8500 \"PA-8500\") processor.",
"The B1000, B2000, C3000, J5000 and J7000 were also based on the PA\\-8500 processor, but had a very different architecture. The U2/Uturn IOMMU and the GSC bus is gone, replaced with the Astro IOMMU, connected via Ropes to several Elroy PCI host adapters.",
"The B2600, C3600 and J5600 upgrade these machines with the [PA\\-8600](/wiki/PA-8600 \"PA-8600\") processor. The J6000 is a rack\\-mountable workstation which can also be stood on its side in a tower configuration.",
"The C3650, C3700, C3750, J6700 and J6750 are [PA\\-8700](/wiki/PA-8700 \"PA-8700\")\\-based.",
"The C8000 uses the dual\\-core [PA\\-8800](/wiki/PA-8800 \"PA-8800\") or [PA\\-8900](/wiki/PA-8900 \"PA-8900\") processors, which uses the same bus as the McKinley and Madison Itanium processors and shares the same [zx1](/wiki/Itanium \"Itanium\") chipset. The Elroy PCI adapters have been replaced with Mercury [PCI\\-X](/wiki/PCI-X \"PCI-X\") adapters and one Quicksilver [AGP](/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port \"Accelerated Graphics Port\") 8x adapter.",
""
] |
### Series 700
[thumb\|HP 9000 model 735 running the [Common Desktop Environment](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment "Common Desktop Environment") (CDE) login manager](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-735-125-Workstation_24.jpg "HP-HP9000-735-125-Workstation 24.jpg")
[thumb\|HP 9000 model 735 running [HP\-UX](/wiki/HP-UX "HP-UX") with [CDE](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment "Common Desktop Environment")](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-735-99-Workstation_02.jpg "HP-HP9000-735-99-Workstation 02.jpg")
[thumb\|HP 9000 model 715](/wiki/File:Hp9000_715.jpg "Hp9000 715.jpg")
[thumb\|HP 9000 model 712 running [HP\-UX](/wiki/HP-UX "HP-UX") with [CDE](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment "Common Desktop Environment")](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-712-60-Workstation_62.jpg "HP-HP9000-712-60-Workstation 62.jpg")
The first workstations in the series, the Model 720, Model 730 and Model 750 systems were introduced on 26 March 1991 and were code\-named "Snakes". The models used the PA\-7000 microprocessor, with the Model 720 using a 50 MHz version and the Model 730 and Model 750 using a 66 MHz version. The PA\-7000 is provided with 128 KB of instruction cache on the Model 720 and 730 and 256 KB on the Model 750\. All models are provided with 256 KB of data cache. The Model 720 and Model 730 supported 16 to 64 MB of memory, while the Model 750 supported up to 192 MB. Onboard SCSI was provided by an [NCR](/wiki/NCR_Corporation "NCR Corporation") 53C700 SCSI controller. These systems could use both 2D and 3D graphics options, with 2D options being the greyscale GRX and the color CRX. 3D options were the Personal VRX and the Turbo GRX."Hewlett\-Packard Unleashes Its RS/6000 Killers".
In early January 1992, HP introduced the Model 705, code\-named "Bushmaster Snake", and the Model 710, code\-named "Bushmaster Junior". Both systems are low\-end diskless workstations, with the Model 705 using a 32 MHz PA\-7000 and the Model 710 using a 50 MHz version. At introduction, the Model 705 was priced at under US$5,000, and the Model 710 under US$10,000\."Hewlett Packard Announcements".
The first Series 700 workstations were superseded by the Model 715/33, 715/50, 725/50 low\-end workstations and the Model 735/99, 735/125, 755/99 and 755/125 high\-end workstations on 10 November 1992\."MPower Multimedia Software Accompanies New HP 9000 700s". The existing Model 715 and Model 725 were later updated with the introduction of the Model 715/75 and 725/75 in September 1993\. The new models used a 75 MHz [PA\-7100](/wiki/PA-7100 "PA-7100")."...Adds New Workstations, Industrial UNIX Packages".
Increasing integration led to the introduction of the Model 712/60 and Model 712/80i workstations on 18 January 1994\."Hewlett\-Packard 712/60 Station Offers Stunning Spec For $4,000" Code\-named "Gecko", these models were intended to compete with entry\-level workstations from [Sun Microsystems](/wiki/Sun_Microsystems "Sun Microsystems") and high\-end personal computers."Hewlett\-Packard Fuels Drive To Low\-End UNIX, Invades Sun's Commercial Ground". They used the [PA\-7100LC](/wiki/PA-7100LC "PA-7100LC") microprocessor operating at 60 and 80 MHz, respectively. The Model 712/80i was an integer only model, with the floating point\-unit disabled. Both supported 16 to 128 MB of memory."Hewlett\-Packard's Gecko Line, Due Later This Month, To Feature Precision Architecture RISC 7100LC".
The Model 715/64, 715/80, 715/100 and 725/100 were introduced in May 1994, targeted at the 2D and 3D graphics market. These workstations use the PA\-7100LC microprocessor and supported 32 to 128 MB of memory, except for the Model 725/100, which supported up to 512 MB."Hewlett\-Packard Fortifies Its UNIX Mid\-Range".
The Model 712/100 (*King Gecko*), an entry\-level workstation, and Model 715/100 XC, a mid\-range workstation, were introduced in June 1995\. The Model 712/100 is a Model 712 with a 100 MHz PA\-7100LC and 256 KB of cache while the Model 715/100 XC is a Model 715/100 with 1 MB of cache."HP Launches Mid\-Range 9000 With 1MB Of Cache Memory".
The Model 712 and 715 workstations feature the Lasi ASIC, connected by the [GSC bus](/wiki/GSC_bus "GSC bus"). The Lasi ASIC provided an integrated NCR 53C710 SCSI controller, an Intel Apricot 10 Mbit Ethernet interface, CD\-quality sound, PS/2 keyboard and mouse, a serial and a parallel port. All models, except for the 712 series machines also use the Wax ASIC to provide an [EISA](/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture "Extended Industry Standard Architecture") adapter, a second serial port and support for the [HIL bus](/wiki/HIL_bus "HIL bus").
The SGC bus (System Graphics Connect), which is used in the earlier series 700 workstations, has similar specifications as [PCI](/wiki/Conventional_PCI "Conventional PCI") with 32\-bit/33 MHz <http://paulaxford.com/computer_collection/hp_735/index.htm> and a typical bandwidth of about 100 MB/s [http://openpa.net/bus.html\#sgc](http://openpa.net/bus.html#sgc).
#### VME Industrial Workstations
Models 742i, 743i, 744, 745/745i, 747i, 748i."Hewlett\-Packard Adds Board\-Level HP9000 742i"."Hewlett Has First VME Single\-Board RISC Computer"."Hewlett\-Packard Adds 742RT, HP\-RT Operating System, Hard Hat 700s".
|
[
"### Series 700",
"[thumb\\|HP 9000 model 735 running the [Common Desktop Environment](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment \"Common Desktop Environment\") (CDE) login manager](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-735-125-Workstation_24.jpg \"HP-HP9000-735-125-Workstation 24.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|HP 9000 model 735 running [HP\\-UX](/wiki/HP-UX \"HP-UX\") with [CDE](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment \"Common Desktop Environment\")](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-735-99-Workstation_02.jpg \"HP-HP9000-735-99-Workstation 02.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|HP 9000 model 715](/wiki/File:Hp9000_715.jpg \"Hp9000 715.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|HP 9000 model 712 running [HP\\-UX](/wiki/HP-UX \"HP-UX\") with [CDE](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment \"Common Desktop Environment\")](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-712-60-Workstation_62.jpg \"HP-HP9000-712-60-Workstation 62.jpg\")",
"The first workstations in the series, the Model 720, Model 730 and Model 750 systems were introduced on 26 March 1991 and were code\\-named \"Snakes\". The models used the PA\\-7000 microprocessor, with the Model 720 using a 50 MHz version and the Model 730 and Model 750 using a 66 MHz version. The PA\\-7000 is provided with 128 KB of instruction cache on the Model 720 and 730 and 256 KB on the Model 750\\. All models are provided with 256 KB of data cache. The Model 720 and Model 730 supported 16 to 64 MB of memory, while the Model 750 supported up to 192 MB. Onboard SCSI was provided by an [NCR](/wiki/NCR_Corporation \"NCR Corporation\") 53C700 SCSI controller. These systems could use both 2D and 3D graphics options, with 2D options being the greyscale GRX and the color CRX. 3D options were the Personal VRX and the Turbo GRX.\"Hewlett\\-Packard Unleashes Its RS/6000 Killers\".",
"In early January 1992, HP introduced the Model 705, code\\-named \"Bushmaster Snake\", and the Model 710, code\\-named \"Bushmaster Junior\". Both systems are low\\-end diskless workstations, with the Model 705 using a 32 MHz PA\\-7000 and the Model 710 using a 50 MHz version. At introduction, the Model 705 was priced at under US$5,000, and the Model 710 under US$10,000\\.\"Hewlett Packard Announcements\".",
"The first Series 700 workstations were superseded by the Model 715/33, 715/50, 725/50 low\\-end workstations and the Model 735/99, 735/125, 755/99 and 755/125 high\\-end workstations on 10 November 1992\\.\"MPower Multimedia Software Accompanies New HP 9000 700s\". The existing Model 715 and Model 725 were later updated with the introduction of the Model 715/75 and 725/75 in September 1993\\. The new models used a 75 MHz [PA\\-7100](/wiki/PA-7100 \"PA-7100\").\"...Adds New Workstations, Industrial UNIX Packages\".\nIncreasing integration led to the introduction of the Model 712/60 and Model 712/80i workstations on 18 January 1994\\.\"Hewlett\\-Packard 712/60 Station Offers Stunning Spec For $4,000\" Code\\-named \"Gecko\", these models were intended to compete with entry\\-level workstations from [Sun Microsystems](/wiki/Sun_Microsystems \"Sun Microsystems\") and high\\-end personal computers.\"Hewlett\\-Packard Fuels Drive To Low\\-End UNIX, Invades Sun's Commercial Ground\". They used the [PA\\-7100LC](/wiki/PA-7100LC \"PA-7100LC\") microprocessor operating at 60 and 80 MHz, respectively. The Model 712/80i was an integer only model, with the floating point\\-unit disabled. Both supported 16 to 128 MB of memory.\"Hewlett\\-Packard's Gecko Line, Due Later This Month, To Feature Precision Architecture RISC 7100LC\".",
"The Model 715/64, 715/80, 715/100 and 725/100 were introduced in May 1994, targeted at the 2D and 3D graphics market. These workstations use the PA\\-7100LC microprocessor and supported 32 to 128 MB of memory, except for the Model 725/100, which supported up to 512 MB.\"Hewlett\\-Packard Fortifies Its UNIX Mid\\-Range\".",
"The Model 712/100 (*King Gecko*), an entry\\-level workstation, and Model 715/100 XC, a mid\\-range workstation, were introduced in June 1995\\. The Model 712/100 is a Model 712 with a 100 MHz PA\\-7100LC and 256 KB of cache while the Model 715/100 XC is a Model 715/100 with 1 MB of cache.\"HP Launches Mid\\-Range 9000 With 1MB Of Cache Memory\".",
"The Model 712 and 715 workstations feature the Lasi ASIC, connected by the [GSC bus](/wiki/GSC_bus \"GSC bus\"). The Lasi ASIC provided an integrated NCR 53C710 SCSI controller, an Intel Apricot 10 Mbit Ethernet interface, CD\\-quality sound, PS/2 keyboard and mouse, a serial and a parallel port. All models, except for the 712 series machines also use the Wax ASIC to provide an [EISA](/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture \"Extended Industry Standard Architecture\") adapter, a second serial port and support for the [HIL bus](/wiki/HIL_bus \"HIL bus\").",
"The SGC bus (System Graphics Connect), which is used in the earlier series 700 workstations, has similar specifications as [PCI](/wiki/Conventional_PCI \"Conventional PCI\") with 32\\-bit/33 MHz <http://paulaxford.com/computer_collection/hp_735/index.htm> and a typical bandwidth of about 100 MB/s [http://openpa.net/bus.html\\#sgc](http://openpa.net/bus.html#sgc).",
"#### VME Industrial Workstations",
"Models 742i, 743i, 744, 745/745i, 747i, 748i.\"Hewlett\\-Packard Adds Board\\-Level HP9000 742i\".\"Hewlett Has First VME Single\\-Board RISC Computer\".\"Hewlett\\-Packard Adds 742RT, HP\\-RT Operating System, Hard Hat 700s\".",
""
] |
### B, C, J class
[thumb\|HP 9000 B180L displaying the [CDE](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment "Common Desktop Environment") login manager](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-B180-Workstation_62.jpg "HP-HP9000-B180-Workstation 62.jpg")
[thumb\|HP 9000 C360 displaying the [CDE](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment "Common Desktop Environment") login manager](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-C360-Workstation_01.jpg "HP-HP9000-C360-Workstation 01.jpg")
[thumb\|HP 9000 C8000 running [HP\-UX](/wiki/HP-UX "HP-UX") with [CDE](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment "Common Desktop Environment")](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-C8000-Workstation_33.jpg "HP-HP9000-C8000-Workstation 33.jpg")
The C100, C110, J200, J210 and J210XC use the [PA\-7200](/wiki/PA-7200 "PA-7200") processor, connected to the UTurn IOMMU via the [Runway bus](/wiki/Runway_bus "Runway bus"). The C100 and C110 are single processor systems, and the J200 and J210 are dual processor systems. The Uturn IOMMU has two GSC buses. These machines continue to use the Lasi and Wax ASICs.
The B132L (introduced 1996{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc\_id\=1209820\|title\=HP VISUALIZE Model B132L Named 1997 UNIX Review Labs Reference Platform for Advanced 32\-Bit Graphics Workstations\|date\=26 February 1997\|website\=EE Times\|access\-date\=18 March 2017}}), B160L, B132L\+, B180L, C132L, C160L and C180L workstations are based on the [PA\-7300LC](/wiki/PA-7300LC "PA-7300LC") processor, a development of the PA\-7100LC with integrated cache and GSC bus controller. Standard graphics is the [Visualize EG](/wiki/Visualize_EG "Visualize EG"). These machines use the Dino GSC to [PCI](/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect "Peripheral Component Interconnect") adapter which also provides the second serial port in place of Wax; they optionally have the Wax EISA adapter.
The C160, C180, C180\-XP, J280 and J282 use the [PA\-8000](/wiki/PA-8000 "PA-8000") processor and are the first 64\-bit HP workstations. They are based on the same Runway/GSC architecture as the earlier C and J class workstations.
The C200, C240 and J2240 offer increased speed with the [PA\-8200](/wiki/PA-8200 "PA-8200") processor and the C360 uses the [PA\-8500](/wiki/PA-8500 "PA-8500") processor.
The B1000, B2000, C3000, J5000 and J7000 were also based on the PA\-8500 processor, but had a very different architecture. The U2/Uturn IOMMU and the GSC bus is gone, replaced with the Astro IOMMU, connected via Ropes to several Elroy PCI host adapters.
The B2600, C3600 and J5600 upgrade these machines with the [PA\-8600](/wiki/PA-8600 "PA-8600") processor. The J6000 is a rack\-mountable workstation which can also be stood on its side in a tower configuration.
The C3650, C3700, C3750, J6700 and J6750 are [PA\-8700](/wiki/PA-8700 "PA-8700")\-based.
The C8000 uses the dual\-core [PA\-8800](/wiki/PA-8800 "PA-8800") or [PA\-8900](/wiki/PA-8900 "PA-8900") processors, which uses the same bus as the McKinley and Madison Itanium processors and shares the same [zx1](/wiki/Itanium "Itanium") chipset. The Elroy PCI adapters have been replaced with Mercury [PCI\-X](/wiki/PCI-X "PCI-X") adapters and one Quicksilver [AGP](/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port "Accelerated Graphics Port") 8x adapter.
|
[
"### B, C, J class",
"[thumb\\|HP 9000 B180L displaying the [CDE](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment \"Common Desktop Environment\") login manager](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-B180-Workstation_62.jpg \"HP-HP9000-B180-Workstation 62.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|HP 9000 C360 displaying the [CDE](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment \"Common Desktop Environment\") login manager](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-C360-Workstation_01.jpg \"HP-HP9000-C360-Workstation 01.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|HP 9000 C8000 running [HP\\-UX](/wiki/HP-UX \"HP-UX\") with [CDE](/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment \"Common Desktop Environment\")](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-C8000-Workstation_33.jpg \"HP-HP9000-C8000-Workstation 33.jpg\")",
"The C100, C110, J200, J210 and J210XC use the [PA\\-7200](/wiki/PA-7200 \"PA-7200\") processor, connected to the UTurn IOMMU via the [Runway bus](/wiki/Runway_bus \"Runway bus\"). The C100 and C110 are single processor systems, and the J200 and J210 are dual processor systems. The Uturn IOMMU has two GSC buses. These machines continue to use the Lasi and Wax ASICs.",
"The B132L (introduced 1996{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc\\_id\\=1209820\\|title\\=HP VISUALIZE Model B132L Named 1997 UNIX Review Labs Reference Platform for Advanced 32\\-Bit Graphics Workstations\\|date\\=26 February 1997\\|website\\=EE Times\\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2017}}), B160L, B132L\\+, B180L, C132L, C160L and C180L workstations are based on the [PA\\-7300LC](/wiki/PA-7300LC \"PA-7300LC\") processor, a development of the PA\\-7100LC with integrated cache and GSC bus controller. Standard graphics is the [Visualize EG](/wiki/Visualize_EG \"Visualize EG\"). These machines use the Dino GSC to [PCI](/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect \"Peripheral Component Interconnect\") adapter which also provides the second serial port in place of Wax; they optionally have the Wax EISA adapter.",
"The C160, C180, C180\\-XP, J280 and J282 use the [PA\\-8000](/wiki/PA-8000 \"PA-8000\") processor and are the first 64\\-bit HP workstations. They are based on the same Runway/GSC architecture as the earlier C and J class workstations.",
"The C200, C240 and J2240 offer increased speed with the [PA\\-8200](/wiki/PA-8200 \"PA-8200\") processor and the C360 uses the [PA\\-8500](/wiki/PA-8500 \"PA-8500\") processor.",
"The B1000, B2000, C3000, J5000 and J7000 were also based on the PA\\-8500 processor, but had a very different architecture. The U2/Uturn IOMMU and the GSC bus is gone, replaced with the Astro IOMMU, connected via Ropes to several Elroy PCI host adapters.",
"The B2600, C3600 and J5600 upgrade these machines with the [PA\\-8600](/wiki/PA-8600 \"PA-8600\") processor. The J6000 is a rack\\-mountable workstation which can also be stood on its side in a tower configuration.",
"The C3650, C3700, C3750, J6700 and J6750 are [PA\\-8700](/wiki/PA-8700 \"PA-8700\")\\-based.",
"The C8000 uses the dual\\-core [PA\\-8800](/wiki/PA-8800 \"PA-8800\") or [PA\\-8900](/wiki/PA-8900 \"PA-8900\") processors, which uses the same bus as the McKinley and Madison Itanium processors and shares the same [zx1](/wiki/Itanium \"Itanium\") chipset. The Elroy PCI adapters have been replaced with Mercury [PCI\\-X](/wiki/PCI-X \"PCI-X\") adapters and one Quicksilver [AGP](/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port \"Accelerated Graphics Port\") 8x adapter.",
""
] |
Server models
-------------
{{See also\|HPE Integrity Servers\|l1\=HP Integrity servers (Itanium 2–based)}}
[thumb\|HP 9000 RP7410 [system board](/wiki/System_board "System board") with quad [PA\-RISC](/wiki/PA-RISC "PA-RISC") 8700\+ [CPUs](/wiki/CPU "CPU")](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-RP7410-CPU-Board-4xPA-RISC8700%2B-A6094-60001_07.jpg "HP-HP9000-RP7410-CPU-Board-4xPA-RISC8700+-A6094-60001 07.jpg")
[thumb\|HP 9000 RP7410 [system board](/wiki/System_board "System board") with quad [PA\-RISC](/wiki/PA-RISC "PA-RISC") 8700\+ [CPUs](/wiki/CPU "CPU")](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-RP7410-CPU-Board-4xPA-RISC8700%2B-A6094-60001_10.jpg "HP-HP9000-RP7410-CPU-Board-4xPA-RISC8700+-A6094-60001 10.jpg")
[thumb\|[HP 9000 Superdome](/wiki/HP_9000_Superdome "HP 9000 Superdome") [PA\-RISC](/wiki/PA-RISC "PA-RISC") model](/wiki/File:HP_Superdome_pa-risc.jpg "HP Superdome pa-risc.jpg")
* *800 Series*{{snd}} 807, 817, 822, 825, 827, 832, 835, 837, 840, 842, 845, 847, 850, 855, 857, 867, 877, 887, 897
* *1200 FT Series*{{snd}} 1210, 1245, 1245 PLUS
* *A\-class*{{snd}} A180, A180C (*Staccato*), A400, A500
* *D\-class*{{snd}} D200, D210, D220, D230, D250, D260, D270, D280, D300, D310, D320, D330, D350, D360, D370, D380, D390
* *E\-class*{{snd}} E25, E35, E45, E55
* *F\-class*{{snd}} F10, F20, F30 (*Nova*)
* *G\-class*{{snd}} G30, G40, G50, G60, G70 (*Nova* / *Nova64*)
* *H\-class*{{snd}} H20, H30, H40, H50, H60, H70
* *I\-class*{{snd}} I30, I40, I50, I60, I70
* *K\-class*{{snd}} K100, K200, K210, K220, K250, K260, K360, K370, K380, K400, K410, K420, K450, K460, K570, K580
* *L\-class*{{snd}} L1000, L1500, L2000, L3000
* *N\-class*{{snd}} N4000
* *N\-class*{{snd}} N4004
* *N\-class*{{snd}} N4005
* *N\-class*{{snd}} N4006
* *R\-class*{{snd}} R380, R390
* *S\-class*{{snd}} rebadged Convex Exemplar SPP2000 (single\-node)
* *T\-class*{{snd}} T500, T520, T600
* *V\-class*{{snd}} V2200, V2250, V2500, V2600
* *X\-class*{{snd}} rebadged Convex Exemplar SPP2000 (multi\-node)
* *rp2400*{{snd}} rp2400 (A400\), rp2405 (A400\), rp2430 (A400\), rp2450 (A500\), rp2470 (A500\) (former A\-class)
* *rp3400*{{snd}} rp3410\-2, rp3440\-4 (1\-2 PA\-8800/8900 processors)
* *rp4400*{{snd}} rp4410\-4, rp4440\-8
* *rp5400*{{snd}} rp5400, rp5405, rp5430, rp5450, rp5470 (former L\-class)
* *rp7400*{{snd}} rp7400 (former N\-class)
* *rp7405*{{snd}} rp7405, rp7410, rp7420\-16, rp7440\-16
* *rp8400*{{snd}} rp8400, rp8410, rp8420\-32, rp8440\-32
* *[HP 9000 Superdome](/wiki/HP_9000_Superdome "HP 9000 Superdome")*{{snd}} SD\-32, SD\-64, SD\-128 (PA\-8900 processors)
### D\-class (Codename: Ultralight)
The D\-class are entry\-level and mid\-range servers that succeeded the entry\-level E\-class servers and the mid\-range G\-, H\-, I\-class servers. The first models were introduced in late January 1996, consisting of the Model D200, D210, D250, D310 and D350\."Hewlett\-Packard Unveils D\-Class General\-Purpose Servers To Replace The E\-Class Models" The Model D200 is a uniprocessor with a 75 MHz [PA\-7100LC](/wiki/PA-7100LC "PA-7100LC") microprocessor, support for up to 512 MB of memory and five EISA/HP\-HSC slots. The Model D210 is similar, but it used a 100 MHz PA\-7100LC. The Model D250 is dual\-processor model and it used the 100 MHz PA\-7100LC. It supported up to 768 MB of memory and had five EISA/HP\-HSC slots. The Model D310 is a uniprocessor with a 100 MHz PA\-7100LC, up to 512 MB of memory and eight EISA/HP\-HSC slots. The Model D350 is a high\-end D\-class system, a dual\-processor, it had two 100 MHz PA\-7100LCs, up to 768 MB of memory and eight EISA/HP\-HSC slots.
In mid\-September 1996, two new D\-class servers were introduced to utilize the new 64\-bit PA\-8000 microprocessor, the Model D270 uniprocessor and the Model D370 dual\-processor. Both were positioned as entry\-level servers. They used the 160 MHz PA\-8000 and supported 128 MB to 1\.5 GB of memory."HP Launches Commercial PA\-8000 Lines"
In January 1997, the low\-end Model D220, D230, D320 and D330 were introduced, using 132 and 160 MHz versions of the [PA\-7300LC](/wiki/PA-7300LC "PA-7300LC") microprocessor."HP Overhauls Its Low\-End UNIX Servers With The PA\-7300LC"
The D\-class are tower servers with up to two microprocessors and are architecturally similar to the K\-class. They sometimes masquerade as larger machines as HP shipped them mounted vertically inside a large cabinet containing a power supply and multiple disks with plenty of room for air to circulate.
### R\-class
The R\-class is simply a D\-class machine packaged in a [rack\-mount](/wiki/Rack-mount "Rack-mount") chassis. Unlike the D\-class systems, it does not support hot\-pluggable disks.
### N\-class
[thumb\|alt\=N\-class HP 9000\.\|N\-class HP 9000](/wiki/File:N-class_HP-9000.jpg "N-class HP-9000.jpg")
The N\-class is a 10U rackmount server with up to eight [CPUs](/wiki/Central_processing_unit "Central processing unit") and 12 [PCI](/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect "Peripheral Component Interconnect") slots. It uses two Merced buses, one for every four processor slots. It is not a [NUMA](/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access "Non-uniform memory access") machine, having equal access to all memory slots. The I/O is unequal though; having one Ike [IOMMU](/wiki/IOMMU "IOMMU") per bus means that one set of CPUs are closer to one set of I/O slots than the other.
The N\-class servers were marketed as "[Itanium](/wiki/Itanium "Itanium")\-ready", although when the Itanium shipped, no Itanium upgrade was made available for the N class. The N class did benefit from using the Merced bus, bridging the PA\-8x00 microprocessors to it via a special adapter called DEW.
The N4000 was upgraded with newer processors throughout its life, with models called N4000\-36, N4000\-44 and N4000\-55 indicating microprocessor clock frequencies of 360, 440, and 550 MHz, respectively. It was renamed to the rp7400 series in 2001\.
### L\-class
The L\-class servers are 7U rackmount machines with up to 4 CPUs (depending on model). They have 12 PCI slots, but only 7 slots are enabled in the entry\-level L1000 system. Two of the PCI slots are occupied by factory integrated cards and cannot be utilized for I/O expansion by the end\-user.
The L1000 and L2000 are similar to the A400 and A500, being based on an Astro/Elroy combination. They initially shipped with 360 MHz and 440 MHz PA\-8500 and were upgraded with 540 MHz PA\-8600\.
The L3000 is similar to the N4000, being based on a DEW/Ike/Elroy combination. It shipped only with 550 MHz PA\-8600 CPUs.
The L\-class family was renamed to the rp5400 series in 2001\.
### A\-class
The A180 and A180C were 32\-bit, single\-processor, 2U servers based on the [PA\-7300LC](/wiki/PA-7300LC "PA-7300LC") processor with the Lasi and Dino ASICs.
The A400 and A500 servers were 64\-bit, single and dual\-processor 2U servers based on the [PA\-8500](/wiki/PA-8500 "PA-8500") and later processors, using the Astro IOMMU and Elroy PCI adapters. The A400\-36 and A500\-36 machines used the PA\-8500 processor running at 360 MHz; the A400\-44 and A500\-44 are clocked at 440 MHz. The A500\-55 uses a [PA\-8600](/wiki/PA-8600 "PA-8600") processor running at 550 MHz and the A500\-75 uses a [PA\-8700](/wiki/PA-8700 "PA-8700") processor running at 750 MHz.
The A\-class was renamed to the rp2400 series in 2001\.
### S/X\-class
The S\- and X\-class were Convex Exemplar SPP2000 [supercomputers](/wiki/Supercomputer "Supercomputer") rebadged after HP's acquisition of [Convex Computer](/wiki/Convex_Computer "Convex Computer") in 1995\. The S\-class was a single\-node SPP2000 with up to 16 processors, while the X\-class name was used for multi\-node configurations with up to 512 processors. These machines ran Convex's SPP\-UX operating system.
### V\-class
The V\-class servers were based on the [multiprocessor](/wiki/Multiprocessor "Multiprocessor") technology from the S\-class and X\-class. The V2200 and V2250 support a maximum of 16 processors, and the V2500 and V2600 support a maximum of 32 processors. The V\-class systems are physically large systems that need extensive cooling and [three\-phase electric power](/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power "Three-phase electric power") to operate. They provided a transitional platform between the T\-class and the introduction of the Superdome.
|
[
"Server models\n-------------",
"{{See also\\|HPE Integrity Servers\\|l1\\=HP Integrity servers (Itanium 2–based)}}\n[thumb\\|HP 9000 RP7410 [system board](/wiki/System_board \"System board\") with quad [PA\\-RISC](/wiki/PA-RISC \"PA-RISC\") 8700\\+ [CPUs](/wiki/CPU \"CPU\")](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-RP7410-CPU-Board-4xPA-RISC8700%2B-A6094-60001_07.jpg \"HP-HP9000-RP7410-CPU-Board-4xPA-RISC8700+-A6094-60001 07.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|HP 9000 RP7410 [system board](/wiki/System_board \"System board\") with quad [PA\\-RISC](/wiki/PA-RISC \"PA-RISC\") 8700\\+ [CPUs](/wiki/CPU \"CPU\")](/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-RP7410-CPU-Board-4xPA-RISC8700%2B-A6094-60001_10.jpg \"HP-HP9000-RP7410-CPU-Board-4xPA-RISC8700+-A6094-60001 10.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[HP 9000 Superdome](/wiki/HP_9000_Superdome \"HP 9000 Superdome\") [PA\\-RISC](/wiki/PA-RISC \"PA-RISC\") model](/wiki/File:HP_Superdome_pa-risc.jpg \"HP Superdome pa-risc.jpg\")",
"* *800 Series*{{snd}} 807, 817, 822, 825, 827, 832, 835, 837, 840, 842, 845, 847, 850, 855, 857, 867, 877, 887, 897\n* *1200 FT Series*{{snd}} 1210, 1245, 1245 PLUS\n* *A\\-class*{{snd}} A180, A180C (*Staccato*), A400, A500\n* *D\\-class*{{snd}} D200, D210, D220, D230, D250, D260, D270, D280, D300, D310, D320, D330, D350, D360, D370, D380, D390\n* *E\\-class*{{snd}} E25, E35, E45, E55\n* *F\\-class*{{snd}} F10, F20, F30 (*Nova*)\n* *G\\-class*{{snd}} G30, G40, G50, G60, G70 (*Nova* / *Nova64*)\n* *H\\-class*{{snd}} H20, H30, H40, H50, H60, H70\n* *I\\-class*{{snd}} I30, I40, I50, I60, I70\n* *K\\-class*{{snd}} K100, K200, K210, K220, K250, K260, K360, K370, K380, K400, K410, K420, K450, K460, K570, K580\n* *L\\-class*{{snd}} L1000, L1500, L2000, L3000\n* *N\\-class*{{snd}} N4000\n* *N\\-class*{{snd}} N4004\n* *N\\-class*{{snd}} N4005\n* *N\\-class*{{snd}} N4006\n* *R\\-class*{{snd}} R380, R390\n* *S\\-class*{{snd}} rebadged Convex Exemplar SPP2000 (single\\-node)\n* *T\\-class*{{snd}} T500, T520, T600\n* *V\\-class*{{snd}} V2200, V2250, V2500, V2600\n* *X\\-class*{{snd}} rebadged Convex Exemplar SPP2000 (multi\\-node)\n* *rp2400*{{snd}} rp2400 (A400\\), rp2405 (A400\\), rp2430 (A400\\), rp2450 (A500\\), rp2470 (A500\\) (former A\\-class)\n* *rp3400*{{snd}} rp3410\\-2, rp3440\\-4 (1\\-2 PA\\-8800/8900 processors)\n* *rp4400*{{snd}} rp4410\\-4, rp4440\\-8\n* *rp5400*{{snd}} rp5400, rp5405, rp5430, rp5450, rp5470 (former L\\-class)\n* *rp7400*{{snd}} rp7400 (former N\\-class)\n* *rp7405*{{snd}} rp7405, rp7410, rp7420\\-16, rp7440\\-16\n* *rp8400*{{snd}} rp8400, rp8410, rp8420\\-32, rp8440\\-32\n* *[HP 9000 Superdome](/wiki/HP_9000_Superdome \"HP 9000 Superdome\")*{{snd}} SD\\-32, SD\\-64, SD\\-128 (PA\\-8900 processors)",
"### D\\-class (Codename: Ultralight)",
"The D\\-class are entry\\-level and mid\\-range servers that succeeded the entry\\-level E\\-class servers and the mid\\-range G\\-, H\\-, I\\-class servers. The first models were introduced in late January 1996, consisting of the Model D200, D210, D250, D310 and D350\\.\"Hewlett\\-Packard Unveils D\\-Class General\\-Purpose Servers To Replace The E\\-Class Models\" The Model D200 is a uniprocessor with a 75 MHz [PA\\-7100LC](/wiki/PA-7100LC \"PA-7100LC\") microprocessor, support for up to 512 MB of memory and five EISA/HP\\-HSC slots. The Model D210 is similar, but it used a 100 MHz PA\\-7100LC. The Model D250 is dual\\-processor model and it used the 100 MHz PA\\-7100LC. It supported up to 768 MB of memory and had five EISA/HP\\-HSC slots. The Model D310 is a uniprocessor with a 100 MHz PA\\-7100LC, up to 512 MB of memory and eight EISA/HP\\-HSC slots. The Model D350 is a high\\-end D\\-class system, a dual\\-processor, it had two 100 MHz PA\\-7100LCs, up to 768 MB of memory and eight EISA/HP\\-HSC slots.",
"In mid\\-September 1996, two new D\\-class servers were introduced to utilize the new 64\\-bit PA\\-8000 microprocessor, the Model D270 uniprocessor and the Model D370 dual\\-processor. Both were positioned as entry\\-level servers. They used the 160 MHz PA\\-8000 and supported 128 MB to 1\\.5 GB of memory.\"HP Launches Commercial PA\\-8000 Lines\"",
"In January 1997, the low\\-end Model D220, D230, D320 and D330 were introduced, using 132 and 160 MHz versions of the [PA\\-7300LC](/wiki/PA-7300LC \"PA-7300LC\") microprocessor.\"HP Overhauls Its Low\\-End UNIX Servers With The PA\\-7300LC\"",
"The D\\-class are tower servers with up to two microprocessors and are architecturally similar to the K\\-class. They sometimes masquerade as larger machines as HP shipped them mounted vertically inside a large cabinet containing a power supply and multiple disks with plenty of room for air to circulate.",
"### R\\-class",
"The R\\-class is simply a D\\-class machine packaged in a [rack\\-mount](/wiki/Rack-mount \"Rack-mount\") chassis. Unlike the D\\-class systems, it does not support hot\\-pluggable disks.",
"### N\\-class",
"[thumb\\|alt\\=N\\-class HP 9000\\.\\|N\\-class HP 9000](/wiki/File:N-class_HP-9000.jpg \"N-class HP-9000.jpg\")",
"The N\\-class is a 10U rackmount server with up to eight [CPUs](/wiki/Central_processing_unit \"Central processing unit\") and 12 [PCI](/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect \"Peripheral Component Interconnect\") slots. It uses two Merced buses, one for every four processor slots. It is not a [NUMA](/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access \"Non-uniform memory access\") machine, having equal access to all memory slots. The I/O is unequal though; having one Ike [IOMMU](/wiki/IOMMU \"IOMMU\") per bus means that one set of CPUs are closer to one set of I/O slots than the other.",
"The N\\-class servers were marketed as \"[Itanium](/wiki/Itanium \"Itanium\")\\-ready\", although when the Itanium shipped, no Itanium upgrade was made available for the N class. The N class did benefit from using the Merced bus, bridging the PA\\-8x00 microprocessors to it via a special adapter called DEW.",
"The N4000 was upgraded with newer processors throughout its life, with models called N4000\\-36, N4000\\-44 and N4000\\-55 indicating microprocessor clock frequencies of 360, 440, and 550 MHz, respectively. It was renamed to the rp7400 series in 2001\\.",
"### L\\-class",
"The L\\-class servers are 7U rackmount machines with up to 4 CPUs (depending on model). They have 12 PCI slots, but only 7 slots are enabled in the entry\\-level L1000 system. Two of the PCI slots are occupied by factory integrated cards and cannot be utilized for I/O expansion by the end\\-user.",
"The L1000 and L2000 are similar to the A400 and A500, being based on an Astro/Elroy combination. They initially shipped with 360 MHz and 440 MHz PA\\-8500 and were upgraded with 540 MHz PA\\-8600\\.",
"The L3000 is similar to the N4000, being based on a DEW/Ike/Elroy combination. It shipped only with 550 MHz PA\\-8600 CPUs.",
"The L\\-class family was renamed to the rp5400 series in 2001\\.",
"### A\\-class",
"The A180 and A180C were 32\\-bit, single\\-processor, 2U servers based on the [PA\\-7300LC](/wiki/PA-7300LC \"PA-7300LC\") processor with the Lasi and Dino ASICs.",
"The A400 and A500 servers were 64\\-bit, single and dual\\-processor 2U servers based on the [PA\\-8500](/wiki/PA-8500 \"PA-8500\") and later processors, using the Astro IOMMU and Elroy PCI adapters. The A400\\-36 and A500\\-36 machines used the PA\\-8500 processor running at 360 MHz; the A400\\-44 and A500\\-44 are clocked at 440 MHz. The A500\\-55 uses a [PA\\-8600](/wiki/PA-8600 \"PA-8600\") processor running at 550 MHz and the A500\\-75 uses a [PA\\-8700](/wiki/PA-8700 \"PA-8700\") processor running at 750 MHz.",
"The A\\-class was renamed to the rp2400 series in 2001\\.",
"### S/X\\-class",
"The S\\- and X\\-class were Convex Exemplar SPP2000 [supercomputers](/wiki/Supercomputer \"Supercomputer\") rebadged after HP's acquisition of [Convex Computer](/wiki/Convex_Computer \"Convex Computer\") in 1995\\. The S\\-class was a single\\-node SPP2000 with up to 16 processors, while the X\\-class name was used for multi\\-node configurations with up to 512 processors. These machines ran Convex's SPP\\-UX operating system.",
"### V\\-class",
"The V\\-class servers were based on the [multiprocessor](/wiki/Multiprocessor \"Multiprocessor\") technology from the S\\-class and X\\-class. The V2200 and V2250 support a maximum of 16 processors, and the V2500 and V2600 support a maximum of 32 processors. The V\\-class systems are physically large systems that need extensive cooling and [three\\-phase electric power](/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power \"Three-phase electric power\") to operate. They provided a transitional platform between the T\\-class and the introduction of the Superdome.",
""
] |
History
-------
The group formed in 1983[http://www.musicmight.com/linkto/artist/{F8322899\-61DD\-4E0F\-A757\-6B8A5B8](http://www.musicmight.com/linkto/artist/{F8322899-61DD-4E0F-A757-6B8A5B8) {{dead link\|date\=April 2017}} when Greg Strzempka and Elyse Steinman, both guitarists, met in New York City. The two had a shared interest in the heavy rock sounds of 1970s style boogie rock and such contemporary punk rock groups as the [Ramones](/wiki/Ramones "Ramones") and [Black Flag](/wiki/Black_Flag_%28band%29 "Black Flag (band)"). The couple enlisted the services of drummer Kory Clarke ([Warrior Soul](/wiki/Warrior_Soul "Warrior Soul") and [Space Age Playboys](/wiki/Space_Age_Playboys "Space Age Playboys")), bassist Robert Pauls (formerly of Warrior Soul), as well as a third guitarist, Dmitri Brill (later known as Super DJ Dmitri of [Deee\-Lite](/wiki/Deee-Lite "Deee-Lite")), and the group began playing their first shows in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan")'s [Lower East Side](/wiki/Lower_East_Side "Lower East Side") rock clubs.
By 1986, the group had gone through several personnel changes, and both Clarke and Brill had departed, but the line\-up solidified somewhat with the addition of Alec Morton on [bass guitar](/wiki/Bass_guitar "Bass guitar"). The group began to build a steady and loyal following around the New York City and [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey") area, playing many shows with the [Butthole Surfers](/wiki/Butthole_Surfers "Butthole Surfers") and also with Strzempka and Steinman's then next\-door neighbours, [White Zombie](/wiki/White_Zombie_%28band%29 "White Zombie (band)"). Ultimately the band would utilize the talents of over twenty different drummers, including former [Whiplash](/wiki/Whiplash_%28band%29 "Whiplash (band)") drummer Tony Scaglione, [Black Label Society](/wiki/Black_Label_Society "Black Label Society") co\-founder [Phil Ondich](/wiki/Phil_Ondich "Phil Ondich"), [Monster Magnet](/wiki/Monster_Magnet "Monster Magnet")/Riotgod drummer Bob Pantella, and [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans "New Orleans") native Rob Cournoyer, before finding Backdraft drummer Niklas Matsson to fill out the line up.
In 1987, the group recorded their first album, *Assmaster*, released on the New Jersey–based punk label Buy Our Records. The cover art was executed by [Marvel Comics](/wiki/Marvel_Comics "Marvel Comics") artists Pat Redding and Pete Ciccone, and Raging Slab began to tour across the United States. In 1988, Steinman and Strzempka decide to add a third guitarist, Mark Middleton, and the group released their second album, *True Death* (1988\).
By 1989, several major labels were bidding to sign Raging Slab, and ultimately it was [RCA Records](/wiki/RCA_Records "RCA Records") that attracted the band to sign a multi\-record contract. The group recorded their eponymous third album *[Raging Slab](/wiki/Raging_Slab_%28album%29 "Raging Slab (album)")*, produced by [Daniel Rey](/wiki/Daniel_Rey "Daniel Rey"). To help support this album the group also produced a video, and the clip for their song "Don't Dog Me" featured the band being dragged around the [Mojave Desert](/wiki/Mojave_Desert "Mojave Desert") by a [monster truck](/wiki/Monster_truck "Monster truck"). The video climbed to No. 2 on the [MTV](/wiki/MTV "MTV") countdown.
A 1989 *[Guitar World](/wiki/Guitar_World "Guitar World")* review of Raging Slab described the group's sound as "[Lynyrd Skynyrd](/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd "Lynyrd Skynyrd") meets [Metallica](/wiki/Metallica "Metallica")". By this time the group was touring extensively, opening for big\-name acts such as the [Red Hot Chili Peppers](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers "Red Hot Chili Peppers"), the Ramones, [Molly Hatchet](/wiki/Molly_Hatchet "Molly Hatchet") and [Warrant](/wiki/Warrant_%28American_band%29 "Warrant (American band)"). One of the bands that had opened for Raging Slab on their 1990 tour was a then little\-known group called Mr. Crowe's Garden, who were soon to become the [Black Crowes](/wiki/Black_Crowes "Black Crowes"). It was during this time that Strzempka and Steinman purchased a rural property in [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania") and built "Slabby Road", the group's personal recording studio. The members of the group lived together on the farm in a type of "[communal](/wiki/Commune_%28intentional_community%29 "Commune (intentional community)")" relationship and began recording their second RCA record, *From a Southern Space*, produced by Alex Perialis. Executives at RCA were not pleased with the direction that the group was going with this recording and decide to withdraw their support for its release. During this time the group also opened for [Guns N' Roses](/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses "Guns N' Roses") on their "Top Secret Club Tour".
The band reentered the studio to record their third RCA record *Freeburden* with producer [Michael Beinhorn](/wiki/Michael_Beinhorn "Michael Beinhorn"), and the group were utilizing the talents of Chili Pepper and [Pearl Jam](/wiki/Pearl_Jam "Pearl Jam") drummer, [Jack Irons](/wiki/Jack_Irons "Jack Irons"). Once again their work is rejected by RCA. [Def American](/wiki/Def_American "Def American") impresario [Rick Rubin](/wiki/Rick_Rubin "Rick Rubin") began to make offers to the group to leave RCA and make records for his flourishing label. The group agreed and Rubin bought out the remainder of their contract with RCA.
In 1992, the group began to record a new album with producer [Brendan O'Brien](/wiki/Brendan_O%27Brien_%28music_producer%29 "Brendan O'Brien (music producer)") as well as former [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin "Led Zeppelin") member [John Paul Jones](/wiki/John_Paul_Jones_%28musician%29 "John Paul Jones (musician)") who had agreed to work with the band, contributing string arrangements.
In 1993, the band released their Def American debut, the double album *[Dynamite Monster Boogie Concert](/wiki/Dynamite_Monster_Boogie_Concert "Dynamite Monster Boogie Concert")*. A video that the group creates to accompany this release, "Anywhere But Here", featured former [child actor](/wiki/Child_actor "Child actor") [Gary Coleman](/wiki/Gary_Coleman "Gary Coleman"), and the video debuted on MTV's popular *[Beavis and Butt\-Head](/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-Head "Beavis and Butt-Head")* program, where [Beavis](/wiki/Beavis "Beavis") is heard to declare, "they're like [Skynyrd](/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd "Lynyrd Skynyrd"), but cool…".
The following year the band embarked on a European tour in support of [Texas](/wiki/Texas_%28band%29 "Texas (band)"). They also played with [Lenny Kravitz](/wiki/Lenny_Kravitz "Lenny Kravitz") and Monster Magnet, but while in England the group's drummer Paul Sheehan suffered debilitating knee injuries and the group curtailed its tour. They returned to the U.S. and began recording their second Def American (by now known as [American Recordings](/wiki/American_Recordings_%28US%29 "American Recordings (US)")) album. The group delivered *Black Belt in Boogie*, but the record was rejected by Rubin, who reportedly told the group that he "didn't hear any songs" on it, and currently has not been released. It was during this time that lead guitarist Mark Middleton chose to leave the band, citing "personal problems" as the reason for his departure. Middleton went on to reform [the Desperadoes](/wiki/The_Desperadoes "The Desperadoes"), a classic rock cover band.
The group then returned to the studio to record its next album *Sing Monkey, Sing!*, which was released with little publicity. American Recordings then severed its relationship with its distributor [Warner Bros. Records](/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records "Warner Bros. Records"), but neglected to tell the members of Raging Slab that it had done so, and also overlooked the legalities of releasing the group from its contract. *Sing Monkey, Sing!* is then sold to the [Columbia Record Club](/wiki/Columbia_House "Columbia House"), and the band began legal proceedings against their former label. Deciding that formal proceedings against such a powerful adversary would result only in their own financial ruin, the group decided to wait out the remainder of their contract, which effectively barred them from releasing any new music until the year 2000\.
In 1997, however, the group began gigging and recording for their next release, utilizing the talents of drummer [Phil Ondich](/wiki/Phil_Ondich "Phil Ondich") who subsequently left the band in May 1998 to form [Zakk Wylde](/wiki/Zakk_Wylde "Zakk Wylde")'s [Black Label Society](/wiki/Black_Label_Society "Black Label Society"). The group was able to lure [Dale Crover](/wiki/Dale_Crover "Dale Crover") ([The Melvins](/wiki/The_Melvins "The Melvins"), [Nirvana](/wiki/Nirvana_%28band%29 "Nirvana (band)")) to help them with drum duties until a permanent replacement could be found. Crover also played some live shows with Raging Slab, including some opening spots for legendary guitarist [Leslie West](/wiki/Leslie_West "Leslie West"). Rob Cournoyer joined after being referred to the band by [Allman Brothers](/wiki/Allman_Brothers "Allman Brothers") and [Government Mule](/wiki/Government_Mule "Government Mule") guitarist [Warren Haynes](/wiki/Warren_Haynes "Warren Haynes").
With the passing of the year 2000, the group's contractual restrictions finally fell away and they began to again record and release music, and they appear on compilation albums such as the [Aerosmith](/wiki/Aerosmith "Aerosmith") tribute album *[Right in the Nuts](/wiki/Right_in_the_Nuts "Right in the Nuts")*, as well as a supplying a cover version of "[Mississippi Queen](/wiki/Mississippi_Queen "Mississippi Queen")" that appears on the *In The Groove* compilation album.
In 2001 the group returned with a renewed vigor and they released *The Dealer* on The New York–based independent label [Tee Pee Records](/wiki/Tee_Pee_Records "Tee Pee Records"), and this was the first album of new and original music released by the band in almost six years. The group toured the U.S. and Canada extensively at this time, and were preparing to embark on a European tour. Scheduled to depart New York City bound for [London, England](/wiki/London%2C_England "London, England") on September 11, 2001, the infamous atrocity that occurred on that date postponed the European leg of their tour until later in 2001\. On their return to the US the group once again headed into their studio to begin a new record. This album entitled *Pronounced: Eat Shit* was released in 2002, also on Tee Pee Records.
After the release and European tour for *Pronounced: Eat Shit*, the band took a long hiatus, before announcing that longtime bassist Alec Morton was suffering from congestive heart failure. Slab frontman Greg Strzempka joined Swedish southern\-metallers Backdraft in 2003, before changing the band name to Odin Grange. But in the year 2004, drummer Niklas Matsson and bassist Mats Rydström joined Raging Slab for a short tour of the US and the recording of a new record, which was not released.
In March 2017, founding member and frontman Greg Strzempka announced the death of guitarist Elyse Steinman on the band's [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") page. The musician lost a three\-year battle with cancer on March 30\.{{cite web\|url\=http://teamrock.com/news/2017\-04\-03/raging\-slab\-co\-founder\-elyse\-steinman\-dies \|title\=Raging Slab co\-founder Elyse Steinman dies – Classic Rock \|website\=Teamrock.com \|date\=February 19, 2017 \|accessdate\=April 3, 2017}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The group formed in 1983[http://www.musicmight.com/linkto/artist/{F8322899\\-61DD\\-4E0F\\-A757\\-6B8A5B8](http://www.musicmight.com/linkto/artist/{F8322899-61DD-4E0F-A757-6B8A5B8) {{dead link\\|date\\=April 2017}} when Greg Strzempka and Elyse Steinman, both guitarists, met in New York City. The two had a shared interest in the heavy rock sounds of 1970s style boogie rock and such contemporary punk rock groups as the [Ramones](/wiki/Ramones \"Ramones\") and [Black Flag](/wiki/Black_Flag_%28band%29 \"Black Flag (band)\"). The couple enlisted the services of drummer Kory Clarke ([Warrior Soul](/wiki/Warrior_Soul \"Warrior Soul\") and [Space Age Playboys](/wiki/Space_Age_Playboys \"Space Age Playboys\")), bassist Robert Pauls (formerly of Warrior Soul), as well as a third guitarist, Dmitri Brill (later known as Super DJ Dmitri of [Deee\\-Lite](/wiki/Deee-Lite \"Deee-Lite\")), and the group began playing their first shows in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\")'s [Lower East Side](/wiki/Lower_East_Side \"Lower East Side\") rock clubs.",
"By 1986, the group had gone through several personnel changes, and both Clarke and Brill had departed, but the line\\-up solidified somewhat with the addition of Alec Morton on [bass guitar](/wiki/Bass_guitar \"Bass guitar\"). The group began to build a steady and loyal following around the New York City and [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\") area, playing many shows with the [Butthole Surfers](/wiki/Butthole_Surfers \"Butthole Surfers\") and also with Strzempka and Steinman's then next\\-door neighbours, [White Zombie](/wiki/White_Zombie_%28band%29 \"White Zombie (band)\"). Ultimately the band would utilize the talents of over twenty different drummers, including former [Whiplash](/wiki/Whiplash_%28band%29 \"Whiplash (band)\") drummer Tony Scaglione, [Black Label Society](/wiki/Black_Label_Society \"Black Label Society\") co\\-founder [Phil Ondich](/wiki/Phil_Ondich \"Phil Ondich\"), [Monster Magnet](/wiki/Monster_Magnet \"Monster Magnet\")/Riotgod drummer Bob Pantella, and [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\") native Rob Cournoyer, before finding Backdraft drummer Niklas Matsson to fill out the line up.",
"In 1987, the group recorded their first album, *Assmaster*, released on the New Jersey–based punk label Buy Our Records. The cover art was executed by [Marvel Comics](/wiki/Marvel_Comics \"Marvel Comics\") artists Pat Redding and Pete Ciccone, and Raging Slab began to tour across the United States. In 1988, Steinman and Strzempka decide to add a third guitarist, Mark Middleton, and the group released their second album, *True Death* (1988\\).",
"By 1989, several major labels were bidding to sign Raging Slab, and ultimately it was [RCA Records](/wiki/RCA_Records \"RCA Records\") that attracted the band to sign a multi\\-record contract. The group recorded their eponymous third album *[Raging Slab](/wiki/Raging_Slab_%28album%29 \"Raging Slab (album)\")*, produced by [Daniel Rey](/wiki/Daniel_Rey \"Daniel Rey\"). To help support this album the group also produced a video, and the clip for their song \"Don't Dog Me\" featured the band being dragged around the [Mojave Desert](/wiki/Mojave_Desert \"Mojave Desert\") by a [monster truck](/wiki/Monster_truck \"Monster truck\"). The video climbed to No. 2 on the [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\") countdown.",
"A 1989 *[Guitar World](/wiki/Guitar_World \"Guitar World\")* review of Raging Slab described the group's sound as \"[Lynyrd Skynyrd](/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd \"Lynyrd Skynyrd\") meets [Metallica](/wiki/Metallica \"Metallica\")\". By this time the group was touring extensively, opening for big\\-name acts such as the [Red Hot Chili Peppers](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers \"Red Hot Chili Peppers\"), the Ramones, [Molly Hatchet](/wiki/Molly_Hatchet \"Molly Hatchet\") and [Warrant](/wiki/Warrant_%28American_band%29 \"Warrant (American band)\"). One of the bands that had opened for Raging Slab on their 1990 tour was a then little\\-known group called Mr. Crowe's Garden, who were soon to become the [Black Crowes](/wiki/Black_Crowes \"Black Crowes\"). It was during this time that Strzempka and Steinman purchased a rural property in [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\") and built \"Slabby Road\", the group's personal recording studio. The members of the group lived together on the farm in a type of \"[communal](/wiki/Commune_%28intentional_community%29 \"Commune (intentional community)\")\" relationship and began recording their second RCA record, *From a Southern Space*, produced by Alex Perialis. Executives at RCA were not pleased with the direction that the group was going with this recording and decide to withdraw their support for its release. During this time the group also opened for [Guns N' Roses](/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses \"Guns N' Roses\") on their \"Top Secret Club Tour\".",
"The band reentered the studio to record their third RCA record *Freeburden* with producer [Michael Beinhorn](/wiki/Michael_Beinhorn \"Michael Beinhorn\"), and the group were utilizing the talents of Chili Pepper and [Pearl Jam](/wiki/Pearl_Jam \"Pearl Jam\") drummer, [Jack Irons](/wiki/Jack_Irons \"Jack Irons\"). Once again their work is rejected by RCA. [Def American](/wiki/Def_American \"Def American\") impresario [Rick Rubin](/wiki/Rick_Rubin \"Rick Rubin\") began to make offers to the group to leave RCA and make records for his flourishing label. The group agreed and Rubin bought out the remainder of their contract with RCA.",
"In 1992, the group began to record a new album with producer [Brendan O'Brien](/wiki/Brendan_O%27Brien_%28music_producer%29 \"Brendan O'Brien (music producer)\") as well as former [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin \"Led Zeppelin\") member [John Paul Jones](/wiki/John_Paul_Jones_%28musician%29 \"John Paul Jones (musician)\") who had agreed to work with the band, contributing string arrangements.",
"In 1993, the band released their Def American debut, the double album *[Dynamite Monster Boogie Concert](/wiki/Dynamite_Monster_Boogie_Concert \"Dynamite Monster Boogie Concert\")*. A video that the group creates to accompany this release, \"Anywhere But Here\", featured former [child actor](/wiki/Child_actor \"Child actor\") [Gary Coleman](/wiki/Gary_Coleman \"Gary Coleman\"), and the video debuted on MTV's popular *[Beavis and Butt\\-Head](/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-Head \"Beavis and Butt-Head\")* program, where [Beavis](/wiki/Beavis \"Beavis\") is heard to declare, \"they're like [Skynyrd](/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd \"Lynyrd Skynyrd\"), but cool…\".",
"The following year the band embarked on a European tour in support of [Texas](/wiki/Texas_%28band%29 \"Texas (band)\"). They also played with [Lenny Kravitz](/wiki/Lenny_Kravitz \"Lenny Kravitz\") and Monster Magnet, but while in England the group's drummer Paul Sheehan suffered debilitating knee injuries and the group curtailed its tour. They returned to the U.S. and began recording their second Def American (by now known as [American Recordings](/wiki/American_Recordings_%28US%29 \"American Recordings (US)\")) album. The group delivered *Black Belt in Boogie*, but the record was rejected by Rubin, who reportedly told the group that he \"didn't hear any songs\" on it, and currently has not been released. It was during this time that lead guitarist Mark Middleton chose to leave the band, citing \"personal problems\" as the reason for his departure. Middleton went on to reform [the Desperadoes](/wiki/The_Desperadoes \"The Desperadoes\"), a classic rock cover band.",
"The group then returned to the studio to record its next album *Sing Monkey, Sing!*, which was released with little publicity. American Recordings then severed its relationship with its distributor [Warner Bros. Records](/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records \"Warner Bros. Records\"), but neglected to tell the members of Raging Slab that it had done so, and also overlooked the legalities of releasing the group from its contract. *Sing Monkey, Sing!* is then sold to the [Columbia Record Club](/wiki/Columbia_House \"Columbia House\"), and the band began legal proceedings against their former label. Deciding that formal proceedings against such a powerful adversary would result only in their own financial ruin, the group decided to wait out the remainder of their contract, which effectively barred them from releasing any new music until the year 2000\\.",
"In 1997, however, the group began gigging and recording for their next release, utilizing the talents of drummer [Phil Ondich](/wiki/Phil_Ondich \"Phil Ondich\") who subsequently left the band in May 1998 to form [Zakk Wylde](/wiki/Zakk_Wylde \"Zakk Wylde\")'s [Black Label Society](/wiki/Black_Label_Society \"Black Label Society\"). The group was able to lure [Dale Crover](/wiki/Dale_Crover \"Dale Crover\") ([The Melvins](/wiki/The_Melvins \"The Melvins\"), [Nirvana](/wiki/Nirvana_%28band%29 \"Nirvana (band)\")) to help them with drum duties until a permanent replacement could be found. Crover also played some live shows with Raging Slab, including some opening spots for legendary guitarist [Leslie West](/wiki/Leslie_West \"Leslie West\"). Rob Cournoyer joined after being referred to the band by [Allman Brothers](/wiki/Allman_Brothers \"Allman Brothers\") and [Government Mule](/wiki/Government_Mule \"Government Mule\") guitarist [Warren Haynes](/wiki/Warren_Haynes \"Warren Haynes\").",
"With the passing of the year 2000, the group's contractual restrictions finally fell away and they began to again record and release music, and they appear on compilation albums such as the [Aerosmith](/wiki/Aerosmith \"Aerosmith\") tribute album *[Right in the Nuts](/wiki/Right_in_the_Nuts \"Right in the Nuts\")*, as well as a supplying a cover version of \"[Mississippi Queen](/wiki/Mississippi_Queen \"Mississippi Queen\")\" that appears on the *In The Groove* compilation album.",
"In 2001 the group returned with a renewed vigor and they released *The Dealer* on The New York–based independent label [Tee Pee Records](/wiki/Tee_Pee_Records \"Tee Pee Records\"), and this was the first album of new and original music released by the band in almost six years. The group toured the U.S. and Canada extensively at this time, and were preparing to embark on a European tour. Scheduled to depart New York City bound for [London, England](/wiki/London%2C_England \"London, England\") on September 11, 2001, the infamous atrocity that occurred on that date postponed the European leg of their tour until later in 2001\\. On their return to the US the group once again headed into their studio to begin a new record. This album entitled *Pronounced: Eat Shit* was released in 2002, also on Tee Pee Records.",
"After the release and European tour for *Pronounced: Eat Shit*, the band took a long hiatus, before announcing that longtime bassist Alec Morton was suffering from congestive heart failure. Slab frontman Greg Strzempka joined Swedish southern\\-metallers Backdraft in 2003, before changing the band name to Odin Grange. But in the year 2004, drummer Niklas Matsson and bassist Mats Rydström joined Raging Slab for a short tour of the US and the recording of a new record, which was not released.",
"In March 2017, founding member and frontman Greg Strzempka announced the death of guitarist Elyse Steinman on the band's [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") page. The musician lost a three\\-year battle with cancer on March 30\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://teamrock.com/news/2017\\-04\\-03/raging\\-slab\\-co\\-founder\\-elyse\\-steinman\\-dies \\|title\\=Raging Slab co\\-founder Elyse Steinman dies – Classic Rock \\|website\\=Teamrock.com \\|date\\=February 19, 2017 \\|accessdate\\=April 3, 2017}}",
""
] |
Operation
---------
Steamer excursions added to the companies revenue, with new seasonal trips to [Hartlepool](/wiki/Hartlepool "Hartlepool") and [Scarborough](/wiki/Scarborough%2C_North_Yorkshire "Scarborough, North Yorkshire"). This financial success enabled the Pier Company to announce profitable dividends for its shareholders, and by October 1873 it was announced that all the shares had been disposed of.
However, on the night of 21/22 October 1875, a [gale](/wiki/Gale "Gale") struck the pier, removing {{convert\|300\|ft\|m}} of the structure at the seaward end, including the pier head, landing stage and part of the pier deck. In the middle of an iron trade slump, it was decided not to replace the missing section or reconstruct a landing stage, leaving a redeveloped pier of {{convert\|1250\|ft\|m}}. Reopened in 1877, the debts of the company led to it being sold in 1880 at auction at the Alexandra Hotel for £800\.
### Middlesbrough Estate
Sold initially to the *Saltburn Improvement Company,* in August 1883 the SIC was bought by the owners of the Middlesbrough Estate.
The new owners had the Cliff Hoist inspected by independent engineers, who condemned it due to numerous rotten timbers, so it was demolished in late 1883\. They commissioned [Sir Richard Tangye's](/wiki/Richard_Tangye "Richard Tangye") company, who had built the two earlier vertically inclined water powered [funicular railways](/wiki/Funicular "Funicular") in [Scarborough](/wiki/Scarborough%2C_North_Yorkshire "Scarborough, North Yorkshire"), to build a replacement. Tangye had appointed [George Croydon Marks](/wiki/George_Croydon_Marks "George Croydon Marks") head of the lift department, in which role he was in charge of the design and installation at Saltburn.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.friendsofbabbacombecliffrailway.org.uk/2\.html \|title\=A Brief History and Explanation of Technology Babbacombe Cliff Railway \|first\=David \|last\=Cooper \|publisher\=Friends of the Babbacombe Cliff Railway \|accessdate\=4 June 2010\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002014621/http://www.friendsofbabbacombecliffrailway.org.uk/2\.html\|archivedate\=2 October 2010}} Marks designed and constructed the [Saltburn Cliff Lift](/wiki/Saltburn_Cliff_Lift "Saltburn Cliff Lift"), a [funicular](/wiki/Funicular "Funicular") with a height of {{convert\|120\|ft\|m}} and a track length of {{convert\|207\|ft\|m}}, creating a 71% incline. Opened on Saturday 28 June 1884, it remains today the world's oldest water\-balanced cliff railway.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/tees/content/articles/2007/08/02/saltburn\_cliff\_lift\_feature.shtml \|title\=Saltburn Cliff Lift \|publisher\=BBC Tees \|accessdate\=5 June 2010}}
The opening of the Cliff Lift allowed the pier company to undertake a development of facilities. As had originally been intended, a saloon was built at the pier head, while gas lighting was provided along the entire length. In 1884, the pier head was widened and windshields, a [bandstand](/wiki/Bandstand "Bandstand"), a refreshment rooms added, and the entrance kiosks replaced to match the style of those used on the new Cliff Lift. In July 1887 the gas lighting was replaced by electricity.
After suffering slight storm damage in 1900, the pier was struck by the [china clay](/wiki/China_clay "China clay") vessel {{SS\|Ovenbeg}} (formerly the [Russian](/wiki/Russia "Russia") registered {{SS\|St Nicholi}}), in May 1924\. The collision left a {{convert\|210\|ft\|m}} gap in the promenade, leaving the bandstand inaccessible. The gap was replaced from March 1929, with a new [theatre](/wiki/Theatre "Theatre") also built on the landside, completed in 1930 enabling the full length of the pier to open.
### Post World War Two
Purchased by the council in 1938, the pier like others was sectioned during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), by having part of the deck removed by the [Royal Engineers](/wiki/Royal_Engineers "Royal Engineers") to guard against [Nazi](/wiki/Nazi "Nazi") invasion. But due to its poor post war condition, repairs were not granted planning permission until 1949, and due to a shortage of steel not completed until April 1952\. Officially reopened for the first time since the war on 31 May 1952, over 25,000 visitors walked the pier during the first month.
In 1953, gales resulted in £23,000 worth of repairs, which took a further five years to complete. But after completion, in 1958 two piles were lost, costing a further £6,000\. In 1961 another twenty piles were twisted in storms, but repairs kept the structure open enabling 90,000 people to visit during the 1960s.
After severe storms in 1971 and 1973, piles were lost at the seaward end leaving the pier in a dangerous state. Further damage in 1974 culminated on 29 October, when the pier head was lost and the deck damaged, leaving a length of {{convert\|1100\|ft\|m}}.
In 1975 the council submitted an application to the [Department of the Environment](/wiki/Department_of_the_Environment "Department of the Environment") to have the pier demolished. A "Save the Pier" campaign led to a [public enquiry](/wiki/Public_enquiry "Public enquiry"), which concluded that only the final thirteen piers could be removed. This left a {{convert\|681\|ft\|m}} length of refurbished pier, which reopened on 29 June 1978\. In 1979, the council undertook a complete refurbishment of both the pier and the Cliff Lift to reflect the Victorian/Edwardian character, by: ordering new [aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium "Aluminium") cars for the Cliff Lift, reinstating to the design [stained\-glass](/wiki/Stained-glass "Stained-glass") windows; new distinct white\-red cladding to all the structures; a pier head [cafe](/wiki/Coffeehouse "Coffeehouse").
### Post 2000
[upright\|thumb\|Saltburn Pier, as seen from the promenade above](/wiki/File:Saltburn_Pier_%28geograph_5353954%29.jpg "Saltburn Pier (geograph 5353954).jpg")
In 2000, the council was successful in gaining a £1\.2 million [National Lottery](/wiki/National_Lottery_%28United_Kingdom%29 "National Lottery (United Kingdom)") [Heritage Grant](/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund "Heritage Lottery Fund"), enabling the cast iron trestles that support the pier to be conserved, and the steel deck beams replaced with traditional hardwood timber to reflect the pier’s original appearance. Reopened as a [Grade II\* listed building](/wiki/Listed_building "Listed building") on 13 July 2001, by [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament "Member of Parliament") [Chris Smith](/wiki/Chris_Smith%2C_Baron_Smith_of_Finsbury "Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury"),{{cite web \|url\=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/features/Prized\-pier\-of\-the\-realm.5240474\.jp \|title\=Prized pier of the realm \|first\= Chris Foote \|last\=Wood \|work\=Yorkshire Post \|date\=6 May 2009 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007140043/http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/features/prized\-pier\-of\-the\-realm\-1\-2345515\|archivedate\=7 October 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} the restored structure won a top placing in the Queen’s Golden Jubilee Heritage awards. In October 2005, the pier was greatly enhanced by the installation of under deck lighting which illuminates at night, and in 2009, the [National Piers Society](/wiki/National_Piers_Society "National Piers Society") awarded it pier of the year. The pier celebrated its 150th anniversary on 11 May 2019 when a new lighting system was switched on.
|
[
"Operation\n---------",
"Steamer excursions added to the companies revenue, with new seasonal trips to [Hartlepool](/wiki/Hartlepool \"Hartlepool\") and [Scarborough](/wiki/Scarborough%2C_North_Yorkshire \"Scarborough, North Yorkshire\"). This financial success enabled the Pier Company to announce profitable dividends for its shareholders, and by October 1873 it was announced that all the shares had been disposed of.",
"However, on the night of 21/22 October 1875, a [gale](/wiki/Gale \"Gale\") struck the pier, removing {{convert\\|300\\|ft\\|m}} of the structure at the seaward end, including the pier head, landing stage and part of the pier deck. In the middle of an iron trade slump, it was decided not to replace the missing section or reconstruct a landing stage, leaving a redeveloped pier of {{convert\\|1250\\|ft\\|m}}. Reopened in 1877, the debts of the company led to it being sold in 1880 at auction at the Alexandra Hotel for £800\\.",
"### Middlesbrough Estate",
"Sold initially to the *Saltburn Improvement Company,* in August 1883 the SIC was bought by the owners of the Middlesbrough Estate.",
"The new owners had the Cliff Hoist inspected by independent engineers, who condemned it due to numerous rotten timbers, so it was demolished in late 1883\\. They commissioned [Sir Richard Tangye's](/wiki/Richard_Tangye \"Richard Tangye\") company, who had built the two earlier vertically inclined water powered [funicular railways](/wiki/Funicular \"Funicular\") in [Scarborough](/wiki/Scarborough%2C_North_Yorkshire \"Scarborough, North Yorkshire\"), to build a replacement. Tangye had appointed [George Croydon Marks](/wiki/George_Croydon_Marks \"George Croydon Marks\") head of the lift department, in which role he was in charge of the design and installation at Saltburn.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.friendsofbabbacombecliffrailway.org.uk/2\\.html \\|title\\=A Brief History and Explanation of Technology Babbacombe Cliff Railway \\|first\\=David \\|last\\=Cooper \\|publisher\\=Friends of the Babbacombe Cliff Railway \\|accessdate\\=4 June 2010\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002014621/http://www.friendsofbabbacombecliffrailway.org.uk/2\\.html\\|archivedate\\=2 October 2010}} Marks designed and constructed the [Saltburn Cliff Lift](/wiki/Saltburn_Cliff_Lift \"Saltburn Cliff Lift\"), a [funicular](/wiki/Funicular \"Funicular\") with a height of {{convert\\|120\\|ft\\|m}} and a track length of {{convert\\|207\\|ft\\|m}}, creating a 71% incline. Opened on Saturday 28 June 1884, it remains today the world's oldest water\\-balanced cliff railway.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/tees/content/articles/2007/08/02/saltburn\\_cliff\\_lift\\_feature.shtml \\|title\\=Saltburn Cliff Lift \\|publisher\\=BBC Tees \\|accessdate\\=5 June 2010}}",
"The opening of the Cliff Lift allowed the pier company to undertake a development of facilities. As had originally been intended, a saloon was built at the pier head, while gas lighting was provided along the entire length. In 1884, the pier head was widened and windshields, a [bandstand](/wiki/Bandstand \"Bandstand\"), a refreshment rooms added, and the entrance kiosks replaced to match the style of those used on the new Cliff Lift. In July 1887 the gas lighting was replaced by electricity.",
"After suffering slight storm damage in 1900, the pier was struck by the [china clay](/wiki/China_clay \"China clay\") vessel {{SS\\|Ovenbeg}} (formerly the [Russian](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\") registered {{SS\\|St Nicholi}}), in May 1924\\. The collision left a {{convert\\|210\\|ft\\|m}} gap in the promenade, leaving the bandstand inaccessible. The gap was replaced from March 1929, with a new [theatre](/wiki/Theatre \"Theatre\") also built on the landside, completed in 1930 enabling the full length of the pier to open.",
"### Post World War Two",
"Purchased by the council in 1938, the pier like others was sectioned during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), by having part of the deck removed by the [Royal Engineers](/wiki/Royal_Engineers \"Royal Engineers\") to guard against [Nazi](/wiki/Nazi \"Nazi\") invasion. But due to its poor post war condition, repairs were not granted planning permission until 1949, and due to a shortage of steel not completed until April 1952\\. Officially reopened for the first time since the war on 31 May 1952, over 25,000 visitors walked the pier during the first month.",
"In 1953, gales resulted in £23,000 worth of repairs, which took a further five years to complete. But after completion, in 1958 two piles were lost, costing a further £6,000\\. In 1961 another twenty piles were twisted in storms, but repairs kept the structure open enabling 90,000 people to visit during the 1960s.",
"After severe storms in 1971 and 1973, piles were lost at the seaward end leaving the pier in a dangerous state. Further damage in 1974 culminated on 29 October, when the pier head was lost and the deck damaged, leaving a length of {{convert\\|1100\\|ft\\|m}}.",
"In 1975 the council submitted an application to the [Department of the Environment](/wiki/Department_of_the_Environment \"Department of the Environment\") to have the pier demolished. A \"Save the Pier\" campaign led to a [public enquiry](/wiki/Public_enquiry \"Public enquiry\"), which concluded that only the final thirteen piers could be removed. This left a {{convert\\|681\\|ft\\|m}} length of refurbished pier, which reopened on 29 June 1978\\. In 1979, the council undertook a complete refurbishment of both the pier and the Cliff Lift to reflect the Victorian/Edwardian character, by: ordering new [aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium \"Aluminium\") cars for the Cliff Lift, reinstating to the design [stained\\-glass](/wiki/Stained-glass \"Stained-glass\") windows; new distinct white\\-red cladding to all the structures; a pier head [cafe](/wiki/Coffeehouse \"Coffeehouse\").",
"### Post 2000",
"[upright\\|thumb\\|Saltburn Pier, as seen from the promenade above](/wiki/File:Saltburn_Pier_%28geograph_5353954%29.jpg \"Saltburn Pier (geograph 5353954).jpg\")\nIn 2000, the council was successful in gaining a £1\\.2 million [National Lottery](/wiki/National_Lottery_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"National Lottery (United Kingdom)\") [Heritage Grant](/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund \"Heritage Lottery Fund\"), enabling the cast iron trestles that support the pier to be conserved, and the steel deck beams replaced with traditional hardwood timber to reflect the pier’s original appearance. Reopened as a [Grade II\\* listed building](/wiki/Listed_building \"Listed building\") on 13 July 2001, by [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament \"Member of Parliament\") [Chris Smith](/wiki/Chris_Smith%2C_Baron_Smith_of_Finsbury \"Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/features/Prized\\-pier\\-of\\-the\\-realm.5240474\\.jp \\|title\\=Prized pier of the realm \\|first\\= Chris Foote \\|last\\=Wood \\|work\\=Yorkshire Post \\|date\\=6 May 2009 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007140043/http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/features/prized\\-pier\\-of\\-the\\-realm\\-1\\-2345515\\|archivedate\\=7 October 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} the restored structure won a top placing in the Queen’s Golden Jubilee Heritage awards. In October 2005, the pier was greatly enhanced by the installation of under deck lighting which illuminates at night, and in 2009, the [National Piers Society](/wiki/National_Piers_Society \"National Piers Society\") awarded it pier of the year. The pier celebrated its 150th anniversary on 11 May 2019 when a new lighting system was switched on.",
""
] |
Rescue attempts
---------------
Immediately after the explosion the station master, J B Griffen, sent the company's train to Balclutha to get Dr Smith. He arrived on the scene some 25 minutes later. While this was happening, men from the neighbouring mines gathered and organised a group of volunteers to either rescue the miners or recover their bodies. [Fire damp](/wiki/Fire_damp "Fire damp") initially prevented rescuers from entering the mine. Those first entering the mine were W Shore, R M Sewell, Mr Aitcheson, and some unnamed others. They found two falls in the mine, which had been caused by the explosion. Also the brattices which allowed air circulation had been destroyed and temporary canvas ones needed to be installed prior to further searching. Several of those installing the canvas ones were almost suffocated. The condition in the mine remained dangerous and those working in it had to do so in shifts because of the impact of [after damp](/wiki/After_damp "After damp"). All hope of finding the miners alive was abandoned at this point.
The Company Manager, James Davidson, Mr Watson, and the mining engineer Mr Twinning were in Dunedin when the explosion occurred and on learning of it took the 11:25am train to Stirling. On the information they had when they left Dunedin they had no idea of the scale of the disaster until the arrived at Stirling. There they were informed that some 30 or more men, including the mine Manager William Hodge were in the mine when the explosion occurred and that none were likely to be alive.
By 12pm one body and the youngest person killed, 14\-year\-old Charles McDonald, was recovered from the mine but he could only be identified by his clothing as he was so badly burnt. Two more, William Hay and Edward Beardsmore were recovered by 12:25pm. James Beardsmore Junior was the next one recovered. All three had been killed by the after damp. Thomas Black, George Jarvie, Thomas Frew, and Caleb Beardsmore were next, bringing the total to 8 by 1:35pm. At the same time Mr Farra, a Company Director, telegraphed the Company Secretary, Mr Horkins to get 20 Green Island miners to assist in recovery operations. Constable Warren telegraphed at 1:40pm stating that in addition to the 8 bodies recovered another 28 were still in the mine. None were expected to be alive. The scene at the mine entrance at 1:30pm was described as lamentable with weeping women and children at the scene.[Frightful Mining Accident](http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=WCT18790222.2.7.1&srpos=16&e=21-02-1879-----10--11-byDA---0kaitangata-ARTICLE%2cILLUSTRATION-), West Coast Times, Issue 3092, 22 February 1879, Page 2
A morgue was set up at Jenkin's hotel, with Constable Warring taking charge of the bodies as they emerged. The rescuers had to take a break at 1:30pm due to the mine air being to contaminated. Constable Warren telegraphed at 1:40pm stating that in addition to the 8 bodies recovered another 28 were still in the mine. After a short time work resumed again and by 7pm another 16 bodies were removed from the mine \- R Hall and his brother J Hall, David Buchanan, James Molloy and his two sons John and Edward Molloy, James Beardsmore (senior), William Whinney, Joseph Beardsmore, Joseph Morton, Barney McGee, James Clinning, William Hodge the Mine Manager, William S Wilson, and William Watson. Four other bodies were sighted.
James Davidson and Mr Twinning arrived during the afternoon and Mr Twinning was appointed by Davidson to manage the operations. Among the rescuers Messrs Shore, Sewell, Aitcheson, William Blain, Thomas Knowles, John Gray, John McFarlane of Wangaloa, the Bissetts \- a father and two sons, William Law, Joseph Robertson, and John Nelson were singled out for praise. To this list were later added J Brown, James Wilson, Robert Wilson, Charles Samson, Michael Muir, George Hunter, Messrs Hennessy and Richardson, William Wilson, Adam Harris, Alexander Cook, John Tiffen, Hugh Wilson, James McIvor, William Hodgkiss, Andrew Falkener, and Stephen Russell.
At 6:45pm Charles Samson the Mayor of Green Island and 24 miners from the Green Island mines arrived by special train to assist. Thomas Logan, a quartz miner joined the group of miners to assist. Archibald (Archie) Hodge the Deputy Mine Manager was noted to be among those not yet found. Most of the bodies had been found close to the main air intake about 300 yards from the entrance. They were thought to have suffocated. By the end of the day 30 bodies had been recovered and 4 were known to be still missing. The names of the remaining miners killed were Samuel Coulter, James Spiers, Andrew Jarvie, Thomas Smith, John Gage, John Clark, John Ferguson, Robert McMillan, and Daniel Lockhart. Andrew Jarvie was the only one of this group killed by the blast. The rest died of asphyxiation.
The Presbyterian and Anglican Ministers Reverends Allan and Carr, had arrived in the afternoon to assist the grieving families and Police Commissioner Thomas Weldon, Inspector Moore, and a number of officers arrived to assist Constable Warren. Reverends Ronaldson and Chisholm from Milton also arrived to assist the grieving. Allan, Ronaldson, Chisholm and the Roman Catholic Priest Father Larkins officiate at the funeral the following day.[The funeral](http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=BH18790225.2.17&srpos=110&e=21-02-1879-----10--101-byDA---0kaitangata-ARTICLE%2cILLUSTRATION-), Bruce Herald, Volume XI, Issue 1091, 25 February 1879, Page 5
Twenty of the miners were married and several were new arrivals, having arrived the day before on the steamer *Wellington*. On the day of the explosion, 47 men were employed at the mine. One miner who had overslept, C Hunter, escaped death.
|
[
"Rescue attempts\n---------------",
"Immediately after the explosion the station master, J B Griffen, sent the company's train to Balclutha to get Dr Smith. He arrived on the scene some 25 minutes later. While this was happening, men from the neighbouring mines gathered and organised a group of volunteers to either rescue the miners or recover their bodies. [Fire damp](/wiki/Fire_damp \"Fire damp\") initially prevented rescuers from entering the mine. Those first entering the mine were W Shore, R M Sewell, Mr Aitcheson, and some unnamed others. They found two falls in the mine, which had been caused by the explosion. Also the brattices which allowed air circulation had been destroyed and temporary canvas ones needed to be installed prior to further searching. Several of those installing the canvas ones were almost suffocated. The condition in the mine remained dangerous and those working in it had to do so in shifts because of the impact of [after damp](/wiki/After_damp \"After damp\"). All hope of finding the miners alive was abandoned at this point.",
"The Company Manager, James Davidson, Mr Watson, and the mining engineer Mr Twinning were in Dunedin when the explosion occurred and on learning of it took the 11:25am train to Stirling. On the information they had when they left Dunedin they had no idea of the scale of the disaster until the arrived at Stirling. There they were informed that some 30 or more men, including the mine Manager William Hodge were in the mine when the explosion occurred and that none were likely to be alive.",
"By 12pm one body and the youngest person killed, 14\\-year\\-old Charles McDonald, was recovered from the mine but he could only be identified by his clothing as he was so badly burnt. Two more, William Hay and Edward Beardsmore were recovered by 12:25pm. James Beardsmore Junior was the next one recovered. All three had been killed by the after damp. Thomas Black, George Jarvie, Thomas Frew, and Caleb Beardsmore were next, bringing the total to 8 by 1:35pm. At the same time Mr Farra, a Company Director, telegraphed the Company Secretary, Mr Horkins to get 20 Green Island miners to assist in recovery operations. Constable Warren telegraphed at 1:40pm stating that in addition to the 8 bodies recovered another 28 were still in the mine. None were expected to be alive. The scene at the mine entrance at 1:30pm was described as lamentable with weeping women and children at the scene.[Frightful Mining Accident](http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=WCT18790222.2.7.1&srpos=16&e=21-02-1879-----10--11-byDA---0kaitangata-ARTICLE%2cILLUSTRATION-), West Coast Times, Issue 3092, 22 February 1879, Page 2",
"A morgue was set up at Jenkin's hotel, with Constable Warring taking charge of the bodies as they emerged. The rescuers had to take a break at 1:30pm due to the mine air being to contaminated. Constable Warren telegraphed at 1:40pm stating that in addition to the 8 bodies recovered another 28 were still in the mine. After a short time work resumed again and by 7pm another 16 bodies were removed from the mine \\- R Hall and his brother J Hall, David Buchanan, James Molloy and his two sons John and Edward Molloy, James Beardsmore (senior), William Whinney, Joseph Beardsmore, Joseph Morton, Barney McGee, James Clinning, William Hodge the Mine Manager, William S Wilson, and William Watson. Four other bodies were sighted.",
"James Davidson and Mr Twinning arrived during the afternoon and Mr Twinning was appointed by Davidson to manage the operations. Among the rescuers Messrs Shore, Sewell, Aitcheson, William Blain, Thomas Knowles, John Gray, John McFarlane of Wangaloa, the Bissetts \\- a father and two sons, William Law, Joseph Robertson, and John Nelson were singled out for praise. To this list were later added J Brown, James Wilson, Robert Wilson, Charles Samson, Michael Muir, George Hunter, Messrs Hennessy and Richardson, William Wilson, Adam Harris, Alexander Cook, John Tiffen, Hugh Wilson, James McIvor, William Hodgkiss, Andrew Falkener, and Stephen Russell.",
"At 6:45pm Charles Samson the Mayor of Green Island and 24 miners from the Green Island mines arrived by special train to assist. Thomas Logan, a quartz miner joined the group of miners to assist. Archibald (Archie) Hodge the Deputy Mine Manager was noted to be among those not yet found. Most of the bodies had been found close to the main air intake about 300 yards from the entrance. They were thought to have suffocated. By the end of the day 30 bodies had been recovered and 4 were known to be still missing. The names of the remaining miners killed were Samuel Coulter, James Spiers, Andrew Jarvie, Thomas Smith, John Gage, John Clark, John Ferguson, Robert McMillan, and Daniel Lockhart. Andrew Jarvie was the only one of this group killed by the blast. The rest died of asphyxiation.",
"The Presbyterian and Anglican Ministers Reverends Allan and Carr, had arrived in the afternoon to assist the grieving families and Police Commissioner Thomas Weldon, Inspector Moore, and a number of officers arrived to assist Constable Warren. Reverends Ronaldson and Chisholm from Milton also arrived to assist the grieving. Allan, Ronaldson, Chisholm and the Roman Catholic Priest Father Larkins officiate at the funeral the following day.[The funeral](http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=BH18790225.2.17&srpos=110&e=21-02-1879-----10--101-byDA---0kaitangata-ARTICLE%2cILLUSTRATION-), Bruce Herald, Volume XI, Issue 1091, 25 February 1879, Page 5",
"Twenty of the miners were married and several were new arrivals, having arrived the day before on the steamer *Wellington*. On the day of the explosion, 47 men were employed at the mine. One miner who had overslept, C Hunter, escaped death.",
""
] |
Coroners Court
--------------
[thumb\|Inquest report for one of the victims](/wiki/File:Kaitangata_Mining_Disaster_1879_%2816475850841%29.jpg "Kaitangata Mining Disaster 1879 (16475850841).jpg")
A Coroners Court was convened at the Bridge Hotel Kaitangata at 12:20pm on Saturday 22 February to determine the cause of the deaths under Edgar Hall Carew RM of Milton, Coroner. A jury of 16 had been selected. They were Alexander Mitchell, David Dunn \- the jury foreman, John Walker, William Bissett, William Carson, George Kidd, Hugh McFarlane, John Gordon, Allan Blackie, Charles Smaill, Andrew Smaill, Joseph Robertson, Alexander Bissett, P F Stoddart, James Muir, and Malcolm Morrison. Police Commissioner Weldon and Inspector Moore were also in attendance.
The court began with the identification of the bodies by Thomas Knowles \- Pit Headman, Joseph Robertson, David Dunn, and John McDonald. Only Archie Hodge and Jarvie remained unidentified at the end of the day. The hearing recommenced on the Monday at 11am when the remaining bodies identified. Charles Edward Twining, a qualified colliary manager and the mining surveyor with the Company was called to give evidence. He advised that in his opinion the mine should have had a second outlet and had recommended it. He stated that in England there was a requirement that there should be two outlets as a minimum, the air vent did not count as an outlet. There should also have been a barometer in the mine and outside to determine the presence of bad air. Locked lamps or safety lamps were required when fire damp was suspected as being present. William Hodge and Beardsmore had advised Twining about 2 weeks before the explosion of fire damp being present in the new working. Twining checked but found none. An inspection of the mine was carried out on 1 February by Mr Cox, the Government Assistant Geologist and Mr Binnes the Government Coal Inspector. Binnes drew out plans for the Mine Manager on how best to work the mine.[The Inquest](http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=ST18790225.2.15&srpos=10&e=21-02-1879-----10--1-byDA---0kaitangata+coroner-ARTICLE%2cILLUSTRATION-), Southland Times , Issue 3333, 25 February 1879, Page 2[The Kaitangata catastrophe](http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=ODT18790226.2.27&srpos=12&e=21-02-1879-----10--11-byDA---0kaitangata+coroner-ARTICLE%2cILLUSTRATION-), Otago Daily Times , Issue 5311, 26 February 1879, Page 5
After Twining was heard, Robert Grigor \- Land Surveyor took the stand followed by William Wilson, one of the miners. Wilson stated that fire damp had been present in the mine from time to time since October 1878\. Precautions had been taken and the mine was considered reasonably safe. He advised that in England areas of old working were usually bricked off and sealed to prevent build ups of fire damp \- entering that area of the mine was considered unsafe, although Archie Hodge had been into the area to get some rails on occasion. He also recalled that Andrew Javie had been burnt in a minor explosion about three months earlier at the east end of the workings. The miners used naked lights unlike the English miners who used the safety lamps. Wilson considered that the most likely source of the explosion was the old workings as there would not enough buildup of fire damp in new workings to cause an explosion of such magnitude. John Irving, another miner gave a similar testimony and suggested that Hodge may have entered the old area to find more rails. He also said that he did not think Hodge was able to assess the danger in the old workings. The hearing was then adjourned.
The hearing recommenced on Monday 3 March with Joseph Robertson identifying the body of William Parker Hall. He was followed by Thomas Knowles who was working at the mine site on the 21st. He described the explosion. Knowles had also talked to Archie Hodge who he said had got some rails for Andrew Jarvie and Walter Hay to lay a new road 300 yards opposite the old workings. Hodge had told him that he needed a pair of *turnings*. As there were none outside, Knowles thought Hodge would have gone in to the old workings to retrieve some. Given the time between talking to Hodge and the explosion (about 10 minutes) Knowles thought Hodge had probably entered the old workings and caused the explosion.
Next on the stand was Charles Samson, a Director of the Green Island Coal Company and Manager of the Abbotsfield Coal Mine. Samson considered the mine should have had a second access and that the old workings should have been sealed off, as was the practice in England. He considered that accessing the old workings, given the presence of fire damp in the mine, was reckless. Samson was followed by Samual Herbert Cox, New Zealand Government Inspector of Mines and holder of a Competency Certificate from the London School of Mines. The Mine Manager, Hodge, had informed him in February that there was no fire damp present in the mine. Binns, the Coal Inspector had been through the old workings about 8 days earlier and had not reported any fire damp present. He did not think Hodge was experienced enough to be a Mine Manager without supervision. Samson also stated that old workings should only be accessed with a safety lamp.
After these witnesses two of the company officers took the stand, James Davidson \- General Manager and Matthew William Hawkings \- Company Secretary. Safety lamps had been ordered for the mine and a barometer had been provided to Hodge. The hearing was then adjourned till the next week.
On resumption of the hearing on 10 March William Shore \- Manager of the No1 Kaitangata Mine took the stand. Shore had found Archie Jarvis' body in the old workings. He was also certain that the explosion had been caused in these workings. George Jonathan Binns, a qualified mining engineer and viewer of coal for the New Zealand Government took the stand next. He had inspected the old workings and considered that they had the potential to be dangerous. He had informed Hodge. Hodge had told him on 24 January that no gas was present in the mine. If gas was present in the mine then the old working should have been sealed off. The alternative and what had happened was gross negligence on behalf of the Mine Manager. Binns did not have the authority to require the Mine Manager to take any action. He did report the situation to his superiors and had, after the explosion, found that the gas had again built up to dangerous levels in the old workings. Binns was later recalled and asked if the gas in the old workings could have come from the new ones. He advised that this was not likely and that it was from the old workings.[The Kaitangata catastrophe](http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=ODT18790311.2.18&srpos=57&e=21-02-1879-----10--51-byDA---0kaitangata+coroner-ARTICLE%2cILLUSTRATION-), Otago Daily Times, Issue 5322, 11 March 1879, Page 3
Allan Holmes, Company Director, took the stand following Binns. He was asked whether he knew about the gas. He said that Holmes had told him in either July or August 1878\. Hodge had taken quite a casual attitude to it and Holmes had asked him to institute safety lamps. Beardsmore had been tasked with inspecting the mine for fire damp prior to letting the men enter the mine. In January 1879 safety lamps had been ordered. After his evidence the Coroner provided instructions to the jury, before they retired to consider their verdict, on what they needed to determine. After 50 minutes the jury returned with a finding:
> First, your Worship, the Jury find that Archibald Hodge, through entering the old workings without ordinary precaution and with a naked light, caused an explosion of fire\-damp whereby 34 men and boys lost their lives. Second, the Jury find That William Hodge has not used the necessary precautions to prevent an explosion of fire\-damp in the mine over which he had the management. As a rider, we add that seeing that there is no law for inspection and supervision in the conduct of mining, we express the necessity of measures being adopted whereby many accidents may in the future be averted.
|
[
"Coroners Court\n--------------",
"[thumb\\|Inquest report for one of the victims](/wiki/File:Kaitangata_Mining_Disaster_1879_%2816475850841%29.jpg \"Kaitangata Mining Disaster 1879 (16475850841).jpg\")\nA Coroners Court was convened at the Bridge Hotel Kaitangata at 12:20pm on Saturday 22 February to determine the cause of the deaths under Edgar Hall Carew RM of Milton, Coroner. A jury of 16 had been selected. They were Alexander Mitchell, David Dunn \\- the jury foreman, John Walker, William Bissett, William Carson, George Kidd, Hugh McFarlane, John Gordon, Allan Blackie, Charles Smaill, Andrew Smaill, Joseph Robertson, Alexander Bissett, P F Stoddart, James Muir, and Malcolm Morrison. Police Commissioner Weldon and Inspector Moore were also in attendance.",
"The court began with the identification of the bodies by Thomas Knowles \\- Pit Headman, Joseph Robertson, David Dunn, and John McDonald. Only Archie Hodge and Jarvie remained unidentified at the end of the day. The hearing recommenced on the Monday at 11am when the remaining bodies identified. Charles Edward Twining, a qualified colliary manager and the mining surveyor with the Company was called to give evidence. He advised that in his opinion the mine should have had a second outlet and had recommended it. He stated that in England there was a requirement that there should be two outlets as a minimum, the air vent did not count as an outlet. There should also have been a barometer in the mine and outside to determine the presence of bad air. Locked lamps or safety lamps were required when fire damp was suspected as being present. William Hodge and Beardsmore had advised Twining about 2 weeks before the explosion of fire damp being present in the new working. Twining checked but found none. An inspection of the mine was carried out on 1 February by Mr Cox, the Government Assistant Geologist and Mr Binnes the Government Coal Inspector. Binnes drew out plans for the Mine Manager on how best to work the mine.[The Inquest](http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=ST18790225.2.15&srpos=10&e=21-02-1879-----10--1-byDA---0kaitangata+coroner-ARTICLE%2cILLUSTRATION-), Southland Times , Issue 3333, 25 February 1879, Page 2[The Kaitangata catastrophe](http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=ODT18790226.2.27&srpos=12&e=21-02-1879-----10--11-byDA---0kaitangata+coroner-ARTICLE%2cILLUSTRATION-), Otago Daily Times , Issue 5311, 26 February 1879, Page 5",
"After Twining was heard, Robert Grigor \\- Land Surveyor took the stand followed by William Wilson, one of the miners. Wilson stated that fire damp had been present in the mine from time to time since October 1878\\. Precautions had been taken and the mine was considered reasonably safe. He advised that in England areas of old working were usually bricked off and sealed to prevent build ups of fire damp \\- entering that area of the mine was considered unsafe, although Archie Hodge had been into the area to get some rails on occasion. He also recalled that Andrew Javie had been burnt in a minor explosion about three months earlier at the east end of the workings. The miners used naked lights unlike the English miners who used the safety lamps. Wilson considered that the most likely source of the explosion was the old workings as there would not enough buildup of fire damp in new workings to cause an explosion of such magnitude. John Irving, another miner gave a similar testimony and suggested that Hodge may have entered the old area to find more rails. He also said that he did not think Hodge was able to assess the danger in the old workings. The hearing was then adjourned.",
"The hearing recommenced on Monday 3 March with Joseph Robertson identifying the body of William Parker Hall. He was followed by Thomas Knowles who was working at the mine site on the 21st. He described the explosion. Knowles had also talked to Archie Hodge who he said had got some rails for Andrew Jarvie and Walter Hay to lay a new road 300 yards opposite the old workings. Hodge had told him that he needed a pair of *turnings*. As there were none outside, Knowles thought Hodge would have gone in to the old workings to retrieve some. Given the time between talking to Hodge and the explosion (about 10 minutes) Knowles thought Hodge had probably entered the old workings and caused the explosion.",
"Next on the stand was Charles Samson, a Director of the Green Island Coal Company and Manager of the Abbotsfield Coal Mine. Samson considered the mine should have had a second access and that the old workings should have been sealed off, as was the practice in England. He considered that accessing the old workings, given the presence of fire damp in the mine, was reckless. Samson was followed by Samual Herbert Cox, New Zealand Government Inspector of Mines and holder of a Competency Certificate from the London School of Mines. The Mine Manager, Hodge, had informed him in February that there was no fire damp present in the mine. Binns, the Coal Inspector had been through the old workings about 8 days earlier and had not reported any fire damp present. He did not think Hodge was experienced enough to be a Mine Manager without supervision. Samson also stated that old workings should only be accessed with a safety lamp.",
"After these witnesses two of the company officers took the stand, James Davidson \\- General Manager and Matthew William Hawkings \\- Company Secretary. Safety lamps had been ordered for the mine and a barometer had been provided to Hodge. The hearing was then adjourned till the next week.",
"On resumption of the hearing on 10 March William Shore \\- Manager of the No1 Kaitangata Mine took the stand. Shore had found Archie Jarvis' body in the old workings. He was also certain that the explosion had been caused in these workings. George Jonathan Binns, a qualified mining engineer and viewer of coal for the New Zealand Government took the stand next. He had inspected the old workings and considered that they had the potential to be dangerous. He had informed Hodge. Hodge had told him on 24 January that no gas was present in the mine. If gas was present in the mine then the old working should have been sealed off. The alternative and what had happened was gross negligence on behalf of the Mine Manager. Binns did not have the authority to require the Mine Manager to take any action. He did report the situation to his superiors and had, after the explosion, found that the gas had again built up to dangerous levels in the old workings. Binns was later recalled and asked if the gas in the old workings could have come from the new ones. He advised that this was not likely and that it was from the old workings.[The Kaitangata catastrophe](http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=ODT18790311.2.18&srpos=57&e=21-02-1879-----10--51-byDA---0kaitangata+coroner-ARTICLE%2cILLUSTRATION-), Otago Daily Times, Issue 5322, 11 March 1879, Page 3",
"Allan Holmes, Company Director, took the stand following Binns. He was asked whether he knew about the gas. He said that Holmes had told him in either July or August 1878\\. Hodge had taken quite a casual attitude to it and Holmes had asked him to institute safety lamps. Beardsmore had been tasked with inspecting the mine for fire damp prior to letting the men enter the mine. In January 1879 safety lamps had been ordered. After his evidence the Coroner provided instructions to the jury, before they retired to consider their verdict, on what they needed to determine. After 50 minutes the jury returned with a finding:\n> First, your Worship, the Jury find that Archibald Hodge, through entering the old workings without ordinary precaution and with a naked light, caused an explosion of fire\\-damp whereby 34 men and boys lost their lives. Second, the Jury find That William Hodge has not used the necessary precautions to prevent an explosion of fire\\-damp in the mine over which he had the management. As a rider, we add that seeing that there is no law for inspection and supervision in the conduct of mining, we express the necessity of measures being adopted whereby many accidents may in the future be averted.",
"",
""
] |
History
-------
The Spanish Treasury is as old as the Spanish [monarchy](/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain "Monarchy of Spain"); however, in centuries past, the treasury was divided between the different kingdoms of the monarchy and each kingdom had its own general treasurer. Upon the arrival of the [Bourbon dynasty](/wiki/Bourbon_dynasty "Bourbon dynasty") in 1700 with [Philip V](/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain "Philip V of Spain"), the treasury was centralized, creating the position of General Treasurer of the Kingdom.
### Early period
However, the directorate\-general was not created until later, and during the reign of [Ferdinand VII](/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain "Ferdinand VII of Spain"), when the modern administration began to take shape. In 1824, the minister of finance, Luis López Ballesteros, approved a general instruction (a kind of [royal decree](/wiki/Decree%23Spain "Decree#Spain")) by which the Crown entrusted the administration of the Royal Treasury to two new bodies: the General Accounting for Distributions and the Directorate\-General for the Royal Treasury (DGRT).{{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=5lmUx\-sKyIoC \|title\=Instruccion general para la direccion, administracion, recaudacion, distribucion y cuenta de la Real Hacienda \|author\=Ministerio de Hacienda \|author\-link\=Ministry of Finance (Spain) \|last2\=Ballesteros \|first2\=Luis López \|year\=1824 \|language\=es \|pages\=47}}
The directorate\-general was not inaugurated until August 4, 1825, and during the period from its creation until that date, it was still called the General Treasury of the Kingdom.{{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZrlFAAAAcAAJ\&pg\=PA342 \|title\=Decretos de la Reina Nuestra Señora Doña Isabel II \|author\=España \|year\=1826 \|language\=es \|volume\=10}}
The DGRT had its own treasury called the Court Treasury and over which the General Accounting Office acted as auditor. The DGRT had the task of collecting the money for the Royal Treasury and distributing it according to what the [secretary of the dispatch of the Treasury](/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_economy_and_the_treasury_of_Spain "List of ministers of economy and the treasury of Spain") ordered. Likewise, it was in charge of paying debts and authorizing payments, including those of the [Army](/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces "Spanish Armed Forces"), as well as making budgetary and expenditure forecasts.
[thumb\|The Marquess of Remisa, Director\-General for the Treasury from 1826 to 1833\.](/wiki/File:Vicente_L%C3%B3pez_Porta%C3%B1a_-_The_Marquess_of_Remisa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg "Vicente López Portaña - The Marquess of Remisa - Google Art Project.jpg")
The general instruction also provided for a secretariat for the management of the directorate\-general and an archive that it was shared with the General Accounting Office to keep all the documents of the predecessor bodies and those that would be generated in the future.
### Mid\-1800s. Consolidation.
Since the mid\-1830s, the directorate\-general was renamed Directorate\-General for the Public Treasury and the Undersecretariat of Finance was created as the highest body of the Ministry after the minister himself, and the Under Secretary became the hierarchical superior.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1834/120/A00525\-00525\.pdf\|title\=New Finance Ministry organization. 1834\.\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} As of 1840s, the denomination of Directorate\-General for the Public Treasury and Directorate\-General for the Treasury was used indifferently, although the first one prevailing.
Due to the refusal of the [Bank of San Fernando](/wiki/Bank_of_San_Fernando "Bank of San Fernando") first and the [Bank of Spain](/wiki/Bank_of_Spain "Bank of Spain") after on granting loans to the Public Treasury, the General Deposit Office was created in 1853\.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=K\-W2CAAAQBAJ\|title\=La evolución de la hacienda pública en Italia y España (siglos XVIII\-XXI)\|last1\=López\|first1\=Carlos Barciela\|last2\=Moreno\|first2\=Joaquín Melgarejo\|last3\=Vittorio\|first3\=Antonio Di\|date\=2015\-04\-27\|publisher\=Universidad de Alicante\|isbn\=9788497173599\|language\=es}} This Office had an autonomous directive chart until by decree of July 8, 1873 it became part of the directorate\-general.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1873/193/A01030\-01030\.pdf\|title\=Decree reforming the organization of the Deposit Office, which will form a Section of the Treasury.\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}}
Since the law of April 29, 1855, there was a permanent commission of six deputies of the [Cortes](/wiki/Cortes_Generales "Cortes Generales") charged with supervising the *cargas de justicia*—payment obligations contracted by the State in order to compensate the holders of royal donations and privileges, or of rights alienated from the Crown—paid by the [Government](/wiki/Government_of_Spain "Government of Spain") through the [budget](/wiki/General_State_Budget "General State Budget") and whose administrative body was the directorate\-general for the Treasury.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1855/850/A00001\-00001\.pdf\|title\=Law of April 29, 1855 on cargas de justicia.\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} The powers over these *cargas de justicia* were transferred to the Directorate\-General for Public Debt on July 1, 1869{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1869/183/A00002\-00002\.pdf\|title\=Decree providing that matters pertaining to cargas de justicia pass from the Directorate\-General for the Treasury to the one of Public Debt.\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} and in exchange it received the powers over lottery revenues when the Directorate\-General for State Lotteries disappeared.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1869/183/A00002\-00002\.pdf\|title\=Decree providing that the rent of Lotteries depends on the General Directorate of the Public Treasury\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}}
Between 1873 and 1924 was denominated indifferently of three different forms to this body, varying between Directorate\-General for the Treasury, Directorate\-General for the Public Treasury and Directorate\-General for the Public Treasury and General Ordination of Payments of the State, although maintaining its holder the first of the denominations.
On March 13, 1875,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1875/078/A00735\-00735\.pdf\|title\=Royal Decree of 1875 about the Mint Houses\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} the directorate\-general lost the powers it had over the Mint Houses (*Casas de la Moneda*) that were transferred to the Undersecretariat of Finance and recovered them on February 14, 1882\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1882/046/A00603\-00603\.pdf\|title\=Royal Decree of 1882 about the Mint Houses\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}}
The most significant reform since its creation was carried out on December 10, 1895\. A Royal Order defined the directorate\-general as "the center responsible for covering public obligations and services with the natural income of the budget, and with the funds acquired through banking operations, when those are not sufficient". The body consisted of three departments—one for Order Services, Deposit Office, General Affairs and General Registry; other for General Incomes; and other for Raffles and Lotteries incomes—, a secretariat and a special banking office.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1895/348/A00832\-00834\.pdf\|title\=Internal Regulation of the Directorate\-General for the Public Treasury.\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}}
### 1900s. Political instability.
With the [dictatorship of Primo de Rivera](/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera "Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera"), the directorate\-general changed its name to the Directorate\-General for Treasury and Accounting and was granted the powers to draft the budget laws.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1924/176/A01484\-01487\.pdf\|title\=Royal decree reorganizing the central and provincial services of the Treasury branch.\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} After the dictatorship, in 1930 a decree\-law was approved restoring the Public Treasury Administration and Accounting Act of 1911 and, with it, the denomination of directorate\-general for the Public Treasury.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1930/036/A00947\-00947\.pdf\|title\=Royal decree\-law of July 1, 1911 restoring a law.\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}}
On September 28, 1935, the Directorate\-General for Insurance and Savings was abolished and its powers were transferred to this body, changing its name to the Directorate\-General for the Treasury and Insurance.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1935/272/A02414\-02415\.pdf\|title\=Decree reorganizing ministerial departments, 1935\.\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} Already in the middle of the [Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War "Spanish Civil War"), the Republican government unified the [ministries of Economy](/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_%28Spain%29 "Ministry of Economy (Spain)") and [Finance](/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Spain%29 "Ministry of Finance (Spain)") under a single one and the directorate\-general suffered a change of powers, losing the insurance powers in favor of the Directorate\-General for Debt, Insurance and Passive Classes and it was renamed Directorate\-General for the Treasury, Banking and Savings.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1937/148/B00958\-00959\.pdf\|title\=Decree unifying the bodies of the ministries of Economy and Finance.\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}}
Once the war was over in 1939, it was renamed the Directorate\-General for the Treasury. By decree of May 10, 1957 occurs the second major reform of this body, merging the directorate\-general with the directorate\-general for Public Debt and Passive Classes and creating the Directorate\-General for Treasury, Public Debt and Passive Classes.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1957/127/A00237\-00238\.pdf\|title\=Decree of May 10, 1957, reorganizing the central services of the Branch of the Public Treasury.\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} This directorate\-general was made up of the deputy directorates\-general for the Treasury; for the Public Debt and for the Passive Classes and the General Deposit Fund.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1957/179/A00568\-00568\.pdf\|title\=Order of July 10, 1957, providing for the services of the Directorate General of the Treasury, Public Debt and Passive Classes.\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}}
By decree of November 27, 1967, with the objective of reducing the public expenditure of the Administration, the Directorates\-General for Budgets and for Insurance were abolished, integrating their powers and bodies into the Directorate\-General for the Treasury, which was renamed Directorate\-General of the Treasury and Budgets and was formed by eight general deputy directorates, three related to treasury and the others related to Budgets, Investments, Financing and Programming, public salaries, Insurance and Financial Regime of Local Corporations. In addition, since 1973 there was also a general secretariat, with the rank of deputy directorate, within the directorate for the coordination of all its organs.
In October 1976 the name of the general direction was changed to Directorate\-General for the Treasury, but without changes in its powers.{{Cite web\|url\=https://boe.es/boe/dias/1976/10/02/pdfs/A19224\-19224\.pdf\|title\=Royal Decree 2289/1976, of October 1, which reorganizes the Undersecretariat for Financial Economy and the Management Centers dependent on it.\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} In 1982 also assumed the powers on financial policy, maintaining this structure until the end of 2011\.
### General Secretariat
Between late 2011 and mid\-2014 the directorate\-general was suppressed and its powers were assumed by the new General Secretariat for the Treasury. In 2014, the body was recovered to optimize the management of the Public Treasury and specially to the [Autonomous Liquidity Fund](/wiki/Autonomous_Liquidity_Fund "Autonomous Liquidity Fund").{{Cite web\|url\=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id\=BOE\-A\-2014\-8365\|title\=Royal Decree of 2014 recovering the DGT.\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=boe.es\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-14}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The Spanish Treasury is as old as the Spanish [monarchy](/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain \"Monarchy of Spain\"); however, in centuries past, the treasury was divided between the different kingdoms of the monarchy and each kingdom had its own general treasurer. Upon the arrival of the [Bourbon dynasty](/wiki/Bourbon_dynasty \"Bourbon dynasty\") in 1700 with [Philip V](/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain \"Philip V of Spain\"), the treasury was centralized, creating the position of General Treasurer of the Kingdom.",
"### Early period",
"However, the directorate\\-general was not created until later, and during the reign of [Ferdinand VII](/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain \"Ferdinand VII of Spain\"), when the modern administration began to take shape. In 1824, the minister of finance, Luis López Ballesteros, approved a general instruction (a kind of [royal decree](/wiki/Decree%23Spain \"Decree#Spain\")) by which the Crown entrusted the administration of the Royal Treasury to two new bodies: the General Accounting for Distributions and the Directorate\\-General for the Royal Treasury (DGRT).{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=5lmUx\\-sKyIoC \\|title\\=Instruccion general para la direccion, administracion, recaudacion, distribucion y cuenta de la Real Hacienda \\|author\\=Ministerio de Hacienda \\|author\\-link\\=Ministry of Finance (Spain) \\|last2\\=Ballesteros \\|first2\\=Luis López \\|year\\=1824 \\|language\\=es \\|pages\\=47}}",
"The directorate\\-general was not inaugurated until August 4, 1825, and during the period from its creation until that date, it was still called the General Treasury of the Kingdom.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZrlFAAAAcAAJ\\&pg\\=PA342 \\|title\\=Decretos de la Reina Nuestra Señora Doña Isabel II \\|author\\=España \\|year\\=1826 \\|language\\=es \\|volume\\=10}}",
"The DGRT had its own treasury called the Court Treasury and over which the General Accounting Office acted as auditor. The DGRT had the task of collecting the money for the Royal Treasury and distributing it according to what the [secretary of the dispatch of the Treasury](/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_economy_and_the_treasury_of_Spain \"List of ministers of economy and the treasury of Spain\") ordered. Likewise, it was in charge of paying debts and authorizing payments, including those of the [Army](/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces \"Spanish Armed Forces\"), as well as making budgetary and expenditure forecasts.\n[thumb\\|The Marquess of Remisa, Director\\-General for the Treasury from 1826 to 1833\\.](/wiki/File:Vicente_L%C3%B3pez_Porta%C3%B1a_-_The_Marquess_of_Remisa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg \"Vicente López Portaña - The Marquess of Remisa - Google Art Project.jpg\")\nThe general instruction also provided for a secretariat for the management of the directorate\\-general and an archive that it was shared with the General Accounting Office to keep all the documents of the predecessor bodies and those that would be generated in the future.",
"### Mid\\-1800s. Consolidation.",
"Since the mid\\-1830s, the directorate\\-general was renamed Directorate\\-General for the Public Treasury and the Undersecretariat of Finance was created as the highest body of the Ministry after the minister himself, and the Under Secretary became the hierarchical superior.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1834/120/A00525\\-00525\\.pdf\\|title\\=New Finance Ministry organization. 1834\\.\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}} As of 1840s, the denomination of Directorate\\-General for the Public Treasury and Directorate\\-General for the Treasury was used indifferently, although the first one prevailing.",
"Due to the refusal of the [Bank of San Fernando](/wiki/Bank_of_San_Fernando \"Bank of San Fernando\") first and the [Bank of Spain](/wiki/Bank_of_Spain \"Bank of Spain\") after on granting loans to the Public Treasury, the General Deposit Office was created in 1853\\.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=K\\-W2CAAAQBAJ\\|title\\=La evolución de la hacienda pública en Italia y España (siglos XVIII\\-XXI)\\|last1\\=López\\|first1\\=Carlos Barciela\\|last2\\=Moreno\\|first2\\=Joaquín Melgarejo\\|last3\\=Vittorio\\|first3\\=Antonio Di\\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-27\\|publisher\\=Universidad de Alicante\\|isbn\\=9788497173599\\|language\\=es}} This Office had an autonomous directive chart until by decree of July 8, 1873 it became part of the directorate\\-general.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1873/193/A01030\\-01030\\.pdf\\|title\\=Decree reforming the organization of the Deposit Office, which will form a Section of the Treasury.\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}}",
"Since the law of April 29, 1855, there was a permanent commission of six deputies of the [Cortes](/wiki/Cortes_Generales \"Cortes Generales\") charged with supervising the *cargas de justicia*—payment obligations contracted by the State in order to compensate the holders of royal donations and privileges, or of rights alienated from the Crown—paid by the [Government](/wiki/Government_of_Spain \"Government of Spain\") through the [budget](/wiki/General_State_Budget \"General State Budget\") and whose administrative body was the directorate\\-general for the Treasury.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1855/850/A00001\\-00001\\.pdf\\|title\\=Law of April 29, 1855 on cargas de justicia.\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}} The powers over these *cargas de justicia* were transferred to the Directorate\\-General for Public Debt on July 1, 1869{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1869/183/A00002\\-00002\\.pdf\\|title\\=Decree providing that matters pertaining to cargas de justicia pass from the Directorate\\-General for the Treasury to the one of Public Debt.\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}} and in exchange it received the powers over lottery revenues when the Directorate\\-General for State Lotteries disappeared.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1869/183/A00002\\-00002\\.pdf\\|title\\=Decree providing that the rent of Lotteries depends on the General Directorate of the Public Treasury\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}}",
"Between 1873 and 1924 was denominated indifferently of three different forms to this body, varying between Directorate\\-General for the Treasury, Directorate\\-General for the Public Treasury and Directorate\\-General for the Public Treasury and General Ordination of Payments of the State, although maintaining its holder the first of the denominations.",
"On March 13, 1875,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1875/078/A00735\\-00735\\.pdf\\|title\\=Royal Decree of 1875 about the Mint Houses\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}} the directorate\\-general lost the powers it had over the Mint Houses (*Casas de la Moneda*) that were transferred to the Undersecretariat of Finance and recovered them on February 14, 1882\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1882/046/A00603\\-00603\\.pdf\\|title\\=Royal Decree of 1882 about the Mint Houses\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}}",
"The most significant reform since its creation was carried out on December 10, 1895\\. A Royal Order defined the directorate\\-general as \"the center responsible for covering public obligations and services with the natural income of the budget, and with the funds acquired through banking operations, when those are not sufficient\". The body consisted of three departments—one for Order Services, Deposit Office, General Affairs and General Registry; other for General Incomes; and other for Raffles and Lotteries incomes—, a secretariat and a special banking office.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1895/348/A00832\\-00834\\.pdf\\|title\\=Internal Regulation of the Directorate\\-General for the Public Treasury.\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}}",
"### 1900s. Political instability.",
"With the [dictatorship of Primo de Rivera](/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera \"Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera\"), the directorate\\-general changed its name to the Directorate\\-General for Treasury and Accounting and was granted the powers to draft the budget laws.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1924/176/A01484\\-01487\\.pdf\\|title\\=Royal decree reorganizing the central and provincial services of the Treasury branch.\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}} After the dictatorship, in 1930 a decree\\-law was approved restoring the Public Treasury Administration and Accounting Act of 1911 and, with it, the denomination of directorate\\-general for the Public Treasury.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1930/036/A00947\\-00947\\.pdf\\|title\\=Royal decree\\-law of July 1, 1911 restoring a law.\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}}",
"On September 28, 1935, the Directorate\\-General for Insurance and Savings was abolished and its powers were transferred to this body, changing its name to the Directorate\\-General for the Treasury and Insurance.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1935/272/A02414\\-02415\\.pdf\\|title\\=Decree reorganizing ministerial departments, 1935\\.\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}} Already in the middle of the [Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\"), the Republican government unified the [ministries of Economy](/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_%28Spain%29 \"Ministry of Economy (Spain)\") and [Finance](/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Spain%29 \"Ministry of Finance (Spain)\") under a single one and the directorate\\-general suffered a change of powers, losing the insurance powers in favor of the Directorate\\-General for Debt, Insurance and Passive Classes and it was renamed Directorate\\-General for the Treasury, Banking and Savings.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1937/148/B00958\\-00959\\.pdf\\|title\\=Decree unifying the bodies of the ministries of Economy and Finance.\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}}",
"Once the war was over in 1939, it was renamed the Directorate\\-General for the Treasury. By decree of May 10, 1957 occurs the second major reform of this body, merging the directorate\\-general with the directorate\\-general for Public Debt and Passive Classes and creating the Directorate\\-General for Treasury, Public Debt and Passive Classes.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1957/127/A00237\\-00238\\.pdf\\|title\\=Decree of May 10, 1957, reorganizing the central services of the Branch of the Public Treasury.\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}} This directorate\\-general was made up of the deputy directorates\\-general for the Treasury; for the Public Debt and for the Passive Classes and the General Deposit Fund.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1957/179/A00568\\-00568\\.pdf\\|title\\=Order of July 10, 1957, providing for the services of the Directorate General of the Treasury, Public Debt and Passive Classes.\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}}",
"By decree of November 27, 1967, with the objective of reducing the public expenditure of the Administration, the Directorates\\-General for Budgets and for Insurance were abolished, integrating their powers and bodies into the Directorate\\-General for the Treasury, which was renamed Directorate\\-General of the Treasury and Budgets and was formed by eight general deputy directorates, three related to treasury and the others related to Budgets, Investments, Financing and Programming, public salaries, Insurance and Financial Regime of Local Corporations. In addition, since 1973 there was also a general secretariat, with the rank of deputy directorate, within the directorate for the coordination of all its organs.",
"In October 1976 the name of the general direction was changed to Directorate\\-General for the Treasury, but without changes in its powers.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://boe.es/boe/dias/1976/10/02/pdfs/A19224\\-19224\\.pdf\\|title\\=Royal Decree 2289/1976, of October 1, which reorganizes the Undersecretariat for Financial Economy and the Management Centers dependent on it.\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}} In 1982 also assumed the powers on financial policy, maintaining this structure until the end of 2011\\.",
"### General Secretariat",
"Between late 2011 and mid\\-2014 the directorate\\-general was suppressed and its powers were assumed by the new General Secretariat for the Treasury. In 2014, the body was recovered to optimize the management of the Public Treasury and specially to the [Autonomous Liquidity Fund](/wiki/Autonomous_Liquidity_Fund \"Autonomous Liquidity Fund\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id\\=BOE\\-A\\-2014\\-8365\\|title\\=Royal Decree of 2014 recovering the DGT.\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=boe.es\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-14}}",
""
] |
History
-------
The need for Kivett Hall arose after most of the buildings on the campus of Buies Creek Academy, the forerunner of Campbell University, located in Buies Creek, North Carolina, were destroyed by fire. Founded by the Reverend [James Archibald Campbell](/wiki/James_Archibald_Campbell "James Archibald Campbell") in 1887, the academy grew and eventually consisted of several buildings, all constructed of wood. On Wednesday night December 20, 1900, a fire destroyed many buildings, including the main classroom building. Kivett was completed on November 2, 1903, and in its early days served as the primary building of the academy, a rural school that educated children from kindergarten to the 12th grade.
The building was named for Zachary Taylor Kivett, known to all as Z. T. Kivett, a relatively prosperous landowner, contractor and builder well established in the local community. He lived on his farm, the “plantation”, located on the other side of the Cape Fear River from Buies Creek with his wife Lillian Lee née. McNeill. At the time they had a large family consisting of Archibald Steward, 19; twins Hector Hendricks and Hugh Herndon, 17; Virginia Elizabeth, 14; Caroline McNeill, 12; Louise McKay, 9; Neil McNeill, 6; Edward Henry, 3; and Robert Commack, 1\. They had also lost two children in infancy Caroline McNeill, born in 1888 lived less than a year, and David born in 1890 lived only two days. During the ensuring years Z. T. and Lillian had three more children Willis Ervin, 1902, and twins again, Mary Herndon and Mildred McNeill, 1909\. Eventually fathering 14 children, Z. T. was obviously not only prosperous but productive, so his future pledge of his family was not insignificant to Rev. Campbell.
In a handwritten letter to Dr. Joseph McKay, a trustee of the school, dated September 10, 1923, Kivett relates the details of his meeting with the Reverend Campbell the morning after the fire.
> ```
> I am quite sure you are well acquainted with the general movement of affairs about Buies Creek Academy from its early struggle on through the passing years to the present high place it fills in the County and State. But as to details of every one's part in this advance, you perhaps are not so well acquainted, and would like to be a little better informed, as I judge from your desire to have some kind of a statement along this line of my own connections with the work.
> Perhaps none of those connected with the school on the night of December 20, 1900 will ever forget how quickly 14 years of their labor and toil went up in smoke and drifted out of the community in lowering clouds and drizzling rain.
> Two and a half years previous to that night I became connected with the school as builder of the "Big Wooden Tabernacle"; and for the last 26 years there has been no man, save J. A. Campbell, more thoroughly interested or more closely identified than your humble friend with the institution.
> About daybreak of the morning after the fire of the night before I was aroused by the constant ringing of the "Phone" in my hall, and when I answered the call I found J. A. Campbell talking, and he informed me of the great loss he had sustained the night before.
> Cape Fear River was between me and him that rainy morning and crossing was by flat. But when he asked for a consultation and plans for the future for the school, I reminded him that the "Big Wooden Tabernacle" could be fit up and used until a new building was built; and that I would cross the river at once to make plans with him.
> I found him in the bed and discouraged to the limit; for it appeared to him, that his life work was blighted.
> My first inquire was "Why are you in the bed?" and then a declaration, "I thought Campbells had Hump on them". And that declaration emphasized by declaring, "I am glad the building is burned". This same declaration was sent him in a few days, in a letter from Dr. Spilman, one of his strong friends.
> We fit up the "Tabernacle" and the school went on as of old, while J. A. Campbell geared himself for the long and tremendous task of his life work, of establishing Buies Creek Academy.
> It required about two months to settle down and get bearings, and then there was but little means to offer contractors to do the work. At this juncture Mr. Campbell informed me he had not been able to interest anyone enough to get them to take hold the undertaking and as he and I had "put over" the "Big Wooden Tabernacle" with little in sight two and a half years before, why not I help him again?
> Right then, Dr. McKay, is when I, as you well know, staked my all on Buies Creek Academy. To this day, twenty four years afterward, do I well remember the time and place, that I put my hand in his, and promised my family and all my plantation if it required them, to rebuild in Brick a more suitable building. You, yourself, can judge as to what has been the outcome of the toil, worry and labor of my family, for you kept lovingly near to help and encourage. But why write these things to one who is so familiar with every move of people and things about Buies Creek.
>
> ```
[right\|thumb\|300px\|Kivett Hall with attached Wiggins Hall](/wiki/Image:Wiggins_%26_Kivett.png "Wiggins & Kivett.png")
Z. T. spent the remainder of the winter months working on plans for the new brick school building. A self\-taught architect and structural engineer, some saw his proposed building as overly ambitious, ostentatious and out of scale. It was also over engineered with solid brick exterior and interior supporting walls. He estimated the construction cost of the new building at $15,000, which was not even remotely available. Nonetheless, he began digging the foundation in early 1901, and the cornerstone was laid on May 23, 1901\.
As the primary construction material was to be of fire resistant brick, the bricks were to be funded by donations solicited by Rev. Campbell. He had printed 1,000 “Brick Envelopes” each to be filled with $5\.00, enough to fund fifty bricks. The envelopes were distributed widely by students, friends and supporters. Prominent among these supporters was Mr. Josephus Daniels of the Raleigh News and Observer. He gave prominent coverage of the fire and rebuilding plans in the paper, and, through the paper, started a fund raising campaign when he wrote “Public spirited men ought to rally to his (Dr. Campbell's) assistance in rebuilding.” Indeed, the community did rally, donations were made, fund raising suppers were held, special church offerings were collected and slowly funds were available. Not an abundance, but enough to provide hope and to proceed with the construction project.
Work then slowed somewhat with the details for the materials for the project. Z. T. purchased land less a fourth of a mile from the construction site from Mr. Richard B. Crowder. On this land he set up a steam\-powered saw mill and a brick kiln. Needing to be closer to the construction site, as he was the sole contractor and foreman, Z. T. also constructed a “shanty” on the site. Built of rough\-cut wood, the one\-room building was furnished with five bunks, wood\-burning stove, washstand, shelving and benches. A porch across the front provided some shade, and a wood fence enclosed the front yard. Into this primitive accommodation Z. T. moved himself and his oldest sons Stewart, Herndon and Hendricks and his daughter Virginia in the summer of 1901\. Virginia did the cooking and housekeeping for the men while they lived in the shanty.
By April 1902 they were ready to begin production of timbers and bricks for the construction of the new building. The sons would supervise the operation of the saw mill and the brick kiln, which operated 24 hours a day.
According to the April 5, 2007 edition of *[The Campbell Times](/wiki/The_Campbell_Times "The Campbell Times")*, "Kivett got some extra help from a flood in May 1901, as a fully equipped sawmill floated downstream and was recovered after the flood waters receded." [Will Kivett Hall See the Wrecking Ball?](http://www.campbell.edu/times/040507.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609085412/http://www.campbell.edu/times/040507\.pdf \|date\=2011\-06\-09 }} *[The Campbell Times](/wiki/The_Campbell_Times "The Campbell Times")* [(Buies Creek, N.C.)](/wiki/Buies_Creek%2C_North_Carolina "Buies Creek, North Carolina") 05 April 2007 (accessed 14 Sep 2007\)]
Everett McNeill Kivette's *The McNeill’s Ferry Chronicle and Campbell University* says, "If Z.T. was not being given a mill, he could surely entertain the idea – and that strongly – that God intended him to borrow it for a time."*The McNeill’s Ferry Chronicle and Campbell University* By Everett M. Kivette, Yancy Graphics, 1983
For 28 months Z. T. and his family devoted themselves full\-time to the construction project. They were assisted by the Buies Creek Academy students, by volunteers, and paid craftsmen, especially masons and carpenters.
Finally on November 2, 1903, the building was complete. The Catalogue of Buie's Creek Academy and Business College For The Scholastic Year 1902–1903 describes “Our New Building” as
> Our new brick building is one of the most imposing and well arranged school buildings in the State, corner\-stone of which was laid May 23rd, 1901\. The main building is {{convert\|92\|ft\|m}} long, {{convert\|70\|ft\|m}} wide, with a wing on the rear {{convert\|50\|ft\|m}} long,\- and {{convert\|35\|ft\|m}} wide, all two stories. The first floor contains four rooms each 35x40 feet, one room 35x35 feet, and three music rooms. The second story contains Society Halls 35x40 feet each and Commercial Halls 35x50 feet.
> On the front is a tower 20x20 feet, four stories, containing rooms for Telegraphy, Band Music, \&c. On the rear is a similar tower, three stories, containing Art Hall, Library and Cloak room, with a basement for heating plant.
> The rooms are all well lighted, without cross lights, the furniture is all new, and one could hardly desire more favor\- able conditions for study.*Catalogue of Buie’s Creek Academy and Business College For The Scholastic Year 1902–1903*, Republication by Everett M. Kivette, Yancy Graphics, 2007
Around the time of the start of the construction, Rev. Campbell had written in the January–February 1901 edition of the *Little River Record*:
> To Mr. Z. T. Kivett, who came and took charge of the matter of planning and pushing the work, to the students who spent their holidays in helping, to the citizens of the community, to the newspapers, and to friends one and all who in any way helped make it possible for the work to be done, we desire to return our sincere and heartfelt thanks.
As those words were true throughout the massive construction project, the new building was soon referred to as the Kivett Building. It was formally named Kivett Hall as Buies Creek Academy grew into Campbell College and then Campbell University. The building has served the surrounding community's various educational needs for generations, having been used as a grade school, high school, college classrooms, and since 1976, as the home of the [Norman Adrian Wiggins School of Law](/wiki/Norman_Adrian_Wiggins_School_of_Law "Norman Adrian Wiggins School of Law") and law library. Most recently in the 1990s, a new structure, Wiggins Memorial Library, was added to the east wall of Kivett and greatly expanded the Law School and law library.
The renovation of the structure was recognized at the time “as an example of adaptive renovation and historic preservation.” But such praise may have been made by those who did not have an understanding of the changes to the building. Interior partition masonry walls that provided support for upper floors and the roof structure were removed as were parts of flooring that provided bracing for the exterior walls. And though engineering remediation was attempted, time has brought much havoc on the building.
Presently the building is partially blocked off and considered structurally unsound. There is great concern in the local community and among students, alumni, and friends of the university as to the future of Kivett Hall. Some even fear that the building may be demolished as the university proceeds with its long term campus renovation plan. These concerns have been expressed in several newspaper articles
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The need for Kivett Hall arose after most of the buildings on the campus of Buies Creek Academy, the forerunner of Campbell University, located in Buies Creek, North Carolina, were destroyed by fire. Founded by the Reverend [James Archibald Campbell](/wiki/James_Archibald_Campbell \"James Archibald Campbell\") in 1887, the academy grew and eventually consisted of several buildings, all constructed of wood. On Wednesday night December 20, 1900, a fire destroyed many buildings, including the main classroom building. Kivett was completed on November 2, 1903, and in its early days served as the primary building of the academy, a rural school that educated children from kindergarten to the 12th grade.",
"The building was named for Zachary Taylor Kivett, known to all as Z. T. Kivett, a relatively prosperous landowner, contractor and builder well established in the local community. He lived on his farm, the “plantation”, located on the other side of the Cape Fear River from Buies Creek with his wife Lillian Lee née. McNeill. At the time they had a large family consisting of Archibald Steward, 19; twins Hector Hendricks and Hugh Herndon, 17; Virginia Elizabeth, 14; Caroline McNeill, 12; Louise McKay, 9; Neil McNeill, 6; Edward Henry, 3; and Robert Commack, 1\\. They had also lost two children in infancy Caroline McNeill, born in 1888 lived less than a year, and David born in 1890 lived only two days. During the ensuring years Z. T. and Lillian had three more children Willis Ervin, 1902, and twins again, Mary Herndon and Mildred McNeill, 1909\\. Eventually fathering 14 children, Z. T. was obviously not only prosperous but productive, so his future pledge of his family was not insignificant to Rev. Campbell.",
"In a handwritten letter to Dr. Joseph McKay, a trustee of the school, dated September 10, 1923, Kivett relates the details of his meeting with the Reverend Campbell the morning after the fire.",
"",
"> ```\n> I am quite sure you are well acquainted with the general movement of affairs about Buies Creek Academy from its early struggle on through the passing years to the present high place it fills in the County and State. But as to details of every one's part in this advance, you perhaps are not so well acquainted, and would like to be a little better informed, as I judge from your desire to have some kind of a statement along this line of my own connections with the work.\n> Perhaps none of those connected with the school on the night of December 20, 1900 will ever forget how quickly 14 years of their labor and toil went up in smoke and drifted out of the community in lowering clouds and drizzling rain.\n> Two and a half years previous to that night I became connected with the school as builder of the \"Big Wooden Tabernacle\"; and for the last 26 years there has been no man, save J. A. Campbell, more thoroughly interested or more closely identified than your humble friend with the institution.\n> About daybreak of the morning after the fire of the night before I was aroused by the constant ringing of the \"Phone\" in my hall, and when I answered the call I found J. A. Campbell talking, and he informed me of the great loss he had sustained the night before.\n> Cape Fear River was between me and him that rainy morning and crossing was by flat. But when he asked for a consultation and plans for the future for the school, I reminded him that the \"Big Wooden Tabernacle\" could be fit up and used until a new building was built; and that I would cross the river at once to make plans with him.\n> I found him in the bed and discouraged to the limit; for it appeared to him, that his life work was blighted.\n> My first inquire was \"Why are you in the bed?\" and then a declaration, \"I thought Campbells had Hump on them\". And that declaration emphasized by declaring, \"I am glad the building is burned\". This same declaration was sent him in a few days, in a letter from Dr. Spilman, one of his strong friends.\n> We fit up the \"Tabernacle\" and the school went on as of old, while J. A. Campbell geared himself for the long and tremendous task of his life work, of establishing Buies Creek Academy.\n> It required about two months to settle down and get bearings, and then there was but little means to offer contractors to do the work. At this juncture Mr. Campbell informed me he had not been able to interest anyone enough to get them to take hold the undertaking and as he and I had \"put over\" the \"Big Wooden Tabernacle\" with little in sight two and a half years before, why not I help him again?\n> Right then, Dr. McKay, is when I, as you well know, staked my all on Buies Creek Academy. To this day, twenty four years afterward, do I well remember the time and place, that I put my hand in his, and promised my family and all my plantation if it required them, to rebuild in Brick a more suitable building. You, yourself, can judge as to what has been the outcome of the toil, worry and labor of my family, for you kept lovingly near to help and encourage. But why write these things to one who is so familiar with every move of people and things about Buies Creek.\n> \n> ```",
"[right\\|thumb\\|300px\\|Kivett Hall with attached Wiggins Hall](/wiki/Image:Wiggins_%26_Kivett.png \"Wiggins & Kivett.png\")",
"Z. T. spent the remainder of the winter months working on plans for the new brick school building. A self\\-taught architect and structural engineer, some saw his proposed building as overly ambitious, ostentatious and out of scale. It was also over engineered with solid brick exterior and interior supporting walls. He estimated the construction cost of the new building at $15,000, which was not even remotely available. Nonetheless, he began digging the foundation in early 1901, and the cornerstone was laid on May 23, 1901\\.",
"As the primary construction material was to be of fire resistant brick, the bricks were to be funded by donations solicited by Rev. Campbell. He had printed 1,000 “Brick Envelopes” each to be filled with $5\\.00, enough to fund fifty bricks. The envelopes were distributed widely by students, friends and supporters. Prominent among these supporters was Mr. Josephus Daniels of the Raleigh News and Observer. He gave prominent coverage of the fire and rebuilding plans in the paper, and, through the paper, started a fund raising campaign when he wrote “Public spirited men ought to rally to his (Dr. Campbell's) assistance in rebuilding.” Indeed, the community did rally, donations were made, fund raising suppers were held, special church offerings were collected and slowly funds were available. Not an abundance, but enough to provide hope and to proceed with the construction project.",
"Work then slowed somewhat with the details for the materials for the project. Z. T. purchased land less a fourth of a mile from the construction site from Mr. Richard B. Crowder. On this land he set up a steam\\-powered saw mill and a brick kiln. Needing to be closer to the construction site, as he was the sole contractor and foreman, Z. T. also constructed a “shanty” on the site. Built of rough\\-cut wood, the one\\-room building was furnished with five bunks, wood\\-burning stove, washstand, shelving and benches. A porch across the front provided some shade, and a wood fence enclosed the front yard. Into this primitive accommodation Z. T. moved himself and his oldest sons Stewart, Herndon and Hendricks and his daughter Virginia in the summer of 1901\\. Virginia did the cooking and housekeeping for the men while they lived in the shanty.",
"By April 1902 they were ready to begin production of timbers and bricks for the construction of the new building. The sons would supervise the operation of the saw mill and the brick kiln, which operated 24 hours a day.",
"According to the April 5, 2007 edition of *[The Campbell Times](/wiki/The_Campbell_Times \"The Campbell Times\")*, \"Kivett got some extra help from a flood in May 1901, as a fully equipped sawmill floated downstream and was recovered after the flood waters receded.\" [Will Kivett Hall See the Wrecking Ball?](http://www.campbell.edu/times/040507.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609085412/http://www.campbell.edu/times/040507\\.pdf \\|date\\=2011\\-06\\-09 }} *[The Campbell Times](/wiki/The_Campbell_Times \"The Campbell Times\")* [(Buies Creek, N.C.)](/wiki/Buies_Creek%2C_North_Carolina \"Buies Creek, North Carolina\") 05 April 2007 (accessed 14 Sep 2007\\)]\nEverett McNeill Kivette's *The McNeill’s Ferry Chronicle and Campbell University* says, \"If Z.T. was not being given a mill, he could surely entertain the idea – and that strongly – that God intended him to borrow it for a time.\"*The McNeill’s Ferry Chronicle and Campbell University* By Everett M. Kivette, Yancy Graphics, 1983",
"For 28 months Z. T. and his family devoted themselves full\\-time to the construction project. They were assisted by the Buies Creek Academy students, by volunteers, and paid craftsmen, especially masons and carpenters.",
"Finally on November 2, 1903, the building was complete. The Catalogue of Buie's Creek Academy and Business College For The Scholastic Year 1902–1903 describes “Our New Building” as",
"",
"> Our new brick building is one of the most imposing and well arranged school buildings in the State, corner\\-stone of which was laid May 23rd, 1901\\. The main building is {{convert\\|92\\|ft\\|m}} long, {{convert\\|70\\|ft\\|m}} wide, with a wing on the rear {{convert\\|50\\|ft\\|m}} long,\\- and {{convert\\|35\\|ft\\|m}} wide, all two stories. The first floor contains four rooms each 35x40 feet, one room 35x35 feet, and three music rooms. The second story contains Society Halls 35x40 feet each and Commercial Halls 35x50 feet. \n> On the front is a tower 20x20 feet, four stories, containing rooms for Telegraphy, Band Music, \\&c. On the rear is a similar tower, three stories, containing Art Hall, Library and Cloak room, with a basement for heating plant. \n> The rooms are all well lighted, without cross lights, the furniture is all new, and one could hardly desire more favor\\- able conditions for study.*Catalogue of Buie’s Creek Academy and Business College For The Scholastic Year 1902–1903*, Republication by Everett M. Kivette, Yancy Graphics, 2007",
"Around the time of the start of the construction, Rev. Campbell had written in the January–February 1901 edition of the *Little River Record*:",
"",
"> To Mr. Z. T. Kivett, who came and took charge of the matter of planning and pushing the work, to the students who spent their holidays in helping, to the citizens of the community, to the newspapers, and to friends one and all who in any way helped make it possible for the work to be done, we desire to return our sincere and heartfelt thanks.",
"As those words were true throughout the massive construction project, the new building was soon referred to as the Kivett Building. It was formally named Kivett Hall as Buies Creek Academy grew into Campbell College and then Campbell University. The building has served the surrounding community's various educational needs for generations, having been used as a grade school, high school, college classrooms, and since 1976, as the home of the [Norman Adrian Wiggins School of Law](/wiki/Norman_Adrian_Wiggins_School_of_Law \"Norman Adrian Wiggins School of Law\") and law library. Most recently in the 1990s, a new structure, Wiggins Memorial Library, was added to the east wall of Kivett and greatly expanded the Law School and law library.",
"The renovation of the structure was recognized at the time “as an example of adaptive renovation and historic preservation.” But such praise may have been made by those who did not have an understanding of the changes to the building. Interior partition masonry walls that provided support for upper floors and the roof structure were removed as were parts of flooring that provided bracing for the exterior walls. And though engineering remediation was attempted, time has brought much havoc on the building.\n \nPresently the building is partially blocked off and considered structurally unsound. There is great concern in the local community and among students, alumni, and friends of the university as to the future of Kivett Hall. Some even fear that the building may be demolished as the university proceeds with its long term campus renovation plan. These concerns have been expressed in several newspaper articles",
""
] |
Finals
------
There were thirteen weeks of finals with thirteen contestants competing. At least one contestant was eliminated every week based on the public's votes, although the judges could veto one elimination through the use of the "judges' save."
**Color key:**
| {{legend\|\#FDFC8F\|This contestant was saved by America's vote.}} |
| --- |
| {{legend\|\#E0F0FF\|This contestant was in the bottom two or three, but was saved by America's vote.}} |
| {{legend\|\#B0E0E6\|This contestant was saved from elimination by the judges.}} |
| {{legend\|\#FF91A4\|This contestant was eliminated.}} |
| {{legend\|gold\|This contestant won ''American Idol''.}} |
| {{legend\|silver\|This contestant was the runner\-up.}} |
### Top 13 – This Is Me
Contestants are listed in the order they performed.
| Contestant | Song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dexter Roberts | "[Aw Naw](/wiki/Aw_Naw "Aw Naw")" | Safe |
| Malaya Watson | "[Runaway Baby](/wiki/Runaway_Baby "Runaway Baby")" | Bottom three |
| Kristen O'Connor | "[Beautiful Disaster](/wiki/Beautiful_Disaster_%28Kelly_Clarkson_song%29 "Beautiful Disaster (Kelly Clarkson song)")" | Eliminated |
| Ben Briley | "[Folsom Prison Blues](/wiki/Folsom_Prison_Blues "Folsom Prison Blues")" | Safe |
| C.J. Harris | "[Radio](/wiki/Radio_%28Darius_Rucker_song%29 "Radio (Darius Rucker song)")" | Safe |
| MK Nobilette | "[Satisfaction](/wiki/Allen_Stone_%28album%29 "Allen Stone (album)")" | Bottom three |
| Majesty Rose | "[Tightrope](/wiki/Tightrope_%28Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e_song%29 "Tightrope (Janelle Monáe song)")" | Safe |
| Jena Irene | "[The Scientist](/wiki/The_Scientist_%28song%29 "The Scientist (song)")" | Safe |
| Alex Preston | "[A Beautiful Mess](/wiki/We_Sing._We_Dance._We_Steal_Things. "We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things.")" | Safe |
| Jessica Meuse | "[The Crow \& the Butterfly](/wiki/The_Crow_%26_the_Butterfly "The Crow & the Butterfly")" | Safe |
| Emily Piriz | "[Glitter in the Air](/wiki/Glitter_in_the_Air "Glitter in the Air")" | Safe |
| Sam Woolf | "[Unwell](/wiki/Unwell "Unwell")" | Safe |
| Caleb Johnson | "[Pressure \& Time](/wiki/Pressure_%26_Time "Pressure & Time")" | Safe |
| \+ Non\-competition performance |
| --- |
| Performers | Song |
| Top 13 | "[Counting Stars](/wiki/Counting_Stars "Counting Stars")""[Radioactive](/wiki/Radioactive_%28Imagine_Dragons_song%29 "Radioactive (Imagine Dragons song)")" |
| [Candice Glover](/wiki/Candice_Glover "Candice Glover") | "[Cried](/wiki/Cried_%28song%29 "Cried (song)")""[Same Kinda Man](/wiki/Music_Speaks "Music Speaks")" |
| [Jake Bugg](/wiki/Jake_Bugg "Jake Bugg") | "[Me and You](/wiki/Shangri_La_%28Jake_Bugg_album%29 "Shangri La (Jake Bugg album)")" |
### Top 12 – Home
Contestants are listed in the order they performed.
| Contestant | Song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jena Irene | "[Suddenly I See](/wiki/Suddenly_I_See "Suddenly I See")" | Bottom three |
| Alex Preston | "[I Don't Want to Be](/wiki/I_Don%27t_Want_to_Be "I Don't Want to Be")" | Safe |
| Jessica Meuse | "[White Flag](/wiki/White_Flag_%28Dido_song%29 "White Flag (Dido song)")" | Safe |
| Dexter Roberts | "[Lucky Man](/wiki/Lucky_Man_%28Montgomery_Gentry_song%29 "Lucky Man (Montgomery Gentry song)")" | Safe |
| Emily Piriz | "[Let's Get Loud](/wiki/Let%27s_Get_Loud "Let's Get Loud")" | Eliminated |
| Caleb Johnson | "[Working Man](/wiki/Working_Man "Working Man")" | Safe |
| MK Nobilette | "[Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)](/wiki/Drops_of_Jupiter_%28Tell_Me%29 "Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)")" | Bottom three |
| C.J. Harris | "[Waiting on the World to Change](/wiki/Waiting_on_the_World_to_Change "Waiting on the World to Change")" | Safe |
| Sam Woolf | "[Just One](/wiki/We_Are_the_Tide "We Are the Tide")" | Safe |
| Malaya Watson | "[Take Me to the King](/wiki/Take_Me_to_the_King "Take Me to the King")" | Safe |
| Ben Briley | "[Turning Home](/wiki/Turning_Home "Turning Home")" | Safe |
| Majesty Rose | "[Fix You](/wiki/Fix_You "Fix You")" | Safe |
| \+ Non\-competition performance |
| --- |
| Performers | Song |
| [Phillip Phillips](/wiki/Phillip_Phillips "Phillip Phillips") | "[Raging Fire](/wiki/Raging_Fire_%28song%29 "Raging Fire (song)")" |
| [Kodaline](/wiki/Kodaline "Kodaline") | "[All I Want](/wiki/All_I_Want_%28Kodaline_song%29 "All I Want (Kodaline song)")" |
### Top 11 – Movie soundtracks
Contestants chose songs featured in movies, and are listed in the order they performed.
| Contestant | Song | Film | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sam Woolf | "[Come Together](/wiki/Come_Together "Come Together")" | *[Across the Universe](/wiki/Across_the_Universe_%28film%29 "Across the Universe (film)")* | Bottom three |
| Jessica Meuse | "[The Sound of Silence](/wiki/The_Sound_of_Silence "The Sound of Silence")" | *[The Graduate](/wiki/The_Graduate "The Graduate")* | Safe |
| C.J. Harris | "[Can't You See](/wiki/Can%27t_You_See_%28The_Marshall_Tucker_Band_song%29 "Can't You See (The Marshall Tucker Band song)")" | *[Blow](/wiki/Blow_%28film%29 "Blow (film)")* | Safe |
| Dexter Roberts | "[Sweet Home Alabama](/wiki/Sweet_Home_Alabama "Sweet Home Alabama")" | *[Forrest Gump](/wiki/Forrest_Gump "Forrest Gump")* | Safe |
| Ben Briley | "[Bennie and the Jets](/wiki/Bennie_and_the_Jets "Bennie and the Jets")" | *[27 Dresses](/wiki/27_Dresses "27 Dresses")* | Eliminated |
| Majesty Rose | "[Let It Go](/wiki/Let_It_Go "Let It Go")" | *[Frozen](/wiki/Frozen_%282013_film%29 "Frozen (2013 film)")* | Bottom three |
| Caleb Johnson | "[Skyfall](/wiki/Skyfall_%28song%29 "Skyfall (song)")" | *[Skyfall](/wiki/Skyfall "Skyfall")* | Safe |
| MK Nobilette | "[Make You Feel My Love](/wiki/Make_You_Feel_My_Love "Make You Feel My Love")" | *[Hope Floats](/wiki/Hope_Floats "Hope Floats")* | Safe |
| Alex Preston | "[Falling Slowly](/wiki/Falling_Slowly "Falling Slowly")" | *[Once](/wiki/Once_%28film%29 "Once (film)")* | Safe |
| Jena Irene | "[Decode](/wiki/Decode_%28song%29 "Decode (song)")" | *[Twilight](/wiki/Twilight_%282008_film%29 "Twilight (2008 film)")* | Safe |
| Malaya Watson | "[I Am Changing](/wiki/I_Am_Changing "I Am Changing")" | *[Dreamgirls](/wiki/Dreamgirls_%28film%29 "Dreamgirls (film)")* | Safe |
| \+ Non\-competition performance |
| --- |
| Performers | Song |
| [Harry Connick, Jr.](/wiki/Harry_Connick%2C_Jr. "Harry Connick, Jr.") | "One Fine Thing""[Come by Me](/wiki/Come_by_Me "Come by Me")" |
| [Mali Music](/wiki/Mali_Music_%28singer%29 "Mali Music (singer)") | "Beautiful" |
### Top 10 – *Billboard* top 10
Contestants each performed one song from the *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 "Billboard (magazine)")* top 10 lists from 2011 to 2014\.<https://twitter.com/AmericanIdol/status/446491045002346496> {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806114707/https://twitter.com/AmericanIdol/status/446491045002346496\|date\=August 6, 2016}}, according to a show tweet they were all from 2011\-2014\. Contestants are listed in the order they performed.
| Contestant | Song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- |
| MK Nobilette | "[Fuckin' Perfect](/wiki/Fuckin%27_Perfect "Fuckin' Perfect")" | Eliminated |
| Dexter Roberts | "[Cruise](/wiki/Cruise_%28song%29 "Cruise (song)")" | Bottom three |
| Jena Irene | "[Clarity](/wiki/Clarity_%28Zedd_song%29 "Clarity (Zedd song)")" | Safe |
| Alex Preston | "[Story of My Life](/wiki/Story_of_My_Life_%28One_Direction_song%29 "Story of My Life (One Direction song)")" | Safe |
| Malaya Watson | "[When I Was Your Man](/wiki/When_I_Was_Your_Man "When I Was Your Man")" | Safe |
| Caleb Johnson | "[The Edge of Glory](/wiki/The_Edge_of_Glory "The Edge of Glory")" | Safe |
| C.J. Harris | "[Invisible](/wiki/Invisible_%28Hunter_Hayes_song%29 "Invisible (Hunter Hayes song)")" | Safe |
| Jessica Meuse | "[Pumped Up Kicks](/wiki/Pumped_Up_Kicks "Pumped Up Kicks")" | Safe |
| Majesty Rose | "[Wake Me Up](/wiki/Wake_Me_Up_%28Avicii_song%29 "Wake Me Up (Avicii song)")" | Bottom three |
| Sam Woolf | "[We Are Young](/wiki/We_Are_Young "We Are Young")" | Safe |
| \+Non\-competition performance | Performers | Song |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [Jennifer Lopez](/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez "Jennifer Lopez")with [Allison Iraheta](/wiki/Allison_Iraheta "Allison Iraheta"), [French Montana](/wiki/French_Montana "French Montana"),[Jessica Sanchez](/wiki/Jessica_Sanchez "Jessica Sanchez") \& [Pia Toscano](/wiki/Pia_Toscano "Pia Toscano") | "[I Luh Ya Papi](/wiki/I_Luh_Ya_Papi "I Luh Ya Papi")" |
| [Royal Teeth](/wiki/Royal_Teeth "Royal Teeth") | "Wild" |
### Top 9 – "I'm with the band!"
Each contestant performed as the lead singer of the show's band, performing one song each of their choice.{{cite web \|last\=Slezak \|first\=Michael \|url\=http://tvline.com/2014/03/20/american\-idol\-season\-13\-top\-9\-week\-rickey\-minor/ \|title\='American Idol': Top 9 Theme Week Is 'I'm With the Band' — Get Details! \|publisher\=TVLine \|date\=March 20, 2014 \|access\-date\=April 9, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404061903/http://tvline.com/2014/03/20/american\-idol\-season\-13\-top\-9\-week\-rickey\-minor/ \|archive\-date\=April 4, 2014 \|url\-status\=live }}
| Contestant | Song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Alex Preston | "[Don't Speak](/wiki/Don%27t_Speak "Don't Speak")" | Safe |
| Majesty Rose | "[Shake It Out](/wiki/Shake_It_Out "Shake It Out")" | Eliminated |
| Dexter Roberts | "[Boondocks](/wiki/Boondocks_%28song%29 "Boondocks (song)")" | Safe |
| Malaya Watson | "[The Long and Winding Road](/wiki/The_Long_and_Winding_Road "The Long and Winding Road")" | Safe |
| Sam Woolf | "[Hey There Delilah](/wiki/Hey_There_Delilah "Hey There Delilah")" | Bottom three |
| Jessica Meuse | "[Rhiannon](/wiki/Rhiannon_%28song%29 "Rhiannon (song)")" | Safe |
| C.J. Harris | "[If It Hadn't Been for Love](/wiki/The_SteelDrivers "The SteelDrivers")" | Bottom three |
| Caleb Johnson | "[Dazed and Confused](/wiki/Dazed_and_Confused_%28Jake_Holmes_song%29 "Dazed and Confused (Jake Holmes song)")" | Safe |
| Jena Irene | "[Bring Me to Life](/wiki/Bring_Me_to_Life "Bring Me to Life")" | Safe |
| \+Non\-competition performance | Performers | Song |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Top 9 | "[Clocks](/wiki/Clocks_%28song%29 "Clocks (song)")""[(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction](/wiki/%28I_Can%27t_Get_No%29_Satisfaction "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction")""[My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light Em Up)](/wiki/My_Songs_Know_What_You_Did_in_the_Dark_%28Light_Em_Up%29 "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light Em Up)")" |
| [Janelle Monáe](/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e "Janelle Monáe") | "[What is Love?](/wiki/Rio_2%23Music "Rio 2#Music")" |
### Top 8 (April 3\) – Back to the start
Contestants performed two songs each: one solo, which was the song that they had originally performed when they first auditioned, and one duet with a fellow contestant.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mjsbigblog.com/american\-idol\-top\-8\-back\-start\-first\-audition\-theme\-daughtry\-perform.htm \|title\=American Idol 2014 Top 8 First Audition Theme, Daughtry to Perform \|publisher\=Mjsbigblog.com \|date\=March 27, 2014 \|access\-date\=April 9, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406172531/http://www.mjsbigblog.com/american\-idol\-top\-8\-back\-start\-first\-audition\-theme\-daughtry\-perform.htm \|archive\-date\=April 6, 2014 \|url\-status\=live }} Contestants are listed in the order they performed. The judges chose to use their "judges' save" when [Sam Woolf](/wiki/Sam_Woolf "Sam Woolf") was announced as the performer to be eliminated. As a result, no one was eliminated this week.
| Contestant | Order | Audition song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jessica Meuse | 1 | "Blue\-Eyed Lie" | Safe |
| C.J. Harris | 2 | "[Soulshine](/wiki/Soulshine_%28song%29 "Soulshine (song)")" | Bottom three |
| Sam Woolf | 4 | "[Lego House](/wiki/Lego_House "Lego House")" | Saved by the judges |
| Malaya Watson | 6 | "[Ain't No Way](/wiki/Ain%27t_No_Way "Ain't No Way")" | Bottom three |
| Dexter Roberts | 7 | "[One Mississippi](/wiki/Bring_You_Back "Bring You Back")" | Safe |
| Jena Irene | 9 | "[Rolling in the Deep](/wiki/Rolling_in_the_Deep "Rolling in the Deep")" | Safe |
| Caleb Johnson | 11 | "[Chain of Fools](/wiki/Chain_of_Fools "Chain of Fools")" | Safe |
| Alex Preston | 12 | "Fairytales" | Safe |
Jena Irene \&Alex Preston |
3 |
"[Just Give Me a Reason](/wiki/Just_Give_Me_a_Reason "Just Give Me a Reason")" |
|| Caleb Johnson\& Jessica Meuse | 5 | "[Stop Draggin' My Heart Around](/wiki/Stop_Draggin%27_My_Heart_Around "Stop Draggin' My Heart Around")" |
| Malaya Watson\& Sam Woolf | 8 | "[Lucky](/wiki/Lucky_%28Jason_Mraz_and_Colbie_Caillat_song%29 "Lucky (Jason Mraz and Colbie Caillat song)")" |
| C.J. Harris \&Dexter Roberts | 10 | "[Alright](/wiki/Alright_%28Darius_Rucker_song%29 "Alright (Darius Rucker song)")" |
| \+ Non\-competition performance |
| --- |
| Performers | Song |
| [Daughtry](/wiki/Daughtry_%28band%29 "Daughtry (band)") | "[Waiting for Superman](/wiki/Waiting_for_Superman_%28song%29 "Waiting for Superman (song)")" |
### Top 8 (April 10\) – Music from the 1980s
[David Cook](/wiki/David_Cook_%28singer%29 "David Cook (singer)") served as a guest mentor this week. Contestants performed two songs each: one solo and one duet with a fellow contestant. Contestants are listed in the order they performed.
| Contestant | Order | Song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jena Irene | 1 | "[I Love Rock 'n' Roll](/wiki/I_Love_Rock_%27n%27_Roll "I Love Rock 'n' Roll")" | Safe |
| Dexter Roberts | 2 | "[Keep Your Hands to Yourself](/wiki/Keep_Your_Hands_to_Yourself "Keep Your Hands to Yourself")" | Safe |
| Malaya Watson | 4 | "[Through the Fire](/wiki/Through_the_Fire_%28song%29 "Through the Fire (song)")" | Eliminated |
| Jessica Meuse | 6 | "[Call Me](/wiki/Call_Me_%28Blondie_song%29 "Call Me (Blondie song)")" | Safe |
| Sam Woolf | 7 | "[Time After Time](/wiki/Time_After_Time_%28Cyndi_Lauper_song%29 "Time After Time (Cyndi Lauper song)")" | Safe |
| Alex Preston | 9 | "[Every Breath You Take](/wiki/Every_Breath_You_Take "Every Breath You Take")" | Safe |
| C.J. Harris | 11 | "[Free Fallin'](/wiki/Free_Fallin%27 "Free Fallin'")" | Bottom two |
| Caleb Johnson | 12 | "[Faithfully](/wiki/Faithfully_%28song%29 "Faithfully (song)")" | Safe |
Alex Preston\& Sam Woolf |
3 |
"[The Girl Is Mine](/wiki/The_Girl_Is_Mine "The Girl Is Mine")" |
|| Jena Irene \&Caleb Johnson | 5 | "[It's Only Love](/wiki/It%27s_Only_Love_%28Bryan_Adams_song%29 "It's Only Love (Bryan Adams song)")" |
| C.J. Harris \&Malaya Watson | 8 | "[I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)](/wiki/I_Knew_You_Were_Waiting_%28For_Me%29 "I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)")" |
| Jessica Meuse\& Dexter Roberts | 10 | "[Islands in the Stream](/wiki/Islands_in_the_Stream_%28song%29 "Islands in the Stream (song)")" |
### Top 7 – Competitors' choice
Each contestant performed two songs: one song chosen by a fellow contestant and either one duet with a fellow contestant or one trio with two fellow contestants.{{cite web \|last\=Slezak \|first\=Michael \|url\=http://tvline.com/2014/04/10/american\-idol\-top\-7\-theme\-competitors\-picks/ \|title\='American Idol' Top 7 Week Theme: Competitors' Picks! \|publisher\=TVLine \|date\=April 10, 2014 \|access\-date\=May 21, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418010735/http://tvline.com/2014/04/10/american\-idol\-top\-7\-theme\-competitors\-picks/ \|archive\-date\=April 18, 2014 \|url\-status\=live }} Contestants are listed in the order they performed.
| Contestant | Order | Song | Chosen by | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Caleb Johnson | 1 | "[Family Tree](/wiki/Family_Tree_%28Kings_of_Leon_song%29 "Family Tree (Kings of Leon song)")" | Alex Preston | Safe |
| Jessica Meuse | 2 | "[Gunpowder \& Lead](/wiki/Gunpowder_%26_Lead "Gunpowder & Lead")" | Sam Woolf | Bottom two |
| C.J. Harris | 4 | "[Gravity](/wiki/Gravity_%28John_Mayer_song%29 "Gravity (John Mayer song)")" | Caleb Johnson | Safe |
| Dexter Roberts | 5 | "[Muckalee Creek Water](/wiki/Tailgates_%26_Tanlines "Tailgates & Tanlines")" | C.J. Harris | Eliminated |
| Alex Preston | 7 | "[The A Team](/wiki/The_A_Team_%28Ed_Sheeran_song%29 "The A Team (Ed Sheeran song)")" | Dexter Roberts | Safe |
| Sam Woolf | 8 | "[Sail Away](/wiki/Sail_Away_%28David_Gray_song%29 "Sail Away (David Gray song)")" | Jessica Meuse | Safe |
| Jena Irene | 10 | "[Creep](/wiki/Creep_%28Radiohead_song%29 "Creep (Radiohead song)")" | Caleb Johnson | Safe |
Alex Preston\& Sam Woolf |
3 |
"[Let Her Go](/wiki/Let_Her_Go "Let Her Go")" |
| || Jena Irene \&Caleb Johnson | 6 | "[Gimme Shelter](/wiki/Gimme_Shelter "Gimme Shelter")" |
| C.J. Harris, Jessica Meuse\& Dexter Roberts | 9 | "[Compass](/wiki/Compass_%28Lady_Antebellum_song%29 "Compass (Lady Antebellum song)")" |
### Top 6 – Rock and roll \& country
Each contestant performed two songs: one [rock and roll](/wiki/Rock_and_roll "Rock and roll") and one [country](/wiki/Country_music "Country music").{{cite web \|last\=Swift \|first\=Andy \|url\=http://tvline.com/2014/04/17/american\-idol\-top\-6\-week\-theme\-country\-rock/ \|title\='American Idol' Top 6 Week Theme — Country And Rock \& Roll \|publisher\=TVLine \|date\=April 17, 2014 \|access\-date\=May 21, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425013927/http://tvline.com/2014/04/17/american\-idol\-top\-6\-week\-theme\-country\-rock/ \|archive\-date\=April 25, 2014 \|url\-status\=live }} Contestants are listed in the order they performed.
| Contestant | Order | Song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jena Irene | 1 | "[Barracuda](/wiki/Barracuda_%28song%29 "Barracuda (song)")" | Safe |
| 10 | "[So Small](/wiki/So_Small "So Small")" |
| Sam Woolf | 2 | "[It's Time](/wiki/It%27s_Time_%28song%29 "It's Time (song)")" | Safe |
| 7 | "[You're Still the One](/wiki/You%27re_Still_the_One "You're Still the One")" |
| C.J. Harris | 3 | "[American Woman](/wiki/American_Woman "American Woman")" | Eliminated |
| 11 | "[Whatever It Is](/wiki/Whatever_It_Is "Whatever It Is")" |
| Alex Preston | 4 | "[Animal](/wiki/Animal_%28Neon_Trees_song%29 "Animal (Neon Trees song)")" | Safe |
| 9 | "[Always on My Mind](/wiki/Always_on_My_Mind "Always on My Mind")" |
| Caleb Johnson | 5 | "[Sting Me](/wiki/Sting_Me "Sting Me")" | Safe |
| 8 | "[Undo It](/wiki/Undo_It "Undo It")" |
| Jessica Meuse | 6 | "[Somebody to Love](/wiki/Somebody_to_Love_%28Jefferson_Airplane_song%29 "Somebody to Love (Jefferson Airplane song)")" | Bottom two |
| 12 | "[Jolene](/wiki/Jolene_%28song%29 "Jolene (song)")" |
### Top 5 – America's choice
[Jason Mraz](/wiki/Jason_Mraz "Jason Mraz") served as a guest mentor this week. Each contestant performed three songs chosen by viewers through a public vote,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.americanidol.com/videos/featured\-videos/its\-americas\-choice\-week \|title\=It's America's Choice Week! \|publisher\=American Idol \|date\=July 22, 2013 \|access\-date\=May 21, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050608/http://www.americanidol.com/videos/featured\-videos/its\-americas\-choice\-week \|archive\-date\=April 29, 2014 \|url\-status\=live }} one of which was either a duet with a fellow contestant or a trio with two fellow contestants. Contestants are listed in the order they performed.
During the results show, the contestants were given the option to decide whether this week would be a non\-elimination week (the following week would then feature a double\-elimination), but it would have required a unanimous agreement. Since [Jena Irene](/wiki/Jena_Irene "Jena Irene") and [Alex Preston](/wiki/Alex_Preston_%28singer%29 "Alex Preston (singer)") declined the option, the elimination went forth as planned.
| Contestant | Order | Song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alex Preston | 1 | "[Sweater Weather](/wiki/Sweater_Weather "Sweater Weather")" | Safe |
| 8 | "[Say Something](/wiki/Say_Something_%28A_Great_Big_World_song%29 "Say Something (A Great Big World song)")" |
| Caleb Johnson | 2 | "[I Don't Want to Miss a Thing](/wiki/I_Don%27t_Want_to_Miss_a_Thing "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing")" | Safe |
| 12 | "[Still of the Night](/wiki/Still_of_the_Night_%28song%29 "Still of the Night (song)")" |
| Jessica Meuse | 4 | "[Human](/wiki/Human_%28Christina_Perri_song%29 "Human (Christina Perri song)")" | Safe |
| 11 | "[Summertime Sadness](/wiki/Summertime_Sadness "Summertime Sadness")" |
| Sam Woolf | 5 | "[Sing](/wiki/Sing_%28Ed_Sheeran_song%29 "Sing (Ed Sheeran song)")" | Eliminated |
| 10 | "[How to Save a Life](/wiki/How_to_Save_a_Life "How to Save a Life")" |
| Jena Irene | 6 | "[My Body](/wiki/My_Body_%28Young_the_Giant_song%29 "My Body (Young the Giant song)")" | Safe |
| 9 | "[Valerie](/wiki/Valerie_%28Amy_Winehouse_song%29 "Valerie (Amy Winehouse song)")" |
Jena Irene, Alex Preston\& Sam Woolf |
3 |
"[Best Day of My Life](/wiki/Best_Day_of_My_Life "Best Day of My Life")" |
|| Caleb Johnson\& Jessica Meuse | 7 | "[Beast of Burden](/wiki/Beast_of_Burden_%28song%29 "Beast of Burden (song)")" |
| \+ Non\-competition performance |
| --- |
| Performers | Song |
| [Keith Urban](/wiki/Keith_Urban "Keith Urban") | "[Good Thing](/wiki/Fuse_%28Keith_Urban_album%29 "Fuse (Keith Urban album)")" |
### Top 4 – Love songs: break\-ups, dedications, and make\-ups
Each contestant performed three [love songs](/wiki/Love_songs "Love songs"): the first dealing with break\-ups, the second dealing with personal dedications, and the third dealing with make\-ups.{{cite web \|last\=Slezak \|first\=Michael \|url\=https://tvline.com/2014/05/01/american\-idol\-top\-4\-theme\-make\-up\-break\-up\-season\-13/ \|title\='American Idol': Top 4 Theme Week Is Break\-Ups/Make\-Ups — Get Details! \|publisher\=TVLine \|date\=May 1, 2014 \|access\-date\=May 21, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509022410/http://tvline.com/2014/05/01/american\-idol\-top\-4\-theme\-make\-up\-break\-up\-season\-13/ \|archive\-date\=May 9, 2014 \|url\-status\=live }} Contestants are listed in the order they performed.
| Contestant | Order | Song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Caleb Johnson | 1 | "[You Give Love a Bad Name](/wiki/You_Give_Love_a_Bad_Name "You Give Love a Bad Name")" | Safe |
| 5 | "[Travelin' Band](/wiki/Travelin%27_Band "Travelin' Band")" |
| 9 | "[Maybe I'm Amazed](/wiki/Maybe_I%27m_Amazed "Maybe I'm Amazed")" |
| Jessica Meuse | 2 | "[Since U Been Gone](/wiki/Since_U_Been_Gone "Since U Been Gone")" | Eliminated |
| 6 | "[So What](/wiki/So_What_%28Pink_song%29 "So What (Pink song)")" |
| 10 | "[You and I](/wiki/You_and_I_%28Lady_Gaga_song%29 "You and I (Lady Gaga song)")" |
| Alex Preston | 3 | "[Too Close](/wiki/Too_Close_%28Alex_Clare_song%29 "Too Close (Alex Clare song)")" | Safe |
| 8 | "[I'm Yours](/wiki/I%27m_Yours_%28Jason_Mraz_song%29 "I'm Yours (Jason Mraz song)")" |
| 12 | "[Yellow](/wiki/Yellow_%28Coldplay_song%29 "Yellow (Coldplay song)")" |
| Jena Irene | 4 | "[Heartbreaker](/wiki/Heartbreaker_%28Pat_Benatar_song%29 "Heartbreaker (Pat Benatar song)")" | Safe |
| 7 | "[Bad Romance](/wiki/Bad_Romance "Bad Romance")" |
| 11 | "[Can't Help Falling in Love](/wiki/Can%27t_Help_Falling_in_Love "Can't Help Falling in Love")" |
### Top 3
Each contestant performed three songs: one chosen by mentor [Randy Jackson](/wiki/Randy_Jackson "Randy Jackson"), one chosen by the judges, and one chosen by the finalists' hometown.{{cite web \|last\=Slezak \|first\=Michael \|url\=http://tvline.com/2014/05/08/american\-idol\-top\-3\-performance\-week\-details\-song\-selection\-2014/ \|title\=American Idol Exclusive: Top 3 Week Details — Find Out Who's in Charge of Song Choice! \|publisher\=TVLine \|date\=May 8, 2014 \|access\-date\=May 21, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523130832/http://tvline.com/2014/05/08/american\-idol\-top\-3\-performance\-week\-details\-song\-selection\-2014/ \|archive\-date\=May 23, 2014 \|url\-status\=live }} Contestants are listed in the order they performed.
This was also [American Idol](/wiki/American_Idol "American Idol")'s 500th episode.
| Contestant | Order | Song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Caleb Johnson | 1 | "[Never Tear Us Apart](/wiki/Never_Tear_Us_Apart "Never Tear Us Apart")"{{Efn\|name\=Yo Dawg\|Song chosen by \[\[Randy Jackson]]}} | Safe |
| 4 | "[Demons](/wiki/Demons_%28Imagine_Dragons_song%29 "Demons (Imagine Dragons song)")" |
| 7 | "[Dazed and Confused](/wiki/Dazed_and_Confused_%28Jake_Holmes_song%29 "Dazed and Confused (Jake Holmes song)")" |
| Alex Preston | 2 | "[Pompeii](/wiki/Pompeii_%28song%29 "Pompeii (song)")"{{Efn\|name\=Yo Dawg}} | Eliminated |
| 5 | "[Stay](/wiki/Stay_%28Rihanna_song%29 "Stay (Rihanna song)")" |
| 8 | "[Story of My Life](/wiki/Story_of_My_Life_%28One_Direction_song%29 "Story of My Life (One Direction song)")" |
| Jena Irene | 3 | "[Titanium](/wiki/Titanium_%28song%29 "Titanium (song)")"{{Efn\|name\=Yo Dawg}} | Safe |
| 6 | "[Heart Attack](/wiki/Heart_Attack_%28Demi_Lovato_song%29 "Heart Attack (Demi Lovato song)")" |
| 9 | "[Creep](/wiki/Creep_%28Radiohead_song%29 "Creep (Radiohead song)")" |
| \+Non\-competition performance | Performers | Song |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [The Chainsmokers](/wiki/The_Chainsmokers "The Chainsmokers") | "[\#Selfie](/wiki/Selfie_%28song%29 "Selfie (song)")" |
| [Scotty McCreery](/wiki/Scotty_McCreery "Scotty McCreery") | "[Feelin' It](/wiki/Feelin%27_It_%28Scotty_McCreery_song%29 "Feelin' It (Scotty McCreery song)")" |
{{notelist}}
### Top 2 – Finale
Each contestant performed three songs, one of which was chosen by producer [Simon Fuller](/wiki/Simon_Fuller "Simon Fuller"), and are listed in the order they performed.
| Contestant | Order | Song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jena Irene | 1 | "[Dog Days Are Over](/wiki/Dog_Days_Are_Over "Dog Days Are Over")"{{Efn\|name\=Fuller\|Song chosen by \[\[Simon Fuller]].}} | Runner\-up |
| 3 | "[Can't Help Falling in Love](/wiki/Can%27t_Help_Falling_in_Love "Can't Help Falling in Love")" |
| 5 | "[We Are One](/wiki/We_Are_One_%28Jena_Irene_song%29 "We Are One (Jena Irene song)")" |
| Caleb Johnson | 2 | "[Dream On](/wiki/Dream_On_%28Aerosmith_song%29 "Dream On (Aerosmith song)")"{{Efn\|name\=Fuller}} | **Winner** |
| 4 | "[Maybe I'm Amazed](/wiki/Maybe_I%27m_Amazed "Maybe I'm Amazed")" |
| 6 | "[As Long as You Love Me](/wiki/As_Long_as_You_Love_Me_%28Caleb_Johnson_song%29 "As Long as You Love Me (Caleb Johnson song)")" |
{{notelist}}
| \+Non\-competition performance | Performers | Song |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Top 13{{efn\|\[\[MK Nobilette]] was not a part of this group performance.}} | "[Breakaway](/wiki/Breakaway_%28Kelly_Clarkson_song%29 "Breakaway (Kelly Clarkson song)")" |
| [Jena Irene](/wiki/Jena_Irene "Jena Irene") \& [Caleb Johnson](/wiki/Caleb_Johnson_%28singer%29 "Caleb Johnson (singer)") | "[We Will Rock You](/wiki/We_Will_Rock_You "We Will Rock You")""[Just a Girl](/wiki/Just_a_Girl "Just a Girl")""[It's Only Love](/wiki/It%27s_Only_Love_%28Bryan_Adams_song%29 "It's Only Love (Bryan Adams song)")" |
| [Sam Woolf](/wiki/Sam_Woolf "Sam Woolf")with [Phillip Phillips](/wiki/Phillip_Phillips "Phillip Phillips") | "[Home](/wiki/Home_%28Phillip_Phillips_song%29 "Home (Phillip Phillips song)")""Raging Fire" |
| [Jessica Meuse](/wiki/Jessica_Meuse "Jessica Meuse")with [Jennifer Nettles](/wiki/Jennifer_Nettles "Jennifer Nettles") | "[That Girl](/wiki/That_Girl_%28Jennifer_Nettles_song%29 "That Girl (Jennifer Nettles song)")""[Wrecking Ball](/wiki/Wrecking_Ball_%28Miley_Cyrus_song%29 "Wrecking Ball (Miley Cyrus song)")" |
| [Jennifer Lopez](/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez "Jennifer Lopez") | "[First Love](/wiki/First_Love_%28Jennifer_Lopez_song%29 "First Love (Jennifer Lopez song)")" |
| [Caleb Johnson](/wiki/Caleb_Johnson "Caleb Johnson")with [Kiss](/wiki/Kiss_%28band%29 "Kiss (band)") | "[Love Gun](/wiki/Love_Gun_%28song%29 "Love Gun (song)")""[Shout It Out Loud](/wiki/Shout_It_Out_Loud_%28Kiss_song%29 "Shout It Out Loud (Kiss song)")" |
| Ben Briley, [Dexter Roberts](/wiki/Dexter_Roberts "Dexter Roberts"),[C.J. Harris](/wiki/C._J._Harris_%28singer%29 "C. J. Harris (singer)"), [Sam Woolf](/wiki/Sam_Woolf "Sam Woolf"),[Alex Preston](/wiki/Alex_Preston_%28singer%29 "Alex Preston (singer)") \& [Caleb Johnson](/wiki/Caleb_Johnson "Caleb Johnson")with [Aloe Blacc](/wiki/Aloe_Blacc "Aloe Blacc") | "[The Man](/wiki/The_Man_%28Aloe_Blacc_song%29 "The Man (Aloe Blacc song)")" |
| Kristen O'Connor, Emily Piriz,Majesty Rose, Malaya Watson,[Jessica Meuse](/wiki/Jessica_Meuse "Jessica Meuse") \& [Jena Irene](/wiki/Jena_Irene "Jena Irene")with [Demi Lovato](/wiki/Demi_Lovato "Demi Lovato") | "[Really Don't Care](/wiki/Really_Don%27t_Care "Really Don't Care")""[Neon Lights](/wiki/Neon_Lights_%28Demi_Lovato_song%29 "Neon Lights (Demi Lovato song)")" |
| [Jena Irene](/wiki/Jena_Irene "Jena Irene") | "[Decode](/wiki/Decode_%28song%29 "Decode (song)")" |
| [Jena Irene](/wiki/Jena_Irene "Jena Irene")with [Paramore](/wiki/Paramore "Paramore") | "[Ain't It Fun](/wiki/Ain%27t_It_Fun_%28Paramore_song%29 "Ain't It Fun (Paramore song)")" |
| [John Legend](/wiki/John_Legend "John Legend") | "[You \& I (Nobody in the World)](/wiki/You_%26_I_%28Nobody_in_the_World%29 "You & I (Nobody in the World)")" |
| Malaya Watsonwith [John Legend](/wiki/John_Legend "John Legend") | "[All of Me](/wiki/All_of_Me_%28John_Legend_song%29 "All of Me (John Legend song)")" |
| [Alex Preston](/wiki/Alex_Preston_%28singer%29 "Alex Preston (singer)")with [Jason Mraz](/wiki/Jason_Mraz "Jason Mraz") | "Love Someone" |
| [Richard Marx](/wiki/Richard_Marx "Richard Marx") \& [Ryan Seacrest](/wiki/Ryan_Seacrest "Ryan Seacrest") | "[Right Here Waiting](/wiki/Right_Here_Waiting "Right Here Waiting")" |
| [Darius Rucker](/wiki/Darius_Rucker "Darius Rucker") | "[True Believers](/wiki/True_Believers_%28song%29 "True Believers (song)")" |
| [C.J. Harris](/wiki/C.J._Harris_%28singer%29 "C.J. Harris (singer)") \& [Dexter Roberts](/wiki/Dexter_Roberts "Dexter Roberts")with [Darius Rucker](/wiki/Darius_Rucker "Darius Rucker") | "[Alright](/wiki/Alright_%28Darius_Rucker_song%29 "Alright (Darius Rucker song)")" |
| [Jena Irene](/wiki/Jena_Irene "Jena Irene") \& [Caleb Johnson](/wiki/Caleb_Johnson "Caleb Johnson") | "[Need You Now](/wiki/Need_You_Now_%28Lady_Antebellum_song%29 "Need You Now (Lady Antebellum song)")" |
| [Lady Antebellum](/wiki/Lady_Antebellum "Lady Antebellum") | "[Bartender](/wiki/Bartender_%28Lady_Antebellum_song%29 "Bartender (Lady Antebellum song)")" |
| [Harry Connick, Jr.](/wiki/Harry_Connick%2C_Jr. "Harry Connick, Jr."), [Randy Jackson](/wiki/Randy_Jackson "Randy Jackson"),[Jennifer Lopez](/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez "Jennifer Lopez") \& [Keith Urban](/wiki/Keith_Urban "Keith Urban") | "[True Colors](/wiki/True_Colors_%28Cyndi_Lauper_song%29 "True Colors (Cyndi Lauper song)")""[Go Your Own Way](/wiki/Go_Your_Own_Way "Go Your Own Way")" |
| [Caleb Johnson](/wiki/Caleb_Johnson "Caleb Johnson") | "[As Long as You Love Me](/wiki/As_Long_as_You_Love_Me_%28Caleb_Johnson_song%29 "As Long as You Love Me (Caleb Johnson song)")" |
{{notelist}}
|
[
"Finals\n------",
"There were thirteen weeks of finals with thirteen contestants competing. At least one contestant was eliminated every week based on the public's votes, although the judges could veto one elimination through the use of the \"judges' save.\"",
"**Color key:**",
"| {{legend\\|\\#FDFC8F\\|This contestant was saved by America's vote.}} |\n| --- |\n| {{legend\\|\\#E0F0FF\\|This contestant was in the bottom two or three, but was saved by America's vote.}} |\n| {{legend\\|\\#B0E0E6\\|This contestant was saved from elimination by the judges.}} |\n| {{legend\\|\\#FF91A4\\|This contestant was eliminated.}} |\n| {{legend\\|gold\\|This contestant won ''American Idol''.}} |\n| {{legend\\|silver\\|This contestant was the runner\\-up.}} |",
"",
"### Top 13 – This Is Me",
"Contestants are listed in the order they performed.",
"",
"| Contestant | Song | Result |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Dexter Roberts | \"[Aw Naw](/wiki/Aw_Naw \"Aw Naw\")\" | Safe |\n| Malaya Watson | \"[Runaway Baby](/wiki/Runaway_Baby \"Runaway Baby\")\" | Bottom three |\n| Kristen O'Connor | \"[Beautiful Disaster](/wiki/Beautiful_Disaster_%28Kelly_Clarkson_song%29 \"Beautiful Disaster (Kelly Clarkson song)\")\" | Eliminated |\n| Ben Briley | \"[Folsom Prison Blues](/wiki/Folsom_Prison_Blues \"Folsom Prison Blues\")\" | Safe |\n| C.J. Harris | \"[Radio](/wiki/Radio_%28Darius_Rucker_song%29 \"Radio (Darius Rucker song)\")\" | Safe |\n| MK Nobilette | \"[Satisfaction](/wiki/Allen_Stone_%28album%29 \"Allen Stone (album)\")\" | Bottom three |\n| Majesty Rose | \"[Tightrope](/wiki/Tightrope_%28Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e_song%29 \"Tightrope (Janelle Monáe song)\")\" | Safe |\n| Jena Irene | \"[The Scientist](/wiki/The_Scientist_%28song%29 \"The Scientist (song)\")\" | Safe |\n| Alex Preston | \"[A Beautiful Mess](/wiki/We_Sing._We_Dance._We_Steal_Things. \"We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things.\")\" | Safe |\n| Jessica Meuse | \"[The Crow \\& the Butterfly](/wiki/The_Crow_%26_the_Butterfly \"The Crow & the Butterfly\")\" | Safe |\n| Emily Piriz | \"[Glitter in the Air](/wiki/Glitter_in_the_Air \"Glitter in the Air\")\" | Safe |\n| Sam Woolf | \"[Unwell](/wiki/Unwell \"Unwell\")\" | Safe |\n| Caleb Johnson | \"[Pressure \\& Time](/wiki/Pressure_%26_Time \"Pressure & Time\")\" | Safe |",
"",
"| \\+ Non\\-competition performance |\n| --- |\n| Performers | Song |\n| Top 13 | \"[Counting Stars](/wiki/Counting_Stars \"Counting Stars\")\"\"[Radioactive](/wiki/Radioactive_%28Imagine_Dragons_song%29 \"Radioactive (Imagine Dragons song)\")\" |\n| [Candice Glover](/wiki/Candice_Glover \"Candice Glover\") | \"[Cried](/wiki/Cried_%28song%29 \"Cried (song)\")\"\"[Same Kinda Man](/wiki/Music_Speaks \"Music Speaks\")\" |\n| [Jake Bugg](/wiki/Jake_Bugg \"Jake Bugg\") | \"[Me and You](/wiki/Shangri_La_%28Jake_Bugg_album%29 \"Shangri La (Jake Bugg album)\")\" |",
"### Top 12 – Home",
"Contestants are listed in the order they performed.",
"",
"| Contestant | Song | Result |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Jena Irene | \"[Suddenly I See](/wiki/Suddenly_I_See \"Suddenly I See\")\" | Bottom three |\n| Alex Preston | \"[I Don't Want to Be](/wiki/I_Don%27t_Want_to_Be \"I Don't Want to Be\")\" | Safe |\n| Jessica Meuse | \"[White Flag](/wiki/White_Flag_%28Dido_song%29 \"White Flag (Dido song)\")\" | Safe |\n| Dexter Roberts | \"[Lucky Man](/wiki/Lucky_Man_%28Montgomery_Gentry_song%29 \"Lucky Man (Montgomery Gentry song)\")\" | Safe |\n| Emily Piriz | \"[Let's Get Loud](/wiki/Let%27s_Get_Loud \"Let's Get Loud\")\" | Eliminated |\n| Caleb Johnson | \"[Working Man](/wiki/Working_Man \"Working Man\")\" | Safe |\n| MK Nobilette | \"[Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)](/wiki/Drops_of_Jupiter_%28Tell_Me%29 \"Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)\")\" | Bottom three |\n| C.J. Harris | \"[Waiting on the World to Change](/wiki/Waiting_on_the_World_to_Change \"Waiting on the World to Change\")\" | Safe |\n| Sam Woolf | \"[Just One](/wiki/We_Are_the_Tide \"We Are the Tide\")\" | Safe |\n| Malaya Watson | \"[Take Me to the King](/wiki/Take_Me_to_the_King \"Take Me to the King\")\" | Safe |\n| Ben Briley | \"[Turning Home](/wiki/Turning_Home \"Turning Home\")\" | Safe |\n| Majesty Rose | \"[Fix You](/wiki/Fix_You \"Fix You\")\" | Safe |",
"",
"| \\+ Non\\-competition performance |\n| --- |\n| Performers | Song |\n| [Phillip Phillips](/wiki/Phillip_Phillips \"Phillip Phillips\") | \"[Raging Fire](/wiki/Raging_Fire_%28song%29 \"Raging Fire (song)\")\" |\n| [Kodaline](/wiki/Kodaline \"Kodaline\") | \"[All I Want](/wiki/All_I_Want_%28Kodaline_song%29 \"All I Want (Kodaline song)\")\" |",
"### Top 11 – Movie soundtracks",
"Contestants chose songs featured in movies, and are listed in the order they performed.",
"| Contestant | Song | Film | Result |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Sam Woolf | \"[Come Together](/wiki/Come_Together \"Come Together\")\" | *[Across the Universe](/wiki/Across_the_Universe_%28film%29 \"Across the Universe (film)\")* | Bottom three |\n| Jessica Meuse | \"[The Sound of Silence](/wiki/The_Sound_of_Silence \"The Sound of Silence\")\" | *[The Graduate](/wiki/The_Graduate \"The Graduate\")* | Safe |\n| C.J. Harris | \"[Can't You See](/wiki/Can%27t_You_See_%28The_Marshall_Tucker_Band_song%29 \"Can't You See (The Marshall Tucker Band song)\")\" | *[Blow](/wiki/Blow_%28film%29 \"Blow (film)\")* | Safe |\n| Dexter Roberts | \"[Sweet Home Alabama](/wiki/Sweet_Home_Alabama \"Sweet Home Alabama\")\" | *[Forrest Gump](/wiki/Forrest_Gump \"Forrest Gump\")* | Safe |\n| Ben Briley | \"[Bennie and the Jets](/wiki/Bennie_and_the_Jets \"Bennie and the Jets\")\" | *[27 Dresses](/wiki/27_Dresses \"27 Dresses\")* | Eliminated |\n| Majesty Rose | \"[Let It Go](/wiki/Let_It_Go \"Let It Go\")\" | *[Frozen](/wiki/Frozen_%282013_film%29 \"Frozen (2013 film)\")* | Bottom three |\n| Caleb Johnson | \"[Skyfall](/wiki/Skyfall_%28song%29 \"Skyfall (song)\")\" | *[Skyfall](/wiki/Skyfall \"Skyfall\")* | Safe |\n| MK Nobilette | \"[Make You Feel My Love](/wiki/Make_You_Feel_My_Love \"Make You Feel My Love\")\" | *[Hope Floats](/wiki/Hope_Floats \"Hope Floats\")* | Safe |\n| Alex Preston | \"[Falling Slowly](/wiki/Falling_Slowly \"Falling Slowly\")\" | *[Once](/wiki/Once_%28film%29 \"Once (film)\")* | Safe |\n| Jena Irene | \"[Decode](/wiki/Decode_%28song%29 \"Decode (song)\")\" | *[Twilight](/wiki/Twilight_%282008_film%29 \"Twilight (2008 film)\")* | Safe |\n| Malaya Watson | \"[I Am Changing](/wiki/I_Am_Changing \"I Am Changing\")\" | *[Dreamgirls](/wiki/Dreamgirls_%28film%29 \"Dreamgirls (film)\")* | Safe |",
"",
"| \\+ Non\\-competition performance |\n| --- |\n| Performers | Song |\n| [Harry Connick, Jr.](/wiki/Harry_Connick%2C_Jr. \"Harry Connick, Jr.\") | \"One Fine Thing\"\"[Come by Me](/wiki/Come_by_Me \"Come by Me\")\" |\n| [Mali Music](/wiki/Mali_Music_%28singer%29 \"Mali Music (singer)\") | \"Beautiful\" |",
"",
"### Top 10 – *Billboard* top 10",
"Contestants each performed one song from the *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\")* top 10 lists from 2011 to 2014\\.<https://twitter.com/AmericanIdol/status/446491045002346496> {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806114707/https://twitter.com/AmericanIdol/status/446491045002346496\\|date\\=August 6, 2016}}, according to a show tweet they were all from 2011\\-2014\\. Contestants are listed in the order they performed.",
"",
"| Contestant | Song | Result |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| MK Nobilette | \"[Fuckin' Perfect](/wiki/Fuckin%27_Perfect \"Fuckin' Perfect\")\" | Eliminated |\n| Dexter Roberts | \"[Cruise](/wiki/Cruise_%28song%29 \"Cruise (song)\")\" | Bottom three |\n| Jena Irene | \"[Clarity](/wiki/Clarity_%28Zedd_song%29 \"Clarity (Zedd song)\")\" | Safe |\n| Alex Preston | \"[Story of My Life](/wiki/Story_of_My_Life_%28One_Direction_song%29 \"Story of My Life (One Direction song)\")\" | Safe |\n| Malaya Watson | \"[When I Was Your Man](/wiki/When_I_Was_Your_Man \"When I Was Your Man\")\" | Safe |\n| Caleb Johnson | \"[The Edge of Glory](/wiki/The_Edge_of_Glory \"The Edge of Glory\")\" | Safe |\n| C.J. Harris | \"[Invisible](/wiki/Invisible_%28Hunter_Hayes_song%29 \"Invisible (Hunter Hayes song)\")\" | Safe |\n| Jessica Meuse | \"[Pumped Up Kicks](/wiki/Pumped_Up_Kicks \"Pumped Up Kicks\")\" | Safe |\n| Majesty Rose | \"[Wake Me Up](/wiki/Wake_Me_Up_%28Avicii_song%29 \"Wake Me Up (Avicii song)\")\" | Bottom three |\n| Sam Woolf | \"[We Are Young](/wiki/We_Are_Young \"We Are Young\")\" | Safe |",
"",
"| \\+Non\\-competition performance | Performers | Song |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [Jennifer Lopez](/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez \"Jennifer Lopez\")with [Allison Iraheta](/wiki/Allison_Iraheta \"Allison Iraheta\"), [French Montana](/wiki/French_Montana \"French Montana\"),[Jessica Sanchez](/wiki/Jessica_Sanchez \"Jessica Sanchez\") \\& [Pia Toscano](/wiki/Pia_Toscano \"Pia Toscano\") | \"[I Luh Ya Papi](/wiki/I_Luh_Ya_Papi \"I Luh Ya Papi\")\" |\n| [Royal Teeth](/wiki/Royal_Teeth \"Royal Teeth\") | \"Wild\" |",
"### Top 9 – \"I'm with the band!\"",
"Each contestant performed as the lead singer of the show's band, performing one song each of their choice.{{cite web \\|last\\=Slezak \\|first\\=Michael \\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2014/03/20/american\\-idol\\-season\\-13\\-top\\-9\\-week\\-rickey\\-minor/ \\|title\\='American Idol': Top 9 Theme Week Is 'I'm With the Band' — Get Details! \\|publisher\\=TVLine \\|date\\=March 20, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404061903/http://tvline.com/2014/03/20/american\\-idol\\-season\\-13\\-top\\-9\\-week\\-rickey\\-minor/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 4, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"",
"| Contestant | Song | Result |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Alex Preston | \"[Don't Speak](/wiki/Don%27t_Speak \"Don't Speak\")\" | Safe |\n| Majesty Rose | \"[Shake It Out](/wiki/Shake_It_Out \"Shake It Out\")\" | Eliminated |\n| Dexter Roberts | \"[Boondocks](/wiki/Boondocks_%28song%29 \"Boondocks (song)\")\" | Safe |\n| Malaya Watson | \"[The Long and Winding Road](/wiki/The_Long_and_Winding_Road \"The Long and Winding Road\")\" | Safe |\n| Sam Woolf | \"[Hey There Delilah](/wiki/Hey_There_Delilah \"Hey There Delilah\")\" | Bottom three |\n| Jessica Meuse | \"[Rhiannon](/wiki/Rhiannon_%28song%29 \"Rhiannon (song)\")\" | Safe |\n| C.J. Harris | \"[If It Hadn't Been for Love](/wiki/The_SteelDrivers \"The SteelDrivers\")\" | Bottom three |\n| Caleb Johnson | \"[Dazed and Confused](/wiki/Dazed_and_Confused_%28Jake_Holmes_song%29 \"Dazed and Confused (Jake Holmes song)\")\" | Safe |\n| Jena Irene | \"[Bring Me to Life](/wiki/Bring_Me_to_Life \"Bring Me to Life\")\" | Safe |",
"",
"| \\+Non\\-competition performance | Performers | Song |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Top 9 | \"[Clocks](/wiki/Clocks_%28song%29 \"Clocks (song)\")\"\"[(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction](/wiki/%28I_Can%27t_Get_No%29_Satisfaction \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\")\"\"[My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light Em Up)](/wiki/My_Songs_Know_What_You_Did_in_the_Dark_%28Light_Em_Up%29 \"My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light Em Up)\")\" |\n| [Janelle Monáe](/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e \"Janelle Monáe\") | \"[What is Love?](/wiki/Rio_2%23Music \"Rio 2#Music\")\" |",
"### Top 8 (April 3\\) – Back to the start",
"Contestants performed two songs each: one solo, which was the song that they had originally performed when they first auditioned, and one duet with a fellow contestant.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mjsbigblog.com/american\\-idol\\-top\\-8\\-back\\-start\\-first\\-audition\\-theme\\-daughtry\\-perform.htm \\|title\\=American Idol 2014 Top 8 First Audition Theme, Daughtry to Perform \\|publisher\\=Mjsbigblog.com \\|date\\=March 27, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406172531/http://www.mjsbigblog.com/american\\-idol\\-top\\-8\\-back\\-start\\-first\\-audition\\-theme\\-daughtry\\-perform.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=April 6, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Contestants are listed in the order they performed. The judges chose to use their \"judges' save\" when [Sam Woolf](/wiki/Sam_Woolf \"Sam Woolf\") was announced as the performer to be eliminated. As a result, no one was eliminated this week.",
"",
"| Contestant | Order | Audition song | Result |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Jessica Meuse | 1 | \"Blue\\-Eyed Lie\" | Safe |\n| C.J. Harris | 2 | \"[Soulshine](/wiki/Soulshine_%28song%29 \"Soulshine (song)\")\" | Bottom three |\n| Sam Woolf | 4 | \"[Lego House](/wiki/Lego_House \"Lego House\")\" | Saved by the judges |\n| Malaya Watson | 6 | \"[Ain't No Way](/wiki/Ain%27t_No_Way \"Ain't No Way\")\" | Bottom three |\n| Dexter Roberts | 7 | \"[One Mississippi](/wiki/Bring_You_Back \"Bring You Back\")\" | Safe |\n| Jena Irene | 9 | \"[Rolling in the Deep](/wiki/Rolling_in_the_Deep \"Rolling in the Deep\")\" | Safe |\n| Caleb Johnson | 11 | \"[Chain of Fools](/wiki/Chain_of_Fools \"Chain of Fools\")\" | Safe |\n| Alex Preston | 12 | \"Fairytales\" | Safe |",
"Jena Irene \\&Alex Preston |\n 3 |\n \"[Just Give Me a Reason](/wiki/Just_Give_Me_a_Reason \"Just Give Me a Reason\")\" |\n || Caleb Johnson\\& Jessica Meuse | 5 | \"[Stop Draggin' My Heart Around](/wiki/Stop_Draggin%27_My_Heart_Around \"Stop Draggin' My Heart Around\")\" |\n| Malaya Watson\\& Sam Woolf | 8 | \"[Lucky](/wiki/Lucky_%28Jason_Mraz_and_Colbie_Caillat_song%29 \"Lucky (Jason Mraz and Colbie Caillat song)\")\" |\n| C.J. Harris \\&Dexter Roberts | 10 | \"[Alright](/wiki/Alright_%28Darius_Rucker_song%29 \"Alright (Darius Rucker song)\")\" |",
"",
"| \\+ Non\\-competition performance |\n| --- |\n| Performers | Song |\n| [Daughtry](/wiki/Daughtry_%28band%29 \"Daughtry (band)\") | \"[Waiting for Superman](/wiki/Waiting_for_Superman_%28song%29 \"Waiting for Superman (song)\")\" |",
"### Top 8 (April 10\\) – Music from the 1980s",
"[David Cook](/wiki/David_Cook_%28singer%29 \"David Cook (singer)\") served as a guest mentor this week. Contestants performed two songs each: one solo and one duet with a fellow contestant. Contestants are listed in the order they performed.",
"",
"| Contestant | Order | Song | Result |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Jena Irene | 1 | \"[I Love Rock 'n' Roll](/wiki/I_Love_Rock_%27n%27_Roll \"I Love Rock 'n' Roll\")\" | Safe |\n| Dexter Roberts | 2 | \"[Keep Your Hands to Yourself](/wiki/Keep_Your_Hands_to_Yourself \"Keep Your Hands to Yourself\")\" | Safe |\n| Malaya Watson | 4 | \"[Through the Fire](/wiki/Through_the_Fire_%28song%29 \"Through the Fire (song)\")\" | Eliminated |\n| Jessica Meuse | 6 | \"[Call Me](/wiki/Call_Me_%28Blondie_song%29 \"Call Me (Blondie song)\")\" | Safe |\n| Sam Woolf | 7 | \"[Time After Time](/wiki/Time_After_Time_%28Cyndi_Lauper_song%29 \"Time After Time (Cyndi Lauper song)\")\" | Safe |\n| Alex Preston | 9 | \"[Every Breath You Take](/wiki/Every_Breath_You_Take \"Every Breath You Take\")\" | Safe |\n| C.J. Harris | 11 | \"[Free Fallin'](/wiki/Free_Fallin%27 \"Free Fallin'\")\" | Bottom two |\n| Caleb Johnson | 12 | \"[Faithfully](/wiki/Faithfully_%28song%29 \"Faithfully (song)\")\" | Safe |",
"Alex Preston\\& Sam Woolf |\n 3 |\n \"[The Girl Is Mine](/wiki/The_Girl_Is_Mine \"The Girl Is Mine\")\" |\n || Jena Irene \\&Caleb Johnson | 5 | \"[It's Only Love](/wiki/It%27s_Only_Love_%28Bryan_Adams_song%29 \"It's Only Love (Bryan Adams song)\")\" |\n| C.J. Harris \\&Malaya Watson | 8 | \"[I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)](/wiki/I_Knew_You_Were_Waiting_%28For_Me%29 \"I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)\")\" |\n| Jessica Meuse\\& Dexter Roberts | 10 | \"[Islands in the Stream](/wiki/Islands_in_the_Stream_%28song%29 \"Islands in the Stream (song)\")\" |",
"### Top 7 – Competitors' choice",
"Each contestant performed two songs: one song chosen by a fellow contestant and either one duet with a fellow contestant or one trio with two fellow contestants.{{cite web \\|last\\=Slezak \\|first\\=Michael \\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2014/04/10/american\\-idol\\-top\\-7\\-theme\\-competitors\\-picks/ \\|title\\='American Idol' Top 7 Week Theme: Competitors' Picks! \\|publisher\\=TVLine \\|date\\=April 10, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418010735/http://tvline.com/2014/04/10/american\\-idol\\-top\\-7\\-theme\\-competitors\\-picks/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 18, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Contestants are listed in the order they performed.",
"",
"| Contestant | Order | Song | Chosen by | Result |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Caleb Johnson | 1 | \"[Family Tree](/wiki/Family_Tree_%28Kings_of_Leon_song%29 \"Family Tree (Kings of Leon song)\")\" | Alex Preston | Safe |\n| Jessica Meuse | 2 | \"[Gunpowder \\& Lead](/wiki/Gunpowder_%26_Lead \"Gunpowder & Lead\")\" | Sam Woolf | Bottom two |\n| C.J. Harris | 4 | \"[Gravity](/wiki/Gravity_%28John_Mayer_song%29 \"Gravity (John Mayer song)\")\" | Caleb Johnson | Safe |\n| Dexter Roberts | 5 | \"[Muckalee Creek Water](/wiki/Tailgates_%26_Tanlines \"Tailgates & Tanlines\")\" | C.J. Harris | Eliminated |\n| Alex Preston | 7 | \"[The A Team](/wiki/The_A_Team_%28Ed_Sheeran_song%29 \"The A Team (Ed Sheeran song)\")\" | Dexter Roberts | Safe |\n| Sam Woolf | 8 | \"[Sail Away](/wiki/Sail_Away_%28David_Gray_song%29 \"Sail Away (David Gray song)\")\" | Jessica Meuse | Safe |\n| Jena Irene | 10 | \"[Creep](/wiki/Creep_%28Radiohead_song%29 \"Creep (Radiohead song)\")\" | Caleb Johnson | Safe |",
"Alex Preston\\& Sam Woolf |\n 3 |\n \"[Let Her Go](/wiki/Let_Her_Go \"Let Her Go\")\" |\n | || Jena Irene \\&Caleb Johnson | 6 | \"[Gimme Shelter](/wiki/Gimme_Shelter \"Gimme Shelter\")\" |\n| C.J. Harris, Jessica Meuse\\& Dexter Roberts | 9 | \"[Compass](/wiki/Compass_%28Lady_Antebellum_song%29 \"Compass (Lady Antebellum song)\")\" |",
"### Top 6 – Rock and roll \\& country",
"Each contestant performed two songs: one [rock and roll](/wiki/Rock_and_roll \"Rock and roll\") and one [country](/wiki/Country_music \"Country music\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Swift \\|first\\=Andy \\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2014/04/17/american\\-idol\\-top\\-6\\-week\\-theme\\-country\\-rock/ \\|title\\='American Idol' Top 6 Week Theme — Country And Rock \\& Roll \\|publisher\\=TVLine \\|date\\=April 17, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425013927/http://tvline.com/2014/04/17/american\\-idol\\-top\\-6\\-week\\-theme\\-country\\-rock/ \\|archive\\-date\\=April 25, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Contestants are listed in the order they performed.",
"",
"| Contestant | Order | Song | Result |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Jena Irene | 1 | \"[Barracuda](/wiki/Barracuda_%28song%29 \"Barracuda (song)\")\" | Safe |\n| 10 | \"[So Small](/wiki/So_Small \"So Small\")\" |\n| Sam Woolf | 2 | \"[It's Time](/wiki/It%27s_Time_%28song%29 \"It's Time (song)\")\" | Safe |\n| 7 | \"[You're Still the One](/wiki/You%27re_Still_the_One \"You're Still the One\")\" |\n| C.J. Harris | 3 | \"[American Woman](/wiki/American_Woman \"American Woman\")\" | Eliminated |\n| 11 | \"[Whatever It Is](/wiki/Whatever_It_Is \"Whatever It Is\")\" |\n| Alex Preston | 4 | \"[Animal](/wiki/Animal_%28Neon_Trees_song%29 \"Animal (Neon Trees song)\")\" | Safe |\n| 9 | \"[Always on My Mind](/wiki/Always_on_My_Mind \"Always on My Mind\")\" |\n| Caleb Johnson | 5 | \"[Sting Me](/wiki/Sting_Me \"Sting Me\")\" | Safe |\n| 8 | \"[Undo It](/wiki/Undo_It \"Undo It\")\" |\n| Jessica Meuse | 6 | \"[Somebody to Love](/wiki/Somebody_to_Love_%28Jefferson_Airplane_song%29 \"Somebody to Love (Jefferson Airplane song)\")\" | Bottom two |\n| 12 | \"[Jolene](/wiki/Jolene_%28song%29 \"Jolene (song)\")\" |",
"### Top 5 – America's choice",
"[Jason Mraz](/wiki/Jason_Mraz \"Jason Mraz\") served as a guest mentor this week. Each contestant performed three songs chosen by viewers through a public vote,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.americanidol.com/videos/featured\\-videos/its\\-americas\\-choice\\-week \\|title\\=It's America's Choice Week! \\|publisher\\=American Idol \\|date\\=July 22, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050608/http://www.americanidol.com/videos/featured\\-videos/its\\-americas\\-choice\\-week \\|archive\\-date\\=April 29, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} one of which was either a duet with a fellow contestant or a trio with two fellow contestants. Contestants are listed in the order they performed.",
"During the results show, the contestants were given the option to decide whether this week would be a non\\-elimination week (the following week would then feature a double\\-elimination), but it would have required a unanimous agreement. Since [Jena Irene](/wiki/Jena_Irene \"Jena Irene\") and [Alex Preston](/wiki/Alex_Preston_%28singer%29 \"Alex Preston (singer)\") declined the option, the elimination went forth as planned.",
"",
"| Contestant | Order | Song | Result |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Alex Preston | 1 | \"[Sweater Weather](/wiki/Sweater_Weather \"Sweater Weather\")\" | Safe |\n| 8 | \"[Say Something](/wiki/Say_Something_%28A_Great_Big_World_song%29 \"Say Something (A Great Big World song)\")\" |\n| Caleb Johnson | 2 | \"[I Don't Want to Miss a Thing](/wiki/I_Don%27t_Want_to_Miss_a_Thing \"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\")\" | Safe |\n| 12 | \"[Still of the Night](/wiki/Still_of_the_Night_%28song%29 \"Still of the Night (song)\")\" |\n| Jessica Meuse | 4 | \"[Human](/wiki/Human_%28Christina_Perri_song%29 \"Human (Christina Perri song)\")\" | Safe |\n| 11 | \"[Summertime Sadness](/wiki/Summertime_Sadness \"Summertime Sadness\")\" |\n| Sam Woolf | 5 | \"[Sing](/wiki/Sing_%28Ed_Sheeran_song%29 \"Sing (Ed Sheeran song)\")\" | Eliminated |\n| 10 | \"[How to Save a Life](/wiki/How_to_Save_a_Life \"How to Save a Life\")\" |\n| Jena Irene | 6 | \"[My Body](/wiki/My_Body_%28Young_the_Giant_song%29 \"My Body (Young the Giant song)\")\" | Safe |\n| 9 | \"[Valerie](/wiki/Valerie_%28Amy_Winehouse_song%29 \"Valerie (Amy Winehouse song)\")\" |",
"Jena Irene, Alex Preston\\& Sam Woolf |\n 3 |\n \"[Best Day of My Life](/wiki/Best_Day_of_My_Life \"Best Day of My Life\")\" |\n || Caleb Johnson\\& Jessica Meuse | 7 | \"[Beast of Burden](/wiki/Beast_of_Burden_%28song%29 \"Beast of Burden (song)\")\" |",
"",
"| \\+ Non\\-competition performance |\n| --- |\n| Performers | Song |\n| [Keith Urban](/wiki/Keith_Urban \"Keith Urban\") | \"[Good Thing](/wiki/Fuse_%28Keith_Urban_album%29 \"Fuse (Keith Urban album)\")\" |",
"### Top 4 – Love songs: break\\-ups, dedications, and make\\-ups",
"Each contestant performed three [love songs](/wiki/Love_songs \"Love songs\"): the first dealing with break\\-ups, the second dealing with personal dedications, and the third dealing with make\\-ups.{{cite web \\|last\\=Slezak \\|first\\=Michael \\|url\\=https://tvline.com/2014/05/01/american\\-idol\\-top\\-4\\-theme\\-make\\-up\\-break\\-up\\-season\\-13/ \\|title\\='American Idol': Top 4 Theme Week Is Break\\-Ups/Make\\-Ups — Get Details! \\|publisher\\=TVLine \\|date\\=May 1, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509022410/http://tvline.com/2014/05/01/american\\-idol\\-top\\-4\\-theme\\-make\\-up\\-break\\-up\\-season\\-13/ \\|archive\\-date\\=May 9, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Contestants are listed in the order they performed.",
"",
"| Contestant | Order | Song | Result |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Caleb Johnson | 1 | \"[You Give Love a Bad Name](/wiki/You_Give_Love_a_Bad_Name \"You Give Love a Bad Name\")\" | Safe |\n| 5 | \"[Travelin' Band](/wiki/Travelin%27_Band \"Travelin' Band\")\" |\n| 9 | \"[Maybe I'm Amazed](/wiki/Maybe_I%27m_Amazed \"Maybe I'm Amazed\")\" |\n| Jessica Meuse | 2 | \"[Since U Been Gone](/wiki/Since_U_Been_Gone \"Since U Been Gone\")\" | Eliminated |\n| 6 | \"[So What](/wiki/So_What_%28Pink_song%29 \"So What (Pink song)\")\" |\n| 10 | \"[You and I](/wiki/You_and_I_%28Lady_Gaga_song%29 \"You and I (Lady Gaga song)\")\" |\n| Alex Preston | 3 | \"[Too Close](/wiki/Too_Close_%28Alex_Clare_song%29 \"Too Close (Alex Clare song)\")\" | Safe |\n| 8 | \"[I'm Yours](/wiki/I%27m_Yours_%28Jason_Mraz_song%29 \"I'm Yours (Jason Mraz song)\")\" |\n| 12 | \"[Yellow](/wiki/Yellow_%28Coldplay_song%29 \"Yellow (Coldplay song)\")\" |\n| Jena Irene | 4 | \"[Heartbreaker](/wiki/Heartbreaker_%28Pat_Benatar_song%29 \"Heartbreaker (Pat Benatar song)\")\" | Safe |\n| 7 | \"[Bad Romance](/wiki/Bad_Romance \"Bad Romance\")\" |\n| 11 | \"[Can't Help Falling in Love](/wiki/Can%27t_Help_Falling_in_Love \"Can't Help Falling in Love\")\" |",
"### Top 3",
"Each contestant performed three songs: one chosen by mentor [Randy Jackson](/wiki/Randy_Jackson \"Randy Jackson\"), one chosen by the judges, and one chosen by the finalists' hometown.{{cite web \\|last\\=Slezak \\|first\\=Michael \\|url\\=http://tvline.com/2014/05/08/american\\-idol\\-top\\-3\\-performance\\-week\\-details\\-song\\-selection\\-2014/ \\|title\\=American Idol Exclusive: Top 3 Week Details — Find Out Who's in Charge of Song Choice! \\|publisher\\=TVLine \\|date\\=May 8, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523130832/http://tvline.com/2014/05/08/american\\-idol\\-top\\-3\\-performance\\-week\\-details\\-song\\-selection\\-2014/ \\|archive\\-date\\=May 23, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Contestants are listed in the order they performed.",
"This was also [American Idol](/wiki/American_Idol \"American Idol\")'s 500th episode.",
"",
"| Contestant | Order | Song | Result |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Caleb Johnson | 1 | \"[Never Tear Us Apart](/wiki/Never_Tear_Us_Apart \"Never Tear Us Apart\")\"{{Efn\\|name\\=Yo Dawg\\|Song chosen by \\[\\[Randy Jackson]]}} | Safe |\n| 4 | \"[Demons](/wiki/Demons_%28Imagine_Dragons_song%29 \"Demons (Imagine Dragons song)\")\" |\n| 7 | \"[Dazed and Confused](/wiki/Dazed_and_Confused_%28Jake_Holmes_song%29 \"Dazed and Confused (Jake Holmes song)\")\" |\n| Alex Preston | 2 | \"[Pompeii](/wiki/Pompeii_%28song%29 \"Pompeii (song)\")\"{{Efn\\|name\\=Yo Dawg}} | Eliminated |\n| 5 | \"[Stay](/wiki/Stay_%28Rihanna_song%29 \"Stay (Rihanna song)\")\" |\n| 8 | \"[Story of My Life](/wiki/Story_of_My_Life_%28One_Direction_song%29 \"Story of My Life (One Direction song)\")\" |\n| Jena Irene | 3 | \"[Titanium](/wiki/Titanium_%28song%29 \"Titanium (song)\")\"{{Efn\\|name\\=Yo Dawg}} | Safe |\n| 6 | \"[Heart Attack](/wiki/Heart_Attack_%28Demi_Lovato_song%29 \"Heart Attack (Demi Lovato song)\")\" |\n| 9 | \"[Creep](/wiki/Creep_%28Radiohead_song%29 \"Creep (Radiohead song)\")\" |",
"",
"| \\+Non\\-competition performance | Performers | Song |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [The Chainsmokers](/wiki/The_Chainsmokers \"The Chainsmokers\") | \"[\\#Selfie](/wiki/Selfie_%28song%29 \"Selfie (song)\")\" |\n| [Scotty McCreery](/wiki/Scotty_McCreery \"Scotty McCreery\") | \"[Feelin' It](/wiki/Feelin%27_It_%28Scotty_McCreery_song%29 \"Feelin' It (Scotty McCreery song)\")\" |",
"{{notelist}}",
"### Top 2 – Finale",
"Each contestant performed three songs, one of which was chosen by producer [Simon Fuller](/wiki/Simon_Fuller \"Simon Fuller\"), and are listed in the order they performed.",
"| Contestant | Order | Song | Result |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Jena Irene | 1 | \"[Dog Days Are Over](/wiki/Dog_Days_Are_Over \"Dog Days Are Over\")\"{{Efn\\|name\\=Fuller\\|Song chosen by \\[\\[Simon Fuller]].}} | Runner\\-up |\n| 3 | \"[Can't Help Falling in Love](/wiki/Can%27t_Help_Falling_in_Love \"Can't Help Falling in Love\")\" |\n| 5 | \"[We Are One](/wiki/We_Are_One_%28Jena_Irene_song%29 \"We Are One (Jena Irene song)\")\" |\n| Caleb Johnson | 2 | \"[Dream On](/wiki/Dream_On_%28Aerosmith_song%29 \"Dream On (Aerosmith song)\")\"{{Efn\\|name\\=Fuller}} | **Winner** |\n| 4 | \"[Maybe I'm Amazed](/wiki/Maybe_I%27m_Amazed \"Maybe I'm Amazed\")\" |\n| 6 | \"[As Long as You Love Me](/wiki/As_Long_as_You_Love_Me_%28Caleb_Johnson_song%29 \"As Long as You Love Me (Caleb Johnson song)\")\" |",
"{{notelist}}",
"| \\+Non\\-competition performance | Performers | Song |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Top 13{{efn\\|\\[\\[MK Nobilette]] was not a part of this group performance.}} | \"[Breakaway](/wiki/Breakaway_%28Kelly_Clarkson_song%29 \"Breakaway (Kelly Clarkson song)\")\" |\n| [Jena Irene](/wiki/Jena_Irene \"Jena Irene\") \\& [Caleb Johnson](/wiki/Caleb_Johnson_%28singer%29 \"Caleb Johnson (singer)\") | \"[We Will Rock You](/wiki/We_Will_Rock_You \"We Will Rock You\")\"\"[Just a Girl](/wiki/Just_a_Girl \"Just a Girl\")\"\"[It's Only Love](/wiki/It%27s_Only_Love_%28Bryan_Adams_song%29 \"It's Only Love (Bryan Adams song)\")\" |\n| [Sam Woolf](/wiki/Sam_Woolf \"Sam Woolf\")with [Phillip Phillips](/wiki/Phillip_Phillips \"Phillip Phillips\") | \"[Home](/wiki/Home_%28Phillip_Phillips_song%29 \"Home (Phillip Phillips song)\")\"\"Raging Fire\" |\n| [Jessica Meuse](/wiki/Jessica_Meuse \"Jessica Meuse\")with [Jennifer Nettles](/wiki/Jennifer_Nettles \"Jennifer Nettles\") | \"[That Girl](/wiki/That_Girl_%28Jennifer_Nettles_song%29 \"That Girl (Jennifer Nettles song)\")\"\"[Wrecking Ball](/wiki/Wrecking_Ball_%28Miley_Cyrus_song%29 \"Wrecking Ball (Miley Cyrus song)\")\" |\n| [Jennifer Lopez](/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez \"Jennifer Lopez\") | \"[First Love](/wiki/First_Love_%28Jennifer_Lopez_song%29 \"First Love (Jennifer Lopez song)\")\" |\n| [Caleb Johnson](/wiki/Caleb_Johnson \"Caleb Johnson\")with [Kiss](/wiki/Kiss_%28band%29 \"Kiss (band)\") | \"[Love Gun](/wiki/Love_Gun_%28song%29 \"Love Gun (song)\")\"\"[Shout It Out Loud](/wiki/Shout_It_Out_Loud_%28Kiss_song%29 \"Shout It Out Loud (Kiss song)\")\" |\n| Ben Briley, [Dexter Roberts](/wiki/Dexter_Roberts \"Dexter Roberts\"),[C.J. Harris](/wiki/C._J._Harris_%28singer%29 \"C. J. Harris (singer)\"), [Sam Woolf](/wiki/Sam_Woolf \"Sam Woolf\"),[Alex Preston](/wiki/Alex_Preston_%28singer%29 \"Alex Preston (singer)\") \\& [Caleb Johnson](/wiki/Caleb_Johnson \"Caleb Johnson\")with [Aloe Blacc](/wiki/Aloe_Blacc \"Aloe Blacc\") | \"[The Man](/wiki/The_Man_%28Aloe_Blacc_song%29 \"The Man (Aloe Blacc song)\")\" |\n| Kristen O'Connor, Emily Piriz,Majesty Rose, Malaya Watson,[Jessica Meuse](/wiki/Jessica_Meuse \"Jessica Meuse\") \\& [Jena Irene](/wiki/Jena_Irene \"Jena Irene\")with [Demi Lovato](/wiki/Demi_Lovato \"Demi Lovato\") | \"[Really Don't Care](/wiki/Really_Don%27t_Care \"Really Don't Care\")\"\"[Neon Lights](/wiki/Neon_Lights_%28Demi_Lovato_song%29 \"Neon Lights (Demi Lovato song)\")\" |\n| [Jena Irene](/wiki/Jena_Irene \"Jena Irene\") | \"[Decode](/wiki/Decode_%28song%29 \"Decode (song)\")\" |\n| [Jena Irene](/wiki/Jena_Irene \"Jena Irene\")with [Paramore](/wiki/Paramore \"Paramore\") | \"[Ain't It Fun](/wiki/Ain%27t_It_Fun_%28Paramore_song%29 \"Ain't It Fun (Paramore song)\")\" |\n| [John Legend](/wiki/John_Legend \"John Legend\") | \"[You \\& I (Nobody in the World)](/wiki/You_%26_I_%28Nobody_in_the_World%29 \"You & I (Nobody in the World)\")\" |\n| Malaya Watsonwith [John Legend](/wiki/John_Legend \"John Legend\") | \"[All of Me](/wiki/All_of_Me_%28John_Legend_song%29 \"All of Me (John Legend song)\")\" |\n| [Alex Preston](/wiki/Alex_Preston_%28singer%29 \"Alex Preston (singer)\")with [Jason Mraz](/wiki/Jason_Mraz \"Jason Mraz\") | \"Love Someone\" |\n| [Richard Marx](/wiki/Richard_Marx \"Richard Marx\") \\& [Ryan Seacrest](/wiki/Ryan_Seacrest \"Ryan Seacrest\") | \"[Right Here Waiting](/wiki/Right_Here_Waiting \"Right Here Waiting\")\" |\n| [Darius Rucker](/wiki/Darius_Rucker \"Darius Rucker\") | \"[True Believers](/wiki/True_Believers_%28song%29 \"True Believers (song)\")\" |\n| [C.J. Harris](/wiki/C.J._Harris_%28singer%29 \"C.J. Harris (singer)\") \\& [Dexter Roberts](/wiki/Dexter_Roberts \"Dexter Roberts\")with [Darius Rucker](/wiki/Darius_Rucker \"Darius Rucker\") | \"[Alright](/wiki/Alright_%28Darius_Rucker_song%29 \"Alright (Darius Rucker song)\")\" |\n| [Jena Irene](/wiki/Jena_Irene \"Jena Irene\") \\& [Caleb Johnson](/wiki/Caleb_Johnson \"Caleb Johnson\") | \"[Need You Now](/wiki/Need_You_Now_%28Lady_Antebellum_song%29 \"Need You Now (Lady Antebellum song)\")\" |\n| [Lady Antebellum](/wiki/Lady_Antebellum \"Lady Antebellum\") | \"[Bartender](/wiki/Bartender_%28Lady_Antebellum_song%29 \"Bartender (Lady Antebellum song)\")\" |\n| [Harry Connick, Jr.](/wiki/Harry_Connick%2C_Jr. \"Harry Connick, Jr.\"), [Randy Jackson](/wiki/Randy_Jackson \"Randy Jackson\"),[Jennifer Lopez](/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez \"Jennifer Lopez\") \\& [Keith Urban](/wiki/Keith_Urban \"Keith Urban\") | \"[True Colors](/wiki/True_Colors_%28Cyndi_Lauper_song%29 \"True Colors (Cyndi Lauper song)\")\"\"[Go Your Own Way](/wiki/Go_Your_Own_Way \"Go Your Own Way\")\" |\n| [Caleb Johnson](/wiki/Caleb_Johnson \"Caleb Johnson\") | \"[As Long as You Love Me](/wiki/As_Long_as_You_Love_Me_%28Caleb_Johnson_song%29 \"As Long as You Love Me (Caleb Johnson song)\")\" |",
"{{notelist}}",
""
] |
String theory
-------------
Massless fields in [superstring](/wiki/Superstring_theory "Superstring theory") [compactifications](/wiki/Compactification_%28physics%29 "Compactification (physics)") have been identified with [cohomology](/wiki/Cohomology "Cohomology") classes on the target space (i.e. four\-dimensional [Minkowski space](/wiki/Minkowski_space "Minkowski space") with a six\-dimensional [Calabi\-Yau (CY) manifold](/wiki/Calabi%E2%80%93Yau_manifold "Calabi–Yau manifold")). The determination of the matter and interaction content requires a detailed analysis of the [(co)homology](/wiki/Cohomology "Cohomology") of these spaces: nearly all massless fields in the effective [physics](/wiki/Physics "Physics") model are represented by certain (co)homology elements.
However, a troubling consequence occurs when the target space is [singular](/wiki/Singularity_theory "Singularity theory"). A singular target space means that only the CY manifold part is singular as the Minkowski space factor is smooth. Such a singular [CY manifold](/wiki/Calabi%E2%80%93Yau_manifold "Calabi–Yau manifold") is called a [conifold](/wiki/Conifold "Conifold") as it is a CY manifold that admits conical [singularities](/wiki/Singularity_theory "Singularity theory").
[Andrew Strominger](/wiki/Andrew_Strominger "Andrew Strominger") observed (A. Strominger, 1995\) that conifolds correspond to massless [blackholes](/wiki/Black_hole "Black hole"). Conifolds are important objects in string theory: [Brian Greene](/wiki/Brian_Greene "Brian Greene") explains the physics of conifolds in Chapter 13 of his book [The Elegant Universe](/wiki/The_Elegant_Universe "The Elegant Universe") —including the fact that the space can tear near the cone, and its [topology](/wiki/Topology "Topology") can change. These singular target spaces, i.e. conifolds, correspond to certain mild degenerations of [algebraic varieties](/wiki/Algebraic_variety "Algebraic variety") which appear in a large class of [supersymmetric](/wiki/Supersymmetry "Supersymmetry") theories, including superstring theory (E. Witten, 1982\).
Essentially, different cohomology theories on singular target spaces yield different results thereby making it difficult to determine which theory physics may favor. Several important characteristics of the cohomology, which correspond to the massless fields, are based on general properties of field theories, specifically, the (2,2\)\-supersymmetric 2\-dimensional [world\-sheet](/wiki/Worldsheet "Worldsheet") [field theories](/wiki/Quantum_field_theory "Quantum field theory"). These properties, known as the [Kähler](/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4hler "Erich Kähler") package (T. Hubsch, 1992\), should hold for singular and smooth target spaces. Paul Green and Tristan Hubsch (P. Green \& T. Hubsch, 1988\) determined that the manner in which you move between singular CY target spaces require moving through either a [small resolution or deformation of the singularity](/wiki/Surgery_theory "Surgery theory") (T. Hubsch, 1992\) and called it the 'conifold transition'.
Tristan Hubsch (T. Hubsch, 1997\) conjectured what this [cohomology](/wiki/Cohomology "Cohomology") theory should be for singular target spaces. Tristan Hubsch and Abdul Rahman (T. Hubsch and A. Rahman, 2005\) worked to solve the Hubsch conjecture by analyzing the non\-transversal case of [Witten's](/wiki/Edward_Witten "Edward Witten") gauged linear sigma model (E. Witten, 1993\) which induces a [stratification](/wiki/Stratification_%28mathematics%29 "Stratification (mathematics)") of these [algebraic varieties](/wiki/Algebraic_variety "Algebraic variety") (termed the ground state variety) in the case of isolated conical [singularities](/wiki/Singularity_theory "Singularity theory").
Under certain conditions it was determined that this ground state variety was a [conifold](/wiki/Conifold "Conifold") (P. Green \& T.Hubsch, 1988; T. Hubsch, 1992\) with isolated conic [singularities](/wiki/Singularity_theory "Singularity theory") over a certain base with a 1\-dimensional exocurve (termed exo\-strata) attached at each [singular](/wiki/Singularity_theory "Singularity theory") point. T. Hubsch and A. Rahman determined the (co)\-homology of this ground state variety in all dimensions, found it compatible with [Mirror symmetry](/wiki/Mirror_symmetry_%28string_theory%29 "Mirror symmetry (string theory)") and [String Theory](/wiki/String_theory "String theory") but found an [obstruction in the middle dimension](/wiki/Surgery_theory "Surgery theory") (T. Hubsch and A. Rahman, 2005\). This [obstruction](/wiki/Surgery_theory "Surgery theory") required revisiting Hubsch's conjecture of a Stringy Singular Cohomology (T. Hubsch, 1997\). In the winter of 2002, T. Hubsch and A. Rahman met with R.M. Goresky to discuss this [obstruction](/wiki/Surgery_theory "Surgery theory") and in discussions between [R.M. Goresky](/wiki/Mark_Goresky "Mark Goresky") and [R. MacPherson](/wiki/Robert_MacPherson_%28mathematician%29 "Robert MacPherson (mathematician)"), R. MacPherson made the observation that there was such a perverse sheaf that could have the cohomology that satisfied Hubsch's conjecture and [resolved the obstruction](/wiki/Surgery_theory "Surgery theory"). [R.M. Goresky](/wiki/Mark_Goresky "Mark Goresky") and T. Hubsch advised A. Rahman's Ph.D. dissertation on the construction of a self\-dual perverse sheaf (A. Rahman, 2009\) using the zig\-zag construction of [MacPherson](/wiki/Robert_MacPherson_%28mathematician%29 "Robert MacPherson (mathematician)")\-[Vilonen](/wiki/Kari_Vilonen "Kari Vilonen") (R. MacPherson \& K. Vilonen, 1986\). This perverse sheaf proved the Hübsch conjecture for isolated conic [singularities](/wiki/Singularity_theory "Singularity theory"), satisfied [Poincaré duality](/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_duality "Poincaré duality"), and aligned with some of the properties of the Kähler package. Satisfaction of all of the Kähler package by this Perverse sheaf for higher [codimension](/wiki/Codimension "Codimension") [strata](/wiki/Stratification_%28mathematics%29 "Stratification (mathematics)") is still an open problem. Markus Banagl (M. Banagl, 2010; M. Banagl, et al., 2014\) addressed the Hubsch conjecture through intersection spaces for higher [codimension](/wiki/Codimension "Codimension") [strata](/wiki/Stratification_%28mathematics%29 "Stratification (mathematics)") inspired by Hubsch's work (T. Hubsch, 1992, 1997; P. Green and T. Hubsch, 1988\) and A. Rahman's original ansatz (A. Rahman, 2009\) for [isolated singularities](/wiki/Singularity_theory "Singularity theory").
|
[
"String theory\n-------------",
"Massless fields in [superstring](/wiki/Superstring_theory \"Superstring theory\") [compactifications](/wiki/Compactification_%28physics%29 \"Compactification (physics)\") have been identified with [cohomology](/wiki/Cohomology \"Cohomology\") classes on the target space (i.e. four\\-dimensional [Minkowski space](/wiki/Minkowski_space \"Minkowski space\") with a six\\-dimensional [Calabi\\-Yau (CY) manifold](/wiki/Calabi%E2%80%93Yau_manifold \"Calabi–Yau manifold\")). The determination of the matter and interaction content requires a detailed analysis of the [(co)homology](/wiki/Cohomology \"Cohomology\") of these spaces: nearly all massless fields in the effective [physics](/wiki/Physics \"Physics\") model are represented by certain (co)homology elements.",
"However, a troubling consequence occurs when the target space is [singular](/wiki/Singularity_theory \"Singularity theory\"). A singular target space means that only the CY manifold part is singular as the Minkowski space factor is smooth. Such a singular [CY manifold](/wiki/Calabi%E2%80%93Yau_manifold \"Calabi–Yau manifold\") is called a [conifold](/wiki/Conifold \"Conifold\") as it is a CY manifold that admits conical [singularities](/wiki/Singularity_theory \"Singularity theory\").",
"[Andrew Strominger](/wiki/Andrew_Strominger \"Andrew Strominger\") observed (A. Strominger, 1995\\) that conifolds correspond to massless [blackholes](/wiki/Black_hole \"Black hole\"). Conifolds are important objects in string theory: [Brian Greene](/wiki/Brian_Greene \"Brian Greene\") explains the physics of conifolds in Chapter 13 of his book [The Elegant Universe](/wiki/The_Elegant_Universe \"The Elegant Universe\") —including the fact that the space can tear near the cone, and its [topology](/wiki/Topology \"Topology\") can change. These singular target spaces, i.e. conifolds, correspond to certain mild degenerations of [algebraic varieties](/wiki/Algebraic_variety \"Algebraic variety\") which appear in a large class of [supersymmetric](/wiki/Supersymmetry \"Supersymmetry\") theories, including superstring theory (E. Witten, 1982\\).",
"Essentially, different cohomology theories on singular target spaces yield different results thereby making it difficult to determine which theory physics may favor. Several important characteristics of the cohomology, which correspond to the massless fields, are based on general properties of field theories, specifically, the (2,2\\)\\-supersymmetric 2\\-dimensional [world\\-sheet](/wiki/Worldsheet \"Worldsheet\") [field theories](/wiki/Quantum_field_theory \"Quantum field theory\"). These properties, known as the [Kähler](/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4hler \"Erich Kähler\") package (T. Hubsch, 1992\\), should hold for singular and smooth target spaces. Paul Green and Tristan Hubsch (P. Green \\& T. Hubsch, 1988\\) determined that the manner in which you move between singular CY target spaces require moving through either a [small resolution or deformation of the singularity](/wiki/Surgery_theory \"Surgery theory\") (T. Hubsch, 1992\\) and called it the 'conifold transition'.",
"Tristan Hubsch (T. Hubsch, 1997\\) conjectured what this [cohomology](/wiki/Cohomology \"Cohomology\") theory should be for singular target spaces. Tristan Hubsch and Abdul Rahman (T. Hubsch and A. Rahman, 2005\\) worked to solve the Hubsch conjecture by analyzing the non\\-transversal case of [Witten's](/wiki/Edward_Witten \"Edward Witten\") gauged linear sigma model (E. Witten, 1993\\) which induces a [stratification](/wiki/Stratification_%28mathematics%29 \"Stratification (mathematics)\") of these [algebraic varieties](/wiki/Algebraic_variety \"Algebraic variety\") (termed the ground state variety) in the case of isolated conical [singularities](/wiki/Singularity_theory \"Singularity theory\").",
"Under certain conditions it was determined that this ground state variety was a [conifold](/wiki/Conifold \"Conifold\") (P. Green \\& T.Hubsch, 1988; T. Hubsch, 1992\\) with isolated conic [singularities](/wiki/Singularity_theory \"Singularity theory\") over a certain base with a 1\\-dimensional exocurve (termed exo\\-strata) attached at each [singular](/wiki/Singularity_theory \"Singularity theory\") point. T. Hubsch and A. Rahman determined the (co)\\-homology of this ground state variety in all dimensions, found it compatible with [Mirror symmetry](/wiki/Mirror_symmetry_%28string_theory%29 \"Mirror symmetry (string theory)\") and [String Theory](/wiki/String_theory \"String theory\") but found an [obstruction in the middle dimension](/wiki/Surgery_theory \"Surgery theory\") (T. Hubsch and A. Rahman, 2005\\). This [obstruction](/wiki/Surgery_theory \"Surgery theory\") required revisiting Hubsch's conjecture of a Stringy Singular Cohomology (T. Hubsch, 1997\\). In the winter of 2002, T. Hubsch and A. Rahman met with R.M. Goresky to discuss this [obstruction](/wiki/Surgery_theory \"Surgery theory\") and in discussions between [R.M. Goresky](/wiki/Mark_Goresky \"Mark Goresky\") and [R. MacPherson](/wiki/Robert_MacPherson_%28mathematician%29 \"Robert MacPherson (mathematician)\"), R. MacPherson made the observation that there was such a perverse sheaf that could have the cohomology that satisfied Hubsch's conjecture and [resolved the obstruction](/wiki/Surgery_theory \"Surgery theory\"). [R.M. Goresky](/wiki/Mark_Goresky \"Mark Goresky\") and T. Hubsch advised A. Rahman's Ph.D. dissertation on the construction of a self\\-dual perverse sheaf (A. Rahman, 2009\\) using the zig\\-zag construction of [MacPherson](/wiki/Robert_MacPherson_%28mathematician%29 \"Robert MacPherson (mathematician)\")\\-[Vilonen](/wiki/Kari_Vilonen \"Kari Vilonen\") (R. MacPherson \\& K. Vilonen, 1986\\). This perverse sheaf proved the Hübsch conjecture for isolated conic [singularities](/wiki/Singularity_theory \"Singularity theory\"), satisfied [Poincaré duality](/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_duality \"Poincaré duality\"), and aligned with some of the properties of the Kähler package. Satisfaction of all of the Kähler package by this Perverse sheaf for higher [codimension](/wiki/Codimension \"Codimension\") [strata](/wiki/Stratification_%28mathematics%29 \"Stratification (mathematics)\") is still an open problem. Markus Banagl (M. Banagl, 2010; M. Banagl, et al., 2014\\) addressed the Hubsch conjecture through intersection spaces for higher [codimension](/wiki/Codimension \"Codimension\") [strata](/wiki/Stratification_%28mathematics%29 \"Stratification (mathematics)\") inspired by Hubsch's work (T. Hubsch, 1992, 1997; P. Green and T. Hubsch, 1988\\) and A. Rahman's original ansatz (A. Rahman, 2009\\) for [isolated singularities](/wiki/Singularity_theory \"Singularity theory\").",
""
] |
WNBA career
-----------
Following her collegiate career, Taurasi was selected first overall in the [2004 WNBA draft](/wiki/2004_WNBA_draft "2004 WNBA draft") by the [Phoenix Mercury](/wiki/Phoenix_Mercury "Phoenix Mercury"),{{Cite web \|title\=2004 WNBA Draft \|url\=https://www.wnba.com/draft2004/ \|access\-date\=2021\-12\-22 \|website\=WNBA.com \- Official Site of the WNBA \|language\=en}} a team that went 8–26 in the 2003 season. At times in her career, she had to play [forward](/wiki/Forward_%28basketball%29 "Forward (basketball)") because there were shorter players in the starting five on her team. However, she mainly plays [guard](/wiki/Guard_%28basketball%29 "Guard (basketball)"). Also, right before the 2004 season, the Mercury acquired all\-star [Penny Taylor](/wiki/Penny_Taylor "Penny Taylor") in a [dispersal draft](/wiki/Dispersal_draft "Dispersal draft"), to strengthen their roster.
In her WNBA debut, Taurasi scored 22 points in a 72–66 Mercury loss to the [Sacramento Monarchs](/wiki/Sacramento_Monarchs "Sacramento Monarchs").{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.espn.com/wnba/s/2004/0520/1806064\.html \|title\=ESPN.com: WNBA \- Taurasi impressive in debut, but not successful \|website\=\[\[ESPN]]}} For the season, the rookie averaged 17\.0 points, 4\.4 rebounds and 3\.9 assists per game. Although the Mercury did not qualify for the playoffs, Taurasi was named to the Western Conference All Star team and won the [WNBA Rookie of the Year Award](/wiki/WNBA_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award "WNBA Rookie of the Year Award").
In 2005, Taurasi averaged 16\.0 points, 4\.2 rebounds and 4\.5 assists per game while battling an ankle injury. She was an All Star for the second straight year, but the Mercury faded down the stretch and again missed the playoffs.
Former [NBA](/wiki/NBA "NBA") coach [Paul Westhead](/wiki/Paul_Westhead "Paul Westhead") became the Mercury's head coach prior to the 2006 season and brought his up\-tempo style to Phoenix. Their roster was further bolstered by the addition of rookie [Cappie Pondexter](/wiki/Cappie_Pondexter "Cappie Pondexter"), the \#2 overall selection in the [2006 WNBA draft](/wiki/2006_WNBA_draft "2006 WNBA draft"), forming a Big 3 of Taurasi, Pondexter and Taylor.
[120px\|left\|thumb\|Taurasi at the White House](/wiki/File:Diana_Taurasi.jpg "Diana Taurasi.jpg")
2006 would be an historic season for Taurasi as she flourished under Westhead's system, leading the league in scoring and earning a third straight trip to the All Star Game. She broke [Katie Smith's](/wiki/Katie_Smith "Katie Smith") league records for points in a season (741 during the 2006 season). In 2006, Taurasi averaged a WNBA record 25\.3 points, 4\.1 assists and 3\.6 rebounds per game, including a career\-high 47 points in a triple overtime regular season victory against the [Houston Comets](/wiki/Houston_Comets "Houston Comets") (a then league record). During that game she made a WNBA record 8 three\-pointers (which has since been tied by [Riquna Williams](/wiki/Riquna_Williams "Riquna Williams")). Taurasi also set a WNBA record with 121 three\-pointers made in a single season. The Mercury finished 18–16, but after losing a tie\-breaker with Houston and Seattle, missed the playoffs.
In 2007, Taurasi finally reached the WNBA playoffs. In the first round, the Mercury eliminated the [Seattle Storm](/wiki/Seattle_Storm "Seattle Storm") two games to none. Next, they swept the [San Antonio Silver Stars](/wiki/San_Antonio_Silver_Stars "San Antonio Silver Stars") in a hard\-fought two\-game series and Taurasi advanced to her first [WNBA Finals](/wiki/WNBA_Finals "WNBA Finals"), against the defending champion [Detroit Shock](/wiki/Detroit_Shock "Detroit Shock"). Taurasi, Pondexter and Taylor led the Mercury to their first WNBA title. With this victory Taurasi became the seventh player ever to win an NCAA title, a WNBA title, and an Olympic gold medal. Others who had achieved this were [Ruth Riley](/wiki/Ruth_Riley "Ruth Riley"), [Sheryl Swoopes](/wiki/Sheryl_Swoopes "Sheryl Swoopes"), [Cynthia Cooper\-Dyke](/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper-Dyke "Cynthia Cooper-Dyke"), and fellow Huskies [Swin Cash](/wiki/Swin_Cash "Swin Cash"), [Kara Wolters](/wiki/Kara_Wolters "Kara Wolters"), and [Sue Bird](/wiki/Sue_Bird "Sue Bird"), with further players added to the list in following years.
Taurasi was a member of the USA women's 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020, and 2024 gold medal Olympic Basketball Teams.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news\_page\=woly\_2004 \|archive\-url\=https://wayback.archive\-it.org/all/20120424205819/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/national/woly\_2004\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=April 24, 2012 \|title\=Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – 2004 \|access\-date\=July 22, 2009}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news\_page\=woly\_2008 \|archive\-url\=https://wayback.archive\-it.org/all/20120424205824/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/national/woly\_2008\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=April 24, 2012 \|title\=Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – 2008 \|access\-date\=July 22, 2009}}
In the 2009 season, Taurasi was named the WNBA MVP and later led the Phoenix Mercury to its second WNBA championship in three years by beating the Indiana Fever, three games to two, as Taurasi was named the WNBA Finals MVP. Taurasi is one of only two players (the other being [Cynthia Cooper\-Dyke](/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper-Dyke "Cynthia Cooper-Dyke")), to win the season scoring title, the season MVP award, a WNBA Championship and the finals MVP in the same season.{{cite web \|url\=http://sports.espn.go.com/wnba/recap?gameId\=291009011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013195147/http://sports.espn.go.com/wnba/recap?gameId\=291009011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=October 13, 2009 \|title\=Taurasi, Pondexter lead Mercury to second title in three years \|date\=October 9, 2009 \|publisher\=ESPN \|access\-date\=October 10, 2009}}
[thumb\|right\|upright\|alt\=Young woman wearing a purple shiny warmup suit\|Taurasi in 2013](/wiki/File:Diana_Taurasi_2_cropped.jpg "Diana Taurasi 2 cropped.jpg")
In 2011, alongside being selected to her 7th All\-WNBA First Team,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wnba.com/playoffs/2011/allwnba\_team\_111004\.html \|title\=Playoffs 2011 \|publisher\=WNBA.com \|date\=October 7, 2011 \|access\-date\=June 19, 2017}} she was voted one of the Top 15 players in the fifteen\-year history of the WNBA by fans.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wnba.com/allstar/2011/top15\_072311\.html \|title\=AllStar 2011 \|publisher\=WNBA.com \|access\-date\=June 19, 2017}}
In 2012, Taurasi had an injury\-riddled season, playing only eight games. She had to sit out the rest of the season with a strained left [hip flexor](/wiki/Hip_flexor "Hip flexor").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.northjersey.com/sports/strained\-hip\-flexor\-sidelines\-taurasi\-1\.421111 \|title\=North Jersey News and Information {{pipe}} NorthJersey.com}} The Mercury proceeded to finish the season 7–27 as the second worst team in the league.
In 2013, Taurasi returned healthy for the season, she played 32 games and averaged 20\+ ppg for the sixth time in her career. The Mercury finished 3rd in the western conference with a 19–15\. They defeated the [Los Angeles Sparks](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Sparks "Los Angeles Sparks") 2–1 in the first round, advancing to the conference finals, but would lose to the [Minnesota Lynx](/wiki/Minnesota_Lynx "Minnesota Lynx") in a 2\-game sweep.
Entering the 2014 season, Taurasi reached the number two spot in career points per game, fifth place in career points, and ninth in career assists. In the 2014 season, with a supporting cast of all\-star power forward [Candice Dupree](/wiki/Candice_Dupree "Candice Dupree") (who was traded to the Mercury in 2010\), rising star [Brittney Griner](/wiki/Brittney_Griner "Brittney Griner") (who was drafted 1st overall in the [2013 WNBA draft](/wiki/2013_WNBA_draft "2013 WNBA draft")) and the arrival of new head coach [Sandy Brondello](/wiki/Sandy_Brondello "Sandy Brondello"), the Phoenix Mercury finished 29–5, setting the record for most wins in a regular season, earning the top seed in the western conference. In the playoffs they advanced all the way to the WNBA Finals where they would sweep the [Chicago Sky](/wiki/Chicago_Sky "Chicago Sky") earning Taurasi her 3rd championship. Taurasi also won the WNBA Finals MVP for the second time in her career.
On February 3, 2015, Taurasi announced that she would sit out the [2015 WNBA season](/wiki/2015_WNBA_season "2015 WNBA season") at the request of her Russian Premier League team, [UMMC Ekaterinburg](/wiki/UMMC_Ekaterinburg "UMMC Ekaterinburg"). The team offered to pay Taurasi more than her WNBA salary to skip the 2015 WNBA season. For the [2014 WNBA season](/wiki/2014_WNBA_season "2014 WNBA season"), Taurasi made just under the league maximum of $107,000\. But she makes 14 times that – approximately $1\.5 million – playing overseas.{{Cite web \|date\=2015\-02\-04 \|title\=WNBA loses star Diana Taurasi for season because of big Russia payday \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/sports/sportsnow/la\-sp\-sn\-wnba\-diana\-taurasi\-to\-skip\-season\-for\-russian\-team\-20150203\-story.html \|website\=Los Angeles Times \|language\=en\-US \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-11}}{{Cite web \|date\=2015\-02\-04 \|title\=Russian team offering Diana Taurasi more than her WNBA salary ... to rest \|url\=https://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/02/diana\-taurasi\-sit\-out\-wbna\-season \|website\=For The Win \|language\=en\-US \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-11}}{{Cite web \|last\=Prada \|first\=Mike \|date\=2015\-02\-03 \|title\=Russian team pays Taurasi to sit out WNBA season \|url\=https://www.sbnation.com/nba/2015/2/3/7973177/diana\-taurasi\-sit\-out\-wnba\-season\-russian\-salary \|website\=SBNation.com \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-11}}{{Cite web \|date\=2015\-02\-03 \|title\=Taurasi opts for rest, to skip WNBA season \|url\=https://www.espn.com/wnba/story/\_/id/12272047/diana\-taurasi\-opts\-sit\-2015\-wnba\-season \|website\=ESPN.com \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-11}}
[thumb\|left\|upright\=.6\|alt\=Young woman wearing orange football uniform shooting a field goal\|Taurasi became the WNBA's all\-time highest scorer in 2017\.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/18/sports/basketball/diana\-taurasi\-wnba\-record.html \|agency\=Associated Press \|title\=Diana Taurasi Breaks W.N.B.A. Scoring Record \|date\=June 18, 2017 \|work\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=June 2, 2018}}](/wiki/File:Taurasi8-20180601.jpg "Taurasi8-20180601.jpg")
Taurasi returned to the Mercury for the 2016 WNBA season.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.foxsports.com/arizona/story/phoenix\-mercury\-diana\-taurasi\-to\-sit\-out\-2015\-wnba\-season\-020315 \|title\=Mercury's Diana Taurasi to rest, sit out 2015 WNBA season – FOX Sports \|date\=February 3, 2015}} Taurasi averaged 17\.8 ppg helping the Mercury to another playoff berth with a 16–18 record. With the WNBA's new playoff format in effect, the Mercury were the number 8 seed in the league, facing the Indiana Fever in the first round. The Mercury advanced to the second round beating the Fever in the first round elimination game as Taurasi scored 20 points. During that game, Taurasi made her 113th playoff career three\-pointer, becoming the all\-time WNBA leader in playoff career three\-pointers made (passing [Becky Hammon](/wiki/Becky_Hammon "Becky Hammon")).{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wnba.com/news/diana\-taurasi\-sets\-wnba\-record\-postseason\-three\-pointers/ \|title\=Diana Taurasi Sets WNBA Record For Most Postseason Three\-Pointers – WNBA.com – Official Site of the WNBA}} In the second round elimination game, the Mercury beat the [New York Liberty](/wiki/New_York_Liberty "New York Liberty") advancing to the semifinals (the last round before the WNBA finals) with Taurasi scoring a game\-high 30 points in the win. In the semi\-finals, the Mercury would face the championship defending [Minnesota Lynx](/wiki/Minnesota_Lynx "Minnesota Lynx") in the best\-of\-5 series and would be swept 3 games to 0\.
In May 2017, Taurasi signed a multi\-year contract extension with the Mercury.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wnba.com/news/mercury\-taurasi\-agree\-multi\-year\-extension/ \|title\=Mercury, Taurasi Agree to Multi\-Year Extension – WNBA.com – Official Site of the WNBA}} Later that month, Taurasi became the first player in league history reach 7,000 points, 1,500 rebounds and 1,500 assists following an 85–62 victory over the Indiana Fever.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wnba.com/news/diana\-taurasi\-sets\-new\-benchmark/ \|title\=Diana Taurasi Makes History – WNBA.com – Official Site of the WNBA}} On June 18, 2017, Taurasi became the WNBA's all\-time leading scorer, passing [Tina Thompson](/wiki/Tina_Thompson "Tina Thompson")'s old record.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.espn.com/wnba/story/\_/id/19673382/phoenix\-mercury\-star\-diana\-taurasi\-becomes\-wnba\-all\-scoring\-leader \|title\=Phoenix Mercury star Diana Taurasi becomes WNBA's all\-time scoring leader \|work\=Espn.com \|date\=June 18, 2017 \|access\-date\=June 19, 2017}} Taurasi would be selected into the [2017 WNBA All\-Star Game](/wiki/2017_WNBA_All-Star_Game "2017 WNBA All-Star Game"), making it her eighth career all\-star game appearance. The Mercury would finish with an 18–16 record as the fifth seed in the league. In the first round elimination game, Taurasi 14 points in a 79–69 win over the Seattle Storm. In the second round elimination game, the Mercury defeated the [Connecticut Sun](/wiki/Connecticut_Sun "Connecticut Sun") 88–83, Taurasi scored 23 points in the win. The Mercury advanced past the second round for the second season in a row, but were eliminated by the [Los Angeles Sparks](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Sparks "Los Angeles Sparks") in a 3\-game sweep.
In the 2018 season\-opener on May 18, 2018, against the [Dallas Wings](/wiki/Dallas_Wings "Dallas Wings"), Taurasi became the first player in WNBA history to make 1,000 3\-pointers. On June 5, 2018, Taurasi became the first player in WNBA history to score 8,000 points in an 80–74 victory against the Liberty.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.espn.com/wnba/story/\_/id/23704306/phoenix\-mercury\-guard\-diana\-taurasi\-becomes\-first\-wnba\-player\-score\-8000\-points \|title\=Mercury's Diana Taurasi reaches 8,000\-point milestone \|website\=\[\[ESPN]] \|date\=June 5, 2018}} On July 8, 2018, Taurasi became the league's all\-time leader in field goals made in an 84–77 victory against the Connecticut Sun, surpassing [Tina Thompson](/wiki/Tina_Thompson "Tina Thompson").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.theuconnblog.com/2018/7/8/17546382/diana\-taurasi\-becomes\-wnbas\-all\-time\-field\-goal\-leader \|title\=Diana Taurasi Becomes WNBA's All\-Time Field Goal Leader \|website\=theuconnblog.com \|date\=July 8, 2018}} Taurasi would also earn her ninth career all\-star appearance after being voted into the [2018 WNBA All\-Star Game](/wiki/2018_WNBA_All-Star_Game "2018 WNBA All-Star Game"). On August 1, 2018, Taurasi scored a season\-high 37 points in a 104–93 victory against the [Las Vegas Aces](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Aces "Las Vegas Aces").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.gwinnettprepsports.com/sportsxchange/taurasi\-s\-points\-push\-mercury\-past\-aces/article\_3e7fb683\-c51c\-5468\-a188\-a358bc84254d.html \|title\=Taurasi's 37 points push Mercury past Aces \|website\=gwinnettprepsports.com}} The Mercury finished off the season 20–14 with the number 5 seed in the league. In the first round elimination game, the Mercury defeated the Dallas Wings 101–83\. Taurasi scored 26 points in the win. In the second round elimination game, the Mercury defeated the Connecticut Sun 96–86, advancing to the semi\-finals for the third year in a row, they would face off against the Seattle Storm. Down 2–0, the Mercury came back to tie up the series 2–2\. In game 5, the Mercury lost 94–84, ending their season.
In April 2019, the Mercury announced that Taurasi's wife, [Penny Taylor](/wiki/Penny_Taylor "Penny Taylor"),{{cite web \|url\=http://ux.azcentral.com/story/sports/wnba/mercury/2017/05/15/phoenix\-mercury\-star\-diana\-taurasi\-marries\-former\-mercury\-player\-penny\-taylor/321798001/ \|title\=Phoenix Mercury star Diana Taurasi marries former Mercury player Penny Taylor \|author\=Jeff Metcalfe \|publisher\=Arizona Republic \|date\=May 14, 2017}} had been hired as an assistant coach.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/wnba/mercury/2019/04/26/penny\-taylor\-returning\-phoenix\-mercury\-assistant\-coach/3564530002/ \|title\=Penny Taylor returning to Phoenix Mercury as assistant coach \|website\=azcentral}}
[thumb\|left\|Diana Taurasi in 2019](/wiki/File:Diana_Taurasi_2.jpg "Diana Taurasi 2.jpg")
Taurasi started the 2019 WNBA season on the injured list after undergoing back surgery.{{cite web \|url\=https://highposthoops.com/2019/04/25/diana\-taurasi\-out\-10\-12\-weeks\-after\-undergoing\-back\-procedure/ \|title\=Diana Taurasi out for 10\-12 weeks after undergoing back procedure \|author\=Kim Doss \|date\=April 25, 2019}} Taurasi would continue to be hobbled throughout the season, this time with a hamstring injury which limited her to only 6 games played for the season with very minimal playing time. Without a healthy Taurasi, the Mercury barely made the playoffs as the number 8 seed with a 15–19 record. The Mercury were eliminated in the first round elimination game 105\-76 by the [Chicago Sky](/wiki/Chicago_Sky "Chicago Sky").
In September 2019, Taurasi—who remained under contract with the Mercury—confirmed that she intended to play for the team in 2020\.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/wnba/mercury/2019/09/12/diana\-taurasi\-brittney\-griner\-return\-phoenix\-mercury\-2020/2301838001/ \|title\=Diana Taurasi, Brittney Griner plan to return for Phoenix Mercury in 2020 \|website\=azcentral}}
In 2020, the season was delayed and shortened to 22 games in a bubble at [IMG Academy](/wiki/IMG_Academy "IMG Academy") due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). Taurasi would come back healthy for the season and played 19 of the 22 games, on August 23, 2020, Taurasi scored a season\-high 34 points in an 88–87 victory over the [Washington Mystics](/wiki/Washington_Mystics "Washington Mystics") while honoring the late [Kobe Bryant](/wiki/Kobe_Bryant "Kobe Bryant") on his birthday by wearing number 8 along with his last name on her jersey.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.wnba.com/video/diana\-taurasi\-scores\-34\-pts\-while\-wearing\-no\-8\-jersey\-honoring\-kobe\-bryant\-august\-23\-2020/ \|title\=Diana Taurasi Scores 34 PTS While Wearing No. 8 Jersey, Honoring Kobe Bryant (August 23, 2020\) \|website\=WNBA.com \- Official Site of the WNBA}}{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/wnba/mercury/2020/08/23/taurasi\-honoring\-kobe\-bryant\-scores\-34\-mercury\-win\-over\-washington/3424815001/ \|title\=Diana Taurasi, honoring Kobe Bryant, scores 34 in Mercury win over Washington \|first\=Jeff \|last\=Metcalfe \|website\=The Arizona Republic}} The Mercury had finished 13–9 as the number 5 seed, they defeated the Washington Mystics 85–84 in the first round elimination game, however they would get eliminated by the [Minnesota Lynx](/wiki/Minnesota_Lynx "Minnesota Lynx") in the second round elimination game by a final score of 80–79\.
In February 2021, Taurasi re\-signed with the Mercury on a 2\-year deal.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/wnba/mercury/2021/02/01/diana\-taurasi\-re\-signing\-multi\-year\-contract\-phoenix\-mercury/4328919001/ \|title\=Diana Taurasi re\-signs multi\-year contract with Phoenix Mercury \|first\=Jeff \|last\=Metcalfe \|website\=The Arizona Republic}}
Taurasi injured her ankle and broke a bone in her foot late in the Mercury's [2021 season](/wiki/2021_Phoenix_Mercury_season "2021 Phoenix Mercury season") and opted to sit out due to the injury in the first single elimination game against the [New York Liberty](/wiki/New_York_Liberty "New York Liberty"). She returned for the second round single elimination game against the reigning champions [Seattle Storm](/wiki/Seattle_Storm "Seattle Storm") which the Mercury won in overtime. In the best of five semi final series against the [Las Vegas Aces](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Aces "Las Vegas Aces"). Taurasi led her team to a tie series after a Game 1 loss (by 4 points) making history. At 39 years old, Taurasi made history as the oldest player in league history to score an over 30 point game. She put up 37 points on 10 of 13 shooting — including eight of 11 attempted three\-pointers. Her eight three\-pointers were the second\-most made in a playoff game in the [WNBA's](/wiki/WNBA "WNBA") postseason history. Phoenix Mercury coach, [Sandy Brondello](/wiki/Sandy_Brondello "Sandy Brondello"), noted that Taurasi still had pain in her ankle but managed to play through it and play through it she did, playing her heart out in a Game 3 win and Game 4 loss. On Oct.8, 2021, shortly before the birth of her daughter Taurasi led her team to a 87\-84 Game 5 win making her 16\-2 overall in win or take all games with 24 points, a crucial late game block and 14 clutch 4th quarter points.
In August 2023, Taurasi became the first player in WNBA history to score 10,000 career points.{{Cite web \|title\=Taurasi Becomes First WNBA Player To Score 10k Career Pts \|url\=https://sports\-statistics.com/wnba/diana\-taurasi\-becomes\-first\-wnba\-player\-to\-score\-10k\-career\-points/ \|website\=Sports\-statistics.com \|language\=en}}
|
[
"WNBA career\n-----------",
"Following her collegiate career, Taurasi was selected first overall in the [2004 WNBA draft](/wiki/2004_WNBA_draft \"2004 WNBA draft\") by the [Phoenix Mercury](/wiki/Phoenix_Mercury \"Phoenix Mercury\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=2004 WNBA Draft \\|url\\=https://www.wnba.com/draft2004/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-22 \\|website\\=WNBA.com \\- Official Site of the WNBA \\|language\\=en}} a team that went 8–26 in the 2003 season. At times in her career, she had to play [forward](/wiki/Forward_%28basketball%29 \"Forward (basketball)\") because there were shorter players in the starting five on her team. However, she mainly plays [guard](/wiki/Guard_%28basketball%29 \"Guard (basketball)\"). Also, right before the 2004 season, the Mercury acquired all\\-star [Penny Taylor](/wiki/Penny_Taylor \"Penny Taylor\") in a [dispersal draft](/wiki/Dispersal_draft \"Dispersal draft\"), to strengthen their roster.",
"In her WNBA debut, Taurasi scored 22 points in a 72–66 Mercury loss to the [Sacramento Monarchs](/wiki/Sacramento_Monarchs \"Sacramento Monarchs\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/wnba/s/2004/0520/1806064\\.html \\|title\\=ESPN.com: WNBA \\- Taurasi impressive in debut, but not successful \\|website\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]}} For the season, the rookie averaged 17\\.0 points, 4\\.4 rebounds and 3\\.9 assists per game. Although the Mercury did not qualify for the playoffs, Taurasi was named to the Western Conference All Star team and won the [WNBA Rookie of the Year Award](/wiki/WNBA_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award \"WNBA Rookie of the Year Award\").",
"In 2005, Taurasi averaged 16\\.0 points, 4\\.2 rebounds and 4\\.5 assists per game while battling an ankle injury. She was an All Star for the second straight year, but the Mercury faded down the stretch and again missed the playoffs.",
"Former [NBA](/wiki/NBA \"NBA\") coach [Paul Westhead](/wiki/Paul_Westhead \"Paul Westhead\") became the Mercury's head coach prior to the 2006 season and brought his up\\-tempo style to Phoenix. Their roster was further bolstered by the addition of rookie [Cappie Pondexter](/wiki/Cappie_Pondexter \"Cappie Pondexter\"), the \\#2 overall selection in the [2006 WNBA draft](/wiki/2006_WNBA_draft \"2006 WNBA draft\"), forming a Big 3 of Taurasi, Pondexter and Taylor.",
"[120px\\|left\\|thumb\\|Taurasi at the White House](/wiki/File:Diana_Taurasi.jpg \"Diana Taurasi.jpg\")",
"2006 would be an historic season for Taurasi as she flourished under Westhead's system, leading the league in scoring and earning a third straight trip to the All Star Game. She broke [Katie Smith's](/wiki/Katie_Smith \"Katie Smith\") league records for points in a season (741 during the 2006 season). In 2006, Taurasi averaged a WNBA record 25\\.3 points, 4\\.1 assists and 3\\.6 rebounds per game, including a career\\-high 47 points in a triple overtime regular season victory against the [Houston Comets](/wiki/Houston_Comets \"Houston Comets\") (a then league record). During that game she made a WNBA record 8 three\\-pointers (which has since been tied by [Riquna Williams](/wiki/Riquna_Williams \"Riquna Williams\")). Taurasi also set a WNBA record with 121 three\\-pointers made in a single season. The Mercury finished 18–16, but after losing a tie\\-breaker with Houston and Seattle, missed the playoffs.",
"In 2007, Taurasi finally reached the WNBA playoffs. In the first round, the Mercury eliminated the [Seattle Storm](/wiki/Seattle_Storm \"Seattle Storm\") two games to none. Next, they swept the [San Antonio Silver Stars](/wiki/San_Antonio_Silver_Stars \"San Antonio Silver Stars\") in a hard\\-fought two\\-game series and Taurasi advanced to her first [WNBA Finals](/wiki/WNBA_Finals \"WNBA Finals\"), against the defending champion [Detroit Shock](/wiki/Detroit_Shock \"Detroit Shock\"). Taurasi, Pondexter and Taylor led the Mercury to their first WNBA title. With this victory Taurasi became the seventh player ever to win an NCAA title, a WNBA title, and an Olympic gold medal. Others who had achieved this were [Ruth Riley](/wiki/Ruth_Riley \"Ruth Riley\"), [Sheryl Swoopes](/wiki/Sheryl_Swoopes \"Sheryl Swoopes\"), [Cynthia Cooper\\-Dyke](/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper-Dyke \"Cynthia Cooper-Dyke\"), and fellow Huskies [Swin Cash](/wiki/Swin_Cash \"Swin Cash\"), [Kara Wolters](/wiki/Kara_Wolters \"Kara Wolters\"), and [Sue Bird](/wiki/Sue_Bird \"Sue Bird\"), with further players added to the list in following years.",
"Taurasi was a member of the USA women's 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020, and 2024 gold medal Olympic Basketball Teams.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news\\_page\\=woly\\_2004 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://wayback.archive\\-it.org/all/20120424205819/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/national/woly\\_2004\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2012 \\|title\\=Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2009}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news\\_page\\=woly\\_2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://wayback.archive\\-it.org/all/20120424205824/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/national/woly\\_2008\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2012 \\|title\\=Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2009}}",
"In the 2009 season, Taurasi was named the WNBA MVP and later led the Phoenix Mercury to its second WNBA championship in three years by beating the Indiana Fever, three games to two, as Taurasi was named the WNBA Finals MVP. Taurasi is one of only two players (the other being [Cynthia Cooper\\-Dyke](/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper-Dyke \"Cynthia Cooper-Dyke\")), to win the season scoring title, the season MVP award, a WNBA Championship and the finals MVP in the same season.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://sports.espn.go.com/wnba/recap?gameId\\=291009011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013195147/http://sports.espn.go.com/wnba/recap?gameId\\=291009011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=October 13, 2009 \\|title\\=Taurasi, Pondexter lead Mercury to second title in three years \\|date\\=October 9, 2009 \\|publisher\\=ESPN \\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2009}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|alt\\=Young woman wearing a purple shiny warmup suit\\|Taurasi in 2013](/wiki/File:Diana_Taurasi_2_cropped.jpg \"Diana Taurasi 2 cropped.jpg\")\nIn 2011, alongside being selected to her 7th All\\-WNBA First Team,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wnba.com/playoffs/2011/allwnba\\_team\\_111004\\.html \\|title\\=Playoffs 2011 \\|publisher\\=WNBA.com \\|date\\=October 7, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=June 19, 2017}} she was voted one of the Top 15 players in the fifteen\\-year history of the WNBA by fans.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wnba.com/allstar/2011/top15\\_072311\\.html \\|title\\=AllStar 2011 \\|publisher\\=WNBA.com \\|access\\-date\\=June 19, 2017}}",
"In 2012, Taurasi had an injury\\-riddled season, playing only eight games. She had to sit out the rest of the season with a strained left [hip flexor](/wiki/Hip_flexor \"Hip flexor\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.northjersey.com/sports/strained\\-hip\\-flexor\\-sidelines\\-taurasi\\-1\\.421111 \\|title\\=North Jersey News and Information {{pipe}} NorthJersey.com}} The Mercury proceeded to finish the season 7–27 as the second worst team in the league.",
"In 2013, Taurasi returned healthy for the season, she played 32 games and averaged 20\\+ ppg for the sixth time in her career. The Mercury finished 3rd in the western conference with a 19–15\\. They defeated the [Los Angeles Sparks](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Sparks \"Los Angeles Sparks\") 2–1 in the first round, advancing to the conference finals, but would lose to the [Minnesota Lynx](/wiki/Minnesota_Lynx \"Minnesota Lynx\") in a 2\\-game sweep.",
"Entering the 2014 season, Taurasi reached the number two spot in career points per game, fifth place in career points, and ninth in career assists. In the 2014 season, with a supporting cast of all\\-star power forward [Candice Dupree](/wiki/Candice_Dupree \"Candice Dupree\") (who was traded to the Mercury in 2010\\), rising star [Brittney Griner](/wiki/Brittney_Griner \"Brittney Griner\") (who was drafted 1st overall in the [2013 WNBA draft](/wiki/2013_WNBA_draft \"2013 WNBA draft\")) and the arrival of new head coach [Sandy Brondello](/wiki/Sandy_Brondello \"Sandy Brondello\"), the Phoenix Mercury finished 29–5, setting the record for most wins in a regular season, earning the top seed in the western conference. In the playoffs they advanced all the way to the WNBA Finals where they would sweep the [Chicago Sky](/wiki/Chicago_Sky \"Chicago Sky\") earning Taurasi her 3rd championship. Taurasi also won the WNBA Finals MVP for the second time in her career.",
"On February 3, 2015, Taurasi announced that she would sit out the [2015 WNBA season](/wiki/2015_WNBA_season \"2015 WNBA season\") at the request of her Russian Premier League team, [UMMC Ekaterinburg](/wiki/UMMC_Ekaterinburg \"UMMC Ekaterinburg\"). The team offered to pay Taurasi more than her WNBA salary to skip the 2015 WNBA season. For the [2014 WNBA season](/wiki/2014_WNBA_season \"2014 WNBA season\"), Taurasi made just under the league maximum of $107,000\\. But she makes 14 times that – approximately $1\\.5 million – playing overseas.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-02\\-04 \\|title\\=WNBA loses star Diana Taurasi for season because of big Russia payday \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/sports/sportsnow/la\\-sp\\-sn\\-wnba\\-diana\\-taurasi\\-to\\-skip\\-season\\-for\\-russian\\-team\\-20150203\\-story.html \\|website\\=Los Angeles Times \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-11}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-02\\-04 \\|title\\=Russian team offering Diana Taurasi more than her WNBA salary ... to rest \\|url\\=https://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/02/diana\\-taurasi\\-sit\\-out\\-wbna\\-season \\|website\\=For The Win \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-11}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Prada \\|first\\=Mike \\|date\\=2015\\-02\\-03 \\|title\\=Russian team pays Taurasi to sit out WNBA season \\|url\\=https://www.sbnation.com/nba/2015/2/3/7973177/diana\\-taurasi\\-sit\\-out\\-wnba\\-season\\-russian\\-salary \\|website\\=SBNation.com \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-11}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-02\\-03 \\|title\\=Taurasi opts for rest, to skip WNBA season \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/wnba/story/\\_/id/12272047/diana\\-taurasi\\-opts\\-sit\\-2015\\-wnba\\-season \\|website\\=ESPN.com \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-11}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=.6\\|alt\\=Young woman wearing orange football uniform shooting a field goal\\|Taurasi became the WNBA's all\\-time highest scorer in 2017\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/18/sports/basketball/diana\\-taurasi\\-wnba\\-record.html \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|title\\=Diana Taurasi Breaks W.N.B.A. Scoring Record \\|date\\=June 18, 2017 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=June 2, 2018}}](/wiki/File:Taurasi8-20180601.jpg \"Taurasi8-20180601.jpg\")\nTaurasi returned to the Mercury for the 2016 WNBA season.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.foxsports.com/arizona/story/phoenix\\-mercury\\-diana\\-taurasi\\-to\\-sit\\-out\\-2015\\-wnba\\-season\\-020315 \\|title\\=Mercury's Diana Taurasi to rest, sit out 2015 WNBA season – FOX Sports \\|date\\=February 3, 2015}} Taurasi averaged 17\\.8 ppg helping the Mercury to another playoff berth with a 16–18 record. With the WNBA's new playoff format in effect, the Mercury were the number 8 seed in the league, facing the Indiana Fever in the first round. The Mercury advanced to the second round beating the Fever in the first round elimination game as Taurasi scored 20 points. During that game, Taurasi made her 113th playoff career three\\-pointer, becoming the all\\-time WNBA leader in playoff career three\\-pointers made (passing [Becky Hammon](/wiki/Becky_Hammon \"Becky Hammon\")).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wnba.com/news/diana\\-taurasi\\-sets\\-wnba\\-record\\-postseason\\-three\\-pointers/ \\|title\\=Diana Taurasi Sets WNBA Record For Most Postseason Three\\-Pointers – WNBA.com – Official Site of the WNBA}} In the second round elimination game, the Mercury beat the [New York Liberty](/wiki/New_York_Liberty \"New York Liberty\") advancing to the semifinals (the last round before the WNBA finals) with Taurasi scoring a game\\-high 30 points in the win. In the semi\\-finals, the Mercury would face the championship defending [Minnesota Lynx](/wiki/Minnesota_Lynx \"Minnesota Lynx\") in the best\\-of\\-5 series and would be swept 3 games to 0\\.",
"In May 2017, Taurasi signed a multi\\-year contract extension with the Mercury.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wnba.com/news/mercury\\-taurasi\\-agree\\-multi\\-year\\-extension/ \\|title\\=Mercury, Taurasi Agree to Multi\\-Year Extension – WNBA.com – Official Site of the WNBA}} Later that month, Taurasi became the first player in league history reach 7,000 points, 1,500 rebounds and 1,500 assists following an 85–62 victory over the Indiana Fever.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wnba.com/news/diana\\-taurasi\\-sets\\-new\\-benchmark/ \\|title\\=Diana Taurasi Makes History – WNBA.com – Official Site of the WNBA}} On June 18, 2017, Taurasi became the WNBA's all\\-time leading scorer, passing [Tina Thompson](/wiki/Tina_Thompson \"Tina Thompson\")'s old record.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/wnba/story/\\_/id/19673382/phoenix\\-mercury\\-star\\-diana\\-taurasi\\-becomes\\-wnba\\-all\\-scoring\\-leader \\|title\\=Phoenix Mercury star Diana Taurasi becomes WNBA's all\\-time scoring leader \\|work\\=Espn.com \\|date\\=June 18, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=June 19, 2017}} Taurasi would be selected into the [2017 WNBA All\\-Star Game](/wiki/2017_WNBA_All-Star_Game \"2017 WNBA All-Star Game\"), making it her eighth career all\\-star game appearance. The Mercury would finish with an 18–16 record as the fifth seed in the league. In the first round elimination game, Taurasi 14 points in a 79–69 win over the Seattle Storm. In the second round elimination game, the Mercury defeated the [Connecticut Sun](/wiki/Connecticut_Sun \"Connecticut Sun\") 88–83, Taurasi scored 23 points in the win. The Mercury advanced past the second round for the second season in a row, but were eliminated by the [Los Angeles Sparks](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Sparks \"Los Angeles Sparks\") in a 3\\-game sweep.",
"In the 2018 season\\-opener on May 18, 2018, against the [Dallas Wings](/wiki/Dallas_Wings \"Dallas Wings\"), Taurasi became the first player in WNBA history to make 1,000 3\\-pointers. On June 5, 2018, Taurasi became the first player in WNBA history to score 8,000 points in an 80–74 victory against the Liberty.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/wnba/story/\\_/id/23704306/phoenix\\-mercury\\-guard\\-diana\\-taurasi\\-becomes\\-first\\-wnba\\-player\\-score\\-8000\\-points \\|title\\=Mercury's Diana Taurasi reaches 8,000\\-point milestone \\|website\\=\\[\\[ESPN]] \\|date\\=June 5, 2018}} On July 8, 2018, Taurasi became the league's all\\-time leader in field goals made in an 84–77 victory against the Connecticut Sun, surpassing [Tina Thompson](/wiki/Tina_Thompson \"Tina Thompson\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.theuconnblog.com/2018/7/8/17546382/diana\\-taurasi\\-becomes\\-wnbas\\-all\\-time\\-field\\-goal\\-leader \\|title\\=Diana Taurasi Becomes WNBA's All\\-Time Field Goal Leader \\|website\\=theuconnblog.com \\|date\\=July 8, 2018}} Taurasi would also earn her ninth career all\\-star appearance after being voted into the [2018 WNBA All\\-Star Game](/wiki/2018_WNBA_All-Star_Game \"2018 WNBA All-Star Game\"). On August 1, 2018, Taurasi scored a season\\-high 37 points in a 104–93 victory against the [Las Vegas Aces](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Aces \"Las Vegas Aces\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.gwinnettprepsports.com/sportsxchange/taurasi\\-s\\-points\\-push\\-mercury\\-past\\-aces/article\\_3e7fb683\\-c51c\\-5468\\-a188\\-a358bc84254d.html \\|title\\=Taurasi's 37 points push Mercury past Aces \\|website\\=gwinnettprepsports.com}} The Mercury finished off the season 20–14 with the number 5 seed in the league. In the first round elimination game, the Mercury defeated the Dallas Wings 101–83\\. Taurasi scored 26 points in the win. In the second round elimination game, the Mercury defeated the Connecticut Sun 96–86, advancing to the semi\\-finals for the third year in a row, they would face off against the Seattle Storm. Down 2–0, the Mercury came back to tie up the series 2–2\\. In game 5, the Mercury lost 94–84, ending their season.",
"In April 2019, the Mercury announced that Taurasi's wife, [Penny Taylor](/wiki/Penny_Taylor \"Penny Taylor\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://ux.azcentral.com/story/sports/wnba/mercury/2017/05/15/phoenix\\-mercury\\-star\\-diana\\-taurasi\\-marries\\-former\\-mercury\\-player\\-penny\\-taylor/321798001/ \\|title\\=Phoenix Mercury star Diana Taurasi marries former Mercury player Penny Taylor \\|author\\=Jeff Metcalfe \\|publisher\\=Arizona Republic \\|date\\=May 14, 2017}} had been hired as an assistant coach.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/wnba/mercury/2019/04/26/penny\\-taylor\\-returning\\-phoenix\\-mercury\\-assistant\\-coach/3564530002/ \\|title\\=Penny Taylor returning to Phoenix Mercury as assistant coach \\|website\\=azcentral}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Diana Taurasi in 2019](/wiki/File:Diana_Taurasi_2.jpg \"Diana Taurasi 2.jpg\")\nTaurasi started the 2019 WNBA season on the injured list after undergoing back surgery.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://highposthoops.com/2019/04/25/diana\\-taurasi\\-out\\-10\\-12\\-weeks\\-after\\-undergoing\\-back\\-procedure/ \\|title\\=Diana Taurasi out for 10\\-12 weeks after undergoing back procedure \\|author\\=Kim Doss \\|date\\=April 25, 2019}} Taurasi would continue to be hobbled throughout the season, this time with a hamstring injury which limited her to only 6 games played for the season with very minimal playing time. Without a healthy Taurasi, the Mercury barely made the playoffs as the number 8 seed with a 15–19 record. The Mercury were eliminated in the first round elimination game 105\\-76 by the [Chicago Sky](/wiki/Chicago_Sky \"Chicago Sky\").",
"In September 2019, Taurasi—who remained under contract with the Mercury—confirmed that she intended to play for the team in 2020\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/wnba/mercury/2019/09/12/diana\\-taurasi\\-brittney\\-griner\\-return\\-phoenix\\-mercury\\-2020/2301838001/ \\|title\\=Diana Taurasi, Brittney Griner plan to return for Phoenix Mercury in 2020 \\|website\\=azcentral}}",
"In 2020, the season was delayed and shortened to 22 games in a bubble at [IMG Academy](/wiki/IMG_Academy \"IMG Academy\") due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"). Taurasi would come back healthy for the season and played 19 of the 22 games, on August 23, 2020, Taurasi scored a season\\-high 34 points in an 88–87 victory over the [Washington Mystics](/wiki/Washington_Mystics \"Washington Mystics\") while honoring the late [Kobe Bryant](/wiki/Kobe_Bryant \"Kobe Bryant\") on his birthday by wearing number 8 along with his last name on her jersey.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.wnba.com/video/diana\\-taurasi\\-scores\\-34\\-pts\\-while\\-wearing\\-no\\-8\\-jersey\\-honoring\\-kobe\\-bryant\\-august\\-23\\-2020/ \\|title\\=Diana Taurasi Scores 34 PTS While Wearing No. 8 Jersey, Honoring Kobe Bryant (August 23, 2020\\) \\|website\\=WNBA.com \\- Official Site of the WNBA}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/wnba/mercury/2020/08/23/taurasi\\-honoring\\-kobe\\-bryant\\-scores\\-34\\-mercury\\-win\\-over\\-washington/3424815001/ \\|title\\=Diana Taurasi, honoring Kobe Bryant, scores 34 in Mercury win over Washington \\|first\\=Jeff \\|last\\=Metcalfe \\|website\\=The Arizona Republic}} The Mercury had finished 13–9 as the number 5 seed, they defeated the Washington Mystics 85–84 in the first round elimination game, however they would get eliminated by the [Minnesota Lynx](/wiki/Minnesota_Lynx \"Minnesota Lynx\") in the second round elimination game by a final score of 80–79\\.",
"In February 2021, Taurasi re\\-signed with the Mercury on a 2\\-year deal.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/wnba/mercury/2021/02/01/diana\\-taurasi\\-re\\-signing\\-multi\\-year\\-contract\\-phoenix\\-mercury/4328919001/ \\|title\\=Diana Taurasi re\\-signs multi\\-year contract with Phoenix Mercury \\|first\\=Jeff \\|last\\=Metcalfe \\|website\\=The Arizona Republic}}",
"Taurasi injured her ankle and broke a bone in her foot late in the Mercury's [2021 season](/wiki/2021_Phoenix_Mercury_season \"2021 Phoenix Mercury season\") and opted to sit out due to the injury in the first single elimination game against the [New York Liberty](/wiki/New_York_Liberty \"New York Liberty\"). She returned for the second round single elimination game against the reigning champions [Seattle Storm](/wiki/Seattle_Storm \"Seattle Storm\") which the Mercury won in overtime. In the best of five semi final series against the [Las Vegas Aces](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Aces \"Las Vegas Aces\"). Taurasi led her team to a tie series after a Game 1 loss (by 4 points) making history. At 39 years old, Taurasi made history as the oldest player in league history to score an over 30 point game. She put up 37 points on 10 of 13 shooting — including eight of 11 attempted three\\-pointers. Her eight three\\-pointers were the second\\-most made in a playoff game in the [WNBA's](/wiki/WNBA \"WNBA\") postseason history. Phoenix Mercury coach, [Sandy Brondello](/wiki/Sandy_Brondello \"Sandy Brondello\"), noted that Taurasi still had pain in her ankle but managed to play through it and play through it she did, playing her heart out in a Game 3 win and Game 4 loss. On Oct.8, 2021, shortly before the birth of her daughter Taurasi led her team to a 87\\-84 Game 5 win making her 16\\-2 overall in win or take all games with 24 points, a crucial late game block and 14 clutch 4th quarter points.",
"In August 2023, Taurasi became the first player in WNBA history to score 10,000 career points.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Taurasi Becomes First WNBA Player To Score 10k Career Pts \\|url\\=https://sports\\-statistics.com/wnba/diana\\-taurasi\\-becomes\\-first\\-wnba\\-player\\-to\\-score\\-10k\\-career\\-points/ \\|website\\=Sports\\-statistics.com \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
Episodes
--------
### Episode 1
| Episode 1 recap
\+ Original Airdate: September 28, 2001; Re\-aired: May 28, 2002 |
\+ Location: [Scuol](/wiki/Scuol "Scuol"), Switzerland |
| --- | --- |
| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |
| Bike/Crossbow Biathlon | $40,000 | $40,000 |
| Pulse Rope Walk | $20,000 | $20,000 |
| Swing for Life | $0 | $0 |
| Burn Bags Burn | $0 | $40,000 |
| **Current Pot** | **$60,000** | $100,000 |
| \+ Exemptions |
| --- |
| Elavia | Refused to jump in "Swing for Life" |
| \+ Execution |
| --- |
| Bob | 1st player executed |
**Born Leaders:** The 14 players were all blindfolded and taken to [Castle Tarasp](/wiki/Tarasp_Castle "Tarasp Castle") in Switzerland. Once there, they were instructed to remove their blindfolds, meeting each other for the first time. Immediately, they were charged with selecting two players who seemed to be "Born Leaders". Those two players then chose who would take part in the next three challenges, as well as how much each challenge was worth: One challenge was worth $40,000, another $20,000, and the other $0\. None of the other 12 players knew how much each challenge was worth until all three challenges are completed.
**Bike/Crossbow Biathlon:** Three players rode a bike down a steep incline to retrieve two arrows, then returned up the incline to the starting point where an archery target was located. Using a crossbow, each player must shoot an arrow into the center of the target (marked by the iconic thumbprint). If both arrows miss, the player had to get two more arrows. If all three players hit the target in less than 30 minutes, the game was won.
**Pulse Rope Walk:** Four players had one hour to traverse a tightrope suspended high off the ground. Each player was hooked up to a heart monitor; whenever the player's pulse rate exceeded 130 beats per minute, the player had to stop and wait for his/her pulse to lower in order to continue. The last player to cross had two different sets of ropes to traverse; the second set was narrower and higher off the ground. The game was a success if all four players completed their portion in under an hour total.
**Swing for Life:** Five players must swing by a rope off a bridge spanning over a raging river. If all five players completed the swing, the game was a success. An exemption was offered to the last player if he/she refused to swing.
**Burn Bags Burn:** In the hours before the challenge, the players were given journals and an opportunity to interview their fellow players to gain personal information on each other. Afterwards, they were taken to a bonfire, where their knapsacks \- containing all of their belongings \- were dangling over the fire. Four players were nominated and asked questions taken from their fellow players' contestant applications. If the team got all eight questions right $40,000 would be won and the luggage would be safe. If they got at least one question wrong, no money would be won. If four questions were answered incorrectly, the luggage would be lowered into the fire and destroyed. It was revealed in the next episode that the bags were fakes, and their belongings had not been destroyed.
### Episode 2
| Episode 2 recap
\+ Original airdate: October 5, 2001; Re\-aired: May 28, 2002 |
\+ Location: [Scuol](/wiki/Scuol "Scuol"), Switzerland and [St. Moritz](/wiki/St._Moritz "St. Moritz"), Switzerland |
| --- | --- |
| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |
| Clothesline Game | $18,000 | $40,000 |
| High Roller Game | \-$20,000 | $20,000 |
| Blueberry Game | \-$2,000 | $0 |
| **Current Pot** | **$56,000** | $160,000 |
| \+ Exemptions |
| --- |
| Dorothy and Lisa | Succeeded in the Blueberry game |
| \+ Execution |
| --- |
| Ali | 2nd player executed |
**Clothesline Game:** The players selected two women with the most fashion sense and a man with need of fashion advice. These players then secretly assigned a variety of outlandish outfits \- from a rabbit costume to a [G\-string](/wiki/G-string "G-string") bathing suit \- to each of the other players. These players were brought in pairs to the clothing area and charged with changing into the designated costume and wearing it to a nearby [train station](/wiki/Scuol-Tarasp_railway_station "Scuol-Tarasp railway station"), where all 13 players would meet to catch a train to [St. Moritz](/wiki/St._Moritz "St. Moritz"). For each player who kept their costume on the entire time until reaching the Schweizerhof hotel, $2,000 was added to the pot. After the 5 couples were sent on their way, the three players who picked their outfits were given the choice to double the value of the challenge by wearing a baby bonnet, pacifier, and diaper to the station.
* Ali and Bribs acted as if they had been given exemptions by refusing to get on the train during the first challenge, but this turned out to be a prank. It did end up costing the team $2,000, as Darwin removed his rabbit ears when he believed the challenge would be a total loss.
**High Roller Game:** The players picked four players: one gambler, one with a cool head, one who's good with numbers, and one selfish brat. Each of the players was dressed in formal attire and escorted to a [casino](/wiki/Casino "Casino"). There they played [blackjack](/wiki/Blackjack "Blackjack") using $20,000 taken from the group pot. The team had one hour to play, with $1,000 minimum bets for each hand. If they doubled their $20,000 stake, the challenge was won. If the money was lost, it was deducted from the pot.
**Blueberry Game:** At dessert that night, each player was served a piece of cake. All but one piece was topped with a blueberry (one piece was left over after everyone had a piece; this piece was missing the blueberry). The player who ate that piece \- along with her roommate \- was given the chance to earn an exemption by each luring one other player into their hotel room, even though the producers had explicitly told them to stay in their rooms after dinner. The group was penalized $2,000 for the summoned players violating their curfew.
### Episode 3
| \+ Episode 3 recap – October 12, 2001 (re\-aired June 4, 2002\) | \+ Location: [St. Moritz](/wiki/St._Moritz "St. Moritz"), Switzerland |
| --- | --- |
| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |
| Neutralizer | $10,000 | $10,000 |
| Little John \& Little Jane | $25,000 | $55,000 |
| **Current Pot** | **$91,000** | $225,000 |
| \+ Neutralizer |
| --- |
| Dorothy | Chosen because she had received an exemption the episode prior. |
| \+ Exemptions |
| --- |
| Al | As matchmaker, won final match in Little John \& Little Jane game |
| Katie | Awarded spare exemption from Al |
| \+ Execution |
| --- |
| Lisa | 3rd player executed (tied for last; slowest to complete quiz) |
**Journal Switch:** At the start of the round, each of the players was required to pass their Mole journals four seats to their left around the dining room table.
**Neutralizer:** One player was recruited for being the most trustworthy of the group. That player was given a photograph of a nearby landmark and had 60 minutes to find the landmark and retrieve an envelope there. That person was Myra. The envelope contained a Neutralizer, which the player could use to prevent any other player from earning an exemption for the remainder of that round and add $10,000 to the group pot.
**Little Jon \& Little Jane:** One player was selected to be a "matchmaker". That player's job was to pit each of the other players against one of two opponents in a [pugil stick](/wiki/Pugil_stick "Pugil stick") battle over a small stream. The available foes were Little John, a heavily built man; or Little Jane, an average\-sized woman. At least three players were required to square off against Little John. Each player who won their bout and crossed the stream earned $5,000 for the group pot and the chance to compete for an exemption. Once everyone had completed their bout, the matchmaker pitted the players against each other until one remained. That player fought against the matchmaker for the exemption.
After the game was over, several of the players converged on Anderson and pushed him into the water. Bill, who had led the players in advancing on him, also fell in. Jokingly, Anderson said he would remember it. One of contestants retorted that it was payback for the Burn Bags Burn game.
**Exemption to Spare:** The winner of the exemption in the above challenge was later told that he had earned a second exemption, which he could award to any other player for any reason.
* After the airing of this episode on Friday October 12, 2001, [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company") pulled *Mole 2* off the air. It was put on hiatus and returned in May 2002\.
{{clear}}
### Episode 4
| \+ Episode 4 recap \- June 4, 2002 | \+ Location: [St. Moritz](/wiki/St._Moritz "St. Moritz"), Switzerland, [Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice"), Italy, and [Vicenza](/wiki/Vicenza "Vicenza"), Italy |
| --- | --- |
| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |
| Rappel Lock | $0 | $35,000 |
| Morality game | $30,000 | $30,000 |
| Dumb vs. Smart | $50,000 | $50,000 |
| Penalty | \-$5,000 | $0 |
| **Current Pot** | **$166,000** | $340,000 |
| \+ Exemptions |
| --- |
| Bill, Dorothy, and Rob | Won exemption in Dumb vs. Smart game |
| \+ Execution |
| --- |
| Patrick | 4th player executed |
Note: When *Mole 2* returned in May 2002, ABC started the season over from the beginning. The first week (Tuesday May 28, 2002\) of the second run featured a doubleheader of Episode 1 and Episode 2 reruns. On the second week (Tuesday June 4, 2002\), there was a doubleheader of the Episode 3 rerun and previously unaired Episode 4\. It marked the first new episode airing in almost eight months.
**Rappel Lock:** One person volunteered to be the most trusted, and four others volunteered as players who "just want to hang out". Each player took turns rappelling down a dam. Located at four points on the dam were signs that posed mathematical questions about the other players (ex.: "Darwin's Age \- Heather's Age".) The answer to each problem served as a number in a combination lock that, when opened, released the prize money. Players had a maximum of 10 minutes on the dam and could not rappel a second time if they reached the bottom early. Once at the bottom, the player radioed to the trustworthy player their guesses on the questions they had seen. Unbeknownst to the other players, the last player was briefed about the four questions after the other players had already gone. The last player then had to rappel face\-down towards the chest that guarded the money and had only one attempt to solve the combination.
**Morality Game:** While on their way to their next destination, the group was stopped by a pair of beautiful ladies asking for help with a flat tire. Later, an elderly lady also stopped the group with a flat of her own. If the group helped to fix both flats, they would win $30,000; if they helped only the beautiful ladies, $10,000 would be deducted from their running total.
**Dumb vs. Smart:** The six players who did not take part in the first challenge split into two groups of three "Dumb" and "Smart" players. The "Dumb" group was presented with a series of eleven brain\-teaser questions, and needed to select five to present to the "Smart" group. The "Smart" group then had 30 minutes to solve the five problems for $10,000 apiece. If the team guessed a problem incorrectly, they were given one minute to come up with a second guess. If the "Smart" team could not solve all five problems, all three "Dumb" players earned an exemption; if the "Smart" players got all of them correct, they earned the exemptions.
* After switching the journals in the previous round, Patrick borrowed his original journal from Katie, ostensibly to copy some material into his new journal. It was later discovered that Patrick had ripped out several pages of the journal. For vandalizing a player's journal, the group was fined $5,000\.
### Episode 5
| \+ Episode 5 recap \- June 11, 2002 | \+ Location: [Vicenza](/wiki/Vicenza "Vicenza"), Italy |
| --- | --- |
| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |
| Think or Sink | $0 | $20,000 |
| Get the Key | $40,000 | $40,000 |
| **Current Pot** | **$206,000** | $400,000 |
| \+ Exemptions |
| --- |
| none | Heather declined the exemption in the Dungeon Escape game |
| \+ Execution |
| --- |
| Rob | 5th player executed |
**Think or Sink:** Three players volunteered as the group's best runners, three as the best swimmers, and one as the biggest talker. The swimmers and the talker were taken to a swimming pool, where the swimmers had to tread water for as long as possible. At every five\-minute interval, one swimmer had to carry a 500g weight. Meanwhile, the talker communicated by phone to the three runners, each of whom was responsible for finding the answer to a question located somewhere in the town they were in. Once those three questions were correctly answered, the talker used the letters marked in specially marked blanks on the answer key to form a fourth answer. If the fourth answer was correctly unscrambled before the three swimmers gave out, the challenge was won. This challenge gave viewers one of the most memorable moments of the season, as Katie (deemed the talker) neglected to transfer a lone "G" from the original three answers to the fourth one, resulting in a loss.
**Get the Key:** The three players who did not take part in the above challenge were taken to a dungeon, where each was locked in a separate cells. The key to open their cells was tied by a string around a light bulb in the center of the room, which served as the room's only source of light; breaking the light was necessary to release the key but would result in the room going pitch dark. The team had 3 hours for one of them to retrieve the key and release themselves from the cell. The player that did so was then offered an exemption by leaving the other two players in their cells overnight. No money was at risk, but leaving the players in their cells would prevent them from having a previously arranged video chat with a loved one that night.
### Episode 6
| \+ Episode 6 recap \- June 18, 2002 | \+ Location: [Barga](/wiki/Barga%2C_Tuscany "Barga, Tuscany"), Italy, and [Lucca](/wiki/Lucca "Lucca"), Italy |
| --- | --- |
| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |
| Pizza Chefs | $20,000 | $20,000 |
| Wine Delivery | $20,000 | $20,000 |
| Penalty | \-$5,000 | $0 |
| Penalty | \-$5,000 | $0 |
| Exemption Confession | $0 | $15,000 |
| **Current Pot** | **$236,000** | $455,000 |
| \+ Exemptions |
| --- |
| Elavia | Took exemption rather than adding $15,000 to the pot in the Exemption Confession game |
| \+ Execution |
| --- |
| Myra | 6th player executed (tied for last; slowest to complete quiz) |
**Pizza Chefs:** Three players volunteered as those who hate to cook; they were given the cooking challenge. They had four hours to find 14 pizza ingredients by going door to door in [Barga, Tuscany](/wiki/Barga%2C_Tuscany "Barga, Tuscany") and begging the townspeople, then must bake three 12" pizzas for the rest of the team and deliver them to the [church](/wiki/Collegiate_Church_of_San_Cristoforo%2C_Barga "Collegiate Church of San Cristoforo, Barga"), where they would be eating in four hours. Each ingredient had to be donated by a different person. These pizzas were to be the only food the players could eat that night. $20,000 was at stake, as well as food for dinner.
**Wine Delivery:** The three players who love to cook, as well as the three who didn't care, had 1 hour, 45 minutes to ride two bikes in varying states of repair along an entirely uphill road. Players were able to switch out bike\-riding roles as desired, with the other two members of their group following in a van. At the midpoint, each team was given a bottle of wine to take to the church. $10,000 was awarded if both teams arrived, plus $5,000 for each unharmed bottle of wine.
**Exemption Confession:** Each player entered the Chiesa di San Salvatore the following day and was asked to write down a list of their fellow players, in order from favorite to least favorite. The player who garnered the most "least favorite" votes was asked to come inside the church. That player was then given the choice of adding $5,000 to the pot (to perhaps earn some redemption) or accepting an exemption (to annoy the other players further). If the player opted for the exemption, the offer was increased to $10,000 and finally $15,000\.
* Two rules were broken: First, Heather touched one of the bikes before starting the Wine Delivery challenge, even after being expressly told they were unable to do so before they decided on which bike each team would ride. Second, Bill and Darwin partook in ice cream at a cafe after the pizza dinner, even though the pizzas were supposed to be the only food available to them that night. The team was fined $10,000 for these infractions and warned that further breaches of the rules would incur a $20,000 penalty. Myra, who was executed, was the first name Anderson entered into the computer. It was the first time in the American series that the first player entered into the computer came up with a red thumbprint.
### Episode 7
| \+ Episode 7 recap \- June 25, 2002 | \+ Location: [Lucca](/wiki/Lucca "Lucca"), Italy |
| --- | --- |
| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |
| Gladiator Battle | $30,000 | $30,000 |
| Gnome Home | $0 | $30,000 |
| **Current Pot** | **$266,000** | $515,000 |
| \+ Exemptions |
| --- |
| Bill | Broke the gnome during the Gnome Home game |
| {{n/a}} | Bribs opted to not pursue the exemption in the Gladiator game |
| \+ Bribe |
| --- |
| Elavia | Accepted $50,000 to leave the game |
**Gladiator Battle:** Five players volunteered as those who preferred to see the movie *[Gladiator](/wiki/Gladiator_%282000_film%29 "Gladiator (2000 film)")*. Four of them would serve as guards to the fifth, who served as [Caesar](/wiki/Julius_Caesar "Julius Caesar"). The players then engaged in a mock sword fight against five gladiators in the [Lucca Amphitheater](/wiki/Piazza_dell%27Anfiteatro "Piazza dell'Anfiteatro"). Each fighter had an egg on their chest; if the egg broke, that person was dead. If the group slayed all five gladiators before any of them slayed Caesar and removed the crown, the team won. One player \- who had randomly chosen a predesignated "[Brutus](/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus "Marcus Junius Brutus") helmet" \- was given the chance to earn an exemption. If the other guards were slain, either by the gladiators or by Brutus, the player had to betray Caesar by slaying her and taking her crown.
**Gnome Home:** Three players volunteered as those who preferred to see the movie *[Romancing the Stone](/wiki/Romancing_the_Stone "Romancing the Stone")*. They were given 30 minutes to transport a [garden gnome](/wiki/Garden_gnome "Garden gnome") through a series of obstacles. At each leg of the relay, they had to apply a generous amount of grease onto the gnome to make it slippery. Hidden inside the gnome was a plaque awarding an exemption to the player who broke it; however, players were not told this element of the game, only that an exemption was somehow involved.
* During dinner, Anderson asked the players to rank their fellow players in order from most to least favorite on a dollar bill. It was the second time the players ranked each other, and for the second time, Elavia was nominated as the least liked. During the execution, she was offered $50,000 ($49,992 in a suitcase, and the eight one\-dollar bills with the rankings) to leave the game immediately. After consideration, she accepted the bribe and withdrew, thus eliminating the need for an execution. Anderson played with the contestants by tricking them into thinking that another player was going home, saying, "Let's continue with the execution. In a minute I'll begin entering your names into\-\-Just kidding!" It was later revealed that Dorothy scored the lowest on that night's quiz and would have been executed if Elavia did not accept the bribe.
### Episode 8
| \+ Episode 8 recap \- July 2, 2002 | \+ Location: [Lucca](/wiki/Lucca "Lucca"), Italy |
| --- | --- |
| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |
| Relative Disguise | $20,000 | $35,000 |
| Relative Bungee | $60,000 | $70,000 |
| **Current Pot** | **$346,000** | $620,000 |
| \+ Execution |
| --- |
| Katie | 7th player executed (tied for last; slowest to complete quiz) |
**Relative Disguise:** Each player was informed that a loved one had been brought to their location and that each of them was in a nearby courtyard. Players had 30 seconds to describe that loved one to another player; that player then had 2 minutes to survey the courtyard through a window and identify the loved one. Each correctly spotted person won $5000 for the pot, as well as the opportunity for that loved one to join the team for dinner that night.
**Relative Bungee:** Each loved one made a video\-recorded prediction as to whether their player would go through with a bungee jump. If the player's action matched the prediction, the group earned $10,000 and the two of them could remain together until that night's execution. If the prediction was incorrect, that player would have only five more minutes with his/her loved one until that person was sent off.
During dinner in the evening, Heather's boyfriend Nathan [proposed](/wiki/Proposal_of_marriage "Proposal of marriage") to her. However, the two broke up at some time following production.[*Reflections of the Mole*](http://www.themolebook.com)
{{Clear}}
### Episode 9
| \+ Episode 9 recap – July 9, 2002 | \+ Location: [Lucca](/wiki/Lucca "Lucca"), Italy |
| --- | --- |
| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |
| Wine Stomp | $10,000 | $10,000 |
| Wine Wager | \-$10,000 | $10,000 |
| Drink the wine | $10,000 | $10,000 |
| Assembly Line | $20,000 | $20,000 |
| All\-Night Ball | $0 | $30,000 |
| **Current Pot** | **$376,000** | $700,000 |
| \+ Neutralizer |
| --- |
| Dorothy | Bill placed the neutralizer thumbprint in Dorothy's journal. |
| \+ Exemptions |
| --- |
| {{n/a}} | Bill appeared to receive an exemption in the All\-Night Ball gameHowever, it was negated when it was discovered that other players had touched the ball out of turn earlier. |
| \+ Execution |
| --- |
| Darwin | 8th player executed |
**Neutralizer:** The last person to leave the breakfast table that morning was secretly chosen for this game. That player had to place a thumbprint sticker inside the journal of another player at some point during the afternoon. Doing so neutralized that player, preventing him/her from earning any exemptions offered in that round. If the player failed to place the sticker, however, he or she would be neutralized instead.
**Wine Stomp/Wine Wager:** Two players volunteered as those who liked to drink wine. They had 90 minutes to make five bottles of wine the old\-fashioned way: by [stomping on the grapes](/wiki/Stomping_on_the_grapes "Stomping on the grapes") and squeezing the juice into the bottle. Each player worked in 15\-minute shifts. While one stomped, the other was given the chance to sample the vineyard's wares. Afterwards, the players had a chance to wager $5,000 each by pouring three glasses of wine and carrying them on a tray to a nearby table. (Naturally, both players were quite inebriated by this point and failed miserably.) They were then given a chance to redeem themselves by convincing the other players to drink one bottle of their "foot wine". However, they were not allowed to tell them that doing so would recover the money they had lost. During the game, Anderson partook in several glasses of wine, becoming somewhat inebriated himself, and offered considerable ridicule to the players and their wine smelling like feet.
**Assembly Line:** The other four players have two and a half hours to transport Anderson's car, an odd\-looking 1950s [Citroën](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV "Citroën 2CV"), into a [greenhouse](/wiki/Greenhouse "Greenhouse"). However, the greenhouse door was only partially opened; a combination lock prevented the door from being opened fully. Once the time was up, the car must be completely intact and able to start upon ignition. Tools were provided if the team decided to disassemble the vehicle and carry it inside by hand. Little to the players' knowledge, a clue had been given at breakfast, and another on the [odometer](/wiki/Odometer "Odometer"), of the combination.
**All\-Night Ball:** The six players were awakened in their hotel rooms shortly after midnight and taken to a room where a [tetherball](/wiki/Tetherball "Tetherball") was suspended from the ceiling. The players must keep the ball in constant motion until 6:00 a.m., hitting the ball in the same order every time. At two points during the game, one player was allowed to return to bed. The third player to volunteer to go back to bed was offered an exemption by hitting the ball out of turn and forfeiting the game.
{{clear}}
### Episode 10
| \+ Episode 10 recap \- July 16, 2002 | \+ Location: [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome"), Italy, [L'Aquila](/wiki/L%27Aquila "L'Aquila"), Italy, and [Santo Stefano di Sessanio](/wiki/Santo_Stefano_di_Sessanio "Santo Stefano di Sessanio"), Italy |
| --- | --- |
| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |
| Buy and Sell | $0 $30,000
| Morality Game | $10,000 $10,000
| Evader | $100,000 $100,000
| **Current Pot** | **$486,000** $840,000
| \+ Exemptions |
| --- |
| Al | During the Evader game, he succeeded as the Tracker |
| {{n/a}} | Heather failed both times as the Evader |
| \+ Execution |
| --- |
| Bribs | 9th player executed |
**Buy and Sell:** Two players (Dorothy \& Heather) volunteered as those who liked to shop and went to a [flea market](/wiki/Flea_market "Flea market") at the [Piazza del Duomo](/wiki/Piazza_del_Duomo%2C_L%27Aquila "Piazza del Duomo, L'Aquila") in [L'Aquila](/wiki/L%27Aquila "L'Aquila"). Given one hour and [₤](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira")200,000 to spend (roughly [$](/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar")100\), they were instructed to buy at least ten unique items, with the direction to drive as hard a bargain as they could. The three other players (Al, Bill, \& Bribs) were then given two hours to sell the items the first two players bought and turn a profit.
**Morality Game:** In the midst of the selling portion of the above game, a townsperson stopped at the group's tent and dropped a book, with [₤](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira")20,000 sticking out. If the team returned the money (rather than using it in an attempt to aid their bottom line in the challenge), they earned $10,000\.
**Evader:** The players took a vote as to which player other than themselves was most deserving of winning and which player was least likely to be the Mole. The deserving player (deemed the "Evader") was given a chance to earn an exemption by retrieving five out of nine thumbprints hidden along the streets of the small town of [Santo Stefano di Sessanio](/wiki/Santo_Stefano_di_Sessanio "Santo Stefano di Sessanio") within 30 minutes. The least suspicious player (deemed the "Tracker") was charged with finding that player and catching her, earning $50,000 for the group pot if successful. The other three players (deemed the "Spotters") could scout the evader and relay her movements to the Tracker, but the Tracker could not begin pursuit of the Evader until visual contact of the Evader was made. It was later discovered that the Tracker would also earn an exemption if he or she could catch the Evader. Two rounds of the game were played, both for either $50,000 or an exemption for the Evader. In the second round, the Tracker was switched and informed that if they caught the Evader, they would not also receive an exemption.
{{clear}}
### Episode 11
| \+ Episode 11 recap \- July 23, 2002 | \+ Location: [L'Aquila](/wiki/L%27Aquila "L'Aquila"), Italy, and [Calascio](/wiki/Calascio "Calascio"), Italy |
| --- | --- |
| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |
| High Card | $0 $100,000
| Truth or Lie? | $50,000 $50,000
| **Current Pot** | **$536,000** $990,000
| \+ Exemptions |
| --- |
| {{n/a}} | Bill failed to spot the truth\-teller in the liar game |
| \+ Execution |
| --- |
| Al | 10th player executed |
**High Card:** The players were taken to an unusual house in [Calascio](/wiki/Calascio "Calascio") dubbed "Anderson's Funhouse". Each player started the game with a $25,000 "chip". Players were then dealt one playing card. Whoever had the highest card had the choice of either adding the $25,000 chip to the pot or eliminating another player from the game. The last remaining player was allowed to leave and spend the night in the hotel; the others had to stay in the funhouse and participate in one of three rooms. One room had a large python inside and would go dark after a certain period; another contained a small cage from which cockroaches would drop onto the player and would also go dark towards the end of the player's stay; and the third was a brightly lit room containing a bubble machine, a bed frame (but no mattress), and a speaker system that played [Don Ho](/wiki/Don_Ho "Don Ho")'s "[Tiny Bubbles](/wiki/Tiny_Bubbles "Tiny Bubbles")" repeatedly and in varying manners (slow, backwards, sped up, stuttered, etc.) Each player had to remain in their rooms for a specific amount of time; leaving the room would forfeit the money earned in the card game.
**Truth or Lie?:** The player who had spent the night alone in the hotel (Bill) interrogated the three players (Al, Dorothy, and Heather) about their experiences in the funhouse. Two of the players were instructed to lie, and one was to tell the truth. The truth detector was shown a video clip of two of the three rooms but not who was in them and no other details. If the truth detector could correctly guess which player was telling the truth, he earned an exemption into the final round; otherwise, $50,000 was added to the pot.
{{clear}}
### Episode 12
| \+ Episode 12 recap – July 30, 2002 | \+ Location: [Calascio](/wiki/Calascio "Calascio"), Italy |
| --- | --- |
| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |
| Three questions | $0 | $30,000 |
| Top secret | $100,000 | $100,000 |
| **Final Pot** | **$636,000** | $1,120,000 |
**Three Questions:** Each player filled out a questionnaire about the other two players. Each player took turns hiding inside a local residence in Calascio while the other two searched for him/her by predicting how the player answered three of the questions. If the duo answered all three questions right, the group earned $10,000\.
**Top Secret:** Each player must race to a secret location. To get there, each player must locate a [GPS](/wiki/Global_Positioning_System "Global Positioning System"), found in three locations, which the players chose off a dessert menu. The first player to find their GPS and reach the secret location was given the choice to see a dossier of sensitive information about the Mole or refuse to look at it and instead add $100,000 to the pot.
The remaining players took the final quiz at the [Castle of Rocca Calascio](/wiki/Castle_of_Rocca_Calascio "Castle of Rocca Calascio"), and the winner was to be revealed the following week.
### Episode 13
The final episode of the season crowned the winner and revealed the Mole. A new format was used to reveal the final results. On their last day of filming, the three finalists took the final quiz; however, none of the three were informed of the results. They all went home not yet knowing who won.
About three months later, all of the previously executed players were reunited to watch the unveiling. The three finalists (who still were unaware of the results) were each placed behind a locked door. A key was inserted through each door, but only one key would open a door, that which belonged to the winner. After Dorothy's door opened, she was revealed as the winner. She then slipped a second key to the door belonging to the Mole, and Bill emerged. Heather settled for the runner\-up position.
As was tradition, the remainder of the episode was spent detailing the ways the Mole had sabotaged the team, as well as explaining the clues littered throughout the episodes that home viewers were to use in order to figure out the Mole's identity.
Heather had first suspected Elavia as the Mole and formed a coalition with Katie. After Elavia took the $50,000 bribe to leave the game, Heather and Katie moved on to their next suspect, Dorothy. They tied for the lowest score on the next quiz; Katie finished 11 seconds slower than Heather and was executed. Shocked, Heather realized Dorothy could not be the mole and moved on to her third suspect, Bill. She tried forming a coalition with Dorothy during the "Buy and Sell" game. Heather did not know that she was one of Dorothy's top suspects. After convincing Dorothy that she would not backstab her, they targeted Bribs. Heather lied to Bribs about being the mole. She confused Bribs enough to split his vote on the quiz, thus executing him. Afterwards, they targeted Al, who was beginning to suspect Bill as the mole. Dorothy pretended to hesitate adding $25,000 to the pot during the "Anderson's Fun House" card game, enraging Al. Al then split his quiz between Bill and Dorothy (but claimed he suspected Dorothy during that round) and scored the lowest on the quiz. After Al was executed, Heather regretted forming a coalition with Dorothy because she now knew she was up against a well\-prepared opponent. She broke down during the "Evader" and "Top Secret" games. Dorothy and Heather both took the final quiz and correctly identified Bill as the Mole. Dorothy bested Heather by one question.
|
[
"Episodes\n--------",
"### Episode 1",
"",
"| Episode 1 recap",
"\\+ Original Airdate: September 28, 2001; Re\\-aired: May 28, 2002 |\n \\+ Location: [Scuol](/wiki/Scuol \"Scuol\"), Switzerland |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |\n| Bike/Crossbow Biathlon | $40,000 | $40,000 |\n| Pulse Rope Walk | $20,000 | $20,000 |\n| Swing for Life | $0 | $0 |\n| Burn Bags Burn | $0 | $40,000 |\n| **Current Pot** | **$60,000** | $100,000 |",
"",
"| \\+ Exemptions |\n| --- |\n| Elavia | Refused to jump in \"Swing for Life\" |",
"",
"| \\+ Execution |\n| --- |\n| Bob | 1st player executed |",
"**Born Leaders:** The 14 players were all blindfolded and taken to [Castle Tarasp](/wiki/Tarasp_Castle \"Tarasp Castle\") in Switzerland. Once there, they were instructed to remove their blindfolds, meeting each other for the first time. Immediately, they were charged with selecting two players who seemed to be \"Born Leaders\". Those two players then chose who would take part in the next three challenges, as well as how much each challenge was worth: One challenge was worth $40,000, another $20,000, and the other $0\\. None of the other 12 players knew how much each challenge was worth until all three challenges are completed.",
"**Bike/Crossbow Biathlon:** Three players rode a bike down a steep incline to retrieve two arrows, then returned up the incline to the starting point where an archery target was located. Using a crossbow, each player must shoot an arrow into the center of the target (marked by the iconic thumbprint). If both arrows miss, the player had to get two more arrows. If all three players hit the target in less than 30 minutes, the game was won.",
"**Pulse Rope Walk:** Four players had one hour to traverse a tightrope suspended high off the ground. Each player was hooked up to a heart monitor; whenever the player's pulse rate exceeded 130 beats per minute, the player had to stop and wait for his/her pulse to lower in order to continue. The last player to cross had two different sets of ropes to traverse; the second set was narrower and higher off the ground. The game was a success if all four players completed their portion in under an hour total.",
"**Swing for Life:** Five players must swing by a rope off a bridge spanning over a raging river. If all five players completed the swing, the game was a success. An exemption was offered to the last player if he/she refused to swing.",
"**Burn Bags Burn:** In the hours before the challenge, the players were given journals and an opportunity to interview their fellow players to gain personal information on each other. Afterwards, they were taken to a bonfire, where their knapsacks \\- containing all of their belongings \\- were dangling over the fire. Four players were nominated and asked questions taken from their fellow players' contestant applications. If the team got all eight questions right $40,000 would be won and the luggage would be safe. If they got at least one question wrong, no money would be won. If four questions were answered incorrectly, the luggage would be lowered into the fire and destroyed. It was revealed in the next episode that the bags were fakes, and their belongings had not been destroyed.",
"### Episode 2",
"",
"| Episode 2 recap",
"\\+ Original airdate: October 5, 2001; Re\\-aired: May 28, 2002 |\n \\+ Location: [Scuol](/wiki/Scuol \"Scuol\"), Switzerland and [St. Moritz](/wiki/St._Moritz \"St. Moritz\"), Switzerland |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |\n| Clothesline Game | $18,000 | $40,000 |\n| High Roller Game | \\-$20,000 | $20,000 |\n| Blueberry Game | \\-$2,000 | $0 |\n| **Current Pot** | **$56,000** | $160,000 |",
"",
"| \\+ Exemptions |\n| --- |\n| Dorothy and Lisa | Succeeded in the Blueberry game |",
"",
"| \\+ Execution |\n| --- |\n| Ali | 2nd player executed |",
"**Clothesline Game:** The players selected two women with the most fashion sense and a man with need of fashion advice. These players then secretly assigned a variety of outlandish outfits \\- from a rabbit costume to a [G\\-string](/wiki/G-string \"G-string\") bathing suit \\- to each of the other players. These players were brought in pairs to the clothing area and charged with changing into the designated costume and wearing it to a nearby [train station](/wiki/Scuol-Tarasp_railway_station \"Scuol-Tarasp railway station\"), where all 13 players would meet to catch a train to [St. Moritz](/wiki/St._Moritz \"St. Moritz\"). For each player who kept their costume on the entire time until reaching the Schweizerhof hotel, $2,000 was added to the pot. After the 5 couples were sent on their way, the three players who picked their outfits were given the choice to double the value of the challenge by wearing a baby bonnet, pacifier, and diaper to the station.",
"* Ali and Bribs acted as if they had been given exemptions by refusing to get on the train during the first challenge, but this turned out to be a prank. It did end up costing the team $2,000, as Darwin removed his rabbit ears when he believed the challenge would be a total loss.",
"**High Roller Game:** The players picked four players: one gambler, one with a cool head, one who's good with numbers, and one selfish brat. Each of the players was dressed in formal attire and escorted to a [casino](/wiki/Casino \"Casino\"). There they played [blackjack](/wiki/Blackjack \"Blackjack\") using $20,000 taken from the group pot. The team had one hour to play, with $1,000 minimum bets for each hand. If they doubled their $20,000 stake, the challenge was won. If the money was lost, it was deducted from the pot.",
"**Blueberry Game:** At dessert that night, each player was served a piece of cake. All but one piece was topped with a blueberry (one piece was left over after everyone had a piece; this piece was missing the blueberry). The player who ate that piece \\- along with her roommate \\- was given the chance to earn an exemption by each luring one other player into their hotel room, even though the producers had explicitly told them to stay in their rooms after dinner. The group was penalized $2,000 for the summoned players violating their curfew.",
"### Episode 3",
"",
"| \\+ Episode 3 recap – October 12, 2001 (re\\-aired June 4, 2002\\) | \\+ Location: [St. Moritz](/wiki/St._Moritz \"St. Moritz\"), Switzerland |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |\n| Neutralizer | $10,000 | $10,000 |\n| Little John \\& Little Jane | $25,000 | $55,000 |\n| **Current Pot** | **$91,000** | $225,000 |",
"",
"| \\+ Neutralizer |\n| --- |\n| Dorothy | Chosen because she had received an exemption the episode prior. |",
"",
"| \\+ Exemptions |\n| --- |\n| Al | As matchmaker, won final match in Little John \\& Little Jane game |\n| Katie | Awarded spare exemption from Al |",
"",
"| \\+ Execution |\n| --- |\n| Lisa | 3rd player executed (tied for last; slowest to complete quiz) |",
"**Journal Switch:** At the start of the round, each of the players was required to pass their Mole journals four seats to their left around the dining room table.",
"**Neutralizer:** One player was recruited for being the most trustworthy of the group. That player was given a photograph of a nearby landmark and had 60 minutes to find the landmark and retrieve an envelope there. That person was Myra. The envelope contained a Neutralizer, which the player could use to prevent any other player from earning an exemption for the remainder of that round and add $10,000 to the group pot.",
"**Little Jon \\& Little Jane:** One player was selected to be a \"matchmaker\". That player's job was to pit each of the other players against one of two opponents in a [pugil stick](/wiki/Pugil_stick \"Pugil stick\") battle over a small stream. The available foes were Little John, a heavily built man; or Little Jane, an average\\-sized woman. At least three players were required to square off against Little John. Each player who won their bout and crossed the stream earned $5,000 for the group pot and the chance to compete for an exemption. Once everyone had completed their bout, the matchmaker pitted the players against each other until one remained. That player fought against the matchmaker for the exemption.",
"After the game was over, several of the players converged on Anderson and pushed him into the water. Bill, who had led the players in advancing on him, also fell in. Jokingly, Anderson said he would remember it. One of contestants retorted that it was payback for the Burn Bags Burn game.",
"**Exemption to Spare:** The winner of the exemption in the above challenge was later told that he had earned a second exemption, which he could award to any other player for any reason.",
"* After the airing of this episode on Friday October 12, 2001, [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\") pulled *Mole 2* off the air. It was put on hiatus and returned in May 2002\\.\n{{clear}}",
"### Episode 4",
"",
"| \\+ Episode 4 recap \\- June 4, 2002 | \\+ Location: [St. Moritz](/wiki/St._Moritz \"St. Moritz\"), Switzerland, [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\"), Italy, and [Vicenza](/wiki/Vicenza \"Vicenza\"), Italy |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |\n| Rappel Lock | $0 | $35,000 |\n| Morality game | $30,000 | $30,000 |\n| Dumb vs. Smart | $50,000 | $50,000 |\n| Penalty | \\-$5,000 | $0 |\n| **Current Pot** | **$166,000** | $340,000 |",
"",
"| \\+ Exemptions |\n| --- |\n| Bill, Dorothy, and Rob | Won exemption in Dumb vs. Smart game |",
"",
"| \\+ Execution |\n| --- |\n| Patrick | 4th player executed |",
"Note: When *Mole 2* returned in May 2002, ABC started the season over from the beginning. The first week (Tuesday May 28, 2002\\) of the second run featured a doubleheader of Episode 1 and Episode 2 reruns. On the second week (Tuesday June 4, 2002\\), there was a doubleheader of the Episode 3 rerun and previously unaired Episode 4\\. It marked the first new episode airing in almost eight months.",
"**Rappel Lock:** One person volunteered to be the most trusted, and four others volunteered as players who \"just want to hang out\". Each player took turns rappelling down a dam. Located at four points on the dam were signs that posed mathematical questions about the other players (ex.: \"Darwin's Age \\- Heather's Age\".) The answer to each problem served as a number in a combination lock that, when opened, released the prize money. Players had a maximum of 10 minutes on the dam and could not rappel a second time if they reached the bottom early. Once at the bottom, the player radioed to the trustworthy player their guesses on the questions they had seen. Unbeknownst to the other players, the last player was briefed about the four questions after the other players had already gone. The last player then had to rappel face\\-down towards the chest that guarded the money and had only one attempt to solve the combination.",
"**Morality Game:** While on their way to their next destination, the group was stopped by a pair of beautiful ladies asking for help with a flat tire. Later, an elderly lady also stopped the group with a flat of her own. If the group helped to fix both flats, they would win $30,000; if they helped only the beautiful ladies, $10,000 would be deducted from their running total.",
"**Dumb vs. Smart:** The six players who did not take part in the first challenge split into two groups of three \"Dumb\" and \"Smart\" players. The \"Dumb\" group was presented with a series of eleven brain\\-teaser questions, and needed to select five to present to the \"Smart\" group. The \"Smart\" group then had 30 minutes to solve the five problems for $10,000 apiece. If the team guessed a problem incorrectly, they were given one minute to come up with a second guess. If the \"Smart\" team could not solve all five problems, all three \"Dumb\" players earned an exemption; if the \"Smart\" players got all of them correct, they earned the exemptions.",
"* After switching the journals in the previous round, Patrick borrowed his original journal from Katie, ostensibly to copy some material into his new journal. It was later discovered that Patrick had ripped out several pages of the journal. For vandalizing a player's journal, the group was fined $5,000\\.",
"### Episode 5",
"",
"| \\+ Episode 5 recap \\- June 11, 2002 | \\+ Location: [Vicenza](/wiki/Vicenza \"Vicenza\"), Italy |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |\n| Think or Sink | $0 | $20,000 |\n| Get the Key | $40,000 | $40,000 |\n| **Current Pot** | **$206,000** | $400,000 |",
"",
"| \\+ Exemptions |\n| --- |\n| none | Heather declined the exemption in the Dungeon Escape game |",
"",
"| \\+ Execution |\n| --- |\n| Rob | 5th player executed |",
"**Think or Sink:** Three players volunteered as the group's best runners, three as the best swimmers, and one as the biggest talker. The swimmers and the talker were taken to a swimming pool, where the swimmers had to tread water for as long as possible. At every five\\-minute interval, one swimmer had to carry a 500g weight. Meanwhile, the talker communicated by phone to the three runners, each of whom was responsible for finding the answer to a question located somewhere in the town they were in. Once those three questions were correctly answered, the talker used the letters marked in specially marked blanks on the answer key to form a fourth answer. If the fourth answer was correctly unscrambled before the three swimmers gave out, the challenge was won. This challenge gave viewers one of the most memorable moments of the season, as Katie (deemed the talker) neglected to transfer a lone \"G\" from the original three answers to the fourth one, resulting in a loss.",
"**Get the Key:** The three players who did not take part in the above challenge were taken to a dungeon, where each was locked in a separate cells. The key to open their cells was tied by a string around a light bulb in the center of the room, which served as the room's only source of light; breaking the light was necessary to release the key but would result in the room going pitch dark. The team had 3 hours for one of them to retrieve the key and release themselves from the cell. The player that did so was then offered an exemption by leaving the other two players in their cells overnight. No money was at risk, but leaving the players in their cells would prevent them from having a previously arranged video chat with a loved one that night.",
"### Episode 6",
"",
"| \\+ Episode 6 recap \\- June 18, 2002 | \\+ Location: [Barga](/wiki/Barga%2C_Tuscany \"Barga, Tuscany\"), Italy, and [Lucca](/wiki/Lucca \"Lucca\"), Italy |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |\n| Pizza Chefs | $20,000 | $20,000 |\n| Wine Delivery | $20,000 | $20,000 |\n| Penalty | \\-$5,000 | $0 |\n| Penalty | \\-$5,000 | $0 |\n| Exemption Confession | $0 | $15,000 |\n| **Current Pot** | **$236,000** | $455,000 |",
"",
"| \\+ Exemptions |\n| --- |\n| Elavia | Took exemption rather than adding $15,000 to the pot in the Exemption Confession game |",
"",
"| \\+ Execution |\n| --- |\n| Myra | 6th player executed (tied for last; slowest to complete quiz) |",
"**Pizza Chefs:** Three players volunteered as those who hate to cook; they were given the cooking challenge. They had four hours to find 14 pizza ingredients by going door to door in [Barga, Tuscany](/wiki/Barga%2C_Tuscany \"Barga, Tuscany\") and begging the townspeople, then must bake three 12\" pizzas for the rest of the team and deliver them to the [church](/wiki/Collegiate_Church_of_San_Cristoforo%2C_Barga \"Collegiate Church of San Cristoforo, Barga\"), where they would be eating in four hours. Each ingredient had to be donated by a different person. These pizzas were to be the only food the players could eat that night. $20,000 was at stake, as well as food for dinner.",
"**Wine Delivery:** The three players who love to cook, as well as the three who didn't care, had 1 hour, 45 minutes to ride two bikes in varying states of repair along an entirely uphill road. Players were able to switch out bike\\-riding roles as desired, with the other two members of their group following in a van. At the midpoint, each team was given a bottle of wine to take to the church. $10,000 was awarded if both teams arrived, plus $5,000 for each unharmed bottle of wine.",
"**Exemption Confession:** Each player entered the Chiesa di San Salvatore the following day and was asked to write down a list of their fellow players, in order from favorite to least favorite. The player who garnered the most \"least favorite\" votes was asked to come inside the church. That player was then given the choice of adding $5,000 to the pot (to perhaps earn some redemption) or accepting an exemption (to annoy the other players further). If the player opted for the exemption, the offer was increased to $10,000 and finally $15,000\\.",
"* Two rules were broken: First, Heather touched one of the bikes before starting the Wine Delivery challenge, even after being expressly told they were unable to do so before they decided on which bike each team would ride. Second, Bill and Darwin partook in ice cream at a cafe after the pizza dinner, even though the pizzas were supposed to be the only food available to them that night. The team was fined $10,000 for these infractions and warned that further breaches of the rules would incur a $20,000 penalty. Myra, who was executed, was the first name Anderson entered into the computer. It was the first time in the American series that the first player entered into the computer came up with a red thumbprint.",
"### Episode 7",
"",
"| \\+ Episode 7 recap \\- June 25, 2002 | \\+ Location: [Lucca](/wiki/Lucca \"Lucca\"), Italy |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |\n| Gladiator Battle | $30,000 | $30,000 |\n| Gnome Home | $0 | $30,000 |\n| **Current Pot** | **$266,000** | $515,000 |",
"",
"| \\+ Exemptions |\n| --- |\n| Bill | Broke the gnome during the Gnome Home game |\n| {{n/a}} | Bribs opted to not pursue the exemption in the Gladiator game |",
"",
"| \\+ Bribe |\n| --- |\n| Elavia | Accepted $50,000 to leave the game |",
"**Gladiator Battle:** Five players volunteered as those who preferred to see the movie *[Gladiator](/wiki/Gladiator_%282000_film%29 \"Gladiator (2000 film)\")*. Four of them would serve as guards to the fifth, who served as [Caesar](/wiki/Julius_Caesar \"Julius Caesar\"). The players then engaged in a mock sword fight against five gladiators in the [Lucca Amphitheater](/wiki/Piazza_dell%27Anfiteatro \"Piazza dell'Anfiteatro\"). Each fighter had an egg on their chest; if the egg broke, that person was dead. If the group slayed all five gladiators before any of them slayed Caesar and removed the crown, the team won. One player \\- who had randomly chosen a predesignated \"[Brutus](/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus \"Marcus Junius Brutus\") helmet\" \\- was given the chance to earn an exemption. If the other guards were slain, either by the gladiators or by Brutus, the player had to betray Caesar by slaying her and taking her crown.",
"**Gnome Home:** Three players volunteered as those who preferred to see the movie *[Romancing the Stone](/wiki/Romancing_the_Stone \"Romancing the Stone\")*. They were given 30 minutes to transport a [garden gnome](/wiki/Garden_gnome \"Garden gnome\") through a series of obstacles. At each leg of the relay, they had to apply a generous amount of grease onto the gnome to make it slippery. Hidden inside the gnome was a plaque awarding an exemption to the player who broke it; however, players were not told this element of the game, only that an exemption was somehow involved.",
"* During dinner, Anderson asked the players to rank their fellow players in order from most to least favorite on a dollar bill. It was the second time the players ranked each other, and for the second time, Elavia was nominated as the least liked. During the execution, she was offered $50,000 ($49,992 in a suitcase, and the eight one\\-dollar bills with the rankings) to leave the game immediately. After consideration, she accepted the bribe and withdrew, thus eliminating the need for an execution. Anderson played with the contestants by tricking them into thinking that another player was going home, saying, \"Let's continue with the execution. In a minute I'll begin entering your names into\\-\\-Just kidding!\" It was later revealed that Dorothy scored the lowest on that night's quiz and would have been executed if Elavia did not accept the bribe.",
"### Episode 8",
"",
"| \\+ Episode 8 recap \\- July 2, 2002 | \\+ Location: [Lucca](/wiki/Lucca \"Lucca\"), Italy |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |\n| Relative Disguise | $20,000 | $35,000 |\n| Relative Bungee | $60,000 | $70,000 |\n| **Current Pot** | **$346,000** | $620,000 |",
"",
"| \\+ Execution |\n| --- |\n| Katie | 7th player executed (tied for last; slowest to complete quiz) |",
"**Relative Disguise:** Each player was informed that a loved one had been brought to their location and that each of them was in a nearby courtyard. Players had 30 seconds to describe that loved one to another player; that player then had 2 minutes to survey the courtyard through a window and identify the loved one. Each correctly spotted person won $5000 for the pot, as well as the opportunity for that loved one to join the team for dinner that night.",
"**Relative Bungee:** Each loved one made a video\\-recorded prediction as to whether their player would go through with a bungee jump. If the player's action matched the prediction, the group earned $10,000 and the two of them could remain together until that night's execution. If the prediction was incorrect, that player would have only five more minutes with his/her loved one until that person was sent off.",
"During dinner in the evening, Heather's boyfriend Nathan [proposed](/wiki/Proposal_of_marriage \"Proposal of marriage\") to her. However, the two broke up at some time following production.[*Reflections of the Mole*](http://www.themolebook.com)\n{{Clear}}",
"### Episode 9",
"",
"| \\+ Episode 9 recap – July 9, 2002 | \\+ Location: [Lucca](/wiki/Lucca \"Lucca\"), Italy |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |\n| Wine Stomp | $10,000 | $10,000 |\n| Wine Wager | \\-$10,000 | $10,000 |\n| Drink the wine | $10,000 | $10,000 |\n| Assembly Line | $20,000 | $20,000 |\n| All\\-Night Ball | $0 | $30,000 |\n| **Current Pot** | **$376,000** | $700,000 |",
"",
"| \\+ Neutralizer |\n| --- |\n| Dorothy | Bill placed the neutralizer thumbprint in Dorothy's journal. |",
"",
"| \\+ Exemptions |\n| --- |\n| {{n/a}} | Bill appeared to receive an exemption in the All\\-Night Ball gameHowever, it was negated when it was discovered that other players had touched the ball out of turn earlier. |",
"",
"| \\+ Execution |\n| --- |\n| Darwin | 8th player executed |",
"**Neutralizer:** The last person to leave the breakfast table that morning was secretly chosen for this game. That player had to place a thumbprint sticker inside the journal of another player at some point during the afternoon. Doing so neutralized that player, preventing him/her from earning any exemptions offered in that round. If the player failed to place the sticker, however, he or she would be neutralized instead.",
"**Wine Stomp/Wine Wager:** Two players volunteered as those who liked to drink wine. They had 90 minutes to make five bottles of wine the old\\-fashioned way: by [stomping on the grapes](/wiki/Stomping_on_the_grapes \"Stomping on the grapes\") and squeezing the juice into the bottle. Each player worked in 15\\-minute shifts. While one stomped, the other was given the chance to sample the vineyard's wares. Afterwards, the players had a chance to wager $5,000 each by pouring three glasses of wine and carrying them on a tray to a nearby table. (Naturally, both players were quite inebriated by this point and failed miserably.) They were then given a chance to redeem themselves by convincing the other players to drink one bottle of their \"foot wine\". However, they were not allowed to tell them that doing so would recover the money they had lost. During the game, Anderson partook in several glasses of wine, becoming somewhat inebriated himself, and offered considerable ridicule to the players and their wine smelling like feet.",
"**Assembly Line:** The other four players have two and a half hours to transport Anderson's car, an odd\\-looking 1950s [Citroën](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV \"Citroën 2CV\"), into a [greenhouse](/wiki/Greenhouse \"Greenhouse\"). However, the greenhouse door was only partially opened; a combination lock prevented the door from being opened fully. Once the time was up, the car must be completely intact and able to start upon ignition. Tools were provided if the team decided to disassemble the vehicle and carry it inside by hand. Little to the players' knowledge, a clue had been given at breakfast, and another on the [odometer](/wiki/Odometer \"Odometer\"), of the combination.",
"**All\\-Night Ball:** The six players were awakened in their hotel rooms shortly after midnight and taken to a room where a [tetherball](/wiki/Tetherball \"Tetherball\") was suspended from the ceiling. The players must keep the ball in constant motion until 6:00 a.m., hitting the ball in the same order every time. At two points during the game, one player was allowed to return to bed. The third player to volunteer to go back to bed was offered an exemption by hitting the ball out of turn and forfeiting the game.\n{{clear}}",
"### Episode 10",
"",
"| \\+ Episode 10 recap \\- July 16, 2002 | \\+ Location: [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\"), Italy, [L'Aquila](/wiki/L%27Aquila \"L'Aquila\"), Italy, and [Santo Stefano di Sessanio](/wiki/Santo_Stefano_di_Sessanio \"Santo Stefano di Sessanio\"), Italy |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |\n| Buy and Sell | $0 $30,000",
"| Morality Game | $10,000 $10,000",
"| Evader | $100,000 $100,000",
"| **Current Pot** | **$486,000** $840,000",
"",
"",
"| \\+ Exemptions |\n| --- |\n| Al | During the Evader game, he succeeded as the Tracker |\n| {{n/a}} | Heather failed both times as the Evader |",
"",
"| \\+ Execution |\n| --- |\n| Bribs | 9th player executed |",
"**Buy and Sell:** Two players (Dorothy \\& Heather) volunteered as those who liked to shop and went to a [flea market](/wiki/Flea_market \"Flea market\") at the [Piazza del Duomo](/wiki/Piazza_del_Duomo%2C_L%27Aquila \"Piazza del Duomo, L'Aquila\") in [L'Aquila](/wiki/L%27Aquila \"L'Aquila\"). Given one hour and [₤](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\")200,000 to spend (roughly [$](/wiki/United_States_dollar \"United States dollar\")100\\), they were instructed to buy at least ten unique items, with the direction to drive as hard a bargain as they could. The three other players (Al, Bill, \\& Bribs) were then given two hours to sell the items the first two players bought and turn a profit.",
"**Morality Game:** In the midst of the selling portion of the above game, a townsperson stopped at the group's tent and dropped a book, with [₤](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\")20,000 sticking out. If the team returned the money (rather than using it in an attempt to aid their bottom line in the challenge), they earned $10,000\\.",
"**Evader:** The players took a vote as to which player other than themselves was most deserving of winning and which player was least likely to be the Mole. The deserving player (deemed the \"Evader\") was given a chance to earn an exemption by retrieving five out of nine thumbprints hidden along the streets of the small town of [Santo Stefano di Sessanio](/wiki/Santo_Stefano_di_Sessanio \"Santo Stefano di Sessanio\") within 30 minutes. The least suspicious player (deemed the \"Tracker\") was charged with finding that player and catching her, earning $50,000 for the group pot if successful. The other three players (deemed the \"Spotters\") could scout the evader and relay her movements to the Tracker, but the Tracker could not begin pursuit of the Evader until visual contact of the Evader was made. It was later discovered that the Tracker would also earn an exemption if he or she could catch the Evader. Two rounds of the game were played, both for either $50,000 or an exemption for the Evader. In the second round, the Tracker was switched and informed that if they caught the Evader, they would not also receive an exemption.\n{{clear}}",
"### Episode 11",
"",
"| \\+ Episode 11 recap \\- July 23, 2002 | \\+ Location: [L'Aquila](/wiki/L%27Aquila \"L'Aquila\"), Italy, and [Calascio](/wiki/Calascio \"Calascio\"), Italy |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |\n| High Card | $0 $100,000",
"| Truth or Lie? | $50,000 $50,000",
"| **Current Pot** | **$536,000** $990,000",
"",
"",
"| \\+ Exemptions |\n| --- |\n| {{n/a}} | Bill failed to spot the truth\\-teller in the liar game |",
"",
"| \\+ Execution |\n| --- |\n| Al | 10th player executed |",
"**High Card:** The players were taken to an unusual house in [Calascio](/wiki/Calascio \"Calascio\") dubbed \"Anderson's Funhouse\". Each player started the game with a $25,000 \"chip\". Players were then dealt one playing card. Whoever had the highest card had the choice of either adding the $25,000 chip to the pot or eliminating another player from the game. The last remaining player was allowed to leave and spend the night in the hotel; the others had to stay in the funhouse and participate in one of three rooms. One room had a large python inside and would go dark after a certain period; another contained a small cage from which cockroaches would drop onto the player and would also go dark towards the end of the player's stay; and the third was a brightly lit room containing a bubble machine, a bed frame (but no mattress), and a speaker system that played [Don Ho](/wiki/Don_Ho \"Don Ho\")'s \"[Tiny Bubbles](/wiki/Tiny_Bubbles \"Tiny Bubbles\")\" repeatedly and in varying manners (slow, backwards, sped up, stuttered, etc.) Each player had to remain in their rooms for a specific amount of time; leaving the room would forfeit the money earned in the card game.",
"**Truth or Lie?:** The player who had spent the night alone in the hotel (Bill) interrogated the three players (Al, Dorothy, and Heather) about their experiences in the funhouse. Two of the players were instructed to lie, and one was to tell the truth. The truth detector was shown a video clip of two of the three rooms but not who was in them and no other details. If the truth detector could correctly guess which player was telling the truth, he earned an exemption into the final round; otherwise, $50,000 was added to the pot.\n{{clear}}",
"### Episode 12",
"",
"| \\+ Episode 12 recap – July 30, 2002 | \\+ Location: [Calascio](/wiki/Calascio \"Calascio\"), Italy |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mission | Money earned | Possible earnings |\n| Three questions | $0 | $30,000 |\n| Top secret | $100,000 | $100,000 |\n| **Final Pot** | **$636,000** | $1,120,000 |",
"**Three Questions:** Each player filled out a questionnaire about the other two players. Each player took turns hiding inside a local residence in Calascio while the other two searched for him/her by predicting how the player answered three of the questions. If the duo answered all three questions right, the group earned $10,000\\.",
"**Top Secret:** Each player must race to a secret location. To get there, each player must locate a [GPS](/wiki/Global_Positioning_System \"Global Positioning System\"), found in three locations, which the players chose off a dessert menu. The first player to find their GPS and reach the secret location was given the choice to see a dossier of sensitive information about the Mole or refuse to look at it and instead add $100,000 to the pot.",
"The remaining players took the final quiz at the [Castle of Rocca Calascio](/wiki/Castle_of_Rocca_Calascio \"Castle of Rocca Calascio\"), and the winner was to be revealed the following week.",
"### Episode 13",
"The final episode of the season crowned the winner and revealed the Mole. A new format was used to reveal the final results. On their last day of filming, the three finalists took the final quiz; however, none of the three were informed of the results. They all went home not yet knowing who won.",
"About three months later, all of the previously executed players were reunited to watch the unveiling. The three finalists (who still were unaware of the results) were each placed behind a locked door. A key was inserted through each door, but only one key would open a door, that which belonged to the winner. After Dorothy's door opened, she was revealed as the winner. She then slipped a second key to the door belonging to the Mole, and Bill emerged. Heather settled for the runner\\-up position.",
"As was tradition, the remainder of the episode was spent detailing the ways the Mole had sabotaged the team, as well as explaining the clues littered throughout the episodes that home viewers were to use in order to figure out the Mole's identity.",
"Heather had first suspected Elavia as the Mole and formed a coalition with Katie. After Elavia took the $50,000 bribe to leave the game, Heather and Katie moved on to their next suspect, Dorothy. They tied for the lowest score on the next quiz; Katie finished 11 seconds slower than Heather and was executed. Shocked, Heather realized Dorothy could not be the mole and moved on to her third suspect, Bill. She tried forming a coalition with Dorothy during the \"Buy and Sell\" game. Heather did not know that she was one of Dorothy's top suspects. After convincing Dorothy that she would not backstab her, they targeted Bribs. Heather lied to Bribs about being the mole. She confused Bribs enough to split his vote on the quiz, thus executing him. Afterwards, they targeted Al, who was beginning to suspect Bill as the mole. Dorothy pretended to hesitate adding $25,000 to the pot during the \"Anderson's Fun House\" card game, enraging Al. Al then split his quiz between Bill and Dorothy (but claimed he suspected Dorothy during that round) and scored the lowest on the quiz. After Al was executed, Heather regretted forming a coalition with Dorothy because she now knew she was up against a well\\-prepared opponent. She broke down during the \"Evader\" and \"Top Secret\" games. Dorothy and Heather both took the final quiz and correctly identified Bill as the Mole. Dorothy bested Heather by one question.",
""
] |
Geography
---------
The district boundary was drawn to include the highest concentration of historic resources. The street plan dates to 1787 and the most recent historic building dates to 1940, making those years the period of significance. While some newer buildings are inevitably located within the area, the boundary, where possible, excluded significant mid and late 20th\-century buildings like the city hall, low\-income [housing projects](/wiki/Housing_project "Housing project"), and the [Uncle Sam Atrium](/wiki/Uncle_Sam_Atrium "Uncle Sam Atrium"), a large [shopping mall](/wiki/Shopping_mall "Shopping mall") downtown. All of the original five historic districts are included in full, along with other historic neighborhoods, for a total of 10% of the city's area.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), p. 11
[thumb\|250px \|left \|alt\=A map of the district shows its irregular shape, which extends roughly from Adams Street at the south to Grand Street at the north; and First Street, River Street, Front Street at the west to Third Street, Fourth Street, and Union Street at the east.\|Map of the district
{{Color box\|red\|border\=darkgray}} Current (single) district
{{Color box\|\#00FF00\|border\=darkgray}} Original districts](/wiki/File:Map_of_central_Troy_historic_district_2.svg "Map of central Troy historic district 2.svg")
It is centered around the axes of [US 4](/wiki/U.S._Route_4_in_New_York "U.S. Route 4 in New York") and [NY 2](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_2 "New York State Route 2"), both of which divide into [one\-way streets](/wiki/One-way_street "One-way street") (Third and Fourth, and Congress and Ferry, respectively) to facilitate traffic flow through the city. Monument Square, the center of Troy since the late 19th century, along with all the buildings around it (save for the late 20th\-century [brutalist](/wiki/Brutalism "Brutalism") City Hall, demolished in 2011{{cite news \|last\=Crowe \|first\=Kenneth \|title\=State cites Troy over City Hall demolition \|url\= http://www.timesunion.com/local/article/State\-cites\-Troy\-over\-City\-Hall\-demolition\-977535\.php \|access\-date\=13 August 2013\|newspaper\=Albany Times\-Union\|date\=January 26, 2011}}) are located within its northwestern corner. At its western end it is partially bounded by the [Hudson River](/wiki/Hudson_River "Hudson River") and the former River Street Historic District.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), pp. 4–5, 155
To the south it includes the older buildings of [Russell Sage College](/wiki/Russell_Sage_College "Russell Sage College"), Washington Square Park and the houses on Adams Street, the district's southern boundary. The mostly regular southeastern boundary follows Clinton Street until it reaches Ferry. Then it becomes ragged and irregular, reaching the district's northernmost extent at the former Grand Street Historic District. This extension allows it to include as well the Gurley Building and its surrounding neighborhood, formerly the Fifth Street\-Fulton Street Historic District.
To the east of the district [Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute](/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute") (RPI), Troy's most notable institution of higher learning, is situated on a low rise overlooking downtown. RPI has played an increasing role in the district in recent years, and now owns several notable buildings.
The entire district is densely developed, primarily residential in its northern and southern portions, with commercial [use](/wiki/Land_use "Land use") concentrated in central blocks near Monument Square. The only significant [open spaces](/wiki/Open_space_reserve "Open space reserve") within it are the one\-block Washington Park near its southern end and Seminary Park, the main [quad](/wiki/Quadrangle_%28architecture%29 "Quadrangle (architecture)") at Russell Sage. Most of the major streets and the central area of the district are lined with multi\-story dwellings that are primarily commercial but with a [mix](/wiki/Mixed-use_development "Mixed-use development") of office and residential space on their upper floors. On the side streets, there are smaller\-scale residential [townhouses](/wiki/Townhouse "Townhouse"). Institutional use is limited to Russell Sage, a few churches, RPI's buildings and governmental structures like the county courthouse and [post office](/wiki/U.S._Post_Office_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 "U.S. Post Office (Troy, New York)"). No industrial use, past or present, is within the district, with the notable exception of the Gurley Building, and even that has been scaled back in recent years.
### 2016 expansion
In 2014 the [State Historic Preservation Board](/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks%2C_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation "New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation") considered a boundary adjustment that removes a small area at the northeast corner but adds far more, primarily at the southeast. It would include a total of 200 new contributing properties and extend the district's period of significance to 1978, to take into account the city's [urban renewal](/wiki/Urban_renewal "Urban renewal") era. Most of the new areas had been found to be consistent with those already included in the district or accidentally excluded when the district was originally designated.LaFrank, 5–8 Two years later the [National Park Service](/wiki/National_Park_Service "National Park Service") officially approved the expansion.
The most significant change to the district is the extension on the southeast, to the boundary of the city's Eighth [Ward](/wiki/Wards_of_the_United_States "Wards of the United States") in 1870\. Between Adams and Ferry streets, three [blocks](/wiki/City_block "City block") would be added, with the new boundary following the west side of St. Mary's Avenue, excluding a newer house at the northwest corner of the Washington Avenue intersection, and then rear property lines to Kennedy Lane and Hill Street just south of Adams.LaFrank, 60 Two\-story [rowhouses](/wiki/Rowhouse "Rowhouse") predominate in this area, many built as worker housing during the 19th century, some as early as the [Federal](/wiki/Federal_style "Federal style") period. Some have intact storefronts. It also has the only significant industrial building in the proposed expanded district, the former Lusco Paper Works on the northwest corner of Fifth and Liberty streets. The area has begun to see some [restoration](/wiki/Building_restoration "Building restoration") efforts, such as some [Greek Revival](/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture "Greek Revival architecture") rowhouses on Liberty Street near Fourth, which will benefit from state [tax credits](/wiki/Tax_credit "Tax credit") should the area be added to the district.
On the west side the boundary would be extended a block, from First to River Street at the [Congress Street Bridge](/wiki/Congress_Street_Bridge "Congress Street Bridge") approaches, between Division and Ferry streets. This includes a large brick dorm complex built by [Russell Sage College](/wiki/Russell_Sage_College "Russell Sage College") (RSC) in the early 1960s. It was the college's last large\-scale construction project in the city; with its inclusion all of RSC would be within the district. To its south another proposed extension reaches across a small park on First to include the 1905 Beth Tephilah [synagogue](/wiki/Synagogue "Synagogue"), a [neoclassical](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture "Neoclassical architecture") brick structure that retains most of its integrity.
Two other changes take in other significant buildings. Along the north side of Ferry at the district's east, just north of the Eighth Ward addition, the boundary would be extended east, taking in another set of rowhouses on the west side of Fifth and the city's former jail and sheriff's office at the northeast corner of Ferry and Fifth. On the north, the [Uncle Sam Atrium](/wiki/Uncle_Sam_Atrium "Uncle Sam Atrium") shopping mall and parking garage complex, occupying most of the block between Broadway and Third, Fourth and Fulton streets would now be included. Built in 1978, it is the only significant example of [modern architecture](/wiki/Modern_architecture "Modern architecture") in the district and the last large\-scale project built in downtown Troy.
Other, smaller areas proposed for inclusion are a group of brick houses, some of them [blighted](/wiki/Urban_decay "Urban decay"), along the south side of Washington Street between First Street Alley and River; a rowhouse and [community garden](/wiki/Community_garden "Community garden") on the corners of Adams Street and Second Street Alley; and another group of rowhouses along the west side of Fifth Street between State and Congress Streets. The only areas proposed for removal are large portions of the blocks on the west side of Sixth Avenue on either side of Fulton. At the time the district was established, they were occupied by large industrial buildings, both of which were later demolished and replaced by parking lots.
|
[
"Geography\n---------",
"The district boundary was drawn to include the highest concentration of historic resources. The street plan dates to 1787 and the most recent historic building dates to 1940, making those years the period of significance. While some newer buildings are inevitably located within the area, the boundary, where possible, excluded significant mid and late 20th\\-century buildings like the city hall, low\\-income [housing projects](/wiki/Housing_project \"Housing project\"), and the [Uncle Sam Atrium](/wiki/Uncle_Sam_Atrium \"Uncle Sam Atrium\"), a large [shopping mall](/wiki/Shopping_mall \"Shopping mall\") downtown. All of the original five historic districts are included in full, along with other historic neighborhoods, for a total of 10% of the city's area.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), p. 11\n[thumb\\|250px \\|left \\|alt\\=A map of the district shows its irregular shape, which extends roughly from Adams Street at the south to Grand Street at the north; and First Street, River Street, Front Street at the west to Third Street, Fourth Street, and Union Street at the east.\\|Map of the district \n{{Color box\\|red\\|border\\=darkgray}} Current (single) district \n{{Color box\\|\\#00FF00\\|border\\=darkgray}} Original districts](/wiki/File:Map_of_central_Troy_historic_district_2.svg \"Map of central Troy historic district 2.svg\")\nIt is centered around the axes of [US 4](/wiki/U.S._Route_4_in_New_York \"U.S. Route 4 in New York\") and [NY 2](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_2 \"New York State Route 2\"), both of which divide into [one\\-way streets](/wiki/One-way_street \"One-way street\") (Third and Fourth, and Congress and Ferry, respectively) to facilitate traffic flow through the city. Monument Square, the center of Troy since the late 19th century, along with all the buildings around it (save for the late 20th\\-century [brutalist](/wiki/Brutalism \"Brutalism\") City Hall, demolished in 2011{{cite news \\|last\\=Crowe \\|first\\=Kenneth \\|title\\=State cites Troy over City Hall demolition \\|url\\= http://www.timesunion.com/local/article/State\\-cites\\-Troy\\-over\\-City\\-Hall\\-demolition\\-977535\\.php \\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2013\\|newspaper\\=Albany Times\\-Union\\|date\\=January 26, 2011}}) are located within its northwestern corner. At its western end it is partially bounded by the [Hudson River](/wiki/Hudson_River \"Hudson River\") and the former River Street Historic District.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), pp. 4–5, 155",
"To the south it includes the older buildings of [Russell Sage College](/wiki/Russell_Sage_College \"Russell Sage College\"), Washington Square Park and the houses on Adams Street, the district's southern boundary. The mostly regular southeastern boundary follows Clinton Street until it reaches Ferry. Then it becomes ragged and irregular, reaching the district's northernmost extent at the former Grand Street Historic District. This extension allows it to include as well the Gurley Building and its surrounding neighborhood, formerly the Fifth Street\\-Fulton Street Historic District.",
"To the east of the district [Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute](/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute \"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute\") (RPI), Troy's most notable institution of higher learning, is situated on a low rise overlooking downtown. RPI has played an increasing role in the district in recent years, and now owns several notable buildings.",
"The entire district is densely developed, primarily residential in its northern and southern portions, with commercial [use](/wiki/Land_use \"Land use\") concentrated in central blocks near Monument Square. The only significant [open spaces](/wiki/Open_space_reserve \"Open space reserve\") within it are the one\\-block Washington Park near its southern end and Seminary Park, the main [quad](/wiki/Quadrangle_%28architecture%29 \"Quadrangle (architecture)\") at Russell Sage. Most of the major streets and the central area of the district are lined with multi\\-story dwellings that are primarily commercial but with a [mix](/wiki/Mixed-use_development \"Mixed-use development\") of office and residential space on their upper floors. On the side streets, there are smaller\\-scale residential [townhouses](/wiki/Townhouse \"Townhouse\"). Institutional use is limited to Russell Sage, a few churches, RPI's buildings and governmental structures like the county courthouse and [post office](/wiki/U.S._Post_Office_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 \"U.S. Post Office (Troy, New York)\"). No industrial use, past or present, is within the district, with the notable exception of the Gurley Building, and even that has been scaled back in recent years.",
"### 2016 expansion",
"In 2014 the [State Historic Preservation Board](/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks%2C_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation \"New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation\") considered a boundary adjustment that removes a small area at the northeast corner but adds far more, primarily at the southeast. It would include a total of 200 new contributing properties and extend the district's period of significance to 1978, to take into account the city's [urban renewal](/wiki/Urban_renewal \"Urban renewal\") era. Most of the new areas had been found to be consistent with those already included in the district or accidentally excluded when the district was originally designated.LaFrank, 5–8 Two years later the [National Park Service](/wiki/National_Park_Service \"National Park Service\") officially approved the expansion.",
"The most significant change to the district is the extension on the southeast, to the boundary of the city's Eighth [Ward](/wiki/Wards_of_the_United_States \"Wards of the United States\") in 1870\\. Between Adams and Ferry streets, three [blocks](/wiki/City_block \"City block\") would be added, with the new boundary following the west side of St. Mary's Avenue, excluding a newer house at the northwest corner of the Washington Avenue intersection, and then rear property lines to Kennedy Lane and Hill Street just south of Adams.LaFrank, 60 Two\\-story [rowhouses](/wiki/Rowhouse \"Rowhouse\") predominate in this area, many built as worker housing during the 19th century, some as early as the [Federal](/wiki/Federal_style \"Federal style\") period. Some have intact storefronts. It also has the only significant industrial building in the proposed expanded district, the former Lusco Paper Works on the northwest corner of Fifth and Liberty streets. The area has begun to see some [restoration](/wiki/Building_restoration \"Building restoration\") efforts, such as some [Greek Revival](/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture \"Greek Revival architecture\") rowhouses on Liberty Street near Fourth, which will benefit from state [tax credits](/wiki/Tax_credit \"Tax credit\") should the area be added to the district.",
"On the west side the boundary would be extended a block, from First to River Street at the [Congress Street Bridge](/wiki/Congress_Street_Bridge \"Congress Street Bridge\") approaches, between Division and Ferry streets. This includes a large brick dorm complex built by [Russell Sage College](/wiki/Russell_Sage_College \"Russell Sage College\") (RSC) in the early 1960s. It was the college's last large\\-scale construction project in the city; with its inclusion all of RSC would be within the district. To its south another proposed extension reaches across a small park on First to include the 1905 Beth Tephilah [synagogue](/wiki/Synagogue \"Synagogue\"), a [neoclassical](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture \"Neoclassical architecture\") brick structure that retains most of its integrity.",
"Two other changes take in other significant buildings. Along the north side of Ferry at the district's east, just north of the Eighth Ward addition, the boundary would be extended east, taking in another set of rowhouses on the west side of Fifth and the city's former jail and sheriff's office at the northeast corner of Ferry and Fifth. On the north, the [Uncle Sam Atrium](/wiki/Uncle_Sam_Atrium \"Uncle Sam Atrium\") shopping mall and parking garage complex, occupying most of the block between Broadway and Third, Fourth and Fulton streets would now be included. Built in 1978, it is the only significant example of [modern architecture](/wiki/Modern_architecture \"Modern architecture\") in the district and the last large\\-scale project built in downtown Troy.",
"Other, smaller areas proposed for inclusion are a group of brick houses, some of them [blighted](/wiki/Urban_decay \"Urban decay\"), along the south side of Washington Street between First Street Alley and River; a rowhouse and [community garden](/wiki/Community_garden \"Community garden\") on the corners of Adams Street and Second Street Alley; and another group of rowhouses along the west side of Fifth Street between State and Congress Streets. The only areas proposed for removal are large portions of the blocks on the west side of Sixth Avenue on either side of Fulton. At the time the district was established, they were occupied by large industrial buildings, both of which were later demolished and replaced by parking lots.",
""
] |
### 2016 expansion
In 2014 the [State Historic Preservation Board](/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks%2C_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation "New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation") considered a boundary adjustment that removes a small area at the northeast corner but adds far more, primarily at the southeast. It would include a total of 200 new contributing properties and extend the district's period of significance to 1978, to take into account the city's [urban renewal](/wiki/Urban_renewal "Urban renewal") era. Most of the new areas had been found to be consistent with those already included in the district or accidentally excluded when the district was originally designated.LaFrank, 5–8 Two years later the [National Park Service](/wiki/National_Park_Service "National Park Service") officially approved the expansion.
The most significant change to the district is the extension on the southeast, to the boundary of the city's Eighth [Ward](/wiki/Wards_of_the_United_States "Wards of the United States") in 1870\. Between Adams and Ferry streets, three [blocks](/wiki/City_block "City block") would be added, with the new boundary following the west side of St. Mary's Avenue, excluding a newer house at the northwest corner of the Washington Avenue intersection, and then rear property lines to Kennedy Lane and Hill Street just south of Adams.LaFrank, 60 Two\-story [rowhouses](/wiki/Rowhouse "Rowhouse") predominate in this area, many built as worker housing during the 19th century, some as early as the [Federal](/wiki/Federal_style "Federal style") period. Some have intact storefronts. It also has the only significant industrial building in the proposed expanded district, the former Lusco Paper Works on the northwest corner of Fifth and Liberty streets. The area has begun to see some [restoration](/wiki/Building_restoration "Building restoration") efforts, such as some [Greek Revival](/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture "Greek Revival architecture") rowhouses on Liberty Street near Fourth, which will benefit from state [tax credits](/wiki/Tax_credit "Tax credit") should the area be added to the district.
On the west side the boundary would be extended a block, from First to River Street at the [Congress Street Bridge](/wiki/Congress_Street_Bridge "Congress Street Bridge") approaches, between Division and Ferry streets. This includes a large brick dorm complex built by [Russell Sage College](/wiki/Russell_Sage_College "Russell Sage College") (RSC) in the early 1960s. It was the college's last large\-scale construction project in the city; with its inclusion all of RSC would be within the district. To its south another proposed extension reaches across a small park on First to include the 1905 Beth Tephilah [synagogue](/wiki/Synagogue "Synagogue"), a [neoclassical](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture "Neoclassical architecture") brick structure that retains most of its integrity.
Two other changes take in other significant buildings. Along the north side of Ferry at the district's east, just north of the Eighth Ward addition, the boundary would be extended east, taking in another set of rowhouses on the west side of Fifth and the city's former jail and sheriff's office at the northeast corner of Ferry and Fifth. On the north, the [Uncle Sam Atrium](/wiki/Uncle_Sam_Atrium "Uncle Sam Atrium") shopping mall and parking garage complex, occupying most of the block between Broadway and Third, Fourth and Fulton streets would now be included. Built in 1978, it is the only significant example of [modern architecture](/wiki/Modern_architecture "Modern architecture") in the district and the last large\-scale project built in downtown Troy.
Other, smaller areas proposed for inclusion are a group of brick houses, some of them [blighted](/wiki/Urban_decay "Urban decay"), along the south side of Washington Street between First Street Alley and River; a rowhouse and [community garden](/wiki/Community_garden "Community garden") on the corners of Adams Street and Second Street Alley; and another group of rowhouses along the west side of Fifth Street between State and Congress Streets. The only areas proposed for removal are large portions of the blocks on the west side of Sixth Avenue on either side of Fulton. At the time the district was established, they were occupied by large industrial buildings, both of which were later demolished and replaced by parking lots.
|
[
"### 2016 expansion",
"In 2014 the [State Historic Preservation Board](/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks%2C_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation \"New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation\") considered a boundary adjustment that removes a small area at the northeast corner but adds far more, primarily at the southeast. It would include a total of 200 new contributing properties and extend the district's period of significance to 1978, to take into account the city's [urban renewal](/wiki/Urban_renewal \"Urban renewal\") era. Most of the new areas had been found to be consistent with those already included in the district or accidentally excluded when the district was originally designated.LaFrank, 5–8 Two years later the [National Park Service](/wiki/National_Park_Service \"National Park Service\") officially approved the expansion.",
"The most significant change to the district is the extension on the southeast, to the boundary of the city's Eighth [Ward](/wiki/Wards_of_the_United_States \"Wards of the United States\") in 1870\\. Between Adams and Ferry streets, three [blocks](/wiki/City_block \"City block\") would be added, with the new boundary following the west side of St. Mary's Avenue, excluding a newer house at the northwest corner of the Washington Avenue intersection, and then rear property lines to Kennedy Lane and Hill Street just south of Adams.LaFrank, 60 Two\\-story [rowhouses](/wiki/Rowhouse \"Rowhouse\") predominate in this area, many built as worker housing during the 19th century, some as early as the [Federal](/wiki/Federal_style \"Federal style\") period. Some have intact storefronts. It also has the only significant industrial building in the proposed expanded district, the former Lusco Paper Works on the northwest corner of Fifth and Liberty streets. The area has begun to see some [restoration](/wiki/Building_restoration \"Building restoration\") efforts, such as some [Greek Revival](/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture \"Greek Revival architecture\") rowhouses on Liberty Street near Fourth, which will benefit from state [tax credits](/wiki/Tax_credit \"Tax credit\") should the area be added to the district.",
"On the west side the boundary would be extended a block, from First to River Street at the [Congress Street Bridge](/wiki/Congress_Street_Bridge \"Congress Street Bridge\") approaches, between Division and Ferry streets. This includes a large brick dorm complex built by [Russell Sage College](/wiki/Russell_Sage_College \"Russell Sage College\") (RSC) in the early 1960s. It was the college's last large\\-scale construction project in the city; with its inclusion all of RSC would be within the district. To its south another proposed extension reaches across a small park on First to include the 1905 Beth Tephilah [synagogue](/wiki/Synagogue \"Synagogue\"), a [neoclassical](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture \"Neoclassical architecture\") brick structure that retains most of its integrity.",
"Two other changes take in other significant buildings. Along the north side of Ferry at the district's east, just north of the Eighth Ward addition, the boundary would be extended east, taking in another set of rowhouses on the west side of Fifth and the city's former jail and sheriff's office at the northeast corner of Ferry and Fifth. On the north, the [Uncle Sam Atrium](/wiki/Uncle_Sam_Atrium \"Uncle Sam Atrium\") shopping mall and parking garage complex, occupying most of the block between Broadway and Third, Fourth and Fulton streets would now be included. Built in 1978, it is the only significant example of [modern architecture](/wiki/Modern_architecture \"Modern architecture\") in the district and the last large\\-scale project built in downtown Troy.",
"Other, smaller areas proposed for inclusion are a group of brick houses, some of them [blighted](/wiki/Urban_decay \"Urban decay\"), along the south side of Washington Street between First Street Alley and River; a rowhouse and [community garden](/wiki/Community_garden \"Community garden\") on the corners of Adams Street and Second Street Alley; and another group of rowhouses along the west side of Fifth Street between State and Congress Streets. The only areas proposed for removal are large portions of the blocks on the west side of Sixth Avenue on either side of Fulton. At the time the district was established, they were occupied by large industrial buildings, both of which were later demolished and replaced by parking lots.",
""
] |
History
-------
The history of the Central Troy Historic District is, particularly in its earlier years, the history of Troy itself. Until the later 19th century, the present downtown area *was* the city. Two devastating fires, along with changes in the economy brought about by [industrialization](/wiki/Industrialization "Industrialization"), shaped the district into today's architecturally diverse downtown.
### Pre\-industrial years
[thumb\|right\|Antique District on River Street](/wiki/File:RiverStreetTroy.jpg "RiverStreetTroy.jpg")
Prior to [independence](/wiki/American_independence "American independence"), there had only been a few scattered [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_American "Dutch American") farmers [settled](/wiki/Manor_of_Rensselaerswyck "Manor of Rensselaerswyck") on the Hudson above Albany. In 1787, a group of [New Englanders](/wiki/New_England "New England") headed west and persuaded one Jacob Vanderhyden to sell them a large tract which they then [subdivided](/wiki/Land_subdivision "Land subdivision") and named Troy.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), p. 138 The dividing line between two of the family's farms was called Grand Division Street, later shortened to Grand Street.{{Cite web\|last\=Waite\|first\=Diana\|title\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, Grand Street Historic District\|url\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7612\|publisher\=\[\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]\|pages\=6\|date\=March 1972\|access\-date\=2008\-11\-03\|quote\=Formerly called Grand Division Street, the thoroughfare once formed the boundary between the northern and middle farms of Dirk Van der Hyden, one of the earliest settlers of the Troy area.\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420094138/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7612\|archive\-date\=2012\-04\-20\|url\-status\=dead}}
They based its grid\-like street plan on [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia")'s, with numbered north\-south streets running inland from the river after River Street, the city's first commercial center. Lots there, at the time, ran all the way to the river's waterline, giving their owners the unusual advantage of river and street frontage. The sloping bluff also allowed them to build multi\-story [warehouses](/wiki/Warehouse "Warehouse") and [granaries](/wiki/Granary "Granary") closer to the unloading points along the river.{{cite web \|last\=Vanderlipp\-Manley \|first\=Doris \|title\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, River Street Historic District \|url\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7629 \|publisher\=\[\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] \|pages\=5 \|access\-date\=2008\-10\-29 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420094031/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7629 \|archive\-date\=2012\-04\-20 \|url\-status\=dead }}
In 1793, the new settlement was designated the [Rensselaer County](/wiki/Rensselaer_County%2C_New_York "Rensselaer County, New York") [seat](/wiki/County_seat "County seat"). Two years later, the visiting [Duke de la Rochefoucauld](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric%2C_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt "François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt") noted the "neat and numerous houses" and active businesses engaged in river\-based trade. "The sight of this activity is truly charming", he said, in one of the earliest published descriptions of the city. In 1798 Troy [incorporated](/wiki/Municipal_corporation "Municipal corporation") as a [village](/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York%23Village "Administrative divisions of New York#Village").Weise, Arthur James; *Troy's One Hundred Years*; William H. Brown, Troy, New York; 1891; 44, cited at [Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), p. 138
[200px\|left\|thumb\|alt\=A map engraved in 1880 shows the fire damage that spread from the Hudson River to the east to First Street to the west; and Congress Street to the south to the Hudson River to the north (the river travels north then bends east).\|Map of 1820 fire damage](/wiki/File:Fire_1820.png "Fire 1820.png")
The village's population more than tripled in the first 15 years of the new century, leading it to reincorporate as a [city](/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York%23City "Administrative divisions of New York#City") in 1816\.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), p. 140 With River Street getting built out, [banks](/wiki/Bank "Bank") began taking advantage of the street plan and locating on First Street, previously a residential area. By 1807, another visitor from abroad, British painter John Lambert, described a town that had already grown considerably from what de la Rochefoucauld saw a dozen years earlier:
{{blockquote\|Troy is a well built town, consisting chiefly of one street of handsome red brick houses... There are two or three short streets which branch off from the main one, but it is in the latter that all of the principal stores, warehouses and shops are situated. It also contains several excellent inns and taverns. The houses are all new and lofty and built with much taste and simplicity, though convenience and accommodation seem to have guided the architect more than ornament. The deep red bricks, well pointed, give the buildings an air of neatness and cleanliness seldom met in old towns.Weise, cited at \[\[\#Peckham\|Peckham]], p. 139}}
Little of that Troy remains due to an 1820 fire which started in a First Street [stable](/wiki/Stable "Stable") and eventually consumed much of the extant village. A column at 225 River Street bears a stone indicating that this was where the fire was stopped after it had gone on for weeks.Vanderlipp\-Manley, *River Street*, 6\. "The disaster is recalled by an inscription carved into the northernmost column of No. 225: 'The destructive fire of 20 June 1820 arrested at this point.'" Unlike [its classical namesake](/wiki/Troy "Troy"), Troy rebuilt quickly, with newer [brick](/wiki/Brick "Brick") homes and commercial buildings, built to stricter standards, replacing the old ones and expanding again. The [Hart\-Cluett Mansion](/wiki/Hart-Cluett_Mansion "Hart-Cluett Mansion"), an 1827 [Federal style](/wiki/Federal_style "Federal style") house on Second Street, is one of the best surviving buildings from this era. Although it was previously attributed to [Philip Hooker](/wiki/Philip_Hooker "Philip Hooker"), new research has determined that the house's architect was Martin Euclid Thompson and the builder was John Bard Colegrove.{{cite web \|last\=Brooke \|first\=Cornelia \|title\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, Hart\-Cluett Mansion \|url\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7616 \|publisher\=\[\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] \|date\=September 1971 \|access\-date\=2008\-11\-01 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210082910/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7616 \|archive\-date\=2011\-12\-10 }}
[thumb\|right\|[Hart\-Cluett Mansion](/wiki/Hart-Cluett_Mansion "Hart-Cluett Mansion")](/wiki/Image:RensCoHistSoc.jpg "RensCoHistSoc.jpg")
### Industrialization and growth
In 1824, a [gazetteer](/wiki/Gazetteer "Gazetteer") of the state echoed earlier accounts in calling River Street "the mart of business".Cited at Vanderlipp\-Manley, 5\. The same year, RPI was founded on the hill to the east of downtown, to train engineers for the city's burgeoning industrial sector.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), p. 141 The relationship between the city and university would later become significant in preserving the historic district.
This growth would continue due to transportation improvements in the 1820s. Troy's businessmen had already built a [turnpike](/wiki/Toll_road "Toll road") to [Schenectady](/wiki/Schenectady%2C_New_York "Schenectady, New York"), the path followed today by Route 2 from Troy to [Colonie](/wiki/Colonie%2C_New_York "Colonie, New York").{{cite book\|author\=George Rogers Howell\|title\=History of the County of Schenectady, N.Y., from 1662 to 1886 \|publisher\=W.W. Munsell and Co. Publishers\|year\=1886}} These trade routes were enhanced by the [Erie](/wiki/Erie_Canal "Erie Canal") and [Champlain](/wiki/Champlain_Canal "Champlain Canal") [canals](/wiki/Canal "Canal"),[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), pp. 140–41 "Beginning in 1825, Troy's natural transportation advantage at the head of practical river navigation was amplified by the completion of the Erie and Champlain canals, connected to Troy by way of the Watervliet Side Cut." which opened new markets to the north and west, while the Troy Steamboat Company's debut did likewise for the south. The access to [iron ore](/wiki/Iron_ore "Iron ore") mines in the [Adirondack Mountains](/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains "Adirondack Mountains") also got some local businessmen into [iron refining](/wiki/Iron%23Industrial_production "Iron#Industrial production"). In 1835 the [Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad](/wiki/Rensselaer_and_Saratoga_Railroad "Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad") brought that technology to the city, and in 1842 the completion of the [Schenectady and Troy Railroad](/wiki/Schenectady_and_Troy_Railroad "Schenectady and Troy Railroad") linked Troy to the vast network that reached as far west as [Buffalo](/wiki/Buffalo%2C_New_York "Buffalo, New York").
The stage was set for Troy's [industrialization](/wiki/Industrialization "Industrialization"). The development of the [detachable collar](/wiki/Detachable_collar "Detachable collar") by Hannah Lord Montague in 1827 had given the city the product that still lends it its "Collar City" nickname.{{cite web\|last\=Rittner\|first\=Don\|title\=The Collar City\|url\=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/\~nyrensse/article11\.htm\|publisher\=\[\[rootsweb.com]]\|work\=Troy Record\|access\-date\=2008\-12\-21\|quote\=Mrs. Montague, tired of washing her husband's shirts because only the collars were dirty, decided one day to snip off a collar, wash it, and sew it back on. Mr. Montague, it's written, agreed to the experiment, and in 1827, the first detachable collar was made at their home ... By the early 20th century, 15,000 people worked in the collar industry in Troy, and more than 85% were native\-born women. Ninety out of every 100 collars worn in America were made here, and Troy became world famous as the 'Collar City.'}} Plants were built to manufacture them commercially, as well as [cuffs](/wiki/Cuff "Cuff") and other [textile](/wiki/Textile "Textile") products. Most of these were located to the north of the downtown area, as it was continuing to grow as the city's commercial district and residential area for the well\-to\-do of the time along Second Street.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), pp. 142–44
With the newer money and newer neighborhoods came newer architectural trends. [St. Paul's Episcopal Church](/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Episcopal_Church_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 "St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Troy, New York)"), built in 1827, is an early [Gothic Revival](/wiki/Gothic_Revival "Gothic Revival") church, based on [Ithiel Town](/wiki/Ithiel_Town "Ithiel Town")'s Trinity Church in [New Haven](/wiki/New_Haven%2C_Connecticut "New Haven, Connecticut"), [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut "Connecticut"). Eight years later, Town himself would design the [Cannon Building](/wiki/Cannon_Building_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 "Cannon Building (Troy, New York)") in collaboration with [Alexander Jackson Davis](/wiki/Alexander_Jackson_Davis "Alexander Jackson Davis").[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), p. 142
Greek Revival residences were first built in Troy along Second Street in the late 1820s. In 1839, six local businessmen bought a parcel of land between Second and Third at the south end of what was then the developed area of the city and created Washington Park. Modeled on contemporary [British residential squares](/wiki/Squares_in_London "Squares in London") such as [those](/wiki/Bloomsbury%23Parks_and_squares "Bloomsbury#Parks and squares") found in [London](/wiki/London "London")'s [Bloomsbury](/wiki/Bloomsbury "Bloomsbury") neighborhoods,{{cite web\|last\=Waite\|first\=Diana\|title\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, Washington Park Historic District\|url\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7663\|publisher\=\[\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]\|date\=April 1973\|access\-date\=2008\-10\-31\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420094040/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7663\|archive\-date\=2012\-04\-20\|url\-status\=dead}} its first phase, on Washington Place, featured rows of [townhouses](/wiki/Townhouse "Townhouse") with a unified [facade](/wiki/Facade "Facade") fronting on a park reserved exclusively for residents, whose [deeds](/wiki/Deed "Deed") require a monthly maintenance fee. It retains its integrity despite some later alterations and damage and is one of only two privately owned urban parks in New York.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), p. 14[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), p. 143{{cite news\|last\=Grondahl\|first\=Paul\|title\=The Other Washington Park Continues to Flower With Pride\|url\=http://archives.timesunion.com/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage\&imageid\=5516134\|publisher\=\[\[Hearst Corporation]]\|work\=\[\[Albany Times\-Union]]\|date\=July 7, 1998\|access\-date\=June 11, 2009\|quote\=Washington Park in Troy is one of only two private residential urban parks in New York state}}{{Dead link\|date\=June 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
[300px\|left\|thumb\|Rowhouses on Washington Place, at Washington Park](/wiki/File:WashingtonParkTroy.jpg "WashingtonParkTroy.jpg")
In 1843, another group of planned [Greek Revival](/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture "Greek Revival architecture") townhouses was built at 160\-168 Second Street. Unusual for urban houses, they featured one\-and\-a\-half\-story [porticos](/wiki/Portico "Portico") on their front facades, with [Ionic](/wiki/Ionic_order "Ionic order") [columns](/wiki/Column "Column"), and (originally) side yards. Another house was built at 170, several years later, in a similar style. They were widely imitated elsewhere in the city.
The city's industries reached their peak in the 1850s, and the wealth it created explored new architectural trends. The emerging [Italianate](/wiki/Italianate_architecture "Italianate architecture") style began to make its mark, particularly in commercial buildings around Monument Square and along "Bankers' Row", First between State and River. St. Paul's Place was built around 1850 on the south side of State between Fourth and Fifth. Following the dictates of the Washington Park\-area deeds, the houses were built with a unified facade as well as a central [parapet](/wiki/Parapet "Parapet"). [The Uri Gilbert Mansion](/wiki/The_Uri_Gilbert_Mansion "The Uri Gilbert Mansion") on Second Street west of Washington Park is the most significant detached [Italianate](/wiki/Italianate_architecture "Italianate architecture") home from that era.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), p. 145
[thumb\|right\|Grand Street rowhouses built in wake of 1862 fire](/wiki/File:Grand_Street%2C_Troy%2C_NY.jpg "Grand Street, Troy, NY.jpg")
[Russell Sage](/wiki/Russell_Sage "Russell Sage") built a row of [Gothic Revival](/wiki/Gothic_Revival "Gothic Revival") houses on Second Street in 1846 that survives, albeit without some of their original ornamentation. On the edges of town, some architects began exploring that style's [Picturesque](/wiki/Picturesque "Picturesque") mode. A new row of townhouses at Washington Park went up, and another Second Street row followed in 1855\. The following year, St. John's Episcopal Church, at First and Liberty Streets, was the first use of that style for a city church.
During the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"), Troy's industries played a key role in supporting the [Union](/wiki/Union_%28American_Civil_War%29 "Union (American Civil War)") cause. The [Burden Ironworks](/wiki/Burden_Ironworks "Burden Ironworks") is said to have supplied all the [Union Army](/wiki/Union_Army "Union Army")'s [horseshoes](/wiki/Horseshoe "Horseshoe"), and another local ironworks supplied the *[USS Monitor](/wiki/USS_Monitor "USS Monitor")**s [hull plating](/wiki/Ironclad_warship "Ironclad warship"). Its owners would later produce the first [Bessemer process](/wiki/Bessemer_process "Bessemer process") steel in the United States after the war.***
In 1862 Troy suffered another [major fire](/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Troy "Great Fire of Troy"), the worst in its history. A [locomotive](/wiki/Locomotive "Locomotive")'s spark ignited the wooden [Green Island](/wiki/Green_Island%2C_New_York "Green Island, New York") [drawbridge](/wiki/Drawbridge "Drawbridge") that existed at the time, and when that could not be contained to the bridge it spread to the east, ultimately devastating 507 buildings over a 16\-block area. As before, the city rebuilt quickly, with the area along Fifth between Broadway and Grant Street, where Cummings built a row of houses between Fifth and Sixth, most strongly reflecting this era of rapid construction and reconstruction. The Gurley Building, too, rose in just eight months from the ashes of its predecessor.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), p. 146 The nearby neighborhood also became desirable, with many local businessmen moving into newly built homes along Fifth.{{cite web \|last\=Waite \|first\=Diana \|title\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, Fifth Avenue\-Fulton Avenue Historic District \|url\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7609 \|publisher\=\[\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] \|date\=December 1969 \|page\=28 \|access\-date\=December 21, 2008 \|archive\-date\=April 20, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420094414/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7609 \|url\-status\=dead }}
### Postwar prosperity
[thumb\|right\|upright\=.8\|Rice Building and River Street](/wiki/File:Rice_Building_and_River_Street%2C_Troy_NY.jpg "Rice Building and River Street, Troy NY.jpg")
As the postwar years yielded to the [Gilded Age](/wiki/Gilded_Age "Gilded Age"), Troy's prosperity continued. The wealth created by its industries built some of the city's most notable [Victorian](/wiki/Victorian_architecture "Victorian architecture") buildings. [Frederick Clarke Withers](/wiki/Frederick_Clarke_Withers "Frederick Clarke Withers") designed First Street's [Rice Building](/wiki/Rice_Building "Rice Building") in 1871, a five\-story flatiron\-shaped building representative of his [Victorian Gothic](/wiki/Victorian_Gothic "Victorian Gothic") style.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), pp. 146–47 The Cannon Building got a contemporary [mansard roof](/wiki/Mansard_roof "Mansard roof") after two fires. Cummings' 1870 [Congregation Berith Sholom](/wiki/Congregation_Berith_Sholom "Congregation Berith Sholom") Temple on Third Street is among the [oldest synagogue buildings](/wiki/Oldest_synagogues_in_the_United_States "Oldest synagogues in the United States") still standing in the United States,{{cite journal \|last1\=Gordon \|first1\=Mark \|title\=Rediscovering Jewish Infrastructure: Update on United States Nineteenth Century Synagogues \|journal\=American Jewish History \|date\=1996 \|volume\=84 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=11–27 \|id\={{Project MUSE\|379}} {{ProQuest\|1296121382}} \|doi\=10\.1353/ajh.1996\.0013 \|jstor\=23885494 \|s2cid\=162276183 }} the [oldest](/wiki/Oldest_synagogues_in_the_United_States "Oldest synagogues in the United States") [Reform](/wiki/Reform_Judaism "Reform Judaism") [synagogue](/wiki/Synagogue "Synagogue") in New York, and one of the most significant religious buildings in the district from this period. In 1875, [George B. Post](/wiki/George_B._Post "George B. Post") won a competition to build a new home for the [Troy Savings Bank](/wiki/Troy_Savings_Bank "Troy Savings Bank"), with an upstairs [auditorium](/wiki/Auditorium "Auditorium"). While his building was in the [Renaissance Revival](/wiki/Neo-Renaissance "Neo-Renaissance") style of the time, its forms and decorations anticipated his later work in the [Beaux\-Arts](/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture "Beaux-Arts architecture") vein.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), p. 147Pitt, Carolyn; {{NHLS url\|id\=89001066\|title\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, Troy Savings Bank}}, undated, retrieved January 8, 2009\.
{{multiple image
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The [Panic of 1873](/wiki/Panic_of_1873 "Panic of 1873") put a damper on this growth, and in the interim the city's steel industry began to decline, squeezed by [competition](/wiki/Competition_%28economics%29 "Competition (economics)") from newer, more efficient producers in [Western Pennsylvania](/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania "Western Pennsylvania") and the [Midwest](/wiki/Midwest "Midwest") on one side and [labor unrest](/wiki/Labor_unrest "Labor unrest") at home. But the textile industry remained strong, and even grew. Accordingly, its residents continued to embrace new movements in architecture. The 1880 pharmacy building at 137 Second Street featured a highly decorated [cast iron](/wiki/Cast_iron "Cast iron") storefront and curved windows showing the influence of the [Queen Anne Style](/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States "Queen Anne style architecture in the United States"). Further down Second Street, industrialist Jonas Heartt's house built that same year is one of the best residential applications of the same style.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), p. 148 "Infill residential construction on some of Troy's older streets also illustrates the \[Queen Anne] style. One of the best examples in the historic district is the Jonas Heartt house at 169 Second Street in Washington Park."
Cummings explored the [Richardsonian Romanesque](/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque "Richardsonian Romanesque") mode in several of his buildings at Russell Sage. The Paine Mansion at 49 Second Street applied the same style, with [arcaded](/wiki/Arcade_%28architecture%29 "Arcade (architecture)") entrance [loggia](/wiki/Loggia "Loggia") and corner tower, to a home. The brick drugstore annex at 155\-157 River Street is a particularly representative commercial example of the style.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), p. 149 In 1893 the [World's Columbian Exposition](/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition "World's Columbian Exposition") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") popularized the [Classical](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture "Neoclassical architecture") and [Renaissance](/wiki/Neo-Renaissance "Neo-Renaissance") revivals and Beaux\-Arts style. They came to Troy very quickly when Marcus Cummings and his son Frederick designed the [Classical Revival](/wiki/Neoclassicism "Neoclassicism") county courthouse at 80 Second Street, the third to occupy the site, the following year. A short distance away three years later, the Renaissance Revival [Hart Memorial Library](/wiki/Troy_Public_Library "Troy Public Library") was built of [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont "Vermont") [marble](/wiki/Marble "Marble"), joining the similarly styled 1895 Frear Mansion, also on Second Street.
As the 20th century dawned, builders and architects concentrated their efforts in the northern half of the district, primarily on commercial structures as the downtown area was no longer popular as a place for new residences. Monument Square, created in 1891 when a statue of [Columbia](/wiki/Columbia_%28name%29 "Columbia (name)") was erected atop the [Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument](/wiki/Soldiers_and_Sailors_Monument_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 "Soldiers and Sailors Monument (Troy, New York)") in the triangular area formed by the intersection of Broadway, River and Second streets, became a new focal point of development.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), p. 150 There the [McCarthy Building](/wiki/McCarthy_Building_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 "McCarthy Building (Troy, New York)") on Monument Square, and the similar [National State Bank](/wiki/National_State_Bank_Building "National State Bank Building") and [Ilium](/wiki/Ilium_Building "Ilium Building") buildings on Broadway, all built in 1904, show the decorative influence of the era's revival styles.{{cite web\|last\=Waite\|first\=Diana\|title\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, McCarthy Building\|url\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7623\|publisher\=\[\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]\|date\=December 1969\|access\-date\=2008\-11\-06\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210080032/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7623\|archive\-date\=2011\-12\-10}}{{cite web\|last\=Liebs\|first\=Chester\|title\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, National State Bank Building\|url\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7626\|publisher\=\[\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]\|date\=May 1970\|access\-date\=2008\-11\-01\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210075826/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7626\|archive\-date\=2011\-12\-10\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite web\|last\=Liebs\|first\=Chester\|title\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, Ilium Building\|url\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7620\|publisher\=\[\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]\|date\=May 1970\|access\-date\=2008\-11\-11\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210082435/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7620\|archive\-date\=2011\-12\-10\|url\-status\=dead}}[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), p. 151 [Proctor's Theater](/wiki/Proctor%27s_Theater_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 "Proctor's Theater (Troy, New York)"), ten years later on Fourth Street, continued the tradition.{{Cite web\|last\=Powers\|first\=Robert\|title\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, Proctor's Theater\|url\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=11276\|publisher\=\[\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]\|date\=May 1979\|access\-date\=2008\-10\-28\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210075243/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=11276\|archive\-date\=2011\-12\-10\|url\-status\=dead}}
Other architects chose the era's simpler styles, like [Arts and Crafts](/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement%23In_the_United_States "Arts and Crafts Movement#In the United States"), as a contrast. The marble\-and\-brick 1905 YMCA building on Second Street, and the six\-story Caldwell Apartments at State and Second streets are two of the district's best examples of that style. The latter building, built in 1907, was also the first large\-scale [apartment](/wiki/Apartment "Apartment") building in the city.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), pp. 151–52 The [Colonial Revival](/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture "Colonial Revival architecture") style would also leave its mark in Troy with several buildings. Most notable among them is the Hendrick Hudson Hotel on the east side of Monument Square, a six\-story structure that was the largest building ever built in the city at the time.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), p. 152 Projects of similar scale, and the city's [annexation](/wiki/Annexation "Annexation") of the village of [Lansingburgh](/wiki/Lansingburgh%2C_New_York "Lansingburgh, New York") to its north, helped swell its population to over 72,000 in 1930, its alltime peak.
[right\|thumb\|[Downtown post office](/wiki/U.S._Post_Office_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 "U.S. Post Office (Troy, New York)")](/wiki/File:TroyPostOffice2.jpg "TroyPostOffice2.jpg")
### Depression and decline
New construction almost halted when the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression") began in the 1930s. As a result, there are few buildings in the district in that era's architectural styles. The [post office](/wiki/U.S._Post_Office_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 "U.S. Post Office (Troy, New York)") at Fourth and Broadway, built despite much public outcry over the demolition of its landmark 1894 predecessor,{{cite web \|last\=Gobrecht \|first\=Larry \|title\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, U.S. Post Office\-Troy \|url\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7658 \|publisher\=\[\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] \|date\=December 1986 \|access\-date\=2008\-10\-25 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210083447/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7658 \|archive\-date\=2011\-12\-10 \|url\-status\=dead }} is the district's most notable building of the 1930s. Its stripped\-down [Classical Revival](/wiki/Neoclassicism "Neoclassicism") style shows the influence of [Art Deco](/wiki/Art_Deco "Art Deco") in its smooth, finished surfaces. The enameled metal facade on a Third Street storefront, dating to 1940, makes it the only building in the district to show any trace of the [Streamline Moderne](/wiki/Streamline_Moderne "Streamline Moderne") style.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), pp. 152–53
[World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") sustained the city's economy with an increased demand for textiles and all other products it could make. After the war ended, the textile mills, faced with competition from producers in the lower\-wage [South](/wiki/Southern_United_States "Southern United States"), closed or left.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), p. 153
After a brief postwar increase, Troy's population began a continuing decline. The city began the first of several [urban renewal](/wiki/Urban_renewal "Urban renewal") plans shortly after adopting its 1962 [master plan](/wiki/Comprehensive_planning "Comprehensive planning"). Those plans called for the demolition of many buildings downtown, to be replaced by a new arterial road, large [public housing](/wiki/Public_housing "Public housing") projects and a [shopping mall](/wiki/Shopping_mall "Shopping mall"). After various delays, those projects were either scaled back or abandoned entirely. In the interim many businesses either closed or moved out of downtown.{{cite web \|title\=Summary of the City of Troy's South Troy Working Waterfront \|url\= http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2253098/1\-SUMMARY\-OF\-THE\-CITY\-OF\-TROY%EF%BF%BDS\-SOUTH\-TROY\-WORKING\-WATERFRONT \|publisher\=River Street Planning \& Development LLC \|pages\=5 \|date\=September 15, 1999 \|access\-date\=December 28, 2008}}
### Preservation and renewal
[right\|thumb\|The [McCarthy Building](/wiki/McCarthy_Building_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 "McCarthy Building (Troy, New York)"), whose planned demolition roused the city's preservationists](/wiki/File:McCarthyBuildingTroy2.jpeg "McCarthyBuildingTroy2.jpeg")
In the late 1960s, public opposition to the planned demolition of some of the historic structures downtown like the [McCarthy Building](/wiki/McCarthy_Building_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 "McCarthy Building (Troy, New York)"){{Cite news\|last\=DerGurahian\|first\=Jean\|title\=Media firm to call Troy's McCarthy building home\|url\=http://albany.bizjournals.com/albany/stories/2000/04/24/story3\.html\|publisher\=American City Business Journals\|work\=Albany Business Journal\|date\=2000\-04\-21\|access\-date\=2008\-11\-08}} led to them being placed on the then\-new National Register. In the early 1970s, the five predecessor [historic districts](/wiki/Historic_district_%28United_States%29 "Historic district (United States)") were recognized and added as well, along with some other structures.
Urban renewal programs are funded in part by federal [grants](/wiki/Grant_%28money%29 "Grant (money)"). The [National Historic Preservation Act of 1966](/wiki/National_Historic_Preservation_Act_of_1966 "National Historic Preservation Act of 1966"), which created the NRHP, requires that federal agencies give consideration to the opinions of the [Advisory Council on Historic Preservation](/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Historic_Preservation "Advisory Council on Historic Preservation") in assessing the impact their actions will have on listed properties and consider alternatives to any action that would destroy or significantly affect them. The listings of downtown Troy's districts and buildings therefore had the practical effect of preventing their demolition for urban renewal.{{cite web\|title\=Information for Owners\|url\=http://www.iowahistory.org/historic\-preservation/national\-register\-of\-historic\-places/information\-for\-owners.html\|publisher\=State Historical Society of Iowa\|access\-date\=December 28, 2008\|quote\=National Register status does not mean that a property cannot be destroyed by a highway, by Urban Renewal, or some other project. It does mean that before a federal agency can be involved in any way with such a project, i.e. by funding, licensing or authorizing it, the federal agency must consider alternatives by which National Register properties might be saved from destruction.}}
By the 1980s, after a Troy Downtown Historic District had been declared eligible for the NRHP by the state's [Historic Preservation Office](/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks%2C_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation "New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation") but not yet submitted to the [National Park Service](/wiki/National_Park_Service "National Park Service") (NPS), which administers the Register, local [preservationists](/wiki/Historic_preservation "Historic preservation") realized that the existing historic districts did not fully embrace all of downtown's historic properties. Instead of applying for boundary increases or nominating more individual properties to the Register, the city decided to merge all five into a new, central district. The NPS accepted the application and entered the new district on the Register in 1986\.{{cite web\|title\=NEW YORK \- Rensselaer County \- Historic Districts\|url\=http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/NY/Rensselaer/districts.html\|publisher\=nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com\|access\-date\=2008\-12\-26}}
Troy's downtown began reviving. In 1993, [Martin Scorsese](/wiki/Martin_Scorsese "Martin Scorsese") used the Second Street area, particularly the Paine Mansion, and some of the Russell Sage buildings as [locations](/wiki/Filming_location "Filming location") for his [adaptation](/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence_%281993_film%29 "The Age of Innocence (1993 film)") of [Edith Wharton](/wiki/Edith_Wharton "Edith Wharton")'s *[The Age of Innocence](/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence "The Age of Innocence")*, since they replicated the appearance of 1870s [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan"). River Street became home to many [antique](/wiki/Antique "Antique") stores. Developers began buying the old buildings and [adapting](/wiki/Adaptive_reuse "Adaptive reuse") them to contemporary uses.
RPI began buying properties such as the Rice and Gurley buildings, moving students and faculty into them.{{cite press release \|title\=Rensselaer Announces Purchase of Proctor's Theatre Building in Downtown Troy \|publisher\=\[\[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] \|date\=2004\-04\-06 \|url\=http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey\=39\&setappvar\=page(1\) \|access\-date\=2008\-10\-28 \|quote\=The purchase of the Proctor's Theatre building is part of Rensselaer’s ongoing 'communiversity' efforts toward the revitalization under way in the City of Troy. Over the last five years Rensselaer has moved faculty, staff, and students into offices, research facilities, and incubator space in the Hedley Building, Gurley Building, and Rice Building, all in downtown Troy. \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814010216/http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey\=39\&setappvar\=page%281%29 \|archive\-date\=2007\-08\-14 }} In 2006, *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* described the city as having "one of the most perfectly preserved 19th\-century downtowns in the United States." The district's success led to the proposed expansion in 2014\.
Significant contributing properties
-----------------------------------
The district includes all the area of the original five districts, two [National Historic Landmarks](/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark "National Historic Landmark"), nine properties listed on the National Register in their own right, and several other noteworthy contributing properties among its 679 total historic resources.
### Predecessor districts
[right\|thumb\|Townhouses on Fifth Avenue](/wiki/File:Fifth_Avenue_residences%2C_Troy%2C_NY.jpg "Fifth Avenue residences, Troy, NY.jpg")
Fifth Street\-Fulton Street Historic District**. Many of the city's then\-prominent businessmen built townhouses here, near the Gurley Building, after the 1862 fire.**Grand Street Historic District**: Marcus Cummings built townhouses here after that fire.**River Street Historic District**: The city's [antique](/wiki/Antique "Antique") district is the oldest neighborhood in Troy, and its pre\-industrial commercial center.**Second Street Historic District**: Many unaltered homes dating to the 1820s, some of them owned by prominent city residents, in the vicinity of the [Troy Savings Bank](/wiki/Troy_Savings_Bank "Troy Savings Bank") building.{{cite web\|last\=Waite\|first\=Diana\|title\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, Second Street Historic District\|url\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7635\|publisher\=\[\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]\|date\=July 1974\|access\-date\=January 7, 2009\|archive\-date\=May 11, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511084410/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7635\|url\-status\=dead}}**Washington Park Historic District**: Local businessmen started the city's first planned neighborhood in 1839, the first large [Greek Revival](/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture "Greek Revival architecture") development in the city. They used [London's residential squares](/wiki/Squares_in_London "Squares in London") as their model. [Philip Johnson](/wiki/Philip_Johnson "Philip Johnson") called it "one of the finest squares in North America".**### National Historic Landmarks
[thumb\|right\|[Gurley Building](/wiki/W._%26_L.E._Gurley_Building "W. & L.E. Gurley Building")](/wiki/File:Gurley_Building_2008.jpg "Gurley Building 2008.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|[Troy Savings Bank Music Hall](/wiki/Troy_Savings_Bank "Troy Savings Bank")](/wiki/File:TroySavingsBankMusicHallPanorama.jpg "TroySavingsBankMusicHallPanorama.jpg")
[W. \& L.E. Gurley Building](/wiki/W._%26_L.E._Gurley_Building "W. & L.E. Gurley Building")**: Fifth and Fulton streets. Built in just nine months after 1862 fire, this location has been home to [Gurley Precision Instruments](/wiki/Gurley_Precision_Instruments "Gurley Precision Instruments") since 1845\. The building, with Renaissance and classically inspired stylings, is an unusual example of a commercial building extremely sympathetic to its neighboring residences.{{Cite journal\|title\=National Register of Historic Places Inventory\-Nomination: W. \& L.E. Gurley Building\|url\={{NHLS url\|id\=70000432}} \|format\=pdf\|author\=George R. Adams\|date\=November 1977\|publisher\=National Park Service}} Today owned by RPI and home to some of its divisions, including the Lighting Research Center.{{cite web\|title\=Visit Us\|url\=http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/aboutUs/visitUs.asp\|publisher\=Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute\|year\=2007\|access\-date\=2008\-11\-25\|quote\= The LRC is located in the historic Gurley Building in downtown Troy, New York.}}**[Troy Savings Bank](/wiki/Troy_Savings_Bank "Troy Savings Bank")**: 32 Second Street. Designed by [George B. Post](/wiki/George_B._Post "George B. Post") in 1875 in stylings that anticipate the emergence of [Beaux\-Arts](/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture "Beaux-Arts architecture"), this impressive stone building features a full [concert hall](/wiki/Concert_hall "Concert hall") upstairs with excellent [acoustics](/wiki/Acoustics "Acoustics").{{cite web\|last\=McClintock\|first\=R.\|title\=The Hall Acoustics\|url\=https://www.troymusichall.org/acous.asp\|publisher\=Troy Savings Bank Music Hall\|year\=2008\|access\-date\=January 8, 2009\|quote\=The debate still rages over whether George Post planned the Troy Savings Bank Music Hall to be the acoustical marvel it is.\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222164625/http://www.troymusichall.org/acous.asp\|archive\-date\=December 22, 2008\|url\-status\=dead}}**### National Register of Historic Places
[thumb\|St. Paul's Episcopal Church](/wiki/File:StPaulsTroy.jpg "StPaulsTroy.jpg")
[Cannon Building](/wiki/Cannon_Building_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 "Cannon Building (Troy, New York)")**: 1\-9 Broadway, on the south side of Monument Square. This 1835 collaboration by [Alexander Jackson Davis](/wiki/Alexander_Jackson_Davis "Alexander Jackson Davis") and [Ithiel Town](/wiki/Ithiel_Town "Ithiel Town") got a [mansard roof](/wiki/Mansard_roof "Mansard roof") after an 1870 fire. Today it is used as an [extended\-stay hotel](/wiki/Apartment_hotel "Apartment hotel") and office space.{{Cite news\|last\=Wood\|first\=Robin\|title\=Luxury extended\-stay apartments set to open in Troy\|url\=http://www.bizjournals.com/albany/stories/2005/08/08/daily43\.html\|publisher\=American City Business Journals\|work\=Albany Business Journal\|date\=2005\-01\-11\|access\-date\=2008\-11\-06\|quote\= The renovated Cannon Building on Broadway in Troy, N.Y., is offering 10 of the building's 30 apartments for short\-term rentals}}**[Hart\-Cluett Mansion](/wiki/Hart-Cluett_Mansion "Hart-Cluett Mansion")**: An 1828 Federal mansion on Second Street built by a New York merchant as a wedding gift to his daughter. Largely unchanged, it is today the home of the [Rensselaer County Historical Society](/wiki/Rensselaer_County_Historical_Society "Rensselaer County Historical Society").**[Ilium Building](/wiki/Ilium_Building "Ilium Building")**: Marcus Cummings designed this commercial building at Fourth and Fulton in 1904\.**[McCarthy Building](/wiki/McCarthy_Building_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 "McCarthy Building (Troy, New York)")**: 255 River Street, on the west side of Monument Square. Another 1904 building, noted for large proscenium\-style front arch window from original use as furniture showroom. Today it hosts the Troy offices of a regional media company.**[National State Bank Building](/wiki/National_State_Bank_Building "National State Bank Building")**: 297 River Street. Its fenestration and decoration is similar to Cummings' Ilium Building a block away.**[Proctor's Theater](/wiki/Proctor%27s_Theater_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 "Proctor's Theater (Troy, New York)")**: A 1914 theater on Fourth Street transitioned smoothly between live\-entertainment and motion\-picture eras. RPI had hoped to convert it into a hotel,{{cite press release \|title\=Rensselaer Announces Purchase of Proctor's Theatre Building in Downtown Troy \|publisher\=\[\[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] \|date\=2004\-04\-06 \|url\=http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey\=39\&setappvar\=page(1\) \|access\-date\=2008\-10\-28 \|quote\=The goal is to develop a high\-end hotel that will provide economic and community benefits to the city of Troy and to the surrounding area \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814010216/http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey\=39\&setappvar\=page%281%29 \|archive\-date\=2007\-08\-14 }} but a new proposal to gut the interior completely has been the subject of local controversy.{{cite news\|last\=Caprood\|first\=Tom\|title\=A discussion about Proctor's\|url\=http://www.troyrecord.com/articles/2009/04/23/news/doc49eff74dc01a1625304673\.txt\|publisher\=\[\[Journal Register Company]]\|work\=\[\[The Record (Troy)\|The Record]]\|date\=April 23, 2009\|access\-date\=June 11, 2009\|archive\-date\=February 20, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220121410/http://www.troyrecord.com/articles/2009/04/23/news/doc49eff74dc01a1625304673\.txt\|url\-status\=dead}}**[St. Paul's Episcopal Church](/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Episcopal_Church_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 "St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Troy, New York)")**: State and Third streets. This 1828 stone [Gothic Revival](/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture "Gothic Revival architecture") structure is an almost exact duplicate of Ithiel Town's Trinity Church in [New Haven](/wiki/New_Haven%2C_Connecticut "New Haven, Connecticut"), [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut "Connecticut").{{cite web\|last\=Dunn\|first\=Shirley\|title\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, St. Paul's Episcopal Church (JavaScript)\|url\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7655\|publisher\=\[\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]\|date\=June 19, 1979\|access\-date\=November 8, 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210081900/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7655\|archive\-date\=December 10, 2011\|url\-status\=dead}}**[Troy Public Library](/wiki/Troy_Public_Library "Troy Public Library")**: 100 Second Street. It is an 1897 white marble building that has been described as "one of the finest works of Italian Renaissance architecture in the country".{{cite web\|last\=Waite\|first\=Diana\|title\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, Troy Public Library\|url\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7661\|publisher\=\[\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]\|date\=July 1972\|access\-date\=January 8, 2009\|archive\-date\=May 11, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511084614/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\_view.asp?GroupView\=7661\|url\-status\=dead}}**[U.S. Post Office](/wiki/U.S._Post_Office_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 "U.S. Post Office (Troy, New York)")**: Fourth and Broadway. Built in 1936, it is one of the most modern of the contributing properties in the district, using a stripped [Classical Revival](/wiki/Neoclassicism "Neoclassicism") style for the tenth post office location in the city's history. Its lobby contains one of only three [Waldo Peirce](/wiki/Waldo_Peirce "Waldo Peirce") murals in American post offices.**### Other notable contributing properties
{{Multiple image
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\| image1\= Rensselaer County Courthouse, Troy, New York.jpg
\| caption1 \= Rensselaer County Courthouse
\| image2\= John Paine Mansion, Troy NY.jpg
\| caption2 \= Paine Mansion
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Commercial building at 46 Third Street**: Downtown Troy's only example of [Streamline Moderne](/wiki/Streamline_Moderne "Streamline Moderne") architecture. Having an [enameled](/wiki/Vitreous_enamel "Vitreous enamel") metal facade and storefront, and dating to 1940, it is the newest contributing property in the district.**Caldwell Apartments**: Second and State streets. This Arts and Crafts\-style building from 1907 was Troy's first large\-scale apartment building.**The Conservatory of Troy**: 65 Third Street built in 1903 for the Dodge Dry Goods Co was Troy’s first skyscraper. Built by the same firm that constructed the famous Flatiron Building in Manhattan.**[Congregation Berith Sholom](/wiki/Congregation_Berith_Sholom "Congregation Berith Sholom") Temple**: 167 Third Street. The oldest [Reform](/wiki/Reform_Judaism "Reform Judaism") [synagogue](/wiki/Synagogue "Synagogue") in New York, and one of the [oldest surviving synagogues](/wiki/Oldest_synagogues_in_the_United_States "Oldest synagogues in the United States") in the country; built in 1870 by Cummings.**Hendrick Hudson Hotel**: Located on the east side of Monument Square. This seven\-story brick [Colonial Revival](/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture "Colonial Revival architecture") building, dating to 1932, is the largest building on the square.**House at 18 First Street **The oldest house in the district is this Federal\-style brick house, built in 1808 and added to in 1875, that survived the 1820 fire.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), p. 35**Julia Howard Bush Center**: Originally** First Presbyterian Church**, on the Russell Sage campus in Seminary Park at First and Congress streets. A [Greek Revival](/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture "Greek Revival architecture") hexastyle temple\-front church built in 1835, it is one of only ten remaining buildings in that style in the U.S.**Paine Mansion**: 49 2nd Street. This limestone\-faced [Romanesque Revival](/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture "Romanesque Revival architecture") home was built in 1894\.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), p. 9**Rensselaer County Courthouse**: 80 Second Street. The third courthouse on the site was built in 1894 by Cummings in the [Classical Revival](/wiki/Neoclassicism "Neoclassicism") style. The neighboring Second Street Presbyterian Church, built in 1833, was later annexed to it and remodeled in 1913\.**Rice Building**: First and River streets. [Calvert Vaux](/wiki/Calvert_Vaux "Calvert Vaux") and [Frederick Clarke Withers](/wiki/Frederick_Clarke_Withers "Frederick Clarke Withers") designed this Polychrome 1871 brick flatiron\-shaped building. One of the district's rare examples of [Victorian Gothic](/wiki/Victorian_Gothic "Victorian Gothic"); formerly owned by RPI, the building is now owned by Tai Ventures and is home to several technology businesses.**St. John's Episcopal Church**: First and Liberty streets. [Henry Dudley](/wiki/Henry_C._Dudley "Henry C. Dudley") designed this Stone [Gothic Revival](/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture "Gothic Revival architecture") church built in 1856 by in the style of English parish churches that closely follows models of church design embraced by the contemporary [Oxford Movement](/wiki/Oxford_Movement "Oxford Movement").**St. Paul's Place**: Off State Street between Fourth and Fifth avenues. This is a street of six attached three\-story brick rowhouses built ca. 1850\. They feature a variation on [Italianate](/wiki/Italianate_architecture "Italianate architecture") norms with [bracketed](/wiki/Bracket_%28architecture%29 "Bracket (architecture)") [gables](/wiki/Gable "Gable") and rounded\-arch windows and doors rarely seen with that style in an urban environment.**Thompson Drug Company Annex**: 155\-157 River Street. This five\-story [Richardsonian Romanesque](/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque "Richardsonian Romanesque") brick building from 1888 copies one of Richardson's buildings in [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh "Pittsburgh").**Vail House'* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - : 46 First Street. This Federal\-style 1818 home is the most notable structure to have survived the 1820 fire.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham "#Peckham"), pp. 139–40 "... \[S]everal examples of the house type described by Lambert and built before 1820 remain on First Street and serve to illustrate Troy's early nineteenth century architecture. Foremost among these is the Federal style Vail House at 46 First Street, built in 1818".
[thumb\|left\|Street magician performing at River Street festival, 2006](/wiki/File:Street_magician_in_Troy%2C_NY.jpg "Street magician in Troy, NY.jpg")
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The history of the Central Troy Historic District is, particularly in its earlier years, the history of Troy itself. Until the later 19th century, the present downtown area *was* the city. Two devastating fires, along with changes in the economy brought about by [industrialization](/wiki/Industrialization \"Industrialization\"), shaped the district into today's architecturally diverse downtown.",
"### Pre\\-industrial years",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Antique District on River Street](/wiki/File:RiverStreetTroy.jpg \"RiverStreetTroy.jpg\")\nPrior to [independence](/wiki/American_independence \"American independence\"), there had only been a few scattered [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_American \"Dutch American\") farmers [settled](/wiki/Manor_of_Rensselaerswyck \"Manor of Rensselaerswyck\") on the Hudson above Albany. In 1787, a group of [New Englanders](/wiki/New_England \"New England\") headed west and persuaded one Jacob Vanderhyden to sell them a large tract which they then [subdivided](/wiki/Land_subdivision \"Land subdivision\") and named Troy.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), p. 138 The dividing line between two of the family's farms was called Grand Division Street, later shortened to Grand Street.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Waite\\|first\\=Diana\\|title\\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, Grand Street Historic District\\|url\\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7612\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]\\|pages\\=6\\|date\\=March 1972\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-11\\-03\\|quote\\=Formerly called Grand Division Street, the thoroughfare once formed the boundary between the northern and middle farms of Dirk Van der Hyden, one of the earliest settlers of the Troy area.\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420094138/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7612\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-20\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"They based its grid\\-like street plan on [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\")'s, with numbered north\\-south streets running inland from the river after River Street, the city's first commercial center. Lots there, at the time, ran all the way to the river's waterline, giving their owners the unusual advantage of river and street frontage. The sloping bluff also allowed them to build multi\\-story [warehouses](/wiki/Warehouse \"Warehouse\") and [granaries](/wiki/Granary \"Granary\") closer to the unloading points along the river.{{cite web \\|last\\=Vanderlipp\\-Manley \\|first\\=Doris \\|title\\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, River Street Historic District \\|url\\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7629 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] \\|pages\\=5 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-29 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420094031/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7629 \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-20 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"In 1793, the new settlement was designated the [Rensselaer County](/wiki/Rensselaer_County%2C_New_York \"Rensselaer County, New York\") [seat](/wiki/County_seat \"County seat\"). Two years later, the visiting [Duke de la Rochefoucauld](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric%2C_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt \"François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt\") noted the \"neat and numerous houses\" and active businesses engaged in river\\-based trade. \"The sight of this activity is truly charming\", he said, in one of the earliest published descriptions of the city. In 1798 Troy [incorporated](/wiki/Municipal_corporation \"Municipal corporation\") as a [village](/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York%23Village \"Administrative divisions of New York#Village\").Weise, Arthur James; *Troy's One Hundred Years*; William H. Brown, Troy, New York; 1891; 44, cited at [Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), p. 138\n[200px\\|left\\|thumb\\|alt\\=A map engraved in 1880 shows the fire damage that spread from the Hudson River to the east to First Street to the west; and Congress Street to the south to the Hudson River to the north (the river travels north then bends east).\\|Map of 1820 fire damage](/wiki/File:Fire_1820.png \"Fire 1820.png\")\nThe village's population more than tripled in the first 15 years of the new century, leading it to reincorporate as a [city](/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York%23City \"Administrative divisions of New York#City\") in 1816\\.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), p. 140 With River Street getting built out, [banks](/wiki/Bank \"Bank\") began taking advantage of the street plan and locating on First Street, previously a residential area. By 1807, another visitor from abroad, British painter John Lambert, described a town that had already grown considerably from what de la Rochefoucauld saw a dozen years earlier:\n{{blockquote\\|Troy is a well built town, consisting chiefly of one street of handsome red brick houses... There are two or three short streets which branch off from the main one, but it is in the latter that all of the principal stores, warehouses and shops are situated. It also contains several excellent inns and taverns. The houses are all new and lofty and built with much taste and simplicity, though convenience and accommodation seem to have guided the architect more than ornament. The deep red bricks, well pointed, give the buildings an air of neatness and cleanliness seldom met in old towns.Weise, cited at \\[\\[\\#Peckham\\|Peckham]], p. 139}}",
"Little of that Troy remains due to an 1820 fire which started in a First Street [stable](/wiki/Stable \"Stable\") and eventually consumed much of the extant village. A column at 225 River Street bears a stone indicating that this was where the fire was stopped after it had gone on for weeks.Vanderlipp\\-Manley, *River Street*, 6\\. \"The disaster is recalled by an inscription carved into the northernmost column of No. 225: 'The destructive fire of 20 June 1820 arrested at this point.'\" Unlike [its classical namesake](/wiki/Troy \"Troy\"), Troy rebuilt quickly, with newer [brick](/wiki/Brick \"Brick\") homes and commercial buildings, built to stricter standards, replacing the old ones and expanding again. The [Hart\\-Cluett Mansion](/wiki/Hart-Cluett_Mansion \"Hart-Cluett Mansion\"), an 1827 [Federal style](/wiki/Federal_style \"Federal style\") house on Second Street, is one of the best surviving buildings from this era. Although it was previously attributed to [Philip Hooker](/wiki/Philip_Hooker \"Philip Hooker\"), new research has determined that the house's architect was Martin Euclid Thompson and the builder was John Bard Colegrove.{{cite web \\|last\\=Brooke \\|first\\=Cornelia \\|title\\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, Hart\\-Cluett Mansion \\|url\\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7616 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] \\|date\\=September 1971 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-11\\-01 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210082910/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7616 \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-10 }}\n[thumb\\|right\\|[Hart\\-Cluett Mansion](/wiki/Hart-Cluett_Mansion \"Hart-Cluett Mansion\")](/wiki/Image:RensCoHistSoc.jpg \"RensCoHistSoc.jpg\")",
"### Industrialization and growth",
"In 1824, a [gazetteer](/wiki/Gazetteer \"Gazetteer\") of the state echoed earlier accounts in calling River Street \"the mart of business\".Cited at Vanderlipp\\-Manley, 5\\. The same year, RPI was founded on the hill to the east of downtown, to train engineers for the city's burgeoning industrial sector.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), p. 141 The relationship between the city and university would later become significant in preserving the historic district.",
"This growth would continue due to transportation improvements in the 1820s. Troy's businessmen had already built a [turnpike](/wiki/Toll_road \"Toll road\") to [Schenectady](/wiki/Schenectady%2C_New_York \"Schenectady, New York\"), the path followed today by Route 2 from Troy to [Colonie](/wiki/Colonie%2C_New_York \"Colonie, New York\").{{cite book\\|author\\=George Rogers Howell\\|title\\=History of the County of Schenectady, N.Y., from 1662 to 1886 \\|publisher\\=W.W. Munsell and Co. Publishers\\|year\\=1886}} These trade routes were enhanced by the [Erie](/wiki/Erie_Canal \"Erie Canal\") and [Champlain](/wiki/Champlain_Canal \"Champlain Canal\") [canals](/wiki/Canal \"Canal\"),[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), pp. 140–41 \"Beginning in 1825, Troy's natural transportation advantage at the head of practical river navigation was amplified by the completion of the Erie and Champlain canals, connected to Troy by way of the Watervliet Side Cut.\" which opened new markets to the north and west, while the Troy Steamboat Company's debut did likewise for the south. The access to [iron ore](/wiki/Iron_ore \"Iron ore\") mines in the [Adirondack Mountains](/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains \"Adirondack Mountains\") also got some local businessmen into [iron refining](/wiki/Iron%23Industrial_production \"Iron#Industrial production\"). In 1835 the [Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad](/wiki/Rensselaer_and_Saratoga_Railroad \"Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad\") brought that technology to the city, and in 1842 the completion of the [Schenectady and Troy Railroad](/wiki/Schenectady_and_Troy_Railroad \"Schenectady and Troy Railroad\") linked Troy to the vast network that reached as far west as [Buffalo](/wiki/Buffalo%2C_New_York \"Buffalo, New York\").",
"The stage was set for Troy's [industrialization](/wiki/Industrialization \"Industrialization\"). The development of the [detachable collar](/wiki/Detachable_collar \"Detachable collar\") by Hannah Lord Montague in 1827 had given the city the product that still lends it its \"Collar City\" nickname.{{cite web\\|last\\=Rittner\\|first\\=Don\\|title\\=The Collar City\\|url\\=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/\\~nyrensse/article11\\.htm\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[rootsweb.com]]\\|work\\=Troy Record\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-21\\|quote\\=Mrs. Montague, tired of washing her husband's shirts because only the collars were dirty, decided one day to snip off a collar, wash it, and sew it back on. Mr. Montague, it's written, agreed to the experiment, and in 1827, the first detachable collar was made at their home ... By the early 20th century, 15,000 people worked in the collar industry in Troy, and more than 85% were native\\-born women. Ninety out of every 100 collars worn in America were made here, and Troy became world famous as the 'Collar City.'}} Plants were built to manufacture them commercially, as well as [cuffs](/wiki/Cuff \"Cuff\") and other [textile](/wiki/Textile \"Textile\") products. Most of these were located to the north of the downtown area, as it was continuing to grow as the city's commercial district and residential area for the well\\-to\\-do of the time along Second Street.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), pp. 142–44",
"With the newer money and newer neighborhoods came newer architectural trends. [St. Paul's Episcopal Church](/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Episcopal_Church_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 \"St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Troy, New York)\"), built in 1827, is an early [Gothic Revival](/wiki/Gothic_Revival \"Gothic Revival\") church, based on [Ithiel Town](/wiki/Ithiel_Town \"Ithiel Town\")'s Trinity Church in [New Haven](/wiki/New_Haven%2C_Connecticut \"New Haven, Connecticut\"), [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut \"Connecticut\"). Eight years later, Town himself would design the [Cannon Building](/wiki/Cannon_Building_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 \"Cannon Building (Troy, New York)\") in collaboration with [Alexander Jackson Davis](/wiki/Alexander_Jackson_Davis \"Alexander Jackson Davis\").[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), p. 142",
"Greek Revival residences were first built in Troy along Second Street in the late 1820s. In 1839, six local businessmen bought a parcel of land between Second and Third at the south end of what was then the developed area of the city and created Washington Park. Modeled on contemporary [British residential squares](/wiki/Squares_in_London \"Squares in London\") such as [those](/wiki/Bloomsbury%23Parks_and_squares \"Bloomsbury#Parks and squares\") found in [London](/wiki/London \"London\")'s [Bloomsbury](/wiki/Bloomsbury \"Bloomsbury\") neighborhoods,{{cite web\\|last\\=Waite\\|first\\=Diana\\|title\\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, Washington Park Historic District\\|url\\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7663\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]\\|date\\=April 1973\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-31\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420094040/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7663\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-20\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} its first phase, on Washington Place, featured rows of [townhouses](/wiki/Townhouse \"Townhouse\") with a unified [facade](/wiki/Facade \"Facade\") fronting on a park reserved exclusively for residents, whose [deeds](/wiki/Deed \"Deed\") require a monthly maintenance fee. It retains its integrity despite some later alterations and damage and is one of only two privately owned urban parks in New York.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), p. 14[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), p. 143{{cite news\\|last\\=Grondahl\\|first\\=Paul\\|title\\=The Other Washington Park Continues to Flower With Pride\\|url\\=http://archives.timesunion.com/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage\\&imageid\\=5516134\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hearst Corporation]]\\|work\\=\\[\\[Albany Times\\-Union]]\\|date\\=July 7, 1998\\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2009\\|quote\\=Washington Park in Troy is one of only two private residential urban parks in New York state}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}\n[300px\\|left\\|thumb\\|Rowhouses on Washington Place, at Washington Park](/wiki/File:WashingtonParkTroy.jpg \"WashingtonParkTroy.jpg\")\nIn 1843, another group of planned [Greek Revival](/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture \"Greek Revival architecture\") townhouses was built at 160\\-168 Second Street. Unusual for urban houses, they featured one\\-and\\-a\\-half\\-story [porticos](/wiki/Portico \"Portico\") on their front facades, with [Ionic](/wiki/Ionic_order \"Ionic order\") [columns](/wiki/Column \"Column\"), and (originally) side yards. Another house was built at 170, several years later, in a similar style. They were widely imitated elsewhere in the city.",
"The city's industries reached their peak in the 1850s, and the wealth it created explored new architectural trends. The emerging [Italianate](/wiki/Italianate_architecture \"Italianate architecture\") style began to make its mark, particularly in commercial buildings around Monument Square and along \"Bankers' Row\", First between State and River. St. Paul's Place was built around 1850 on the south side of State between Fourth and Fifth. Following the dictates of the Washington Park\\-area deeds, the houses were built with a unified facade as well as a central [parapet](/wiki/Parapet \"Parapet\"). [The Uri Gilbert Mansion](/wiki/The_Uri_Gilbert_Mansion \"The Uri Gilbert Mansion\") on Second Street west of Washington Park is the most significant detached [Italianate](/wiki/Italianate_architecture \"Italianate architecture\") home from that era.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), p. 145\n[thumb\\|right\\|Grand Street rowhouses built in wake of 1862 fire](/wiki/File:Grand_Street%2C_Troy%2C_NY.jpg \"Grand Street, Troy, NY.jpg\")\n[Russell Sage](/wiki/Russell_Sage \"Russell Sage\") built a row of [Gothic Revival](/wiki/Gothic_Revival \"Gothic Revival\") houses on Second Street in 1846 that survives, albeit without some of their original ornamentation. On the edges of town, some architects began exploring that style's [Picturesque](/wiki/Picturesque \"Picturesque\") mode. A new row of townhouses at Washington Park went up, and another Second Street row followed in 1855\\. The following year, St. John's Episcopal Church, at First and Liberty Streets, was the first use of that style for a city church.",
"During the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"), Troy's industries played a key role in supporting the [Union](/wiki/Union_%28American_Civil_War%29 \"Union (American Civil War)\") cause. The [Burden Ironworks](/wiki/Burden_Ironworks \"Burden Ironworks\") is said to have supplied all the [Union Army](/wiki/Union_Army \"Union Army\")'s [horseshoes](/wiki/Horseshoe \"Horseshoe\"), and another local ironworks supplied the *[USS Monitor](/wiki/USS_Monitor \"USS Monitor\")**s [hull plating](/wiki/Ironclad_warship \"Ironclad warship\"). Its owners would later produce the first [Bessemer process](/wiki/Bessemer_process \"Bessemer process\") steel in the United States after the war.***",
"In 1862 Troy suffered another [major fire](/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Troy \"Great Fire of Troy\"), the worst in its history. A [locomotive](/wiki/Locomotive \"Locomotive\")'s spark ignited the wooden [Green Island](/wiki/Green_Island%2C_New_York \"Green Island, New York\") [drawbridge](/wiki/Drawbridge \"Drawbridge\") that existed at the time, and when that could not be contained to the bridge it spread to the east, ultimately devastating 507 buildings over a 16\\-block area. As before, the city rebuilt quickly, with the area along Fifth between Broadway and Grant Street, where Cummings built a row of houses between Fifth and Sixth, most strongly reflecting this era of rapid construction and reconstruction. The Gurley Building, too, rose in just eight months from the ashes of its predecessor.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), p. 146 The nearby neighborhood also became desirable, with many local businessmen moving into newly built homes along Fifth.{{cite web \\|last\\=Waite \\|first\\=Diana \\|title\\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, Fifth Avenue\\-Fulton Avenue Historic District \\|url\\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7609 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] \\|date\\=December 1969 \\|page\\=28 \\|access\\-date\\=December 21, 2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 20, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420094414/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7609 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\n### Postwar prosperity",
"[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\=.8\\|Rice Building and River Street](/wiki/File:Rice_Building_and_River_Street%2C_Troy_NY.jpg \"Rice Building and River Street, Troy NY.jpg\")\nAs the postwar years yielded to the [Gilded Age](/wiki/Gilded_Age \"Gilded Age\"), Troy's prosperity continued. The wealth created by its industries built some of the city's most notable [Victorian](/wiki/Victorian_architecture \"Victorian architecture\") buildings. [Frederick Clarke Withers](/wiki/Frederick_Clarke_Withers \"Frederick Clarke Withers\") designed First Street's [Rice Building](/wiki/Rice_Building \"Rice Building\") in 1871, a five\\-story flatiron\\-shaped building representative of his [Victorian Gothic](/wiki/Victorian_Gothic \"Victorian Gothic\") style.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), pp. 146–47 The Cannon Building got a contemporary [mansard roof](/wiki/Mansard_roof \"Mansard roof\") after two fires. Cummings' 1870 [Congregation Berith Sholom](/wiki/Congregation_Berith_Sholom \"Congregation Berith Sholom\") Temple on Third Street is among the [oldest synagogue buildings](/wiki/Oldest_synagogues_in_the_United_States \"Oldest synagogues in the United States\") still standing in the United States,{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Gordon \\|first1\\=Mark \\|title\\=Rediscovering Jewish Infrastructure: Update on United States Nineteenth Century Synagogues \\|journal\\=American Jewish History \\|date\\=1996 \\|volume\\=84 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=11–27 \\|id\\={{Project MUSE\\|379}} {{ProQuest\\|1296121382}} \\|doi\\=10\\.1353/ajh.1996\\.0013 \\|jstor\\=23885494 \\|s2cid\\=162276183 }} the [oldest](/wiki/Oldest_synagogues_in_the_United_States \"Oldest synagogues in the United States\") [Reform](/wiki/Reform_Judaism \"Reform Judaism\") [synagogue](/wiki/Synagogue \"Synagogue\") in New York, and one of the most significant religious buildings in the district from this period. In 1875, [George B. Post](/wiki/George_B._Post \"George B. Post\") won a competition to build a new home for the [Troy Savings Bank](/wiki/Troy_Savings_Bank \"Troy Savings Bank\"), with an upstairs [auditorium](/wiki/Auditorium \"Auditorium\"). While his building was in the [Renaissance Revival](/wiki/Neo-Renaissance \"Neo-Renaissance\") style of the time, its forms and decorations anticipated his later work in the [Beaux\\-Arts](/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture \"Beaux-Arts architecture\") vein.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), p. 147Pitt, Carolyn; {{NHLS url\\|id\\=89001066\\|title\\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, Troy Savings Bank}}, undated, retrieved January 8, 2009\\.\n{{multiple image\n \\| align \\= left\n \\| direction \\= \n \\| header \\=\n \\| header\\_align \\=\n \\| header\\_background \\=\n \\| footer \\=\n \\| footer\\_align \\= center\n \\| footer\\_background \\=\n\\| total\\_width \\= 280\n\\| perrow \\= 2/1\n \\| image1 \\= Monument Square, Troy, NY.jpg\n \\| caption1 \\= \\[\\[Soldiers and Sailors Monument (Troy, New York)\\|Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument]], with \\[\\[Troy Savings Bank\\|Savings Bank]] (center rear) and \\[\\[Cannon Building (Troy, New York)\\|Cannon Building]] (right)\n \\| image2 \\= John\\_Paine\\_Mansion,\\_Troy\\_NY.jpg\n \\| caption2 \\= John Paine Mansion\n \\| image3 \\= HendrickHudsonHotelTroy.jpg\n \\| caption3 \\= The Hendrick Hudson Hotel on Monument Square\n}}\nThe [Panic of 1873](/wiki/Panic_of_1873 \"Panic of 1873\") put a damper on this growth, and in the interim the city's steel industry began to decline, squeezed by [competition](/wiki/Competition_%28economics%29 \"Competition (economics)\") from newer, more efficient producers in [Western Pennsylvania](/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania \"Western Pennsylvania\") and the [Midwest](/wiki/Midwest \"Midwest\") on one side and [labor unrest](/wiki/Labor_unrest \"Labor unrest\") at home. But the textile industry remained strong, and even grew. Accordingly, its residents continued to embrace new movements in architecture. The 1880 pharmacy building at 137 Second Street featured a highly decorated [cast iron](/wiki/Cast_iron \"Cast iron\") storefront and curved windows showing the influence of the [Queen Anne Style](/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States \"Queen Anne style architecture in the United States\"). Further down Second Street, industrialist Jonas Heartt's house built that same year is one of the best residential applications of the same style.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), p. 148 \"Infill residential construction on some of Troy's older streets also illustrates the \\[Queen Anne] style. One of the best examples in the historic district is the Jonas Heartt house at 169 Second Street in Washington Park.\"\nCummings explored the [Richardsonian Romanesque](/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque \"Richardsonian Romanesque\") mode in several of his buildings at Russell Sage. The Paine Mansion at 49 Second Street applied the same style, with [arcaded](/wiki/Arcade_%28architecture%29 \"Arcade (architecture)\") entrance [loggia](/wiki/Loggia \"Loggia\") and corner tower, to a home. The brick drugstore annex at 155\\-157 River Street is a particularly representative commercial example of the style.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), p. 149 In 1893 the [World's Columbian Exposition](/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition \"World's Columbian Exposition\") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") popularized the [Classical](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture \"Neoclassical architecture\") and [Renaissance](/wiki/Neo-Renaissance \"Neo-Renaissance\") revivals and Beaux\\-Arts style. They came to Troy very quickly when Marcus Cummings and his son Frederick designed the [Classical Revival](/wiki/Neoclassicism \"Neoclassicism\") county courthouse at 80 Second Street, the third to occupy the site, the following year. A short distance away three years later, the Renaissance Revival [Hart Memorial Library](/wiki/Troy_Public_Library \"Troy Public Library\") was built of [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont \"Vermont\") [marble](/wiki/Marble \"Marble\"), joining the similarly styled 1895 Frear Mansion, also on Second Street.\nAs the 20th century dawned, builders and architects concentrated their efforts in the northern half of the district, primarily on commercial structures as the downtown area was no longer popular as a place for new residences. Monument Square, created in 1891 when a statue of [Columbia](/wiki/Columbia_%28name%29 \"Columbia (name)\") was erected atop the [Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument](/wiki/Soldiers_and_Sailors_Monument_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 \"Soldiers and Sailors Monument (Troy, New York)\") in the triangular area formed by the intersection of Broadway, River and Second streets, became a new focal point of development.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), p. 150 There the [McCarthy Building](/wiki/McCarthy_Building_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 \"McCarthy Building (Troy, New York)\") on Monument Square, and the similar [National State Bank](/wiki/National_State_Bank_Building \"National State Bank Building\") and [Ilium](/wiki/Ilium_Building \"Ilium Building\") buildings on Broadway, all built in 1904, show the decorative influence of the era's revival styles.{{cite web\\|last\\=Waite\\|first\\=Diana\\|title\\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, McCarthy Building\\|url\\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7623\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]\\|date\\=December 1969\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-11\\-06\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210080032/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7623\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-10}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Liebs\\|first\\=Chester\\|title\\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, National State Bank Building\\|url\\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7626\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]\\|date\\=May 1970\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-11\\-01\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210075826/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7626\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-10\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Liebs\\|first\\=Chester\\|title\\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, Ilium Building\\|url\\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7620\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]\\|date\\=May 1970\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-11\\-11\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210082435/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7620\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-10\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), p. 151 [Proctor's Theater](/wiki/Proctor%27s_Theater_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 \"Proctor's Theater (Troy, New York)\"), ten years later on Fourth Street, continued the tradition.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Powers\\|first\\=Robert\\|title\\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, Proctor's Theater\\|url\\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=11276\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]\\|date\\=May 1979\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-28\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210075243/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=11276\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-10\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\nOther architects chose the era's simpler styles, like [Arts and Crafts](/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement%23In_the_United_States \"Arts and Crafts Movement#In the United States\"), as a contrast. The marble\\-and\\-brick 1905 YMCA building on Second Street, and the six\\-story Caldwell Apartments at State and Second streets are two of the district's best examples of that style. The latter building, built in 1907, was also the first large\\-scale [apartment](/wiki/Apartment \"Apartment\") building in the city.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), pp. 151–52 The [Colonial Revival](/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture \"Colonial Revival architecture\") style would also leave its mark in Troy with several buildings. Most notable among them is the Hendrick Hudson Hotel on the east side of Monument Square, a six\\-story structure that was the largest building ever built in the city at the time.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), p. 152 Projects of similar scale, and the city's [annexation](/wiki/Annexation \"Annexation\") of the village of [Lansingburgh](/wiki/Lansingburgh%2C_New_York \"Lansingburgh, New York\") to its north, helped swell its population to over 72,000 in 1930, its alltime peak.\n[right\\|thumb\\|[Downtown post office](/wiki/U.S._Post_Office_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 \"U.S. Post Office (Troy, New York)\")](/wiki/File:TroyPostOffice2.jpg \"TroyPostOffice2.jpg\")\n### Depression and decline",
"New construction almost halted when the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\") began in the 1930s. As a result, there are few buildings in the district in that era's architectural styles. The [post office](/wiki/U.S._Post_Office_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 \"U.S. Post Office (Troy, New York)\") at Fourth and Broadway, built despite much public outcry over the demolition of its landmark 1894 predecessor,{{cite web \\|last\\=Gobrecht \\|first\\=Larry \\|title\\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, U.S. Post Office\\-Troy \\|url\\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7658 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] \\|date\\=December 1986 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-25 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210083447/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7658 \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-10 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} is the district's most notable building of the 1930s. Its stripped\\-down [Classical Revival](/wiki/Neoclassicism \"Neoclassicism\") style shows the influence of [Art Deco](/wiki/Art_Deco \"Art Deco\") in its smooth, finished surfaces. The enameled metal facade on a Third Street storefront, dating to 1940, makes it the only building in the district to show any trace of the [Streamline Moderne](/wiki/Streamline_Moderne \"Streamline Moderne\") style.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), pp. 152–53\n[World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") sustained the city's economy with an increased demand for textiles and all other products it could make. After the war ended, the textile mills, faced with competition from producers in the lower\\-wage [South](/wiki/Southern_United_States \"Southern United States\"), closed or left.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), p. 153\nAfter a brief postwar increase, Troy's population began a continuing decline. The city began the first of several [urban renewal](/wiki/Urban_renewal \"Urban renewal\") plans shortly after adopting its 1962 [master plan](/wiki/Comprehensive_planning \"Comprehensive planning\"). Those plans called for the demolition of many buildings downtown, to be replaced by a new arterial road, large [public housing](/wiki/Public_housing \"Public housing\") projects and a [shopping mall](/wiki/Shopping_mall \"Shopping mall\"). After various delays, those projects were either scaled back or abandoned entirely. In the interim many businesses either closed or moved out of downtown.{{cite web \\|title\\=Summary of the City of Troy's South Troy Working Waterfront \\|url\\= http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2253098/1\\-SUMMARY\\-OF\\-THE\\-CITY\\-OF\\-TROY%EF%BF%BDS\\-SOUTH\\-TROY\\-WORKING\\-WATERFRONT \\|publisher\\=River Street Planning \\& Development LLC \\|pages\\=5 \\|date\\=September 15, 1999 \\|access\\-date\\=December 28, 2008}}\n### Preservation and renewal",
"[right\\|thumb\\|The [McCarthy Building](/wiki/McCarthy_Building_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 \"McCarthy Building (Troy, New York)\"), whose planned demolition roused the city's preservationists](/wiki/File:McCarthyBuildingTroy2.jpeg \"McCarthyBuildingTroy2.jpeg\")\nIn the late 1960s, public opposition to the planned demolition of some of the historic structures downtown like the [McCarthy Building](/wiki/McCarthy_Building_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 \"McCarthy Building (Troy, New York)\"){{Cite news\\|last\\=DerGurahian\\|first\\=Jean\\|title\\=Media firm to call Troy's McCarthy building home\\|url\\=http://albany.bizjournals.com/albany/stories/2000/04/24/story3\\.html\\|publisher\\=American City Business Journals\\|work\\=Albany Business Journal\\|date\\=2000\\-04\\-21\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-11\\-08}} led to them being placed on the then\\-new National Register. In the early 1970s, the five predecessor [historic districts](/wiki/Historic_district_%28United_States%29 \"Historic district (United States)\") were recognized and added as well, along with some other structures.\nUrban renewal programs are funded in part by federal [grants](/wiki/Grant_%28money%29 \"Grant (money)\"). The [National Historic Preservation Act of 1966](/wiki/National_Historic_Preservation_Act_of_1966 \"National Historic Preservation Act of 1966\"), which created the NRHP, requires that federal agencies give consideration to the opinions of the [Advisory Council on Historic Preservation](/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Historic_Preservation \"Advisory Council on Historic Preservation\") in assessing the impact their actions will have on listed properties and consider alternatives to any action that would destroy or significantly affect them. The listings of downtown Troy's districts and buildings therefore had the practical effect of preventing their demolition for urban renewal.{{cite web\\|title\\=Information for Owners\\|url\\=http://www.iowahistory.org/historic\\-preservation/national\\-register\\-of\\-historic\\-places/information\\-for\\-owners.html\\|publisher\\=State Historical Society of Iowa\\|access\\-date\\=December 28, 2008\\|quote\\=National Register status does not mean that a property cannot be destroyed by a highway, by Urban Renewal, or some other project. It does mean that before a federal agency can be involved in any way with such a project, i.e. by funding, licensing or authorizing it, the federal agency must consider alternatives by which National Register properties might be saved from destruction.}}\nBy the 1980s, after a Troy Downtown Historic District had been declared eligible for the NRHP by the state's [Historic Preservation Office](/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks%2C_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation \"New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation\") but not yet submitted to the [National Park Service](/wiki/National_Park_Service \"National Park Service\") (NPS), which administers the Register, local [preservationists](/wiki/Historic_preservation \"Historic preservation\") realized that the existing historic districts did not fully embrace all of downtown's historic properties. Instead of applying for boundary increases or nominating more individual properties to the Register, the city decided to merge all five into a new, central district. The NPS accepted the application and entered the new district on the Register in 1986\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=NEW YORK \\- Rensselaer County \\- Historic Districts\\|url\\=http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/NY/Rensselaer/districts.html\\|publisher\\=nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-26}}\nTroy's downtown began reviving. In 1993, [Martin Scorsese](/wiki/Martin_Scorsese \"Martin Scorsese\") used the Second Street area, particularly the Paine Mansion, and some of the Russell Sage buildings as [locations](/wiki/Filming_location \"Filming location\") for his [adaptation](/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence_%281993_film%29 \"The Age of Innocence (1993 film)\") of [Edith Wharton](/wiki/Edith_Wharton \"Edith Wharton\")'s *[The Age of Innocence](/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence \"The Age of Innocence\")*, since they replicated the appearance of 1870s [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\"). River Street became home to many [antique](/wiki/Antique \"Antique\") stores. Developers began buying the old buildings and [adapting](/wiki/Adaptive_reuse \"Adaptive reuse\") them to contemporary uses.\nRPI began buying properties such as the Rice and Gurley buildings, moving students and faculty into them.{{cite press release \\|title\\=Rensselaer Announces Purchase of Proctor's Theatre Building in Downtown Troy \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] \\|date\\=2004\\-04\\-06 \\|url\\=http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey\\=39\\&setappvar\\=page(1\\) \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-28 \\|quote\\=The purchase of the Proctor's Theatre building is part of Rensselaer’s ongoing 'communiversity' efforts toward the revitalization under way in the City of Troy. Over the last five years Rensselaer has moved faculty, staff, and students into offices, research facilities, and incubator space in the Hedley Building, Gurley Building, and Rice Building, all in downtown Troy. \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814010216/http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey\\=39\\&setappvar\\=page%281%29 \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-08\\-14 }} In 2006, *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* described the city as having \"one of the most perfectly preserved 19th\\-century downtowns in the United States.\" The district's success led to the proposed expansion in 2014\\.\nSignificant contributing properties\n-----------------------------------",
"The district includes all the area of the original five districts, two [National Historic Landmarks](/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark \"National Historic Landmark\"), nine properties listed on the National Register in their own right, and several other noteworthy contributing properties among its 679 total historic resources.\n### Predecessor districts",
"[right\\|thumb\\|Townhouses on Fifth Avenue](/wiki/File:Fifth_Avenue_residences%2C_Troy%2C_NY.jpg \"Fifth Avenue residences, Troy, NY.jpg\")\nFifth Street\\-Fulton Street Historic District**. Many of the city's then\\-prominent businessmen built townhouses here, near the Gurley Building, after the 1862 fire.**Grand Street Historic District**: Marcus Cummings built townhouses here after that fire.**River Street Historic District**: The city's [antique](/wiki/Antique \"Antique\") district is the oldest neighborhood in Troy, and its pre\\-industrial commercial center.**Second Street Historic District**: Many unaltered homes dating to the 1820s, some of them owned by prominent city residents, in the vicinity of the [Troy Savings Bank](/wiki/Troy_Savings_Bank \"Troy Savings Bank\") building.{{cite web\\|last\\=Waite\\|first\\=Diana\\|title\\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, Second Street Historic District\\|url\\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7635\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]\\|date\\=July 1974\\|access\\-date\\=January 7, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=May 11, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511084410/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7635\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}**Washington Park Historic District**: Local businessmen started the city's first planned neighborhood in 1839, the first large [Greek Revival](/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture \"Greek Revival architecture\") development in the city. They used [London's residential squares](/wiki/Squares_in_London \"Squares in London\") as their model. [Philip Johnson](/wiki/Philip_Johnson \"Philip Johnson\") called it \"one of the finest squares in North America\".**### National Historic Landmarks",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[Gurley Building](/wiki/W._%26_L.E._Gurley_Building \"W. & L.E. Gurley Building\")](/wiki/File:Gurley_Building_2008.jpg \"Gurley Building 2008.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|[Troy Savings Bank Music Hall](/wiki/Troy_Savings_Bank \"Troy Savings Bank\")](/wiki/File:TroySavingsBankMusicHallPanorama.jpg \"TroySavingsBankMusicHallPanorama.jpg\")\n[W. \\& L.E. Gurley Building](/wiki/W._%26_L.E._Gurley_Building \"W. & L.E. Gurley Building\")**: Fifth and Fulton streets. Built in just nine months after 1862 fire, this location has been home to [Gurley Precision Instruments](/wiki/Gurley_Precision_Instruments \"Gurley Precision Instruments\") since 1845\\. The building, with Renaissance and classically inspired stylings, is an unusual example of a commercial building extremely sympathetic to its neighboring residences.{{Cite journal\\|title\\=National Register of Historic Places Inventory\\-Nomination: W. \\& L.E. Gurley Building\\|url\\={{NHLS url\\|id\\=70000432}} \\|format\\=pdf\\|author\\=George R. Adams\\|date\\=November 1977\\|publisher\\=National Park Service}} Today owned by RPI and home to some of its divisions, including the Lighting Research Center.{{cite web\\|title\\=Visit Us\\|url\\=http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/aboutUs/visitUs.asp\\|publisher\\=Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute\\|year\\=2007\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-11\\-25\\|quote\\= The LRC is located in the historic Gurley Building in downtown Troy, New York.}}**[Troy Savings Bank](/wiki/Troy_Savings_Bank \"Troy Savings Bank\")**: 32 Second Street. Designed by [George B. Post](/wiki/George_B._Post \"George B. Post\") in 1875 in stylings that anticipate the emergence of [Beaux\\-Arts](/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture \"Beaux-Arts architecture\"), this impressive stone building features a full [concert hall](/wiki/Concert_hall \"Concert hall\") upstairs with excellent [acoustics](/wiki/Acoustics \"Acoustics\").{{cite web\\|last\\=McClintock\\|first\\=R.\\|title\\=The Hall Acoustics\\|url\\=https://www.troymusichall.org/acous.asp\\|publisher\\=Troy Savings Bank Music Hall\\|year\\=2008\\|access\\-date\\=January 8, 2009\\|quote\\=The debate still rages over whether George Post planned the Troy Savings Bank Music Hall to be the acoustical marvel it is.\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222164625/http://www.troymusichall.org/acous.asp\\|archive\\-date\\=December 22, 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}**### National Register of Historic Places",
"[thumb\\|St. Paul's Episcopal Church](/wiki/File:StPaulsTroy.jpg \"StPaulsTroy.jpg\")\n[Cannon Building](/wiki/Cannon_Building_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 \"Cannon Building (Troy, New York)\")**: 1\\-9 Broadway, on the south side of Monument Square. This 1835 collaboration by [Alexander Jackson Davis](/wiki/Alexander_Jackson_Davis \"Alexander Jackson Davis\") and [Ithiel Town](/wiki/Ithiel_Town \"Ithiel Town\") got a [mansard roof](/wiki/Mansard_roof \"Mansard roof\") after an 1870 fire. Today it is used as an [extended\\-stay hotel](/wiki/Apartment_hotel \"Apartment hotel\") and office space.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Wood\\|first\\=Robin\\|title\\=Luxury extended\\-stay apartments set to open in Troy\\|url\\=http://www.bizjournals.com/albany/stories/2005/08/08/daily43\\.html\\|publisher\\=American City Business Journals\\|work\\=Albany Business Journal\\|date\\=2005\\-01\\-11\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-11\\-06\\|quote\\= The renovated Cannon Building on Broadway in Troy, N.Y., is offering 10 of the building's 30 apartments for short\\-term rentals}}**[Hart\\-Cluett Mansion](/wiki/Hart-Cluett_Mansion \"Hart-Cluett Mansion\")**: An 1828 Federal mansion on Second Street built by a New York merchant as a wedding gift to his daughter. Largely unchanged, it is today the home of the [Rensselaer County Historical Society](/wiki/Rensselaer_County_Historical_Society \"Rensselaer County Historical Society\").**[Ilium Building](/wiki/Ilium_Building \"Ilium Building\")**: Marcus Cummings designed this commercial building at Fourth and Fulton in 1904\\.**[McCarthy Building](/wiki/McCarthy_Building_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 \"McCarthy Building (Troy, New York)\")**: 255 River Street, on the west side of Monument Square. Another 1904 building, noted for large proscenium\\-style front arch window from original use as furniture showroom. Today it hosts the Troy offices of a regional media company.**[National State Bank Building](/wiki/National_State_Bank_Building \"National State Bank Building\")**: 297 River Street. Its fenestration and decoration is similar to Cummings' Ilium Building a block away.**[Proctor's Theater](/wiki/Proctor%27s_Theater_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 \"Proctor's Theater (Troy, New York)\")**: A 1914 theater on Fourth Street transitioned smoothly between live\\-entertainment and motion\\-picture eras. RPI had hoped to convert it into a hotel,{{cite press release \\|title\\=Rensselaer Announces Purchase of Proctor's Theatre Building in Downtown Troy \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] \\|date\\=2004\\-04\\-06 \\|url\\=http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey\\=39\\&setappvar\\=page(1\\) \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-28 \\|quote\\=The goal is to develop a high\\-end hotel that will provide economic and community benefits to the city of Troy and to the surrounding area \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814010216/http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey\\=39\\&setappvar\\=page%281%29 \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-08\\-14 }} but a new proposal to gut the interior completely has been the subject of local controversy.{{cite news\\|last\\=Caprood\\|first\\=Tom\\|title\\=A discussion about Proctor's\\|url\\=http://www.troyrecord.com/articles/2009/04/23/news/doc49eff74dc01a1625304673\\.txt\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Journal Register Company]]\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Record (Troy)\\|The Record]]\\|date\\=April 23, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=February 20, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220121410/http://www.troyrecord.com/articles/2009/04/23/news/doc49eff74dc01a1625304673\\.txt\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}**[St. Paul's Episcopal Church](/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Episcopal_Church_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 \"St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Troy, New York)\")**: State and Third streets. This 1828 stone [Gothic Revival](/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture \"Gothic Revival architecture\") structure is an almost exact duplicate of Ithiel Town's Trinity Church in [New Haven](/wiki/New_Haven%2C_Connecticut \"New Haven, Connecticut\"), [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut \"Connecticut\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Dunn\\|first\\=Shirley\\|title\\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, St. Paul's Episcopal Church (JavaScript)\\|url\\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7655\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]\\|date\\=June 19, 1979\\|access\\-date\\=November 8, 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210081900/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7655\\|archive\\-date\\=December 10, 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}**[Troy Public Library](/wiki/Troy_Public_Library \"Troy Public Library\")**: 100 Second Street. It is an 1897 white marble building that has been described as \"one of the finest works of Italian Renaissance architecture in the country\".{{cite web\\|last\\=Waite\\|first\\=Diana\\|title\\=National Register of Historic Places nomination, Troy Public Library\\|url\\=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7661\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]\\|date\\=July 1972\\|access\\-date\\=January 8, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=May 11, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511084614/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp\\_view.asp?GroupView\\=7661\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}**[U.S. Post Office](/wiki/U.S._Post_Office_%28Troy%2C_New_York%29 \"U.S. Post Office (Troy, New York)\")**: Fourth and Broadway. Built in 1936, it is one of the most modern of the contributing properties in the district, using a stripped [Classical Revival](/wiki/Neoclassicism \"Neoclassicism\") style for the tenth post office location in the city's history. Its lobby contains one of only three [Waldo Peirce](/wiki/Waldo_Peirce \"Waldo Peirce\") murals in American post offices.**### Other notable contributing properties",
"{{Multiple image\n\\| header \\= Other notable contributing properties\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| direction \\= \n\\| total\\_width \\= 300\n\\| perrow \\= 2\n\\| image1\\= Rensselaer County Courthouse, Troy, New York.jpg\n\\| caption1 \\= Rensselaer County Courthouse\n\\| image2\\= John Paine Mansion, Troy NY.jpg\n\\| caption2 \\= Paine Mansion\n}}\nCommercial building at 46 Third Street**: Downtown Troy's only example of [Streamline Moderne](/wiki/Streamline_Moderne \"Streamline Moderne\") architecture. Having an [enameled](/wiki/Vitreous_enamel \"Vitreous enamel\") metal facade and storefront, and dating to 1940, it is the newest contributing property in the district.**Caldwell Apartments**: Second and State streets. This Arts and Crafts\\-style building from 1907 was Troy's first large\\-scale apartment building.**The Conservatory of Troy**: 65 Third Street built in 1903 for the Dodge Dry Goods Co was Troy’s first skyscraper. Built by the same firm that constructed the famous Flatiron Building in Manhattan.**[Congregation Berith Sholom](/wiki/Congregation_Berith_Sholom \"Congregation Berith Sholom\") Temple**: 167 Third Street. The oldest [Reform](/wiki/Reform_Judaism \"Reform Judaism\") [synagogue](/wiki/Synagogue \"Synagogue\") in New York, and one of the [oldest surviving synagogues](/wiki/Oldest_synagogues_in_the_United_States \"Oldest synagogues in the United States\") in the country; built in 1870 by Cummings.**Hendrick Hudson Hotel**: Located on the east side of Monument Square. This seven\\-story brick [Colonial Revival](/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture \"Colonial Revival architecture\") building, dating to 1932, is the largest building on the square.**House at 18 First Street **The oldest house in the district is this Federal\\-style brick house, built in 1808 and added to in 1875, that survived the 1820 fire.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), p. 35**Julia Howard Bush Center**: Originally** First Presbyterian Church**, on the Russell Sage campus in Seminary Park at First and Congress streets. A [Greek Revival](/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture \"Greek Revival architecture\") hexastyle temple\\-front church built in 1835, it is one of only ten remaining buildings in that style in the U.S.**Paine Mansion**: 49 2nd Street. This limestone\\-faced [Romanesque Revival](/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture \"Romanesque Revival architecture\") home was built in 1894\\.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), p. 9**Rensselaer County Courthouse**: 80 Second Street. The third courthouse on the site was built in 1894 by Cummings in the [Classical Revival](/wiki/Neoclassicism \"Neoclassicism\") style. The neighboring Second Street Presbyterian Church, built in 1833, was later annexed to it and remodeled in 1913\\.**Rice Building**: First and River streets. [Calvert Vaux](/wiki/Calvert_Vaux \"Calvert Vaux\") and [Frederick Clarke Withers](/wiki/Frederick_Clarke_Withers \"Frederick Clarke Withers\") designed this Polychrome 1871 brick flatiron\\-shaped building. One of the district's rare examples of [Victorian Gothic](/wiki/Victorian_Gothic \"Victorian Gothic\"); formerly owned by RPI, the building is now owned by Tai Ventures and is home to several technology businesses.**St. John's Episcopal Church**: First and Liberty streets. [Henry Dudley](/wiki/Henry_C._Dudley \"Henry C. Dudley\") designed this Stone [Gothic Revival](/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture \"Gothic Revival architecture\") church built in 1856 by in the style of English parish churches that closely follows models of church design embraced by the contemporary [Oxford Movement](/wiki/Oxford_Movement \"Oxford Movement\").**St. Paul's Place**: Off State Street between Fourth and Fifth avenues. This is a street of six attached three\\-story brick rowhouses built ca. 1850\\. They feature a variation on [Italianate](/wiki/Italianate_architecture \"Italianate architecture\") norms with [bracketed](/wiki/Bracket_%28architecture%29 \"Bracket (architecture)\") [gables](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\") and rounded\\-arch windows and doors rarely seen with that style in an urban environment.**Thompson Drug Company Annex**: 155\\-157 River Street. This five\\-story [Richardsonian Romanesque](/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque \"Richardsonian Romanesque\") brick building from 1888 copies one of Richardson's buildings in [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh \"Pittsburgh\").**Vail House'* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - : 46 First Street. This Federal\\-style 1818 home is the most notable structure to have survived the 1820 fire.[Peckham](/wiki/%23Peckham \"#Peckham\"), pp. 139–40 \"... \\[S]everal examples of the house type described by Lambert and built before 1820 remain on First Street and serve to illustrate Troy's early nineteenth century architecture. Foremost among these is the Federal style Vail House at 46 First Street, built in 1818\".\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t[thumb\\|left\\|Street magician performing at River Street festival, 2006](/wiki/File:Street_magician_in_Troy%2C_NY.jpg \"Street magician in Troy, NY.jpg\")"
] |
Seeds
-----
All 12 Pac\-12 schools were eligible to participate in the tournament. Teams were seeded by conference record, with a tiebreaker system used to seed teams with identical conference records. As a result, the top four teams receive a bye to the quarterfinals of the tournament.
Tie\-breaking procedures for determining all tournament seeding was:
* For two\-team tie
1\. Results of head\-to\-head competition during the regular season.
2\. Each team's record (won\-lost percentage) vs. the team occupying the highest position in the final regular standings, and then continuing down through the standings until one team gains an advantage.
When arriving at another group of tied teams while comparing records, use each team's record (won\-lost percentage) against the collective tied teams as a group (prior to that group's own tie\-breaking procedure), rather than the performance against individual tied teams.
3\. Won\-lost percentage against all Division I opponents.
4\. Coin toss conducted by the Commissioner or designee.
* For multiple\-team tie
1\. Results (won\-lost percentage) of collective head\-to\-head competition during the regular season among the tied teams.
2\. If more than two teams are still tied, each of the tied team's record (won\-lost percentage) vs. the team occupying the highest position in the final regular season standings, and then continuing down through the standings, eliminating teams with inferior records, until one team gains an advantage.
When arriving at another group of tied teams while comparing records, use each team's record (won\-lost percentage) against the collective tied teams as a group (prior to that group's own tie\-breaking procedure), rather than the performance against individual tied teams.
After one team has an advantage and is seeded, all remaining teams in the multiple\-team tie\-breaker will repeat the multiple\-team tie\-breaking procedure.
If at any point the multiple\-team tie is reduced to two teams, the two\-team tie\-breaking procedure will be applied.
3\. Won\-lost percentage against all Division I opponents.
4\. Coin toss conducted by the Commissioner or designee.
| Seed | School | Conference | Overall | Tiebreaker |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | [Washington](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Washington_Huskies_men%27s_basketball_team "2018–19 Washington Huskies men's basketball team")†\# | 15–3 | 24–7 | |
| 2 | [Arizona State](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Arizona_State_Sun_Devils_men%27s_basketball_team "2018–19 Arizona State Sun Devils men's basketball team")\# | 12–6 | 21–9 | |
| 3 | [Utah](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Utah_Utes_men%27s_basketball_team "2018–19 Utah Utes men's basketball team")\# | 11–7 | 17–13 | |
| 4 | [Oregon State](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Oregon_State_Beavers_men%27s_basketball_team "2018–19 Oregon State Beavers men's basketball team")\# | 10–8 | 18–12 | 1–0 vs. Colorado, 2–0 vs. Oregon |
| 5 | [Colorado](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Colorado_Buffaloes_men%27s_basketball_team "2018–19 Colorado Buffaloes men's basketball team") | 10–8 | 19–11 | 0–1 vs. Oregon State, 1–0 vs. Oregon |
6 | [Oregon](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Oregon_Ducks_men%27s_basketball_team "2018–19 Oregon Ducks men's basketball team") | 10–8 | 19–12 | 0–2 vs. Oregon State, 0–1 vs. Colorado || 7 | [UCLA](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_UCLA_Bruins_men%27s_basketball_team "2018–19 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team") | 9–9 | 16–15 | |
| 8 | [USC](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_USC_Trojans_men%27s_basketball_team "2018–19 USC Trojans men's basketball team") | 8–10 | 15–16 | 1–0 vs. Arizona, 1–1 vs. Stanford |
| 9 | [Arizona](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Arizona_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball_team "2018–19 Arizona Wildcats men's basketball team") | 8–10 | 17–14 | 2–0 vs. Stanford, 0–1 vs. USC |
| 10 | [Stanford](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Stanford_Cardinal_men%27s_basketball_team "2018–19 Stanford Cardinal men's basketball team") | 8–10 | 15–15 | 1–1 vs. USC, 0–2 vs. Arizona |
| 11 | [Washington State](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Washington_State_Cougars_men%27s_basketball_team "2018–19 Washington State Cougars men's basketball team") | 4–14 | 11–20 | |
| 12 | [California](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_California_Golden_Bears_men%27s_basketball_team "2018–19 California Golden Bears men's basketball team") | 3–15 | 8–22 | |
| † – Pac\-12 Conference regular season champions\# – Received a first round bye in the conference tournament. | | | | | |
|
[
"Seeds\n-----",
"All 12 Pac\\-12 schools were eligible to participate in the tournament. Teams were seeded by conference record, with a tiebreaker system used to seed teams with identical conference records. As a result, the top four teams receive a bye to the quarterfinals of the tournament.",
"Tie\\-breaking procedures for determining all tournament seeding was:\n* For two\\-team tie\n1\\. Results of head\\-to\\-head competition during the regular season.",
"2\\. Each team's record (won\\-lost percentage) vs. the team occupying the highest position in the final regular standings, and then continuing down through the standings until one team gains an advantage. \nWhen arriving at another group of tied teams while comparing records, use each team's record (won\\-lost percentage) against the collective tied teams as a group (prior to that group's own tie\\-breaking procedure), rather than the performance against individual tied teams.",
"3\\. Won\\-lost percentage against all Division I opponents.",
"4\\. Coin toss conducted by the Commissioner or designee.",
"* For multiple\\-team tie\n1\\. Results (won\\-lost percentage) of collective head\\-to\\-head competition during the regular season among the tied teams.",
"2\\. If more than two teams are still tied, each of the tied team's record (won\\-lost percentage) vs. the team occupying the highest position in the final regular season standings, and then continuing down through the standings, eliminating teams with inferior records, until one team gains an advantage.",
"When arriving at another group of tied teams while comparing records, use each team's record (won\\-lost percentage) against the collective tied teams as a group (prior to that group's own tie\\-breaking procedure), rather than the performance against individual tied teams.",
"After one team has an advantage and is seeded, all remaining teams in the multiple\\-team tie\\-breaker will repeat the multiple\\-team tie\\-breaking procedure.",
"If at any point the multiple\\-team tie is reduced to two teams, the two\\-team tie\\-breaking procedure will be applied.",
"3\\. Won\\-lost percentage against all Division I opponents.",
"4\\. Coin toss conducted by the Commissioner or designee.",
"",
"| Seed | School | Conference | Overall | Tiebreaker |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Washington](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Washington_Huskies_men%27s_basketball_team \"2018–19 Washington Huskies men's basketball team\")†\\# | 15–3 | 24–7 | |\n| 2 | [Arizona State](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Arizona_State_Sun_Devils_men%27s_basketball_team \"2018–19 Arizona State Sun Devils men's basketball team\")\\# | 12–6 | 21–9 | |\n| 3 | [Utah](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Utah_Utes_men%27s_basketball_team \"2018–19 Utah Utes men's basketball team\")\\# | 11–7 | 17–13 | |\n| 4 | [Oregon State](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Oregon_State_Beavers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2018–19 Oregon State Beavers men's basketball team\")\\# | 10–8 | 18–12 | 1–0 vs. Colorado, 2–0 vs. Oregon |\n| 5 | [Colorado](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Colorado_Buffaloes_men%27s_basketball_team \"2018–19 Colorado Buffaloes men's basketball team\") | 10–8 | 19–11 | 0–1 vs. Oregon State, 1–0 vs. Oregon |",
"6 | [Oregon](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Oregon_Ducks_men%27s_basketball_team \"2018–19 Oregon Ducks men's basketball team\") | 10–8 | 19–12 | 0–2 vs. Oregon State, 0–1 vs. Colorado || 7 | [UCLA](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_UCLA_Bruins_men%27s_basketball_team \"2018–19 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team\") | 9–9 | 16–15 | |\n| 8 | [USC](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_USC_Trojans_men%27s_basketball_team \"2018–19 USC Trojans men's basketball team\") | 8–10 | 15–16 | 1–0 vs. Arizona, 1–1 vs. Stanford |\n| 9 | [Arizona](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Arizona_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball_team \"2018–19 Arizona Wildcats men's basketball team\") | 8–10 | 17–14 | 2–0 vs. Stanford, 0–1 vs. USC |\n| 10 | [Stanford](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Stanford_Cardinal_men%27s_basketball_team \"2018–19 Stanford Cardinal men's basketball team\") | 8–10 | 15–15 | 1–1 vs. USC, 0–2 vs. Arizona |\n| 11 | [Washington State](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Washington_State_Cougars_men%27s_basketball_team \"2018–19 Washington State Cougars men's basketball team\") | 4–14 | 11–20 | |\n| 12 | [California](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_California_Golden_Bears_men%27s_basketball_team \"2018–19 California Golden Bears men's basketball team\") | 3–15 | 8–22 | |\n| † – Pac\\-12 Conference regular season champions\\# – Received a first round bye in the conference tournament. | | | | | |",
""
] |
History
-------
All American's roots trace back to 1967 where Anthony J. Scotti was a fledgling actor who was famous for playing "Tony Polar" in the movie *[Valley of the Dolls](/wiki/Valley_of_the_Dolls_%28film%29 "Valley of the Dolls (film)")*. After that, Scotti found his life as an actor boring. He told *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")* magazine, "I had come to the conclusion that acting was the most boring God\-awful thing a human being could do." He then quit his acting career in 1971 to pursue a career in music. At the time, he was named senior vice president of [MGM](/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer")'s record division. Three years later, he teamed up with his brother Ben to create [Scotti Brothers Records](/wiki/Scotti_Brothers_Records "Scotti Brothers Records"), a music marketing company that produced the success of artists such as [Electric Light Orchestra](/wiki/Electric_Light_Orchestra "Electric Light Orchestra"), [Survivor](/wiki/Survivor_%28band%29 "Survivor (band)"), and ["Weird Al" Yankovic](/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic).
In 1979, the Scotti Brothers entered the television business by producing the pop music show *[America's Top 10](/wiki/America%27s_Top_10 "America's Top 10")*, hosted by popular radio DJ [Casey Kasem](/wiki/Casey_Kasem "Casey Kasem"). Two years later, the show's popularity led the Scotti Brothers and Syd Vinnedge, a veteran of TV and radio advertising, to found [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City")\-based All American Television. The new company was named after Anthony Scotti's success as a [football](/wiki/American_football "American football") player in [high school](/wiki/High_school "High school"). Former employees of Gold Key Media would be migrated into the company.
In 1982, All American hired George Back, the founder of a small television syndicator in New York who brought Joe Kovacs with him into the company. In 1983, it entered into a joint venture with fellow New York\-based syndicators MG Films and Perin Enterprises (later to merge as MG Perin) to distribute *The Dance Show*, produced by [WSB\-TV](/wiki/WSB-TV "WSB-TV") in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia "Atlanta, Georgia"),{{Cite news\|date\=1983\-10\-24\|title\=Telecastings\|work\=\[\[Broadcasting \& Cable\|Broadcasting]]\|url\=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive\-BC/BC\-1983/BC\-1983\-10\-24\.pdf\|access\-date\=2024\-03\-04}} and picked up another program hosted by Casey Kasem named *America's Choice*.{{Cite news\|date\=1983\-11\-14\|title\=Telecastings\|work\=\[\[Broadcasting \& Cable\|Broadcasting]]\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/83\-OCR/BC\-1983\-11\-14\-OCR\-Page\-0064\.pdf\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-13}} Also that year, Alexy Klucar had to join the company, who served as administrative director of the studio,{{Cite news\|date\=1983\-05\-23\|title\=Fates \& Fortunes\|work\=\[\[Broadcasting \& Cable\|Broadcasting]]\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/83\-OCR/BC\-1983\-05\-23\-OCR\-Page\-0101\.pdf\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-13}} and Don Golden, who was formerly executive of Golden West Television, joined All American Television as sales executive.{{Cite news\|date\=1983\-04\-25\|title\=Fates \& Fortunes\|work\=\[\[Broadcasting \& Cable\|Broadcasting]]\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/83\-OCR/BC\-1983\-04\-25\-OCR\-Page\-0101\.pdf\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-13}} In 1985, All American went public and began trading as a [pink sheet](/wiki/Pink_Sheets_LLC "Pink Sheets LLC") on the [over\-the\-counter](/wiki/Over-the-counter_%28finance%29 "Over-the-counter (finance)") (OTC) market. Later, the company joined the [New York Stock Exchange](/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange "New York Stock Exchange"). In 1987, it attempted to merge with television producer/distributor [Atlantic Kushner\-Locke](/wiki/The_Kushner-Locke_Company "The Kushner-Locke Company") to form a single company that paid $36 million in an effort to become a public organization without an effort of a single public offering, but the merger talks between All American Television and Atlantic Kushner\-Locke were never realized.{{Cite book \|last\=Slide \|first\=Anthony \|title\=The Television Industry: A Historical Dictionary \|year\=1991 \|pages\=157}}
In 1988, it served as the advertising sales barter of Vestron Television's own *Double Images* movie packages, which was available to be for the syndication market.{{Cite news\|date\=1988\-05\-16\|title\=Syndication Marketplace\|work\=\[\[Broadcasting \& Cable\|Broadcasting]]\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/88\-OCR/BC\-1988\-05\-16\-OCR\-Page\-0055\.pdf\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-14}} In 1989, it entered into a new joint venture with MG Perin to handle syndication of *Inside Video: This Week* for the first\-run syndication market.{{Cite news\|date\=1989\-08\-28\|title\=Syndication Marketplace\|work\=\[\[Broadcasting \& Cable\|Broadcasting]]\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/89\-OCR/BC\-1989\-08\-28\-OCR\-Page\-0042\.pdf\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-14}}
### 1990s
In late 1990, All American paved the way for success when it acquired the first\-run syndication rights to *Baywatch* (a fledgling [beach](/wiki/Beach "Beach") drama series that [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC") canceled at the time) through [LBS Communications](/wiki/LBS_Communications "LBS Communications"). The move paid off and *Baywatch* went on to become one of the most popular TV shows until its cancellation in 2001\.
In 1991, All American and Scotti Brothers Entertainment Industries merged in a stock swap that created the television and music recording core of what would eventually become All American Communications. Anthony Scotti became [CEO](/wiki/Chief_executive_officer "Chief executive officer") of the combined entity, and in January 1991 he hired Myron Roth, a former [MCA Records](/wiki/MCA_Records "MCA Records") and [CBS Records](/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment "Sony Music Entertainment") executive, to become the company's new [president](/wiki/President_%28corporate_title%29 "President (corporate title)") and [COO](/wiki/Chief_operating_officer "Chief operating officer"). Syd Vinnedge was named senior executive [vice president](/wiki/Vice_president "Vice president") and Ben Scotti became executive vice president of the records division. All American was represented by Howard L. Mann of Schwartzman, Weinstock, Garelick \& Mann, P.C. The [Scotti Brothers Records](/wiki/Scotti_Brothers_Records "Scotti Brothers Records") label distributed its music through [BMG Music](/wiki/BMG_Music "BMG Music") from 1990 to 1996\.
The company then acquired the assets of its *Baywatch* distribution partner, [Lexington Broadcast Services Company](/wiki/Lexington_Broadcast_Services_Company "Lexington Broadcast Services Company") (LBS), which at the time had declared Chapter 11 [bankruptcy](/wiki/Bankruptcy "Bankruptcy"). By October 1991, All American announced its long\-awaited merger with LBS, and Anthony Scotti decided to name LBS founder Henry Siegel as All American's new president. Henry Siegel's brother Paul Siegel was named the company's new president of international and ancillary markets. The distribution rights of *Baywatch* and *Family Feud* reverted to All American in the agreement, while cancelling off LBS' collaboration with NBC, *Memories...Then and Now*.{{Cite news\|last\=McClellan\|first\=Steve\|date\=1991\-11\-25\|title\=LBS said to be close to asset sale of All American\|work\=\[\[Broadcasting \& Cable\|Broadcasting]]\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/91\-OCR/BC\-1991\-11\-25\-OCR\-Page\-0011\.pdf\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-14}}
By late 1992, All American's first attempt to clone the success of *Baywatch*—an action series *[Acapulco H.E.A.T.](/wiki/Acapulco_H.E.A.T. "Acapulco H.E.A.T.")*—had been sold to half of the United States independent television market.
In December 1993, All American's Scotti Brothers Records subsidiary created a new urban [rap](/wiki/Rap_music "Rap music") division called Street Life Records which showcased [African\-American](/wiki/African-American "African-American") urban acts such as [Skee\-Lo](/wiki/Skee-Lo "Skee-Lo"), The Comrads, and [Craig Mack](/wiki/Craig_Mack "Craig Mack"). Also that year, it signed a deal with [DIC Entertainment](/wiki/DIC_Entertainment "DIC Entertainment") to launch *[Superhuman Samurai Syber\-Squad](/wiki/Superhuman_Samurai_Syber-Squad "Superhuman Samurai Syber-Squad")*, which was modeled on the success of *[Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers](/wiki/Mighty_Morphin_Power_Rangers "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers")*, for the 1994\-95 syndicated TV season, using footage from *[Gridman the Hyper Agent](/wiki/Gridman_the_Hyper_Agent "Gridman the Hyper Agent")*, from [Tsuburaya Productions](/wiki/Tsuburaya_Productions "Tsuburaya Productions") and its Ultracom subsidiary.{{Cite news\|date\=1993\-12\-20\|title\=More 'Power' to them\|work\=\[\[Broadcasting \& Cable\|Broadcasting]]\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/93\-OCR/BC\-1993\-12\-20\-Page\-0038\.pdf\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-16}}{{Cite news\|date\=1994\-02\-07\|title\=In Brief\|work\=\[\[Broadcasting \& Cable\|Broadcasting]]\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/94\-OCR/BC\-1994\-02\-07\-Page\-0064\.pdf\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-16}}
In 1994, All American found itself once again fighting its image as a "one\-show wonder" when it was forced to cancel *Acapulco H.E.A.T.* after half a season and [police](/wiki/Police "Police") drama *[Sirens](/wiki/Sirens_%281993_TV_series%29 "Sirens (1993 TV series)")* after one season on the air. In July 1994, despite rumors that Henry and Paul Siegel were fired due to their dissatisfaction with the cancellation of *Acapulco H.E.A.T.*, All American acquired interest in worldwide game show production company Fremantle International (not to be confused with [the current incarnation of Fremantle](/wiki/Fremantle_%28company%29 "Fremantle (company)") where the rights to the original Fremantle and All American library stand today) from [Interpublic Group of Companies](/wiki/Interpublic_Group_of_Companies "Interpublic Group of Companies").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/08/business/the\-media\-business\-advertising\-addenda\-interpublic\-selling\-assets\-of\-tv\-unit.html\|title\=THE MEDIA BUSINESS: Interpublic Selling Assets of TV Unit\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=July 8, 1994\|accessdate\=July 20, 2022}} In exchange for a 20% stake in All American, Interpublic gave All American some of the programming rights to Fremantle International's 93 game shows, which included local language versions of popular American game shows, such as *The Price is Right* and *Family Feud* (All American syndicated *Feud* in the U.S. at the time), all highly popular in their foreign markets. A month later, former Fremantle chairman Larry Lamattina replaced Henry Siegel as the new president and CEO of All American Television. Henry and Paul Siegel officially left the company to form SeaGull Entertainment, which handled syndication of children's programs, and signed a deal with [DIC Entertainment](/wiki/DIC_Entertainment "DIC Entertainment").{{Cite news\|date\=1994\-11\-14\|title\=SeaGull establishes beachhead\|work\=\[\[Broadcasting \& Cable\|Broadcasting]]\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/94\-OCR/BC\-1994\-11\-14\-Page\-0026\.pdf\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-16}}
In October 1995, All American acquired 50% of the assets and library of [Mark Goodson Productions](/wiki/Mark_Goodson "Mark Goodson"), the producers of classic game shows including *The Price is Right* and *Family Feud*, which the company acquired the foreign distribution rights through Fremantle International.{{cite news\|url\=https://variety.com/1995/tv/features/all\-american\-interpublic\-in\-buying\-game\-on\-goodson\-99128770/\|title\=ALL AMERICAN, INTERPUBLIC IN BUYING GAME ON GOODSON
\|periodical\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date\=October 16, 1995\|accessdate\=July 21, 2022}} By 1995, [David Gerber](/wiki/David_Gerber "David Gerber") had signed an agreement to join the studio, which was entitled All American Television Productions.{{Cite web\|author\=\|date\=1995\-11\-27\|title\=All American Trades On 'Baywatch' Fame To Raise Fresh Coin\|url\=https://variety.com/1995/tv/features/all\-american\-trades\-on\-baywatch\-fame\-to\-raise\-fresh\-coin\-99123752/\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-14\|website\=Variety\|language\=en\-US}} In March 1996, Scotti Bros. Records, which had released some 142 albums since 1982, was officially renamed All American Music Group and announced a distribution deal with [Warner Music Group](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group "Warner Music Group") that promised to increase its penetration of the [pop music](/wiki/Pop_music "Pop music") market.{{cite magazine\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=TA8EAAAAMBAJ\&dq\=all\+american\+music\+group\+scotti\&pg\=PA5\|title\=Scotti Bros. Gets New Moniker Along With New Distribution Pact\|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\|date\=March 9, 1996\|accessdate\=July 21, 2022\|via\=\[\[Google Books]]}} A month later, All American acquired the remaining 50% of Mark Goodson Productions from Interpublic, giving All American total ownership of the Goodson library of game shows.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1996\-04\-10\-fi\-56837\-story.html\|title\=COMPANY TOWN ANNEX\|newspaper\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\|date\=April 10, 1996\|accessdate\=July 21, 2022}} Two months later, All American purchased international [talk show](/wiki/Talk_show "Talk show") producer and distributor Orbis Entertainment Company (not to be confused with now\-defunct TV syndicator [Orbis Communications](/wiki/Carolco_Pictures "Carolco Pictures"), although both companies were created by the same two founders Robert Turner and Ethan Podell),"AP News Archive" [Multimedia Buys Television Programming Assets](https://apnews.com/article/6f3358592e521a030085f26eca0b018e) apnewsarchive.com, Retrieved on October 19, 2013 which was renamed All American/Orbis Communications. The acquisition significantly bolstered All American's shift into international television production and distribution and led to All American's second domestic attempt into the talk genre in the fall of 1997 with *Arthel and Fred*. Its first attempt, *The [Richard Bey](/wiki/Richard_Bey "Richard Bey") Show*, which originated as a local talk show at [WWOR\-TV](/wiki/WWOR-TV "WWOR-TV") in Secaucus, NJ, was cancelled in November 1996\. All\-American had also distributed a show featuring popular radio shock jock [Howard Stern](/wiki/Howard_Stern "Howard Stern") from 1990 to 1992 that originated at WWOR, called simply *[The Howard Stern Show](/wiki/The_Howard_Stern_Show_%28WWOR%29 "The Howard Stern Show (WWOR)")*. In July 1996, All American formed an in\-house licensing and merchandising division to increase control of *Baywatch* and other merchandise lines.
By 1997, the record label was sold to [Zomba Music Group](/wiki/Zomba_Music_Group "Zomba Music Group")'s [Volcano Records](/wiki/Volcano_Records "Volcano Records"). Meanwhile, All American was sold to [Pearson plc](/wiki/Pearson_plc "Pearson plc")'s Pearson Television subsidiary, and All American became Pearson Television's U.S. division. When Pearson Television merged with CLT\-UFA to form the [RTL Group](/wiki/RTL_Group "RTL Group") in 2000, Pearson TV became the content production arm of the new group, then changed its name to FremantleMedia the next year, and eventually in 2018 renamed into Fremantle, thus reviving the name of that acquired companies.
### Current status of the All American libraries
Today, the current incarnation of Fremantle (formerly FremantleMedia) holds the rights to the All American and LBS libraries, as well as the old Fremantle International library of game shows, and the Orbis Entertainment library of talk shows. Vinnedge remained with the company for several years after, including replacing [Bob Barker](/wiki/Bob_Barker "Bob Barker") as executive producer of *[The Price Is Right](/wiki/The_Price_Is_Right_%28U.S._game_show%29 "The Price Is Right (U.S. game show)")* for the first several years after Barker's retirement in 2007; he has since retired.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"All American's roots trace back to 1967 where Anthony J. Scotti was a fledgling actor who was famous for playing \"Tony Polar\" in the movie *[Valley of the Dolls](/wiki/Valley_of_the_Dolls_%28film%29 \"Valley of the Dolls (film)\")*. After that, Scotti found his life as an actor boring. He told *[Forbes](/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\")* magazine, \"I had come to the conclusion that acting was the most boring God\\-awful thing a human being could do.\" He then quit his acting career in 1971 to pursue a career in music. At the time, he was named senior vice president of [MGM](/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\")'s record division. Three years later, he teamed up with his brother Ben to create [Scotti Brothers Records](/wiki/Scotti_Brothers_Records \"Scotti Brothers Records\"), a music marketing company that produced the success of artists such as [Electric Light Orchestra](/wiki/Electric_Light_Orchestra \"Electric Light Orchestra\"), [Survivor](/wiki/Survivor_%28band%29 \"Survivor (band)\"), and [\"Weird Al\" Yankovic](/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic).",
"In 1979, the Scotti Brothers entered the television business by producing the pop music show *[America's Top 10](/wiki/America%27s_Top_10 \"America's Top 10\")*, hosted by popular radio DJ [Casey Kasem](/wiki/Casey_Kasem \"Casey Kasem\"). Two years later, the show's popularity led the Scotti Brothers and Syd Vinnedge, a veteran of TV and radio advertising, to found [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\")\\-based All American Television. The new company was named after Anthony Scotti's success as a [football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") player in [high school](/wiki/High_school \"High school\"). Former employees of Gold Key Media would be migrated into the company.",
"In 1982, All American hired George Back, the founder of a small television syndicator in New York who brought Joe Kovacs with him into the company. In 1983, it entered into a joint venture with fellow New York\\-based syndicators MG Films and Perin Enterprises (later to merge as MG Perin) to distribute *The Dance Show*, produced by [WSB\\-TV](/wiki/WSB-TV \"WSB-TV\") in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia \"Atlanta, Georgia\"),{{Cite news\\|date\\=1983\\-10\\-24\\|title\\=Telecastings\\|work\\=\\[\\[Broadcasting \\& Cable\\|Broadcasting]]\\|url\\=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive\\-BC/BC\\-1983/BC\\-1983\\-10\\-24\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-04}} and picked up another program hosted by Casey Kasem named *America's Choice*.{{Cite news\\|date\\=1983\\-11\\-14\\|title\\=Telecastings\\|work\\=\\[\\[Broadcasting \\& Cable\\|Broadcasting]]\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/83\\-OCR/BC\\-1983\\-11\\-14\\-OCR\\-Page\\-0064\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-13}} Also that year, Alexy Klucar had to join the company, who served as administrative director of the studio,{{Cite news\\|date\\=1983\\-05\\-23\\|title\\=Fates \\& Fortunes\\|work\\=\\[\\[Broadcasting \\& Cable\\|Broadcasting]]\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/83\\-OCR/BC\\-1983\\-05\\-23\\-OCR\\-Page\\-0101\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-13}} and Don Golden, who was formerly executive of Golden West Television, joined All American Television as sales executive.{{Cite news\\|date\\=1983\\-04\\-25\\|title\\=Fates \\& Fortunes\\|work\\=\\[\\[Broadcasting \\& Cable\\|Broadcasting]]\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/83\\-OCR/BC\\-1983\\-04\\-25\\-OCR\\-Page\\-0101\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-13}} In 1985, All American went public and began trading as a [pink sheet](/wiki/Pink_Sheets_LLC \"Pink Sheets LLC\") on the [over\\-the\\-counter](/wiki/Over-the-counter_%28finance%29 \"Over-the-counter (finance)\") (OTC) market. Later, the company joined the [New York Stock Exchange](/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange \"New York Stock Exchange\"). In 1987, it attempted to merge with television producer/distributor [Atlantic Kushner\\-Locke](/wiki/The_Kushner-Locke_Company \"The Kushner-Locke Company\") to form a single company that paid $36 million in an effort to become a public organization without an effort of a single public offering, but the merger talks between All American Television and Atlantic Kushner\\-Locke were never realized.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Slide \\|first\\=Anthony \\|title\\=The Television Industry: A Historical Dictionary \\|year\\=1991 \\|pages\\=157}}",
"In 1988, it served as the advertising sales barter of Vestron Television's own *Double Images* movie packages, which was available to be for the syndication market.{{Cite news\\|date\\=1988\\-05\\-16\\|title\\=Syndication Marketplace\\|work\\=\\[\\[Broadcasting \\& Cable\\|Broadcasting]]\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/88\\-OCR/BC\\-1988\\-05\\-16\\-OCR\\-Page\\-0055\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-14}} In 1989, it entered into a new joint venture with MG Perin to handle syndication of *Inside Video: This Week* for the first\\-run syndication market.{{Cite news\\|date\\=1989\\-08\\-28\\|title\\=Syndication Marketplace\\|work\\=\\[\\[Broadcasting \\& Cable\\|Broadcasting]]\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/89\\-OCR/BC\\-1989\\-08\\-28\\-OCR\\-Page\\-0042\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-14}}",
"### 1990s",
"In late 1990, All American paved the way for success when it acquired the first\\-run syndication rights to *Baywatch* (a fledgling [beach](/wiki/Beach \"Beach\") drama series that [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\") canceled at the time) through [LBS Communications](/wiki/LBS_Communications \"LBS Communications\"). The move paid off and *Baywatch* went on to become one of the most popular TV shows until its cancellation in 2001\\.",
"In 1991, All American and Scotti Brothers Entertainment Industries merged in a stock swap that created the television and music recording core of what would eventually become All American Communications. Anthony Scotti became [CEO](/wiki/Chief_executive_officer \"Chief executive officer\") of the combined entity, and in January 1991 he hired Myron Roth, a former [MCA Records](/wiki/MCA_Records \"MCA Records\") and [CBS Records](/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment \"Sony Music Entertainment\") executive, to become the company's new [president](/wiki/President_%28corporate_title%29 \"President (corporate title)\") and [COO](/wiki/Chief_operating_officer \"Chief operating officer\"). Syd Vinnedge was named senior executive [vice president](/wiki/Vice_president \"Vice president\") and Ben Scotti became executive vice president of the records division. All American was represented by Howard L. Mann of Schwartzman, Weinstock, Garelick \\& Mann, P.C. The [Scotti Brothers Records](/wiki/Scotti_Brothers_Records \"Scotti Brothers Records\") label distributed its music through [BMG Music](/wiki/BMG_Music \"BMG Music\") from 1990 to 1996\\.",
"The company then acquired the assets of its *Baywatch* distribution partner, [Lexington Broadcast Services Company](/wiki/Lexington_Broadcast_Services_Company \"Lexington Broadcast Services Company\") (LBS), which at the time had declared Chapter 11 [bankruptcy](/wiki/Bankruptcy \"Bankruptcy\"). By October 1991, All American announced its long\\-awaited merger with LBS, and Anthony Scotti decided to name LBS founder Henry Siegel as All American's new president. Henry Siegel's brother Paul Siegel was named the company's new president of international and ancillary markets. The distribution rights of *Baywatch* and *Family Feud* reverted to All American in the agreement, while cancelling off LBS' collaboration with NBC, *Memories...Then and Now*.{{Cite news\\|last\\=McClellan\\|first\\=Steve\\|date\\=1991\\-11\\-25\\|title\\=LBS said to be close to asset sale of All American\\|work\\=\\[\\[Broadcasting \\& Cable\\|Broadcasting]]\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/91\\-OCR/BC\\-1991\\-11\\-25\\-OCR\\-Page\\-0011\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-14}}",
"By late 1992, All American's first attempt to clone the success of *Baywatch*—an action series *[Acapulco H.E.A.T.](/wiki/Acapulco_H.E.A.T. \"Acapulco H.E.A.T.\")*—had been sold to half of the United States independent television market.",
"In December 1993, All American's Scotti Brothers Records subsidiary created a new urban [rap](/wiki/Rap_music \"Rap music\") division called Street Life Records which showcased [African\\-American](/wiki/African-American \"African-American\") urban acts such as [Skee\\-Lo](/wiki/Skee-Lo \"Skee-Lo\"), The Comrads, and [Craig Mack](/wiki/Craig_Mack \"Craig Mack\"). Also that year, it signed a deal with [DIC Entertainment](/wiki/DIC_Entertainment \"DIC Entertainment\") to launch *[Superhuman Samurai Syber\\-Squad](/wiki/Superhuman_Samurai_Syber-Squad \"Superhuman Samurai Syber-Squad\")*, which was modeled on the success of *[Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers](/wiki/Mighty_Morphin_Power_Rangers \"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\")*, for the 1994\\-95 syndicated TV season, using footage from *[Gridman the Hyper Agent](/wiki/Gridman_the_Hyper_Agent \"Gridman the Hyper Agent\")*, from [Tsuburaya Productions](/wiki/Tsuburaya_Productions \"Tsuburaya Productions\") and its Ultracom subsidiary.{{Cite news\\|date\\=1993\\-12\\-20\\|title\\=More 'Power' to them\\|work\\=\\[\\[Broadcasting \\& Cable\\|Broadcasting]]\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/93\\-OCR/BC\\-1993\\-12\\-20\\-Page\\-0038\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-16}}{{Cite news\\|date\\=1994\\-02\\-07\\|title\\=In Brief\\|work\\=\\[\\[Broadcasting \\& Cable\\|Broadcasting]]\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/94\\-OCR/BC\\-1994\\-02\\-07\\-Page\\-0064\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-16}}",
"In 1994, All American found itself once again fighting its image as a \"one\\-show wonder\" when it was forced to cancel *Acapulco H.E.A.T.* after half a season and [police](/wiki/Police \"Police\") drama *[Sirens](/wiki/Sirens_%281993_TV_series%29 \"Sirens (1993 TV series)\")* after one season on the air. In July 1994, despite rumors that Henry and Paul Siegel were fired due to their dissatisfaction with the cancellation of *Acapulco H.E.A.T.*, All American acquired interest in worldwide game show production company Fremantle International (not to be confused with [the current incarnation of Fremantle](/wiki/Fremantle_%28company%29 \"Fremantle (company)\") where the rights to the original Fremantle and All American library stand today) from [Interpublic Group of Companies](/wiki/Interpublic_Group_of_Companies \"Interpublic Group of Companies\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/08/business/the\\-media\\-business\\-advertising\\-addenda\\-interpublic\\-selling\\-assets\\-of\\-tv\\-unit.html\\|title\\=THE MEDIA BUSINESS: Interpublic Selling Assets of TV Unit\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=July 8, 1994\\|accessdate\\=July 20, 2022}} In exchange for a 20% stake in All American, Interpublic gave All American some of the programming rights to Fremantle International's 93 game shows, which included local language versions of popular American game shows, such as *The Price is Right* and *Family Feud* (All American syndicated *Feud* in the U.S. at the time), all highly popular in their foreign markets. A month later, former Fremantle chairman Larry Lamattina replaced Henry Siegel as the new president and CEO of All American Television. Henry and Paul Siegel officially left the company to form SeaGull Entertainment, which handled syndication of children's programs, and signed a deal with [DIC Entertainment](/wiki/DIC_Entertainment \"DIC Entertainment\").{{Cite news\\|date\\=1994\\-11\\-14\\|title\\=SeaGull establishes beachhead\\|work\\=\\[\\[Broadcasting \\& Cable\\|Broadcasting]]\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/94\\-OCR/BC\\-1994\\-11\\-14\\-Page\\-0026\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-16}}",
"In October 1995, All American acquired 50% of the assets and library of [Mark Goodson Productions](/wiki/Mark_Goodson \"Mark Goodson\"), the producers of classic game shows including *The Price is Right* and *Family Feud*, which the company acquired the foreign distribution rights through Fremantle International.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://variety.com/1995/tv/features/all\\-american\\-interpublic\\-in\\-buying\\-game\\-on\\-goodson\\-99128770/\\|title\\=ALL AMERICAN, INTERPUBLIC IN BUYING GAME ON GOODSON\n\\|periodical\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]\\|date\\=October 16, 1995\\|accessdate\\=July 21, 2022}} By 1995, [David Gerber](/wiki/David_Gerber \"David Gerber\") had signed an agreement to join the studio, which was entitled All American Television Productions.{{Cite web\\|author\\=\\|date\\=1995\\-11\\-27\\|title\\=All American Trades On 'Baywatch' Fame To Raise Fresh Coin\\|url\\=https://variety.com/1995/tv/features/all\\-american\\-trades\\-on\\-baywatch\\-fame\\-to\\-raise\\-fresh\\-coin\\-99123752/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-14\\|website\\=Variety\\|language\\=en\\-US}} In March 1996, Scotti Bros. Records, which had released some 142 albums since 1982, was officially renamed All American Music Group and announced a distribution deal with [Warner Music Group](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group \"Warner Music Group\") that promised to increase its penetration of the [pop music](/wiki/Pop_music \"Pop music\") market.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=TA8EAAAAMBAJ\\&dq\\=all\\+american\\+music\\+group\\+scotti\\&pg\\=PA5\\|title\\=Scotti Bros. Gets New Moniker Along With New Distribution Pact\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]\\|date\\=March 9, 1996\\|accessdate\\=July 21, 2022\\|via\\=\\[\\[Google Books]]}} A month later, All American acquired the remaining 50% of Mark Goodson Productions from Interpublic, giving All American total ownership of the Goodson library of game shows.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1996\\-04\\-10\\-fi\\-56837\\-story.html\\|title\\=COMPANY TOWN ANNEX\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|date\\=April 10, 1996\\|accessdate\\=July 21, 2022}} Two months later, All American purchased international [talk show](/wiki/Talk_show \"Talk show\") producer and distributor Orbis Entertainment Company (not to be confused with now\\-defunct TV syndicator [Orbis Communications](/wiki/Carolco_Pictures \"Carolco Pictures\"), although both companies were created by the same two founders Robert Turner and Ethan Podell),\"AP News Archive\" [Multimedia Buys Television Programming Assets](https://apnews.com/article/6f3358592e521a030085f26eca0b018e) apnewsarchive.com, Retrieved on October 19, 2013 which was renamed All American/Orbis Communications. The acquisition significantly bolstered All American's shift into international television production and distribution and led to All American's second domestic attempt into the talk genre in the fall of 1997 with *Arthel and Fred*. Its first attempt, *The [Richard Bey](/wiki/Richard_Bey \"Richard Bey\") Show*, which originated as a local talk show at [WWOR\\-TV](/wiki/WWOR-TV \"WWOR-TV\") in Secaucus, NJ, was cancelled in November 1996\\. All\\-American had also distributed a show featuring popular radio shock jock [Howard Stern](/wiki/Howard_Stern \"Howard Stern\") from 1990 to 1992 that originated at WWOR, called simply *[The Howard Stern Show](/wiki/The_Howard_Stern_Show_%28WWOR%29 \"The Howard Stern Show (WWOR)\")*. In July 1996, All American formed an in\\-house licensing and merchandising division to increase control of *Baywatch* and other merchandise lines.",
"By 1997, the record label was sold to [Zomba Music Group](/wiki/Zomba_Music_Group \"Zomba Music Group\")'s [Volcano Records](/wiki/Volcano_Records \"Volcano Records\"). Meanwhile, All American was sold to [Pearson plc](/wiki/Pearson_plc \"Pearson plc\")'s Pearson Television subsidiary, and All American became Pearson Television's U.S. division. When Pearson Television merged with CLT\\-UFA to form the [RTL Group](/wiki/RTL_Group \"RTL Group\") in 2000, Pearson TV became the content production arm of the new group, then changed its name to FremantleMedia the next year, and eventually in 2018 renamed into Fremantle, thus reviving the name of that acquired companies.",
"### Current status of the All American libraries",
"Today, the current incarnation of Fremantle (formerly FremantleMedia) holds the rights to the All American and LBS libraries, as well as the old Fremantle International library of game shows, and the Orbis Entertainment library of talk shows. Vinnedge remained with the company for several years after, including replacing [Bob Barker](/wiki/Bob_Barker \"Bob Barker\") as executive producer of *[The Price Is Right](/wiki/The_Price_Is_Right_%28U.S._game_show%29 \"The Price Is Right (U.S. game show)\")* for the first several years after Barker's retirement in 2007; he has since retired.",
""
] |
### 1990s
In late 1990, All American paved the way for success when it acquired the first\-run syndication rights to *Baywatch* (a fledgling [beach](/wiki/Beach "Beach") drama series that [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC") canceled at the time) through [LBS Communications](/wiki/LBS_Communications "LBS Communications"). The move paid off and *Baywatch* went on to become one of the most popular TV shows until its cancellation in 2001\.
In 1991, All American and Scotti Brothers Entertainment Industries merged in a stock swap that created the television and music recording core of what would eventually become All American Communications. Anthony Scotti became [CEO](/wiki/Chief_executive_officer "Chief executive officer") of the combined entity, and in January 1991 he hired Myron Roth, a former [MCA Records](/wiki/MCA_Records "MCA Records") and [CBS Records](/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment "Sony Music Entertainment") executive, to become the company's new [president](/wiki/President_%28corporate_title%29 "President (corporate title)") and [COO](/wiki/Chief_operating_officer "Chief operating officer"). Syd Vinnedge was named senior executive [vice president](/wiki/Vice_president "Vice president") and Ben Scotti became executive vice president of the records division. All American was represented by Howard L. Mann of Schwartzman, Weinstock, Garelick \& Mann, P.C. The [Scotti Brothers Records](/wiki/Scotti_Brothers_Records "Scotti Brothers Records") label distributed its music through [BMG Music](/wiki/BMG_Music "BMG Music") from 1990 to 1996\.
The company then acquired the assets of its *Baywatch* distribution partner, [Lexington Broadcast Services Company](/wiki/Lexington_Broadcast_Services_Company "Lexington Broadcast Services Company") (LBS), which at the time had declared Chapter 11 [bankruptcy](/wiki/Bankruptcy "Bankruptcy"). By October 1991, All American announced its long\-awaited merger with LBS, and Anthony Scotti decided to name LBS founder Henry Siegel as All American's new president. Henry Siegel's brother Paul Siegel was named the company's new president of international and ancillary markets. The distribution rights of *Baywatch* and *Family Feud* reverted to All American in the agreement, while cancelling off LBS' collaboration with NBC, *Memories...Then and Now*.{{Cite news\|last\=McClellan\|first\=Steve\|date\=1991\-11\-25\|title\=LBS said to be close to asset sale of All American\|work\=\[\[Broadcasting \& Cable\|Broadcasting]]\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/91\-OCR/BC\-1991\-11\-25\-OCR\-Page\-0011\.pdf\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-14}}
By late 1992, All American's first attempt to clone the success of *Baywatch*—an action series *[Acapulco H.E.A.T.](/wiki/Acapulco_H.E.A.T. "Acapulco H.E.A.T.")*—had been sold to half of the United States independent television market.
In December 1993, All American's Scotti Brothers Records subsidiary created a new urban [rap](/wiki/Rap_music "Rap music") division called Street Life Records which showcased [African\-American](/wiki/African-American "African-American") urban acts such as [Skee\-Lo](/wiki/Skee-Lo "Skee-Lo"), The Comrads, and [Craig Mack](/wiki/Craig_Mack "Craig Mack"). Also that year, it signed a deal with [DIC Entertainment](/wiki/DIC_Entertainment "DIC Entertainment") to launch *[Superhuman Samurai Syber\-Squad](/wiki/Superhuman_Samurai_Syber-Squad "Superhuman Samurai Syber-Squad")*, which was modeled on the success of *[Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers](/wiki/Mighty_Morphin_Power_Rangers "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers")*, for the 1994\-95 syndicated TV season, using footage from *[Gridman the Hyper Agent](/wiki/Gridman_the_Hyper_Agent "Gridman the Hyper Agent")*, from [Tsuburaya Productions](/wiki/Tsuburaya_Productions "Tsuburaya Productions") and its Ultracom subsidiary.{{Cite news\|date\=1993\-12\-20\|title\=More 'Power' to them\|work\=\[\[Broadcasting \& Cable\|Broadcasting]]\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/93\-OCR/BC\-1993\-12\-20\-Page\-0038\.pdf\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-16}}{{Cite news\|date\=1994\-02\-07\|title\=In Brief\|work\=\[\[Broadcasting \& Cable\|Broadcasting]]\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/94\-OCR/BC\-1994\-02\-07\-Page\-0064\.pdf\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-16}}
In 1994, All American found itself once again fighting its image as a "one\-show wonder" when it was forced to cancel *Acapulco H.E.A.T.* after half a season and [police](/wiki/Police "Police") drama *[Sirens](/wiki/Sirens_%281993_TV_series%29 "Sirens (1993 TV series)")* after one season on the air. In July 1994, despite rumors that Henry and Paul Siegel were fired due to their dissatisfaction with the cancellation of *Acapulco H.E.A.T.*, All American acquired interest in worldwide game show production company Fremantle International (not to be confused with [the current incarnation of Fremantle](/wiki/Fremantle_%28company%29 "Fremantle (company)") where the rights to the original Fremantle and All American library stand today) from [Interpublic Group of Companies](/wiki/Interpublic_Group_of_Companies "Interpublic Group of Companies").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/08/business/the\-media\-business\-advertising\-addenda\-interpublic\-selling\-assets\-of\-tv\-unit.html\|title\=THE MEDIA BUSINESS: Interpublic Selling Assets of TV Unit\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=July 8, 1994\|accessdate\=July 20, 2022}} In exchange for a 20% stake in All American, Interpublic gave All American some of the programming rights to Fremantle International's 93 game shows, which included local language versions of popular American game shows, such as *The Price is Right* and *Family Feud* (All American syndicated *Feud* in the U.S. at the time), all highly popular in their foreign markets. A month later, former Fremantle chairman Larry Lamattina replaced Henry Siegel as the new president and CEO of All American Television. Henry and Paul Siegel officially left the company to form SeaGull Entertainment, which handled syndication of children's programs, and signed a deal with [DIC Entertainment](/wiki/DIC_Entertainment "DIC Entertainment").{{Cite news\|date\=1994\-11\-14\|title\=SeaGull establishes beachhead\|work\=\[\[Broadcasting \& Cable\|Broadcasting]]\|url\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\-Business/Magazines/Archive\-BC\-IDX/94\-OCR/BC\-1994\-11\-14\-Page\-0026\.pdf\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-16}}
In October 1995, All American acquired 50% of the assets and library of [Mark Goodson Productions](/wiki/Mark_Goodson "Mark Goodson"), the producers of classic game shows including *The Price is Right* and *Family Feud*, which the company acquired the foreign distribution rights through Fremantle International.{{cite news\|url\=https://variety.com/1995/tv/features/all\-american\-interpublic\-in\-buying\-game\-on\-goodson\-99128770/\|title\=ALL AMERICAN, INTERPUBLIC IN BUYING GAME ON GOODSON
\|periodical\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date\=October 16, 1995\|accessdate\=July 21, 2022}} By 1995, [David Gerber](/wiki/David_Gerber "David Gerber") had signed an agreement to join the studio, which was entitled All American Television Productions.{{Cite web\|author\=\|date\=1995\-11\-27\|title\=All American Trades On 'Baywatch' Fame To Raise Fresh Coin\|url\=https://variety.com/1995/tv/features/all\-american\-trades\-on\-baywatch\-fame\-to\-raise\-fresh\-coin\-99123752/\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-14\|website\=Variety\|language\=en\-US}} In March 1996, Scotti Bros. Records, which had released some 142 albums since 1982, was officially renamed All American Music Group and announced a distribution deal with [Warner Music Group](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group "Warner Music Group") that promised to increase its penetration of the [pop music](/wiki/Pop_music "Pop music") market.{{cite magazine\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=TA8EAAAAMBAJ\&dq\=all\+american\+music\+group\+scotti\&pg\=PA5\|title\=Scotti Bros. Gets New Moniker Along With New Distribution Pact\|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\|date\=March 9, 1996\|accessdate\=July 21, 2022\|via\=\[\[Google Books]]}} A month later, All American acquired the remaining 50% of Mark Goodson Productions from Interpublic, giving All American total ownership of the Goodson library of game shows.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1996\-04\-10\-fi\-56837\-story.html\|title\=COMPANY TOWN ANNEX\|newspaper\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\|date\=April 10, 1996\|accessdate\=July 21, 2022}} Two months later, All American purchased international [talk show](/wiki/Talk_show "Talk show") producer and distributor Orbis Entertainment Company (not to be confused with now\-defunct TV syndicator [Orbis Communications](/wiki/Carolco_Pictures "Carolco Pictures"), although both companies were created by the same two founders Robert Turner and Ethan Podell),"AP News Archive" [Multimedia Buys Television Programming Assets](https://apnews.com/article/6f3358592e521a030085f26eca0b018e) apnewsarchive.com, Retrieved on October 19, 2013 which was renamed All American/Orbis Communications. The acquisition significantly bolstered All American's shift into international television production and distribution and led to All American's second domestic attempt into the talk genre in the fall of 1997 with *Arthel and Fred*. Its first attempt, *The [Richard Bey](/wiki/Richard_Bey "Richard Bey") Show*, which originated as a local talk show at [WWOR\-TV](/wiki/WWOR-TV "WWOR-TV") in Secaucus, NJ, was cancelled in November 1996\. All\-American had also distributed a show featuring popular radio shock jock [Howard Stern](/wiki/Howard_Stern "Howard Stern") from 1990 to 1992 that originated at WWOR, called simply *[The Howard Stern Show](/wiki/The_Howard_Stern_Show_%28WWOR%29 "The Howard Stern Show (WWOR)")*. In July 1996, All American formed an in\-house licensing and merchandising division to increase control of *Baywatch* and other merchandise lines.
By 1997, the record label was sold to [Zomba Music Group](/wiki/Zomba_Music_Group "Zomba Music Group")'s [Volcano Records](/wiki/Volcano_Records "Volcano Records"). Meanwhile, All American was sold to [Pearson plc](/wiki/Pearson_plc "Pearson plc")'s Pearson Television subsidiary, and All American became Pearson Television's U.S. division. When Pearson Television merged with CLT\-UFA to form the [RTL Group](/wiki/RTL_Group "RTL Group") in 2000, Pearson TV became the content production arm of the new group, then changed its name to FremantleMedia the next year, and eventually in 2018 renamed into Fremantle, thus reviving the name of that acquired companies.
|
[
"### 1990s",
"In late 1990, All American paved the way for success when it acquired the first\\-run syndication rights to *Baywatch* (a fledgling [beach](/wiki/Beach \"Beach\") drama series that [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\") canceled at the time) through [LBS Communications](/wiki/LBS_Communications \"LBS Communications\"). The move paid off and *Baywatch* went on to become one of the most popular TV shows until its cancellation in 2001\\.",
"In 1991, All American and Scotti Brothers Entertainment Industries merged in a stock swap that created the television and music recording core of what would eventually become All American Communications. Anthony Scotti became [CEO](/wiki/Chief_executive_officer \"Chief executive officer\") of the combined entity, and in January 1991 he hired Myron Roth, a former [MCA Records](/wiki/MCA_Records \"MCA Records\") and [CBS Records](/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment \"Sony Music Entertainment\") executive, to become the company's new [president](/wiki/President_%28corporate_title%29 \"President (corporate title)\") and [COO](/wiki/Chief_operating_officer \"Chief operating officer\"). Syd Vinnedge was named senior executive [vice president](/wiki/Vice_president \"Vice president\") and Ben Scotti became executive vice president of the records division. All American was represented by Howard L. Mann of Schwartzman, Weinstock, Garelick \\& Mann, P.C. The [Scotti Brothers Records](/wiki/Scotti_Brothers_Records \"Scotti Brothers Records\") label distributed its music through [BMG Music](/wiki/BMG_Music \"BMG Music\") from 1990 to 1996\\.",
"The company then acquired the assets of its *Baywatch* distribution partner, [Lexington Broadcast Services Company](/wiki/Lexington_Broadcast_Services_Company \"Lexington Broadcast Services Company\") (LBS), which at the time had declared Chapter 11 [bankruptcy](/wiki/Bankruptcy \"Bankruptcy\"). By October 1991, All American announced its long\\-awaited merger with LBS, and Anthony Scotti decided to name LBS founder Henry Siegel as All American's new president. Henry Siegel's brother Paul Siegel was named the company's new president of international and ancillary markets. The distribution rights of *Baywatch* and *Family Feud* reverted to All American in the agreement, while cancelling off LBS' collaboration with NBC, *Memories...Then and Now*.{{Cite news\\|last\\=McClellan\\|first\\=Steve\\|date\\=1991\\-11\\-25\\|title\\=LBS said to be close to asset sale of All American\\|work\\=\\[\\[Broadcasting \\& Cable\\|Broadcasting]]\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/91\\-OCR/BC\\-1991\\-11\\-25\\-OCR\\-Page\\-0011\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-14}}",
"By late 1992, All American's first attempt to clone the success of *Baywatch*—an action series *[Acapulco H.E.A.T.](/wiki/Acapulco_H.E.A.T. \"Acapulco H.E.A.T.\")*—had been sold to half of the United States independent television market.",
"In December 1993, All American's Scotti Brothers Records subsidiary created a new urban [rap](/wiki/Rap_music \"Rap music\") division called Street Life Records which showcased [African\\-American](/wiki/African-American \"African-American\") urban acts such as [Skee\\-Lo](/wiki/Skee-Lo \"Skee-Lo\"), The Comrads, and [Craig Mack](/wiki/Craig_Mack \"Craig Mack\"). Also that year, it signed a deal with [DIC Entertainment](/wiki/DIC_Entertainment \"DIC Entertainment\") to launch *[Superhuman Samurai Syber\\-Squad](/wiki/Superhuman_Samurai_Syber-Squad \"Superhuman Samurai Syber-Squad\")*, which was modeled on the success of *[Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers](/wiki/Mighty_Morphin_Power_Rangers \"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\")*, for the 1994\\-95 syndicated TV season, using footage from *[Gridman the Hyper Agent](/wiki/Gridman_the_Hyper_Agent \"Gridman the Hyper Agent\")*, from [Tsuburaya Productions](/wiki/Tsuburaya_Productions \"Tsuburaya Productions\") and its Ultracom subsidiary.{{Cite news\\|date\\=1993\\-12\\-20\\|title\\=More 'Power' to them\\|work\\=\\[\\[Broadcasting \\& Cable\\|Broadcasting]]\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/93\\-OCR/BC\\-1993\\-12\\-20\\-Page\\-0038\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-16}}{{Cite news\\|date\\=1994\\-02\\-07\\|title\\=In Brief\\|work\\=\\[\\[Broadcasting \\& Cable\\|Broadcasting]]\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/94\\-OCR/BC\\-1994\\-02\\-07\\-Page\\-0064\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-16}}",
"In 1994, All American found itself once again fighting its image as a \"one\\-show wonder\" when it was forced to cancel *Acapulco H.E.A.T.* after half a season and [police](/wiki/Police \"Police\") drama *[Sirens](/wiki/Sirens_%281993_TV_series%29 \"Sirens (1993 TV series)\")* after one season on the air. In July 1994, despite rumors that Henry and Paul Siegel were fired due to their dissatisfaction with the cancellation of *Acapulco H.E.A.T.*, All American acquired interest in worldwide game show production company Fremantle International (not to be confused with [the current incarnation of Fremantle](/wiki/Fremantle_%28company%29 \"Fremantle (company)\") where the rights to the original Fremantle and All American library stand today) from [Interpublic Group of Companies](/wiki/Interpublic_Group_of_Companies \"Interpublic Group of Companies\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/08/business/the\\-media\\-business\\-advertising\\-addenda\\-interpublic\\-selling\\-assets\\-of\\-tv\\-unit.html\\|title\\=THE MEDIA BUSINESS: Interpublic Selling Assets of TV Unit\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=July 8, 1994\\|accessdate\\=July 20, 2022}} In exchange for a 20% stake in All American, Interpublic gave All American some of the programming rights to Fremantle International's 93 game shows, which included local language versions of popular American game shows, such as *The Price is Right* and *Family Feud* (All American syndicated *Feud* in the U.S. at the time), all highly popular in their foreign markets. A month later, former Fremantle chairman Larry Lamattina replaced Henry Siegel as the new president and CEO of All American Television. Henry and Paul Siegel officially left the company to form SeaGull Entertainment, which handled syndication of children's programs, and signed a deal with [DIC Entertainment](/wiki/DIC_Entertainment \"DIC Entertainment\").{{Cite news\\|date\\=1994\\-11\\-14\\|title\\=SeaGull establishes beachhead\\|work\\=\\[\\[Broadcasting \\& Cable\\|Broadcasting]]\\|url\\=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Archive\\-BC\\-IDX/94\\-OCR/BC\\-1994\\-11\\-14\\-Page\\-0026\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-16}}",
"In October 1995, All American acquired 50% of the assets and library of [Mark Goodson Productions](/wiki/Mark_Goodson \"Mark Goodson\"), the producers of classic game shows including *The Price is Right* and *Family Feud*, which the company acquired the foreign distribution rights through Fremantle International.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://variety.com/1995/tv/features/all\\-american\\-interpublic\\-in\\-buying\\-game\\-on\\-goodson\\-99128770/\\|title\\=ALL AMERICAN, INTERPUBLIC IN BUYING GAME ON GOODSON\n\\|periodical\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]\\|date\\=October 16, 1995\\|accessdate\\=July 21, 2022}} By 1995, [David Gerber](/wiki/David_Gerber \"David Gerber\") had signed an agreement to join the studio, which was entitled All American Television Productions.{{Cite web\\|author\\=\\|date\\=1995\\-11\\-27\\|title\\=All American Trades On 'Baywatch' Fame To Raise Fresh Coin\\|url\\=https://variety.com/1995/tv/features/all\\-american\\-trades\\-on\\-baywatch\\-fame\\-to\\-raise\\-fresh\\-coin\\-99123752/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-14\\|website\\=Variety\\|language\\=en\\-US}} In March 1996, Scotti Bros. Records, which had released some 142 albums since 1982, was officially renamed All American Music Group and announced a distribution deal with [Warner Music Group](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group \"Warner Music Group\") that promised to increase its penetration of the [pop music](/wiki/Pop_music \"Pop music\") market.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=TA8EAAAAMBAJ\\&dq\\=all\\+american\\+music\\+group\\+scotti\\&pg\\=PA5\\|title\\=Scotti Bros. Gets New Moniker Along With New Distribution Pact\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]\\|date\\=March 9, 1996\\|accessdate\\=July 21, 2022\\|via\\=\\[\\[Google Books]]}} A month later, All American acquired the remaining 50% of Mark Goodson Productions from Interpublic, giving All American total ownership of the Goodson library of game shows.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1996\\-04\\-10\\-fi\\-56837\\-story.html\\|title\\=COMPANY TOWN ANNEX\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|date\\=April 10, 1996\\|accessdate\\=July 21, 2022}} Two months later, All American purchased international [talk show](/wiki/Talk_show \"Talk show\") producer and distributor Orbis Entertainment Company (not to be confused with now\\-defunct TV syndicator [Orbis Communications](/wiki/Carolco_Pictures \"Carolco Pictures\"), although both companies were created by the same two founders Robert Turner and Ethan Podell),\"AP News Archive\" [Multimedia Buys Television Programming Assets](https://apnews.com/article/6f3358592e521a030085f26eca0b018e) apnewsarchive.com, Retrieved on October 19, 2013 which was renamed All American/Orbis Communications. The acquisition significantly bolstered All American's shift into international television production and distribution and led to All American's second domestic attempt into the talk genre in the fall of 1997 with *Arthel and Fred*. Its first attempt, *The [Richard Bey](/wiki/Richard_Bey \"Richard Bey\") Show*, which originated as a local talk show at [WWOR\\-TV](/wiki/WWOR-TV \"WWOR-TV\") in Secaucus, NJ, was cancelled in November 1996\\. All\\-American had also distributed a show featuring popular radio shock jock [Howard Stern](/wiki/Howard_Stern \"Howard Stern\") from 1990 to 1992 that originated at WWOR, called simply *[The Howard Stern Show](/wiki/The_Howard_Stern_Show_%28WWOR%29 \"The Howard Stern Show (WWOR)\")*. In July 1996, All American formed an in\\-house licensing and merchandising division to increase control of *Baywatch* and other merchandise lines.",
"By 1997, the record label was sold to [Zomba Music Group](/wiki/Zomba_Music_Group \"Zomba Music Group\")'s [Volcano Records](/wiki/Volcano_Records \"Volcano Records\"). Meanwhile, All American was sold to [Pearson plc](/wiki/Pearson_plc \"Pearson plc\")'s Pearson Television subsidiary, and All American became Pearson Television's U.S. division. When Pearson Television merged with CLT\\-UFA to form the [RTL Group](/wiki/RTL_Group \"RTL Group\") in 2000, Pearson TV became the content production arm of the new group, then changed its name to FremantleMedia the next year, and eventually in 2018 renamed into Fremantle, thus reviving the name of that acquired companies.",
""
] |
Palestinian territories
-----------------------
{{Main\|Israeli–Palestinian conflict\|Palestinian territories}}
### Background
Both of these territories were part of [Mandate Palestine](/wiki/Mandate_Palestine "Mandate Palestine"), and both have populations consisting primarily of [Palestinians](/wiki/Palestinians "Palestinians") [Arabs](/wiki/Arab "Arab"), including significant numbers of [refugees](/wiki/Palestinian_refugee "Palestinian refugee") who [fled or were expelled](/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus "1948 Palestinian exodus") from Israel and territory Israel controlledLetter dated 31 August 1949, addressed to the Chairman of the Conciliation Commission by Mr. Reuven Shiloah, Head of the Delegation of Israel, containing Replies to the Commission's Questionnaire of 15 August 1949 [31st Aug 1949 Israel's official claim to non\-state territories](https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/fd807e46661e3689852570d00069e918/c96e0252e7710bce85256d95006bc157?OpenDocument) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118203617/https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/fd807e46661e3689852570d00069e918/c96e0252e7710bce85256d95006bc157?OpenDocument \|date\=2018\-11\-18 }} after the [1948 Arab–Israeli War](/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War "1948 Arab–Israeli War"). Today, Palestinians make up around half of Jordan's population.
Jordan occupied the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, from 1948 to 1967, annexing it in 1950 and granting Jordanian citizenship to the residents in 1954 (the annexation claims and citizenship grants were rescinded in 1988 when Jordan acknowledged the [Palestine Liberation Organization](/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization "Palestine Liberation Organization") (PLO) as the sole representative of the Palestinian people). Egypt administered the Gaza Strip from 1948 to 1967 but did not annex it or make Gazans Egyptian citizens.{{CRS\|article \= Israel and the Palestinians: Prospects for a Two\-State Solution\| url\=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R40092\.pdf}}
### West Bank
{{Main\|Israeli occupation of the West Bank\|West Bank}}
{{See also\|Judea and Samaria Area}}
[thumb\|[Area C](/wiki/Area_C_%28West_Bank%29 "Area C (West Bank)") (blue), the part of the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank "West Bank") under full Israeli control, in 2011](/wiki/File:Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg "Occupied Palestinian Territories.jpg")
The West Bank was allotted to the Arab state under [United Nations Partition Plan of 1947](/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine "United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine"), but the [West Bank was occupied by Transjordan](/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank "Jordanian annexation of the West Bank") after the 1948 war. In April 1950, Jordan annexed the West Bank,Lutfiyya, Abdulla M., Baytin: A Jordanian Village. A Study of Social Institutions and Social Change in a Folk Community, Walter de Gruyter, 1966, p.14 but this was recognized only by the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") and Pakistan. (see [1949 Armistice Agreements](/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements "1949 Armistice Agreements"), [Green Line](/wiki/Green_Line_%28Israel%29 "Green Line (Israel)"))
In 1967, the West Bank came under Israeli military administration. Israel retained the mukhtar ([mayoral](/wiki/Mayor "Mayor")) system of government inherited from Jordan, and subsequent governments began developing [infrastructure](/wiki/Infrastructure "Infrastructure") in Arab villages under its control. (see [Palestinians and Israeli law](/wiki/%23Palestinians_and_Israeli_law "#Palestinians and Israeli law"), [International legal issues of the conflict](/wiki/International_law_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict "International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict"), [Palestinian economy](/wiki/Economy_of_the_State_of_Palestine "Economy of the State of Palestine")). As a result of "[Enclave law](/wiki/Israeli_law_in_the_West_Bank_settlements "Israeli law in the West Bank settlements")", large portions of Israeli [civil law](/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29 "Civil law (legal system)") are applied to Israeli settlements and Israeli residents in the occupied territories.{{cite book\|author1\=Orna Ben\-Naftali\|author2\=Michael Sfard\|author3\=Hedi Viterbo\|title\=The ABC of the OPT: A Legal Lexicon of the Israeli Control over the Occupied Palestinian Territory\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Is5TDwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA52\|date\=10 May 2018\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\|isbn\=978\-1\-107\-15652\-4\|pages\=52–\|access\-date\=15 October 2018\|archive\-date\=3 March 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303182234/https://books.google.com/books?id\=Is5TDwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA52\|url\-status\=live}}
Since the [Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition](/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_Liberation_Organization_letters_of_recognition "Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition") of 1993, most of the [Palestinian population](/wiki/Demographics_of_Palestine "Demographics of Palestine") and [cities](/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Palestinian_Authority_areas "List of cities in Palestinian Authority areas") came under the jurisdiction of the [Palestinian Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_Authority "Palestinian Authority"), and only partial Israeli military control, although Israel has frequently redeployed its [troops](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces "Israel Defense Forces") and reinstated full military administration in various parts of the two territories.
On July 31, 1988, Jordan renounced its claims to the West Bank for the PLO.
In 2000, the Israeli government started to construct the [Israeli West Bank barrier](/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier "Israeli West Bank barrier"), within the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank "West Bank"), separating Israel and several of its settlements, as well as a significant number of Palestinians, from the remainder of the West Bank. State of Israel cabinet approved a route to construct separation barrier whose total length will be approximately {{convert\|760\|km\|0\|abbr\=on}} built mainly in the West Bank and partly along the [1949 Armistice line](/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements "1949 Armistice Agreements"), or "Green Line" between Israel and Palestinian West Bank.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.btselem.org/separation\_barrier/statistics \|title\=The Separation Barrier – Statistics \| B'Tselem \|publisher\=Btselem.org \|access\-date\=2012\-08\-13 \|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-05 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705235550/http://www.btselem.org/separation\_barrier/statistics \|url\-status\=live }} 12% of the West Bank area is on the Israel side of the barrier."Israel High Court Ruling Docket H.C.J. 7957/04: International Legality of the Security Fence and Sections near Alfei Menashe"
In 2004, the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice "International Court of Justice") issued an advisory opinion stating that the barrier violates [international law](/wiki/International_law "International law").[U.N. court rules West Bank barrier illegal](http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/07/09/israel.barrier/index.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://archive.today/20120730071716/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/07/09/israel.barrier/index.html \|date\=2012\-07\-30 }}, [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN"), July 10, 2004\. It claimed that "Israel cannot rely on a right of self\-defence or on a state of necessity in order to preclude the wrongfulness of the construction of the wall".{{cite web \|url\=http://www.icj\-cij.org/docket/index.php?pr\=71\&p1\=3\&p2\=1\&case\=131\&p3\=6 \|title\=International Court of Justice \|publisher\=Icj\-cij.org \|date\=2004\-07\-09 \|access\-date\=2012\-08\-13 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505180237/http://www.icj\-cij.org/docket/index.php?pr\=71\&p1\=3\&p2\=1\&case\=131\&p3\=6 \|archive\-date\=2012\-05\-05 \|url\-status\=dead }} However, Israel government derived its justification for constructing this barrier with Prime Minister [Ehud Barak](/wiki/Ehud_Barak "Ehud Barak") stating that it is "essential to the Palestinian nation in order to foster its national identity and independence without being dependent on the State of Israel".Makovsky, David (March/April 2004\). "How to Build a Fence". Foreign Affairs 83 (2\): 50–64\. {{doi\|10\.2307/20033902}}. ISSN 0015\-7120\. {{cite web\|url\=http://www.amherst.edu/\~daschaich/writings/rant/fence.pdf \|title\=Amherst College \|access\-date\=2013\-08\-18 \|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028164136/http://www.amherst.edu/\~daschaich/writings/rant/fence.pdf \|archive\-date\=October 28, 2005 }} Retrieved 2007\-04\-16\. The Israeli Supreme Court, sitting as the High Court of Justice, stated that Israel has been holding the areas of Judea and Samaria in belligerent occupation, since 1967\. The court also held that the normative provisions of public international law regarding belligerent occupation are applicable. The Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague of 1907 and the Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1949 were both cited.
[thumb\|Israeli settlement of [Neve Daniel](/wiki/Neve_Daniel "Neve Daniel") in the West Bank](/wiki/File:Neve_Danyal_entrance.jpg "Neve Danyal entrance.jpg")
About 500,000 Israeli settlers live in the West Bank and another 200,000 live in East Jerusalem.{{cite news \|title\=Jewish settler population in the West Bank surpasses half a million \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/world\-nation/story/2023\-02\-02/israeli\-settler\-population\-west\-bank\-surpasses\-500000 \|work\=Los Angeles Times \|date\=2 February 2023 \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-10 \|archive\-date\=2023\-11\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109170930/https://www.latimes.com/world\-nation/story/2023\-02\-02/israeli\-settler\-population\-west\-bank\-surpasses\-500000 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|title\=Israel to ramp up settlement expansion in occupied West Bank \|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/18/israeli\-minister\-given\-sweeping\-settlement\-building\-powers \|work\=Al\-Jazeera \|date\=18 June 2023 \|access\-date\=10 October 2023 \|archive\-date\=8 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108070321/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/18/israeli\-minister\-given\-sweeping\-settlement\-building\-powers \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|title\=Far\-right Israeli Minister Lays Groundwork for Doubling West Bank Settler Population \|url\=https://www.haaretz.com/israel\-news/2023\-05\-18/ty\-article/.premium/far\-right\-israeli\-minister\-lays\-groundwork\-for\-doubling\-west\-bank\-settler\-population/00000188\-2de6\-d6e4\-ab9d\-ede74a3e0000 \|work\=Haaretz \|date\=18 May 2023 \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-10 \|archive\-date\=2023\-06\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609150935/https://www.haaretz.com/israel\-news/2023\-05\-18/ty\-article/.premium/far\-right\-israeli\-minister\-lays\-groundwork\-for\-doubling\-west\-bank\-settler\-population/00000188\-2de6\-d6e4\-ab9d\-ede74a3e0000 \|url\-status\=live }} The barrier has many effects on Palestinians including reduced freedoms, road closures, loss of land, increased difficulty in accessing medical and educational services in Israel,<http://pdm.medicine.wisc.edu/Volume_22/issue_4/doocy.pdf> {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310094724/http://pdm.medicine.wisc.edu/Volume\_22/issue\_4/doocy.pdf\|date\=March 10, 2012}} restricted access to water sources, and economic effects. Regarding the violation of freedom of Palestinians, in a 2005 report, the United Nations stated that:\[47]
...it is difficult to overstate the humanitarian impact of the Barrier. The route inside the West Bank severs communities, people's access to services, livelihoods and religious and cultural amenities. In addition, plans for the Barrier's exact route and crossing points through it are often not fully revealed until days before construction commences.{{cite web \|url\=https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/0163EF0C6E99036F85256EB3004E6EBF \|title\=Palestine question/Mideast situation – Compilation of resolutions and decisions adopted in 2003 (English and French) (23 April 2004\) \|publisher\=\[\[United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine]] \|access\-date\=2012\-08\-13 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525130051/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/0163EF0C6E99036F85256EB3004E6EBF \|archive\-date\=25 May 2012 }} This has led to considerable anxiety among Palestinians about how their future lives will be impacted...The land between the Barrier and the Green Line constitutes some of the most fertile in the West Bank. It is currently the home for 49,400 West Bank Palestinians living in 38 villages and towns.Introduction, The Humanitarian Impact of the West Bank Barrier on Palestinian Communities, United Nations. {{cite web \|url\=http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/CE5E268886F715968525732F00484598 \|title\=Humanitarian impact of the West Bank barrier on Palestinian communities (June 2007\) – OCHA/UNRWA report (30 July 2007\) \|access\-date\=2014\-09\-27 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190612/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/CE5E268886F715968525732F00484598 \|archive\-date\=2013\-10\-29 }}.
On Feb 6, 2017, The Knesset passed the controversial [Regulation Law](/wiki/Regulation_Law "Regulation Law"), which aimed at retroactively legalizing 2,000 to 4,000 Israeli settlements in [Area C](/wiki/Area_C_%28West_Bank%29 "Area C (West Bank)").{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/06/world/middleeast/israel\-settlement\-law\-palestinians\-west\-bank.html?\_r\=1 \|title\=Israel Passes Provocative Law to Retroactively Legalize Settlements \|newspaper\=New York Times \|date\=6 February 2017 \|access\-date\=2017\-02\-06 \|last1\=Fisher \|first1\=Ian \|archive\-date\=2017\-10\-21 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021112215/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/06/world/middleeast/israel\-settlement\-law\-palestinians\-west\-bank.html?\_r\=1 \|url\-status\=live }} On June 9, 2020, the Israeli Supreme Court struck down the law as "infringing on the property rights of Palestinian residents."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-israel\-palestinians\-settlements\-idUSKBN23G2MI\|title\=Israel's Supreme Court strikes down law legalising settlements on private Palestinian land\|newspaper\=Reuters\|access\-date\=2020\-09\-26\|archive\-date\=2020\-09\-13\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913064142/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-israel\-palestinians\-settlements\-idUSKBN23G2MI\|url\-status\=live}}
In February 2023, the [new Israeli government](/wiki/Thirty-seventh_government_of_Israel "Thirty-seventh government of Israel") under Benjamin Netanyahu approved the legalization of nine illegal settler outposts in the West Bank.{{cite news \|title\=U.S. Announced Israeli Settlement Freeze, Netanyahu Rushed to Deny It \|url\=https://www.haaretz.com/israel\-news/2023\-02\-27/ty\-article/.premium/u\-s\-announced\-israeli\-settlement\-freeze\-netanyahu\-rushed\-to\-deny\-it/00000186\-926e\-d064\-afde\-f7fed8d50000 \|work\=Haaretz \|date\=27 February 2023 \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-10 \|archive\-date\=2023\-12\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180951/https://www.haaretz.com/israel\-news/2023\-02\-27/ty\-article/.premium/u\-s\-announced\-israeli\-settlement\-freeze\-netanyahu\-rushed\-to\-deny\-it/00000186\-926e\-d064\-afde\-f7fed8d50000 \|url\-status\=live }} Finance Minister [Bezalel Smotrich](/wiki/Bezalel_Smotrich "Bezalel Smotrich") took charge of most of the [Civil Administration](/wiki/Israeli_Civil_Administration "Israeli Civil Administration"), obtaining broad authority over civilian issues in the West Bank.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/smotrich\-handed\-sweeping\-powers\-over\-west\-bank\-control\-over\-settlement\-planning/\|title\=Smotrich handed sweeping powers over West Bank, control over settlement planning\|first\=Jeremy\|last\=Sharon\|work\=The Times of Israel\|date\=23 February 2023\|access\-date\=10 October 2023\|archive\-date\=5 November 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105011524/https://www.timesofisrael.com/smotrich\-handed\-sweeping\-powers\-over\-west\-bank\-control\-over\-settlement\-planning/\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/24/former\-us\-ambassador\-accuses\-israel\-creeping\-annexation\-west\-bank\-israel\-palestinians\|title\=Former US ambassador accuses Israel of 'creeping annexation' of the West Bank\|first\=Chris\|last\=McGreal\|date\=24 February 2023\|newspaper\=The Guardian\|access\-date\=10 October 2023\|archive\-date\=24 February 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224143609/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/24/former\-us\-ambassador\-accuses\-israel\-creeping\-annexation\-west\-bank\-israel\-palestinians\|url\-status\=live}} In June 2023, Israel shortened the procedure of approving settlement construction and gave Finance Minister Smotrich the authority to approve one of the stages, changing the system operating for the last 27 years.{{cite news \|title\=Israeli government takes major step toward West Bank annexation \|url\=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/06/20/israeli\-government\-takes\-major\-step\-toward\-west\-bank\-annexation\_6034532\_4\.html \|work\=\[\[Le Monde]] \|date\=21 June 2023 \|access\-date\=10 October 2023 \|archive\-date\=8 October 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008061731/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/06/20/israeli\-government\-takes\-major\-step\-toward\-west\-bank\-annexation\_6034532\_4\.html \|url\-status\=live }} In its first six months, construction of 13,000 housing units in settlements, almost triple the number advanced in the whole of 2022\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu\-hands\-smotrich\-full\-authority\-to\-expand\-existing\-settlements/\|title\=Netanyahu hands Smotrich full authority to expand existing settlements\|first\=Jeremy\|last\=Sharon\|website\=www.timesofisrael.com\|date\=18 June 2023\|access\-date\=10 October 2023\|archive\-date\=13 November 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113063154/https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu\-hands\-smotrich\-full\-authority\-to\-expand\-existing\-settlements/\|url\-status\=live}}
### East Jerusalem
{{Main\|East Jerusalem}}
[thumb\|East Jerusalem zoning](/wiki/File:Zoning_in_East_Jerusalem_as_of_December_2017.jpg "Zoning in East Jerusalem as of December 2017.jpg")
[thumb\|2018 [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs "United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs") map of the area, showing the [Israeli occupation](/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank "Israeli occupation of the West Bank") arrangements.](/wiki/File:2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Jerusalem.jpg "2018 OCHA OpT map Jerusalem.jpg")
[Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem") has created additional issues in relation to the question of whether or not it is occupied territory. The [1947 UN Partition Plan](/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine "United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine") had contemplated that all of Jerusalem would be an international city within an international area that included [Bethlehem](/wiki/Bethlehem "Bethlehem") for at least ten years, after which the residents would be allowed to conduct a [referendum](/wiki/Referendum "Referendum") and the issue could be re\-examined by the Trusteeship Council.
However, after the [1948 Arab–Israeli War](/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War "1948 Arab–Israeli War"), [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan "Jordan") captured [East Jerusalem](/wiki/East_Jerusalem "East Jerusalem") and the [Old City](/wiki/Old_City_%28Jerusalem%29 "Old City (Jerusalem)"), and Israel captured and annexed the western part of Jerusalem {{Citation needed\|reason\=Date of referendum? Source citing the document for this annexation?\|date\=November 2011}}. Jordan bilaterally annexed East Jerusalem along with the rest of the West Bank in 1950 as a temporary trustee [Sessions of the Arab League](https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/legsess.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081706/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/legsess.html \|date\=2016\-03\-04 }}. Session 12\-11 Date: May 1950\. Council approved plan to consider Jordan the "trustee" of Eastern Palestine. at the request of a Palestinian delegation,In December 1948, at a conference which took place in Jericho, a group of hand\-picked leaders of Palestinian Arabs resolved to ask King Abdullah of Transjordan to incorporate the Arab parts of Palestine into his kingdom. The General Armistice Agreement of 3 April 1949 constituted de facto recognition of that incorporation; however, it was specifically designed as a military agreement which did not prejudice the political positions of the contracting parties.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jcpa.org.il/art/knesset6\.htm \|title\=Annexation of the West Bank by the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan \|access\-date\=2011\-11\-26 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002213659/http://www.jcpa.org.il/art/knesset6\.htm \|archive\-date\=2011\-10\-02 }} and although the annexation was recognized by only two countries, it was not condemned by the UNSC. The British did not recognize the territory as sovereign to Jordan.UK recognition of Israel and of Jordanian annexation of the West Bank, [House of Commons](/wiki/British_House_of_Commons "British House of Commons"), April 17, 1950—[scan as PDF file](/wiki/Media:UKrecognizesIsraelJordan.pdf "UKrecognizesIsraelJordan.pdf") Israel captured East Jerusalem from Jordan in the 1967 [Six\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War "Six-Day War"). On June 27, Israel extended its laws, jurisdiction, and administration to East Jerusalem and several nearby towns and villages, and incorporated the area into the Jerusalem Municipality. In 1980, the [Knesset](/wiki/Knesset "Knesset") passed the [Jerusalem Law](/wiki/Jerusalem_Law "Jerusalem Law"), which was declared a [Basic Law](/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Israel "Basic Laws of Israel"), which declared Jerusalem to be the "complete and united" capital of Israel. However, [United Nations Security Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council "United Nations Security Council") [Resolution 478](/wiki/UN_Security_Council_Resolution_478 "UN Security Council Resolution 478") declared this action to be "null and void", and that it "must be rescinded forthwith". The international community does not recognize Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem and considers it an occupied territory.{{Cite book\|last\=Korman\|first\=Sharon\|title\=The right to conquest: the acquisition of territory by force in international law and practice\|publisher\=Oxford University Press US\|year\=2005\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ueDO1dJyjrUC\&pg\=PA250 \|pages\=250–260\|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-828007\-1}}
UN Security Council Resolution 478 also called upon countries which held their diplomatic delegations to Israel in Jerusalem, to move them outside the city. Most nations with embassies in Jerusalem complied, and relocated their embassies to [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv") or other Israeli cities prior to the adoption of Resolution 478\. Following the withdrawals of [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica "Costa Rica") and [El Salvador](/wiki/El_Salvador "El Salvador") in August 2006, no country maintained its embassy in Jerusalem until 2018, although [Bolivia](/wiki/Bolivia "Bolivia") and [Paraguay](/wiki/Paraguay "Paraguay") once had theirs in nearby [Mevaseret Zion](/wiki/Mevaseret_Zion "Mevaseret Zion").{{cite news \|title\=Costa Rica's Exit Leaves El Salvador with Lone Embassy in Jerusalem \|url\=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/110349 \|work\=\[\[Arutz Sheva]] \|date\=18 August 2006 \|access\-date\=7 June 2017 \|archive\-date\=10 October 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010090454/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/110349 \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite news \|editor\-last\=HaLevi \|editor\-first\=Ezra \|title\=Last Embassy Abandons Jerusalem \|url\=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/110798 \|work\=\[\[Arutz Sheva]] \|date\=27 August 2006 \|access\-date\=7 June 2017 \|archive\-date\=10 October 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010090457/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/110798 \|url\-status\=live }} The [United States Congress](/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress") passed the [Jerusalem Embassy Act](/wiki/Jerusalem_Embassy_Act "Jerusalem Embassy Act") in 1995, stating that "Jerusalem should be recognized as the capital of the State of Israel; and the United States Embassy in Israel should be established in Jerusalem no later than May 31, 1999\." As a result of the [Embassy Act](/wiki/Jerusalem_Embassy_Act "Jerusalem Embassy Act"), official U.S. documents and web sites refer to Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. Until May 2018, the law had never been implemented, because successive U.S. Presidents [Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton"), [Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush"), and [Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") exercised the law's presidential waiver, citing national security interests. On 14 May 2018, the U.S. opened its Embassy in Jerusalem.[US embassy opens in Jerusalem \| Full ceremony](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MISVkrFAiFk) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517054820/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=MISVkrFAiFk \|date\=2018\-05\-17 }} [Fox News](/wiki/Fox_News "Fox News"), 14 May 2018
East Jerusalem residents are increasingly becoming integrated into Israeli society, in terms of education, citizenship, national service and in other aspects.{{Cite news \| title \= A surprising process of 'Israelization' is taking place among Palestinians in East Jerusalem \| last \= Hasson \| first \= Nir \| newspaper \= \[\[Haaretz]] \|url\=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/a\-surprising\-process\-of\-israelization\-is\-taking\-place\-among\-palestinians\-in\-east\-jerusalem.premium\-1\.490367 \| date \= 29 December 2012 \| access\-date \= 25 November 2014 \| archive\-date \= 29 November 2014 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129134142/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/a\-surprising\-process\-of\-israelization\-is\-taking\-place\-among\-palestinians\-in\-east\-jerusalem.premium\-1\.490367 \| url\-status \= live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Koren \|first\=David \|date\=2018\-09\-13 \|title\=The desire of eastern Jerusalem Arabs to integrate in Israeli society outweighs the threats of the Palestinian Authority \|url\=https://jiss.org.il/en/koren\-desire\-eastern\-jerusalem\-arabs\-integrate\-israeli\-society\-outweighs\-threats\-palestinian\-authority/ \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-13 \|website\=JISS \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=2022\-07\-13 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713055417/https://jiss.org.il/en/koren\-desire\-eastern\-jerusalem\-arabs\-integrate\-israeli\-society\-outweighs\-threats\-palestinian\-authority/ \|url\-status\=live }} Recent surveys show that, if given the option of having East Jerusalem transferred today from Israeli rule to the [Palestinian National Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority "Palestinian National Authority"), most East Jerusalem Palestinians would oppose the proposal.{{Cite web \|title\=إستطلاع رأي : 93% من العرب في القدس يفضلون بقاء الحكم الإسرائيلي \|url\=https://www.shfanews.net/post/102082 \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-30 \|website\=شبكة فلسطين للأنباء – شفا \|date\=13 December 2021 \|language\=ar \|archive\-date\=2022\-03\-13 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313060505/https://www.shfanews.net/post/102082 \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|title\=93% of east Jerusalem Arabs prefer Israeli rule, poll shows \|url\=https://www.israelhayom.com/2021/12/15/93\-of\-east\-jerusalem\-arabs\-prefer\-israeli\-rule\-poll\-shows/ \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-30 \|website\=www.israelhayom.com}} According to Middle East expert David Pollock, in the hypothesis that a final agreement was reached between Israel and the Palestinians with the establishment of a [two\-state solution](/wiki/Two-state_solution "Two-state solution"), 48% of East Jerusalem Arabs would prefer being citizens of Israel, while 42% of them would prefer the [State of Palestine](/wiki/State_of_Palestine "State of Palestine"). 9% would prefer [Jordanian](/wiki/Jordan "Jordan") citizenship.{{Cite web \|title\=New Poll Reveals Moderate Trend Among East Jerusalem Palestinians \|url\=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy\-analysis/new\-poll\-reveals\-moderate\-trend\-among\-east\-jerusalem\-palestinians \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-13 \|website\=The Washington Institute \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=2022\-07\-13 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713055416/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy\-analysis/new\-poll\-reveals\-moderate\-trend\-among\-east\-jerusalem\-palestinians \|url\-status\=live }}
In May 2021, [clashes](/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis "2021 Israel–Palestine crisis") occurred between Palestinians and Israeli police over further anticipated [Palestinian evictions](/wiki/Palestinian_displacement_in_East_Jerusalem "Palestinian displacement in East Jerusalem") in the [Sheikh Jarrah](/wiki/Sheikh_Jarrah "Sheikh Jarrah") neighborhood of East Jerusalem.{{Cite news\|last\=Kingsley\|first\=Patrick\|author\-link\=Patrick Kingsley (journalist)\|date\=7 May 2021\|title\=Evictions in Jerusalem Become Focus of Israeli\-Palestinian Conflict\|work\=\[\[New York Times]]\|location\=Jerusalem\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/world/middleeast/evictions\-jerusalem\-israeli\-palestinian\-conflict\-protest.html\|archive\-date\=9 May 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509010508/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/world/middleeast/evictions\-jerusalem\-israeli\-palestinian\-conflict\-protest.html\|url\-status\=live}}
### Gaza Strip
{{Main\|Gaza Strip}}
[thumb\|Map of the Gaza Strip](/wiki/File:Map_of_Gaza_Strip_with_no-go_zone_2012.jpg "Map of Gaza Strip with no-go zone 2012.jpg")
The Gaza Strip was allotted to the Arab state envisioned by the [United Nations Partition Plan of 1947](/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine "United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine"), but no Arab state formed as a result of the 1947 partition plan. As a result of the [1949 Armistice Agreements](/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements "1949 Armistice Agreements"), the [Gaza Strip became occupied by Egypt](/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip_by_the_United_Arab_Republic "Occupation of the Gaza Strip by the United Arab Republic").
Between 1948 and 1967, the Gaza Strip was under Egyptian military administration, being officially under the jurisdiction of the [All\-Palestine Government](/wiki/All-Palestine_Government "All-Palestine Government") until in 1959 it was merged into the [United Arab Republic](/wiki/United_Arab_Republic "United Arab Republic"), de facto becoming under direct Egyptian military governorship.
Between 1967 and 1993, the Gaza Strip was under Israeli military administration. In March 1979, Egypt renounced all claims to the Gaza Strip in the [Egypt–Israel peace treaty](/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty "Egypt–Israel peace treaty").
Since the [Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition](/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_Liberation_Organization_letters_of_recognition "Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition") of 1993, the Gaza Strip came under the jurisdiction of the [Palestinian Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority "Palestinian National Authority").
A July 2004 opinion of the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice "International Court of Justice") treated Gaza as a part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory.[Summary of the Advisory Opinion: Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory](http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1677.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825085245/http://www.icj\-cij.org/docket/files/131/1677\.pdf \|date\=2014\-08\-25 }}, [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice "International Court of Justice"), July 9, 2004\.
In February 2005, the Israeli government voted to implement a [unilateral disengagement plan](/wiki/Israel%27s_unilateral_disengagement_plan "Israel's unilateral disengagement plan") from the Gaza Strip. The plan began to be implemented on 15 August 2005, and was completed on 12 September 2005\. Under the plan, all Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip (and four in the West Bank) and the joint Israeli\-Palestinian Erez Industrial Zone were dismantled with the removal of all 9,000 Israeli settlers (most of them in the [Gush Katif](/wiki/Gush_Katif "Gush Katif") settlement area in the Strip's southwest) and military bases. Some settlers resisted the order, and were forcibly removed by the IDF. On 12 September 2005 the Israeli cabinet formally declared an end to Israeli military occupation of the Gaza Strip. To avoid allegations that it was still in occupation of any part of the Gaza Strip, Israel also withdrew from the [Philadelphi Route](/wiki/Philadelphi_Route "Philadelphi Route"), which is a narrow strip adjacent to the [Strip's border with Egypt](/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Gaza_border "Egypt–Gaza border"), after Egypt's agreement to secure its side of the border. Under the Oslo Accords the Philadelphi Route was to remain under Israeli control to prevent the smuggling of materials (such as ammunition) and people across the border with Egypt. With Egypt agreeing to patrol its side of the border, it was hoped that the objective would be achieved. However, Israel maintained its control over the crossings in and out of Gaza. The Rafah crossing between Egypt and Gaza was monitored by the Israeli army through special surveillance cameras. Official documents such as passports, I.D. cards, export and import papers, and many others had to be approved by the Israeli army.{{Citation needed\|date\=January 2009}}
[thumb\|Israeli soldiers and protesters in Gaza during the [First Intifada](/wiki/First_Intifada "First Intifada") in 1987](/wiki/File:Intifada_in_Gaza_Strip%2C_1987_VI_Dan_Hadani_Archive.jpg "Intifada in Gaza Strip, 1987 VI Dan Hadani Archive.jpg")
The Israeli position is that it no longer occupies Gaza, as Israel does not exercise effective control or authority over any land or institutions inside the Gaza Strip.Dore Gold, [JCPA Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still "Occupied" Even After Israel Withdraws](http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621082606/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief005\-3\.htm \|date\=2010\-06\-21 }}, [Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs](/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs "Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs"), Vol. 5, No. 3, August 26, 2005\.[International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self\-Defense](https://archive.today/20130415040103/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=443&PID=0&IID=2021&TTL=International_Law_and_Gaza:_The_Assault_on_Israel's_Right_to_Self-Defense), [Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs](/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs "Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs"), Vol. 7, No. 29 28 January 2008\. [Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel](/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Minister_of_Israel "Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel") [Tzipi Livni](/wiki/Tzipi_Livni "Tzipi Livni") stated in January, 2008: "Israel got out of Gaza. It dismantled its settlements there. No Israeli soldiers were left there after the disengagement."[Israeli MFA Address by Israeli Foreign Minister Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference](http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches+by+Israeli+leaders/2008/Address+by+FM+Livni+to+the+8th+Herzliya+Conference+22-Jan-2008.htm?DisplayMode=print) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026025009/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches%2Bby%2BIsraeli%2Bleaders/2008/Address%2Bby%2BFM%2BLivni%2Bto%2Bthe%2B8th%2BHerzliya%2BConference%2B22\-Jan\-2008\.htm?DisplayMode\=print \|date\=2011\-10\-26 }}, [Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)](/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Israel%29 "Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)"), 22 January 22, 2008\. Israel also notes that Gaza does not belong to any sovereign state.
Immediately after Israel withdrew in 2005, Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas stated, "the legal status of the areas slated for evacuation has not changed." [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") also contested that this ended the occupation.{{cite web \| title\=Gaza: Israel's 'Open\-Air Prison' at 15 \| website\=Human Rights Watch \| date\=June 14, 2022 \| url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza\-israels\-open\-air\-prison\-15 \| access\-date\=October 19, 2023 \| quote\=Because of the continuing controls Israel exercises over the lives and welfare of Gaza's inhabitants, Israel remains an occupying power under international humanitarian law, despite withdrawing its military forces and settlements from the territory in 2005\. \| archive\-date\=October 12, 2023 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012000721/https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza\-israels\-open\-air\-prison\-15 \| url\-status\=live }}["Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation"](http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101210931/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577\.htm \|date\=2008\-11\-01 }} Human Rights Watch. October 29, 2004["Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories"](http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015172833/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698\.htm \|date\=2008\-10\-15 }}. Human Rights Watch. July 6, 2006" The [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations"), [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") and many other international bodies and [NGOs](/wiki/Non-governmental_organization "Non-governmental organization") continues to consider Israel to be the occupying power of the Gaza Strip as Israel controls the Gaza Strip's airspace and territorial waters as well as the movement of people or goods in or out of Gaza by air or sea.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/007/2009/en/ \|title\=Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories: The conflict in Gaza: A briefing on applicable law, investigations and accountability \|date\=2009\-01\-19 \|publisher\=\[\[Amnesty International]] \|access\-date\=2009\-06\-05 \|archive\-date\=2015\-04\-15 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415160014/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/007/2009/en/ \|url\-status\=live }}["Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories"](http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015172833/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698\.htm \|date\=2008\-10\-15 }} July 6, 2006; Human Rights Watch considers Gaza still occupied.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html\|title\=Is Gaza 'occupied' territory?\|last\=Levs\|first\=Josh\|date\=2009\-01\-06\|publisher\=CNN\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-30\|archive\-date\=2009\-01\-21\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121084340/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html\|url\-status\=live}}
The United Nations [Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs](/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs "Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs") maintains an office on "Occupied Palestinian Territory", which concerns itself with the Gaza Strip.[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs office on Occupied Palestinian Territory web site](http://www.ochaopt.org/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206043850/http://www.ochaopt.org/ \|date\=2012\-02\-06 }}. In his statement on the [2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict](/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict "2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict") [Richard Falk](/wiki/Richard_A._Falk "Richard A. Falk"), [United Nations Special Rapporteur](/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur "United Nations Special Rapporteur") on "the situation of [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights "Human rights") in the [Palestinian territories](/wiki/Palestinian_territories "Palestinian territories")" wrote that [international humanitarian law](/wiki/International_humanitarian_law "International humanitarian law") applied to Israel "in regard to the obligations of an Occupying Power and in the requirements of the laws of war."Richard Falk, [Statement by Prof. Richard Falk, United Nations Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories](http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/F1EC67EF7A498A30C125752D005D17F7?opendocument) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229102020/http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/F1EC67EF7A498A30C125752D005D17F7?opendocument \|date\=2008\-12\-29 }}, [United Nations Human Rights Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council "United Nations Human Rights Council"), December 27, 2008\. In a 2009 interview on [Democracy Now](/wiki/Democracy_Now "Democracy Now") Christopher Gunness, spokesperson for the [United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East](/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Works_Agency_for_Palestine_Refugees_in_the_Near_East "United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East") (UNRWA) contends that Israel is an occupying power. However, Meagan Buren, senior adviser to the [Israel Project](/wiki/Israel_Project "Israel Project"), a pro\-Israel media group, contests that characterization.[A Debate on Israel's Invasion of Gaza: UNRWA's Christopher Gunness v. Israel Project's Meagan Buren](http://www.democracynow.org/2009/1/5/a_debate_on_israels_invasion_of) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609070926/http://www.democracynow.org/2009/1/5/a\_debate\_on\_israels\_invasion\_of \|date\=2010\-06\-09 }} [Democracy Now](/wiki/Democracy_Now "Democracy Now"), January 5, 2009\.
In 2007, after Hamas defeated Fatah in the [Battle of Gaza (2007\)](/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_%282007%29 "Battle of Gaza (2007)") and took control over the Gaza Strip, Israel imposed a [blockade on Gaza](/wiki/The_2007%E2%80%932009_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip "The 2007–2009 blockade of the Gaza Strip"). [Palestinian rocket attacks](/wiki/List_of_rocket_and_mortar_attacks_in_Israel_in_2008 "List of rocket and mortar attacks in Israel in 2008") and Israeli raids, such as [Operation Hot Winter](/wiki/Operation_Hot_Winter "Operation Hot Winter") continued into 2008\. A [six month ceasefire](/wiki/2008_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_ceasefire "2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire") was agreed in June 2008, but it was broken several times by both Israel and Hamas. As it reached its expiry, Hamas announced that they were unwilling to renew the ceasefire without improving the terms.{{Cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\_east/7794577\.stm\|title\=Israeli leaders 'to topple Hamas'\|date\=2008\-12\-22\|publisher\=BBC News\|access\-date\=2009\-01\-23\|archive\-date\=2009\-01\-11\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111102212/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\_east/7794577\.stm\|url\-status\=live}} At the end of December 2008 Israeli forces began Operation Cast Lead, launching the [Gaza War](/wiki/Gaza_War_%282008%E2%80%9309%29 "Gaza War (2008–09)") that left an estimated 1,166–1,417 Palestinians and 13 Israelis dead.[Israel tightens grip on urban parts of Gaza](http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre5053r7-us-palestinians-israel/) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109194300/http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre5053r7\-us\-palestinians\-israel/ \|date\=January 9, 2009 }}. By Nidal al\-Mughrabi. January 12, 2009\. [Reuters](/wiki/Reuters "Reuters").{{cite news\|url\=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename\=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull \|title\=IDF releases Cast Lead casualty numbers \|date\=2009\-03\-26 \|publisher\=JPost \|access\-date\=2009\-03\-26 \|last\=Lappin \|first\=Yaakov \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121653/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid\=1237727552054\&pagename\=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull \|archive\-date\=2011\-05\-11 }}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rights\-group\-puts\-gaza\-death\-toll\-at\-1284/\|title\=Rights Group Puts Gaza Death Toll At 1,284\|last\=Younis\|first\=Khan\|publisher\=CBS\|access\-date\=2009\-02\-17\|date\=2009\-01\-22\|archive\-date\=2009\-02\-25\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225210006/https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/01/22/world/main4746224\.shtml\|url\-status\=live}}
In January 2012, the spokesperson for the UN Secretary General stated that under resolutions of the Security Council and the General Assembly, the UN still regards Gaza to be a part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory.
On 7 October 2023, [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas "Hamas") launched [a major attack](/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel "2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel") on Israel from the Gaza Strip.{{cite news \|last\= \|first\= \|date\=7 October 2023 \|title\=Israel attack: PM says Israel at war after 70 killed in attack from Gaza \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-67036625 \|work\=BBC News \|access\-date\=7 October 2023 \|archive\-date\=7 October 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007045410/https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-67036625 \|url\-status\=live }} On 9 October 2023, following the beginning of the Israel–Hamas war and attacks in Israel by Hamas militants, Israel imposed a ["total blockade" of the Gaza Strip](/wiki/October_2023_Israeli_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip "October 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip").{{Cite web \|title\=Israel announces 'total' blockade on Gaza \|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel\-announces\-total\-blockade\-on\-gaza \|date\=2023\-10\-09 \|website\=Al Jazeera \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-10 \|archive\-date\=2023\-10\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009105304/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel\-announces\-total\-blockade\-on\-gaza \|url\-status\=live }} The total blockade of Gaza was announced by Israeli Defense Minister [Yoav Gallant](/wiki/Yoav_Gallant "Yoav Gallant"), who declared: "There will be no electricity, no food, no fuel, everything is closed."{{cite news \|title\=Israel announces 'complete siege' of Gaza, cutting its electricity, food, water, and fuel \|url\=https://www.businessinsider.com/israel\-gallant\-announces\-complete\-siege\-gaza\-no\-electricity\-food\-fuel\-2023\-10 \|work\=Business Insider \|date\=9 October 2023 \|access\-date\=10 October 2023 \|archive\-date\=2 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102181111/https://www.businessinsider.com/israel\-gallant\-announces\-complete\-siege\-gaza\-no\-electricity\-food\-fuel\-2023\-10 \|url\-status\=live }}
[thumb\|Greater Jerusalem, May 2006\. The [CIA](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency") [remote sensing](/wiki/Remote_sensing "Remote sensing") map showing East Jerusalem, the Green Line and Jerusalem's city limits which were unilaterally expanded by Israel, 28 June 1967, annexed by Knesset (30 July 1980\), and modified and expanded in February 1992\.](/wiki/File:Greater_Jerusalem_May_2006_CIA_remote-sensing_map.jpg "Greater Jerusalem May 2006 CIA remote-sensing map.jpg")
|
[
"Palestinian territories\n-----------------------",
"{{Main\\|Israeli–Palestinian conflict\\|Palestinian territories}}",
"### Background",
"Both of these territories were part of [Mandate Palestine](/wiki/Mandate_Palestine \"Mandate Palestine\"), and both have populations consisting primarily of [Palestinians](/wiki/Palestinians \"Palestinians\") [Arabs](/wiki/Arab \"Arab\"), including significant numbers of [refugees](/wiki/Palestinian_refugee \"Palestinian refugee\") who [fled or were expelled](/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus \"1948 Palestinian exodus\") from Israel and territory Israel controlledLetter dated 31 August 1949, addressed to the Chairman of the Conciliation Commission by Mr. Reuven Shiloah, Head of the Delegation of Israel, containing Replies to the Commission's Questionnaire of 15 August 1949 [31st Aug 1949 Israel's official claim to non\\-state territories](https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/fd807e46661e3689852570d00069e918/c96e0252e7710bce85256d95006bc157?OpenDocument) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118203617/https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/fd807e46661e3689852570d00069e918/c96e0252e7710bce85256d95006bc157?OpenDocument \\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-18 }} after the [1948 Arab–Israeli War](/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War \"1948 Arab–Israeli War\"). Today, Palestinians make up around half of Jordan's population.",
"Jordan occupied the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, from 1948 to 1967, annexing it in 1950 and granting Jordanian citizenship to the residents in 1954 (the annexation claims and citizenship grants were rescinded in 1988 when Jordan acknowledged the [Palestine Liberation Organization](/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization \"Palestine Liberation Organization\") (PLO) as the sole representative of the Palestinian people). Egypt administered the Gaza Strip from 1948 to 1967 but did not annex it or make Gazans Egyptian citizens.{{CRS\\|article \\= Israel and the Palestinians: Prospects for a Two\\-State Solution\\| url\\=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R40092\\.pdf}}",
"### West Bank",
"{{Main\\|Israeli occupation of the West Bank\\|West Bank}}\n{{See also\\|Judea and Samaria Area}}",
"[thumb\\|[Area C](/wiki/Area_C_%28West_Bank%29 \"Area C (West Bank)\") (blue), the part of the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank \"West Bank\") under full Israeli control, in 2011](/wiki/File:Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg \"Occupied Palestinian Territories.jpg\")",
"The West Bank was allotted to the Arab state under [United Nations Partition Plan of 1947](/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine \"United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine\"), but the [West Bank was occupied by Transjordan](/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank \"Jordanian annexation of the West Bank\") after the 1948 war. In April 1950, Jordan annexed the West Bank,Lutfiyya, Abdulla M., Baytin: A Jordanian Village. A Study of Social Institutions and Social Change in a Folk Community, Walter de Gruyter, 1966, p.14 but this was recognized only by the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") and Pakistan. (see [1949 Armistice Agreements](/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements \"1949 Armistice Agreements\"), [Green Line](/wiki/Green_Line_%28Israel%29 \"Green Line (Israel)\"))",
"In 1967, the West Bank came under Israeli military administration. Israel retained the mukhtar ([mayoral](/wiki/Mayor \"Mayor\")) system of government inherited from Jordan, and subsequent governments began developing [infrastructure](/wiki/Infrastructure \"Infrastructure\") in Arab villages under its control. (see [Palestinians and Israeli law](/wiki/%23Palestinians_and_Israeli_law \"#Palestinians and Israeli law\"), [International legal issues of the conflict](/wiki/International_law_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict \"International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict\"), [Palestinian economy](/wiki/Economy_of_the_State_of_Palestine \"Economy of the State of Palestine\")). As a result of \"[Enclave law](/wiki/Israeli_law_in_the_West_Bank_settlements \"Israeli law in the West Bank settlements\")\", large portions of Israeli [civil law](/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29 \"Civil law (legal system)\") are applied to Israeli settlements and Israeli residents in the occupied territories.{{cite book\\|author1\\=Orna Ben\\-Naftali\\|author2\\=Michael Sfard\\|author3\\=Hedi Viterbo\\|title\\=The ABC of the OPT: A Legal Lexicon of the Israeli Control over the Occupied Palestinian Territory\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Is5TDwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA52\\|date\\=10 May 2018\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-107\\-15652\\-4\\|pages\\=52–\\|access\\-date\\=15 October 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=3 March 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303182234/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Is5TDwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA52\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Since the [Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition](/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_Liberation_Organization_letters_of_recognition \"Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition\") of 1993, most of the [Palestinian population](/wiki/Demographics_of_Palestine \"Demographics of Palestine\") and [cities](/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Palestinian_Authority_areas \"List of cities in Palestinian Authority areas\") came under the jurisdiction of the [Palestinian Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_Authority \"Palestinian Authority\"), and only partial Israeli military control, although Israel has frequently redeployed its [troops](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces \"Israel Defense Forces\") and reinstated full military administration in various parts of the two territories.\nOn July 31, 1988, Jordan renounced its claims to the West Bank for the PLO.",
"In 2000, the Israeli government started to construct the [Israeli West Bank barrier](/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier \"Israeli West Bank barrier\"), within the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank \"West Bank\"), separating Israel and several of its settlements, as well as a significant number of Palestinians, from the remainder of the West Bank. State of Israel cabinet approved a route to construct separation barrier whose total length will be approximately {{convert\\|760\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} built mainly in the West Bank and partly along the [1949 Armistice line](/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements \"1949 Armistice Agreements\"), or \"Green Line\" between Israel and Palestinian West Bank.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.btselem.org/separation\\_barrier/statistics \\|title\\=The Separation Barrier – Statistics \\| B'Tselem \\|publisher\\=Btselem.org \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-08\\-13 \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-05 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705235550/http://www.btselem.org/separation\\_barrier/statistics \\|url\\-status\\=live }} 12% of the West Bank area is on the Israel side of the barrier.\"Israel High Court Ruling Docket H.C.J. 7957/04: International Legality of the Security Fence and Sections near Alfei Menashe\"",
"In 2004, the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice \"International Court of Justice\") issued an advisory opinion stating that the barrier violates [international law](/wiki/International_law \"International law\").[U.N. court rules West Bank barrier illegal](http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/07/09/israel.barrier/index.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://archive.today/20120730071716/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/07/09/israel.barrier/index.html \\|date\\=2012\\-07\\-30 }}, [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\"), July 10, 2004\\. It claimed that \"Israel cannot rely on a right of self\\-defence or on a state of necessity in order to preclude the wrongfulness of the construction of the wall\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.icj\\-cij.org/docket/index.php?pr\\=71\\&p1\\=3\\&p2\\=1\\&case\\=131\\&p3\\=6 \\|title\\=International Court of Justice \\|publisher\\=Icj\\-cij.org \\|date\\=2004\\-07\\-09 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-08\\-13 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505180237/http://www.icj\\-cij.org/docket/index.php?pr\\=71\\&p1\\=3\\&p2\\=1\\&case\\=131\\&p3\\=6 \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-05\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} However, Israel government derived its justification for constructing this barrier with Prime Minister [Ehud Barak](/wiki/Ehud_Barak \"Ehud Barak\") stating that it is \"essential to the Palestinian nation in order to foster its national identity and independence without being dependent on the State of Israel\".Makovsky, David (March/April 2004\\). \"How to Build a Fence\". Foreign Affairs 83 (2\\): 50–64\\. {{doi\\|10\\.2307/20033902}}. ISSN 0015\\-7120\\. {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.amherst.edu/\\~daschaich/writings/rant/fence.pdf \\|title\\=Amherst College \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-18 \\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028164136/http://www.amherst.edu/\\~daschaich/writings/rant/fence.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=October 28, 2005 }} Retrieved 2007\\-04\\-16\\. The Israeli Supreme Court, sitting as the High Court of Justice, stated that Israel has been holding the areas of Judea and Samaria in belligerent occupation, since 1967\\. The court also held that the normative provisions of public international law regarding belligerent occupation are applicable. The Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague of 1907 and the Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1949 were both cited.\n[thumb\\|Israeli settlement of [Neve Daniel](/wiki/Neve_Daniel \"Neve Daniel\") in the West Bank](/wiki/File:Neve_Danyal_entrance.jpg \"Neve Danyal entrance.jpg\")\nAbout 500,000 Israeli settlers live in the West Bank and another 200,000 live in East Jerusalem.{{cite news \\|title\\=Jewish settler population in the West Bank surpasses half a million \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/world\\-nation/story/2023\\-02\\-02/israeli\\-settler\\-population\\-west\\-bank\\-surpasses\\-500000 \\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\|date\\=2 February 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-10 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109170930/https://www.latimes.com/world\\-nation/story/2023\\-02\\-02/israeli\\-settler\\-population\\-west\\-bank\\-surpasses\\-500000 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|title\\=Israel to ramp up settlement expansion in occupied West Bank \\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/18/israeli\\-minister\\-given\\-sweeping\\-settlement\\-building\\-powers \\|work\\=Al\\-Jazeera \\|date\\=18 June 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108070321/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/18/israeli\\-minister\\-given\\-sweeping\\-settlement\\-building\\-powers \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|title\\=Far\\-right Israeli Minister Lays Groundwork for Doubling West Bank Settler Population \\|url\\=https://www.haaretz.com/israel\\-news/2023\\-05\\-18/ty\\-article/.premium/far\\-right\\-israeli\\-minister\\-lays\\-groundwork\\-for\\-doubling\\-west\\-bank\\-settler\\-population/00000188\\-2de6\\-d6e4\\-ab9d\\-ede74a3e0000 \\|work\\=Haaretz \\|date\\=18 May 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-10 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609150935/https://www.haaretz.com/israel\\-news/2023\\-05\\-18/ty\\-article/.premium/far\\-right\\-israeli\\-minister\\-lays\\-groundwork\\-for\\-doubling\\-west\\-bank\\-settler\\-population/00000188\\-2de6\\-d6e4\\-ab9d\\-ede74a3e0000 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The barrier has many effects on Palestinians including reduced freedoms, road closures, loss of land, increased difficulty in accessing medical and educational services in Israel,<http://pdm.medicine.wisc.edu/Volume_22/issue_4/doocy.pdf> {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310094724/http://pdm.medicine.wisc.edu/Volume\\_22/issue\\_4/doocy.pdf\\|date\\=March 10, 2012}} restricted access to water sources, and economic effects. Regarding the violation of freedom of Palestinians, in a 2005 report, the United Nations stated that:\\[47]\n...it is difficult to overstate the humanitarian impact of the Barrier. The route inside the West Bank severs communities, people's access to services, livelihoods and religious and cultural amenities. In addition, plans for the Barrier's exact route and crossing points through it are often not fully revealed until days before construction commences.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/0163EF0C6E99036F85256EB3004E6EBF \\|title\\=Palestine question/Mideast situation – Compilation of resolutions and decisions adopted in 2003 (English and French) (23 April 2004\\) \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine]] \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-08\\-13 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525130051/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/0163EF0C6E99036F85256EB3004E6EBF \\|archive\\-date\\=25 May 2012 }} This has led to considerable anxiety among Palestinians about how their future lives will be impacted...The land between the Barrier and the Green Line constitutes some of the most fertile in the West Bank. It is currently the home for 49,400 West Bank Palestinians living in 38 villages and towns.Introduction, The Humanitarian Impact of the West Bank Barrier on Palestinian Communities, United Nations. {{cite web \\|url\\=http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/CE5E268886F715968525732F00484598 \\|title\\=Humanitarian impact of the West Bank barrier on Palestinian communities (June 2007\\) – OCHA/UNRWA report (30 July 2007\\) \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-09\\-27 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190612/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/CE5E268886F715968525732F00484598 \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-29 }}.",
"On Feb 6, 2017, The Knesset passed the controversial [Regulation Law](/wiki/Regulation_Law \"Regulation Law\"), which aimed at retroactively legalizing 2,000 to 4,000 Israeli settlements in [Area C](/wiki/Area_C_%28West_Bank%29 \"Area C (West Bank)\").{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/06/world/middleeast/israel\\-settlement\\-law\\-palestinians\\-west\\-bank.html?\\_r\\=1 \\|title\\=Israel Passes Provocative Law to Retroactively Legalize Settlements \\|newspaper\\=New York Times \\|date\\=6 February 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-02\\-06 \\|last1\\=Fisher \\|first1\\=Ian \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-10\\-21 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021112215/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/06/world/middleeast/israel\\-settlement\\-law\\-palestinians\\-west\\-bank.html?\\_r\\=1 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On June 9, 2020, the Israeli Supreme Court struck down the law as \"infringing on the property rights of Palestinian residents.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-israel\\-palestinians\\-settlements\\-idUSKBN23G2MI\\|title\\=Israel's Supreme Court strikes down law legalising settlements on private Palestinian land\\|newspaper\\=Reuters\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-26\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-13\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913064142/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-israel\\-palestinians\\-settlements\\-idUSKBN23G2MI\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In February 2023, the [new Israeli government](/wiki/Thirty-seventh_government_of_Israel \"Thirty-seventh government of Israel\") under Benjamin Netanyahu approved the legalization of nine illegal settler outposts in the West Bank.{{cite news \\|title\\=U.S. Announced Israeli Settlement Freeze, Netanyahu Rushed to Deny It \\|url\\=https://www.haaretz.com/israel\\-news/2023\\-02\\-27/ty\\-article/.premium/u\\-s\\-announced\\-israeli\\-settlement\\-freeze\\-netanyahu\\-rushed\\-to\\-deny\\-it/00000186\\-926e\\-d064\\-afde\\-f7fed8d50000 \\|work\\=Haaretz \\|date\\=27 February 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-10 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180951/https://www.haaretz.com/israel\\-news/2023\\-02\\-27/ty\\-article/.premium/u\\-s\\-announced\\-israeli\\-settlement\\-freeze\\-netanyahu\\-rushed\\-to\\-deny\\-it/00000186\\-926e\\-d064\\-afde\\-f7fed8d50000 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Finance Minister [Bezalel Smotrich](/wiki/Bezalel_Smotrich \"Bezalel Smotrich\") took charge of most of the [Civil Administration](/wiki/Israeli_Civil_Administration \"Israeli Civil Administration\"), obtaining broad authority over civilian issues in the West Bank.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/smotrich\\-handed\\-sweeping\\-powers\\-over\\-west\\-bank\\-control\\-over\\-settlement\\-planning/\\|title\\=Smotrich handed sweeping powers over West Bank, control over settlement planning\\|first\\=Jeremy\\|last\\=Sharon\\|work\\=The Times of Israel\\|date\\=23 February 2023\\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=5 November 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105011524/https://www.timesofisrael.com/smotrich\\-handed\\-sweeping\\-powers\\-over\\-west\\-bank\\-control\\-over\\-settlement\\-planning/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/24/former\\-us\\-ambassador\\-accuses\\-israel\\-creeping\\-annexation\\-west\\-bank\\-israel\\-palestinians\\|title\\=Former US ambassador accuses Israel of 'creeping annexation' of the West Bank\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\=McGreal\\|date\\=24 February 2023\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=24 February 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224143609/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/24/former\\-us\\-ambassador\\-accuses\\-israel\\-creeping\\-annexation\\-west\\-bank\\-israel\\-palestinians\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In June 2023, Israel shortened the procedure of approving settlement construction and gave Finance Minister Smotrich the authority to approve one of the stages, changing the system operating for the last 27 years.{{cite news \\|title\\=Israeli government takes major step toward West Bank annexation \\|url\\=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/06/20/israeli\\-government\\-takes\\-major\\-step\\-toward\\-west\\-bank\\-annexation\\_6034532\\_4\\.html \\|work\\=\\[\\[Le Monde]] \\|date\\=21 June 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008061731/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/06/20/israeli\\-government\\-takes\\-major\\-step\\-toward\\-west\\-bank\\-annexation\\_6034532\\_4\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In its first six months, construction of 13,000 housing units in settlements, almost triple the number advanced in the whole of 2022\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu\\-hands\\-smotrich\\-full\\-authority\\-to\\-expand\\-existing\\-settlements/\\|title\\=Netanyahu hands Smotrich full authority to expand existing settlements\\|first\\=Jeremy\\|last\\=Sharon\\|website\\=www.timesofisrael.com\\|date\\=18 June 2023\\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=13 November 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113063154/https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu\\-hands\\-smotrich\\-full\\-authority\\-to\\-expand\\-existing\\-settlements/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### East Jerusalem",
"{{Main\\|East Jerusalem}}\n[thumb\\|East Jerusalem zoning](/wiki/File:Zoning_in_East_Jerusalem_as_of_December_2017.jpg \"Zoning in East Jerusalem as of December 2017.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|2018 [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs \"United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs\") map of the area, showing the [Israeli occupation](/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank \"Israeli occupation of the West Bank\") arrangements.](/wiki/File:2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Jerusalem.jpg \"2018 OCHA OpT map Jerusalem.jpg\")\n[Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\") has created additional issues in relation to the question of whether or not it is occupied territory. The [1947 UN Partition Plan](/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine \"United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine\") had contemplated that all of Jerusalem would be an international city within an international area that included [Bethlehem](/wiki/Bethlehem \"Bethlehem\") for at least ten years, after which the residents would be allowed to conduct a [referendum](/wiki/Referendum \"Referendum\") and the issue could be re\\-examined by the Trusteeship Council.",
"However, after the [1948 Arab–Israeli War](/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War \"1948 Arab–Israeli War\"), [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan \"Jordan\") captured [East Jerusalem](/wiki/East_Jerusalem \"East Jerusalem\") and the [Old City](/wiki/Old_City_%28Jerusalem%29 \"Old City (Jerusalem)\"), and Israel captured and annexed the western part of Jerusalem {{Citation needed\\|reason\\=Date of referendum? Source citing the document for this annexation?\\|date\\=November 2011}}. Jordan bilaterally annexed East Jerusalem along with the rest of the West Bank in 1950 as a temporary trustee [Sessions of the Arab League](https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/legsess.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081706/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/legsess.html \\|date\\=2016\\-03\\-04 }}. Session 12\\-11 Date: May 1950\\. Council approved plan to consider Jordan the \"trustee\" of Eastern Palestine. at the request of a Palestinian delegation,In December 1948, at a conference which took place in Jericho, a group of hand\\-picked leaders of Palestinian Arabs resolved to ask King Abdullah of Transjordan to incorporate the Arab parts of Palestine into his kingdom. The General Armistice Agreement of 3 April 1949 constituted de facto recognition of that incorporation; however, it was specifically designed as a military agreement which did not prejudice the political positions of the contracting parties.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jcpa.org.il/art/knesset6\\.htm \\|title\\=Annexation of the West Bank by the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-11\\-26 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002213659/http://www.jcpa.org.il/art/knesset6\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-10\\-02 }} and although the annexation was recognized by only two countries, it was not condemned by the UNSC. The British did not recognize the territory as sovereign to Jordan.UK recognition of Israel and of Jordanian annexation of the West Bank, [House of Commons](/wiki/British_House_of_Commons \"British House of Commons\"), April 17, 1950—[scan as PDF file](/wiki/Media:UKrecognizesIsraelJordan.pdf \"UKrecognizesIsraelJordan.pdf\") Israel captured East Jerusalem from Jordan in the 1967 [Six\\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War \"Six-Day War\"). On June 27, Israel extended its laws, jurisdiction, and administration to East Jerusalem and several nearby towns and villages, and incorporated the area into the Jerusalem Municipality. In 1980, the [Knesset](/wiki/Knesset \"Knesset\") passed the [Jerusalem Law](/wiki/Jerusalem_Law \"Jerusalem Law\"), which was declared a [Basic Law](/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Israel \"Basic Laws of Israel\"), which declared Jerusalem to be the \"complete and united\" capital of Israel. However, [United Nations Security Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council \"United Nations Security Council\") [Resolution 478](/wiki/UN_Security_Council_Resolution_478 \"UN Security Council Resolution 478\") declared this action to be \"null and void\", and that it \"must be rescinded forthwith\". The international community does not recognize Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem and considers it an occupied territory.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Korman\\|first\\=Sharon\\|title\\=The right to conquest: the acquisition of territory by force in international law and practice\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press US\\|year\\=2005\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ueDO1dJyjrUC\\&pg\\=PA250 \\|pages\\=250–260\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-828007\\-1}}",
"UN Security Council Resolution 478 also called upon countries which held their diplomatic delegations to Israel in Jerusalem, to move them outside the city. Most nations with embassies in Jerusalem complied, and relocated their embassies to [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv \"Tel Aviv\") or other Israeli cities prior to the adoption of Resolution 478\\. Following the withdrawals of [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica \"Costa Rica\") and [El Salvador](/wiki/El_Salvador \"El Salvador\") in August 2006, no country maintained its embassy in Jerusalem until 2018, although [Bolivia](/wiki/Bolivia \"Bolivia\") and [Paraguay](/wiki/Paraguay \"Paraguay\") once had theirs in nearby [Mevaseret Zion](/wiki/Mevaseret_Zion \"Mevaseret Zion\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Costa Rica's Exit Leaves El Salvador with Lone Embassy in Jerusalem \\|url\\=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/110349 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Arutz Sheva]] \\|date\\=18 August 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010090454/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/110349 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite news \\|editor\\-last\\=HaLevi \\|editor\\-first\\=Ezra \\|title\\=Last Embassy Abandons Jerusalem \\|url\\=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/110798 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Arutz Sheva]] \\|date\\=27 August 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010090457/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/110798 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The [United States Congress](/wiki/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\") passed the [Jerusalem Embassy Act](/wiki/Jerusalem_Embassy_Act \"Jerusalem Embassy Act\") in 1995, stating that \"Jerusalem should be recognized as the capital of the State of Israel; and the United States Embassy in Israel should be established in Jerusalem no later than May 31, 1999\\.\" As a result of the [Embassy Act](/wiki/Jerusalem_Embassy_Act \"Jerusalem Embassy Act\"), official U.S. documents and web sites refer to Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. Until May 2018, the law had never been implemented, because successive U.S. Presidents [Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\"), [Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\"), and [Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") exercised the law's presidential waiver, citing national security interests. On 14 May 2018, the U.S. opened its Embassy in Jerusalem.[US embassy opens in Jerusalem \\| Full ceremony](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MISVkrFAiFk) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517054820/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=MISVkrFAiFk \\|date\\=2018\\-05\\-17 }} [Fox News](/wiki/Fox_News \"Fox News\"), 14 May 2018",
"East Jerusalem residents are increasingly becoming integrated into Israeli society, in terms of education, citizenship, national service and in other aspects.{{Cite news \\| title \\= A surprising process of 'Israelization' is taking place among Palestinians in East Jerusalem \\| last \\= Hasson \\| first \\= Nir \\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[Haaretz]] \\|url\\=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/a\\-surprising\\-process\\-of\\-israelization\\-is\\-taking\\-place\\-among\\-palestinians\\-in\\-east\\-jerusalem.premium\\-1\\.490367 \\| date \\= 29 December 2012 \\| access\\-date \\= 25 November 2014 \\| archive\\-date \\= 29 November 2014 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129134142/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/a\\-surprising\\-process\\-of\\-israelization\\-is\\-taking\\-place\\-among\\-palestinians\\-in\\-east\\-jerusalem.premium\\-1\\.490367 \\| url\\-status \\= live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Koren \\|first\\=David \\|date\\=2018\\-09\\-13 \\|title\\=The desire of eastern Jerusalem Arabs to integrate in Israeli society outweighs the threats of the Palestinian Authority \\|url\\=https://jiss.org.il/en/koren\\-desire\\-eastern\\-jerusalem\\-arabs\\-integrate\\-israeli\\-society\\-outweighs\\-threats\\-palestinian\\-authority/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-13 \\|website\\=JISS \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-13 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713055417/https://jiss.org.il/en/koren\\-desire\\-eastern\\-jerusalem\\-arabs\\-integrate\\-israeli\\-society\\-outweighs\\-threats\\-palestinian\\-authority/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Recent surveys show that, if given the option of having East Jerusalem transferred today from Israeli rule to the [Palestinian National Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority \"Palestinian National Authority\"), most East Jerusalem Palestinians would oppose the proposal.{{Cite web \\|title\\=إستطلاع رأي : 93% من العرب في القدس يفضلون بقاء الحكم الإسرائيلي \\|url\\=https://www.shfanews.net/post/102082 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-30 \\|website\\=شبكة فلسطين للأنباء – شفا \\|date\\=13 December 2021 \\|language\\=ar \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-13 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313060505/https://www.shfanews.net/post/102082 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|title\\=93% of east Jerusalem Arabs prefer Israeli rule, poll shows \\|url\\=https://www.israelhayom.com/2021/12/15/93\\-of\\-east\\-jerusalem\\-arabs\\-prefer\\-israeli\\-rule\\-poll\\-shows/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-30 \\|website\\=www.israelhayom.com}} According to Middle East expert David Pollock, in the hypothesis that a final agreement was reached between Israel and the Palestinians with the establishment of a [two\\-state solution](/wiki/Two-state_solution \"Two-state solution\"), 48% of East Jerusalem Arabs would prefer being citizens of Israel, while 42% of them would prefer the [State of Palestine](/wiki/State_of_Palestine \"State of Palestine\"). 9% would prefer [Jordanian](/wiki/Jordan \"Jordan\") citizenship.{{Cite web \\|title\\=New Poll Reveals Moderate Trend Among East Jerusalem Palestinians \\|url\\=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy\\-analysis/new\\-poll\\-reveals\\-moderate\\-trend\\-among\\-east\\-jerusalem\\-palestinians \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-13 \\|website\\=The Washington Institute \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-13 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713055416/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy\\-analysis/new\\-poll\\-reveals\\-moderate\\-trend\\-among\\-east\\-jerusalem\\-palestinians \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In May 2021, [clashes](/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis \"2021 Israel–Palestine crisis\") occurred between Palestinians and Israeli police over further anticipated [Palestinian evictions](/wiki/Palestinian_displacement_in_East_Jerusalem \"Palestinian displacement in East Jerusalem\") in the [Sheikh Jarrah](/wiki/Sheikh_Jarrah \"Sheikh Jarrah\") neighborhood of East Jerusalem.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Kingsley\\|first\\=Patrick\\|author\\-link\\=Patrick Kingsley (journalist)\\|date\\=7 May 2021\\|title\\=Evictions in Jerusalem Become Focus of Israeli\\-Palestinian Conflict\\|work\\=\\[\\[New York Times]]\\|location\\=Jerusalem\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/world/middleeast/evictions\\-jerusalem\\-israeli\\-palestinian\\-conflict\\-protest.html\\|archive\\-date\\=9 May 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509010508/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/world/middleeast/evictions\\-jerusalem\\-israeli\\-palestinian\\-conflict\\-protest.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Gaza Strip",
"{{Main\\|Gaza Strip}}\n[thumb\\|Map of the Gaza Strip](/wiki/File:Map_of_Gaza_Strip_with_no-go_zone_2012.jpg \"Map of Gaza Strip with no-go zone 2012.jpg\")\nThe Gaza Strip was allotted to the Arab state envisioned by the [United Nations Partition Plan of 1947](/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine \"United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine\"), but no Arab state formed as a result of the 1947 partition plan. As a result of the [1949 Armistice Agreements](/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements \"1949 Armistice Agreements\"), the [Gaza Strip became occupied by Egypt](/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip_by_the_United_Arab_Republic \"Occupation of the Gaza Strip by the United Arab Republic\").",
"Between 1948 and 1967, the Gaza Strip was under Egyptian military administration, being officially under the jurisdiction of the [All\\-Palestine Government](/wiki/All-Palestine_Government \"All-Palestine Government\") until in 1959 it was merged into the [United Arab Republic](/wiki/United_Arab_Republic \"United Arab Republic\"), de facto becoming under direct Egyptian military governorship.",
"Between 1967 and 1993, the Gaza Strip was under Israeli military administration. In March 1979, Egypt renounced all claims to the Gaza Strip in the [Egypt–Israel peace treaty](/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty \"Egypt–Israel peace treaty\").",
"Since the [Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition](/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_Liberation_Organization_letters_of_recognition \"Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition\") of 1993, the Gaza Strip came under the jurisdiction of the [Palestinian Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority \"Palestinian National Authority\").",
"A July 2004 opinion of the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice \"International Court of Justice\") treated Gaza as a part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory.[Summary of the Advisory Opinion: Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory](http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1677.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825085245/http://www.icj\\-cij.org/docket/files/131/1677\\.pdf \\|date\\=2014\\-08\\-25 }}, [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice \"International Court of Justice\"), July 9, 2004\\.",
"In February 2005, the Israeli government voted to implement a [unilateral disengagement plan](/wiki/Israel%27s_unilateral_disengagement_plan \"Israel's unilateral disengagement plan\") from the Gaza Strip. The plan began to be implemented on 15 August 2005, and was completed on 12 September 2005\\. Under the plan, all Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip (and four in the West Bank) and the joint Israeli\\-Palestinian Erez Industrial Zone were dismantled with the removal of all 9,000 Israeli settlers (most of them in the [Gush Katif](/wiki/Gush_Katif \"Gush Katif\") settlement area in the Strip's southwest) and military bases. Some settlers resisted the order, and were forcibly removed by the IDF. On 12 September 2005 the Israeli cabinet formally declared an end to Israeli military occupation of the Gaza Strip. To avoid allegations that it was still in occupation of any part of the Gaza Strip, Israel also withdrew from the [Philadelphi Route](/wiki/Philadelphi_Route \"Philadelphi Route\"), which is a narrow strip adjacent to the [Strip's border with Egypt](/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Gaza_border \"Egypt–Gaza border\"), after Egypt's agreement to secure its side of the border. Under the Oslo Accords the Philadelphi Route was to remain under Israeli control to prevent the smuggling of materials (such as ammunition) and people across the border with Egypt. With Egypt agreeing to patrol its side of the border, it was hoped that the objective would be achieved. However, Israel maintained its control over the crossings in and out of Gaza. The Rafah crossing between Egypt and Gaza was monitored by the Israeli army through special surveillance cameras. Official documents such as passports, I.D. cards, export and import papers, and many others had to be approved by the Israeli army.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=January 2009}}\n[thumb\\|Israeli soldiers and protesters in Gaza during the [First Intifada](/wiki/First_Intifada \"First Intifada\") in 1987](/wiki/File:Intifada_in_Gaza_Strip%2C_1987_VI_Dan_Hadani_Archive.jpg \"Intifada in Gaza Strip, 1987 VI Dan Hadani Archive.jpg\")\nThe Israeli position is that it no longer occupies Gaza, as Israel does not exercise effective control or authority over any land or institutions inside the Gaza Strip.Dore Gold, [JCPA Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still \"Occupied\" Even After Israel Withdraws](http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621082606/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief005\\-3\\.htm \\|date\\=2010\\-06\\-21 }}, [Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs](/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs \"Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs\"), Vol. 5, No. 3, August 26, 2005\\.[International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self\\-Defense](https://archive.today/20130415040103/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=443&PID=0&IID=2021&TTL=International_Law_and_Gaza:_The_Assault_on_Israel's_Right_to_Self-Defense), [Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs](/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs \"Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs\"), Vol. 7, No. 29 28 January 2008\\. [Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel](/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Minister_of_Israel \"Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel\") [Tzipi Livni](/wiki/Tzipi_Livni \"Tzipi Livni\") stated in January, 2008: \"Israel got out of Gaza. It dismantled its settlements there. No Israeli soldiers were left there after the disengagement.\"[Israeli MFA Address by Israeli Foreign Minister Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference](http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches+by+Israeli+leaders/2008/Address+by+FM+Livni+to+the+8th+Herzliya+Conference+22-Jan-2008.htm?DisplayMode=print) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026025009/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches%2Bby%2BIsraeli%2Bleaders/2008/Address%2Bby%2BFM%2BLivni%2Bto%2Bthe%2B8th%2BHerzliya%2BConference%2B22\\-Jan\\-2008\\.htm?DisplayMode\\=print \\|date\\=2011\\-10\\-26 }}, [Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)](/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Israel%29 \"Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)\"), 22 January 22, 2008\\. Israel also notes that Gaza does not belong to any sovereign state.",
"Immediately after Israel withdrew in 2005, Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas stated, \"the legal status of the areas slated for evacuation has not changed.\" [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") also contested that this ended the occupation.{{cite web \\| title\\=Gaza: Israel's 'Open\\-Air Prison' at 15 \\| website\\=Human Rights Watch \\| date\\=June 14, 2022 \\| url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza\\-israels\\-open\\-air\\-prison\\-15 \\| access\\-date\\=October 19, 2023 \\| quote\\=Because of the continuing controls Israel exercises over the lives and welfare of Gaza's inhabitants, Israel remains an occupying power under international humanitarian law, despite withdrawing its military forces and settlements from the territory in 2005\\. \\| archive\\-date\\=October 12, 2023 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012000721/https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza\\-israels\\-open\\-air\\-prison\\-15 \\| url\\-status\\=live }}[\"Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation\"](http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101210931/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577\\.htm \\|date\\=2008\\-11\\-01 }} Human Rights Watch. October 29, 2004[\"Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories\"](http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015172833/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698\\.htm \\|date\\=2008\\-10\\-15 }}. Human Rights Watch. July 6, 2006\" The [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\"), [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") and many other international bodies and [NGOs](/wiki/Non-governmental_organization \"Non-governmental organization\") continues to consider Israel to be the occupying power of the Gaza Strip as Israel controls the Gaza Strip's airspace and territorial waters as well as the movement of people or goods in or out of Gaza by air or sea.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/007/2009/en/ \\|title\\=Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories: The conflict in Gaza: A briefing on applicable law, investigations and accountability \\|date\\=2009\\-01\\-19 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Amnesty International]] \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-04\\-15 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415160014/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/007/2009/en/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}[\"Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories\"](http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015172833/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698\\.htm \\|date\\=2008\\-10\\-15 }} July 6, 2006; Human Rights Watch considers Gaza still occupied.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html\\|title\\=Is Gaza 'occupied' territory?\\|last\\=Levs\\|first\\=Josh\\|date\\=2009\\-01\\-06\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-30\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-01\\-21\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121084340/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The United Nations [Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs](/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs \"Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs\") maintains an office on \"Occupied Palestinian Territory\", which concerns itself with the Gaza Strip.[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs office on Occupied Palestinian Territory web site](http://www.ochaopt.org/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206043850/http://www.ochaopt.org/ \\|date\\=2012\\-02\\-06 }}. In his statement on the [2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict](/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict \"2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict\") [Richard Falk](/wiki/Richard_A._Falk \"Richard A. Falk\"), [United Nations Special Rapporteur](/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur \"United Nations Special Rapporteur\") on \"the situation of [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights \"Human rights\") in the [Palestinian territories](/wiki/Palestinian_territories \"Palestinian territories\")\" wrote that [international humanitarian law](/wiki/International_humanitarian_law \"International humanitarian law\") applied to Israel \"in regard to the obligations of an Occupying Power and in the requirements of the laws of war.\"Richard Falk, [Statement by Prof. Richard Falk, United Nations Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories](http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/F1EC67EF7A498A30C125752D005D17F7?opendocument) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229102020/http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/F1EC67EF7A498A30C125752D005D17F7?opendocument \\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-29 }}, [United Nations Human Rights Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council \"United Nations Human Rights Council\"), December 27, 2008\\. In a 2009 interview on [Democracy Now](/wiki/Democracy_Now \"Democracy Now\") Christopher Gunness, spokesperson for the [United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East](/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Works_Agency_for_Palestine_Refugees_in_the_Near_East \"United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East\") (UNRWA) contends that Israel is an occupying power. However, Meagan Buren, senior adviser to the [Israel Project](/wiki/Israel_Project \"Israel Project\"), a pro\\-Israel media group, contests that characterization.[A Debate on Israel's Invasion of Gaza: UNRWA's Christopher Gunness v. Israel Project's Meagan Buren](http://www.democracynow.org/2009/1/5/a_debate_on_israels_invasion_of) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609070926/http://www.democracynow.org/2009/1/5/a\\_debate\\_on\\_israels\\_invasion\\_of \\|date\\=2010\\-06\\-09 }} [Democracy Now](/wiki/Democracy_Now \"Democracy Now\"), January 5, 2009\\.",
"In 2007, after Hamas defeated Fatah in the [Battle of Gaza (2007\\)](/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_%282007%29 \"Battle of Gaza (2007)\") and took control over the Gaza Strip, Israel imposed a [blockade on Gaza](/wiki/The_2007%E2%80%932009_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip \"The 2007–2009 blockade of the Gaza Strip\"). [Palestinian rocket attacks](/wiki/List_of_rocket_and_mortar_attacks_in_Israel_in_2008 \"List of rocket and mortar attacks in Israel in 2008\") and Israeli raids, such as [Operation Hot Winter](/wiki/Operation_Hot_Winter \"Operation Hot Winter\") continued into 2008\\. A [six month ceasefire](/wiki/2008_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_ceasefire \"2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire\") was agreed in June 2008, but it was broken several times by both Israel and Hamas. As it reached its expiry, Hamas announced that they were unwilling to renew the ceasefire without improving the terms.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\\_east/7794577\\.stm\\|title\\=Israeli leaders 'to topple Hamas'\\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-22\\|publisher\\=BBC News\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-01\\-23\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-01\\-11\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111102212/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\\_east/7794577\\.stm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} At the end of December 2008 Israeli forces began Operation Cast Lead, launching the [Gaza War](/wiki/Gaza_War_%282008%E2%80%9309%29 \"Gaza War (2008–09)\") that left an estimated 1,166–1,417 Palestinians and 13 Israelis dead.[Israel tightens grip on urban parts of Gaza](http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre5053r7-us-palestinians-israel/) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109194300/http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre5053r7\\-us\\-palestinians\\-israel/ \\|date\\=January 9, 2009 }}. By Nidal al\\-Mughrabi. January 12, 2009\\. [Reuters](/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename\\=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull \\|title\\=IDF releases Cast Lead casualty numbers \\|date\\=2009\\-03\\-26 \\|publisher\\=JPost \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-26 \\|last\\=Lappin \\|first\\=Yaakov \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121653/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid\\=1237727552054\\&pagename\\=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-05\\-11 }}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rights\\-group\\-puts\\-gaza\\-death\\-toll\\-at\\-1284/\\|title\\=Rights Group Puts Gaza Death Toll At 1,284\\|last\\=Younis\\|first\\=Khan\\|publisher\\=CBS\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-02\\-17\\|date\\=2009\\-01\\-22\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-02\\-25\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225210006/https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/01/22/world/main4746224\\.shtml\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In January 2012, the spokesperson for the UN Secretary General stated that under resolutions of the Security Council and the General Assembly, the UN still regards Gaza to be a part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory.",
"On 7 October 2023, [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas \"Hamas\") launched [a major attack](/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel \"2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel\") on Israel from the Gaza Strip.{{cite news \\|last\\= \\|first\\= \\|date\\=7 October 2023 \\|title\\=Israel attack: PM says Israel at war after 70 killed in attack from Gaza \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-67036625 \\|work\\=BBC News \\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007045410/https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-67036625 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 9 October 2023, following the beginning of the Israel–Hamas war and attacks in Israel by Hamas militants, Israel imposed a [\"total blockade\" of the Gaza Strip](/wiki/October_2023_Israeli_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip \"October 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Israel announces 'total' blockade on Gaza \\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel\\-announces\\-total\\-blockade\\-on\\-gaza \\|date\\=2023\\-10\\-09 \\|website\\=Al Jazeera \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-10 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009105304/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel\\-announces\\-total\\-blockade\\-on\\-gaza \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The total blockade of Gaza was announced by Israeli Defense Minister [Yoav Gallant](/wiki/Yoav_Gallant \"Yoav Gallant\"), who declared: \"There will be no electricity, no food, no fuel, everything is closed.\"{{cite news \\|title\\=Israel announces 'complete siege' of Gaza, cutting its electricity, food, water, and fuel \\|url\\=https://www.businessinsider.com/israel\\-gallant\\-announces\\-complete\\-siege\\-gaza\\-no\\-electricity\\-food\\-fuel\\-2023\\-10 \\|work\\=Business Insider \\|date\\=9 October 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102181111/https://www.businessinsider.com/israel\\-gallant\\-announces\\-complete\\-siege\\-gaza\\-no\\-electricity\\-food\\-fuel\\-2023\\-10 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"[thumb\\|Greater Jerusalem, May 2006\\. The [CIA](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Central Intelligence Agency\") [remote sensing](/wiki/Remote_sensing \"Remote sensing\") map showing East Jerusalem, the Green Line and Jerusalem's city limits which were unilaterally expanded by Israel, 28 June 1967, annexed by Knesset (30 July 1980\\), and modified and expanded in February 1992\\.](/wiki/File:Greater_Jerusalem_May_2006_CIA_remote-sensing_map.jpg \"Greater Jerusalem May 2006 CIA remote-sensing map.jpg\")",
""
] |
### Gaza Strip
{{Main\|Gaza Strip}}
[thumb\|Map of the Gaza Strip](/wiki/File:Map_of_Gaza_Strip_with_no-go_zone_2012.jpg "Map of Gaza Strip with no-go zone 2012.jpg")
The Gaza Strip was allotted to the Arab state envisioned by the [United Nations Partition Plan of 1947](/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine "United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine"), but no Arab state formed as a result of the 1947 partition plan. As a result of the [1949 Armistice Agreements](/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements "1949 Armistice Agreements"), the [Gaza Strip became occupied by Egypt](/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip_by_the_United_Arab_Republic "Occupation of the Gaza Strip by the United Arab Republic").
Between 1948 and 1967, the Gaza Strip was under Egyptian military administration, being officially under the jurisdiction of the [All\-Palestine Government](/wiki/All-Palestine_Government "All-Palestine Government") until in 1959 it was merged into the [United Arab Republic](/wiki/United_Arab_Republic "United Arab Republic"), de facto becoming under direct Egyptian military governorship.
Between 1967 and 1993, the Gaza Strip was under Israeli military administration. In March 1979, Egypt renounced all claims to the Gaza Strip in the [Egypt–Israel peace treaty](/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty "Egypt–Israel peace treaty").
Since the [Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition](/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_Liberation_Organization_letters_of_recognition "Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition") of 1993, the Gaza Strip came under the jurisdiction of the [Palestinian Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority "Palestinian National Authority").
A July 2004 opinion of the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice "International Court of Justice") treated Gaza as a part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory.[Summary of the Advisory Opinion: Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory](http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1677.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825085245/http://www.icj\-cij.org/docket/files/131/1677\.pdf \|date\=2014\-08\-25 }}, [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice "International Court of Justice"), July 9, 2004\.
In February 2005, the Israeli government voted to implement a [unilateral disengagement plan](/wiki/Israel%27s_unilateral_disengagement_plan "Israel's unilateral disengagement plan") from the Gaza Strip. The plan began to be implemented on 15 August 2005, and was completed on 12 September 2005\. Under the plan, all Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip (and four in the West Bank) and the joint Israeli\-Palestinian Erez Industrial Zone were dismantled with the removal of all 9,000 Israeli settlers (most of them in the [Gush Katif](/wiki/Gush_Katif "Gush Katif") settlement area in the Strip's southwest) and military bases. Some settlers resisted the order, and were forcibly removed by the IDF. On 12 September 2005 the Israeli cabinet formally declared an end to Israeli military occupation of the Gaza Strip. To avoid allegations that it was still in occupation of any part of the Gaza Strip, Israel also withdrew from the [Philadelphi Route](/wiki/Philadelphi_Route "Philadelphi Route"), which is a narrow strip adjacent to the [Strip's border with Egypt](/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Gaza_border "Egypt–Gaza border"), after Egypt's agreement to secure its side of the border. Under the Oslo Accords the Philadelphi Route was to remain under Israeli control to prevent the smuggling of materials (such as ammunition) and people across the border with Egypt. With Egypt agreeing to patrol its side of the border, it was hoped that the objective would be achieved. However, Israel maintained its control over the crossings in and out of Gaza. The Rafah crossing between Egypt and Gaza was monitored by the Israeli army through special surveillance cameras. Official documents such as passports, I.D. cards, export and import papers, and many others had to be approved by the Israeli army.{{Citation needed\|date\=January 2009}}
[thumb\|Israeli soldiers and protesters in Gaza during the [First Intifada](/wiki/First_Intifada "First Intifada") in 1987](/wiki/File:Intifada_in_Gaza_Strip%2C_1987_VI_Dan_Hadani_Archive.jpg "Intifada in Gaza Strip, 1987 VI Dan Hadani Archive.jpg")
The Israeli position is that it no longer occupies Gaza, as Israel does not exercise effective control or authority over any land or institutions inside the Gaza Strip.Dore Gold, [JCPA Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still "Occupied" Even After Israel Withdraws](http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621082606/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief005\-3\.htm \|date\=2010\-06\-21 }}, [Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs](/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs "Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs"), Vol. 5, No. 3, August 26, 2005\.[International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self\-Defense](https://archive.today/20130415040103/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=443&PID=0&IID=2021&TTL=International_Law_and_Gaza:_The_Assault_on_Israel's_Right_to_Self-Defense), [Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs](/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs "Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs"), Vol. 7, No. 29 28 January 2008\. [Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel](/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Minister_of_Israel "Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel") [Tzipi Livni](/wiki/Tzipi_Livni "Tzipi Livni") stated in January, 2008: "Israel got out of Gaza. It dismantled its settlements there. No Israeli soldiers were left there after the disengagement."[Israeli MFA Address by Israeli Foreign Minister Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference](http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches+by+Israeli+leaders/2008/Address+by+FM+Livni+to+the+8th+Herzliya+Conference+22-Jan-2008.htm?DisplayMode=print) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026025009/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches%2Bby%2BIsraeli%2Bleaders/2008/Address%2Bby%2BFM%2BLivni%2Bto%2Bthe%2B8th%2BHerzliya%2BConference%2B22\-Jan\-2008\.htm?DisplayMode\=print \|date\=2011\-10\-26 }}, [Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)](/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Israel%29 "Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)"), 22 January 22, 2008\. Israel also notes that Gaza does not belong to any sovereign state.
Immediately after Israel withdrew in 2005, Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas stated, "the legal status of the areas slated for evacuation has not changed." [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") also contested that this ended the occupation.{{cite web \| title\=Gaza: Israel's 'Open\-Air Prison' at 15 \| website\=Human Rights Watch \| date\=June 14, 2022 \| url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza\-israels\-open\-air\-prison\-15 \| access\-date\=October 19, 2023 \| quote\=Because of the continuing controls Israel exercises over the lives and welfare of Gaza's inhabitants, Israel remains an occupying power under international humanitarian law, despite withdrawing its military forces and settlements from the territory in 2005\. \| archive\-date\=October 12, 2023 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012000721/https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza\-israels\-open\-air\-prison\-15 \| url\-status\=live }}["Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation"](http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101210931/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577\.htm \|date\=2008\-11\-01 }} Human Rights Watch. October 29, 2004["Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories"](http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015172833/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698\.htm \|date\=2008\-10\-15 }}. Human Rights Watch. July 6, 2006" The [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations"), [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") and many other international bodies and [NGOs](/wiki/Non-governmental_organization "Non-governmental organization") continues to consider Israel to be the occupying power of the Gaza Strip as Israel controls the Gaza Strip's airspace and territorial waters as well as the movement of people or goods in or out of Gaza by air or sea.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/007/2009/en/ \|title\=Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories: The conflict in Gaza: A briefing on applicable law, investigations and accountability \|date\=2009\-01\-19 \|publisher\=\[\[Amnesty International]] \|access\-date\=2009\-06\-05 \|archive\-date\=2015\-04\-15 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415160014/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/007/2009/en/ \|url\-status\=live }}["Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories"](http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015172833/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698\.htm \|date\=2008\-10\-15 }} July 6, 2006; Human Rights Watch considers Gaza still occupied.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html\|title\=Is Gaza 'occupied' territory?\|last\=Levs\|first\=Josh\|date\=2009\-01\-06\|publisher\=CNN\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-30\|archive\-date\=2009\-01\-21\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121084340/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html\|url\-status\=live}}
The United Nations [Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs](/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs "Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs") maintains an office on "Occupied Palestinian Territory", which concerns itself with the Gaza Strip.[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs office on Occupied Palestinian Territory web site](http://www.ochaopt.org/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206043850/http://www.ochaopt.org/ \|date\=2012\-02\-06 }}. In his statement on the [2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict](/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict "2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict") [Richard Falk](/wiki/Richard_A._Falk "Richard A. Falk"), [United Nations Special Rapporteur](/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur "United Nations Special Rapporteur") on "the situation of [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights "Human rights") in the [Palestinian territories](/wiki/Palestinian_territories "Palestinian territories")" wrote that [international humanitarian law](/wiki/International_humanitarian_law "International humanitarian law") applied to Israel "in regard to the obligations of an Occupying Power and in the requirements of the laws of war."Richard Falk, [Statement by Prof. Richard Falk, United Nations Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories](http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/F1EC67EF7A498A30C125752D005D17F7?opendocument) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229102020/http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/F1EC67EF7A498A30C125752D005D17F7?opendocument \|date\=2008\-12\-29 }}, [United Nations Human Rights Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council "United Nations Human Rights Council"), December 27, 2008\. In a 2009 interview on [Democracy Now](/wiki/Democracy_Now "Democracy Now") Christopher Gunness, spokesperson for the [United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East](/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Works_Agency_for_Palestine_Refugees_in_the_Near_East "United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East") (UNRWA) contends that Israel is an occupying power. However, Meagan Buren, senior adviser to the [Israel Project](/wiki/Israel_Project "Israel Project"), a pro\-Israel media group, contests that characterization.[A Debate on Israel's Invasion of Gaza: UNRWA's Christopher Gunness v. Israel Project's Meagan Buren](http://www.democracynow.org/2009/1/5/a_debate_on_israels_invasion_of) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609070926/http://www.democracynow.org/2009/1/5/a\_debate\_on\_israels\_invasion\_of \|date\=2010\-06\-09 }} [Democracy Now](/wiki/Democracy_Now "Democracy Now"), January 5, 2009\.
In 2007, after Hamas defeated Fatah in the [Battle of Gaza (2007\)](/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_%282007%29 "Battle of Gaza (2007)") and took control over the Gaza Strip, Israel imposed a [blockade on Gaza](/wiki/The_2007%E2%80%932009_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip "The 2007–2009 blockade of the Gaza Strip"). [Palestinian rocket attacks](/wiki/List_of_rocket_and_mortar_attacks_in_Israel_in_2008 "List of rocket and mortar attacks in Israel in 2008") and Israeli raids, such as [Operation Hot Winter](/wiki/Operation_Hot_Winter "Operation Hot Winter") continued into 2008\. A [six month ceasefire](/wiki/2008_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_ceasefire "2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire") was agreed in June 2008, but it was broken several times by both Israel and Hamas. As it reached its expiry, Hamas announced that they were unwilling to renew the ceasefire without improving the terms.{{Cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\_east/7794577\.stm\|title\=Israeli leaders 'to topple Hamas'\|date\=2008\-12\-22\|publisher\=BBC News\|access\-date\=2009\-01\-23\|archive\-date\=2009\-01\-11\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111102212/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\_east/7794577\.stm\|url\-status\=live}} At the end of December 2008 Israeli forces began Operation Cast Lead, launching the [Gaza War](/wiki/Gaza_War_%282008%E2%80%9309%29 "Gaza War (2008–09)") that left an estimated 1,166–1,417 Palestinians and 13 Israelis dead.[Israel tightens grip on urban parts of Gaza](http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre5053r7-us-palestinians-israel/) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109194300/http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre5053r7\-us\-palestinians\-israel/ \|date\=January 9, 2009 }}. By Nidal al\-Mughrabi. January 12, 2009\. [Reuters](/wiki/Reuters "Reuters").{{cite news\|url\=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename\=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull \|title\=IDF releases Cast Lead casualty numbers \|date\=2009\-03\-26 \|publisher\=JPost \|access\-date\=2009\-03\-26 \|last\=Lappin \|first\=Yaakov \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121653/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid\=1237727552054\&pagename\=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull \|archive\-date\=2011\-05\-11 }}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rights\-group\-puts\-gaza\-death\-toll\-at\-1284/\|title\=Rights Group Puts Gaza Death Toll At 1,284\|last\=Younis\|first\=Khan\|publisher\=CBS\|access\-date\=2009\-02\-17\|date\=2009\-01\-22\|archive\-date\=2009\-02\-25\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225210006/https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/01/22/world/main4746224\.shtml\|url\-status\=live}}
In January 2012, the spokesperson for the UN Secretary General stated that under resolutions of the Security Council and the General Assembly, the UN still regards Gaza to be a part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory.
On 7 October 2023, [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas "Hamas") launched [a major attack](/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel "2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel") on Israel from the Gaza Strip.{{cite news \|last\= \|first\= \|date\=7 October 2023 \|title\=Israel attack: PM says Israel at war after 70 killed in attack from Gaza \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-67036625 \|work\=BBC News \|access\-date\=7 October 2023 \|archive\-date\=7 October 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007045410/https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-middle\-east\-67036625 \|url\-status\=live }} On 9 October 2023, following the beginning of the Israel–Hamas war and attacks in Israel by Hamas militants, Israel imposed a ["total blockade" of the Gaza Strip](/wiki/October_2023_Israeli_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip "October 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip").{{Cite web \|title\=Israel announces 'total' blockade on Gaza \|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel\-announces\-total\-blockade\-on\-gaza \|date\=2023\-10\-09 \|website\=Al Jazeera \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-10 \|archive\-date\=2023\-10\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009105304/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel\-announces\-total\-blockade\-on\-gaza \|url\-status\=live }} The total blockade of Gaza was announced by Israeli Defense Minister [Yoav Gallant](/wiki/Yoav_Gallant "Yoav Gallant"), who declared: "There will be no electricity, no food, no fuel, everything is closed."{{cite news \|title\=Israel announces 'complete siege' of Gaza, cutting its electricity, food, water, and fuel \|url\=https://www.businessinsider.com/israel\-gallant\-announces\-complete\-siege\-gaza\-no\-electricity\-food\-fuel\-2023\-10 \|work\=Business Insider \|date\=9 October 2023 \|access\-date\=10 October 2023 \|archive\-date\=2 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102181111/https://www.businessinsider.com/israel\-gallant\-announces\-complete\-siege\-gaza\-no\-electricity\-food\-fuel\-2023\-10 \|url\-status\=live }}
[thumb\|Greater Jerusalem, May 2006\. The [CIA](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency") [remote sensing](/wiki/Remote_sensing "Remote sensing") map showing East Jerusalem, the Green Line and Jerusalem's city limits which were unilaterally expanded by Israel, 28 June 1967, annexed by Knesset (30 July 1980\), and modified and expanded in February 1992\.](/wiki/File:Greater_Jerusalem_May_2006_CIA_remote-sensing_map.jpg "Greater Jerusalem May 2006 CIA remote-sensing map.jpg")
|
[
"### Gaza Strip",
"{{Main\\|Gaza Strip}}\n[thumb\\|Map of the Gaza Strip](/wiki/File:Map_of_Gaza_Strip_with_no-go_zone_2012.jpg \"Map of Gaza Strip with no-go zone 2012.jpg\")\nThe Gaza Strip was allotted to the Arab state envisioned by the [United Nations Partition Plan of 1947](/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine \"United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine\"), but no Arab state formed as a result of the 1947 partition plan. As a result of the [1949 Armistice Agreements](/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements \"1949 Armistice Agreements\"), the [Gaza Strip became occupied by Egypt](/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip_by_the_United_Arab_Republic \"Occupation of the Gaza Strip by the United Arab Republic\").",
"Between 1948 and 1967, the Gaza Strip was under Egyptian military administration, being officially under the jurisdiction of the [All\\-Palestine Government](/wiki/All-Palestine_Government \"All-Palestine Government\") until in 1959 it was merged into the [United Arab Republic](/wiki/United_Arab_Republic \"United Arab Republic\"), de facto becoming under direct Egyptian military governorship.",
"Between 1967 and 1993, the Gaza Strip was under Israeli military administration. In March 1979, Egypt renounced all claims to the Gaza Strip in the [Egypt–Israel peace treaty](/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty \"Egypt–Israel peace treaty\").",
"Since the [Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition](/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_Liberation_Organization_letters_of_recognition \"Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition\") of 1993, the Gaza Strip came under the jurisdiction of the [Palestinian Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority \"Palestinian National Authority\").",
"A July 2004 opinion of the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice \"International Court of Justice\") treated Gaza as a part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory.[Summary of the Advisory Opinion: Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory](http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1677.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825085245/http://www.icj\\-cij.org/docket/files/131/1677\\.pdf \\|date\\=2014\\-08\\-25 }}, [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice \"International Court of Justice\"), July 9, 2004\\.",
"In February 2005, the Israeli government voted to implement a [unilateral disengagement plan](/wiki/Israel%27s_unilateral_disengagement_plan \"Israel's unilateral disengagement plan\") from the Gaza Strip. The plan began to be implemented on 15 August 2005, and was completed on 12 September 2005\\. Under the plan, all Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip (and four in the West Bank) and the joint Israeli\\-Palestinian Erez Industrial Zone were dismantled with the removal of all 9,000 Israeli settlers (most of them in the [Gush Katif](/wiki/Gush_Katif \"Gush Katif\") settlement area in the Strip's southwest) and military bases. Some settlers resisted the order, and were forcibly removed by the IDF. On 12 September 2005 the Israeli cabinet formally declared an end to Israeli military occupation of the Gaza Strip. To avoid allegations that it was still in occupation of any part of the Gaza Strip, Israel also withdrew from the [Philadelphi Route](/wiki/Philadelphi_Route \"Philadelphi Route\"), which is a narrow strip adjacent to the [Strip's border with Egypt](/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Gaza_border \"Egypt–Gaza border\"), after Egypt's agreement to secure its side of the border. Under the Oslo Accords the Philadelphi Route was to remain under Israeli control to prevent the smuggling of materials (such as ammunition) and people across the border with Egypt. With Egypt agreeing to patrol its side of the border, it was hoped that the objective would be achieved. However, Israel maintained its control over the crossings in and out of Gaza. The Rafah crossing between Egypt and Gaza was monitored by the Israeli army through special surveillance cameras. Official documents such as passports, I.D. cards, export and import papers, and many others had to be approved by the Israeli army.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=January 2009}}\n[thumb\\|Israeli soldiers and protesters in Gaza during the [First Intifada](/wiki/First_Intifada \"First Intifada\") in 1987](/wiki/File:Intifada_in_Gaza_Strip%2C_1987_VI_Dan_Hadani_Archive.jpg \"Intifada in Gaza Strip, 1987 VI Dan Hadani Archive.jpg\")\nThe Israeli position is that it no longer occupies Gaza, as Israel does not exercise effective control or authority over any land or institutions inside the Gaza Strip.Dore Gold, [JCPA Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still \"Occupied\" Even After Israel Withdraws](http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621082606/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief005\\-3\\.htm \\|date\\=2010\\-06\\-21 }}, [Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs](/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs \"Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs\"), Vol. 5, No. 3, August 26, 2005\\.[International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self\\-Defense](https://archive.today/20130415040103/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=443&PID=0&IID=2021&TTL=International_Law_and_Gaza:_The_Assault_on_Israel's_Right_to_Self-Defense), [Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs](/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs \"Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs\"), Vol. 7, No. 29 28 January 2008\\. [Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel](/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Minister_of_Israel \"Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel\") [Tzipi Livni](/wiki/Tzipi_Livni \"Tzipi Livni\") stated in January, 2008: \"Israel got out of Gaza. It dismantled its settlements there. No Israeli soldiers were left there after the disengagement.\"[Israeli MFA Address by Israeli Foreign Minister Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference](http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches+by+Israeli+leaders/2008/Address+by+FM+Livni+to+the+8th+Herzliya+Conference+22-Jan-2008.htm?DisplayMode=print) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026025009/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches%2Bby%2BIsraeli%2Bleaders/2008/Address%2Bby%2BFM%2BLivni%2Bto%2Bthe%2B8th%2BHerzliya%2BConference%2B22\\-Jan\\-2008\\.htm?DisplayMode\\=print \\|date\\=2011\\-10\\-26 }}, [Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)](/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Israel%29 \"Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)\"), 22 January 22, 2008\\. Israel also notes that Gaza does not belong to any sovereign state.",
"Immediately after Israel withdrew in 2005, Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas stated, \"the legal status of the areas slated for evacuation has not changed.\" [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") also contested that this ended the occupation.{{cite web \\| title\\=Gaza: Israel's 'Open\\-Air Prison' at 15 \\| website\\=Human Rights Watch \\| date\\=June 14, 2022 \\| url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza\\-israels\\-open\\-air\\-prison\\-15 \\| access\\-date\\=October 19, 2023 \\| quote\\=Because of the continuing controls Israel exercises over the lives and welfare of Gaza's inhabitants, Israel remains an occupying power under international humanitarian law, despite withdrawing its military forces and settlements from the territory in 2005\\. \\| archive\\-date\\=October 12, 2023 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012000721/https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza\\-israels\\-open\\-air\\-prison\\-15 \\| url\\-status\\=live }}[\"Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation\"](http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101210931/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577\\.htm \\|date\\=2008\\-11\\-01 }} Human Rights Watch. October 29, 2004[\"Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories\"](http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015172833/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698\\.htm \\|date\\=2008\\-10\\-15 }}. Human Rights Watch. July 6, 2006\" The [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\"), [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") and many other international bodies and [NGOs](/wiki/Non-governmental_organization \"Non-governmental organization\") continues to consider Israel to be the occupying power of the Gaza Strip as Israel controls the Gaza Strip's airspace and territorial waters as well as the movement of people or goods in or out of Gaza by air or sea.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/007/2009/en/ \\|title\\=Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories: The conflict in Gaza: A briefing on applicable law, investigations and accountability \\|date\\=2009\\-01\\-19 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Amnesty International]] \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-04\\-15 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415160014/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/007/2009/en/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}[\"Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories\"](http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015172833/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698\\.htm \\|date\\=2008\\-10\\-15 }} July 6, 2006; Human Rights Watch considers Gaza still occupied.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html\\|title\\=Is Gaza 'occupied' territory?\\|last\\=Levs\\|first\\=Josh\\|date\\=2009\\-01\\-06\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-30\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-01\\-21\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121084340/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The United Nations [Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs](/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs \"Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs\") maintains an office on \"Occupied Palestinian Territory\", which concerns itself with the Gaza Strip.[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs office on Occupied Palestinian Territory web site](http://www.ochaopt.org/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206043850/http://www.ochaopt.org/ \\|date\\=2012\\-02\\-06 }}. In his statement on the [2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict](/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict \"2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict\") [Richard Falk](/wiki/Richard_A._Falk \"Richard A. Falk\"), [United Nations Special Rapporteur](/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur \"United Nations Special Rapporteur\") on \"the situation of [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights \"Human rights\") in the [Palestinian territories](/wiki/Palestinian_territories \"Palestinian territories\")\" wrote that [international humanitarian law](/wiki/International_humanitarian_law \"International humanitarian law\") applied to Israel \"in regard to the obligations of an Occupying Power and in the requirements of the laws of war.\"Richard Falk, [Statement by Prof. Richard Falk, United Nations Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories](http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/F1EC67EF7A498A30C125752D005D17F7?opendocument) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229102020/http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/F1EC67EF7A498A30C125752D005D17F7?opendocument \\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-29 }}, [United Nations Human Rights Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council \"United Nations Human Rights Council\"), December 27, 2008\\. In a 2009 interview on [Democracy Now](/wiki/Democracy_Now \"Democracy Now\") Christopher Gunness, spokesperson for the [United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East](/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Works_Agency_for_Palestine_Refugees_in_the_Near_East \"United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East\") (UNRWA) contends that Israel is an occupying power. However, Meagan Buren, senior adviser to the [Israel Project](/wiki/Israel_Project \"Israel Project\"), a pro\\-Israel media group, contests that characterization.[A Debate on Israel's Invasion of Gaza: UNRWA's Christopher Gunness v. Israel Project's Meagan Buren](http://www.democracynow.org/2009/1/5/a_debate_on_israels_invasion_of) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609070926/http://www.democracynow.org/2009/1/5/a\\_debate\\_on\\_israels\\_invasion\\_of \\|date\\=2010\\-06\\-09 }} [Democracy Now](/wiki/Democracy_Now \"Democracy Now\"), January 5, 2009\\.",
"In 2007, after Hamas defeated Fatah in the [Battle of Gaza (2007\\)](/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_%282007%29 \"Battle of Gaza (2007)\") and took control over the Gaza Strip, Israel imposed a [blockade on Gaza](/wiki/The_2007%E2%80%932009_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip \"The 2007–2009 blockade of the Gaza Strip\"). [Palestinian rocket attacks](/wiki/List_of_rocket_and_mortar_attacks_in_Israel_in_2008 \"List of rocket and mortar attacks in Israel in 2008\") and Israeli raids, such as [Operation Hot Winter](/wiki/Operation_Hot_Winter \"Operation Hot Winter\") continued into 2008\\. A [six month ceasefire](/wiki/2008_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_ceasefire \"2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire\") was agreed in June 2008, but it was broken several times by both Israel and Hamas. As it reached its expiry, Hamas announced that they were unwilling to renew the ceasefire without improving the terms.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\\_east/7794577\\.stm\\|title\\=Israeli leaders 'to topple Hamas'\\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-22\\|publisher\\=BBC News\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-01\\-23\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-01\\-11\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111102212/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\\_east/7794577\\.stm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} At the end of December 2008 Israeli forces began Operation Cast Lead, launching the [Gaza War](/wiki/Gaza_War_%282008%E2%80%9309%29 \"Gaza War (2008–09)\") that left an estimated 1,166–1,417 Palestinians and 13 Israelis dead.[Israel tightens grip on urban parts of Gaza](http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre5053r7-us-palestinians-israel/) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109194300/http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre5053r7\\-us\\-palestinians\\-israel/ \\|date\\=January 9, 2009 }}. By Nidal al\\-Mughrabi. January 12, 2009\\. [Reuters](/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename\\=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull \\|title\\=IDF releases Cast Lead casualty numbers \\|date\\=2009\\-03\\-26 \\|publisher\\=JPost \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-26 \\|last\\=Lappin \\|first\\=Yaakov \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121653/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid\\=1237727552054\\&pagename\\=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-05\\-11 }}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rights\\-group\\-puts\\-gaza\\-death\\-toll\\-at\\-1284/\\|title\\=Rights Group Puts Gaza Death Toll At 1,284\\|last\\=Younis\\|first\\=Khan\\|publisher\\=CBS\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-02\\-17\\|date\\=2009\\-01\\-22\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-02\\-25\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225210006/https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/01/22/world/main4746224\\.shtml\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In January 2012, the spokesperson for the UN Secretary General stated that under resolutions of the Security Council and the General Assembly, the UN still regards Gaza to be a part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory.",
"On 7 October 2023, [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas \"Hamas\") launched [a major attack](/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel \"2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel\") on Israel from the Gaza Strip.{{cite news \\|last\\= \\|first\\= \\|date\\=7 October 2023 \\|title\\=Israel attack: PM says Israel at war after 70 killed in attack from Gaza \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-67036625 \\|work\\=BBC News \\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007045410/https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-67036625 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 9 October 2023, following the beginning of the Israel–Hamas war and attacks in Israel by Hamas militants, Israel imposed a [\"total blockade\" of the Gaza Strip](/wiki/October_2023_Israeli_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip \"October 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Israel announces 'total' blockade on Gaza \\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel\\-announces\\-total\\-blockade\\-on\\-gaza \\|date\\=2023\\-10\\-09 \\|website\\=Al Jazeera \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-10 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009105304/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel\\-announces\\-total\\-blockade\\-on\\-gaza \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The total blockade of Gaza was announced by Israeli Defense Minister [Yoav Gallant](/wiki/Yoav_Gallant \"Yoav Gallant\"), who declared: \"There will be no electricity, no food, no fuel, everything is closed.\"{{cite news \\|title\\=Israel announces 'complete siege' of Gaza, cutting its electricity, food, water, and fuel \\|url\\=https://www.businessinsider.com/israel\\-gallant\\-announces\\-complete\\-siege\\-gaza\\-no\\-electricity\\-food\\-fuel\\-2023\\-10 \\|work\\=Business Insider \\|date\\=9 October 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=10 October 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102181111/https://www.businessinsider.com/israel\\-gallant\\-announces\\-complete\\-siege\\-gaza\\-no\\-electricity\\-food\\-fuel\\-2023\\-10 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"[thumb\\|Greater Jerusalem, May 2006\\. The [CIA](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Central Intelligence Agency\") [remote sensing](/wiki/Remote_sensing \"Remote sensing\") map showing East Jerusalem, the Green Line and Jerusalem's city limits which were unilaterally expanded by Israel, 28 June 1967, annexed by Knesset (30 July 1980\\), and modified and expanded in February 1992\\.](/wiki/File:Greater_Jerusalem_May_2006_CIA_remote-sensing_map.jpg \"Greater Jerusalem May 2006 CIA remote-sensing map.jpg\")",
""
] |
Views on terminology used
-------------------------
{{Further\|Status of territories occupied by Israel in 1967\|Legality of the Israeli occupation of Palestine}}
### Palestinian views
[Al Haq](/wiki/Al_Haq "Al Haq"), an independent Palestinian human rights organization based in [Ramallah](/wiki/Ramallah "Ramallah") in the West Bank and an affiliate of the [International Commission of Jurists](/wiki/International_Commission_of_Jurists "International Commission of Jurists"), has asserted that "As noted in Article 27 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 'a party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty'. As such, Israeli reliance on local law does not justify its violations of its international legal obligations".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.alhaq.org/cp\-campaign/property\_destruction\_legality.htm \|title\=Property Destruction. Legality \|access\-date\=2006\-04\-02 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20041103004806/http://www.alhaq.org/cp\-campaign/property\_destruction\_legality.htm \|archive\-date\=November 3, 2004 }}. alhaq.org Further, the Palestinian mission to the U.N. has argued that:{{cite web\|url\=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAl.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/6b939c57ea9ef32785256f33006b9f8d%21OpenDocument \|title\=Israel's Belligerent Occupation of the Palestinian Territory, including Jerusalem and International Humanitarian Law \|access\-date\=2017\-04\-15 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515160849/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAl.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/6b939c57ea9ef32785256f33006b9f8d%21OpenDocument \|archive\-date\=May 15, 2007 }}. United Nations. 15 July 1999
> it is of no relevance whether a State has a monist or a dualist approach to the incorporation of international law into domestic law. A position dependent upon such considerations contradicts Article 18 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969 which states that: "a state is obliged to refrain from acts which would defeat the object and purposes of a treaty when it has undertaken an act expressing its consent thereto." The Treaty, which is substantially a codification of customary international law, also provides that a State "may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty" (Art. 27\).
### Israeli views
The Israeli government [maintains](/wiki/Status_of_territories_captured_by_Israel%23%22Disputed_territories%22 "Status of territories captured by Israel#") that according to international law the West Bank status is that of [disputed territories](/wiki/Territorial_dispute "Territorial dispute").[Jewish virtual library](https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths3/MFexclusives.html#66) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203851/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths3/MFexclusives.html\#66 \|date\=2016\-03\-04 }}. Retrieved on August 1, 2013\.{{cite web\|title\=Israel Palestinian Conflict: The Truth About the West Bank (minute 4:30\)\|date\=July 12, 2011\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=XGYxLWUKwWo\&list\=WL5ABC371F9A2AC9F7\| archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/XGYxLWUKwWo\| archive\-date\=2021\-11\-17 \| url\-status\=live\|work\=\[\[Danny Ayalon]]\|publisher\=\[\[YouTube]]\|access\-date\=26 September 2013}}{{cbignore}}
The question is important given if the status of "occupied territories" has a bearing on the legal duties and rights of Israel toward those.{{cite web\|title\=Israeli Settlements and International Law\|date\=20 May 2001\|url\=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/israeli%20settlements%20and%20international%20law.aspx\|work\=\[\[Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]\|access\-date\=26 September 2013\|archive\-date\=9 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109110744/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/israeli%20settlements%20and%20international%20law.aspx\|url\-status\=live}} Hence it has been discussed in various forums including the UN.
Israel justifies its control over the territories by citing [Jewish presence](/wiki/Jewish_history "Jewish history") beginning in [biblical times](/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah "History of ancient Israel and Judah"), Jordan's prior illegal occupation and initiation of the 1967 war, and security needs due to its small borders and hostile neighbors. Israel states that the territories' final status should be decided [through negotiations](/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process "Israeli–Palestinian peace process").{{Cite news \|title\=The world court says Israel's occupation is illegal \|url\=https://www.economist.com/middle\-east\-and\-africa/2024/07/19/the\-world\-court\-says\-israels\-occupation\-is\-illegal \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-22 \|newspaper\=The Economist \|issn\=0013\-0613 \|archive\-date\=2024\-07\-21 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721224230/https://www.economist.com/middle\-east\-and\-africa/2024/07/19/the\-world\-court\-says\-israels\-occupation\-is\-illegal \|url\-status\=live }}
#### Israeli judicial decisions
In two cases decided shortly after independence, in the Shimshon and Stampfer cases, the [Supreme Court of Israel](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel "Supreme Court of Israel") held that the fundamental rules of international law accepted as binding by all "civilized" nations were incorporated in the domestic legal system of Israel. The Nuremberg Military Tribunal determined that the articles annexed to the [Hague IV Convention](/wiki/Hague_IV_Convention "Hague IV Convention") of 1907 were customary law that had been recognized by all civilized nations."Place of customary international law", pp. 5–6 of [International Law in Domestic Courts: Israel, by Dr. David Kretzmer](http://ssrn.com/abstract=1290714) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425093050/https://www.ssrn.com/abstract\=1290714 \|date\=2023\-04\-25 }} and Chapter 2 "Application of International Law", in [The Occupation of Justice](https://books.google.com/books?id=_Thjg-0dut0C), by David Kretzmer In the past, the Supreme Court has argued that the Geneva Convention insofar it is not supported by domestic legislation "does not bind this Court, its enforcement being a matter for the states which are parties to the Convention". They ruled that "Conventional international law does not become part of Israeli law through automatic incorporation, but only if it is adopted or combined with Israeli law by enactment of primary or subsidiary legislation from which it derives its force". However, in the same decision the Court ruled that the Fourth Hague Convention rules governing belligerent occupation did apply, since those were recognized as customary international law.[International Law – Administered Territories – Rights and Duties of Occupying Power – Registration and Taxation – Articles 43 and 49 of the Hague Regulations, 1907](http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/81/690/000/z01/81000690.z01.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113021733/http://elyon1\.court.gov.il/files\_eng/81/690/000/z01/81000690\.z01\.pdf \|date\=2016\-01\-13 }}. Israeli Supreme Court document. April 5, 1983\. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012\-01\-15\.
[thumb\|The settlement [Elon Moreh](/wiki/Elon_Moreh "Elon Moreh"), 2008](/wiki/File:Alom_More_from_Har_Kabir.jpg "Alom More from Har Kabir.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|A military checkpoint along the route of the forthcoming [West Bank Barrier](/wiki/West_Bank_Barrier "West Bank Barrier"), near [Abu Dis](/wiki/Abu_Dis "Abu Dis")](/wiki/File:Checkpoint_near_Abu_Dis.jpg "Checkpoint near Abu Dis.jpg")
The [Israeli High Court of Justice](/wiki/Israeli_High_Court_of_Justice "Israeli High Court of Justice") determined in the 1979 [Elon Moreh](/wiki/Elon_Moreh "Elon Moreh") case that the area in question was under occupation and that accordingly only the military commander of the area may requisition land according to [Article 52 of the Regulations annexed to the Hague IV Convention](http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hague04.asp#art52). [Military necessity](/wiki/Military_necessity "Military necessity") had been an after\-thought in planning portions of the Elon Moreh settlement. That situation did not fulfill the precise strictures laid down in the articles of the Hague Convention, so the Court ruled the requisition order had been invalid and illegal.[Yoram Dinstein](/wiki/Yoram_Dinstein "Yoram Dinstein") [Israel Yearbook on Human Rights](https://books.google.com/books?id=-QL8LsEpbuoC&pg=PA347). Volume 9, 1979, p. 349 In recent decades, the government of Israel has argued before the [Supreme Court of Israel](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel "Supreme Court of Israel") that its authority in the territories is based on the international law of "belligerent occupation", in particular the [Hague Conventions](/wiki/Hague_Conventions_%281899_and_1907%29 "Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)"). The court has confirmed this interpretation many times, for example in its 2004 and 2005 rulings on the [separation fence](/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier "Israeli West Bank barrier").[2004 Israeli Supreme Court ruling](http://www.haaretz.com/hasite/images/iht_daily/D010704/hcfen0604.rtf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121104639/http://www.haaretz.com/hasite/images/iht\_daily/D010704/hcfen0604\.rtf \|date\=2008\-11\-21 }} (RTF format)[2005 Israeli Supreme Court ruling](http://www.zionism-israel.com/hdoc/High_Court_Fence.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224134212/http://www.zionism\-israel.com/hdoc/High\_Court\_Fence.htm \|date\=2005\-12\-24 }}. Zionism\-israel.com. Retrieved on 2012\-01\-15\.
In its June 2005 ruling upholding the constitutionality of the [Gaza disengagement](/wiki/Gaza_disengagement "Gaza disengagement"), the Court determined that "Judea and Samaria" \[West Bank] and the Gaza area are lands seized during warfare, and are not part of Israel:
> The Judea and Samaria Area is held by the State of Israel in belligerent occupation. The long arm of the state in the area is the military commander. He is not the sovereign in the territory held in belligerent occupation (see The Beit Sourik Case, at p. 832\). His power is granted him by public international law regarding belligerent occupation. The legal meaning of this view is twofold: first, Israeli law does not apply in these areas. They have not been "annexed" to Israel. Second, the legal regime which applies in these areas is determined by public international law regarding belligerent occupation (see HCJ 1661/05 *The Gaza Coast Regional Council v. The Knesset et al.* (yet unpublished, paragraph 3 of the opinion of the Court; hereinafter – The Gaza Coast Regional Council Case). In the center of this public international law stand the Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague, 18 October 1907 (hereinafter – The Hague Regulations). These regulations are a reflection of customary international law. The law of belligerent occupation is also laid out in IV Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1949 (hereinafter – the Fourth Geneva Convention).see [HCJ 7957/04 Mara'abe v. The Prime Minister of Israel](http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/04/570/079/a14/04079570.a14.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://wayback.archive\-it.org/all/20051028233445/http://elyon1\.court.gov.il/files\_eng/04/570/079/a14/04079570\.a14\.pdf \|date\=2005\-10\-28 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/361eea1cc08301c485256cf600606959/211ae4cc9a841da3852570440073215b%21OpenDocument \|title\=Chronological Review of Events/June 2005 \|access\-date\=2006\-09\-11 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005170149/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/361eea1cc08301c485256cf600606959/211ae4cc9a841da3852570440073215b%21OpenDocument \|archive\-date\=October 5, 2008 }}. United Nations. June 2005
#### Israeli legal and political views
Soon after the 1967 war, Israel issued a military order stating that the [Geneva Conventions](/wiki/Geneva_Conventions "Geneva Conventions") applied to the recently occupied territories,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.israellawresourcecenter.org/cgi\-bin/browse.py?sectionname\=laws\&action\=view\&item\=1 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622212939/http://www.israellawresourcecenter.org/cgi\-bin/browse.py?sectionname\=laws\&action\=view\&item\=1 \|archive\-date\=June 22, 2006 \|title\=Israeli Military Orders List \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=June 1, 2016 }}. p. 1\. israellawresourcecenter.org but this order was rescinded a few months later.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.israellawresourcecenter.org/cgi\-bin/browse.py?sectionname\=laws\&action\=view\&item\=101 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622213011/http://www.israellawresourcecenter.org/cgi\-bin/browse.py?sectionname\=laws\&action\=view\&item\=101 \|archive\-date\=June 22, 2006 \|title\=Israeli Military Orders List \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=June 1, 2016 }}. p. 3\. israellawresourcecenter.org For a number of years, Israel argued on various grounds that the Geneva Conventions do not apply. One is the Missing Reversioner theoryYehuda Z. Blum ["The Missing Reversioner: Reflections on the Status of Judea and Samaria"](http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/israel3&div=26&id=&page=), Israel L. Rev. 279 (1968\) which argued that the Geneva Conventions apply only to the sovereign territory of a High Contracting Party, and therefore do not apply since Jordan never exercised sovereignty over the region. However, that interpretation is not shared by the international community.{{cite news\|title\=The Geneva Convention\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/1682640\.stm\|publisher\=BBC\|access\-date\=3 August 2010\|date\=2009\-12\-10\|archive\-date\=2019\-05\-12\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512075554/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/1682640\.stm\|url\-status\=live}} The application of the Geneva Conventions to the Occupied Palestinian Territories was further upheld by the International Court of Justice, UN General Assembly, UN Security Council and the Israeli Supreme Court.
[thumb\|[Israeli West Bank barrier](/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier "Israeli West Bank barrier")](/wiki/File:Qalandia_checkpoint_-_panoramio_%28535%29.jpg "Qalandia checkpoint - panoramio (535).jpg")
In cases before the Israeli High Court of Justice, the government has agreed that the military commander's authority is anchored in the Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, and that the humanitarian rules of the Fourth Geneva Convention apply.{{cite web\|last\=Israel: Supreme Court\|title\=Beit Sourik Village Council v. The Government of Israel\|url\=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4374ac594\.html\|publisher\=UNHCR\|access\-date\=29 July 2010\|page\=14\|archive\-date\=14 October 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014173236/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4374ac594\.html\|url\-status\=live}} The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs says that the Supreme Court of Israel has ruled that the Fourth Geneva Convention and certain parts of Additional Protocol I reflect customary international law that is applicable in the occupied territories.[See Operation Gaza: factual and legal aspects](http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Hamas+war+against+Israel/Operation_Gaza_factual_and_legal_aspects_applicable_legal_framework_5_Aug_2009.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927222528/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism\-\+Obstacle\+to\+Peace/Hamas\+war\+against\+Israel/Operation\_Gaza\_factual\_and\_legal\_aspects\_applicable\_legal\_framework\_5\_Aug\_2009\.htm \|date\=2009\-09\-27 }}. Mfa.gov.il. Retrieved on 2012\-01\-15\.
Former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court [Meir Shamgar](/wiki/Meir_Shamgar "Meir Shamgar"), taking a different approach, wrote in the 1970s that there is no *[de jure](/wiki/De_jure "De jure")* applicability of the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention regarding occupied territories to the case of the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank "West Bank") and [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Gaza_Strip "Gaza Strip") since the Convention "is based on the assumption that there had been a sovereign who was ousted and that he had been a legitimate sovereign."{{cite web \|last\=Gold \|first\=Dore \|title\=From "Occupied Territories" to "Disputed Territories \|publisher\=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs (Israeli Security, Regional Diplomacy, and International Law) \|date\=16 January 2002 \|url\=http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp470\.htm \|access\-date\=30 June 2017 \|archive\-date\=9 July 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709034305/http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp470\.htm \|url\-status\=dead }} Israeli diplomat [Dore Gold](/wiki/Dore_Gold "Dore Gold") has argued that the language of "occupation" has allowed Palestinian spokesmen to obfuscate this history. By repeatedly pointing to "occupation", they manage to reverse the causality of the conflict, especially in front of Western audiences. Thus, the current territorial dispute is allegedly the result of an Israeli decision "to occupy" rather than a result of a war imposed on Israel by a coalition of Arab states in 1967\.
[thumb\|upright\|Map of the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank "West Bank"), May 2021, showing [Palestinian](/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority "Palestinian National Authority") (green) and Israeli control.](/wiki/File:Situation_in_the_West_Bank_%28May_2021%29.svg "Situation in the West Bank (May 2021).svg")
[Gershom Gorenberg](/wiki/Gershom_Gorenberg "Gershom Gorenberg"), disputing these views, has written that the Israeli government knew at the outset that it was violating the Geneva Convention by creating civilian settlements in the territories under IDF administration. He explained that as the legal counsel of the Foreign Ministry, [Theodor Meron](/wiki/Theodor_Meron "Theodor Meron") was the Israeli government's expert on international law. On September 16, 1967, Meron wrote a top secret memo to Adi Yafeh, Political Secretary of the Prime Minister, regarding "Settlement in the Administered Territories", which said, "My conclusion is that civilian settlement in the Administered territories contravenes the explicit provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention."Gorenberg, Gershom, *The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967–1977*, Macmillan, 2006, {{ISBN\|978\-0\-8050\-7564\-9}} p. 99 Moshe Dayan authored a secret memo in 1968 proposing massive settlement in the territories which said "Settling Israelis in administered territory, as is known, contravenes international conventions, but there is nothing essentially new about that."See Israeli State Archives 153\.8/7920/7A, Document 60, dated October 15, 1968, cited on page 173 of Gorenberg's *The Accidental Empire*
Various [Israeli cabinets](/wiki/Government_of_Israel "Government of Israel") have made political statements and many of Israel's citizens and supporters [dispute](/wiki/Military_occupation%23Disputed_to_be_a_military_occupation_by_nation_of_dominant_military_forces_in_area "Military occupation#Disputed to be a military occupation by nation of dominant military forces in area") that the territories are occupied and claim that use of the term "occupied" in relation to [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel")'s control of the areas has no basis in [international law](/wiki/International_law "International law") or [history](/wiki/Land_of_Israel%23The_Land_of_Israel_and_the_State_of_Israel "Land of Israel#The Land of Israel and the State of Israel"), and that it prejudges the outcome of any future or ongoing [negotiations](/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process "Israeli–Palestinian peace process"). They argue it is more accurate to refer to the territories as "[disputed](/wiki/International_law_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict%23%22Occupied%22_vs._%22Disputed%22_territories "International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict#")" rather than "[occupied](/wiki/Military_occupation "Military occupation")" although they agree to apply the humanitarian provisions of the [Fourth Geneva Convention](/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention "Fourth Geneva Convention") pending resolution of the dispute. [Yoram Dinstein](/wiki/Yoram_Dinstein "Yoram Dinstein") has dismissed the position that they are not occupied as being "based on dubious legal grounds, considering that the Fourth Geneva Convention does not make its applicability conditional on recognition of \[sovereign] titles".See Yoram Dinstein, 'The International Law of Belligerent Occupation and Human Rights', 8 Israeli Yearbook on Human Rights 104, 107 (1978\) Many Israeli government websites do refer to the areas as being "occupied territories".[Public activities section of Ezer Weizman's Knesset profile](https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mk_eng.asp?mk_individual_id_t=690) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419222005/https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mk\_eng.asp?mk\_individual\_id\_t\=690 \|date\=2023\-04\-19 }}. Knesset.gov.il. Retrieved on 2012\-01\-15\. According to the BBC, "Israel argues that the international conventions relating to occupied land do not apply to the Palestinian territories because they were not under the legitimate sovereignty of any state in the first place."["The Geneva Convention"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/israel_and_the_palestinians/key_documents/1682640.stm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213203132/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in\_depth/middle\_east/israel\_and\_the\_palestinians/key\_documents/1682640\.stm \|date\=2006\-02\-13 }}, Israel and the Palestinians, BBC News
In the *Report on the Legal Status of Building in Judea and Samaria*, usually referred to as *[Levy Report](/wiki/Levy_Report "Levy Report")*, published in July 2012, a three\-member committee headed by former Israeli Supreme Court justice [Edmund Levy](/wiki/Edmund_Levy "Edmund Levy") which was appointed by Prime Minister [Binyamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Binyamin_Netanyahu "Binyamin Netanyahu") comes to the conclusion that Israel's presence in the West Bank is not an occupation in the legal sense,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/10/world/middleeast/israeli\-panel\-says\-west\-bank\-presence\-is\-not\-occupation\-and\-recommends\-approval\-of\-jewish\-settlements.html\|title\=Validate Settlements, Israeli Panel Suggests\|work\=The New York Times\|author\=Isabel Kershner\|date\=9 July 2012\|access\-date\=10 July 2012\|archive\-date\=9 July 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709213745/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/10/world/middleeast/israeli\-panel\-says\-west\-bank\-presence\-is\-not\-occupation\-and\-recommends\-approval\-of\-jewish\-settlements.html\|url\-status\=live}} and that the Israeli settlements in those territories do not contravene international law.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy\-and\-Politics/PM\-to\-decide\-on\-Levy\-report\-with\-settlement\-ctee \|title\=PM to decide on Levy report with settlement c'tee \|work\=The Jerusalem Post \|author\=Lahav Harkov \|date\=9 July 2012 \|access\-date\=13 January 2018 \|archive\-date\=14 January 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114122253/http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy\-and\-Politics/PM\-to\-decide\-on\-Levy\-report\-with\-settlement\-ctee \|url\-status\=live }} The report has met with both approval and harsh criticism in Israel and outside. As of July 2013, the report was not brought before the Israeli cabinet or any parliamentary or governmental body which would have the power to approve it.
#### Israeli Jewish religious views
{{Main\|Land of Israel\|Greater Israel}}
[thumb\|200px\|Map showing an interpretation of the borders of the Land of Israel, based on scriptural verses found in {{bibleverse\|\|Numbers\|34:1–15\|HE}} and {{bibleverse\|\|Ezekiel\|47:13–20\|HE}}, includes almost all of the occupied territories.](/wiki/File:Map_Land_of_Israel.jpg "Map Land of Israel.jpg")
According to the views of most adherents of [Religious Zionism](/wiki/Religious_Zionism "Religious Zionism") and to certain streams of [Orthodox Judaism](/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism "Orthodox Judaism"), there are no, and cannot be, "occupied territories" because all of the [Land of Israel](/wiki/Land_of_Israel "Land of Israel") ({{lang\-he\|אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל}} *ʼÉreṣ Yiśrāʼēl*, *Eretz Yisrael*) belongs to the [Jews](/wiki/Jews "Jews"), also known as the [Children of Israel](/wiki/Children_of_Israel "Children of Israel"), since the times of Biblical antiquity based on various [Hebrew Bible](/wiki/Hebrew_Bible "Hebrew Bible") passages.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2016}}
The Jewish religious belief that the area is a God\-given inheritance of the Jewish people is based on the [Torah](/wiki/Torah "Torah"), especially the books of [Genesis](/wiki/Book_of_Genesis "Book of Genesis") and [Exodus](/wiki/Book_of_Exodus "Book of Exodus"), as well as the [Prophets](/wiki/Nevi%27im "Nevi'im"). According to the Book of Genesis, the land was promised by [God](/wiki/God_in_Judaism "God in Judaism") to the descendants of [Abraham](/wiki/Abraham "Abraham") through his son [Isaac](/wiki/Isaac "Isaac") and to the [Israelites](/wiki/Israelites "Israelites"), descendants of [Jacob](/wiki/Jacob "Jacob"), Abraham's grandson. A literal reading of the text suggests that the land promise is (or was at one time) one of the [Biblical covenants](/wiki/Biblical_covenants "Biblical covenants") between God and the Israelites, as the following verses show.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2016}}
The definition of the limits of this territory varies between biblical passages, some of the main ones being:
* {{bibleverse\|\|Genesis\|15:18–21\|HE}}
* {{bibleverse\|\|Exodus\|23:28–33\|HE}}
* {{bibleverse\|\|Numbers\|34:1–15\|HE}}
* {{bibleverse\|\|Deuteronomy\|11:24\|HE}}
* {{bibleverse\|\|Deuteronomy\|1:7\|HE}}
* {{bibleverse\|\|Ezekiel\|47:13–20\|HE}}
The boundaries of the Land of Israel are different from the borders of historical [Israelite kingdoms](/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah "History of ancient Israel and Judah"). The [Bar Kokhba state](/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt "Bar Kokhba revolt"), the [Herodian Kingdom](/wiki/Herodian_Kingdom "Herodian Kingdom"), the [Hasmonean Kingdom](/wiki/Hasmonean_Kingdom "Hasmonean Kingdom"), and possibly the [United Kingdom of Israel and Judah](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_%28united_monarchy%29 "Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)"){{cite web\|url\=http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/israeljudaea/f/UnitedMonarchy.htm\|title\=Ancient History: The United Monarchy\|author\=N.S. Gill\|publisher\=About.com Education\|access\-date\=2013\-11\-20\|archive\-date\=2013\-12\-03\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000812/http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/israeljudaea/f/UnitedMonarchy.htm\|url\-status\=dead}} ruled lands with similar but not identical boundaries. The current [State of Israel](/wiki/State_of_Israel "State of Israel") also has similar but not identical boundaries.
A small sect of [Haredi](/wiki/Haredi_Judaism "Haredi Judaism") Jews, the [Neturei Karta](/wiki/Neturei_Karta "Neturei Karta") opposes [Zionism](/wiki/Zionism "Zionism") and calls for a peaceful dismantling of the [State of Israel](/wiki/State_of_Israel "State of Israel"), in the belief that Jews are forbidden to have their own state until the coming of the [Messiah](/wiki/Messiah "Messiah").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/nk.html\|title\=Neturei Karta\|publisher\=Jewish Virtual Library\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-06\|archive\-date\=2017\-01\-23\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123114436/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/nk.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nkusa.org/AboutUs/Zionism/judaism\_isnot\_zionism.cfm\|title\=Judaism is not Zionism\|publisher\=Neturei Karta International\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415203350/http://www.nkusa.org/AboutUs/Zionism/judaism\_isnot\_zionism.cfm\|archive\-date\=2007\-04\-15}}
### International views
The official term used by the [United Nations Security Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council "United Nations Security Council") to describe Israeli\-occupied territories is "the Arab territories occupied since 1967, including Jerusalem", which is used, for example, in Resolutions [446 (1979\)](https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/db942872b9eae454852560f6005a76fb/ba123cded3ea84a5852560e50077c2dc?OpenDocument) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517060936/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/db942872b9eae454852560f6005a76fb/ba123cded3ea84a5852560e50077c2dc?OpenDocument \|date\=2015\-05\-17 }}, [452 (1979\)](https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/db942872b9eae454852560f6005a76fb/0b7116abb4b7e3e9852560e5007688a0?OpenDocument) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404062758/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/db942872b9eae454852560f6005a76fb/0b7116abb4b7e3e9852560e5007688a0?OpenDocument \|date\=2015\-04\-04 }}, [465 (1980\)](/wiki/UN_Security_Council_Resolution_465 "UN Security Council Resolution 465") and 484\. A conference of the parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention,{{cite web \|url\=https://fmep.org/wp/wp\-content/uploads/2015/01/12\.1\.pdf \|title\=Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention: Declaration \|year\=1949 \|page\=11 \|publisher\=hosted by Foundation for Middle East Peace \|access\-date\=13 January 2018 \|archive\-date\=14 January 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114184004/https://fmep.org/wp/wp\-content/uploads/2015/01/12\.1\.pdf \|url\-status\=live }} and the [International Committee of the Red Cross](/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross "International Committee of the Red Cross"),["Annexe 2—Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention: statement by the International Committee of the Red Cross"](http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList247/D86C9E662022D64E41256C6800366D55#2) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928224952/http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0\.nsf/iwpList247/D86C9E662022D64E41256C6800366D55\#2 \|date\=2006\-09\-28 }} ICRC website. Retrieved October 5, 2005 have also resolved that these territories are occupied and that the [Fourth Geneva Convention](/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention "Fourth Geneva Convention") provisions regarding occupied territories apply.
Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem in 1980 (see [Jerusalem Law](/wiki/Jerusalem_Law "Jerusalem Law")) has not been recognized by any other country,[UN Security Council Resolution 497](/wiki/UN_Security_Council_Resolution_497 "UN Security Council Resolution 497") [http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/SC497\.pdf](http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/SC497.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628014046/https://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/SC497\.pdf\|date\=2019\-06\-28}} and the annexation of the Golan Heights in 1981 (see [Golan Heights Law](/wiki/Golan_Heights_Law "Golan Heights Law")) has been recognized only by the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"). [United Nations Security Council Resolution 478](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_478 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 478") declared the annexation of East Jerusalem "null and void" and required that it be rescinded. [United Nations Security Council Resolution 497](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_497 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 497") also declared the annexation of the Golan "null and void". Following withdrawal by Israel from the Sinai Peninsula in 1982, as part of the 1979 [Egypt–Israel peace treaty](/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty "Egypt–Israel peace treaty"), the Sinai ceased to be considered occupied territory. While the [Palestinian Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_Authority "Palestinian Authority"), the [EU](/wiki/European_Union "European Union"),{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/07/israel\-palestine\-eu\-report\-jerusalem\|title\=Israel annexing East Jerusalem, says EU\|date\=2009\-03\-07\|work\=The Guardian\|author\=Rory McCarthy\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-08\|archive\-date\=2018\-06\-28\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628154149/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/07/israel\-palestine\-eu\-report\-jerusalem\|url\-status\=live}} the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice "International Court of Justice"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.icj\-cij.org/docket/index.php?pr\=71\&code\=mwp\&p1\=3\&p2\=4\&p3\=6\&ca\|title\=Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory\|date\=9 July 2004\|publisher\=International Court of Justice\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-29\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104839/http://www.icj\-cij.org/docket/index.php?pr\=71\&code\=mwp\&p1\=3\&p2\=4\&p3\=6\&ca\|archive\-date\=24 September 2015\|url\-status\=dead}} the [UN General Assembly](/wiki/UN_General_Assembly "UN General Assembly"){{cite web\|url\=https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/UNISPAL.NSF/47D4E277B48D9D3685256DDC00612265/C2A00B6E6E1C02CF8525798E00578F75\|title\=Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the occupied Syrian Golan\|date\=2012\-12\-01\|publisher\=\[\[United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine]]\|access\-date\=2012\-04\-29\|archive\-date\=2017\-10\-10\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010091056/https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/UNISPAL.NSF/47D4E277B48D9D3685256DDC00612265/C2A00B6E6E1C02CF8525798E00578F75\|url\-status\=dead}} and the [UN Security Council](/wiki/UN_Security_Council "UN Security Council")[s:United Nations Security Council Resolution 478](/wiki/s:United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_478 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 478") consider East Jerusalem to be part of the West Bank and occupied by Israel; Israel considers all of [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem") to be its capital and sovereign territory.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10\_eng.htm \|title\=Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel (Unofficial translation) Passed by the Knesset on the 17th Av, 5740 (30th July, 1980\) and published in Sefer Ha\-Chukkim No. 980 of the 23rd Av, 5740 (5th August, 1980\) \|publisher\=Knesset \|date\=2008\-08\-05 \|access\-date\=2015\-02\-20 \|archive\-date\=2014\-09\-05 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905144734/http://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10\_eng.htm \|url\-status\=live }}
The international community has formally entrusted the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) with the role of guardian of international humanitarian law. That includes a watchdog function by which it takes direct action to encourage parties to armed conflict to comply with international humanitarian law.{{cite web\|last\=Sandoz\|first\=Yves\|title\=The International Committee of the Red Cross as guardian of international humanitarian law\|url\=http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/about\-the\-icrc\-311298\.htm\|publisher\=ICRC\|access\-date\=26 December 2010\|date\=1998\-12\-31\|archive\-date\=2010\-12\-23\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223145011/http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/about\-the\-icrc\-311298\.htm\|url\-status\=live}} The head of the International Red Cross delegation to Israel and the Occupied Territories stated that the establishment of Israeli settlements in the occupied territories is a grave breach of the [Geneva Conventions](/wiki/Geneva_Conventions "Geneva Conventions") that constitute [war crime](/wiki/War_crimes "War crimes").{{cite web\|title\=Press Release\-US Response to ICRC Statement on Illegal Israeli Settlements\|url\=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/11838;jsessionid\=BDA36D4EF581DFDDEBE96B33A6C965E2\|publisher\=UN Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine\|access\-date\=26 December 2010\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925191640/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/11838;jsessionid\=BDA36D4EF581DFDDEBE96B33A6C965E2\|archive\-date\=25 September 2012}}
In 1986, the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice "International Court of Justice") ruled that portions of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 merely declare existing customary international law.see [Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America)](http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=3&code=nus&case=70&k=66) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201021/http://www.icj\-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1\=3\&p2\=3\&code\=nus\&case\=70\&k\=66 \|date\=2016\-03\-04 }} In 1993, the UN Security Council adopted a binding Chapter VII resolution establishing an International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The resolution approved a Statute which said that the problem of adherence of some but not all States to the Geneva Conventions does not arise, since beyond any doubt the Convention is declarative of customary international law.see [the report made by the Secretary General](https://www.un.org/icty/legaldoc-e/basic/statut/s25704.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811133958/http://www.un.org/icty/legaldoc\-e/basic/statut/s25704\.htm \|date\=2009\-08\-11 }} The subsequent interpretation of the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice "International Court of Justice") does not support Israel's view on the applicability of the Geneva Conventions.["Legal Consequence of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory"](http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=4&code=mwp&case=131&k=5a) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430104232/http://www.icj\-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1\=3\&p2\=4\&code\=mwp\&case\=131\&k\=5a \|date\=2008\-04\-30 }}. Icj\-cij.org. Retrieved on 2012\-01\-15\.
[thumb\|President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") signs the proclamation [recognizing Israel's sovereignty](/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Golan_Heights_as_part_of_Israel "United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel") over the Golan Heights, 25 March 2019](/wiki/File:President_Trump_Welcome_the_Prime_Minister_of_Israel_to_the_White_House%2C_25_March_2019.jpg "President Trump Welcome the Prime Minister of Israel to the White House, 25 March 2019.jpg")
In July 2004, the International Court of Justice delivered an [Advisory Opinion](/wiki/Advisory_Opinion "Advisory Opinion") on the ['Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory'](https://web.archive.org/web/20180908090214/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=4&k=5a&PHPSESSID=1e92d1f61e92ee74a585b3d836385610&case=131&code=mwp&p3=4). The Court observed that under customary international law as reflected in [Article 42 of the Regulations annexed to the Hague IV Convention](http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hague04.asp#art42), territory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army, and the occupation extends only to the territory where such authority has been established and can be exercised. [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel") raised a number of exceptions and objections,['Letter dated 29 January 2004 from the Deputy Director General and Legal Advisor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, together with the Written Statement of the Government of Israel'](http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1579.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305232558/http://www.icj\-cij.org/docket/files/131/1579\.pdf \|date\=5 March 2011 }}. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012\-01\-15\. but the Court found them unpersuasive. The Court ruled that territories had been occupied by the Israeli armed forces in 1967, during the conflict between Israel and Jordan, and that subsequent events in those territories, had done nothing to alter the situation.
Multiple [United Nations General Assembly](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly "United Nations General Assembly") resolutions have described the continuing occupation of Palestine [as illegal](/wiki/Legality_of_the_Israeli_occupation_of_Palestine "Legality of the Israeli occupation of Palestine").{{cite journal \|last1\=Wilde \|first1\=Ralph \|title\=Using the Master's Tools to Dismantle the Master's House: International Law and Palestinian Liberation \|journal\=The Palestine Yearbook of International Law Online \|date\=2021 \|volume\=22 \|issue\=1 \|page\=26 \|doi\=10\.1163/22116141\_022010\_002 \|s2cid\=245698763 \|url\=https://brill.com/view/journals/pyio/22/1/article\-p1\_2\.xml \|doi\-access\=free \|issn\=1386\-1972 \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-19 \|archive\-date\=2023\-06\-10 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610074107/https://brill.com/view/journals/pyio/22/1/article\-p1\_2\.xml \|url\-status\=live }} Michael Lynk, the [United Nations special rapporteur](/wiki/United_Nations_special_rapporteur "United Nations special rapporteur") on human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, in his 2017 report to the UN General Assembly has opined that the occupation itself has become illegal and has recommended that a UN study be commissioned to determine this and to consider asking the International Court of Justice for an advisory opinion.{{cite web\|url\= http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/PS/A\_72\_43106\.docx\|title\= Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967\|last\= Lynk\|first\= S.Michael\|date\= 23 October 2017\|access\-date\= 5 May 2018\|archive\-date\= 30 January 2018\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20180130085546/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/PS/A\_72\_43106\.docx\|url\-status\= live}} The general thrust of international law scholarship addressing this question has concluded that, regardless of whether it was initially legal, the occupation has become illegal over time. [Reasons cited for its illegality](/wiki/Legality_of_the_Israeli_occupation_of_Palestine "Legality of the Israeli occupation of Palestine") include the violation of the [prohibition on the acquisition of territory through force](/wiki/Use_of_force_in_international_law "Use of force in international law"), that the occupation violates the Palestinian right to [self\-determination](/wiki/Self-determination "Self-determination"), that the occupation itself is an illegal regime "of alien subjugation, domination and exploitation", or some combination of these factors.{{cite journal \|last1\=Imseis \|first1\=Ardi \|title\=Negotiating the Illegal: On the United Nations and the Illegal Occupation of Palestine, 1967–2020 \|journal\=European Journal of International Law \|date\=2020 \|volume\=31 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=1072–1073, 1085 \|doi\=10\.1093/ejil/chaa055 \|url\=https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/31/3/1055/5903619 \|issn\=0938\-5428 \|doi\-access\=free \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-19 \|archive\-date\=2023\-11\-16 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116140923/https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/31/3/1055/5903619 \|url\-status\=live }}
|
[
"Views on terminology used\n-------------------------",
"{{Further\\|Status of territories occupied by Israel in 1967\\|Legality of the Israeli occupation of Palestine}}",
"### Palestinian views",
"[Al Haq](/wiki/Al_Haq \"Al Haq\"), an independent Palestinian human rights organization based in [Ramallah](/wiki/Ramallah \"Ramallah\") in the West Bank and an affiliate of the [International Commission of Jurists](/wiki/International_Commission_of_Jurists \"International Commission of Jurists\"), has asserted that \"As noted in Article 27 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 'a party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty'. As such, Israeli reliance on local law does not justify its violations of its international legal obligations\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.alhaq.org/cp\\-campaign/property\\_destruction\\_legality.htm \\|title\\=Property Destruction. Legality \\|access\\-date\\=2006\\-04\\-02 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20041103004806/http://www.alhaq.org/cp\\-campaign/property\\_destruction\\_legality.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=November 3, 2004 }}. alhaq.org Further, the Palestinian mission to the U.N. has argued that:{{cite web\\|url\\=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAl.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/6b939c57ea9ef32785256f33006b9f8d%21OpenDocument \\|title\\=Israel's Belligerent Occupation of the Palestinian Territory, including Jerusalem and International Humanitarian Law \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-04\\-15 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515160849/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAl.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/6b939c57ea9ef32785256f33006b9f8d%21OpenDocument \\|archive\\-date\\=May 15, 2007 }}. United Nations. 15 July 1999",
"",
"> it is of no relevance whether a State has a monist or a dualist approach to the incorporation of international law into domestic law. A position dependent upon such considerations contradicts Article 18 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969 which states that: \"a state is obliged to refrain from acts which would defeat the object and purposes of a treaty when it has undertaken an act expressing its consent thereto.\" The Treaty, which is substantially a codification of customary international law, also provides that a State \"may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty\" (Art. 27\\).",
"### Israeli views",
"The Israeli government [maintains](/wiki/Status_of_territories_captured_by_Israel%23%22Disputed_territories%22 \"Status of territories captured by Israel#\") that according to international law the West Bank status is that of [disputed territories](/wiki/Territorial_dispute \"Territorial dispute\").[Jewish virtual library](https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths3/MFexclusives.html#66) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203851/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths3/MFexclusives.html\\#66 \\|date\\=2016\\-03\\-04 }}. Retrieved on August 1, 2013\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Israel Palestinian Conflict: The Truth About the West Bank (minute 4:30\\)\\|date\\=July 12, 2011\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=XGYxLWUKwWo\\&list\\=WL5ABC371F9A2AC9F7\\| archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/XGYxLWUKwWo\\| archive\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-17 \\| url\\-status\\=live\\|work\\=\\[\\[Danny Ayalon]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]\\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2013}}{{cbignore}}",
"The question is important given if the status of \"occupied territories\" has a bearing on the legal duties and rights of Israel toward those.{{cite web\\|title\\=Israeli Settlements and International Law\\|date\\=20 May 2001\\|url\\=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/israeli%20settlements%20and%20international%20law.aspx\\|work\\=\\[\\[Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]\\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=9 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109110744/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/israeli%20settlements%20and%20international%20law.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Hence it has been discussed in various forums including the UN.",
"Israel justifies its control over the territories by citing [Jewish presence](/wiki/Jewish_history \"Jewish history\") beginning in [biblical times](/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah \"History of ancient Israel and Judah\"), Jordan's prior illegal occupation and initiation of the 1967 war, and security needs due to its small borders and hostile neighbors. Israel states that the territories' final status should be decided [through negotiations](/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process \"Israeli–Palestinian peace process\").{{Cite news \\|title\\=The world court says Israel's occupation is illegal \\|url\\=https://www.economist.com/middle\\-east\\-and\\-africa/2024/07/19/the\\-world\\-court\\-says\\-israels\\-occupation\\-is\\-illegal \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-22 \\|newspaper\\=The Economist \\|issn\\=0013\\-0613 \\|archive\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-21 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721224230/https://www.economist.com/middle\\-east\\-and\\-africa/2024/07/19/the\\-world\\-court\\-says\\-israels\\-occupation\\-is\\-illegal \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### Israeli judicial decisions",
"In two cases decided shortly after independence, in the Shimshon and Stampfer cases, the [Supreme Court of Israel](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel \"Supreme Court of Israel\") held that the fundamental rules of international law accepted as binding by all \"civilized\" nations were incorporated in the domestic legal system of Israel. The Nuremberg Military Tribunal determined that the articles annexed to the [Hague IV Convention](/wiki/Hague_IV_Convention \"Hague IV Convention\") of 1907 were customary law that had been recognized by all civilized nations.\"Place of customary international law\", pp. 5–6 of [International Law in Domestic Courts: Israel, by Dr. David Kretzmer](http://ssrn.com/abstract=1290714) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425093050/https://www.ssrn.com/abstract\\=1290714 \\|date\\=2023\\-04\\-25 }} and Chapter 2 \"Application of International Law\", in [The Occupation of Justice](https://books.google.com/books?id=_Thjg-0dut0C), by David Kretzmer In the past, the Supreme Court has argued that the Geneva Convention insofar it is not supported by domestic legislation \"does not bind this Court, its enforcement being a matter for the states which are parties to the Convention\". They ruled that \"Conventional international law does not become part of Israeli law through automatic incorporation, but only if it is adopted or combined with Israeli law by enactment of primary or subsidiary legislation from which it derives its force\". However, in the same decision the Court ruled that the Fourth Hague Convention rules governing belligerent occupation did apply, since those were recognized as customary international law.[International Law – Administered Territories – Rights and Duties of Occupying Power – Registration and Taxation – Articles 43 and 49 of the Hague Regulations, 1907](http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/81/690/000/z01/81000690.z01.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113021733/http://elyon1\\.court.gov.il/files\\_eng/81/690/000/z01/81000690\\.z01\\.pdf \\|date\\=2016\\-01\\-13 }}. Israeli Supreme Court document. April 5, 1983\\. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012\\-01\\-15\\.",
"[thumb\\|The settlement [Elon Moreh](/wiki/Elon_Moreh \"Elon Moreh\"), 2008](/wiki/File:Alom_More_from_Har_Kabir.jpg \"Alom More from Har Kabir.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|A military checkpoint along the route of the forthcoming [West Bank Barrier](/wiki/West_Bank_Barrier \"West Bank Barrier\"), near [Abu Dis](/wiki/Abu_Dis \"Abu Dis\")](/wiki/File:Checkpoint_near_Abu_Dis.jpg \"Checkpoint near Abu Dis.jpg\")",
"The [Israeli High Court of Justice](/wiki/Israeli_High_Court_of_Justice \"Israeli High Court of Justice\") determined in the 1979 [Elon Moreh](/wiki/Elon_Moreh \"Elon Moreh\") case that the area in question was under occupation and that accordingly only the military commander of the area may requisition land according to [Article 52 of the Regulations annexed to the Hague IV Convention](http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hague04.asp#art52). [Military necessity](/wiki/Military_necessity \"Military necessity\") had been an after\\-thought in planning portions of the Elon Moreh settlement. That situation did not fulfill the precise strictures laid down in the articles of the Hague Convention, so the Court ruled the requisition order had been invalid and illegal.[Yoram Dinstein](/wiki/Yoram_Dinstein \"Yoram Dinstein\") [Israel Yearbook on Human Rights](https://books.google.com/books?id=-QL8LsEpbuoC&pg=PA347). Volume 9, 1979, p. 349 In recent decades, the government of Israel has argued before the [Supreme Court of Israel](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel \"Supreme Court of Israel\") that its authority in the territories is based on the international law of \"belligerent occupation\", in particular the [Hague Conventions](/wiki/Hague_Conventions_%281899_and_1907%29 \"Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)\"). The court has confirmed this interpretation many times, for example in its 2004 and 2005 rulings on the [separation fence](/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier \"Israeli West Bank barrier\").[2004 Israeli Supreme Court ruling](http://www.haaretz.com/hasite/images/iht_daily/D010704/hcfen0604.rtf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121104639/http://www.haaretz.com/hasite/images/iht\\_daily/D010704/hcfen0604\\.rtf \\|date\\=2008\\-11\\-21 }} (RTF format)[2005 Israeli Supreme Court ruling](http://www.zionism-israel.com/hdoc/High_Court_Fence.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224134212/http://www.zionism\\-israel.com/hdoc/High\\_Court\\_Fence.htm \\|date\\=2005\\-12\\-24 }}. Zionism\\-israel.com. Retrieved on 2012\\-01\\-15\\.",
"In its June 2005 ruling upholding the constitutionality of the [Gaza disengagement](/wiki/Gaza_disengagement \"Gaza disengagement\"), the Court determined that \"Judea and Samaria\" \\[West Bank] and the Gaza area are lands seized during warfare, and are not part of Israel:",
"",
"> The Judea and Samaria Area is held by the State of Israel in belligerent occupation. The long arm of the state in the area is the military commander. He is not the sovereign in the territory held in belligerent occupation (see The Beit Sourik Case, at p. 832\\). His power is granted him by public international law regarding belligerent occupation. The legal meaning of this view is twofold: first, Israeli law does not apply in these areas. They have not been \"annexed\" to Israel. Second, the legal regime which applies in these areas is determined by public international law regarding belligerent occupation (see HCJ 1661/05 *The Gaza Coast Regional Council v. The Knesset et al.* (yet unpublished, paragraph 3 of the opinion of the Court; hereinafter – The Gaza Coast Regional Council Case). In the center of this public international law stand the Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague, 18 October 1907 (hereinafter – The Hague Regulations). These regulations are a reflection of customary international law. The law of belligerent occupation is also laid out in IV Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1949 (hereinafter – the Fourth Geneva Convention).see [HCJ 7957/04 Mara'abe v. The Prime Minister of Israel](http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/04/570/079/a14/04079570.a14.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://wayback.archive\\-it.org/all/20051028233445/http://elyon1\\.court.gov.il/files\\_eng/04/570/079/a14/04079570\\.a14\\.pdf \\|date\\=2005\\-10\\-28 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/361eea1cc08301c485256cf600606959/211ae4cc9a841da3852570440073215b%21OpenDocument \\|title\\=Chronological Review of Events/June 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=2006\\-09\\-11 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005170149/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/361eea1cc08301c485256cf600606959/211ae4cc9a841da3852570440073215b%21OpenDocument \\|archive\\-date\\=October 5, 2008 }}. United Nations. June 2005",
"#### Israeli legal and political views",
"Soon after the 1967 war, Israel issued a military order stating that the [Geneva Conventions](/wiki/Geneva_Conventions \"Geneva Conventions\") applied to the recently occupied territories,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.israellawresourcecenter.org/cgi\\-bin/browse.py?sectionname\\=laws\\&action\\=view\\&item\\=1 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622212939/http://www.israellawresourcecenter.org/cgi\\-bin/browse.py?sectionname\\=laws\\&action\\=view\\&item\\=1 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 22, 2006 \\|title\\=Israeli Military Orders List \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=June 1, 2016 }}. p. 1\\. israellawresourcecenter.org but this order was rescinded a few months later.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.israellawresourcecenter.org/cgi\\-bin/browse.py?sectionname\\=laws\\&action\\=view\\&item\\=101 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622213011/http://www.israellawresourcecenter.org/cgi\\-bin/browse.py?sectionname\\=laws\\&action\\=view\\&item\\=101 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 22, 2006 \\|title\\=Israeli Military Orders List \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=June 1, 2016 }}. p. 3\\. israellawresourcecenter.org For a number of years, Israel argued on various grounds that the Geneva Conventions do not apply. One is the Missing Reversioner theoryYehuda Z. Blum [\"The Missing Reversioner: Reflections on the Status of Judea and Samaria\"](http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/israel3&div=26&id=&page=), Israel L. Rev. 279 (1968\\) which argued that the Geneva Conventions apply only to the sovereign territory of a High Contracting Party, and therefore do not apply since Jordan never exercised sovereignty over the region. However, that interpretation is not shared by the international community.{{cite news\\|title\\=The Geneva Convention\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/1682640\\.stm\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|access\\-date\\=3 August 2010\\|date\\=2009\\-12\\-10\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-12\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512075554/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/1682640\\.stm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The application of the Geneva Conventions to the Occupied Palestinian Territories was further upheld by the International Court of Justice, UN General Assembly, UN Security Council and the Israeli Supreme Court.\n[thumb\\|[Israeli West Bank barrier](/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier \"Israeli West Bank barrier\")](/wiki/File:Qalandia_checkpoint_-_panoramio_%28535%29.jpg \"Qalandia checkpoint - panoramio (535).jpg\")\nIn cases before the Israeli High Court of Justice, the government has agreed that the military commander's authority is anchored in the Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, and that the humanitarian rules of the Fourth Geneva Convention apply.{{cite web\\|last\\=Israel: Supreme Court\\|title\\=Beit Sourik Village Council v. The Government of Israel\\|url\\=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4374ac594\\.html\\|publisher\\=UNHCR\\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2010\\|page\\=14\\|archive\\-date\\=14 October 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014173236/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4374ac594\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs says that the Supreme Court of Israel has ruled that the Fourth Geneva Convention and certain parts of Additional Protocol I reflect customary international law that is applicable in the occupied territories.[See Operation Gaza: factual and legal aspects](http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Hamas+war+against+Israel/Operation_Gaza_factual_and_legal_aspects_applicable_legal_framework_5_Aug_2009.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927222528/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism\\-\\+Obstacle\\+to\\+Peace/Hamas\\+war\\+against\\+Israel/Operation\\_Gaza\\_factual\\_and\\_legal\\_aspects\\_applicable\\_legal\\_framework\\_5\\_Aug\\_2009\\.htm \\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-27 }}. Mfa.gov.il. Retrieved on 2012\\-01\\-15\\.",
"Former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court [Meir Shamgar](/wiki/Meir_Shamgar \"Meir Shamgar\"), taking a different approach, wrote in the 1970s that there is no *[de jure](/wiki/De_jure \"De jure\")* applicability of the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention regarding occupied territories to the case of the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank \"West Bank\") and [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Gaza_Strip \"Gaza Strip\") since the Convention \"is based on the assumption that there had been a sovereign who was ousted and that he had been a legitimate sovereign.\"{{cite web \\|last\\=Gold \\|first\\=Dore \\|title\\=From \"Occupied Territories\" to \"Disputed Territories \\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs (Israeli Security, Regional Diplomacy, and International Law) \\|date\\=16 January 2002 \\|url\\=http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp470\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 July 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709034305/http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp470\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Israeli diplomat [Dore Gold](/wiki/Dore_Gold \"Dore Gold\") has argued that the language of \"occupation\" has allowed Palestinian spokesmen to obfuscate this history. By repeatedly pointing to \"occupation\", they manage to reverse the causality of the conflict, especially in front of Western audiences. Thus, the current territorial dispute is allegedly the result of an Israeli decision \"to occupy\" rather than a result of a war imposed on Israel by a coalition of Arab states in 1967\\.\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Map of the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank \"West Bank\"), May 2021, showing [Palestinian](/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority \"Palestinian National Authority\") (green) and Israeli control.](/wiki/File:Situation_in_the_West_Bank_%28May_2021%29.svg \"Situation in the West Bank (May 2021).svg\")\n[Gershom Gorenberg](/wiki/Gershom_Gorenberg \"Gershom Gorenberg\"), disputing these views, has written that the Israeli government knew at the outset that it was violating the Geneva Convention by creating civilian settlements in the territories under IDF administration. He explained that as the legal counsel of the Foreign Ministry, [Theodor Meron](/wiki/Theodor_Meron \"Theodor Meron\") was the Israeli government's expert on international law. On September 16, 1967, Meron wrote a top secret memo to Adi Yafeh, Political Secretary of the Prime Minister, regarding \"Settlement in the Administered Territories\", which said, \"My conclusion is that civilian settlement in the Administered territories contravenes the explicit provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention.\"Gorenberg, Gershom, *The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967–1977*, Macmillan, 2006, {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-8050\\-7564\\-9}} p. 99 Moshe Dayan authored a secret memo in 1968 proposing massive settlement in the territories which said \"Settling Israelis in administered territory, as is known, contravenes international conventions, but there is nothing essentially new about that.\"See Israeli State Archives 153\\.8/7920/7A, Document 60, dated October 15, 1968, cited on page 173 of Gorenberg's *The Accidental Empire*",
"Various [Israeli cabinets](/wiki/Government_of_Israel \"Government of Israel\") have made political statements and many of Israel's citizens and supporters [dispute](/wiki/Military_occupation%23Disputed_to_be_a_military_occupation_by_nation_of_dominant_military_forces_in_area \"Military occupation#Disputed to be a military occupation by nation of dominant military forces in area\") that the territories are occupied and claim that use of the term \"occupied\" in relation to [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\")'s control of the areas has no basis in [international law](/wiki/International_law \"International law\") or [history](/wiki/Land_of_Israel%23The_Land_of_Israel_and_the_State_of_Israel \"Land of Israel#The Land of Israel and the State of Israel\"), and that it prejudges the outcome of any future or ongoing [negotiations](/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process \"Israeli–Palestinian peace process\"). They argue it is more accurate to refer to the territories as \"[disputed](/wiki/International_law_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict%23%22Occupied%22_vs._%22Disputed%22_territories \"International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict#\")\" rather than \"[occupied](/wiki/Military_occupation \"Military occupation\")\" although they agree to apply the humanitarian provisions of the [Fourth Geneva Convention](/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention \"Fourth Geneva Convention\") pending resolution of the dispute. [Yoram Dinstein](/wiki/Yoram_Dinstein \"Yoram Dinstein\") has dismissed the position that they are not occupied as being \"based on dubious legal grounds, considering that the Fourth Geneva Convention does not make its applicability conditional on recognition of \\[sovereign] titles\".See Yoram Dinstein, 'The International Law of Belligerent Occupation and Human Rights', 8 Israeli Yearbook on Human Rights 104, 107 (1978\\) Many Israeli government websites do refer to the areas as being \"occupied territories\".[Public activities section of Ezer Weizman's Knesset profile](https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mk_eng.asp?mk_individual_id_t=690) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419222005/https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mk\\_eng.asp?mk\\_individual\\_id\\_t\\=690 \\|date\\=2023\\-04\\-19 }}. Knesset.gov.il. Retrieved on 2012\\-01\\-15\\. According to the BBC, \"Israel argues that the international conventions relating to occupied land do not apply to the Palestinian territories because they were not under the legitimate sovereignty of any state in the first place.\"[\"The Geneva Convention\"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/israel_and_the_palestinians/key_documents/1682640.stm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213203132/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in\\_depth/middle\\_east/israel\\_and\\_the\\_palestinians/key\\_documents/1682640\\.stm \\|date\\=2006\\-02\\-13 }}, Israel and the Palestinians, BBC News",
"In the *Report on the Legal Status of Building in Judea and Samaria*, usually referred to as *[Levy Report](/wiki/Levy_Report \"Levy Report\")*, published in July 2012, a three\\-member committee headed by former Israeli Supreme Court justice [Edmund Levy](/wiki/Edmund_Levy \"Edmund Levy\") which was appointed by Prime Minister [Binyamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Binyamin_Netanyahu \"Binyamin Netanyahu\") comes to the conclusion that Israel's presence in the West Bank is not an occupation in the legal sense,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/10/world/middleeast/israeli\\-panel\\-says\\-west\\-bank\\-presence\\-is\\-not\\-occupation\\-and\\-recommends\\-approval\\-of\\-jewish\\-settlements.html\\|title\\=Validate Settlements, Israeli Panel Suggests\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|author\\=Isabel Kershner\\|date\\=9 July 2012\\|access\\-date\\=10 July 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=9 July 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709213745/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/10/world/middleeast/israeli\\-panel\\-says\\-west\\-bank\\-presence\\-is\\-not\\-occupation\\-and\\-recommends\\-approval\\-of\\-jewish\\-settlements.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and that the Israeli settlements in those territories do not contravene international law.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy\\-and\\-Politics/PM\\-to\\-decide\\-on\\-Levy\\-report\\-with\\-settlement\\-ctee \\|title\\=PM to decide on Levy report with settlement c'tee \\|work\\=The Jerusalem Post \\|author\\=Lahav Harkov \\|date\\=9 July 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=13 January 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114122253/http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy\\-and\\-Politics/PM\\-to\\-decide\\-on\\-Levy\\-report\\-with\\-settlement\\-ctee \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The report has met with both approval and harsh criticism in Israel and outside. As of July 2013, the report was not brought before the Israeli cabinet or any parliamentary or governmental body which would have the power to approve it.",
"#### Israeli Jewish religious views",
"{{Main\\|Land of Israel\\|Greater Israel}}\n[thumb\\|200px\\|Map showing an interpretation of the borders of the Land of Israel, based on scriptural verses found in {{bibleverse\\|\\|Numbers\\|34:1–15\\|HE}} and {{bibleverse\\|\\|Ezekiel\\|47:13–20\\|HE}}, includes almost all of the occupied territories.](/wiki/File:Map_Land_of_Israel.jpg \"Map Land of Israel.jpg\")",
"According to the views of most adherents of [Religious Zionism](/wiki/Religious_Zionism \"Religious Zionism\") and to certain streams of [Orthodox Judaism](/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism \"Orthodox Judaism\"), there are no, and cannot be, \"occupied territories\" because all of the [Land of Israel](/wiki/Land_of_Israel \"Land of Israel\") ({{lang\\-he\\|אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל}} *ʼÉreṣ Yiśrāʼēl*, *Eretz Yisrael*) belongs to the [Jews](/wiki/Jews \"Jews\"), also known as the [Children of Israel](/wiki/Children_of_Israel \"Children of Israel\"), since the times of Biblical antiquity based on various [Hebrew Bible](/wiki/Hebrew_Bible \"Hebrew Bible\") passages.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2016}}",
"The Jewish religious belief that the area is a God\\-given inheritance of the Jewish people is based on the [Torah](/wiki/Torah \"Torah\"), especially the books of [Genesis](/wiki/Book_of_Genesis \"Book of Genesis\") and [Exodus](/wiki/Book_of_Exodus \"Book of Exodus\"), as well as the [Prophets](/wiki/Nevi%27im \"Nevi'im\"). According to the Book of Genesis, the land was promised by [God](/wiki/God_in_Judaism \"God in Judaism\") to the descendants of [Abraham](/wiki/Abraham \"Abraham\") through his son [Isaac](/wiki/Isaac \"Isaac\") and to the [Israelites](/wiki/Israelites \"Israelites\"), descendants of [Jacob](/wiki/Jacob \"Jacob\"), Abraham's grandson. A literal reading of the text suggests that the land promise is (or was at one time) one of the [Biblical covenants](/wiki/Biblical_covenants \"Biblical covenants\") between God and the Israelites, as the following verses show.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2016}}",
"The definition of the limits of this territory varies between biblical passages, some of the main ones being:\n* {{bibleverse\\|\\|Genesis\\|15:18–21\\|HE}}\n* {{bibleverse\\|\\|Exodus\\|23:28–33\\|HE}}\n* {{bibleverse\\|\\|Numbers\\|34:1–15\\|HE}}\n* {{bibleverse\\|\\|Deuteronomy\\|11:24\\|HE}}\n* {{bibleverse\\|\\|Deuteronomy\\|1:7\\|HE}}\n* {{bibleverse\\|\\|Ezekiel\\|47:13–20\\|HE}}",
"The boundaries of the Land of Israel are different from the borders of historical [Israelite kingdoms](/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah \"History of ancient Israel and Judah\"). The [Bar Kokhba state](/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt \"Bar Kokhba revolt\"), the [Herodian Kingdom](/wiki/Herodian_Kingdom \"Herodian Kingdom\"), the [Hasmonean Kingdom](/wiki/Hasmonean_Kingdom \"Hasmonean Kingdom\"), and possibly the [United Kingdom of Israel and Judah](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_%28united_monarchy%29 \"Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/israeljudaea/f/UnitedMonarchy.htm\\|title\\=Ancient History: The United Monarchy\\|author\\=N.S. Gill\\|publisher\\=About.com Education\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-11\\-20\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-03\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000812/http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/israeljudaea/f/UnitedMonarchy.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} ruled lands with similar but not identical boundaries. The current [State of Israel](/wiki/State_of_Israel \"State of Israel\") also has similar but not identical boundaries.",
"A small sect of [Haredi](/wiki/Haredi_Judaism \"Haredi Judaism\") Jews, the [Neturei Karta](/wiki/Neturei_Karta \"Neturei Karta\") opposes [Zionism](/wiki/Zionism \"Zionism\") and calls for a peaceful dismantling of the [State of Israel](/wiki/State_of_Israel \"State of Israel\"), in the belief that Jews are forbidden to have their own state until the coming of the [Messiah](/wiki/Messiah \"Messiah\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/nk.html\\|title\\=Neturei Karta\\|publisher\\=Jewish Virtual Library\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-06\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-01\\-23\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123114436/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/nk.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nkusa.org/AboutUs/Zionism/judaism\\_isnot\\_zionism.cfm\\|title\\=Judaism is not Zionism\\|publisher\\=Neturei Karta International\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415203350/http://www.nkusa.org/AboutUs/Zionism/judaism\\_isnot\\_zionism.cfm\\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-04\\-15}}",
"### International views",
"The official term used by the [United Nations Security Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council \"United Nations Security Council\") to describe Israeli\\-occupied territories is \"the Arab territories occupied since 1967, including Jerusalem\", which is used, for example, in Resolutions [446 (1979\\)](https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/db942872b9eae454852560f6005a76fb/ba123cded3ea84a5852560e50077c2dc?OpenDocument) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517060936/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/db942872b9eae454852560f6005a76fb/ba123cded3ea84a5852560e50077c2dc?OpenDocument \\|date\\=2015\\-05\\-17 }}, [452 (1979\\)](https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/db942872b9eae454852560f6005a76fb/0b7116abb4b7e3e9852560e5007688a0?OpenDocument) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404062758/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/db942872b9eae454852560f6005a76fb/0b7116abb4b7e3e9852560e5007688a0?OpenDocument \\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-04 }}, [465 (1980\\)](/wiki/UN_Security_Council_Resolution_465 \"UN Security Council Resolution 465\") and 484\\. A conference of the parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://fmep.org/wp/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/01/12\\.1\\.pdf \\|title\\=Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention: Declaration \\|year\\=1949 \\|page\\=11 \\|publisher\\=hosted by Foundation for Middle East Peace \\|access\\-date\\=13 January 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114184004/https://fmep.org/wp/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/01/12\\.1\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and the [International Committee of the Red Cross](/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross \"International Committee of the Red Cross\"),[\"Annexe 2—Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention: statement by the International Committee of the Red Cross\"](http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList247/D86C9E662022D64E41256C6800366D55#2) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928224952/http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0\\.nsf/iwpList247/D86C9E662022D64E41256C6800366D55\\#2 \\|date\\=2006\\-09\\-28 }} ICRC website. Retrieved October 5, 2005 have also resolved that these territories are occupied and that the [Fourth Geneva Convention](/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention \"Fourth Geneva Convention\") provisions regarding occupied territories apply.",
"Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem in 1980 (see [Jerusalem Law](/wiki/Jerusalem_Law \"Jerusalem Law\")) has not been recognized by any other country,[UN Security Council Resolution 497](/wiki/UN_Security_Council_Resolution_497 \"UN Security Council Resolution 497\") [http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/SC497\\.pdf](http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/SC497.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628014046/https://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/SC497\\.pdf\\|date\\=2019\\-06\\-28}} and the annexation of the Golan Heights in 1981 (see [Golan Heights Law](/wiki/Golan_Heights_Law \"Golan Heights Law\")) has been recognized only by the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"). [United Nations Security Council Resolution 478](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_478 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 478\") declared the annexation of East Jerusalem \"null and void\" and required that it be rescinded. [United Nations Security Council Resolution 497](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_497 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 497\") also declared the annexation of the Golan \"null and void\". Following withdrawal by Israel from the Sinai Peninsula in 1982, as part of the 1979 [Egypt–Israel peace treaty](/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty \"Egypt–Israel peace treaty\"), the Sinai ceased to be considered occupied territory. While the [Palestinian Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_Authority \"Palestinian Authority\"), the [EU](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/07/israel\\-palestine\\-eu\\-report\\-jerusalem\\|title\\=Israel annexing East Jerusalem, says EU\\|date\\=2009\\-03\\-07\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|author\\=Rory McCarthy\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-08\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-28\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628154149/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/07/israel\\-palestine\\-eu\\-report\\-jerusalem\\|url\\-status\\=live}} the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice \"International Court of Justice\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.icj\\-cij.org/docket/index.php?pr\\=71\\&code\\=mwp\\&p1\\=3\\&p2\\=4\\&p3\\=6\\&ca\\|title\\=Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory\\|date\\=9 July 2004\\|publisher\\=International Court of Justice\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-29\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104839/http://www.icj\\-cij.org/docket/index.php?pr\\=71\\&code\\=mwp\\&p1\\=3\\&p2\\=4\\&p3\\=6\\&ca\\|archive\\-date\\=24 September 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} the [UN General Assembly](/wiki/UN_General_Assembly \"UN General Assembly\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/UNISPAL.NSF/47D4E277B48D9D3685256DDC00612265/C2A00B6E6E1C02CF8525798E00578F75\\|title\\=Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the occupied Syrian Golan\\|date\\=2012\\-12\\-01\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine]]\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-29\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-10\\-10\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010091056/https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/UNISPAL.NSF/47D4E277B48D9D3685256DDC00612265/C2A00B6E6E1C02CF8525798E00578F75\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and the [UN Security Council](/wiki/UN_Security_Council \"UN Security Council\")[s:United Nations Security Council Resolution 478](/wiki/s:United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_478 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 478\") consider East Jerusalem to be part of the West Bank and occupied by Israel; Israel considers all of [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\") to be its capital and sovereign territory.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10\\_eng.htm \\|title\\=Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel (Unofficial translation) Passed by the Knesset on the 17th Av, 5740 (30th July, 1980\\) and published in Sefer Ha\\-Chukkim No. 980 of the 23rd Av, 5740 (5th August, 1980\\) \\|publisher\\=Knesset \\|date\\=2008\\-08\\-05 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-02\\-20 \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-09\\-05 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905144734/http://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10\\_eng.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"The international community has formally entrusted the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) with the role of guardian of international humanitarian law. That includes a watchdog function by which it takes direct action to encourage parties to armed conflict to comply with international humanitarian law.{{cite web\\|last\\=Sandoz\\|first\\=Yves\\|title\\=The International Committee of the Red Cross as guardian of international humanitarian law\\|url\\=http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/about\\-the\\-icrc\\-311298\\.htm\\|publisher\\=ICRC\\|access\\-date\\=26 December 2010\\|date\\=1998\\-12\\-31\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-12\\-23\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223145011/http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/about\\-the\\-icrc\\-311298\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The head of the International Red Cross delegation to Israel and the Occupied Territories stated that the establishment of Israeli settlements in the occupied territories is a grave breach of the [Geneva Conventions](/wiki/Geneva_Conventions \"Geneva Conventions\") that constitute [war crime](/wiki/War_crimes \"War crimes\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Press Release\\-US Response to ICRC Statement on Illegal Israeli Settlements\\|url\\=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/11838;jsessionid\\=BDA36D4EF581DFDDEBE96B33A6C965E2\\|publisher\\=UN Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine\\|access\\-date\\=26 December 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925191640/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/11838;jsessionid\\=BDA36D4EF581DFDDEBE96B33A6C965E2\\|archive\\-date\\=25 September 2012}}",
"In 1986, the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice \"International Court of Justice\") ruled that portions of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 merely declare existing customary international law.see [Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America)](http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=3&code=nus&case=70&k=66) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201021/http://www.icj\\-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1\\=3\\&p2\\=3\\&code\\=nus\\&case\\=70\\&k\\=66 \\|date\\=2016\\-03\\-04 }} In 1993, the UN Security Council adopted a binding Chapter VII resolution establishing an International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The resolution approved a Statute which said that the problem of adherence of some but not all States to the Geneva Conventions does not arise, since beyond any doubt the Convention is declarative of customary international law.see [the report made by the Secretary General](https://www.un.org/icty/legaldoc-e/basic/statut/s25704.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811133958/http://www.un.org/icty/legaldoc\\-e/basic/statut/s25704\\.htm \\|date\\=2009\\-08\\-11 }} The subsequent interpretation of the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice \"International Court of Justice\") does not support Israel's view on the applicability of the Geneva Conventions.[\"Legal Consequence of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory\"](http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=4&code=mwp&case=131&k=5a) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430104232/http://www.icj\\-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1\\=3\\&p2\\=4\\&code\\=mwp\\&case\\=131\\&k\\=5a \\|date\\=2008\\-04\\-30 }}. Icj\\-cij.org. Retrieved on 2012\\-01\\-15\\.\n[thumb\\|President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") signs the proclamation [recognizing Israel's sovereignty](/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Golan_Heights_as_part_of_Israel \"United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel\") over the Golan Heights, 25 March 2019](/wiki/File:President_Trump_Welcome_the_Prime_Minister_of_Israel_to_the_White_House%2C_25_March_2019.jpg \"President Trump Welcome the Prime Minister of Israel to the White House, 25 March 2019.jpg\")",
"In July 2004, the International Court of Justice delivered an [Advisory Opinion](/wiki/Advisory_Opinion \"Advisory Opinion\") on the ['Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory'](https://web.archive.org/web/20180908090214/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=4&k=5a&PHPSESSID=1e92d1f61e92ee74a585b3d836385610&case=131&code=mwp&p3=4). The Court observed that under customary international law as reflected in [Article 42 of the Regulations annexed to the Hague IV Convention](http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hague04.asp#art42), territory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army, and the occupation extends only to the territory where such authority has been established and can be exercised. [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\") raised a number of exceptions and objections,['Letter dated 29 January 2004 from the Deputy Director General and Legal Advisor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, together with the Written Statement of the Government of Israel'](http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1579.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305232558/http://www.icj\\-cij.org/docket/files/131/1579\\.pdf \\|date\\=5 March 2011 }}. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012\\-01\\-15\\. but the Court found them unpersuasive. The Court ruled that territories had been occupied by the Israeli armed forces in 1967, during the conflict between Israel and Jordan, and that subsequent events in those territories, had done nothing to alter the situation.",
"Multiple [United Nations General Assembly](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly \"United Nations General Assembly\") resolutions have described the continuing occupation of Palestine [as illegal](/wiki/Legality_of_the_Israeli_occupation_of_Palestine \"Legality of the Israeli occupation of Palestine\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Wilde \\|first1\\=Ralph \\|title\\=Using the Master's Tools to Dismantle the Master's House: International Law and Palestinian Liberation \\|journal\\=The Palestine Yearbook of International Law Online \\|date\\=2021 \\|volume\\=22 \\|issue\\=1 \\|page\\=26 \\|doi\\=10\\.1163/22116141\\_022010\\_002 \\|s2cid\\=245698763 \\|url\\=https://brill.com/view/journals/pyio/22/1/article\\-p1\\_2\\.xml \\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|issn\\=1386\\-1972 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-19 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-10 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610074107/https://brill.com/view/journals/pyio/22/1/article\\-p1\\_2\\.xml \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Michael Lynk, the [United Nations special rapporteur](/wiki/United_Nations_special_rapporteur \"United Nations special rapporteur\") on human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, in his 2017 report to the UN General Assembly has opined that the occupation itself has become illegal and has recommended that a UN study be commissioned to determine this and to consider asking the International Court of Justice for an advisory opinion.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/PS/A\\_72\\_43106\\.docx\\|title\\= Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967\\|last\\= Lynk\\|first\\= S.Michael\\|date\\= 23 October 2017\\|access\\-date\\= 5 May 2018\\|archive\\-date\\= 30 January 2018\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20180130085546/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/PS/A\\_72\\_43106\\.docx\\|url\\-status\\= live}} The general thrust of international law scholarship addressing this question has concluded that, regardless of whether it was initially legal, the occupation has become illegal over time. [Reasons cited for its illegality](/wiki/Legality_of_the_Israeli_occupation_of_Palestine \"Legality of the Israeli occupation of Palestine\") include the violation of the [prohibition on the acquisition of territory through force](/wiki/Use_of_force_in_international_law \"Use of force in international law\"), that the occupation violates the Palestinian right to [self\\-determination](/wiki/Self-determination \"Self-determination\"), that the occupation itself is an illegal regime \"of alien subjugation, domination and exploitation\", or some combination of these factors.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Imseis \\|first1\\=Ardi \\|title\\=Negotiating the Illegal: On the United Nations and the Illegal Occupation of Palestine, 1967–2020 \\|journal\\=European Journal of International Law \\|date\\=2020 \\|volume\\=31 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=1072–1073, 1085 \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/ejil/chaa055 \\|url\\=https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/31/3/1055/5903619 \\|issn\\=0938\\-5428 \\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-19 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-16 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116140923/https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/31/3/1055/5903619 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
""
] |
### Israeli views
The Israeli government [maintains](/wiki/Status_of_territories_captured_by_Israel%23%22Disputed_territories%22 "Status of territories captured by Israel#") that according to international law the West Bank status is that of [disputed territories](/wiki/Territorial_dispute "Territorial dispute").[Jewish virtual library](https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths3/MFexclusives.html#66) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203851/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths3/MFexclusives.html\#66 \|date\=2016\-03\-04 }}. Retrieved on August 1, 2013\.{{cite web\|title\=Israel Palestinian Conflict: The Truth About the West Bank (minute 4:30\)\|date\=July 12, 2011\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=XGYxLWUKwWo\&list\=WL5ABC371F9A2AC9F7\| archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/XGYxLWUKwWo\| archive\-date\=2021\-11\-17 \| url\-status\=live\|work\=\[\[Danny Ayalon]]\|publisher\=\[\[YouTube]]\|access\-date\=26 September 2013}}{{cbignore}}
The question is important given if the status of "occupied territories" has a bearing on the legal duties and rights of Israel toward those.{{cite web\|title\=Israeli Settlements and International Law\|date\=20 May 2001\|url\=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/israeli%20settlements%20and%20international%20law.aspx\|work\=\[\[Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]\|access\-date\=26 September 2013\|archive\-date\=9 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109110744/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/israeli%20settlements%20and%20international%20law.aspx\|url\-status\=live}} Hence it has been discussed in various forums including the UN.
Israel justifies its control over the territories by citing [Jewish presence](/wiki/Jewish_history "Jewish history") beginning in [biblical times](/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah "History of ancient Israel and Judah"), Jordan's prior illegal occupation and initiation of the 1967 war, and security needs due to its small borders and hostile neighbors. Israel states that the territories' final status should be decided [through negotiations](/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process "Israeli–Palestinian peace process").{{Cite news \|title\=The world court says Israel's occupation is illegal \|url\=https://www.economist.com/middle\-east\-and\-africa/2024/07/19/the\-world\-court\-says\-israels\-occupation\-is\-illegal \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-22 \|newspaper\=The Economist \|issn\=0013\-0613 \|archive\-date\=2024\-07\-21 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721224230/https://www.economist.com/middle\-east\-and\-africa/2024/07/19/the\-world\-court\-says\-israels\-occupation\-is\-illegal \|url\-status\=live }}
#### Israeli judicial decisions
In two cases decided shortly after independence, in the Shimshon and Stampfer cases, the [Supreme Court of Israel](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel "Supreme Court of Israel") held that the fundamental rules of international law accepted as binding by all "civilized" nations were incorporated in the domestic legal system of Israel. The Nuremberg Military Tribunal determined that the articles annexed to the [Hague IV Convention](/wiki/Hague_IV_Convention "Hague IV Convention") of 1907 were customary law that had been recognized by all civilized nations."Place of customary international law", pp. 5–6 of [International Law in Domestic Courts: Israel, by Dr. David Kretzmer](http://ssrn.com/abstract=1290714) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425093050/https://www.ssrn.com/abstract\=1290714 \|date\=2023\-04\-25 }} and Chapter 2 "Application of International Law", in [The Occupation of Justice](https://books.google.com/books?id=_Thjg-0dut0C), by David Kretzmer In the past, the Supreme Court has argued that the Geneva Convention insofar it is not supported by domestic legislation "does not bind this Court, its enforcement being a matter for the states which are parties to the Convention". They ruled that "Conventional international law does not become part of Israeli law through automatic incorporation, but only if it is adopted or combined with Israeli law by enactment of primary or subsidiary legislation from which it derives its force". However, in the same decision the Court ruled that the Fourth Hague Convention rules governing belligerent occupation did apply, since those were recognized as customary international law.[International Law – Administered Territories – Rights and Duties of Occupying Power – Registration and Taxation – Articles 43 and 49 of the Hague Regulations, 1907](http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/81/690/000/z01/81000690.z01.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113021733/http://elyon1\.court.gov.il/files\_eng/81/690/000/z01/81000690\.z01\.pdf \|date\=2016\-01\-13 }}. Israeli Supreme Court document. April 5, 1983\. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012\-01\-15\.
[thumb\|The settlement [Elon Moreh](/wiki/Elon_Moreh "Elon Moreh"), 2008](/wiki/File:Alom_More_from_Har_Kabir.jpg "Alom More from Har Kabir.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|A military checkpoint along the route of the forthcoming [West Bank Barrier](/wiki/West_Bank_Barrier "West Bank Barrier"), near [Abu Dis](/wiki/Abu_Dis "Abu Dis")](/wiki/File:Checkpoint_near_Abu_Dis.jpg "Checkpoint near Abu Dis.jpg")
The [Israeli High Court of Justice](/wiki/Israeli_High_Court_of_Justice "Israeli High Court of Justice") determined in the 1979 [Elon Moreh](/wiki/Elon_Moreh "Elon Moreh") case that the area in question was under occupation and that accordingly only the military commander of the area may requisition land according to [Article 52 of the Regulations annexed to the Hague IV Convention](http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hague04.asp#art52). [Military necessity](/wiki/Military_necessity "Military necessity") had been an after\-thought in planning portions of the Elon Moreh settlement. That situation did not fulfill the precise strictures laid down in the articles of the Hague Convention, so the Court ruled the requisition order had been invalid and illegal.[Yoram Dinstein](/wiki/Yoram_Dinstein "Yoram Dinstein") [Israel Yearbook on Human Rights](https://books.google.com/books?id=-QL8LsEpbuoC&pg=PA347). Volume 9, 1979, p. 349 In recent decades, the government of Israel has argued before the [Supreme Court of Israel](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel "Supreme Court of Israel") that its authority in the territories is based on the international law of "belligerent occupation", in particular the [Hague Conventions](/wiki/Hague_Conventions_%281899_and_1907%29 "Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)"). The court has confirmed this interpretation many times, for example in its 2004 and 2005 rulings on the [separation fence](/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier "Israeli West Bank barrier").[2004 Israeli Supreme Court ruling](http://www.haaretz.com/hasite/images/iht_daily/D010704/hcfen0604.rtf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121104639/http://www.haaretz.com/hasite/images/iht\_daily/D010704/hcfen0604\.rtf \|date\=2008\-11\-21 }} (RTF format)[2005 Israeli Supreme Court ruling](http://www.zionism-israel.com/hdoc/High_Court_Fence.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224134212/http://www.zionism\-israel.com/hdoc/High\_Court\_Fence.htm \|date\=2005\-12\-24 }}. Zionism\-israel.com. Retrieved on 2012\-01\-15\.
In its June 2005 ruling upholding the constitutionality of the [Gaza disengagement](/wiki/Gaza_disengagement "Gaza disengagement"), the Court determined that "Judea and Samaria" \[West Bank] and the Gaza area are lands seized during warfare, and are not part of Israel:
> The Judea and Samaria Area is held by the State of Israel in belligerent occupation. The long arm of the state in the area is the military commander. He is not the sovereign in the territory held in belligerent occupation (see The Beit Sourik Case, at p. 832\). His power is granted him by public international law regarding belligerent occupation. The legal meaning of this view is twofold: first, Israeli law does not apply in these areas. They have not been "annexed" to Israel. Second, the legal regime which applies in these areas is determined by public international law regarding belligerent occupation (see HCJ 1661/05 *The Gaza Coast Regional Council v. The Knesset et al.* (yet unpublished, paragraph 3 of the opinion of the Court; hereinafter – The Gaza Coast Regional Council Case). In the center of this public international law stand the Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague, 18 October 1907 (hereinafter – The Hague Regulations). These regulations are a reflection of customary international law. The law of belligerent occupation is also laid out in IV Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1949 (hereinafter – the Fourth Geneva Convention).see [HCJ 7957/04 Mara'abe v. The Prime Minister of Israel](http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/04/570/079/a14/04079570.a14.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://wayback.archive\-it.org/all/20051028233445/http://elyon1\.court.gov.il/files\_eng/04/570/079/a14/04079570\.a14\.pdf \|date\=2005\-10\-28 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/361eea1cc08301c485256cf600606959/211ae4cc9a841da3852570440073215b%21OpenDocument \|title\=Chronological Review of Events/June 2005 \|access\-date\=2006\-09\-11 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005170149/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/361eea1cc08301c485256cf600606959/211ae4cc9a841da3852570440073215b%21OpenDocument \|archive\-date\=October 5, 2008 }}. United Nations. June 2005
#### Israeli legal and political views
Soon after the 1967 war, Israel issued a military order stating that the [Geneva Conventions](/wiki/Geneva_Conventions "Geneva Conventions") applied to the recently occupied territories,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.israellawresourcecenter.org/cgi\-bin/browse.py?sectionname\=laws\&action\=view\&item\=1 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622212939/http://www.israellawresourcecenter.org/cgi\-bin/browse.py?sectionname\=laws\&action\=view\&item\=1 \|archive\-date\=June 22, 2006 \|title\=Israeli Military Orders List \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=June 1, 2016 }}. p. 1\. israellawresourcecenter.org but this order was rescinded a few months later.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.israellawresourcecenter.org/cgi\-bin/browse.py?sectionname\=laws\&action\=view\&item\=101 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622213011/http://www.israellawresourcecenter.org/cgi\-bin/browse.py?sectionname\=laws\&action\=view\&item\=101 \|archive\-date\=June 22, 2006 \|title\=Israeli Military Orders List \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=June 1, 2016 }}. p. 3\. israellawresourcecenter.org For a number of years, Israel argued on various grounds that the Geneva Conventions do not apply. One is the Missing Reversioner theoryYehuda Z. Blum ["The Missing Reversioner: Reflections on the Status of Judea and Samaria"](http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/israel3&div=26&id=&page=), Israel L. Rev. 279 (1968\) which argued that the Geneva Conventions apply only to the sovereign territory of a High Contracting Party, and therefore do not apply since Jordan never exercised sovereignty over the region. However, that interpretation is not shared by the international community.{{cite news\|title\=The Geneva Convention\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/1682640\.stm\|publisher\=BBC\|access\-date\=3 August 2010\|date\=2009\-12\-10\|archive\-date\=2019\-05\-12\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512075554/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/1682640\.stm\|url\-status\=live}} The application of the Geneva Conventions to the Occupied Palestinian Territories was further upheld by the International Court of Justice, UN General Assembly, UN Security Council and the Israeli Supreme Court.
[thumb\|[Israeli West Bank barrier](/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier "Israeli West Bank barrier")](/wiki/File:Qalandia_checkpoint_-_panoramio_%28535%29.jpg "Qalandia checkpoint - panoramio (535).jpg")
In cases before the Israeli High Court of Justice, the government has agreed that the military commander's authority is anchored in the Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, and that the humanitarian rules of the Fourth Geneva Convention apply.{{cite web\|last\=Israel: Supreme Court\|title\=Beit Sourik Village Council v. The Government of Israel\|url\=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4374ac594\.html\|publisher\=UNHCR\|access\-date\=29 July 2010\|page\=14\|archive\-date\=14 October 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014173236/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4374ac594\.html\|url\-status\=live}} The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs says that the Supreme Court of Israel has ruled that the Fourth Geneva Convention and certain parts of Additional Protocol I reflect customary international law that is applicable in the occupied territories.[See Operation Gaza: factual and legal aspects](http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Hamas+war+against+Israel/Operation_Gaza_factual_and_legal_aspects_applicable_legal_framework_5_Aug_2009.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927222528/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism\-\+Obstacle\+to\+Peace/Hamas\+war\+against\+Israel/Operation\_Gaza\_factual\_and\_legal\_aspects\_applicable\_legal\_framework\_5\_Aug\_2009\.htm \|date\=2009\-09\-27 }}. Mfa.gov.il. Retrieved on 2012\-01\-15\.
Former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court [Meir Shamgar](/wiki/Meir_Shamgar "Meir Shamgar"), taking a different approach, wrote in the 1970s that there is no *[de jure](/wiki/De_jure "De jure")* applicability of the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention regarding occupied territories to the case of the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank "West Bank") and [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Gaza_Strip "Gaza Strip") since the Convention "is based on the assumption that there had been a sovereign who was ousted and that he had been a legitimate sovereign."{{cite web \|last\=Gold \|first\=Dore \|title\=From "Occupied Territories" to "Disputed Territories \|publisher\=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs (Israeli Security, Regional Diplomacy, and International Law) \|date\=16 January 2002 \|url\=http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp470\.htm \|access\-date\=30 June 2017 \|archive\-date\=9 July 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709034305/http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp470\.htm \|url\-status\=dead }} Israeli diplomat [Dore Gold](/wiki/Dore_Gold "Dore Gold") has argued that the language of "occupation" has allowed Palestinian spokesmen to obfuscate this history. By repeatedly pointing to "occupation", they manage to reverse the causality of the conflict, especially in front of Western audiences. Thus, the current territorial dispute is allegedly the result of an Israeli decision "to occupy" rather than a result of a war imposed on Israel by a coalition of Arab states in 1967\.
[thumb\|upright\|Map of the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank "West Bank"), May 2021, showing [Palestinian](/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority "Palestinian National Authority") (green) and Israeli control.](/wiki/File:Situation_in_the_West_Bank_%28May_2021%29.svg "Situation in the West Bank (May 2021).svg")
[Gershom Gorenberg](/wiki/Gershom_Gorenberg "Gershom Gorenberg"), disputing these views, has written that the Israeli government knew at the outset that it was violating the Geneva Convention by creating civilian settlements in the territories under IDF administration. He explained that as the legal counsel of the Foreign Ministry, [Theodor Meron](/wiki/Theodor_Meron "Theodor Meron") was the Israeli government's expert on international law. On September 16, 1967, Meron wrote a top secret memo to Adi Yafeh, Political Secretary of the Prime Minister, regarding "Settlement in the Administered Territories", which said, "My conclusion is that civilian settlement in the Administered territories contravenes the explicit provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention."Gorenberg, Gershom, *The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967–1977*, Macmillan, 2006, {{ISBN\|978\-0\-8050\-7564\-9}} p. 99 Moshe Dayan authored a secret memo in 1968 proposing massive settlement in the territories which said "Settling Israelis in administered territory, as is known, contravenes international conventions, but there is nothing essentially new about that."See Israeli State Archives 153\.8/7920/7A, Document 60, dated October 15, 1968, cited on page 173 of Gorenberg's *The Accidental Empire*
Various [Israeli cabinets](/wiki/Government_of_Israel "Government of Israel") have made political statements and many of Israel's citizens and supporters [dispute](/wiki/Military_occupation%23Disputed_to_be_a_military_occupation_by_nation_of_dominant_military_forces_in_area "Military occupation#Disputed to be a military occupation by nation of dominant military forces in area") that the territories are occupied and claim that use of the term "occupied" in relation to [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel")'s control of the areas has no basis in [international law](/wiki/International_law "International law") or [history](/wiki/Land_of_Israel%23The_Land_of_Israel_and_the_State_of_Israel "Land of Israel#The Land of Israel and the State of Israel"), and that it prejudges the outcome of any future or ongoing [negotiations](/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process "Israeli–Palestinian peace process"). They argue it is more accurate to refer to the territories as "[disputed](/wiki/International_law_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict%23%22Occupied%22_vs._%22Disputed%22_territories "International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict#")" rather than "[occupied](/wiki/Military_occupation "Military occupation")" although they agree to apply the humanitarian provisions of the [Fourth Geneva Convention](/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention "Fourth Geneva Convention") pending resolution of the dispute. [Yoram Dinstein](/wiki/Yoram_Dinstein "Yoram Dinstein") has dismissed the position that they are not occupied as being "based on dubious legal grounds, considering that the Fourth Geneva Convention does not make its applicability conditional on recognition of \[sovereign] titles".See Yoram Dinstein, 'The International Law of Belligerent Occupation and Human Rights', 8 Israeli Yearbook on Human Rights 104, 107 (1978\) Many Israeli government websites do refer to the areas as being "occupied territories".[Public activities section of Ezer Weizman's Knesset profile](https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mk_eng.asp?mk_individual_id_t=690) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419222005/https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mk\_eng.asp?mk\_individual\_id\_t\=690 \|date\=2023\-04\-19 }}. Knesset.gov.il. Retrieved on 2012\-01\-15\. According to the BBC, "Israel argues that the international conventions relating to occupied land do not apply to the Palestinian territories because they were not under the legitimate sovereignty of any state in the first place."["The Geneva Convention"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/israel_and_the_palestinians/key_documents/1682640.stm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213203132/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in\_depth/middle\_east/israel\_and\_the\_palestinians/key\_documents/1682640\.stm \|date\=2006\-02\-13 }}, Israel and the Palestinians, BBC News
In the *Report on the Legal Status of Building in Judea and Samaria*, usually referred to as *[Levy Report](/wiki/Levy_Report "Levy Report")*, published in July 2012, a three\-member committee headed by former Israeli Supreme Court justice [Edmund Levy](/wiki/Edmund_Levy "Edmund Levy") which was appointed by Prime Minister [Binyamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Binyamin_Netanyahu "Binyamin Netanyahu") comes to the conclusion that Israel's presence in the West Bank is not an occupation in the legal sense,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/10/world/middleeast/israeli\-panel\-says\-west\-bank\-presence\-is\-not\-occupation\-and\-recommends\-approval\-of\-jewish\-settlements.html\|title\=Validate Settlements, Israeli Panel Suggests\|work\=The New York Times\|author\=Isabel Kershner\|date\=9 July 2012\|access\-date\=10 July 2012\|archive\-date\=9 July 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709213745/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/10/world/middleeast/israeli\-panel\-says\-west\-bank\-presence\-is\-not\-occupation\-and\-recommends\-approval\-of\-jewish\-settlements.html\|url\-status\=live}} and that the Israeli settlements in those territories do not contravene international law.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy\-and\-Politics/PM\-to\-decide\-on\-Levy\-report\-with\-settlement\-ctee \|title\=PM to decide on Levy report with settlement c'tee \|work\=The Jerusalem Post \|author\=Lahav Harkov \|date\=9 July 2012 \|access\-date\=13 January 2018 \|archive\-date\=14 January 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114122253/http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy\-and\-Politics/PM\-to\-decide\-on\-Levy\-report\-with\-settlement\-ctee \|url\-status\=live }} The report has met with both approval and harsh criticism in Israel and outside. As of July 2013, the report was not brought before the Israeli cabinet or any parliamentary or governmental body which would have the power to approve it.
#### Israeli Jewish religious views
{{Main\|Land of Israel\|Greater Israel}}
[thumb\|200px\|Map showing an interpretation of the borders of the Land of Israel, based on scriptural verses found in {{bibleverse\|\|Numbers\|34:1–15\|HE}} and {{bibleverse\|\|Ezekiel\|47:13–20\|HE}}, includes almost all of the occupied territories.](/wiki/File:Map_Land_of_Israel.jpg "Map Land of Israel.jpg")
According to the views of most adherents of [Religious Zionism](/wiki/Religious_Zionism "Religious Zionism") and to certain streams of [Orthodox Judaism](/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism "Orthodox Judaism"), there are no, and cannot be, "occupied territories" because all of the [Land of Israel](/wiki/Land_of_Israel "Land of Israel") ({{lang\-he\|אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל}} *ʼÉreṣ Yiśrāʼēl*, *Eretz Yisrael*) belongs to the [Jews](/wiki/Jews "Jews"), also known as the [Children of Israel](/wiki/Children_of_Israel "Children of Israel"), since the times of Biblical antiquity based on various [Hebrew Bible](/wiki/Hebrew_Bible "Hebrew Bible") passages.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2016}}
The Jewish religious belief that the area is a God\-given inheritance of the Jewish people is based on the [Torah](/wiki/Torah "Torah"), especially the books of [Genesis](/wiki/Book_of_Genesis "Book of Genesis") and [Exodus](/wiki/Book_of_Exodus "Book of Exodus"), as well as the [Prophets](/wiki/Nevi%27im "Nevi'im"). According to the Book of Genesis, the land was promised by [God](/wiki/God_in_Judaism "God in Judaism") to the descendants of [Abraham](/wiki/Abraham "Abraham") through his son [Isaac](/wiki/Isaac "Isaac") and to the [Israelites](/wiki/Israelites "Israelites"), descendants of [Jacob](/wiki/Jacob "Jacob"), Abraham's grandson. A literal reading of the text suggests that the land promise is (or was at one time) one of the [Biblical covenants](/wiki/Biblical_covenants "Biblical covenants") between God and the Israelites, as the following verses show.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2016}}
The definition of the limits of this territory varies between biblical passages, some of the main ones being:
* {{bibleverse\|\|Genesis\|15:18–21\|HE}}
* {{bibleverse\|\|Exodus\|23:28–33\|HE}}
* {{bibleverse\|\|Numbers\|34:1–15\|HE}}
* {{bibleverse\|\|Deuteronomy\|11:24\|HE}}
* {{bibleverse\|\|Deuteronomy\|1:7\|HE}}
* {{bibleverse\|\|Ezekiel\|47:13–20\|HE}}
The boundaries of the Land of Israel are different from the borders of historical [Israelite kingdoms](/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah "History of ancient Israel and Judah"). The [Bar Kokhba state](/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt "Bar Kokhba revolt"), the [Herodian Kingdom](/wiki/Herodian_Kingdom "Herodian Kingdom"), the [Hasmonean Kingdom](/wiki/Hasmonean_Kingdom "Hasmonean Kingdom"), and possibly the [United Kingdom of Israel and Judah](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_%28united_monarchy%29 "Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)"){{cite web\|url\=http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/israeljudaea/f/UnitedMonarchy.htm\|title\=Ancient History: The United Monarchy\|author\=N.S. Gill\|publisher\=About.com Education\|access\-date\=2013\-11\-20\|archive\-date\=2013\-12\-03\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000812/http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/israeljudaea/f/UnitedMonarchy.htm\|url\-status\=dead}} ruled lands with similar but not identical boundaries. The current [State of Israel](/wiki/State_of_Israel "State of Israel") also has similar but not identical boundaries.
A small sect of [Haredi](/wiki/Haredi_Judaism "Haredi Judaism") Jews, the [Neturei Karta](/wiki/Neturei_Karta "Neturei Karta") opposes [Zionism](/wiki/Zionism "Zionism") and calls for a peaceful dismantling of the [State of Israel](/wiki/State_of_Israel "State of Israel"), in the belief that Jews are forbidden to have their own state until the coming of the [Messiah](/wiki/Messiah "Messiah").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/nk.html\|title\=Neturei Karta\|publisher\=Jewish Virtual Library\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-06\|archive\-date\=2017\-01\-23\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123114436/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/nk.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nkusa.org/AboutUs/Zionism/judaism\_isnot\_zionism.cfm\|title\=Judaism is not Zionism\|publisher\=Neturei Karta International\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415203350/http://www.nkusa.org/AboutUs/Zionism/judaism\_isnot\_zionism.cfm\|archive\-date\=2007\-04\-15}}
|
[
"### Israeli views",
"The Israeli government [maintains](/wiki/Status_of_territories_captured_by_Israel%23%22Disputed_territories%22 \"Status of territories captured by Israel#\") that according to international law the West Bank status is that of [disputed territories](/wiki/Territorial_dispute \"Territorial dispute\").[Jewish virtual library](https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths3/MFexclusives.html#66) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203851/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths3/MFexclusives.html\\#66 \\|date\\=2016\\-03\\-04 }}. Retrieved on August 1, 2013\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Israel Palestinian Conflict: The Truth About the West Bank (minute 4:30\\)\\|date\\=July 12, 2011\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=XGYxLWUKwWo\\&list\\=WL5ABC371F9A2AC9F7\\| archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/XGYxLWUKwWo\\| archive\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-17 \\| url\\-status\\=live\\|work\\=\\[\\[Danny Ayalon]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]\\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2013}}{{cbignore}}",
"The question is important given if the status of \"occupied territories\" has a bearing on the legal duties and rights of Israel toward those.{{cite web\\|title\\=Israeli Settlements and International Law\\|date\\=20 May 2001\\|url\\=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/israeli%20settlements%20and%20international%20law.aspx\\|work\\=\\[\\[Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]\\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=9 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109110744/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/israeli%20settlements%20and%20international%20law.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Hence it has been discussed in various forums including the UN.",
"Israel justifies its control over the territories by citing [Jewish presence](/wiki/Jewish_history \"Jewish history\") beginning in [biblical times](/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah \"History of ancient Israel and Judah\"), Jordan's prior illegal occupation and initiation of the 1967 war, and security needs due to its small borders and hostile neighbors. Israel states that the territories' final status should be decided [through negotiations](/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process \"Israeli–Palestinian peace process\").{{Cite news \\|title\\=The world court says Israel's occupation is illegal \\|url\\=https://www.economist.com/middle\\-east\\-and\\-africa/2024/07/19/the\\-world\\-court\\-says\\-israels\\-occupation\\-is\\-illegal \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-22 \\|newspaper\\=The Economist \\|issn\\=0013\\-0613 \\|archive\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-21 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721224230/https://www.economist.com/middle\\-east\\-and\\-africa/2024/07/19/the\\-world\\-court\\-says\\-israels\\-occupation\\-is\\-illegal \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### Israeli judicial decisions",
"In two cases decided shortly after independence, in the Shimshon and Stampfer cases, the [Supreme Court of Israel](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel \"Supreme Court of Israel\") held that the fundamental rules of international law accepted as binding by all \"civilized\" nations were incorporated in the domestic legal system of Israel. The Nuremberg Military Tribunal determined that the articles annexed to the [Hague IV Convention](/wiki/Hague_IV_Convention \"Hague IV Convention\") of 1907 were customary law that had been recognized by all civilized nations.\"Place of customary international law\", pp. 5–6 of [International Law in Domestic Courts: Israel, by Dr. David Kretzmer](http://ssrn.com/abstract=1290714) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425093050/https://www.ssrn.com/abstract\\=1290714 \\|date\\=2023\\-04\\-25 }} and Chapter 2 \"Application of International Law\", in [The Occupation of Justice](https://books.google.com/books?id=_Thjg-0dut0C), by David Kretzmer In the past, the Supreme Court has argued that the Geneva Convention insofar it is not supported by domestic legislation \"does not bind this Court, its enforcement being a matter for the states which are parties to the Convention\". They ruled that \"Conventional international law does not become part of Israeli law through automatic incorporation, but only if it is adopted or combined with Israeli law by enactment of primary or subsidiary legislation from which it derives its force\". However, in the same decision the Court ruled that the Fourth Hague Convention rules governing belligerent occupation did apply, since those were recognized as customary international law.[International Law – Administered Territories – Rights and Duties of Occupying Power – Registration and Taxation – Articles 43 and 49 of the Hague Regulations, 1907](http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/81/690/000/z01/81000690.z01.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113021733/http://elyon1\\.court.gov.il/files\\_eng/81/690/000/z01/81000690\\.z01\\.pdf \\|date\\=2016\\-01\\-13 }}. Israeli Supreme Court document. April 5, 1983\\. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012\\-01\\-15\\.",
"[thumb\\|The settlement [Elon Moreh](/wiki/Elon_Moreh \"Elon Moreh\"), 2008](/wiki/File:Alom_More_from_Har_Kabir.jpg \"Alom More from Har Kabir.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|A military checkpoint along the route of the forthcoming [West Bank Barrier](/wiki/West_Bank_Barrier \"West Bank Barrier\"), near [Abu Dis](/wiki/Abu_Dis \"Abu Dis\")](/wiki/File:Checkpoint_near_Abu_Dis.jpg \"Checkpoint near Abu Dis.jpg\")",
"The [Israeli High Court of Justice](/wiki/Israeli_High_Court_of_Justice \"Israeli High Court of Justice\") determined in the 1979 [Elon Moreh](/wiki/Elon_Moreh \"Elon Moreh\") case that the area in question was under occupation and that accordingly only the military commander of the area may requisition land according to [Article 52 of the Regulations annexed to the Hague IV Convention](http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hague04.asp#art52). [Military necessity](/wiki/Military_necessity \"Military necessity\") had been an after\\-thought in planning portions of the Elon Moreh settlement. That situation did not fulfill the precise strictures laid down in the articles of the Hague Convention, so the Court ruled the requisition order had been invalid and illegal.[Yoram Dinstein](/wiki/Yoram_Dinstein \"Yoram Dinstein\") [Israel Yearbook on Human Rights](https://books.google.com/books?id=-QL8LsEpbuoC&pg=PA347). Volume 9, 1979, p. 349 In recent decades, the government of Israel has argued before the [Supreme Court of Israel](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel \"Supreme Court of Israel\") that its authority in the territories is based on the international law of \"belligerent occupation\", in particular the [Hague Conventions](/wiki/Hague_Conventions_%281899_and_1907%29 \"Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)\"). The court has confirmed this interpretation many times, for example in its 2004 and 2005 rulings on the [separation fence](/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier \"Israeli West Bank barrier\").[2004 Israeli Supreme Court ruling](http://www.haaretz.com/hasite/images/iht_daily/D010704/hcfen0604.rtf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121104639/http://www.haaretz.com/hasite/images/iht\\_daily/D010704/hcfen0604\\.rtf \\|date\\=2008\\-11\\-21 }} (RTF format)[2005 Israeli Supreme Court ruling](http://www.zionism-israel.com/hdoc/High_Court_Fence.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224134212/http://www.zionism\\-israel.com/hdoc/High\\_Court\\_Fence.htm \\|date\\=2005\\-12\\-24 }}. Zionism\\-israel.com. Retrieved on 2012\\-01\\-15\\.",
"In its June 2005 ruling upholding the constitutionality of the [Gaza disengagement](/wiki/Gaza_disengagement \"Gaza disengagement\"), the Court determined that \"Judea and Samaria\" \\[West Bank] and the Gaza area are lands seized during warfare, and are not part of Israel:",
"",
"> The Judea and Samaria Area is held by the State of Israel in belligerent occupation. The long arm of the state in the area is the military commander. He is not the sovereign in the territory held in belligerent occupation (see The Beit Sourik Case, at p. 832\\). His power is granted him by public international law regarding belligerent occupation. The legal meaning of this view is twofold: first, Israeli law does not apply in these areas. They have not been \"annexed\" to Israel. Second, the legal regime which applies in these areas is determined by public international law regarding belligerent occupation (see HCJ 1661/05 *The Gaza Coast Regional Council v. The Knesset et al.* (yet unpublished, paragraph 3 of the opinion of the Court; hereinafter – The Gaza Coast Regional Council Case). In the center of this public international law stand the Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague, 18 October 1907 (hereinafter – The Hague Regulations). These regulations are a reflection of customary international law. The law of belligerent occupation is also laid out in IV Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1949 (hereinafter – the Fourth Geneva Convention).see [HCJ 7957/04 Mara'abe v. The Prime Minister of Israel](http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/04/570/079/a14/04079570.a14.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://wayback.archive\\-it.org/all/20051028233445/http://elyon1\\.court.gov.il/files\\_eng/04/570/079/a14/04079570\\.a14\\.pdf \\|date\\=2005\\-10\\-28 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/361eea1cc08301c485256cf600606959/211ae4cc9a841da3852570440073215b%21OpenDocument \\|title\\=Chronological Review of Events/June 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=2006\\-09\\-11 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005170149/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/361eea1cc08301c485256cf600606959/211ae4cc9a841da3852570440073215b%21OpenDocument \\|archive\\-date\\=October 5, 2008 }}. United Nations. June 2005",
"#### Israeli legal and political views",
"Soon after the 1967 war, Israel issued a military order stating that the [Geneva Conventions](/wiki/Geneva_Conventions \"Geneva Conventions\") applied to the recently occupied territories,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.israellawresourcecenter.org/cgi\\-bin/browse.py?sectionname\\=laws\\&action\\=view\\&item\\=1 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622212939/http://www.israellawresourcecenter.org/cgi\\-bin/browse.py?sectionname\\=laws\\&action\\=view\\&item\\=1 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 22, 2006 \\|title\\=Israeli Military Orders List \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=June 1, 2016 }}. p. 1\\. israellawresourcecenter.org but this order was rescinded a few months later.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.israellawresourcecenter.org/cgi\\-bin/browse.py?sectionname\\=laws\\&action\\=view\\&item\\=101 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622213011/http://www.israellawresourcecenter.org/cgi\\-bin/browse.py?sectionname\\=laws\\&action\\=view\\&item\\=101 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 22, 2006 \\|title\\=Israeli Military Orders List \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=June 1, 2016 }}. p. 3\\. israellawresourcecenter.org For a number of years, Israel argued on various grounds that the Geneva Conventions do not apply. One is the Missing Reversioner theoryYehuda Z. Blum [\"The Missing Reversioner: Reflections on the Status of Judea and Samaria\"](http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/israel3&div=26&id=&page=), Israel L. Rev. 279 (1968\\) which argued that the Geneva Conventions apply only to the sovereign territory of a High Contracting Party, and therefore do not apply since Jordan never exercised sovereignty over the region. However, that interpretation is not shared by the international community.{{cite news\\|title\\=The Geneva Convention\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/1682640\\.stm\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|access\\-date\\=3 August 2010\\|date\\=2009\\-12\\-10\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-12\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512075554/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/1682640\\.stm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The application of the Geneva Conventions to the Occupied Palestinian Territories was further upheld by the International Court of Justice, UN General Assembly, UN Security Council and the Israeli Supreme Court.\n[thumb\\|[Israeli West Bank barrier](/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier \"Israeli West Bank barrier\")](/wiki/File:Qalandia_checkpoint_-_panoramio_%28535%29.jpg \"Qalandia checkpoint - panoramio (535).jpg\")\nIn cases before the Israeli High Court of Justice, the government has agreed that the military commander's authority is anchored in the Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, and that the humanitarian rules of the Fourth Geneva Convention apply.{{cite web\\|last\\=Israel: Supreme Court\\|title\\=Beit Sourik Village Council v. The Government of Israel\\|url\\=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4374ac594\\.html\\|publisher\\=UNHCR\\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2010\\|page\\=14\\|archive\\-date\\=14 October 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014173236/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4374ac594\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs says that the Supreme Court of Israel has ruled that the Fourth Geneva Convention and certain parts of Additional Protocol I reflect customary international law that is applicable in the occupied territories.[See Operation Gaza: factual and legal aspects](http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Hamas+war+against+Israel/Operation_Gaza_factual_and_legal_aspects_applicable_legal_framework_5_Aug_2009.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927222528/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism\\-\\+Obstacle\\+to\\+Peace/Hamas\\+war\\+against\\+Israel/Operation\\_Gaza\\_factual\\_and\\_legal\\_aspects\\_applicable\\_legal\\_framework\\_5\\_Aug\\_2009\\.htm \\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-27 }}. Mfa.gov.il. Retrieved on 2012\\-01\\-15\\.",
"Former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court [Meir Shamgar](/wiki/Meir_Shamgar \"Meir Shamgar\"), taking a different approach, wrote in the 1970s that there is no *[de jure](/wiki/De_jure \"De jure\")* applicability of the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention regarding occupied territories to the case of the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank \"West Bank\") and [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Gaza_Strip \"Gaza Strip\") since the Convention \"is based on the assumption that there had been a sovereign who was ousted and that he had been a legitimate sovereign.\"{{cite web \\|last\\=Gold \\|first\\=Dore \\|title\\=From \"Occupied Territories\" to \"Disputed Territories \\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs (Israeli Security, Regional Diplomacy, and International Law) \\|date\\=16 January 2002 \\|url\\=http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp470\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 July 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709034305/http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp470\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Israeli diplomat [Dore Gold](/wiki/Dore_Gold \"Dore Gold\") has argued that the language of \"occupation\" has allowed Palestinian spokesmen to obfuscate this history. By repeatedly pointing to \"occupation\", they manage to reverse the causality of the conflict, especially in front of Western audiences. Thus, the current territorial dispute is allegedly the result of an Israeli decision \"to occupy\" rather than a result of a war imposed on Israel by a coalition of Arab states in 1967\\.\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Map of the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank \"West Bank\"), May 2021, showing [Palestinian](/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority \"Palestinian National Authority\") (green) and Israeli control.](/wiki/File:Situation_in_the_West_Bank_%28May_2021%29.svg \"Situation in the West Bank (May 2021).svg\")\n[Gershom Gorenberg](/wiki/Gershom_Gorenberg \"Gershom Gorenberg\"), disputing these views, has written that the Israeli government knew at the outset that it was violating the Geneva Convention by creating civilian settlements in the territories under IDF administration. He explained that as the legal counsel of the Foreign Ministry, [Theodor Meron](/wiki/Theodor_Meron \"Theodor Meron\") was the Israeli government's expert on international law. On September 16, 1967, Meron wrote a top secret memo to Adi Yafeh, Political Secretary of the Prime Minister, regarding \"Settlement in the Administered Territories\", which said, \"My conclusion is that civilian settlement in the Administered territories contravenes the explicit provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention.\"Gorenberg, Gershom, *The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967–1977*, Macmillan, 2006, {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-8050\\-7564\\-9}} p. 99 Moshe Dayan authored a secret memo in 1968 proposing massive settlement in the territories which said \"Settling Israelis in administered territory, as is known, contravenes international conventions, but there is nothing essentially new about that.\"See Israeli State Archives 153\\.8/7920/7A, Document 60, dated October 15, 1968, cited on page 173 of Gorenberg's *The Accidental Empire*",
"Various [Israeli cabinets](/wiki/Government_of_Israel \"Government of Israel\") have made political statements and many of Israel's citizens and supporters [dispute](/wiki/Military_occupation%23Disputed_to_be_a_military_occupation_by_nation_of_dominant_military_forces_in_area \"Military occupation#Disputed to be a military occupation by nation of dominant military forces in area\") that the territories are occupied and claim that use of the term \"occupied\" in relation to [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\")'s control of the areas has no basis in [international law](/wiki/International_law \"International law\") or [history](/wiki/Land_of_Israel%23The_Land_of_Israel_and_the_State_of_Israel \"Land of Israel#The Land of Israel and the State of Israel\"), and that it prejudges the outcome of any future or ongoing [negotiations](/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process \"Israeli–Palestinian peace process\"). They argue it is more accurate to refer to the territories as \"[disputed](/wiki/International_law_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict%23%22Occupied%22_vs._%22Disputed%22_territories \"International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict#\")\" rather than \"[occupied](/wiki/Military_occupation \"Military occupation\")\" although they agree to apply the humanitarian provisions of the [Fourth Geneva Convention](/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention \"Fourth Geneva Convention\") pending resolution of the dispute. [Yoram Dinstein](/wiki/Yoram_Dinstein \"Yoram Dinstein\") has dismissed the position that they are not occupied as being \"based on dubious legal grounds, considering that the Fourth Geneva Convention does not make its applicability conditional on recognition of \\[sovereign] titles\".See Yoram Dinstein, 'The International Law of Belligerent Occupation and Human Rights', 8 Israeli Yearbook on Human Rights 104, 107 (1978\\) Many Israeli government websites do refer to the areas as being \"occupied territories\".[Public activities section of Ezer Weizman's Knesset profile](https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mk_eng.asp?mk_individual_id_t=690) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419222005/https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mk\\_eng.asp?mk\\_individual\\_id\\_t\\=690 \\|date\\=2023\\-04\\-19 }}. Knesset.gov.il. Retrieved on 2012\\-01\\-15\\. According to the BBC, \"Israel argues that the international conventions relating to occupied land do not apply to the Palestinian territories because they were not under the legitimate sovereignty of any state in the first place.\"[\"The Geneva Convention\"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/israel_and_the_palestinians/key_documents/1682640.stm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213203132/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in\\_depth/middle\\_east/israel\\_and\\_the\\_palestinians/key\\_documents/1682640\\.stm \\|date\\=2006\\-02\\-13 }}, Israel and the Palestinians, BBC News",
"In the *Report on the Legal Status of Building in Judea and Samaria*, usually referred to as *[Levy Report](/wiki/Levy_Report \"Levy Report\")*, published in July 2012, a three\\-member committee headed by former Israeli Supreme Court justice [Edmund Levy](/wiki/Edmund_Levy \"Edmund Levy\") which was appointed by Prime Minister [Binyamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Binyamin_Netanyahu \"Binyamin Netanyahu\") comes to the conclusion that Israel's presence in the West Bank is not an occupation in the legal sense,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/10/world/middleeast/israeli\\-panel\\-says\\-west\\-bank\\-presence\\-is\\-not\\-occupation\\-and\\-recommends\\-approval\\-of\\-jewish\\-settlements.html\\|title\\=Validate Settlements, Israeli Panel Suggests\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|author\\=Isabel Kershner\\|date\\=9 July 2012\\|access\\-date\\=10 July 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=9 July 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709213745/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/10/world/middleeast/israeli\\-panel\\-says\\-west\\-bank\\-presence\\-is\\-not\\-occupation\\-and\\-recommends\\-approval\\-of\\-jewish\\-settlements.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and that the Israeli settlements in those territories do not contravene international law.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy\\-and\\-Politics/PM\\-to\\-decide\\-on\\-Levy\\-report\\-with\\-settlement\\-ctee \\|title\\=PM to decide on Levy report with settlement c'tee \\|work\\=The Jerusalem Post \\|author\\=Lahav Harkov \\|date\\=9 July 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=13 January 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114122253/http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy\\-and\\-Politics/PM\\-to\\-decide\\-on\\-Levy\\-report\\-with\\-settlement\\-ctee \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The report has met with both approval and harsh criticism in Israel and outside. As of July 2013, the report was not brought before the Israeli cabinet or any parliamentary or governmental body which would have the power to approve it.",
"#### Israeli Jewish religious views",
"{{Main\\|Land of Israel\\|Greater Israel}}\n[thumb\\|200px\\|Map showing an interpretation of the borders of the Land of Israel, based on scriptural verses found in {{bibleverse\\|\\|Numbers\\|34:1–15\\|HE}} and {{bibleverse\\|\\|Ezekiel\\|47:13–20\\|HE}}, includes almost all of the occupied territories.](/wiki/File:Map_Land_of_Israel.jpg \"Map Land of Israel.jpg\")",
"According to the views of most adherents of [Religious Zionism](/wiki/Religious_Zionism \"Religious Zionism\") and to certain streams of [Orthodox Judaism](/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism \"Orthodox Judaism\"), there are no, and cannot be, \"occupied territories\" because all of the [Land of Israel](/wiki/Land_of_Israel \"Land of Israel\") ({{lang\\-he\\|אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל}} *ʼÉreṣ Yiśrāʼēl*, *Eretz Yisrael*) belongs to the [Jews](/wiki/Jews \"Jews\"), also known as the [Children of Israel](/wiki/Children_of_Israel \"Children of Israel\"), since the times of Biblical antiquity based on various [Hebrew Bible](/wiki/Hebrew_Bible \"Hebrew Bible\") passages.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2016}}",
"The Jewish religious belief that the area is a God\\-given inheritance of the Jewish people is based on the [Torah](/wiki/Torah \"Torah\"), especially the books of [Genesis](/wiki/Book_of_Genesis \"Book of Genesis\") and [Exodus](/wiki/Book_of_Exodus \"Book of Exodus\"), as well as the [Prophets](/wiki/Nevi%27im \"Nevi'im\"). According to the Book of Genesis, the land was promised by [God](/wiki/God_in_Judaism \"God in Judaism\") to the descendants of [Abraham](/wiki/Abraham \"Abraham\") through his son [Isaac](/wiki/Isaac \"Isaac\") and to the [Israelites](/wiki/Israelites \"Israelites\"), descendants of [Jacob](/wiki/Jacob \"Jacob\"), Abraham's grandson. A literal reading of the text suggests that the land promise is (or was at one time) one of the [Biblical covenants](/wiki/Biblical_covenants \"Biblical covenants\") between God and the Israelites, as the following verses show.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2016}}",
"The definition of the limits of this territory varies between biblical passages, some of the main ones being:\n* {{bibleverse\\|\\|Genesis\\|15:18–21\\|HE}}\n* {{bibleverse\\|\\|Exodus\\|23:28–33\\|HE}}\n* {{bibleverse\\|\\|Numbers\\|34:1–15\\|HE}}\n* {{bibleverse\\|\\|Deuteronomy\\|11:24\\|HE}}\n* {{bibleverse\\|\\|Deuteronomy\\|1:7\\|HE}}\n* {{bibleverse\\|\\|Ezekiel\\|47:13–20\\|HE}}",
"The boundaries of the Land of Israel are different from the borders of historical [Israelite kingdoms](/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah \"History of ancient Israel and Judah\"). The [Bar Kokhba state](/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt \"Bar Kokhba revolt\"), the [Herodian Kingdom](/wiki/Herodian_Kingdom \"Herodian Kingdom\"), the [Hasmonean Kingdom](/wiki/Hasmonean_Kingdom \"Hasmonean Kingdom\"), and possibly the [United Kingdom of Israel and Judah](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_%28united_monarchy%29 \"Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/israeljudaea/f/UnitedMonarchy.htm\\|title\\=Ancient History: The United Monarchy\\|author\\=N.S. Gill\\|publisher\\=About.com Education\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-11\\-20\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-03\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000812/http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/israeljudaea/f/UnitedMonarchy.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} ruled lands with similar but not identical boundaries. The current [State of Israel](/wiki/State_of_Israel \"State of Israel\") also has similar but not identical boundaries.",
"A small sect of [Haredi](/wiki/Haredi_Judaism \"Haredi Judaism\") Jews, the [Neturei Karta](/wiki/Neturei_Karta \"Neturei Karta\") opposes [Zionism](/wiki/Zionism \"Zionism\") and calls for a peaceful dismantling of the [State of Israel](/wiki/State_of_Israel \"State of Israel\"), in the belief that Jews are forbidden to have their own state until the coming of the [Messiah](/wiki/Messiah \"Messiah\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/nk.html\\|title\\=Neturei Karta\\|publisher\\=Jewish Virtual Library\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-06\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-01\\-23\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123114436/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/nk.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nkusa.org/AboutUs/Zionism/judaism\\_isnot\\_zionism.cfm\\|title\\=Judaism is not Zionism\\|publisher\\=Neturei Karta International\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415203350/http://www.nkusa.org/AboutUs/Zionism/judaism\\_isnot\\_zionism.cfm\\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-04\\-15}}",
""
] |
History
-------
Voigtländer was founded in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna"), [Archduchy of Austria](/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria "Archduchy of Austria"), in 1756, by {{Interlanguage link multi\|Johann Christoph Voigtländer\|de}}. Voigtländer produced [mathematical instruments](/wiki/Mathematical_instruments "Mathematical instruments"), [precision mechanical](/wiki/Precision_mechanics "Precision mechanics") products, [optical instruments](/wiki/Optical_instruments "Optical instruments"), including optical measuring instruments and [opera glasses](/wiki/Opera_glasses "Opera glasses"), and is the oldest name in [cameras](/wiki/Cameras "Cameras").
### Early beginnings
Johann Christoph Voigtländer (November 19, 1732 in [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig "Leipzig") – June 27, 1797 in Vienna), the son of a carpenter, came to [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague") in 1755, and to Vienna in the same year, and worked from 1757 to 1762 in the workshop of Meinicke, who produced [mathematical instruments](/wiki/Mathematical_instruments "Mathematical instruments").
Through Johann Voigtländer's skilful achievements, the Minister of State of the [Habsburg monarchy](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy "Habsburg monarchy")—[Prince Wenzel von Kaunitz](/wiki/Wenzel_Anton%2C_Prince_of_Kaunitz-Rietberg "Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg"), drew attention to Voigtländer and Empress [Maria Theresa](/wiki/Maria_Theresa "Maria Theresa") of Austria granted Voigtländer in 1763 a so\-called trade "Protection Decree" (German *Schutzdekret/Schutzdecret*): "on the making of mathematical instruments and on an unspecified number of workers", upon which Voigtländer founded his own workshop and whereby he could sell his products relatively unrivalled.
In 1767, Voigtländer invented two important tools: a linear device for natural and tapered gauges, and a circular device for [elevation](/wiki/Elevation "Elevation"), [astrolabe](/wiki/Astrolabe "Astrolabe"), and [cartography](/wiki/Cartography "Cartography") etc., including, a screw cutting machine, a metal lathe and finishing rollers for sheep wool and silk factories. The production program was supplemented by compasses, tweezers, levelling devices, dioptres and other fine mechanical products.
In recognition of his achievements and dexterity, Voigtländer received in 1797 a so\-called "national commercial license with all advantages and privileges" (German *Landesfabriksbefugnis*); this license awarded Voigtländer under certain circumstances the prestige to display the imperial eagle of the [Habsburg monarchy](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy "Habsburg monarchy"), but above all the right to establish branch sales offices in all major cities of the empire. In the same year, Voigtländer died, and his successful family business was continued by his widow, their three sons and one daughter.
[thumb\|right\|Photo of Johann Christoph Voigtländer's grandson: Peter Wilhelm Friedrich [Ritter](/wiki/Ritter "Ritter") [von](/wiki/Von "Von") Voigtländer (November 17, 1812 in Vienna – April 7, 1878 in Braunschweig). Portrait photo on [daguerreotype](/wiki/Daguerreotype "Daguerreotype") by [Johann Baptist Isenring](/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Isenring "Johann Baptist Isenring"), ca. 1843](/wiki/File:Friedrich_von_Voigtlaender.jpg "Friedrich von Voigtlaender.jpg")
From 1840, Voigtländer's grandson {{ill\|Peter Wilhelm Friedrich Ritter von Voigtländer\|de\|Peter Wilhelm Friedrich von Voigtländer}} established Voigtländer as a leading photographic company of its time on introducing and producing the [Petzval objective lens](/wiki/Petzval_lens "Petzval lens").{{Cite book\|title\=Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=m8TsygLyfSMC\|first1\=Lance\|last1\=Day\|first2\=Ian\|last2\=McNeil\|publisher\=Routledge\|location\=London\|year\=1996\|pages\=958–959\|isbn\=0\-415\-06042\-7}}{{Cite book\|title\=Deutschen Biographischen Enzyklopädie\|trans\-title\=German Biographical Encyclopaedia\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-MAlCv4xROAC\|volume\=10\|publisher\=K.G. Saur Verlag\|location\=Munich\|year\=2008\|language\=de\|pages\=292\|isbn\=978\-3\-598\-25040\-8}}
### Photography optics and cameras
From 1839, the year, when the invention of [photography](/wiki/Photography "Photography") was being published, came [objective optics](/wiki/Objective_%28optics%29 "Objective (optics)") and from 1840 complete cameras for photography. The [Voigtländer objectives](/wiki/Petzval_lens "Petzval lens") were revolutionary because they were the first mathematically calculated precision objectives in the history of photography, developed by the [Austro\-Hungarian](/wiki/Austria-Hungary "Austria-Hungary")/[Slovak](/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia") mathematics professor [Josef Maximilian Petzval](/wiki/Josef_Maximilian_Petzval "Josef Maximilian Petzval"), with technical advice provided by Peter Voigtländer. Voigtländer went on to produce the first [Petzval portrait photographic lens](/wiki/Petzval_lens "Petzval lens") (the fastest lens at that time: f/3\.6\) in 1840, and the world's first all\-metal [daguerreotype](/wiki/Daguerreotype "Daguerreotype") camera (*Ganzmetallkamera*) in 1840, also bringing out [photographic plate](/wiki/Photographic_plate "Photographic plate") cameras shortly afterwards. An original of the 1840 all\-metal daguerreotype camera with "No. 84 Voigtländer \& Sohn in Vienna" is exhibited in the "[Deutsches Museum](/wiki/Deutsches_Museum "Deutsches Museum")" in Munich.
In 1845, Peter Voigtländer married the daughter of a respected [Braunschweig](/wiki/Braunschweig "Braunschweig") lawyer, whom he had met on one of his photographic sale journeys in Braunschweig. Voigtländer had previously set up a branch sales office in [Braunschweig](/wiki/Braunschweig "Braunschweig"), [Duchy of Brunswick](/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick "Duchy of Brunswick"), at that time the central hub in the German rail network. Compared to Vienna, Braunschweig offered a location advantage regarding the distribution of Voigtländer objectives and daguerreotype camera products due to the greater proximity to the German overseas ports.
During the rising social and political tensions in the [Austrian Empire](/wiki/Austrian_Empire "Austrian Empire") leading to the [Revolutions of 1848](/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire "Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire"), Peter Voigtländer had joined the political cause of the Democrats and also became [adjutant](/wiki/Adjutant "Adjutant") to the commander of the Vienna national civil guard—General {{ill\|Wenzel Messenhauser\|de}}. As the revolutions escalated during the [Vienna Uprising](/wiki/Vienna_Uprising "Vienna Uprising") of October 1848, the counter\-revolution had strengthened with full force, and General Messenhauser of the revolting national civil guard, like many others—were executed. Voigtländer at that time had in perception of the power relations withdrawn from the Vienna national civil guard and with his family took refuge in a suburb of Vienna. On the wishes of Peter Voigtländer's wife and when the March revolutions of 1848 hindered the further development of the young photographic company, the family promptly re\-located from Vienna to his wife's hometown Braunschweig, where from 1849 Voigtländer established a subsidiary production site, granted on a provisional "Concession for the pursuit of a trade", issued by the city directorate with a term of five years. In September 1852, Peter Voigtländer was successfully awarded a so\-called "land\-cooperative" (German *Markgenossenschaft*) and issued the desired unrestricted "Concession for the pursuit of a trade" in the city Braunschweig. In 1864, Peter Voigtländer was honoured by Emperor [Franz Joseph I of Austria](/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria "Franz Joseph I of Austria") with the [Knight's Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross "Knight's Cross") of the [Order of Franz Joseph](/wiki/Order_of_Franz_Joseph "Order of Franz Joseph"); becoming known as Peter Wilhelm Friedrich [Ritter](/wiki/Ritter "Ritter") [von](/wiki/Von "Von") Voigtländer. On the death of Voigtländer's Vienna works manager, the Vienna business was closed in 1868\.
### Public corporation
[thumb\|Wooden studio camera {{circa\|1909}} with Voigtländer *Heliar* lens, focal length 42 cm, Serial number 79862 [20px\|link\=:Commons:File:Historic Camera 06\.jpg](/wiki/File:Leica_Nr.619125_Holler_Swakopmund.jpg "Leica Nr.619125 Holler Swakopmund.jpg")](/wiki/File:Historic_Camera_05.jpg "Historic Camera 05.jpg")
[thumb\|Share of the Voigtländer \& Sohn AG, issued September 1925](/wiki/File:Voigtl%C3%A4nder_%26_Sohn_AG_1925.jpg "Voigtländer & Sohn AG 1925.jpg")
Voigtländer Braunschweig changed status to a public *[Aktiengesellschaft](/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft "Aktiengesellschaft")* (Voigtländer \& Sohn AG) in 1898\. In 1923 a majority of the shares (99\.7%) were acquired by [Schering AG](/wiki/Schering_AG "Schering AG")'s photo division and large\-scale production then took place in 1925\.
[thumb\|Former headquarters and production site of Voigtländer, at *Campe\-Straße* in Braunschweig, Germany](/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Brunswick_Altes_Voigtlaender-Gebaeude_SW_%282006%29.jpg "Braunschweig Brunswick Altes Voigtlaender-Gebaeude SW (2006).jpg")
Over the next three decades, Voigtländer became a technology leader and the first manufacturer to introduce several new photographic products that later became commonplace. These include the first [zoom lens](/wiki/Zoom_lens "Zoom lens") for 35 mm still photography (36–82/2\.8 [*Zoomar*](/wiki/Zoomar_lens "Zoomar lens")) in 1959{{Cite news \|last\=Deschin \|first\=Jacob \|date\=15 March 1959 \|title\=Zoom Lens For Stills \|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/03/15/110085221\.html?pageNumber\=419 \|work\=The New York Times \|page\=X11 \|access\-date\=September 12, 2017 \|url\-access\=subscription }} and the first 35 mm compact camera with built\-in [electronic flash](/wiki/Electronic_flash "Electronic flash") (Vitrona) in 1965\.
Schering sold its share of the company to the [Carl Zeiss Foundation](/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_Foundation "Carl Zeiss Foundation") in 1956, and *[Zeiss\-Ikon](/wiki/Zeiss-Ikon "Zeiss-Ikon")* and *Voigtländer\-Vertriebsgesellschaft* integrated in 1965\. Due to falling sales, on 4 August 1971 *Zeiss\-Ikon/Voigtländer\-Vertriebsgesellschaft* ceased camera production and closed the Voigtländer factory, which employed at the time 2,037 persons. Subsequently, the company was reorganized as the collective enterprise *Optische Werke Voigtländer* (Optical Works Voigtländer), in which [Carl Zeiss AG](/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG "Carl Zeiss AG"), the state of [Lower Saxony](/wiki/Lower_Saxony "Lower Saxony") and the [Braunschweig](/wiki/Braunschweig "Braunschweig") camera manufacturer [Rollei](/wiki/Rollei "Rollei") each took an equal one\-third share; in 1974, Rollei took over all the shares. On the collapse of Rollei in 1982, Plusfoto took over the name, selling it in 1997 to Ringfoto.
### Current Status
Since 1999, Voigtländer\-branded products have been manufactured and marketed by the Japanese optics and camera company [Cosina](/wiki/Cosina "Cosina"), under license from Ringfoto GmbH \& Co. ALFO Marketing KG; for these, see [Cosina Voigtländer](/wiki/Cosina_Voigtl%C3%A4nder "Cosina Voigtländer").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Voigtländer was founded in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\"), [Archduchy of Austria](/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria \"Archduchy of Austria\"), in 1756, by {{Interlanguage link multi\\|Johann Christoph Voigtländer\\|de}}. Voigtländer produced [mathematical instruments](/wiki/Mathematical_instruments \"Mathematical instruments\"), [precision mechanical](/wiki/Precision_mechanics \"Precision mechanics\") products, [optical instruments](/wiki/Optical_instruments \"Optical instruments\"), including optical measuring instruments and [opera glasses](/wiki/Opera_glasses \"Opera glasses\"), and is the oldest name in [cameras](/wiki/Cameras \"Cameras\").",
"### Early beginnings",
"Johann Christoph Voigtländer (November 19, 1732 in [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig \"Leipzig\") – June 27, 1797 in Vienna), the son of a carpenter, came to [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\") in 1755, and to Vienna in the same year, and worked from 1757 to 1762 in the workshop of Meinicke, who produced [mathematical instruments](/wiki/Mathematical_instruments \"Mathematical instruments\").",
"Through Johann Voigtländer's skilful achievements, the Minister of State of the [Habsburg monarchy](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy \"Habsburg monarchy\")—[Prince Wenzel von Kaunitz](/wiki/Wenzel_Anton%2C_Prince_of_Kaunitz-Rietberg \"Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg\"), drew attention to Voigtländer and Empress [Maria Theresa](/wiki/Maria_Theresa \"Maria Theresa\") of Austria granted Voigtländer in 1763 a so\\-called trade \"Protection Decree\" (German *Schutzdekret/Schutzdecret*): \"on the making of mathematical instruments and on an unspecified number of workers\", upon which Voigtländer founded his own workshop and whereby he could sell his products relatively unrivalled.",
"In 1767, Voigtländer invented two important tools: a linear device for natural and tapered gauges, and a circular device for [elevation](/wiki/Elevation \"Elevation\"), [astrolabe](/wiki/Astrolabe \"Astrolabe\"), and [cartography](/wiki/Cartography \"Cartography\") etc., including, a screw cutting machine, a metal lathe and finishing rollers for sheep wool and silk factories. The production program was supplemented by compasses, tweezers, levelling devices, dioptres and other fine mechanical products.",
"In recognition of his achievements and dexterity, Voigtländer received in 1797 a so\\-called \"national commercial license with all advantages and privileges\" (German *Landesfabriksbefugnis*); this license awarded Voigtländer under certain circumstances the prestige to display the imperial eagle of the [Habsburg monarchy](/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy \"Habsburg monarchy\"), but above all the right to establish branch sales offices in all major cities of the empire. In the same year, Voigtländer died, and his successful family business was continued by his widow, their three sons and one daughter.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Photo of Johann Christoph Voigtländer's grandson: Peter Wilhelm Friedrich [Ritter](/wiki/Ritter \"Ritter\") [von](/wiki/Von \"Von\") Voigtländer (November 17, 1812 in Vienna – April 7, 1878 in Braunschweig). Portrait photo on [daguerreotype](/wiki/Daguerreotype \"Daguerreotype\") by [Johann Baptist Isenring](/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Isenring \"Johann Baptist Isenring\"), ca. 1843](/wiki/File:Friedrich_von_Voigtlaender.jpg \"Friedrich von Voigtlaender.jpg\")\nFrom 1840, Voigtländer's grandson {{ill\\|Peter Wilhelm Friedrich Ritter von Voigtländer\\|de\\|Peter Wilhelm Friedrich von Voigtländer}} established Voigtländer as a leading photographic company of its time on introducing and producing the [Petzval objective lens](/wiki/Petzval_lens \"Petzval lens\").{{Cite book\\|title\\=Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=m8TsygLyfSMC\\|first1\\=Lance\\|last1\\=Day\\|first2\\=Ian\\|last2\\=McNeil\\|publisher\\=Routledge\\|location\\=London\\|year\\=1996\\|pages\\=958–959\\|isbn\\=0\\-415\\-06042\\-7}}{{Cite book\\|title\\=Deutschen Biographischen Enzyklopädie\\|trans\\-title\\=German Biographical Encyclopaedia\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-MAlCv4xROAC\\|volume\\=10\\|publisher\\=K.G. Saur Verlag\\|location\\=Munich\\|year\\=2008\\|language\\=de\\|pages\\=292\\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-598\\-25040\\-8}}",
"### Photography optics and cameras",
"From 1839, the year, when the invention of [photography](/wiki/Photography \"Photography\") was being published, came [objective optics](/wiki/Objective_%28optics%29 \"Objective (optics)\") and from 1840 complete cameras for photography. The [Voigtländer objectives](/wiki/Petzval_lens \"Petzval lens\") were revolutionary because they were the first mathematically calculated precision objectives in the history of photography, developed by the [Austro\\-Hungarian](/wiki/Austria-Hungary \"Austria-Hungary\")/[Slovak](/wiki/Slovakia \"Slovakia\") mathematics professor [Josef Maximilian Petzval](/wiki/Josef_Maximilian_Petzval \"Josef Maximilian Petzval\"), with technical advice provided by Peter Voigtländer. Voigtländer went on to produce the first [Petzval portrait photographic lens](/wiki/Petzval_lens \"Petzval lens\") (the fastest lens at that time: f/3\\.6\\) in 1840, and the world's first all\\-metal [daguerreotype](/wiki/Daguerreotype \"Daguerreotype\") camera (*Ganzmetallkamera*) in 1840, also bringing out [photographic plate](/wiki/Photographic_plate \"Photographic plate\") cameras shortly afterwards. An original of the 1840 all\\-metal daguerreotype camera with \"No. 84 Voigtländer \\& Sohn in Vienna\" is exhibited in the \"[Deutsches Museum](/wiki/Deutsches_Museum \"Deutsches Museum\")\" in Munich.",
"In 1845, Peter Voigtländer married the daughter of a respected [Braunschweig](/wiki/Braunschweig \"Braunschweig\") lawyer, whom he had met on one of his photographic sale journeys in Braunschweig. Voigtländer had previously set up a branch sales office in [Braunschweig](/wiki/Braunschweig \"Braunschweig\"), [Duchy of Brunswick](/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick \"Duchy of Brunswick\"), at that time the central hub in the German rail network. Compared to Vienna, Braunschweig offered a location advantage regarding the distribution of Voigtländer objectives and daguerreotype camera products due to the greater proximity to the German overseas ports.",
"During the rising social and political tensions in the [Austrian Empire](/wiki/Austrian_Empire \"Austrian Empire\") leading to the [Revolutions of 1848](/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire \"Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire\"), Peter Voigtländer had joined the political cause of the Democrats and also became [adjutant](/wiki/Adjutant \"Adjutant\") to the commander of the Vienna national civil guard—General {{ill\\|Wenzel Messenhauser\\|de}}. As the revolutions escalated during the [Vienna Uprising](/wiki/Vienna_Uprising \"Vienna Uprising\") of October 1848, the counter\\-revolution had strengthened with full force, and General Messenhauser of the revolting national civil guard, like many others—were executed. Voigtländer at that time had in perception of the power relations withdrawn from the Vienna national civil guard and with his family took refuge in a suburb of Vienna. On the wishes of Peter Voigtländer's wife and when the March revolutions of 1848 hindered the further development of the young photographic company, the family promptly re\\-located from Vienna to his wife's hometown Braunschweig, where from 1849 Voigtländer established a subsidiary production site, granted on a provisional \"Concession for the pursuit of a trade\", issued by the city directorate with a term of five years. In September 1852, Peter Voigtländer was successfully awarded a so\\-called \"land\\-cooperative\" (German *Markgenossenschaft*) and issued the desired unrestricted \"Concession for the pursuit of a trade\" in the city Braunschweig. In 1864, Peter Voigtländer was honoured by Emperor [Franz Joseph I of Austria](/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria \"Franz Joseph I of Austria\") with the [Knight's Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross \"Knight's Cross\") of the [Order of Franz Joseph](/wiki/Order_of_Franz_Joseph \"Order of Franz Joseph\"); becoming known as Peter Wilhelm Friedrich [Ritter](/wiki/Ritter \"Ritter\") [von](/wiki/Von \"Von\") Voigtländer. On the death of Voigtländer's Vienna works manager, the Vienna business was closed in 1868\\.",
"### Public corporation",
"[thumb\\|Wooden studio camera {{circa\\|1909}} with Voigtländer *Heliar* lens, focal length 42 cm, Serial number 79862 [20px\\|link\\=:Commons:File:Historic Camera 06\\.jpg](/wiki/File:Leica_Nr.619125_Holler_Swakopmund.jpg \"Leica Nr.619125 Holler Swakopmund.jpg\")](/wiki/File:Historic_Camera_05.jpg \"Historic Camera 05.jpg\") \n[thumb\\|Share of the Voigtländer \\& Sohn AG, issued September 1925](/wiki/File:Voigtl%C3%A4nder_%26_Sohn_AG_1925.jpg \"Voigtländer & Sohn AG 1925.jpg\")\nVoigtländer Braunschweig changed status to a public *[Aktiengesellschaft](/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft \"Aktiengesellschaft\")* (Voigtländer \\& Sohn AG) in 1898\\. In 1923 a majority of the shares (99\\.7%) were acquired by [Schering AG](/wiki/Schering_AG \"Schering AG\")'s photo division and large\\-scale production then took place in 1925\\.",
"[thumb\\|Former headquarters and production site of Voigtländer, at *Campe\\-Straße* in Braunschweig, Germany](/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Brunswick_Altes_Voigtlaender-Gebaeude_SW_%282006%29.jpg \"Braunschweig Brunswick Altes Voigtlaender-Gebaeude SW (2006).jpg\")\nOver the next three decades, Voigtländer became a technology leader and the first manufacturer to introduce several new photographic products that later became commonplace. These include the first [zoom lens](/wiki/Zoom_lens \"Zoom lens\") for 35 mm still photography (36–82/2\\.8 [*Zoomar*](/wiki/Zoomar_lens \"Zoomar lens\")) in 1959{{Cite news \\|last\\=Deschin \\|first\\=Jacob \\|date\\=15 March 1959 \\|title\\=Zoom Lens For Stills \\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/03/15/110085221\\.html?pageNumber\\=419 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|page\\=X11 \\|access\\-date\\=September 12, 2017 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription }} and the first 35 mm compact camera with built\\-in [electronic flash](/wiki/Electronic_flash \"Electronic flash\") (Vitrona) in 1965\\.",
"Schering sold its share of the company to the [Carl Zeiss Foundation](/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_Foundation \"Carl Zeiss Foundation\") in 1956, and *[Zeiss\\-Ikon](/wiki/Zeiss-Ikon \"Zeiss-Ikon\")* and *Voigtländer\\-Vertriebsgesellschaft* integrated in 1965\\. Due to falling sales, on 4 August 1971 *Zeiss\\-Ikon/Voigtländer\\-Vertriebsgesellschaft* ceased camera production and closed the Voigtländer factory, which employed at the time 2,037 persons. Subsequently, the company was reorganized as the collective enterprise *Optische Werke Voigtländer* (Optical Works Voigtländer), in which [Carl Zeiss AG](/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG \"Carl Zeiss AG\"), the state of [Lower Saxony](/wiki/Lower_Saxony \"Lower Saxony\") and the [Braunschweig](/wiki/Braunschweig \"Braunschweig\") camera manufacturer [Rollei](/wiki/Rollei \"Rollei\") each took an equal one\\-third share; in 1974, Rollei took over all the shares. On the collapse of Rollei in 1982, Plusfoto took over the name, selling it in 1997 to Ringfoto.",
"### Current Status",
"Since 1999, Voigtländer\\-branded products have been manufactured and marketed by the Japanese optics and camera company [Cosina](/wiki/Cosina \"Cosina\"), under license from Ringfoto GmbH \\& Co. ALFO Marketing KG; for these, see [Cosina Voigtländer](/wiki/Cosina_Voigtl%C3%A4nder \"Cosina Voigtländer\").",
""
] |
Advocacy
--------
Swan is the President of the Greater Springfield NAACP. In 2022 he was reelected to his seventh 2 year.{{Cite web \|title\=Swan reelected president of Greater Springfield NAACP \|url\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2022/12/swan\-reelected\-president\-of\-greater\-springfield\-naacp.html \|last\=Republican \|first\=The \|date\=December 3, 2022 \|website\=masslive.com}} He has advocated for police reform, voting rights, and community responsibility.Vannah, Tom. ["Real Talk"](http://valleyadvocate.com/2014/06/25/real-talk/), *Valley Advocate*, June 25, 2014 Defeating his rival by a three\-to\-one margin in the 2011 election for president of the Greater Springfield NAACP, Swan's election reportedly created anticipation of a resurgence of social activism in the region.Turner, Maureen. ["A New Pulpit"](http://valleyadvocate.com/2011/07/28/a-new-pulpit/), *Valley Advocate*, July 28, 2011 The *Valley Advocate* noted that this led to a revitalization of the organization and its voice on critical community issues.{{Cite web \|title\=2012 Valley Advocate Halos and Horns \|url\=https://valleyadvocate.com/2012/12/21/2012\-valley\-advocate\-halos\-and\-horns/ \|last\=Staff \|first\=Valley Advocate \|date\=December 21, 2012}} Swan outlined the priorities of the branch as taking a renewed focus on education, health, economic empowerment, political action and social justice advocacy.Rizzuto, Robert. ["Springfield NAACP President Talbert W. Swan II outlines priorities"](http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2011/09/springfield_naacp_president_ta.html), *Springfield Republican*, September 24, 2011
### Police reform
Swan, a longtime advocate for police reform, first came to national attention in the wake of receiving a harassing telephone call from Joseph Bradley, a Springfield, MA police officer. Bradley made the call from the Public Safety office of [Western New England University](/wiki/Western_New_England_University "Western New England University") and mocked the burning of black churches in the south. The call was made July 2, 1996, the day Swan was hosting a service to raise funds to assist southern churches that had been burned.Mcauliffe, Michael. "Blacks called to action on church fires", *Springfield Union News*, July 3, 1996, B4\. After confirming that the racist call was made by Bradley, Springfield Deputy Chief of Police Daniel Spellacy apologized to Swan, his congregation, and the [African American](/wiki/African_Americans "African Americans") community, and Mayor [Michael Albano](/wiki/Michael_Albano "Michael Albano") vowed that the city would not tolerate such racist acts.Mcauliffe, Michael and Malley, Carol. "White officer linked to call: City's police apologize to blacks," *Springfield Union News*, July 6, 1996 A1\. Mayor Albano said that the call to Swan "borders on crisis" and announced the formation of a community coalition to deal with racial tensions.Stephenson, D.L. "Racial crisis possible says Albano", *Springfield Union News*, July 22, 1996, B1\.
Responding to the dismissal of assault charges against white police officer, Jeffrey Asher, who was caught on video kicking a handcuffed Roy Parker in the head, Swan organized a rally attracting hundreds, that was held across from Springfield City Hall."Police treatment of blacks focus of rally in wake of taped incident," *Nashua Telegraph*, June 28, 1997, p3\. Citing the reluctance of those in leadership to condemn Asher's actions because of Parker's prior criminal history, Swan condemned the silence of elected officials and clergy. He noted that "an open condemnation of this incident is long overdue" and that "the silence of those in leadership is shameful."Kelly, Ray. "Ministers decrying 'silence'", *Springfield Union News*, April 12, 1997, Front Page. Asher was eventually arraigned on assault charges,Flynn, Jack. "Officer arraigned in assault case", *Springfield Union News*, B1\. but was eventually cleared of the criminal charges. The Police Commission suspended him for one year and ordered him to undergo "sensitivity training." Asher's suspension was reduced to six months by a labor arbitrator, with Asher receiving $20,000 in back pay.Turner, Maureen. ["Asher Conviction Offers a "Glimmer of Hope"](http://valleyadvocate.com/2012/03/05/asher-conviction-offers-a-glimmer-of-hope/), *Valley Advocate*, May 5, 2012
Swan was the recipient of a racist fax by Springfield Police, a charge denied by the department. Swan reported that he received a fax laced with racial slurs and a warning to "leave our Police Department alone." In spite of the denial from the department, the telephone number displayed on the fax was that of a police department fax machine."Springfield Police Get their fax straight", *Fitchburg Sentinel And Enterprise*, July 20, 2000, p 15\. The Springfield police launched an investigation into Swan, accusing him of sending the faxes to himself. District Attorney William Bennett met with Swan and asked to issue an apology to the Police Department. Swan refused and viewed the actions of the department as the latest in a series of harassing acts dating back to the racist telephone call received from Officer Joseph Bradley.Turner, Maureen. "Getting the Fax Straight," *[The Valley Advocate](/wiki/The_Valley_Advocate "The Valley Advocate")*, August 24, 2000, 4\. Noting that Swan had made enemies "both among the old guard in the black community and among whites who don't appreciate his efforts to shake up a system that works pretty well for them," *Valley Advocate Editor* Tom Vannah opined that the rumors regarding the fax incident, although unproven, may have been "damaging enough to undercut the work" Swan's tried to do.Turner, Maureen and Vannah, Tom. "26 Pols You Should Know: A roster of the rogues, the righteous and the rabble rousers who shape Valley politics", *Valley Advocate*, September 14–20, 2000\.
Swan sought an independent investigation into the controversial 2011 shooting of 18\-year\-old Tahiem Goffe by a Springfield policeman, which was investigated by the Springfield police and ruled justified by the local district attorney.Sullivan, Jack. ["Clearing the cops: Do district attorneys rubber\-stamp police use of deadly force?"](https://commonwealthmagazine.org/criminal-justice/001-clearing-the-cops/), *[Commonwealth Magazine](/wiki/Commonwealth_Magazine "Commonwealth Magazine")*, January 15, 2014 Swan urged District Attorney [Mark G. Mastroianni](/wiki/Mark_G._Mastroianni "Mark G. Mastroianni") called to appoint a special prosecutor to investigate the incident, "to ensure that proper police procedures were employed and that the investigation will not be compromised."Turner, Maureen. ["Investigating the Springfield Police Department"](http://valleyadvocate.com/2012/01/19/investigating-the-springfield-police-department/), January 15, 2012 Swan argued the need for independent investigators in any cases involving a shooting by a police office. He noted that historically, the office of District Attorney has not been an effective instrument for insuring transparency.Turner, Maureen. "Investigating the Springfield Police Department," Valley Advocate, January 19, 2012\. Swan has called for police accountability and the implementation of civilian police oversight.{{Cite web \|title\=Swan Calls For Two\-City Police Commission \|url\=http://whmp.com/news/160061\-swan\-calls\-for\-two\-city\-police\-commission/ \|access\-date\=May 2, 2020}}
Swan weighed in on several high\-profile cases involving police shootings. After [George Zimmerman](/wiki/George_Zimmerman "George Zimmerman") was acquitted of the murder of 17 year old [Trayvon Martin](/wiki/Trayvon_Martin "Trayvon Martin"), Swan helped to organize the 'Justice for Trayvon Martin' rally, part of a 100\-city vigil that was held across the country.Zeitlin, Hugh. ["Western MA residents hold rally for Trayvon Martin"](http://www.westernmassnews.com/story/22893639/western-ma-residents-hold-rally-for-trayvon-martin), *Western Mass News*, July 20, 2013 Swan met with Massachusetts legislators to rally opposition to 'Stand Your Ground' legislation in the House of Representatives. Swan noted that we "should be encouraging non\-violence and the de\-escalation of conflicts when a safe retreat can be made."Turner, Maureen. "Standing Against 'Stand Your Ground'," Valley Advocate, May 19, 2012\. The legislation was not passed.
Swan is a former police chaplain for the Springfield Police Department. In 2005 he organized the Rev. Theodore N. Brown Anti Gang Initiative. The effort was named in honor of Rev. Theodore Brown, a school counselor who was murdered by 17 year old Corey Ramos.Stacom, Don. "Schools Move to Add Security", *[Hartford Courant](/wiki/Hartford_Courant "Hartford Courant")*, December 7, 2001\. In honor of Brown, Swan wrote a book, *Addressing Violence in Springfield Schools: We Cannot Allow the Death of Rev. Theodore N. Brown to be in Vain*.{{Cite book \|last\=results \|first\=search \|title\=Addressing Violence in Springfield Schools: We Cannot Allow the Death of Reverend Theodore N. Brown to be in Vain \|date\=28 November 2002 \|publisher\=Trumpet in Zion Publishing \|isbn\=0971635501}} The book presents Swan's analysis on school violence and several models of education.Dobbs, G. Michael. "Brown Remembered in Book", *The Reminder*, January 8, 2003\. The anti\-gang program trained street workers who frequented gang 'hot spots' trying to break through to young men and women involved in gangs, drugs, and violence or being drawn into such activity.Lowney, Mary Ellen. "Activists target gang 'hot spots'", *Springfield Republican*, May 20, 2005, A1\. Swan has worked with police departments and coordinated meetings at his church with witnesses to crimes in efforts to foster regular communication with law enforcement.Banks, Adele M. ["Police Chief To Black Churches: 'We Can't Do This Without You Guys'"](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/11/police-black-churches_n_6443664.html), *[Huffington Post](/wiki/Huffington_Post "Huffington Post")*, January 11, 2015\. Swan was appointed by Massachusetts Attorney General [Maura Healey](/wiki/Maura_Healey "Maura Healey") to her Advisory Council on Racial Justice and Equity{{Cite web \|title\=Racial Justice and Equity Council Members \|url\=http://www.mass.gov/ago/about\-the\-ago/community\-programs/racial\-justice\-and\-equity\-council\-members.pdf \|access\-date\=May 2, 2020}} and by Springfield City Council President Orlando Ramos to the Committee on Police and Community Relations.Goonan, Peter. ["Springfield City Council names committee to explore improvements in police\-community relations"](http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/02/springfield_city_council_names.html), *Springfield Republican*, February 16, 2007 Swan was appointed to a three year term beginning in 2021 as a member of the Commission on the Status of African Americans, a commission created by the landmark Massachusetts Police Reform law.{{Cite web\|url\=https://casetext.com/statute/general\-laws\-of\-massachusetts/part\-i\-administration\-of\-the\-government/title\-i\-jurisdiction\-and\-emblems\-of\-the\-commonwealth\-the\-general\-court\-statutes\-and\-public\-documents/chapter\-3\-the\-general\-court/section\-372\-effective\-712021\-commission\-on\-status\-of\-african\-americans\|title\=Section 3:72 \- Commission on status of African Americans, Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 3 § 72 \| Casetext Search \+ Citator}}
In 2021, Swan called for the dismissal of Springfield Police Commissioner Cheryl ClaproodAresko, Nick. ["Bishop Talbert Swan calls for Springfield PD commissioner’s resignation "](https://www.wwlp.com/news/local-news/bishop-talbert-swan-calls-for-springfield-pd-commissioners-resignation/), ‘’WWLP’’, June 7, 2021 after the results of a Department of Justice investigation revealed systemic abuse by police toward Black residents.Department of Justice ["Justice Department Announces Findings of Investigation into Narcotics Bureau of Springfield, Massachusetts Police Department"](https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-announces-findings-investigation-narcotics-bureau-springfield), ‘’Justice.gov”, July 8, 2020 Swan pushed for the federal government to force the police department to be accountable for its actions by calling for a consent decree from the U.S. Department of Justice. In 2022, the DOJ announced a consent decree mandating a series of reforms.Brown, Karen. ["Justice Department and Springfield officials announce police department consent decree"](https://www.nepm.org/regional-news/2022-04-13/justice-department-and-springfield-officials-announce-police-department-consent-decree), ‘’New England Public Media”, April 13, 2022
### Voting rights
Swan was the lead plaintiff in a 1996 federal lawsuit against the city of Springfield, MA seeking to declare the at large representation system unconstitutional on the grounds that it diluted the votes of African Americans, Latinos, and other communities of color. The lawsuit sought to change the all at\-large election of the city council to one including ward representatives. It also sought an injunction against the current voting scheme.Spencer, Buffy. "At\-large elections challenged," Springfield Union News, January 14, 1997, B1 Referring to Springfield's at\-large city council as a "bastion of privilege that systematically excludes residents from Springfield's poor and non\-white neighborhoods," the Boston Globe brought national attention to Swan's efforts to replace the voting system in a featured article picturing Swan in front of his church.Emery, Theo. "Turf battle: Springfield groups launch fight for at\-large council seats," Boston Globe, August 10, 1997
A successful signature drive placed the question for ward representation on the November 1997 ballot. On election day, 58 percent of the voters were in favor of the question, which called for eight ward seats and three at\-large seats.Goonan, Peter. "Plaintiffs offer to withdraw ward suit," Springfield Union News, November 18, 1997, A1 Although the ballot question received a majority vote, it fell short by 15,000 votes of the required number to become law. Swan, on behalf of the plaintiffs, offered to drop the lawsuit if city councilors agree to honor the will of the electorate and implement the ward system.
In January 1998 Mayor [Michael Albano](/wiki/Michael_Albano "Michael Albano") again filed legislation with the city council to change to a ward system but it twice rejected the proposal.Turner, Maureen. "Vote of No Confidence", *Valley Advocate*, January 29, 1998 Swan then contacted the [U.S. Department of Justice](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") who assigned an investigator to consider if voting rights laws were being violated.Turner, Maureen. "A Small Step Uphill: Feds agree to examine whether Springfield election rules unfairly hinder minorities", *Valley Advocate*, December 24, 1998\. Swan also requested assistance from the department in the federal lawsuit, alleging that the at\-large system "was adopted and is being maintained purposefully to dilute, minimize and cancel out the voting strengths of blacks and Latinos."\<Goonan, Peter. "Voting rights group seeks intervention", *Springfield Union News*, January 25, 1999, B1\.
Eventually, Mayor Charles V. Ryan and City Councilor Jose Tosado proposed a home\-rule amendment that would expand the council to thirteen members including eight ward and five at large seats. The home\-rule petition was adopted by the City Council 7–2, and was later passed by the State Senate and House and signed by the Governor. On election day, November 6, 2007, city residents voted 72% in favor of changing the all at large election of the City Council and School Committee to one including ward representation.Rivais, Larry. ["Ward representation brings change to voting in Springfield municipal election"](http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/08/ward_voting_brings_change_to_s.html), *Springfield Republican*, August 9, 2009 On November 3, 2009, Springfield held its first ward elections in 50 years.
In October 2011, Swan joined with the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights, the ACLU and City Councilor Zaida Luna to send an urgent request to the US Department of Justice for intervention in the City of Springfield regarding widespread voter rights violations.{{Cite web \|title\=Press release \|url\=http://www.springfieldinstitute.org/wp\-content/uploads/2011/11/zaida\-press\-release\-110811\.pdf \|date\=2011 \|publisher\=www.springfieldinstitute.org \|access\-date\=2020\-03\-20}} The group cited multiple incidents and areas of noncompliance with the Federal Voting Rights Act and the Department of Justice's 2006 settlement order with the City of Springfield. Teams from the US Department of Justice and the US Attorney General's office arrived in Springfield on November 8, 2011\.{{Cite web \|title\=Justice Department to Monitor Elections in California, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Ohio and Texas \|url\=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2011/November/11\-crt\-1464\.html \|website\=www.justice.gov\|date\=7 November 2011 }}
In 2024, Swan was named the national chairperson of COGIC Counts, the voting initiative of the Church Of God In Christ. Swan was tasked with utilizing a variety of means to maximize voting participation among the denomination’s congregants across the nation with a goal of registering everyone eligible in the denomination’s churches to vote and mobilizing them to vote in the 2024 election.Canton, Dave. ["Springfield minister to head national voting initiative"](https://www.masslive.com/westernmass/2024/08/springfield-minister-to-head-national-voting-initiative.html), *Springfield Republican*, August 18, 2024
### Unresolved murders of Black women
Bishop Swan challenged the Mayor and police department regarding the murders of four black women in the Western Massachusetts region. Media reports of the victims described them as drug users and police seemed to have no leads regarding their assailants. Swan and other activists accused the police department of not pursuing their cases as vigorously as other victims because they were poor and black. Under pressure from the community, Mayor [Michael Albano](/wiki/Michael_Albano "Michael Albano") authorized unlimited funds for overtime for police to solve the murders.Spencer, Buffy and Flynn, Jack. "Mayor vows help in probe of slayings", *Springfield Republican*, February 14, 1998 Swan organized an effort to erect a stone monument honoring the life of the four victims and other women of color whose murders were unsolved. After receiving approval from the Springfield, MA Parks Department, Swan was told that he would need to receive approval from the Springfield, MA Historical Society to erect the monument in the triangle of Mason Square, an historically African American neighborhood where most of the victims lived, The Historical Society required Swan to get approval from the four surrounding neighborhood councils. Failing to get the approval of one of the councils, Swan's request was denied.Spencer, Buffy. "Dispute flares over victims monument", *Springfield Republican*, February 17, 2017 Swan persisted regarding the placement of the monument and challenging the city regarding their investigation of the murders.Appleton, John. "Memorial to slain women debated," *Springfield Republican*, May 3, 1999 Mayor Albano, using executive authority, allowed the monument to be erected outside the Springfield District Court and Alfred Gaynor was eventually arrested, convicted, and sentenced to four consecutive life sentences.Johnson, Patrick. "Grand jury indicts serial killer Alfred Gaynor for 4 additional murders", *Springfield Republican*, October 21, 2010
|
[
"Advocacy\n--------",
"Swan is the President of the Greater Springfield NAACP. In 2022 he was reelected to his seventh 2 year.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Swan reelected president of Greater Springfield NAACP \\|url\\=https://www.masslive.com/news/2022/12/swan\\-reelected\\-president\\-of\\-greater\\-springfield\\-naacp.html \\|last\\=Republican \\|first\\=The \\|date\\=December 3, 2022 \\|website\\=masslive.com}} He has advocated for police reform, voting rights, and community responsibility.Vannah, Tom. [\"Real Talk\"](http://valleyadvocate.com/2014/06/25/real-talk/), *Valley Advocate*, June 25, 2014 Defeating his rival by a three\\-to\\-one margin in the 2011 election for president of the Greater Springfield NAACP, Swan's election reportedly created anticipation of a resurgence of social activism in the region.Turner, Maureen. [\"A New Pulpit\"](http://valleyadvocate.com/2011/07/28/a-new-pulpit/), *Valley Advocate*, July 28, 2011 The *Valley Advocate* noted that this led to a revitalization of the organization and its voice on critical community issues.{{Cite web \\|title\\=2012 Valley Advocate Halos and Horns \\|url\\=https://valleyadvocate.com/2012/12/21/2012\\-valley\\-advocate\\-halos\\-and\\-horns/ \\|last\\=Staff \\|first\\=Valley Advocate \\|date\\=December 21, 2012}} Swan outlined the priorities of the branch as taking a renewed focus on education, health, economic empowerment, political action and social justice advocacy.Rizzuto, Robert. [\"Springfield NAACP President Talbert W. Swan II outlines priorities\"](http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2011/09/springfield_naacp_president_ta.html), *Springfield Republican*, September 24, 2011",
"### Police reform",
"Swan, a longtime advocate for police reform, first came to national attention in the wake of receiving a harassing telephone call from Joseph Bradley, a Springfield, MA police officer. Bradley made the call from the Public Safety office of [Western New England University](/wiki/Western_New_England_University \"Western New England University\") and mocked the burning of black churches in the south. The call was made July 2, 1996, the day Swan was hosting a service to raise funds to assist southern churches that had been burned.Mcauliffe, Michael. \"Blacks called to action on church fires\", *Springfield Union News*, July 3, 1996, B4\\. After confirming that the racist call was made by Bradley, Springfield Deputy Chief of Police Daniel Spellacy apologized to Swan, his congregation, and the [African American](/wiki/African_Americans \"African Americans\") community, and Mayor [Michael Albano](/wiki/Michael_Albano \"Michael Albano\") vowed that the city would not tolerate such racist acts.Mcauliffe, Michael and Malley, Carol. \"White officer linked to call: City's police apologize to blacks,\" *Springfield Union News*, July 6, 1996 A1\\. Mayor Albano said that the call to Swan \"borders on crisis\" and announced the formation of a community coalition to deal with racial tensions.Stephenson, D.L. \"Racial crisis possible says Albano\", *Springfield Union News*, July 22, 1996, B1\\.",
"Responding to the dismissal of assault charges against white police officer, Jeffrey Asher, who was caught on video kicking a handcuffed Roy Parker in the head, Swan organized a rally attracting hundreds, that was held across from Springfield City Hall.\"Police treatment of blacks focus of rally in wake of taped incident,\" *Nashua Telegraph*, June 28, 1997, p3\\. Citing the reluctance of those in leadership to condemn Asher's actions because of Parker's prior criminal history, Swan condemned the silence of elected officials and clergy. He noted that \"an open condemnation of this incident is long overdue\" and that \"the silence of those in leadership is shameful.\"Kelly, Ray. \"Ministers decrying 'silence'\", *Springfield Union News*, April 12, 1997, Front Page. Asher was eventually arraigned on assault charges,Flynn, Jack. \"Officer arraigned in assault case\", *Springfield Union News*, B1\\. but was eventually cleared of the criminal charges. The Police Commission suspended him for one year and ordered him to undergo \"sensitivity training.\" Asher's suspension was reduced to six months by a labor arbitrator, with Asher receiving $20,000 in back pay.Turner, Maureen. [\"Asher Conviction Offers a \"Glimmer of Hope\"](http://valleyadvocate.com/2012/03/05/asher-conviction-offers-a-glimmer-of-hope/), *Valley Advocate*, May 5, 2012",
"Swan was the recipient of a racist fax by Springfield Police, a charge denied by the department. Swan reported that he received a fax laced with racial slurs and a warning to \"leave our Police Department alone.\" In spite of the denial from the department, the telephone number displayed on the fax was that of a police department fax machine.\"Springfield Police Get their fax straight\", *Fitchburg Sentinel And Enterprise*, July 20, 2000, p 15\\. The Springfield police launched an investigation into Swan, accusing him of sending the faxes to himself. District Attorney William Bennett met with Swan and asked to issue an apology to the Police Department. Swan refused and viewed the actions of the department as the latest in a series of harassing acts dating back to the racist telephone call received from Officer Joseph Bradley.Turner, Maureen. \"Getting the Fax Straight,\" *[The Valley Advocate](/wiki/The_Valley_Advocate \"The Valley Advocate\")*, August 24, 2000, 4\\. Noting that Swan had made enemies \"both among the old guard in the black community and among whites who don't appreciate his efforts to shake up a system that works pretty well for them,\" *Valley Advocate Editor* Tom Vannah opined that the rumors regarding the fax incident, although unproven, may have been \"damaging enough to undercut the work\" Swan's tried to do.Turner, Maureen and Vannah, Tom. \"26 Pols You Should Know: A roster of the rogues, the righteous and the rabble rousers who shape Valley politics\", *Valley Advocate*, September 14–20, 2000\\.",
"Swan sought an independent investigation into the controversial 2011 shooting of 18\\-year\\-old Tahiem Goffe by a Springfield policeman, which was investigated by the Springfield police and ruled justified by the local district attorney.Sullivan, Jack. [\"Clearing the cops: Do district attorneys rubber\\-stamp police use of deadly force?\"](https://commonwealthmagazine.org/criminal-justice/001-clearing-the-cops/), *[Commonwealth Magazine](/wiki/Commonwealth_Magazine \"Commonwealth Magazine\")*, January 15, 2014 Swan urged District Attorney [Mark G. Mastroianni](/wiki/Mark_G._Mastroianni \"Mark G. Mastroianni\") called to appoint a special prosecutor to investigate the incident, \"to ensure that proper police procedures were employed and that the investigation will not be compromised.\"Turner, Maureen. [\"Investigating the Springfield Police Department\"](http://valleyadvocate.com/2012/01/19/investigating-the-springfield-police-department/), January 15, 2012 Swan argued the need for independent investigators in any cases involving a shooting by a police office. He noted that historically, the office of District Attorney has not been an effective instrument for insuring transparency.Turner, Maureen. \"Investigating the Springfield Police Department,\" Valley Advocate, January 19, 2012\\. Swan has called for police accountability and the implementation of civilian police oversight.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Swan Calls For Two\\-City Police Commission \\|url\\=http://whmp.com/news/160061\\-swan\\-calls\\-for\\-two\\-city\\-police\\-commission/ \\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2020}}",
"Swan weighed in on several high\\-profile cases involving police shootings. After [George Zimmerman](/wiki/George_Zimmerman \"George Zimmerman\") was acquitted of the murder of 17 year old [Trayvon Martin](/wiki/Trayvon_Martin \"Trayvon Martin\"), Swan helped to organize the 'Justice for Trayvon Martin' rally, part of a 100\\-city vigil that was held across the country.Zeitlin, Hugh. [\"Western MA residents hold rally for Trayvon Martin\"](http://www.westernmassnews.com/story/22893639/western-ma-residents-hold-rally-for-trayvon-martin), *Western Mass News*, July 20, 2013 Swan met with Massachusetts legislators to rally opposition to 'Stand Your Ground' legislation in the House of Representatives. Swan noted that we \"should be encouraging non\\-violence and the de\\-escalation of conflicts when a safe retreat can be made.\"Turner, Maureen. \"Standing Against 'Stand Your Ground',\" Valley Advocate, May 19, 2012\\. The legislation was not passed.",
"Swan is a former police chaplain for the Springfield Police Department. In 2005 he organized the Rev. Theodore N. Brown Anti Gang Initiative. The effort was named in honor of Rev. Theodore Brown, a school counselor who was murdered by 17 year old Corey Ramos.Stacom, Don. \"Schools Move to Add Security\", *[Hartford Courant](/wiki/Hartford_Courant \"Hartford Courant\")*, December 7, 2001\\. In honor of Brown, Swan wrote a book, *Addressing Violence in Springfield Schools: We Cannot Allow the Death of Rev. Theodore N. Brown to be in Vain*.{{Cite book \\|last\\=results \\|first\\=search \\|title\\=Addressing Violence in Springfield Schools: We Cannot Allow the Death of Reverend Theodore N. Brown to be in Vain \\|date\\=28 November 2002 \\|publisher\\=Trumpet in Zion Publishing \\|isbn\\=0971635501}} The book presents Swan's analysis on school violence and several models of education.Dobbs, G. Michael. \"Brown Remembered in Book\", *The Reminder*, January 8, 2003\\. The anti\\-gang program trained street workers who frequented gang 'hot spots' trying to break through to young men and women involved in gangs, drugs, and violence or being drawn into such activity.Lowney, Mary Ellen. \"Activists target gang 'hot spots'\", *Springfield Republican*, May 20, 2005, A1\\. Swan has worked with police departments and coordinated meetings at his church with witnesses to crimes in efforts to foster regular communication with law enforcement.Banks, Adele M. [\"Police Chief To Black Churches: 'We Can't Do This Without You Guys'\"](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/11/police-black-churches_n_6443664.html), *[Huffington Post](/wiki/Huffington_Post \"Huffington Post\")*, January 11, 2015\\. Swan was appointed by Massachusetts Attorney General [Maura Healey](/wiki/Maura_Healey \"Maura Healey\") to her Advisory Council on Racial Justice and Equity{{Cite web \\|title\\=Racial Justice and Equity Council Members \\|url\\=http://www.mass.gov/ago/about\\-the\\-ago/community\\-programs/racial\\-justice\\-and\\-equity\\-council\\-members.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2020}} and by Springfield City Council President Orlando Ramos to the Committee on Police and Community Relations.Goonan, Peter. [\"Springfield City Council names committee to explore improvements in police\\-community relations\"](http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/02/springfield_city_council_names.html), *Springfield Republican*, February 16, 2007 Swan was appointed to a three year term beginning in 2021 as a member of the Commission on the Status of African Americans, a commission created by the landmark Massachusetts Police Reform law.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://casetext.com/statute/general\\-laws\\-of\\-massachusetts/part\\-i\\-administration\\-of\\-the\\-government/title\\-i\\-jurisdiction\\-and\\-emblems\\-of\\-the\\-commonwealth\\-the\\-general\\-court\\-statutes\\-and\\-public\\-documents/chapter\\-3\\-the\\-general\\-court/section\\-372\\-effective\\-712021\\-commission\\-on\\-status\\-of\\-african\\-americans\\|title\\=Section 3:72 \\- Commission on status of African Americans, Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 3 § 72 \\| Casetext Search \\+ Citator}}",
"In 2021, Swan called for the dismissal of Springfield Police Commissioner Cheryl ClaproodAresko, Nick. [\"Bishop Talbert Swan calls for Springfield PD commissioner’s resignation \"](https://www.wwlp.com/news/local-news/bishop-talbert-swan-calls-for-springfield-pd-commissioners-resignation/), ‘’WWLP’’, June 7, 2021 after the results of a Department of Justice investigation revealed systemic abuse by police toward Black residents.Department of Justice [\"Justice Department Announces Findings of Investigation into Narcotics Bureau of Springfield, Massachusetts Police Department\"](https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-announces-findings-investigation-narcotics-bureau-springfield), ‘’Justice.gov”, July 8, 2020 Swan pushed for the federal government to force the police department to be accountable for its actions by calling for a consent decree from the U.S. Department of Justice. In 2022, the DOJ announced a consent decree mandating a series of reforms.Brown, Karen. [\"Justice Department and Springfield officials announce police department consent decree\"](https://www.nepm.org/regional-news/2022-04-13/justice-department-and-springfield-officials-announce-police-department-consent-decree), ‘’New England Public Media”, April 13, 2022",
"### Voting rights",
"Swan was the lead plaintiff in a 1996 federal lawsuit against the city of Springfield, MA seeking to declare the at large representation system unconstitutional on the grounds that it diluted the votes of African Americans, Latinos, and other communities of color. The lawsuit sought to change the all at\\-large election of the city council to one including ward representatives. It also sought an injunction against the current voting scheme.Spencer, Buffy. \"At\\-large elections challenged,\" Springfield Union News, January 14, 1997, B1 Referring to Springfield's at\\-large city council as a \"bastion of privilege that systematically excludes residents from Springfield's poor and non\\-white neighborhoods,\" the Boston Globe brought national attention to Swan's efforts to replace the voting system in a featured article picturing Swan in front of his church.Emery, Theo. \"Turf battle: Springfield groups launch fight for at\\-large council seats,\" Boston Globe, August 10, 1997",
"A successful signature drive placed the question for ward representation on the November 1997 ballot. On election day, 58 percent of the voters were in favor of the question, which called for eight ward seats and three at\\-large seats.Goonan, Peter. \"Plaintiffs offer to withdraw ward suit,\" Springfield Union News, November 18, 1997, A1 Although the ballot question received a majority vote, it fell short by 15,000 votes of the required number to become law. Swan, on behalf of the plaintiffs, offered to drop the lawsuit if city councilors agree to honor the will of the electorate and implement the ward system.",
"In January 1998 Mayor [Michael Albano](/wiki/Michael_Albano \"Michael Albano\") again filed legislation with the city council to change to a ward system but it twice rejected the proposal.Turner, Maureen. \"Vote of No Confidence\", *Valley Advocate*, January 29, 1998 Swan then contacted the [U.S. Department of Justice](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice \"United States Department of Justice\") who assigned an investigator to consider if voting rights laws were being violated.Turner, Maureen. \"A Small Step Uphill: Feds agree to examine whether Springfield election rules unfairly hinder minorities\", *Valley Advocate*, December 24, 1998\\. Swan also requested assistance from the department in the federal lawsuit, alleging that the at\\-large system \"was adopted and is being maintained purposefully to dilute, minimize and cancel out the voting strengths of blacks and Latinos.\"\\<Goonan, Peter. \"Voting rights group seeks intervention\", *Springfield Union News*, January 25, 1999, B1\\.",
"Eventually, Mayor Charles V. Ryan and City Councilor Jose Tosado proposed a home\\-rule amendment that would expand the council to thirteen members including eight ward and five at large seats. The home\\-rule petition was adopted by the City Council 7–2, and was later passed by the State Senate and House and signed by the Governor. On election day, November 6, 2007, city residents voted 72% in favor of changing the all at large election of the City Council and School Committee to one including ward representation.Rivais, Larry. [\"Ward representation brings change to voting in Springfield municipal election\"](http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/08/ward_voting_brings_change_to_s.html), *Springfield Republican*, August 9, 2009 On November 3, 2009, Springfield held its first ward elections in 50 years.",
"In October 2011, Swan joined with the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights, the ACLU and City Councilor Zaida Luna to send an urgent request to the US Department of Justice for intervention in the City of Springfield regarding widespread voter rights violations.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Press release \\|url\\=http://www.springfieldinstitute.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2011/11/zaida\\-press\\-release\\-110811\\.pdf \\|date\\=2011 \\|publisher\\=www.springfieldinstitute.org \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-20}} The group cited multiple incidents and areas of noncompliance with the Federal Voting Rights Act and the Department of Justice's 2006 settlement order with the City of Springfield. Teams from the US Department of Justice and the US Attorney General's office arrived in Springfield on November 8, 2011\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Justice Department to Monitor Elections in California, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Ohio and Texas \\|url\\=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2011/November/11\\-crt\\-1464\\.html \\|website\\=www.justice.gov\\|date\\=7 November 2011 }}",
"In 2024, Swan was named the national chairperson of COGIC Counts, the voting initiative of the Church Of God In Christ. Swan was tasked with utilizing a variety of means to maximize voting participation among the denomination’s congregants across the nation with a goal of registering everyone eligible in the denomination’s churches to vote and mobilizing them to vote in the 2024 election.Canton, Dave. [\"Springfield minister to head national voting initiative\"](https://www.masslive.com/westernmass/2024/08/springfield-minister-to-head-national-voting-initiative.html), *Springfield Republican*, August 18, 2024",
"### Unresolved murders of Black women",
"Bishop Swan challenged the Mayor and police department regarding the murders of four black women in the Western Massachusetts region. Media reports of the victims described them as drug users and police seemed to have no leads regarding their assailants. Swan and other activists accused the police department of not pursuing their cases as vigorously as other victims because they were poor and black. Under pressure from the community, Mayor [Michael Albano](/wiki/Michael_Albano \"Michael Albano\") authorized unlimited funds for overtime for police to solve the murders.Spencer, Buffy and Flynn, Jack. \"Mayor vows help in probe of slayings\", *Springfield Republican*, February 14, 1998 Swan organized an effort to erect a stone monument honoring the life of the four victims and other women of color whose murders were unsolved. After receiving approval from the Springfield, MA Parks Department, Swan was told that he would need to receive approval from the Springfield, MA Historical Society to erect the monument in the triangle of Mason Square, an historically African American neighborhood where most of the victims lived, The Historical Society required Swan to get approval from the four surrounding neighborhood councils. Failing to get the approval of one of the councils, Swan's request was denied.Spencer, Buffy. \"Dispute flares over victims monument\", *Springfield Republican*, February 17, 2017 Swan persisted regarding the placement of the monument and challenging the city regarding their investigation of the murders.Appleton, John. \"Memorial to slain women debated,\" *Springfield Republican*, May 3, 1999 Mayor Albano, using executive authority, allowed the monument to be erected outside the Springfield District Court and Alfred Gaynor was eventually arrested, convicted, and sentenced to four consecutive life sentences.Johnson, Patrick. \"Grand jury indicts serial killer Alfred Gaynor for 4 additional murders\", *Springfield Republican*, October 21, 2010",
""
] |
Plot
----
Richelle and Raf narrate on a videotape the history of her family, the Gos, for a documentary by her half\-brother Jimmy. In 1949, Richelle's grandfather Luis Go brings his Filipino wife Elisa to China but returns with her to the Philippines amid the [Chinese Civil War](/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War "Chinese Civil War") after Elisa fails to get along with her parents\-in\-law due to cultural differences. After taking on menial jobs, Luis invests in the copra industry and with his hard work and ability to cultivate connections with the changing political leadership, builds up a business empire now headed by his eldest grandchild and Richelle's sister, Vera.
Luis and Elisa produce two children: The eldest is Daniel, who begets three daughters: Vera, Juliet and Richelle from his wife Gina, and Jimmy, his son from another woman. Vera is a cold\-hearted woman deemed the "Tiger Lady" who dedicates herself to running the family business while looking down on her siblings. Juliet is a housewife and mother, while the free\-spirited Richelle is seen as the family "[black sheep](/wiki/Black_sheep "Black sheep")" for her scandalous behavior, lack of fluency in Chinese languages, and a shaky appreciation of her Chinese heritage. Jimmy is also a free\-spirited man who is passionate for the arts despite his stutter and financial incapacity. Despite her reputation, Richelle maintains good relations with Juliet, her grandmother Elisa, who she sees as the bravest in the family for her past, and her aunt, Daniel's sister Linda, whose political activism and decision to marry a Filipino who later became a victim of [forced disappearance](/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_and_forced_disappearances_in_the_Philippines "Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines") in the 1980s, led to her being briefly disowned by Luis.
In the present day, Luis celebrates his 80th birthday when they are interrupted by Richelle, who arrives wearing revealing clothes, brings along her disreputable boyfriend and gives Luis a porn video as a present. A drug addict, Richelle is later arrested by policemen led by Raf, an [Ilocano](/wiki/Ilocano_people "Ilocano people") who becomes attracted to Richelle and convinces her to turn witness in return for dropping the charges against her. While working as an asset, Richelle and Raf develop a romantic relationship and resolve to marry, which her family opposes. Richelle is further disowned by her family when she publicly implicates a family friend as a crime lord and fails to see her sick grandmother while she was with Raf. Meanwhile, Vera is also engaged to her long\-time boyfriend Emerson, but their wedding plans are interrupted after Elisa dies.
Emerson, concerned with how the Go sisters' lives are playing out, arranges for the sisters to meet and resolve their problems altogether, but during the meeting, Vera expresses her resentment at having to work hard throughout her life while her sisters appeared to have it easy, while Juliet complains that Vera keeps shutting her up and Richelle accuses Vera of envying her free\-spirited life as Vera storms out. After Juliet and Richelle discuss the outcome with Emerson, the two sisters are abducted while Emerson is fatally stabbed while trying to help them. The Gos refuse to let the police intervene, but Raf manages to wiretap the family's communications with the kidnappers and stages a rescue operation, during which Richelle narrowly survives after being shot while shielding Juliet from a kidnapper.
At the hospital, Richelle recovers and gains the respect of her family, including Vera, who expresses regret at not having taken Emerson's advice to reconcile with her sisters before his death. Vera gives her engagement ring to Richelle as a wedding gift before migrating to Canada, and accepts her identity as a Filipino after years of complaining about anti\-Chinese sentiment. Richelle and Raf's wedding pushes through with the Gos' blessing, with Richelle embracing her dual Filipino\-Chinese identity and pledging to raise her children as such. The film ends with a presentation of famous Chinese Filipinos in history.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Richelle and Raf narrate on a videotape the history of her family, the Gos, for a documentary by her half\\-brother Jimmy. In 1949, Richelle's grandfather Luis Go brings his Filipino wife Elisa to China but returns with her to the Philippines amid the [Chinese Civil War](/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War \"Chinese Civil War\") after Elisa fails to get along with her parents\\-in\\-law due to cultural differences. After taking on menial jobs, Luis invests in the copra industry and with his hard work and ability to cultivate connections with the changing political leadership, builds up a business empire now headed by his eldest grandchild and Richelle's sister, Vera.",
"Luis and Elisa produce two children: The eldest is Daniel, who begets three daughters: Vera, Juliet and Richelle from his wife Gina, and Jimmy, his son from another woman. Vera is a cold\\-hearted woman deemed the \"Tiger Lady\" who dedicates herself to running the family business while looking down on her siblings. Juliet is a housewife and mother, while the free\\-spirited Richelle is seen as the family \"[black sheep](/wiki/Black_sheep \"Black sheep\")\" for her scandalous behavior, lack of fluency in Chinese languages, and a shaky appreciation of her Chinese heritage. Jimmy is also a free\\-spirited man who is passionate for the arts despite his stutter and financial incapacity. Despite her reputation, Richelle maintains good relations with Juliet, her grandmother Elisa, who she sees as the bravest in the family for her past, and her aunt, Daniel's sister Linda, whose political activism and decision to marry a Filipino who later became a victim of [forced disappearance](/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_and_forced_disappearances_in_the_Philippines \"Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines\") in the 1980s, led to her being briefly disowned by Luis.",
"In the present day, Luis celebrates his 80th birthday when they are interrupted by Richelle, who arrives wearing revealing clothes, brings along her disreputable boyfriend and gives Luis a porn video as a present. A drug addict, Richelle is later arrested by policemen led by Raf, an [Ilocano](/wiki/Ilocano_people \"Ilocano people\") who becomes attracted to Richelle and convinces her to turn witness in return for dropping the charges against her. While working as an asset, Richelle and Raf develop a romantic relationship and resolve to marry, which her family opposes. Richelle is further disowned by her family when she publicly implicates a family friend as a crime lord and fails to see her sick grandmother while she was with Raf. Meanwhile, Vera is also engaged to her long\\-time boyfriend Emerson, but their wedding plans are interrupted after Elisa dies.",
"Emerson, concerned with how the Go sisters' lives are playing out, arranges for the sisters to meet and resolve their problems altogether, but during the meeting, Vera expresses her resentment at having to work hard throughout her life while her sisters appeared to have it easy, while Juliet complains that Vera keeps shutting her up and Richelle accuses Vera of envying her free\\-spirited life as Vera storms out. After Juliet and Richelle discuss the outcome with Emerson, the two sisters are abducted while Emerson is fatally stabbed while trying to help them. The Gos refuse to let the police intervene, but Raf manages to wiretap the family's communications with the kidnappers and stages a rescue operation, during which Richelle narrowly survives after being shot while shielding Juliet from a kidnapper.",
"At the hospital, Richelle recovers and gains the respect of her family, including Vera, who expresses regret at not having taken Emerson's advice to reconcile with her sisters before his death. Vera gives her engagement ring to Richelle as a wedding gift before migrating to Canada, and accepts her identity as a Filipino after years of complaining about anti\\-Chinese sentiment. Richelle and Raf's wedding pushes through with the Gos' blessing, with Richelle embracing her dual Filipino\\-Chinese identity and pledging to raise her children as such. The film ends with a presentation of famous Chinese Filipinos in history.",
""
] |
Career
------
Leverson began writing during the 1890s, as a contributor to *Black and White*, *[Punch](/wiki/Punch_magazine "Punch magazine")*, *[The Yellow Book](/wiki/The_Yellow_Book "The Yellow Book")*, *St. Stephen's Review*, *[Saturday Review](/wiki/Saturday_Review_%28London%29 "Saturday Review (London)")*, and *[Referee](/wiki/Sunday_Referee "Sunday Referee")*. She also worked as a drama critic, though when and what she wrote is unknown.Myers, Robert Manson. *Sixes and Sevens*, Jostens Books (2004\); and West, Anthony qtd. in Poupard. "Ada Leverson (1895–1933\)". Twentieth\-Century Literary Criticism. *Literary Criticism Online*. Accessed 9 June 2014\. Much of her work cannot be identified because she wrote anonymously, because she frequently befriended the people she parodied and critiqued.Debelius, Margaret. "Countering a Counterparts: Ada Leverson and Oscar Wilde." *Women and British Aestheticism*. The University of Virginia Press (1999\).
She was known as a [wit](/wiki/Wit "Wit"); her writing has been compared to the work of [Max Beerbohm](/wiki/Max_Beerbohm "Max Beerbohm") and the stories of *[Saki](/wiki/Saki "Saki")*.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2020}}
She was a loyal friend to [Oscar Wilde](/wiki/Oscar_Wilde "Oscar Wilde"), who called her *Sphinx;*Harrison, William M. "Ada Leverson's Wild(e) Yellow Book Stories." The Victorian newsletter, vol. 96 (1999\): 21\-28\. Accessed on 10 June 2014\. [Max Beerbohm](/wiki/Max_Beerbohm "Max Beerbohm"); and [George Moore](/wiki/George_Moore_%28novelist%29 "George Moore (novelist)"). [Osbert Sitwell](/wiki/Osbert_Sitwell "Osbert Sitwell") wrote an anecdote in *[Great Morning](/wiki/Left_Hand%2C_Right_Hand%21 "Left Hand, Right Hand!")* in which she tries, unsuccessfully, to get Moore to see the young [William Walton](/wiki/William_Walton "William Walton"). [Sacheverell Sitwell](/wiki/Sacheverell_Sitwell "Sacheverell Sitwell") dedicated a poetry collection to her.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2020}}
After publishing *Love at Second Sight*, Leverson stopped writing fiction. She worked on ever smaller projects, such as writing the preface to *Whom You Should Marry*, a book about [astrology](/wiki/Astrology "Astrology").Crosland, Margaret. "Ada Leverson (10 October 1862\-30 August 1933\)". *Late\-Victorian and Edwardian British Novelists, First Series.* Dictionary of Literary Biography (1995\). Accessed 29 May 2014\.
### Friendship with Wilde
Leverson's friendship with Wilde helped her career to flourish. There was no separation between their personal relationship and their creative collaboration.Burkhart, Charles qtd. in Poupard. "Ada Leverson (1895–1933\)". Twentieth\-Century Literary Criticism. *Literary Criticism Online*. Accessed 9 June 2014\. Their work had many stylistic differences; for example, Leverson had a stronger interest in human nature. But the two shared many similarities; they were from the same cultural background, and they shared interests such as the love of conversation and the sense of fantasy.Callow, Simon. *Oscar Wilde and His Circle*. London: National Portrait Gallery (2000\) They quickly became fast friends.
The limits of their friendship were tested in 1895 when Wilde's homosexuality was exposed and [he went on trial](/wiki/Oscar_Wilde%23Trials "Oscar Wilde#Trials"). Leverson and her husband invited Wilde to stay in their nursery, because no hotel or inn would accept him as a guest. Wilde's and Leverson's other friendships were seriously challenged by Leverson's "grand gesture", which, according to James Scanell, is "the dramatic act of welcoming back an outcast."Scannell, James. "Welcoming the Outcast Back into Society: Oscar Wilde and Ada Leverson's Ur Moment." *Oscar Wilde: The Man, His Writings, and His World*. AMS Press Inc. (2003\)
Two years later, after Wilde was released from [HM Prison Pentonville](/wiki/HM_Prison_Pentonville "HM Prison Pentonville") in the early morning of 19 May 1897, Leverson and her husband were part of a small group of friends that met him at the house of [Stewart Headlam](/wiki/Stewart_Headlam "Stewart Headlam"). Wilde remarked, "Sphinx, how marvellous of you to know exactly the right hat to wear at seven o'clock in the morning to meet a friend who has been away!"Leverson, Ada. *Letters to the Sphinx from Oscar Wilde, with Reminiscences of the Author*. London: Duckworth, 1930, p. 45\. Later that day he left for France; the next day he wrote to her:
{{blockquote\|
20 May 1897, Hotel Sandwich, Dieppe.
Dear Sphinx,
I was so charmed with seeing you yesterday morning that I must write a line to tell you how sweet and good it was of you to be of the very first to greet me. When I think that Sphinxes are minions of the moon and that you got up early before dawn, I am filled with wonder and joy.
I often thought of you in the long black days and nights of my prison\-life, and to find you just as wonderful and dear as ever was no surprise. The beautiful are always beautiful.Wyndham, Violet. ''The Sphinx and Her Circle: A Biographical Sketch of Ada Leverson, 1862\-1933''. New York: The Vanguard Press, Inc. (1963\), p. 59\.}}
Although Ada Leverson visited Wilde once more in Paris in 1898, their friendship continued largely through telegrams and letters until his death in 1900\.Burkhart, Charles. *Ada Leverson*. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. (1973\), p. 23\. [Charles Burkhart](/wiki/Charles_Burkhart "Charles Burkhart") believes that it is most fitting for Leverson's last work, *Letters to the Sphinx from Oscar Wilde, with Reminiscences of the Author*, to be a remembrance of the friend who expanded her career.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Leverson began writing during the 1890s, as a contributor to *Black and White*, *[Punch](/wiki/Punch_magazine \"Punch magazine\")*, *[The Yellow Book](/wiki/The_Yellow_Book \"The Yellow Book\")*, *St. Stephen's Review*, *[Saturday Review](/wiki/Saturday_Review_%28London%29 \"Saturday Review (London)\")*, and *[Referee](/wiki/Sunday_Referee \"Sunday Referee\")*. She also worked as a drama critic, though when and what she wrote is unknown.Myers, Robert Manson. *Sixes and Sevens*, Jostens Books (2004\\); and West, Anthony qtd. in Poupard. \"Ada Leverson (1895–1933\\)\". Twentieth\\-Century Literary Criticism. *Literary Criticism Online*. Accessed 9 June 2014\\. Much of her work cannot be identified because she wrote anonymously, because she frequently befriended the people she parodied and critiqued.Debelius, Margaret. \"Countering a Counterparts: Ada Leverson and Oscar Wilde.\" *Women and British Aestheticism*. The University of Virginia Press (1999\\).",
"She was known as a [wit](/wiki/Wit \"Wit\"); her writing has been compared to the work of [Max Beerbohm](/wiki/Max_Beerbohm \"Max Beerbohm\") and the stories of *[Saki](/wiki/Saki \"Saki\")*.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2020}}",
"She was a loyal friend to [Oscar Wilde](/wiki/Oscar_Wilde \"Oscar Wilde\"), who called her *Sphinx;*Harrison, William M. \"Ada Leverson's Wild(e) Yellow Book Stories.\" The Victorian newsletter, vol. 96 (1999\\): 21\\-28\\. Accessed on 10 June 2014\\. [Max Beerbohm](/wiki/Max_Beerbohm \"Max Beerbohm\"); and [George Moore](/wiki/George_Moore_%28novelist%29 \"George Moore (novelist)\"). [Osbert Sitwell](/wiki/Osbert_Sitwell \"Osbert Sitwell\") wrote an anecdote in *[Great Morning](/wiki/Left_Hand%2C_Right_Hand%21 \"Left Hand, Right Hand!\")* in which she tries, unsuccessfully, to get Moore to see the young [William Walton](/wiki/William_Walton \"William Walton\"). [Sacheverell Sitwell](/wiki/Sacheverell_Sitwell \"Sacheverell Sitwell\") dedicated a poetry collection to her.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2020}}",
"After publishing *Love at Second Sight*, Leverson stopped writing fiction. She worked on ever smaller projects, such as writing the preface to *Whom You Should Marry*, a book about [astrology](/wiki/Astrology \"Astrology\").Crosland, Margaret. \"Ada Leverson (10 October 1862\\-30 August 1933\\)\". *Late\\-Victorian and Edwardian British Novelists, First Series.* Dictionary of Literary Biography (1995\\). Accessed 29 May 2014\\.",
"### Friendship with Wilde",
"Leverson's friendship with Wilde helped her career to flourish. There was no separation between their personal relationship and their creative collaboration.Burkhart, Charles qtd. in Poupard. \"Ada Leverson (1895–1933\\)\". Twentieth\\-Century Literary Criticism. *Literary Criticism Online*. Accessed 9 June 2014\\. Their work had many stylistic differences; for example, Leverson had a stronger interest in human nature. But the two shared many similarities; they were from the same cultural background, and they shared interests such as the love of conversation and the sense of fantasy.Callow, Simon. *Oscar Wilde and His Circle*. London: National Portrait Gallery (2000\\) They quickly became fast friends.",
"The limits of their friendship were tested in 1895 when Wilde's homosexuality was exposed and [he went on trial](/wiki/Oscar_Wilde%23Trials \"Oscar Wilde#Trials\"). Leverson and her husband invited Wilde to stay in their nursery, because no hotel or inn would accept him as a guest. Wilde's and Leverson's other friendships were seriously challenged by Leverson's \"grand gesture\", which, according to James Scanell, is \"the dramatic act of welcoming back an outcast.\"Scannell, James. \"Welcoming the Outcast Back into Society: Oscar Wilde and Ada Leverson's Ur Moment.\" *Oscar Wilde: The Man, His Writings, and His World*. AMS Press Inc. (2003\\)",
"Two years later, after Wilde was released from [HM Prison Pentonville](/wiki/HM_Prison_Pentonville \"HM Prison Pentonville\") in the early morning of 19 May 1897, Leverson and her husband were part of a small group of friends that met him at the house of [Stewart Headlam](/wiki/Stewart_Headlam \"Stewart Headlam\"). Wilde remarked, \"Sphinx, how marvellous of you to know exactly the right hat to wear at seven o'clock in the morning to meet a friend who has been away!\"Leverson, Ada. *Letters to the Sphinx from Oscar Wilde, with Reminiscences of the Author*. London: Duckworth, 1930, p. 45\\. Later that day he left for France; the next day he wrote to her:",
"{{blockquote\\|\n20 May 1897, Hotel Sandwich, Dieppe.",
"Dear Sphinx,",
"I was so charmed with seeing you yesterday morning that I must write a line to tell you how sweet and good it was of you to be of the very first to greet me. When I think that Sphinxes are minions of the moon and that you got up early before dawn, I am filled with wonder and joy.",
"I often thought of you in the long black days and nights of my prison\\-life, and to find you just as wonderful and dear as ever was no surprise. The beautiful are always beautiful.Wyndham, Violet. ''The Sphinx and Her Circle: A Biographical Sketch of Ada Leverson, 1862\\-1933''. New York: The Vanguard Press, Inc. (1963\\), p. 59\\.}}",
"Although Ada Leverson visited Wilde once more in Paris in 1898, their friendship continued largely through telegrams and letters until his death in 1900\\.Burkhart, Charles. *Ada Leverson*. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. (1973\\), p. 23\\. [Charles Burkhart](/wiki/Charles_Burkhart \"Charles Burkhart\") believes that it is most fitting for Leverson's last work, *Letters to the Sphinx from Oscar Wilde, with Reminiscences of the Author*, to be a remembrance of the friend who expanded her career.",
""
] |
History
-------
### The founding of Santa Cruz de Mudela
Various artifacts and remains dating back to the first half of the second [millennium](/wiki/Millennium "Millennium") [B. C. E.](/wiki/Common_era "Common era") have been found in the northern parts of the Meadow of Medula and the lowlands of Jabalon. Additional archaeological evidence from the *[Cerro de las Cabezas](/wiki/Cerro_de_las_Cabezas "Cerro de las Cabezas")* dig further suggests that the region was an important settlement of the [Iberian](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula "Iberian Peninsula") *Oretan* tribe between the 7th and 2nd centuries B. C. E.
In the following centuries, the region came to lie under the sphere of influence of a [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome"), and later [Visigothic](/wiki/Visigoths "Visigoths"), town near present\-day [Valdepeñas](/wiki/Valdepe%C3%B1as "Valdepeñas"). The Roman legacy and influence in Santa Cruz are most evident in the region's [wine](/wiki/Wine "Wine") culture and many [vineyards](/wiki/Vineyard "Vineyard").
After the sudden [Moorish](/wiki/Moors "Moors") conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the 8th century, Santa Cruz's wine and vineyards became less important in the new [Arabic](/wiki/Arab "Arab") culture. The town lost much of its former regional economic clout and came to serve mainly as a grain depository for the region south of [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Spain "Toledo, Spain").
In 1212 C. E., after [Alfonso VIII of Castile](/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile "Alfonso VIII of Castile") and the [Order of Calatrava](/wiki/Order_of_Calatrava "Order of Calatrava") drove the Moors from Central Iberia, the townspeople relocated and established around the Good Well (situated in front of what was then a convent, but is now the barracks of the [Civil Guard](/wiki/Civil_Guard_%28Spain%29 "Civil Guard (Spain)")) the town center that exists today.
The name of the town itself, Santa Cruz de Mudela, dates back to the 13th century. Several different explanations of the origin exist, mixing historical fact, tradition, and legend. [Oral tradition](/wiki/Oral_tradition "Oral tradition") takes the "Holy Cross" (Santa Cruz) to be that which accompanied the Christians in their triumphant 1212 [battle of Las Navas de Tolosa](/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa "Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa"). More reliable sources suggest that the "Santa Cruz" in actuality refers to the crossroads located in the Meadow of Mudela (so called for its proximity to the pass of Muradal, one of the entrances to the [Central Meseta](/wiki/Geography_of_Spain "Geography of Spain") through the [Andalusian Plain](/wiki/Geography_of_Spain "Geography of Spain")).
### [Marquessate of Santa Cruz](/wiki/Marquess_of_Santa_Cruz_%281569%29 "Marquess of Santa Cruz (1569)")
On January 30, 1538, Don Álvaro the Elder bought off from [Carlos I](/wiki/Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor") the towns of Santa Cruz de Mudela and Viso del Puerto (Muradal), under his own terms and along with civil and criminal jurisdiction, for 26,208,626 [maravedíes](/wiki/Spanish_maraved%C3%AD "Spanish maravedí") (approx. $37,441,623 in 2021 U.S. Dollars)(for comparison, [Ferdinand Magellan](/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan "Ferdinand Magellan")'s epic voyage around the Earth, financed by Carlos I in 1518, cost 8,751,125 maravedis). Later his son, [Don Álvaro de Bazán the Younger](/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n%2C_1st_Marquis_of_Santa_Cruz "Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz"), became the first Marquis of Santa Cruz and built the palace and the [Franciscanos Capuchinos](/wiki/Orden_Franciscana "Orden Franciscana") convent, still constituted, as said above, in authentic benefactors of the town.
The lineage of the Bazán belongs to one of the twelve houses of [Navarre](/wiki/Navarre "Navarre") and continues through the towns of Baztán, and in the vernacular language is called *soy uno*. Don Álvaro of Bazán was one of the most interesting historical figures from Spain of the 16th century. The illustrious Granadian, celebrated admiral of [Felipe II](/wiki/Philip_II_of_Portugal "Philip II of Portugal"), was named 'first marqués of Santa Cruz of Mudela, leader of the towns Viso and Valdepeñas, major commander of León, his majesty's advisor and general captain of the ocean sea and of the people during the war of the kingdom of Portugal.
### The War of Independence and the Battle of Ocaña
On June 5, 1808, [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte "Napoleon Bonaparte")'s invasion of Spain suffered a reversal at the hands of peasants from Santa Cruz de Mudela. Of 700 French troops, 109 were killed and an additional 113 were taken prisoner. Throughout November 1808, Santa Cruz de Mudela served as the headquarters for the La Mancha Spanish army under the command of General Don Francisco de Eguía during preparations for the crucial [Battle of Ocaña](/wiki/Battle_of_Oca%C3%B1a "Battle of Ocaña").
### 19th century to present
The city became known during the 19th century for its sword and cutlery artisans, who forged steel blades of exceptional quality comparable to those of [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Spain "Toledo, Spain") and [Albacete](/wiki/Albacete "Albacete").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### The founding of Santa Cruz de Mudela",
"Various artifacts and remains dating back to the first half of the second [millennium](/wiki/Millennium \"Millennium\") [B. C. E.](/wiki/Common_era \"Common era\") have been found in the northern parts of the Meadow of Medula and the lowlands of Jabalon. Additional archaeological evidence from the *[Cerro de las Cabezas](/wiki/Cerro_de_las_Cabezas \"Cerro de las Cabezas\")* dig further suggests that the region was an important settlement of the [Iberian](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula \"Iberian Peninsula\") *Oretan* tribe between the 7th and 2nd centuries B. C. E.",
"In the following centuries, the region came to lie under the sphere of influence of a [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\"), and later [Visigothic](/wiki/Visigoths \"Visigoths\"), town near present\\-day [Valdepeñas](/wiki/Valdepe%C3%B1as \"Valdepeñas\"). The Roman legacy and influence in Santa Cruz are most evident in the region's [wine](/wiki/Wine \"Wine\") culture and many [vineyards](/wiki/Vineyard \"Vineyard\").",
"After the sudden [Moorish](/wiki/Moors \"Moors\") conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the 8th century, Santa Cruz's wine and vineyards became less important in the new [Arabic](/wiki/Arab \"Arab\") culture. The town lost much of its former regional economic clout and came to serve mainly as a grain depository for the region south of [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Spain \"Toledo, Spain\").",
"In 1212 C. E., after [Alfonso VIII of Castile](/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile \"Alfonso VIII of Castile\") and the [Order of Calatrava](/wiki/Order_of_Calatrava \"Order of Calatrava\") drove the Moors from Central Iberia, the townspeople relocated and established around the Good Well (situated in front of what was then a convent, but is now the barracks of the [Civil Guard](/wiki/Civil_Guard_%28Spain%29 \"Civil Guard (Spain)\")) the town center that exists today.",
"The name of the town itself, Santa Cruz de Mudela, dates back to the 13th century. Several different explanations of the origin exist, mixing historical fact, tradition, and legend. [Oral tradition](/wiki/Oral_tradition \"Oral tradition\") takes the \"Holy Cross\" (Santa Cruz) to be that which accompanied the Christians in their triumphant 1212 [battle of Las Navas de Tolosa](/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa \"Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa\"). More reliable sources suggest that the \"Santa Cruz\" in actuality refers to the crossroads located in the Meadow of Mudela (so called for its proximity to the pass of Muradal, one of the entrances to the [Central Meseta](/wiki/Geography_of_Spain \"Geography of Spain\") through the [Andalusian Plain](/wiki/Geography_of_Spain \"Geography of Spain\")).",
"### [Marquessate of Santa Cruz](/wiki/Marquess_of_Santa_Cruz_%281569%29 \"Marquess of Santa Cruz (1569)\")",
"On January 30, 1538, Don Álvaro the Elder bought off from [Carlos I](/wiki/Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor\") the towns of Santa Cruz de Mudela and Viso del Puerto (Muradal), under his own terms and along with civil and criminal jurisdiction, for 26,208,626 [maravedíes](/wiki/Spanish_maraved%C3%AD \"Spanish maravedí\") (approx. $37,441,623 in 2021 U.S. Dollars)(for comparison, [Ferdinand Magellan](/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan \"Ferdinand Magellan\")'s epic voyage around the Earth, financed by Carlos I in 1518, cost 8,751,125 maravedis). Later his son, [Don Álvaro de Bazán the Younger](/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n%2C_1st_Marquis_of_Santa_Cruz \"Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz\"), became the first Marquis of Santa Cruz and built the palace and the [Franciscanos Capuchinos](/wiki/Orden_Franciscana \"Orden Franciscana\") convent, still constituted, as said above, in authentic benefactors of the town.",
"The lineage of the Bazán belongs to one of the twelve houses of [Navarre](/wiki/Navarre \"Navarre\") and continues through the towns of Baztán, and in the vernacular language is called *soy uno*. Don Álvaro of Bazán was one of the most interesting historical figures from Spain of the 16th century. The illustrious Granadian, celebrated admiral of [Felipe II](/wiki/Philip_II_of_Portugal \"Philip II of Portugal\"), was named 'first marqués of Santa Cruz of Mudela, leader of the towns Viso and Valdepeñas, major commander of León, his majesty's advisor and general captain of the ocean sea and of the people during the war of the kingdom of Portugal.",
"### The War of Independence and the Battle of Ocaña",
"On June 5, 1808, [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte \"Napoleon Bonaparte\")'s invasion of Spain suffered a reversal at the hands of peasants from Santa Cruz de Mudela. Of 700 French troops, 109 were killed and an additional 113 were taken prisoner. Throughout November 1808, Santa Cruz de Mudela served as the headquarters for the La Mancha Spanish army under the command of General Don Francisco de Eguía during preparations for the crucial [Battle of Ocaña](/wiki/Battle_of_Oca%C3%B1a \"Battle of Ocaña\").",
"### 19th century to present",
"The city became known during the 19th century for its sword and cutlery artisans, who forged steel blades of exceptional quality comparable to those of [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Spain \"Toledo, Spain\") and [Albacete](/wiki/Albacete \"Albacete\").",
""
] |
### The founding of Santa Cruz de Mudela
Various artifacts and remains dating back to the first half of the second [millennium](/wiki/Millennium "Millennium") [B. C. E.](/wiki/Common_era "Common era") have been found in the northern parts of the Meadow of Medula and the lowlands of Jabalon. Additional archaeological evidence from the *[Cerro de las Cabezas](/wiki/Cerro_de_las_Cabezas "Cerro de las Cabezas")* dig further suggests that the region was an important settlement of the [Iberian](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula "Iberian Peninsula") *Oretan* tribe between the 7th and 2nd centuries B. C. E.
In the following centuries, the region came to lie under the sphere of influence of a [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome"), and later [Visigothic](/wiki/Visigoths "Visigoths"), town near present\-day [Valdepeñas](/wiki/Valdepe%C3%B1as "Valdepeñas"). The Roman legacy and influence in Santa Cruz are most evident in the region's [wine](/wiki/Wine "Wine") culture and many [vineyards](/wiki/Vineyard "Vineyard").
After the sudden [Moorish](/wiki/Moors "Moors") conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the 8th century, Santa Cruz's wine and vineyards became less important in the new [Arabic](/wiki/Arab "Arab") culture. The town lost much of its former regional economic clout and came to serve mainly as a grain depository for the region south of [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Spain "Toledo, Spain").
In 1212 C. E., after [Alfonso VIII of Castile](/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile "Alfonso VIII of Castile") and the [Order of Calatrava](/wiki/Order_of_Calatrava "Order of Calatrava") drove the Moors from Central Iberia, the townspeople relocated and established around the Good Well (situated in front of what was then a convent, but is now the barracks of the [Civil Guard](/wiki/Civil_Guard_%28Spain%29 "Civil Guard (Spain)")) the town center that exists today.
The name of the town itself, Santa Cruz de Mudela, dates back to the 13th century. Several different explanations of the origin exist, mixing historical fact, tradition, and legend. [Oral tradition](/wiki/Oral_tradition "Oral tradition") takes the "Holy Cross" (Santa Cruz) to be that which accompanied the Christians in their triumphant 1212 [battle of Las Navas de Tolosa](/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa "Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa"). More reliable sources suggest that the "Santa Cruz" in actuality refers to the crossroads located in the Meadow of Mudela (so called for its proximity to the pass of Muradal, one of the entrances to the [Central Meseta](/wiki/Geography_of_Spain "Geography of Spain") through the [Andalusian Plain](/wiki/Geography_of_Spain "Geography of Spain")).
|
[
"### The founding of Santa Cruz de Mudela",
"Various artifacts and remains dating back to the first half of the second [millennium](/wiki/Millennium \"Millennium\") [B. C. E.](/wiki/Common_era \"Common era\") have been found in the northern parts of the Meadow of Medula and the lowlands of Jabalon. Additional archaeological evidence from the *[Cerro de las Cabezas](/wiki/Cerro_de_las_Cabezas \"Cerro de las Cabezas\")* dig further suggests that the region was an important settlement of the [Iberian](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula \"Iberian Peninsula\") *Oretan* tribe between the 7th and 2nd centuries B. C. E.",
"In the following centuries, the region came to lie under the sphere of influence of a [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\"), and later [Visigothic](/wiki/Visigoths \"Visigoths\"), town near present\\-day [Valdepeñas](/wiki/Valdepe%C3%B1as \"Valdepeñas\"). The Roman legacy and influence in Santa Cruz are most evident in the region's [wine](/wiki/Wine \"Wine\") culture and many [vineyards](/wiki/Vineyard \"Vineyard\").",
"After the sudden [Moorish](/wiki/Moors \"Moors\") conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the 8th century, Santa Cruz's wine and vineyards became less important in the new [Arabic](/wiki/Arab \"Arab\") culture. The town lost much of its former regional economic clout and came to serve mainly as a grain depository for the region south of [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Spain \"Toledo, Spain\").",
"In 1212 C. E., after [Alfonso VIII of Castile](/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile \"Alfonso VIII of Castile\") and the [Order of Calatrava](/wiki/Order_of_Calatrava \"Order of Calatrava\") drove the Moors from Central Iberia, the townspeople relocated and established around the Good Well (situated in front of what was then a convent, but is now the barracks of the [Civil Guard](/wiki/Civil_Guard_%28Spain%29 \"Civil Guard (Spain)\")) the town center that exists today.",
"The name of the town itself, Santa Cruz de Mudela, dates back to the 13th century. Several different explanations of the origin exist, mixing historical fact, tradition, and legend. [Oral tradition](/wiki/Oral_tradition \"Oral tradition\") takes the \"Holy Cross\" (Santa Cruz) to be that which accompanied the Christians in their triumphant 1212 [battle of Las Navas de Tolosa](/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa \"Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa\"). More reliable sources suggest that the \"Santa Cruz\" in actuality refers to the crossroads located in the Meadow of Mudela (so called for its proximity to the pass of Muradal, one of the entrances to the [Central Meseta](/wiki/Geography_of_Spain \"Geography of Spain\") through the [Andalusian Plain](/wiki/Geography_of_Spain \"Geography of Spain\")).",
""
] |
Plot
----
Boris Plots is director of Plots Funeral Home in the fictional Welsh village of Wrottin Powys. His rival Frank Featherbed, an American, is determined to revolutionise the undertaking business in Britain through the innovation of "themed funerals".
Boris dreamed of only two things as a young boy: dancing and Betty Rhys\-Jones. Betty secretly loved Boris, but could not fight her father's wishes, so she was married off to a gold digger.
Giving up his dreams, Boris took over the family's undertaking business. When Betty's mother\-in\-law, Elsie, dies, they are thrust together again and as they discuss the funeral arrangements for Betty's mother\-in\-law, the old spark is rekindled.
Boris discovers that the only obstacle between their love for one another is her marriage to the adulterous Councilor Hugh Rhys\-Jones. In a desperate bid for happiness Boris and Betty decide to stage her death and run away together.
At the same time, Hugh's mistress and secretary insists that they try to poison her. Before they can, Boris and Betty go through with their plan, but Frank rushes to the scene. He and Boris fight over the right to handle the funeral arrangements. After an argument and scuffle, the medical examiner said it was her dying wish to be handled by Plots.
In the church, both the mistress and Hugh talk about her, she about the affair, he gloating about inheriting all of her money. Then he insists watching while Boris seals the lid, making it impossible for Betty to sneak away.
With a lot of difficulty, Boris manages to free Betty with only Frank and his right\-hand man discovering the secret. She and Boris enlist their help, after Boris and Frank agree to split the funeral business. Together they help Betty scare Hugh and the secretary (setting up the house with ghostly gadgets), who both flee.
Betty also appears as a ghost to neighbour boy Billy, whose mum passed before, telling him his mum says hi, and she loves him very much. We learn Betty leaves everything to young Billy, and an allowance to Hugh if he follows a long list of conditions. The girl goes on Jerry Springer as a haunted mistress; Betty and Boris go on the Princess cruise they were planning; their cats go too.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Boris Plots is director of Plots Funeral Home in the fictional Welsh village of Wrottin Powys. His rival Frank Featherbed, an American, is determined to revolutionise the undertaking business in Britain through the innovation of \"themed funerals\".",
"Boris dreamed of only two things as a young boy: dancing and Betty Rhys\\-Jones. Betty secretly loved Boris, but could not fight her father's wishes, so she was married off to a gold digger.",
"Giving up his dreams, Boris took over the family's undertaking business. When Betty's mother\\-in\\-law, Elsie, dies, they are thrust together again and as they discuss the funeral arrangements for Betty's mother\\-in\\-law, the old spark is rekindled.",
"Boris discovers that the only obstacle between their love for one another is her marriage to the adulterous Councilor Hugh Rhys\\-Jones. In a desperate bid for happiness Boris and Betty decide to stage her death and run away together.",
"At the same time, Hugh's mistress and secretary insists that they try to poison her. Before they can, Boris and Betty go through with their plan, but Frank rushes to the scene. He and Boris fight over the right to handle the funeral arrangements. After an argument and scuffle, the medical examiner said it was her dying wish to be handled by Plots.",
"In the church, both the mistress and Hugh talk about her, she about the affair, he gloating about inheriting all of her money. Then he insists watching while Boris seals the lid, making it impossible for Betty to sneak away.",
"With a lot of difficulty, Boris manages to free Betty with only Frank and his right\\-hand man discovering the secret. She and Boris enlist their help, after Boris and Frank agree to split the funeral business. Together they help Betty scare Hugh and the secretary (setting up the house with ghostly gadgets), who both flee.",
"Betty also appears as a ghost to neighbour boy Billy, whose mum passed before, telling him his mum says hi, and she loves him very much. We learn Betty leaves everything to young Billy, and an allowance to Hugh if he follows a long list of conditions. The girl goes on Jerry Springer as a haunted mistress; Betty and Boris go on the Princess cruise they were planning; their cats go too.",
""
] |
History
-------
The six story brick building was largest hotel project in Everett. It was built on the site of the original Monte Cristo Hotel, which opened in 1892 and had hosted the [Providence Hospital](/wiki/Providence_Regional_Medical_Center_Everett "Providence Regional Medical Center Everett") from 1905 to 1924\.{{cite book \|last1\=Cameron \|first1\=David A. \|last2\=LeWarne \|first2\=Charles P. \|last3\=May \|first3\=M. Allan \|last4\=O'Donnell \|first4\=Jack C. \|last5\=O'Donnell \|first5\=Lawrence E. \|year\=2005 \|title\=Snohomish County: An Illustrated History \|pages\=111, 202 \|publisher\=Kelcema Books LLC \|location\=Index, Washington \|isbn\=978\-0\-9766700\-0\-1 \|oclc\=62728798}} Construction was a community project with hundreds of stockholders. Designed by [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle "Seattle") architect Henry Bittman the hotel opened on May 29, 1925\. The {{convert\|120\|ft\|adj\=on}} [facade](/wiki/Facade "Facade") fronts on Wall Street looking south. The height of the building and its elevated position on the slope of downtown make it visible from some distance approaching the city from the south. This landmark was the town's important hotel and social center for over 40 years. The hotel closed in 1972\.
The building was [redeveloped](/wiki/Redevelopment "Redevelopment") and [historically restored](/wiki/Historic_preservation "Historic preservation") in 1994 to apartments, an arts venue and a wedding and banquet facility.
In 1991 after the building had been vacant about 20 years a group of investors spent about {{usd\|100000\|1991}} working on a redevelopment plan that fell through. Plans were announced in 1993 to renovate the building as [low cost housing](/wiki/Subsidized_housing_in_the_United_States "Subsidized housing in the United States"). At that time Mayor Pete Kinch described the Monte Cristo Hotel as a "bellwether of how we as a community are dealing with" the problem of [downtown decline](/wiki/Urban_decay "Urban decay").
In August 1993 private developer Lojis Corp. had assembled a financing package for the redevelopment into low income housing. The package was contingent on leasing some of the building's space. A plan for the city to lease the space for an arts venue led to a lengthy city council debate. On August 25, 1993 the Everett City Council approved spending {{usd\|81590\|1993}} per year to lease {{convert\|8867\|sqft}} of space in the building, including the grand lobby, mezzanine and ballroom areas. By November of that year the building had been re–roofed, new sidewalks poured, new interior stairs built and exterior restoration started as part of a $6\.8 million construction project. The Washington Community Renewal Association invested $3M and Lojis Corp. secured $3\.8M in equity by selling $6\.7M in federal historic and [low income housing](/wiki/Subsidized_housing_in_the_United_States "Subsidized housing in the United States") [tax credits](/wiki/Tax_credits "Tax credits").
At a three\-day grand reopening on June 10–12, 1994 Mayor Ed Hansen lauded Lojis president David Mandley for persevering in getting the project organized and skill in the historical restoration of the buildings exterior and common spaces. The guest rooms had been converted to 69 residential units which as a condition of using the tax credits must be rented to tenants with an income 60% or less of the area's median. Historic renovation and preservation were mandated by the use of the historic tax credits. Reporter Diane Brooks wrote in *The Seattle Times*, "Once a symbol of downtown decay, the hotel now symbolizes Everett's development boom". Popular downtown restaurant Passport moved into the Monte Cristo in 1994\.
In 1997 the building was again serving as a civic center when a public forum for candidates for judge on the county superior court was held there. The building was home to the Everett Center for the Arts and the Arts Council of Snohomish County which displayed art in the grand lobby and mezzanine including shows and exhibitions. The Monte Cristo Ballroom was named Best Wedding Venue in a 2019 readers poll in *[The Herald Business Journal](/wiki/The_Herald_%28Everett%29 "The Herald (Everett)")*. All inclusive wedding packages were offered. The business closed abruptly on October 15, 2019\.
The Monte Cristo Awards, inspired by the building's quality, recognize neighbors who take pride in their property.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The six story brick building was largest hotel project in Everett. It was built on the site of the original Monte Cristo Hotel, which opened in 1892 and had hosted the [Providence Hospital](/wiki/Providence_Regional_Medical_Center_Everett \"Providence Regional Medical Center Everett\") from 1905 to 1924\\.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Cameron \\|first1\\=David A. \\|last2\\=LeWarne \\|first2\\=Charles P. \\|last3\\=May \\|first3\\=M. Allan \\|last4\\=O'Donnell \\|first4\\=Jack C. \\|last5\\=O'Donnell \\|first5\\=Lawrence E. \\|year\\=2005 \\|title\\=Snohomish County: An Illustrated History \\|pages\\=111, 202 \\|publisher\\=Kelcema Books LLC \\|location\\=Index, Washington \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-9766700\\-0\\-1 \\|oclc\\=62728798}} Construction was a community project with hundreds of stockholders. Designed by [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle \"Seattle\") architect Henry Bittman the hotel opened on May 29, 1925\\. The {{convert\\|120\\|ft\\|adj\\=on}} [facade](/wiki/Facade \"Facade\") fronts on Wall Street looking south. The height of the building and its elevated position on the slope of downtown make it visible from some distance approaching the city from the south. This landmark was the town's important hotel and social center for over 40 years. The hotel closed in 1972\\.",
"The building was [redeveloped](/wiki/Redevelopment \"Redevelopment\") and [historically restored](/wiki/Historic_preservation \"Historic preservation\") in 1994 to apartments, an arts venue and a wedding and banquet facility.",
"In 1991 after the building had been vacant about 20 years a group of investors spent about {{usd\\|100000\\|1991}} working on a redevelopment plan that fell through. Plans were announced in 1993 to renovate the building as [low cost housing](/wiki/Subsidized_housing_in_the_United_States \"Subsidized housing in the United States\"). At that time Mayor Pete Kinch described the Monte Cristo Hotel as a \"bellwether of how we as a community are dealing with\" the problem of [downtown decline](/wiki/Urban_decay \"Urban decay\").",
"In August 1993 private developer Lojis Corp. had assembled a financing package for the redevelopment into low income housing. The package was contingent on leasing some of the building's space. A plan for the city to lease the space for an arts venue led to a lengthy city council debate. On August 25, 1993 the Everett City Council approved spending {{usd\\|81590\\|1993}} per year to lease {{convert\\|8867\\|sqft}} of space in the building, including the grand lobby, mezzanine and ballroom areas. By November of that year the building had been re–roofed, new sidewalks poured, new interior stairs built and exterior restoration started as part of a $6\\.8 million construction project. The Washington Community Renewal Association invested $3M and Lojis Corp. secured $3\\.8M in equity by selling $6\\.7M in federal historic and [low income housing](/wiki/Subsidized_housing_in_the_United_States \"Subsidized housing in the United States\") [tax credits](/wiki/Tax_credits \"Tax credits\").",
"At a three\\-day grand reopening on June 10–12, 1994 Mayor Ed Hansen lauded Lojis president David Mandley for persevering in getting the project organized and skill in the historical restoration of the buildings exterior and common spaces. The guest rooms had been converted to 69 residential units which as a condition of using the tax credits must be rented to tenants with an income 60% or less of the area's median. Historic renovation and preservation were mandated by the use of the historic tax credits. Reporter Diane Brooks wrote in *The Seattle Times*, \"Once a symbol of downtown decay, the hotel now symbolizes Everett's development boom\". Popular downtown restaurant Passport moved into the Monte Cristo in 1994\\.",
"In 1997 the building was again serving as a civic center when a public forum for candidates for judge on the county superior court was held there. The building was home to the Everett Center for the Arts and the Arts Council of Snohomish County which displayed art in the grand lobby and mezzanine including shows and exhibitions. The Monte Cristo Ballroom was named Best Wedding Venue in a 2019 readers poll in *[The Herald Business Journal](/wiki/The_Herald_%28Everett%29 \"The Herald (Everett)\")*. All inclusive wedding packages were offered. The business closed abruptly on October 15, 2019\\.\nThe Monte Cristo Awards, inspired by the building's quality, recognize neighbors who take pride in their property.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Early start
Cardona spent five years{{cite web\|url\=http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/maria\_cardona.html\|title\=The Arena: \- Maria Cardona Bio\|website\=\[\[Politico]] }} at the [United States Department of Commerce](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce "United States Department of Commerce"), first as [Deputy Press Secretary](/wiki/Deputy_Press_Secretary "Deputy Press Secretary") to Secretary [Ronald H. Brown](/wiki/Ron_Brown "Ron Brown") and in charge of the press offices of all the 14 agencies. Following the [airplane crash into a mountainside in Croatia](/wiki/1996_Croatia_USAF_CT-43_crash "1996 Croatia USAF CT-43 crash") that killed Secretary Brown, Cardona was left to handle the live press briefing alone. She then went on to be the Press Secretary to Secretaries [William Daley](/wiki/William_M._Daley "William M. Daley") and [Mickey Kantor](/wiki/Mickey_Kantor "Mickey Kantor"). While there, she acted as Lead Communications Strategist for the passage of the [North American Free Trade Agreement](/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement "North American Free Trade Agreement") (NAFTA) in 1993\. In 1997, she was awarded the [Department of Commerce's Silver Medal Award](/wiki/Department_of_Commerce_Silver_Medal "Department of Commerce Silver Medal") for Meritorious Federal Service.
From 1998 to 2001, Cardona was the Director of Communications for the [United States Department of Justice](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice")'s [Immigration and Naturalization Service](/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service "Immigration and Naturalization Service") (INS), acting as the [Clinton Administration's](/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton "Presidency of Bill Clinton") top spokesperson on the complex issues surrounding [immigration](/wiki/Immigration "Immigration"), including the [Elián González affair](/wiki/Eli%C3%A1n_Gonz%C3%A1lez_affair "Elián González affair"). She was chosen by Hispanic Business Magazine as one of the 100 Most Influential Hispanics in the country of that year.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/2003/3/10/maria\_cardona\_to\_head\_ndn\_media.htm \|title\=Maria Cardona to Head NDN Media Relations \- HispanicBusiness.com \|website\=www.hispanicbusiness.com \|access\-date\=22 May 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20131213072817/http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/2003/3/10/maria\_cardona\_to\_head\_ndn\_media.htm \|archive\-date\=13 December 2013 \|url\-status\=dead}}
From 2001 to 2003,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/maria\-cardona/\|title\=Maria Cardona\|website\=\[\[HuffPost]] }} she served as Communications Director of the [Democratic National Committee](/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee "Democratic National Committee"), where she helped coordinate the national Democratic message for the party officials, elected leaders, candidates and state Democratic Party committees.
Cardona joined the [New Democrat Network](/wiki/New_Democrat_Network "New Democrat Network") (NDN) in 2003 as their vice president for Media Relations, where she developed and directed NDN's ongoing efforts to help Democrats better understand and community to the Hispanic electorate. She also directed NDN's Hispanic Project, which was created to expand research and polling, candidate recruitment, and national paid and earned media communications strategies targeted to Hispanic audiences, in both English and Spanish. The $6 million initiative was, at the time, the largest effort ever{{cite web\|url\=http://americanlatinomuseum.org/maria\_cardona/\|title\=Friends of the National Museum of the American Latino: Maria Cardona\|work\=Friends of the National Museum of the American Latino\|access\-date\=2013\-12\-13\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118130445/http://americanlatinomuseum.org/maria\_cardona/\|archive\-date\=2013\-11\-18\|url\-status\=dead}} to conduct dedicated research and deliver the Democratic message to [the Latino community](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans").
### Dewey Square Group and Latinovations
Cardona joined the [Dewey Square Group](/wiki/Dewey_Square_Group "Dewey Square Group") in 2005 as a principal, helping their corporate, non\-profit and trade association clients develop strategic partnerships at the national, state and local level, especially within the Latino community. She used her background to tap into the Latino community and ensure that Dewey clients were well represented and understand the demographic.{{citation needed\|date\=February 2016}}
Cardona went on to launch Latinovations,{{cite web\|url\=http://politic365\.com/2013/01/18/maria\-cardona/\|title\=Maria Cardona\|author\=Politic365 Staff\|date\=18 January 2013}} the firm's Latino strategies practice, which uses her influence and experience to advocate on Latino issues, guiding clients searching for building support on positions, products, and brands within the Hispanic/Latino community. Latinovations produces its own daily blog, titled *La Plaza*, which covers national news and policies that affect the Latino community.
### Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign
While at Dewey Square Group, Cardona served as a senior advisor to the [Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_presidential_campaign%2C_2008 "Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2008"), serving as a campaign surrogate and spokesperson and representing the campaign on major national TV and radio, as well as Spanish\-language television news and political programs. She also served on Clinton's Hispanic outreach team.
Following the primary, Cardona served as a surrogate for the [Obama for America](/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign "Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign") general election campaign.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2018}}
### CNN and present
In October 2011, Cardona joined the CNN Network{{cite web\|url\=http://0\-cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com.library.ccbcmd.edu/2011/10/05/maria\-cardona\-and\-david\-frum\-join\-cnn\-as\-political\-contributors/ \|title\=Maria Cardona and David Frum Join CNN as Political Contributors – CNN Press Room \- CNN.com Blogs \|access\-date\=2013\-12\-13 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213094439/http://0\-cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com.library.ccbcmd.edu/2011/10/05/maria\-cardona\-and\-david\-frum\-join\-cnn\-as\-political\-contributors/ \|archive\-date\=2013\-12\-13 }} for the [2012 presidential election season](/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election "2012 United States presidential election") as a political contributor, and was the first Latina Democratic contributor on CNN and the only person, at that time, to contribute to both CNN Domestic and CNN en Español.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mamiverse.com/maria\-cardona\-wise\-latina\-mom\-and\-political\-operative\-4011/\|title\=Maria Cardona: Wise Latina Mom \& Political Operative\|work\=Mamiverse\|date\=16 January 2012 }} "Having spent all of my professional career in communications, public policy, and politics, I'm thrilled to join CNN as a political contributor, especially as we are entering the excitement of the upcoming 2012 presidential election cycle," she said. She continues to make appearances on CNN and CNN en Español and writes editorials speaking on a variety of national issues.
Currently, Cardona sits as a board member of numerous organizations dedicated to Latino issues. She serves on the board of directors for Hoops Sagrado,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hoopssagrado.com/Hoops\-About.html\|title\=About Hoops Sagrado}} a non\-profit organization that provides learning and leadership opportunities to DC youth through a basketball exchange program in the highlands of Guatemala; [New America Media](/wiki/New_America_Media "New America Media"),{{cite web\|url\=http://newamericamedia.org/nam\-board\-of\-directors.php\|title\=NAM Board of Directors \- New America Media}} the country's first and largest national collaboration and advocate of 3,000 ethnic news organizations; [Citizenship Counts](/wiki/Citizenship_Counts "Citizenship Counts"),{{cite web\|url\=http://citizenshipcounts.org/index.php/about/boards/advisory/\|title\=Advisory \- Citizenship Counts – Gerda Weissmann Klein}} a non\-profit organization dedicated to educating middle\-school students on the responsibilities and civic duties of American citizens; [PODER PAC](/wiki/PODER_PAC "PODER PAC"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.poderpac.com/board\-of\-directors.html\|title\=Board of Directors}} the first political action committee that raises money for Latina candidates at all levels; the [Friends of the National Museum of the American Latino](/wiki/Commission_to_Study_the_Potential_Creation_of_the_National_Museum_of_the_American_Latino "Commission to Study the Potential Creation of the National Museum of the American Latino"),{{cite web\|url\=http://americanlatinomuseum.org/about/\|title\=Friends of the National Museum of the American Latino: About\|work\=Friends of the National Museum of the American Latino\|access\-date\=2013\-12\-13\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207222857/http://americanlatinomuseum.org/about/\|archive\-date\=2013\-12\-07\|url\-status\=dead}} an independent commission established to study the feasibility of creating a national museum dedicated to highlighting the contributions of American Latinos; and co\-chairs inSPIRE STEM USA,{{cite web \|title\=Meet the Co\-Chairs \|url\=http://inspirestemusa.org/meet\-the\-co\-chairs/ \|website\=inSPIRE STEM USA}} a coalition of businesses, education advocates and other national organizations supportive of a two\-part plan to address immigration and workforce development needs and improve the country's STEM education pipeline.
She was named one of the nation's Top 50 Most Influential Latinos in 2012\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/branded/2012/influentials/influentials\_list.asp \|title\=2012 Influentials List \- HispanicBusiness.com \|access\-date\=2013\-12\-13 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114083420/http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/branded/2012/influentials/influentials\_list.asp \|archive\-date\=2013\-11\-14 }}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Early start",
"Cardona spent five years{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/maria\\_cardona.html\\|title\\=The Arena: \\- Maria Cardona Bio\\|website\\=\\[\\[Politico]] }} at the [United States Department of Commerce](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce \"United States Department of Commerce\"), first as [Deputy Press Secretary](/wiki/Deputy_Press_Secretary \"Deputy Press Secretary\") to Secretary [Ronald H. Brown](/wiki/Ron_Brown \"Ron Brown\") and in charge of the press offices of all the 14 agencies. Following the [airplane crash into a mountainside in Croatia](/wiki/1996_Croatia_USAF_CT-43_crash \"1996 Croatia USAF CT-43 crash\") that killed Secretary Brown, Cardona was left to handle the live press briefing alone. She then went on to be the Press Secretary to Secretaries [William Daley](/wiki/William_M._Daley \"William M. Daley\") and [Mickey Kantor](/wiki/Mickey_Kantor \"Mickey Kantor\"). While there, she acted as Lead Communications Strategist for the passage of the [North American Free Trade Agreement](/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement \"North American Free Trade Agreement\") (NAFTA) in 1993\\. In 1997, she was awarded the [Department of Commerce's Silver Medal Award](/wiki/Department_of_Commerce_Silver_Medal \"Department of Commerce Silver Medal\") for Meritorious Federal Service.",
"From 1998 to 2001, Cardona was the Director of Communications for the [United States Department of Justice](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice \"United States Department of Justice\")'s [Immigration and Naturalization Service](/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service \"Immigration and Naturalization Service\") (INS), acting as the [Clinton Administration's](/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton \"Presidency of Bill Clinton\") top spokesperson on the complex issues surrounding [immigration](/wiki/Immigration \"Immigration\"), including the [Elián González affair](/wiki/Eli%C3%A1n_Gonz%C3%A1lez_affair \"Elián González affair\"). She was chosen by Hispanic Business Magazine as one of the 100 Most Influential Hispanics in the country of that year.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/2003/3/10/maria\\_cardona\\_to\\_head\\_ndn\\_media.htm \\|title\\=Maria Cardona to Head NDN Media Relations \\- HispanicBusiness.com \\|website\\=www.hispanicbusiness.com \\|access\\-date\\=22 May 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20131213072817/http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/2003/3/10/maria\\_cardona\\_to\\_head\\_ndn\\_media.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=13 December 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"From 2001 to 2003,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/maria\\-cardona/\\|title\\=Maria Cardona\\|website\\=\\[\\[HuffPost]] }} she served as Communications Director of the [Democratic National Committee](/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee \"Democratic National Committee\"), where she helped coordinate the national Democratic message for the party officials, elected leaders, candidates and state Democratic Party committees.",
"Cardona joined the [New Democrat Network](/wiki/New_Democrat_Network \"New Democrat Network\") (NDN) in 2003 as their vice president for Media Relations, where she developed and directed NDN's ongoing efforts to help Democrats better understand and community to the Hispanic electorate. She also directed NDN's Hispanic Project, which was created to expand research and polling, candidate recruitment, and national paid and earned media communications strategies targeted to Hispanic audiences, in both English and Spanish. The $6 million initiative was, at the time, the largest effort ever{{cite web\\|url\\=http://americanlatinomuseum.org/maria\\_cardona/\\|title\\=Friends of the National Museum of the American Latino: Maria Cardona\\|work\\=Friends of the National Museum of the American Latino\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-13\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118130445/http://americanlatinomuseum.org/maria\\_cardona/\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-11\\-18\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} to conduct dedicated research and deliver the Democratic message to [the Latino community](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\").",
"### Dewey Square Group and Latinovations",
"Cardona joined the [Dewey Square Group](/wiki/Dewey_Square_Group \"Dewey Square Group\") in 2005 as a principal, helping their corporate, non\\-profit and trade association clients develop strategic partnerships at the national, state and local level, especially within the Latino community. She used her background to tap into the Latino community and ensure that Dewey clients were well represented and understand the demographic.{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2016}}",
"Cardona went on to launch Latinovations,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://politic365\\.com/2013/01/18/maria\\-cardona/\\|title\\=Maria Cardona\\|author\\=Politic365 Staff\\|date\\=18 January 2013}} the firm's Latino strategies practice, which uses her influence and experience to advocate on Latino issues, guiding clients searching for building support on positions, products, and brands within the Hispanic/Latino community. Latinovations produces its own daily blog, titled *La Plaza*, which covers national news and policies that affect the Latino community.",
"### Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign",
"While at Dewey Square Group, Cardona served as a senior advisor to the [Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_presidential_campaign%2C_2008 \"Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2008\"), serving as a campaign surrogate and spokesperson and representing the campaign on major national TV and radio, as well as Spanish\\-language television news and political programs. She also served on Clinton's Hispanic outreach team.",
"Following the primary, Cardona served as a surrogate for the [Obama for America](/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign \"Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign\") general election campaign.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2018}}",
"### CNN and present",
"In October 2011, Cardona joined the CNN Network{{cite web\\|url\\=http://0\\-cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com.library.ccbcmd.edu/2011/10/05/maria\\-cardona\\-and\\-david\\-frum\\-join\\-cnn\\-as\\-political\\-contributors/ \\|title\\=Maria Cardona and David Frum Join CNN as Political Contributors – CNN Press Room \\- CNN.com Blogs \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-13 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213094439/http://0\\-cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com.library.ccbcmd.edu/2011/10/05/maria\\-cardona\\-and\\-david\\-frum\\-join\\-cnn\\-as\\-political\\-contributors/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-13 }} for the [2012 presidential election season](/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election \"2012 United States presidential election\") as a political contributor, and was the first Latina Democratic contributor on CNN and the only person, at that time, to contribute to both CNN Domestic and CNN en Español.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mamiverse.com/maria\\-cardona\\-wise\\-latina\\-mom\\-and\\-political\\-operative\\-4011/\\|title\\=Maria Cardona: Wise Latina Mom \\& Political Operative\\|work\\=Mamiverse\\|date\\=16 January 2012 }} \"Having spent all of my professional career in communications, public policy, and politics, I'm thrilled to join CNN as a political contributor, especially as we are entering the excitement of the upcoming 2012 presidential election cycle,\" she said. She continues to make appearances on CNN and CNN en Español and writes editorials speaking on a variety of national issues.",
"Currently, Cardona sits as a board member of numerous organizations dedicated to Latino issues. She serves on the board of directors for Hoops Sagrado,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hoopssagrado.com/Hoops\\-About.html\\|title\\=About Hoops Sagrado}} a non\\-profit organization that provides learning and leadership opportunities to DC youth through a basketball exchange program in the highlands of Guatemala; [New America Media](/wiki/New_America_Media \"New America Media\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://newamericamedia.org/nam\\-board\\-of\\-directors.php\\|title\\=NAM Board of Directors \\- New America Media}} the country's first and largest national collaboration and advocate of 3,000 ethnic news organizations; [Citizenship Counts](/wiki/Citizenship_Counts \"Citizenship Counts\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://citizenshipcounts.org/index.php/about/boards/advisory/\\|title\\=Advisory \\- Citizenship Counts – Gerda Weissmann Klein}} a non\\-profit organization dedicated to educating middle\\-school students on the responsibilities and civic duties of American citizens; [PODER PAC](/wiki/PODER_PAC \"PODER PAC\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.poderpac.com/board\\-of\\-directors.html\\|title\\=Board of Directors}} the first political action committee that raises money for Latina candidates at all levels; the [Friends of the National Museum of the American Latino](/wiki/Commission_to_Study_the_Potential_Creation_of_the_National_Museum_of_the_American_Latino \"Commission to Study the Potential Creation of the National Museum of the American Latino\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://americanlatinomuseum.org/about/\\|title\\=Friends of the National Museum of the American Latino: About\\|work\\=Friends of the National Museum of the American Latino\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-13\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207222857/http://americanlatinomuseum.org/about/\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-07\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} an independent commission established to study the feasibility of creating a national museum dedicated to highlighting the contributions of American Latinos; and co\\-chairs inSPIRE STEM USA,{{cite web \\|title\\=Meet the Co\\-Chairs \\|url\\=http://inspirestemusa.org/meet\\-the\\-co\\-chairs/ \\|website\\=inSPIRE STEM USA}} a coalition of businesses, education advocates and other national organizations supportive of a two\\-part plan to address immigration and workforce development needs and improve the country's STEM education pipeline.",
"She was named one of the nation's Top 50 Most Influential Latinos in 2012\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/branded/2012/influentials/influentials\\_list.asp \\|title\\=2012 Influentials List \\- HispanicBusiness.com \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-13 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114083420/http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/branded/2012/influentials/influentials\\_list.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-11\\-14 }}",
""
] |
Entrepreneurship and influence
------------------------------
Gaither founded the Gaither Music Company, which includes the functions of record company, concert booking (Gaither Management Group), television production, copyright management (Gaither Copyright Management), retail store, recording studio (Gaither Studios, formerly Pinebrook Studios) and telemarketing for the Gaither organization reside. He also ran the Gaither Family Resources retail center.
Included as part of the company is Live Bait Productions, an animation company run by Benjy Gaither, one of Bill's three children.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.livebaitproductions.com/ourcompany.html \|title\=Welcome to Livebait Entertainment \|publisher\=Livebaitproductions.com \|access\-date\=April 20, 2013}}
### Record labels
In the 1980s, Gaither was involved with Paragon Associates, which formed a partnership with [Zondervan](/wiki/Zondervan "Zondervan") to buy [Benson Records](/wiki/Benson_Records "Benson Records"), which is now part of [Sony BMG Music Entertainment](/wiki/Sony_BMG_Music_Entertainment "Sony BMG Music Entertainment").
In 1994, Gaither and entrepreneur Leland Boren founded the [Brentwood, Tennessee](/wiki/Brentwood%2C_Tennessee "Brentwood, Tennessee")\-based Chapel Hill Music Group, which later changed its name to [Spring Hill Music Group](/wiki/Spring_Hill_Music_Group "Spring Hill Music Group").{{cite web \|work\=All About Jazz \|url\=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/news.php?id\=421 \|title\=The Spring Hill Music Group Announces the Creation of the Hillsboro Jazz Label \|publisher\=Allaboutjazz.com \|access\-date\=April 20, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202101727/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/news.php?id\=421 \|archive\-date\=February 2, 2009 }} It was created as part of the Gaither Music Company to handle in\-house productions, including the *Gaither Homecoming* series.
### Industry influence
[thumb\|[David Phelps](/wiki/David_Phelps_%28musician%29 "David Phelps (musician)"), [Gordon Mote](/wiki/Gordon_Mote "Gordon Mote"), Bill Gaither (left to right) in April 2009](/wiki/File:David_Phelps%2C_Gordon_Mote%2C_Bill_Gaither.jpg "David Phelps, Gordon Mote, Bill Gaither.jpg")
Gaither has been a father figure and career booster to many younger performers in the [Christian music industry](/wiki/Christian_music_industry "Christian music industry"), while helping to prolong the careers of those who came before him for example by producing Homecoming recordings and tours. The following are all CCM artists who either got their start or became popular while touring with the Gaithers: [Mark Lowry](/wiki/Mark_Lowry "Mark Lowry"), [Michael W. Smith](/wiki/Michael_W._Smith "Michael W. Smith"), [Carman](/wiki/Carman_%28singer%29 "Carman (singer)"), [Sandi Patty](/wiki/Sandi_Patty "Sandi Patty"), [Steve Green](/wiki/Steve_Green_%28singer%29 "Steve Green (singer)"), [Don Francisco](/wiki/Don_Francisco_%28Christian_musician%29 "Don Francisco (Christian musician)"), [Amy Grant](/wiki/Amy_Grant "Amy Grant"), [Michael English](/wiki/Michael_English_%28American_singer%29 "Michael English (American singer)"), [Jonathan Pierce](/wiki/Jonathan_Pierce "Jonathan Pierce"), Karla Worley, and [Cynthia Clawson](/wiki/Cynthia_Clawson "Cynthia Clawson").
He has maintained the Gaither Vocal Band with a variety of singers through the years, including [Gary McSpadden](/wiki/Gary_McSpadden "Gary McSpadden"), Steve Green, Lee Young, Jon Mohr, [Larnelle Harris](/wiki/Larnelle_Harris "Larnelle Harris"), Michael English, Lemuel Miller, Jim Murray, [Mark Lowry](/wiki/Mark_Lowry "Mark Lowry"), Terry Franklin, Buddy Mullins, [Jonathan Pierce](/wiki/Jonathan_Pierce "Jonathan Pierce"), [Guy Penrod](/wiki/Guy_Penrod "Guy Penrod"), [David Phelps](/wiki/David_Phelps_%28musician%29 "David Phelps (musician)"), [Russ Taff](/wiki/Russ_Taff "Russ Taff"), [Marshall Hall](/wiki/Marshall_Hall_%28singer%29 "Marshall Hall (singer)"), [Wes Hampton](/wiki/Wes_Hampton "Wes Hampton"), [Adam Crabb](/wiki/Crabb_Revival "Crabb Revival"), Todd Suttles and Reggie Smith. Penrod, Lowry and Hampton were the members of the Gaither Vocal Band with the longest tenure besides Bill Gaither himself. Penrod was with the group from 1995 to 2008; Lowry from 1988 to 2001; and Hampton has been with the Gaither Vocal Band since 2005\. It was announced in January 2009 that Lowry, English and Phelps were rejoining the group; at the same time the announcement was made that Penrod and Hall were leaving to pursue solo careers.
Gaither's *Homecoming* tours, which started in 1991, brought together major stars of the southern gospel and CCM industry, sparking a revival of the genres. The tours have sold more than 1\.1 million tickets across the world, and have included such notable venues as the [Kennedy Center](/wiki/Kennedy_Center "Kennedy Center") and [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall "Carnegie Hall"). Pollstar listed the tour as selling more tickets in 2004 than [Elton John](/wiki/Elton_John "Elton John"), [Fleetwood Mac](/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac "Fleetwood Mac") or [Rod Stewart](/wiki/Rod_Stewart "Rod Stewart").{{cite web\|url\=http://top40\-charts.com/news.php?nid\=12702 \|title\=
Bill Gaither's Homecoming Tour Hits POLLSTAR's 'Top 20' Ticket Sales List; Outranks Rod Stewart, Elton John \& Fleetwood Mac \|website\=Top40\-charts.com \|access\-date\=April 20, 2013}} Lynda Randle, the Isaacs, Russ Taff, the Hoppers, Jessy Dixon and many more have performed on the tours.
|
[
"Entrepreneurship and influence\n------------------------------",
"Gaither founded the Gaither Music Company, which includes the functions of record company, concert booking (Gaither Management Group), television production, copyright management (Gaither Copyright Management), retail store, recording studio (Gaither Studios, formerly Pinebrook Studios) and telemarketing for the Gaither organization reside. He also ran the Gaither Family Resources retail center.",
"Included as part of the company is Live Bait Productions, an animation company run by Benjy Gaither, one of Bill's three children.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.livebaitproductions.com/ourcompany.html \\|title\\=Welcome to Livebait Entertainment \\|publisher\\=Livebaitproductions.com \\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2013}}",
"### Record labels",
"In the 1980s, Gaither was involved with Paragon Associates, which formed a partnership with [Zondervan](/wiki/Zondervan \"Zondervan\") to buy [Benson Records](/wiki/Benson_Records \"Benson Records\"), which is now part of [Sony BMG Music Entertainment](/wiki/Sony_BMG_Music_Entertainment \"Sony BMG Music Entertainment\").",
"In 1994, Gaither and entrepreneur Leland Boren founded the [Brentwood, Tennessee](/wiki/Brentwood%2C_Tennessee \"Brentwood, Tennessee\")\\-based Chapel Hill Music Group, which later changed its name to [Spring Hill Music Group](/wiki/Spring_Hill_Music_Group \"Spring Hill Music Group\").{{cite web \\|work\\=All About Jazz \\|url\\=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/news.php?id\\=421 \\|title\\=The Spring Hill Music Group Announces the Creation of the Hillsboro Jazz Label \\|publisher\\=Allaboutjazz.com \\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202101727/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/news.php?id\\=421 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 2, 2009 }} It was created as part of the Gaither Music Company to handle in\\-house productions, including the *Gaither Homecoming* series.",
"### Industry influence",
"[thumb\\|[David Phelps](/wiki/David_Phelps_%28musician%29 \"David Phelps (musician)\"), [Gordon Mote](/wiki/Gordon_Mote \"Gordon Mote\"), Bill Gaither (left to right) in April 2009](/wiki/File:David_Phelps%2C_Gordon_Mote%2C_Bill_Gaither.jpg \"David Phelps, Gordon Mote, Bill Gaither.jpg\")\nGaither has been a father figure and career booster to many younger performers in the [Christian music industry](/wiki/Christian_music_industry \"Christian music industry\"), while helping to prolong the careers of those who came before him for example by producing Homecoming recordings and tours. The following are all CCM artists who either got their start or became popular while touring with the Gaithers: [Mark Lowry](/wiki/Mark_Lowry \"Mark Lowry\"), [Michael W. Smith](/wiki/Michael_W._Smith \"Michael W. Smith\"), [Carman](/wiki/Carman_%28singer%29 \"Carman (singer)\"), [Sandi Patty](/wiki/Sandi_Patty \"Sandi Patty\"), [Steve Green](/wiki/Steve_Green_%28singer%29 \"Steve Green (singer)\"), [Don Francisco](/wiki/Don_Francisco_%28Christian_musician%29 \"Don Francisco (Christian musician)\"), [Amy Grant](/wiki/Amy_Grant \"Amy Grant\"), [Michael English](/wiki/Michael_English_%28American_singer%29 \"Michael English (American singer)\"), [Jonathan Pierce](/wiki/Jonathan_Pierce \"Jonathan Pierce\"), Karla Worley, and [Cynthia Clawson](/wiki/Cynthia_Clawson \"Cynthia Clawson\").",
"He has maintained the Gaither Vocal Band with a variety of singers through the years, including [Gary McSpadden](/wiki/Gary_McSpadden \"Gary McSpadden\"), Steve Green, Lee Young, Jon Mohr, [Larnelle Harris](/wiki/Larnelle_Harris \"Larnelle Harris\"), Michael English, Lemuel Miller, Jim Murray, [Mark Lowry](/wiki/Mark_Lowry \"Mark Lowry\"), Terry Franklin, Buddy Mullins, [Jonathan Pierce](/wiki/Jonathan_Pierce \"Jonathan Pierce\"), [Guy Penrod](/wiki/Guy_Penrod \"Guy Penrod\"), [David Phelps](/wiki/David_Phelps_%28musician%29 \"David Phelps (musician)\"), [Russ Taff](/wiki/Russ_Taff \"Russ Taff\"), [Marshall Hall](/wiki/Marshall_Hall_%28singer%29 \"Marshall Hall (singer)\"), [Wes Hampton](/wiki/Wes_Hampton \"Wes Hampton\"), [Adam Crabb](/wiki/Crabb_Revival \"Crabb Revival\"), Todd Suttles and Reggie Smith. Penrod, Lowry and Hampton were the members of the Gaither Vocal Band with the longest tenure besides Bill Gaither himself. Penrod was with the group from 1995 to 2008; Lowry from 1988 to 2001; and Hampton has been with the Gaither Vocal Band since 2005\\. It was announced in January 2009 that Lowry, English and Phelps were rejoining the group; at the same time the announcement was made that Penrod and Hall were leaving to pursue solo careers.",
"Gaither's *Homecoming* tours, which started in 1991, brought together major stars of the southern gospel and CCM industry, sparking a revival of the genres. The tours have sold more than 1\\.1 million tickets across the world, and have included such notable venues as the [Kennedy Center](/wiki/Kennedy_Center \"Kennedy Center\") and [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall \"Carnegie Hall\"). Pollstar listed the tour as selling more tickets in 2004 than [Elton John](/wiki/Elton_John \"Elton John\"), [Fleetwood Mac](/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac \"Fleetwood Mac\") or [Rod Stewart](/wiki/Rod_Stewart \"Rod Stewart\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://top40\\-charts.com/news.php?nid\\=12702 \\|title\\=\nBill Gaither's Homecoming Tour Hits POLLSTAR's 'Top 20' Ticket Sales List; Outranks Rod Stewart, Elton John \\& Fleetwood Mac \\|website\\=Top40\\-charts.com \\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2013}} Lynda Randle, the Isaacs, Russ Taff, the Hoppers, Jessy Dixon and many more have performed on the tours.",
""
] |
History
-------
The history of the present St John's Renfield Church has its roots in three separate congregations reflecting the ecclesiastical, industrial and demographic fortunes of nineteenth and twentieth century Scotland.
### St John's Parish Church
The opening phase in the story dates back to 1819\. Glasgow like other industrial towns was confronted with the appalling, overcrowded and insanitary living conditions[A Brief History of Glasgow](http://www.localhistories.org/glasgow.html).
Glasgow was … " possibly the filthiest and unhealthiest of all the British towns". engendered by the rapidly increasing population.Agnew (2014\)
Increases caused essentially by the immigration of unskilled and often illiterate workers fleeing rural poverty from Ireland and the Highlands. A 10 fold increase between 1801 and 1901\. A new Church, St John's Parish Church, was built on the north side of Bell Street facing down Macfarlane Street, where it stood until demolished in the 1960s, to serve the deprived [Calton area](/wiki/Calton%2C_Glasgow "Calton, Glasgow"). [thumb\|{{center\|Thomas Chalmers.
Minister at St John's Parish Church. (1819 \- 1823\)}}Its](/wiki/File:Illustratedcatal00anna_orig_0173.png "Illustratedcatal00anna orig 0173.png") first minister was the young Dr [Thomas Chalmers](/wiki/Thomas_Chalmers "Thomas Chalmers") who already had a considerable reputation as moral reformer and evangelical preacher[See: Thomas Chalmers NNDB](http://www.nndb.com/people/959/000104647)
William Wilberforce is reported to have commented on Dr Chalmers' visit to London. "all the world is wild about Dr Chalmers." and whose leadership during the [Disruption](/wiki/Disruption_of_1843 "Disruption of 1843") in 1843 was to make him, in the words of [Carlyle](/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle "Thomas Carlyle"), "*The chief Scotsman of his age.*" Chalmers had managed to persuadeSt John's – Renfield Church 1969, p. 4 the Provost and Magistrates to appoint him as Minister to the new church in order to allow him to put into practice his unorthodox, evangelical ideas for alleviating the material and spiritual squalor generated by industrialism.St John's – Renfield Church 1969, p. 7 Thanks to this approach, which became a model in its time,Discussed amongst others (unfavourably) by Karl Marx. [See: Hollander p. 131](https://books.google.com/books?id=HjWEac3_aqEC&dq=hollander+marx+chalmers&pg=PA131) he hoped to bring about a moral change by fostering independence and by privileging personal contact, parochial care and schooling.St John's – Renfield Church 1969, p. 5\.
Within 18 months 24 schools were opened Chalmers' Ministry had considerable successSt John's – Renfield Church 1969 p. 5 but was relatively short, for, in 1823, he was appointed to the chair of moral philosophy at [St Andrews University](/wiki/St_Andrews_University "St Andrews University"). He was replaced first by [Dr Patrick MacFarlan](/wiki/Patrick_MacFarlan "Patrick MacFarlan"), and then by [Dr Thomas Brown](/wiki/Thomas_Brown_%28minister_of_St_John%27s%2C_Glasgow%29 "Thomas Brown (minister of St John's, Glasgow)")St John's – Renfield Church 1969 p. 7 and the Church continued to prosper with a growing congregation until the great schism caused over the issue of "*spiritual independence*" and "*patronage*" which led to the Disruption and the creation of the new independent [Free Church of Scotland](/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_%281843%E2%80%931900%29 "Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)")\*. On 14 May 1843, Dr Brown preached his last sermon in Macfarlane Street, and then, with the support of 1151 out of 1175 members of the congregation,St John's – Renfield Church 1969 p. 8 left the church. Three days later, a new congregation was formed under the name of "Free St John's". Initially, without a place of worship, the congregation found a temporary location in Blackfriar's street, until, thanks to a subscription, sufficient funds were collected for a new Church to be built in George street in 1845, where "Free St John's" continued to prosper until 1922\.St John's – Renfield Church 1969 p. 9
### Renfield Church
In the same year, 1819, a few hundred yards away new congregation was formed. It was a lay overflow congregation from the "Old Light Church" in East Cromwell Street, consisting of some 30 members and led by two elders: a weaver and a currier.St John's – Renfield Church 1969, p. 14
The first services were held in rented accommodation in Albion Street, until the acquisition of a permanent site in Renfield Street in 1820 by which time the congregation had grown to 236\.St John's – Renfield Church 1969, p. 15 The Renfield Church, as it came to be known, was formed to meet the needs of the western suburbs and Calton. For two years, until the appointment of the Rev. Michael Willis in 1821, there was no permanent minister. The membership of the congregation continued to rise slowly, however, it was decided in 1855, because of shifting patterns of residence, to sell the Renfield site and move westwards.St John's – Renfield 1969, p. 21 A new Church was built in Bath Street with seating for 1200\. After the death of the Rev Duncan MacNab, the Ministry remained vacant for a period of 12 months. Finally, and despite the reticence of some of the more intransigent purists of the congregation,Carnegie Simpson 1909 Vol. 1\. pp. 109–111
Dr Dods was a progressive in theological terms and suffered on\-going criticism from conservative Presbyterians for his alleged unorthodox and heretical leanings. He was criticised essentially on 2 counts: a) for his outspoken defence of modern biblical criticism and his rejection of the notion of the inerrancy of the gospel, b) for suggesting that the Edinburgh Botanic Gardens should be open to the public on Sundays. [Dr Marcus Dods](/wiki/Marcus_Dods_%28theologian_born_1834%29 "Marcus Dods (theologian born 1834)") was inducted in 1864\. This resulted in a memorable MinistrySt John's – Renfield Church 1969, p. 24\.
The celebrated evangelist and lecturer on natural science [Henry Drummond](/wiki/Henry_Drummond_%28evangelist%29 "Henry Drummond (evangelist)") who was teaching at the time at Free Church College, Glasgow frequented Renfield Church and collaborated with Dods and made Renfield's name as a centre for religious life in Glasgow.*The Times*, London. 23 December 1947\.St John's – Renfield Church 1969, p. 23
Again, because of population shifts, it was decided that it would be advantageous for the congregations of Free St John's and Renfield to unite, which was finally accomplished in 1923\. As the Renfield church was both more modern and more convenient, it was this building that was adopted to house the new congregation, "*Free St John's – Renfield*".St John's – Renfield Church 1969, p. 26 In 1924, the Rev. G. H. C. Macgregor was inducted as Minister.
### The Hyndland Congregation
A few miles to the East, a third congregation had evolved, under the name of *"The Hyndland Congregation".* It was originally formed in 1852 when the Wellington Street congregation changed location. It was a small congregation of about 30 laymen which, finally in 1853, was taken in hand by the Rev. William Miller.St John's – Renfield Church 1969, p. 27 More suitable accommodation was found in Cheapside street in 1856 and the congregation, whose membership had by this time increased to 100 was dedicated under the name of "Mitchel U.P. Church".St John's – Renfield Church 1969, p. 27
The Rev. Mitchel was the first Minister of the Wellington Street Church.
Following the appointment of the new Minister, Dr John Wilson in 1861, there was a rapid rise in membership and, in 1873, a new site with seating for 1000 was opened in Breadalbane Street under the name of *"Sandyford U.P. Church"*. At the request of the Presbytery however, the Church moved West to serve the developing areas of Hyndland . The project to build a new Church in Novar Drive was blocked by WW1\. After the war it was decided to unite with *"St John's – Renfield"* and so a new congregation was formed, the *"St John's Renfield and Hyndland congregation"* in 1927\. The Church was transported ( i.e. relocated) to the new Church building in Beaconsfield road in 1931\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The history of the present St John's Renfield Church has its roots in three separate congregations reflecting the ecclesiastical, industrial and demographic fortunes of nineteenth and twentieth century Scotland.",
"### St John's Parish Church",
"The opening phase in the story dates back to 1819\\. Glasgow like other industrial towns was confronted with the appalling, overcrowded and insanitary living conditions[A Brief History of Glasgow](http://www.localhistories.org/glasgow.html).",
"Glasgow was … \" possibly the filthiest and unhealthiest of all the British towns\". engendered by the rapidly increasing population.Agnew (2014\\)",
"Increases caused essentially by the immigration of unskilled and often illiterate workers fleeing rural poverty from Ireland and the Highlands. A 10 fold increase between 1801 and 1901\\. A new Church, St John's Parish Church, was built on the north side of Bell Street facing down Macfarlane Street, where it stood until demolished in the 1960s, to serve the deprived [Calton area](/wiki/Calton%2C_Glasgow \"Calton, Glasgow\"). [thumb\\|{{center\\|Thomas Chalmers.",
"Minister at St John's Parish Church. (1819 \\- 1823\\)}}Its](/wiki/File:Illustratedcatal00anna_orig_0173.png \"Illustratedcatal00anna orig 0173.png\") first minister was the young Dr [Thomas Chalmers](/wiki/Thomas_Chalmers \"Thomas Chalmers\") who already had a considerable reputation as moral reformer and evangelical preacher[See: Thomas Chalmers NNDB](http://www.nndb.com/people/959/000104647)",
"William Wilberforce is reported to have commented on Dr Chalmers' visit to London. \"all the world is wild about Dr Chalmers.\" and whose leadership during the [Disruption](/wiki/Disruption_of_1843 \"Disruption of 1843\") in 1843 was to make him, in the words of [Carlyle](/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle \"Thomas Carlyle\"), \"*The chief Scotsman of his age.*\" Chalmers had managed to persuadeSt John's – Renfield Church 1969, p. 4 the Provost and Magistrates to appoint him as Minister to the new church in order to allow him to put into practice his unorthodox, evangelical ideas for alleviating the material and spiritual squalor generated by industrialism.St John's – Renfield Church 1969, p. 7 Thanks to this approach, which became a model in its time,Discussed amongst others (unfavourably) by Karl Marx. [See: Hollander p. 131](https://books.google.com/books?id=HjWEac3_aqEC&dq=hollander+marx+chalmers&pg=PA131) he hoped to bring about a moral change by fostering independence and by privileging personal contact, parochial care and schooling.St John's – Renfield Church 1969, p. 5\\.",
"Within 18 months 24 schools were opened Chalmers' Ministry had considerable successSt John's – Renfield Church 1969 p. 5 but was relatively short, for, in 1823, he was appointed to the chair of moral philosophy at [St Andrews University](/wiki/St_Andrews_University \"St Andrews University\"). He was replaced first by [Dr Patrick MacFarlan](/wiki/Patrick_MacFarlan \"Patrick MacFarlan\"), and then by [Dr Thomas Brown](/wiki/Thomas_Brown_%28minister_of_St_John%27s%2C_Glasgow%29 \"Thomas Brown (minister of St John's, Glasgow)\")St John's – Renfield Church 1969 p. 7 and the Church continued to prosper with a growing congregation until the great schism caused over the issue of \"*spiritual independence*\" and \"*patronage*\" which led to the Disruption and the creation of the new independent [Free Church of Scotland](/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_%281843%E2%80%931900%29 \"Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)\")\\*. On 14 May 1843, Dr Brown preached his last sermon in Macfarlane Street, and then, with the support of 1151 out of 1175 members of the congregation,St John's – Renfield Church 1969 p. 8 left the church. Three days later, a new congregation was formed under the name of \"Free St John's\". Initially, without a place of worship, the congregation found a temporary location in Blackfriar's street, until, thanks to a subscription, sufficient funds were collected for a new Church to be built in George street in 1845, where \"Free St John's\" continued to prosper until 1922\\.St John's – Renfield Church 1969 p. 9",
"### Renfield Church",
"In the same year, 1819, a few hundred yards away new congregation was formed. It was a lay overflow congregation from the \"Old Light Church\" in East Cromwell Street, consisting of some 30 members and led by two elders: a weaver and a currier.St John's – Renfield Church 1969, p. 14 \nThe first services were held in rented accommodation in Albion Street, until the acquisition of a permanent site in Renfield Street in 1820 by which time the congregation had grown to 236\\.St John's – Renfield Church 1969, p. 15 The Renfield Church, as it came to be known, was formed to meet the needs of the western suburbs and Calton. For two years, until the appointment of the Rev. Michael Willis in 1821, there was no permanent minister. The membership of the congregation continued to rise slowly, however, it was decided in 1855, because of shifting patterns of residence, to sell the Renfield site and move westwards.St John's – Renfield 1969, p. 21 A new Church was built in Bath Street with seating for 1200\\. After the death of the Rev Duncan MacNab, the Ministry remained vacant for a period of 12 months. Finally, and despite the reticence of some of the more intransigent purists of the congregation,Carnegie Simpson 1909 Vol. 1\\. pp. 109–111",
"Dr Dods was a progressive in theological terms and suffered on\\-going criticism from conservative Presbyterians for his alleged unorthodox and heretical leanings. He was criticised essentially on 2 counts: a) for his outspoken defence of modern biblical criticism and his rejection of the notion of the inerrancy of the gospel, b) for suggesting that the Edinburgh Botanic Gardens should be open to the public on Sundays. [Dr Marcus Dods](/wiki/Marcus_Dods_%28theologian_born_1834%29 \"Marcus Dods (theologian born 1834)\") was inducted in 1864\\. This resulted in a memorable MinistrySt John's – Renfield Church 1969, p. 24\\.",
"The celebrated evangelist and lecturer on natural science [Henry Drummond](/wiki/Henry_Drummond_%28evangelist%29 \"Henry Drummond (evangelist)\") who was teaching at the time at Free Church College, Glasgow frequented Renfield Church and collaborated with Dods and made Renfield's name as a centre for religious life in Glasgow.*The Times*, London. 23 December 1947\\.St John's – Renfield Church 1969, p. 23 \nAgain, because of population shifts, it was decided that it would be advantageous for the congregations of Free St John's and Renfield to unite, which was finally accomplished in 1923\\. As the Renfield church was both more modern and more convenient, it was this building that was adopted to house the new congregation, \"*Free St John's – Renfield*\".St John's – Renfield Church 1969, p. 26 In 1924, the Rev. G. H. C. Macgregor was inducted as Minister.",
"### The Hyndland Congregation",
"A few miles to the East, a third congregation had evolved, under the name of *\"The Hyndland Congregation\".* It was originally formed in 1852 when the Wellington Street congregation changed location. It was a small congregation of about 30 laymen which, finally in 1853, was taken in hand by the Rev. William Miller.St John's – Renfield Church 1969, p. 27 More suitable accommodation was found in Cheapside street in 1856 and the congregation, whose membership had by this time increased to 100 was dedicated under the name of \"Mitchel U.P. Church\".St John's – Renfield Church 1969, p. 27",
"The Rev. Mitchel was the first Minister of the Wellington Street Church.\n Following the appointment of the new Minister, Dr John Wilson in 1861, there was a rapid rise in membership and, in 1873, a new site with seating for 1000 was opened in Breadalbane Street under the name of *\"Sandyford U.P. Church\"*. At the request of the Presbytery however, the Church moved West to serve the developing areas of Hyndland . The project to build a new Church in Novar Drive was blocked by WW1\\. After the war it was decided to unite with *\"St John's – Renfield\"* and so a new congregation was formed, the *\"St John's Renfield and Hyndland congregation\"* in 1927\\. The Church was transported ( i.e. relocated) to the new Church building in Beaconsfield road in 1931\\.",
""
] |
Plot
----
In 1972, [Krusty the Clown](/wiki/Krusty_the_Clown "Krusty the Clown") is kicked out of a coffee house for not being funny enough and seeks work elsewhere. He finds himself the new mascot of [Grampa](/wiki/Grampa_Simpson "Grampa Simpson") and his friend Gus Redfield's fast food restaurant Worth\-A\-Try which becomes a success after Krusty is hired, but after he demands more money the two fire him and as revenge he opens his own fast food franchise. Gus vows revenge on him while Grampa cowardly retreats.
In the present, Krusty is celebrating the 50th anniversary of his fast food chain which everyone in town including the [Simpson family](/wiki/Simpson_family "Simpson family") attends. When [Lisa](/wiki/Lisa_Simpson "Lisa Simpson") asks why Grampa is upset, he explains that every Simpson is cursed to fail at everything they try, but Lisa vows to break the curse somehow. Meanwhile, Krusty is about to announce a new burger when a now elderly Gus, who is now rich and runs his own corporation called Redstar, buys Krusty's entire franchise, thus leaving Krusty broke. Gus then reunites with Grampa and then asks for him to be his new partner which he happily accepts.
Gus takes Grampa and Lisa to his home where he introduces them to his children Colby, Mav, and Sheila. Sheila and Lisa bond over their shared love of nature and she convinces Lisa to help her vote her father out of their company so she can gain control and turn Redstar into Greenstar, an environmental company. Lisa agrees to convince Grampa to vote Gus out of the company.
Lisa accompanies Grampa to the board meeting as he along with the Redfield family, German politician [Angela Merkel](/wiki/Angela_Merkel "Angela Merkel"), businessman [Kevin O'Leary](/wiki/Kevin_O%27Leary "Kevin O'Leary"), and [TikTok](/wiki/TikTok "TikTok") star [Charli D'Amelio](/wiki/Charli_D%27Amelio "Charli D'Amelio") prepare to cast their votes. Sheila and her brothers reveal their plan to the board members to remove their father from the company and take control. The three vote to oust him while the other members — including Grampa to repay Gus for not sticking up to him years ago — vote against it. However, Gus reveals that he had already suspected his children were plotting against him and only brought Grampa to protect him from the vote; he then removes all three of his kids from his will and reveals he never truly cared for Grampa. As payback, Grampa then turns his vote into a long and nonsensical story to nullify it from the board meeting, thus leaving the vote tied and the company in ruins. Losing interest in the conflict, Lisa and Grampa leave the meeting. On the bus home, Lisa apologizes to Grampa for being unable to break the Simpson curse; but he assures her that despite all his bad decisions, he is lucky to have her as his granddaughter.
Meanwhile at a [kibbutz](/wiki/Kibbutz "Kibbutz") in Israel, Krusty is being congratulated on his success in growing potatoes by Naharai, a fellow kibbutznik. The Redstar lawyer appears in a helicopter revealing Gus's plot and offers Krusty his franchise back. Krusty then flies back to the U.S with her, happy to be a clown again, while Naharai muses that Krusty was the least funny person on the kibbutz.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In 1972, [Krusty the Clown](/wiki/Krusty_the_Clown \"Krusty the Clown\") is kicked out of a coffee house for not being funny enough and seeks work elsewhere. He finds himself the new mascot of [Grampa](/wiki/Grampa_Simpson \"Grampa Simpson\") and his friend Gus Redfield's fast food restaurant Worth\\-A\\-Try which becomes a success after Krusty is hired, but after he demands more money the two fire him and as revenge he opens his own fast food franchise. Gus vows revenge on him while Grampa cowardly retreats.",
"In the present, Krusty is celebrating the 50th anniversary of his fast food chain which everyone in town including the [Simpson family](/wiki/Simpson_family \"Simpson family\") attends. When [Lisa](/wiki/Lisa_Simpson \"Lisa Simpson\") asks why Grampa is upset, he explains that every Simpson is cursed to fail at everything they try, but Lisa vows to break the curse somehow. Meanwhile, Krusty is about to announce a new burger when a now elderly Gus, who is now rich and runs his own corporation called Redstar, buys Krusty's entire franchise, thus leaving Krusty broke. Gus then reunites with Grampa and then asks for him to be his new partner which he happily accepts.",
"Gus takes Grampa and Lisa to his home where he introduces them to his children Colby, Mav, and Sheila. Sheila and Lisa bond over their shared love of nature and she convinces Lisa to help her vote her father out of their company so she can gain control and turn Redstar into Greenstar, an environmental company. Lisa agrees to convince Grampa to vote Gus out of the company.",
"Lisa accompanies Grampa to the board meeting as he along with the Redfield family, German politician [Angela Merkel](/wiki/Angela_Merkel \"Angela Merkel\"), businessman [Kevin O'Leary](/wiki/Kevin_O%27Leary \"Kevin O'Leary\"), and [TikTok](/wiki/TikTok \"TikTok\") star [Charli D'Amelio](/wiki/Charli_D%27Amelio \"Charli D'Amelio\") prepare to cast their votes. Sheila and her brothers reveal their plan to the board members to remove their father from the company and take control. The three vote to oust him while the other members — including Grampa to repay Gus for not sticking up to him years ago — vote against it. However, Gus reveals that he had already suspected his children were plotting against him and only brought Grampa to protect him from the vote; he then removes all three of his kids from his will and reveals he never truly cared for Grampa. As payback, Grampa then turns his vote into a long and nonsensical story to nullify it from the board meeting, thus leaving the vote tied and the company in ruins. Losing interest in the conflict, Lisa and Grampa leave the meeting. On the bus home, Lisa apologizes to Grampa for being unable to break the Simpson curse; but he assures her that despite all his bad decisions, he is lucky to have her as his granddaughter.",
"Meanwhile at a [kibbutz](/wiki/Kibbutz \"Kibbutz\") in Israel, Krusty is being congratulated on his success in growing potatoes by Naharai, a fellow kibbutznik. The Redstar lawyer appears in a helicopter revealing Gus's plot and offers Krusty his franchise back. Krusty then flies back to the U.S with her, happy to be a clown again, while Naharai muses that Krusty was the least funny person on the kibbutz.",
""
] |
Line\-up by year
----------------
### 2013
The 2013 festival was held on October 31 through November 2 and had a voodoo as a theme. The bands featured were [The String Cheese Incident](/wiki/The_String_Cheese_Incident "The String Cheese Incident") (three nights), [STS9](/wiki/STS9 "STS9") (late night), [Big Gigantic](/wiki/Big_Gigantic "Big Gigantic") (late night), [Emancipator](/wiki/Emancipator "Emancipator"), Conspirator, [Steve Kimock](/wiki/Steve_Kimock "Steve Kimock") \& Friends, Suwannee Bluegrass Surprise, Brock Butler, [Future Rock](/wiki/Future_Rock "Future Rock"), [Moon Taxi](/wiki/Moon_Taxi "Moon Taxi"), [Van Ghost](/wiki/Van_Ghost "Van Ghost"), Jennifer Hartswick, and Applebutter Express.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.csmpromo.com/2013/09/24/suwannee\-hulaween/ \|title\=欧美乱妇高清在线播放\_欧美俄罗斯40老熟妇\_亚洲乱码伦小说区\_欧美变态另类Zozo',毛片免费看 \|access\-date\=2016\-09\-02 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916061223/http://www.csmpromo.com/2013/09/24/suwannee\-hulaween/ \|archive\-date\=2016\-09\-16 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web\|url\=http://treethugger.com/news/hulaween\-rumors\-confirmed\-3\-nights\-of\-sci\-plus\-sts9\-big\-gigantic\-and\-more\-tba/\|title\=Hulaween Rumors Confirmed; 3 Nights of SCI Plus STS9, Big Gigantic and More TBA — TreeThugger\|date\=17 June 2013\|access\-date\=14 June 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032410/https://treethugger.com/news/hulaween\-rumors\-confirmed\-3\-nights\-of\-sci\-plus\-sts9\-big\-gigantic\-and\-more\-tba/\|archive\-date\=2018\-06\-15\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=http://livemusicblog.com/2013/06/14/hulaween\-2013\-string\-cheese\-incident\-sts9\-big\-gigantic\-spirit\-of\-suwanee\-park\-for\-halloween/\|title\=HULAWEEN 2013: String Cheese Incident, STS9 \+ Big Gigantic @ Spirit of Suwanee Park for Halloween — LIVE music blog\|newspaper\=Live Music Blog\|date\=14 June 2013\|access\-date\=14 June 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012112619/http://livemusicblog.com/2013/06/14/hulaween\-2013\-string\-cheese\-incident\-sts9\-big\-gigantic\-spirit\-of\-suwanee\-park\-for\-halloween/\|archive\-date\=2016\-10\-12\|url\-status\=live}}
### 2014
The 2014 festival was held on October 31 through November 2 and had the afterlife as a theme. The bands featured were [The String Cheese Incident](/wiki/The_String_Cheese_Incident "The String Cheese Incident") (three nights), [Thievery Corporation](/wiki/Thievery_Corporation "Thievery Corporation"), [Big Gigantic](/wiki/Big_Gigantic "Big Gigantic"), [Beats Antique](/wiki/Beats_Antique "Beats Antique"), [The New Deal](/wiki/The_New_Deal "The New Deal"), [Shpongle](/wiki/Shpongle "Shpongle") (Simon Posford DJ set), [Joe Russo's Almost Dead](/wiki/Joe_Russo%27s_Almost_Dead "Joe Russo's Almost Dead"), [Emancipator](/wiki/Emancipator "Emancipator"), [Greensky Bluegrass](/wiki/Greensky_Bluegrass "Greensky Bluegrass"), [The Dean Ween Group](/wiki/Dean_Ween "Dean Ween"), [EOTO](/wiki/EOTO "EOTO"), [Keller Williams \& Friends](/wiki/Keller_Williams "Keller Williams"), Conspirator, [Future Rock](/wiki/Future_Rock "Future Rock"), Suwannee Bluegrass Surprise, [Nahko and Medicine for the People](/wiki/Nahko_and_Medicine_for_the_People "Nahko and Medicine for the People"), [Rising Appalachia](/wiki/Rising_Appalachia "Rising Appalachia"), [Rob Garza](/wiki/Rob_Garza "Rob Garza") (DJ set), [Kung Fu](/wiki/Kung_Fu "Kung Fu"), [The Soul Rebels](/wiki/The_Soul_Rebels "The Soul Rebels"), [Judah and the Lion](/wiki/Judah_and_the_Lion "Judah and the Lion"), [Van Ghost](/wiki/Van_Ghost "Van Ghost"), [The Heavy Pets](/wiki/The_Heavy_Pets "The Heavy Pets"), Ghost Owl (band)\|Ghost Owl featuring [Perpetual Groove](/wiki/Perpetual_Groove "Perpetual Groove") members Albert Matt and Adam, Greenhouse Lounge, Cope, Strung Like A Horse, [Jonathan Scales](/wiki/Jonathan_Scales "Jonathan Scales") Fourchestra, Shane Pruitt Band, Suenalo, Dustin Thomas, Billy Gilmore's Jam, Grandpa's Cough Medicine Beartoe and Post Pluto.{{Cite web \|url\=http://suwanneehulaween.com/2014/09/05/the\-string\-cheese\-incidents\-suwannee\-hulaween\-announces\-full\-wave\-of\-additional\-artists\-a\-thursday\-pre\-party\-the\-afterlife\-halloween\-theme\-and\-a\-hulaweenbear\-creek\-combo\-ticket/ \|title\=The String Cheese Incident's Suwannee Hulaween announces Full Wave of Additional Artists, a Thursday Pre\-Party, 'The Afterlife' Halloween Theme, and a Hulaween/Bear Creek Combo Ticket \| Suwannee Hulaween \|access\-date\=2016\-09\-02 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913221826/http://suwanneehulaween.com/2014/09/05/the\-string\-cheese\-incidents\-suwannee\-hulaween\-announces\-full\-wave\-of\-additional\-artists\-a\-thursday\-pre\-party\-the\-afterlife\-halloween\-theme\-and\-a\-hulaweenbear\-creek\-combo\-ticket/ \|archive\-date\=2016\-09\-13 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web\|url\=http://jamsplus.com/suwannee\-hulaween\-2014\-lineup\-announcement/\|title\=Suwannee Hulaween 2014 Lineup Announcement\|website\=jamsplus.com\|date\=13 June 2014\|access\-date\=14 June 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615005047/http://jamsplus.com/suwannee\-hulaween\-2014\-lineup\-announcement/\|archive\-date\=2018\-06\-15\|url\-status\=live}}
The Thursday night pre\-party was introduced in 2014\. The bands featured at the pre\-party were Electron (featuring Marc and Aaron of Conspirator and The Disco Biscuits, Mike Greenfield from Lotus, and Brothers Past guitarist Tommy Hamilton), as well as Particle, Yo Mama's Big Fat Booty Band, MZG, and Modern Measure.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theuntz.com/news/suwannee\-hulaween\-2014\-reveals\-its\-schedule/\|title\=Suwannee Hulaween 2014 reveals its schedule!\|date\=17 October 2014\|access\-date\=14 June 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615004557/http://www.theuntz.com/news/suwannee\-hulaween\-2014\-reveals\-its\-schedule/\|archive\-date\=2018\-06\-15\|url\-status\=live}}
The silent disco performances included Thibault, Vlad the Inhaler, MZG, Uprise, Ployd, Lumagrove, Taylor Shockley, Rocks 'N' Blunts, David Preston, LAVA, Beat Thief Inc, and Marc Freccaro.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.appalachianjamwich.com/2014/10/20/the\-string\-cheese\-incidents\-suwannee\-hulaween\-unveils\-schedule/ \|title\=BestFreeCams.club \- Only the Best Free Live Cams \|access\-date\=2016\-09\-02 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915145740/http://www.appalachianjamwich.com/2014/10/20/the\-string\-cheese\-incidents\-suwannee\-hulaween\-unveils\-schedule/ \|archive\-date\=2016\-09\-15 \|url\-status\=live }}
### 2015
The 2015 festival was held on October 30 through November 1 and had a 1970s ghoul train theme. The bands featured were [The String Cheese Incident](/wiki/The_String_Cheese_Incident "The String Cheese Incident") (three nights), [Pretty Lights](/wiki/Pretty_Lights "Pretty Lights"), [Primus](/wiki/Primus_%28band%29 "Primus (band)"), [Chance the Rapper](/wiki/Chance_the_Rapper "Chance the Rapper") \& Social Experiment, [STS9](/wiki/STS9 "STS9"), [ODESZA](/wiki/ODESZA "ODESZA"), [Slightly Stoopid](/wiki/Slightly_Stoopid "Slightly Stoopid"), [GRiZ](/wiki/GRiZ "GRiZ"), [Lettuce](/wiki/Lettuce_%28band%29 "Lettuce (band)"), [Railroad Earth](/wiki/Railroad_Earth "Railroad Earth"), Papadosio, The Floozies, The Polish Ambassador, Sam Bush Band, The New Mastersounds, Manic Science ([Manic Focus](/wiki/Manic_Focus "Manic Focus") x [Break Science](/wiki/Break_Science_%28band%29 "Break Science (band)")), [Future Rock](/wiki/Future_Rock "Future Rock"), [Michal Menert](/wiki/Michal_Menert "Michal Menert"), [Dopapod](/wiki/Dopapod "Dopapod"), [Goldfish](/wiki/Goldfish_%28band%29 "Goldfish (band)"), [Elephant Revival](/wiki/Elephant_Revival "Elephant Revival"), The Nth Power, [TAUK](/wiki/Tauk_%28band%29 "Tauk (band)"), Stick Figure, Little Hurricane, Earphunk, Sister Sparrow and the Dirtybirds, [Big Wild](/wiki/Big_Wild "Big Wild"), Turbo Suit, [The Heavy Pets](/wiki/The_Heavy_Pets "The Heavy Pets"), Shook Twins, Greenhouse Lounge, Thomas Wynn \& The Believers, The Heard, Modern Measure, [Jon Stickley Trio](/wiki/Jon_Stickley_Trio "Jon Stickley Trio"), Catfish Alliance, Post Pluto, Master Radical, Great Peacock, Billy Gilmore \& Friends, The Hip Abduction, Beebs \& Her Money Makers, Come Back Alice, Displace, Juke, Sqeedlepuss, The Groove Orient, S.P.O.R.E., Flat Land, Bath Salt Zombies, Morning Fatty, and Holey Miss Moley.{{Cite web \|url\=http://lineup.suwanneehulaween.com/ \|title\=Suwannee Hulaween \|access\-date\=2016\-12\-08 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008102725/http://lineup.suwanneehulaween.com/ \|archive\-date\=2016\-10\-08 \|url\-status\=live }}
The Thursday night pre\-party featured the bands [Joe Russo's Almost Dead](/wiki/Joe_Russo%27s_Almost_Dead "Joe Russo's Almost Dead"), [Dumpstaphunk](/wiki/Dumpstaphunk "Dumpstaphunk"), Eoto, Herd of Watts, and Leisure Chief.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jambase.com/article/suwannee\-hulaween\-2015\-finalizes\-lineup\|title\=Suwannee Hulaween 2015 Finalizes Lineup\|date\=14 September 2015\|access\-date\=14 June 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615055531/https://www.jambase.com/article/suwannee\-hulaween\-2015\-finalizes\-lineup\|archive\-date\=2018\-06\-15\|url\-status\=live}}
### 2016
The 2016 festival was held on October 28 through November 30 and had an 1980s stringier things theme. The bands featured were [The String Cheese Incident](/wiki/The_String_Cheese_Incident "The String Cheese Incident") (three nights), [My Morning Jacket](/wiki/My_Morning_Jacket "My Morning Jacket"), [Disclosure](/wiki/Disclosure_%28band%29 "Disclosure (band)") (DJ set), [Logic](/wiki/Logic_%28rapper%29 "Logic (rapper)"), [Umphrey's McGee](/wiki/Umphrey%27s_McGee "Umphrey's McGee"), [STS9](/wiki/Sound_Tribe_Sector_9 "Sound Tribe Sector 9"), [Big Gigantic](/wiki/Big_Gigantic "Big Gigantic") (featuring [The Motet](/wiki/The_Motet "The Motet")), [Rebelution](/wiki/Rebelution_%28band%29 "Rebelution (band)"), [The Claypool Lennon Delirium](/wiki/The_Claypool_Lennon_Delirium "The Claypool Lennon Delirium"), [Gramatik](/wiki/Gramatik "Gramatik"), [Greensky Bluegrass](/wiki/Greensky_Bluegrass "Greensky Bluegrass"), [Lettuce](/wiki/Lettuce_%28band%29 "Lettuce (band)"), Boys Noizem, [Anderson .Paak \& The Free National](/wiki/Anderson_Paak "Anderson Paak"), [Snarky Puppy](/wiki/Snarky_Puppy "Snarky Puppy"), [RÜFÜS DU SOL](/wiki/R%C3%BCf%C3%BCs_Du_Sol "Rüfüs Du Sol"), [Bob Moses](/wiki/Bob_Moses_%28band%29 "Bob Moses (band)"), Slow Magic, [The Revivalists](/wiki/The_Revivalists "The Revivalists"), [Karl Denson's Tiny Universe](/wiki/Karl_Denson%27s_Tiny_Universe "Karl Denson's Tiny Universe"), [Future Rock](/wiki/Future_Rock "Future Rock"), Manic Focus, [ILLENIUM](/wiki/Illenium "Illenium"), [The Motet](/wiki/The_Motet "The Motet"), [Washed Out](/wiki/Washed_Out "Washed Out"), Unlike Pluto, Come Back Alice, Savi Fernandez Band, El Dub, Ajeva, Post Pluto, and Savants of Soul.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.jambase.com/article/suwannee\-hulaween\-announces\-initial\-lineup\-2016\-festival\|title\=Suwannee Hulaween Announces Initial Lineup For 2016 Festival\|date\=27 April 2016\|access\-date\=14 June 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615004423/https://www.jambase.com/article/suwannee\-hulaween\-announces\-initial\-lineup\-2016\-festival\|archive\-date\=2018\-06\-15\|url\-status\=live}}
The Thursday night pre\-party featured the bands Umphrey's Mcgee, Greensky Bluegrass, EOTO \& Friends, Kyle Hollingsworth Band, Marco Benevento, Fruition, The Werks, Ganja White Night, Late Night Radio, The Heavy Pets, Con Brio, Flamingosis, Imagined Herbal Flows, Grant Farm, Broccoli Samurai, Trae Pierce \& The T\-Stones, Unlimited Aspect, and Future Vintage.
The silent disco performances included Marvel Years, Artifakts, Prophet Massive, Vlad The Inhaler, Wyllys, Willie Evans Jr., Lusid, Digital Sykline, Brox, Cry Havoc, Lady Miaou, Austen Van Der Bleek, Lava, Rocks 'N' Blunts, Ployd, Walley Meskel, Aurakull, and Booty Boo.
2016 was the first year that the event venue capped on the number of tickets sold. The cap was 20,000 tickets.
### 2017
The 2017 festival was held on October 27 through October 29 and had a night of the loving dead theme. The bands featured were [The String Cheese Incident](/wiki/The_String_Cheese_Incident "The String Cheese Incident") (three nights), [Damian "Jr. Gong" Marley](/wiki/Damian_Marley "Damian Marley"), [Bassnectar](/wiki/Bassnectar "Bassnectar"), [Ween](/wiki/Ween "Ween"), GRiZ, [Run The Jewels](/wiki/Run_the_Jewels "Run the Jewels"), [Nick Murphy](/wiki/Chet_Faker "Chet Faker") ([Chet Faker](/wiki/Chet_Faker "Chet Faker")), [RL Grime](/wiki/RL_Grime "RL Grime"), [Portugal. The Man](/wiki/Portugal._The_Man "Portugal. The Man"), [Nathaniel Rateliff \& The Night Sweats](/wiki/Nathaniel_Rateliff_%26_The_Night_Sweats "Nathaniel Rateliff & The Night Sweats"), Space Jesus, [The Disco Biscuits](/wiki/Disco_Biscuits "Disco Biscuits"), [Claude Vonstroke](/wiki/Claude_VonStroke "Claude VonStroke"), [Vince Staples](/wiki/Vince_Staples "Vince Staples"), [Greensky Bluegrass](/wiki/Greensky_Bluegrass "Greensky Bluegrass"), [Lettuce](/wiki/Lettuce_%28band%29 "Lettuce (band)"), [Beats Antique](/wiki/Beats_Antique "Beats Antique"), [Kamasi Washington](/wiki/Kamasi_Washington "Kamasi Washington"), [Moon Taxi](/wiki/Moon_Taxi "Moon Taxi"), [Charles Bradley \& His Extraordinaires](/wiki/Charles_Bradley_%26_His_Extraordinaires "Charles Bradley & His Extraordinaires"), Manic Focus, [Spafford](/wiki/Spafford_%28band%29 "Spafford (band)"), [TAUK](/wiki/Tauk_%28band%29 "Tauk (band)"), [Dumpstaphunk](/wiki/Dumpstaphunk "Dumpstaphunk"), and [Marco Benevento](/wiki/Marco_Benevento "Marco Benevento").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.jambase.com/article/suwannee\-hulaween\-announces\-initial\-2017\-lineup\|title\=Suwannee Hulaween Announces Initial 2017 Lineup\|date\=22 June 2017\|access\-date\=14 June 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615004504/https://www.jambase.com/article/suwannee\-hulaween\-announces\-initial\-2017\-lineup\|archive\-date\=2018\-06\-15\|url\-status\=live}}
The Thursday night pre\-party featured the bands [Umphrey's McGee](/wiki/Umphrey%27s_McGee "Umphrey's McGee"), [Joe Russo's Almost Dead](/wiki/Joe_Russo%27s_Almost_Dead "Joe Russo's Almost Dead"), [Greensky Bluegrass](/wiki/Greensky_Bluegrass "Greensky Bluegrass"), [Liquid Stranger](/wiki/Liquid_Stranger "Liquid Stranger"), [The Devil Makes Three](/wiki/The_Devil_Makes_Three_%28band%29 "The Devil Makes Three (band)"), [Lettuce](/wiki/Lettuce_%28band%29 "Lettuce (band)"), [EOTO \& Friends](/wiki/EOTO "EOTO"), [Spafford](/wiki/Spafford_%28band%29 "Spafford (band)"), [Zach Deputy](/wiki/Zach_Deputy "Zach Deputy"), Kyle Hollingsworth Band, [Elohim](/wiki/Elohim_%28musician%29 "Elohim (musician)"), Protohype, Buku, The Nth Power, Southern Avenue, Great Peacock, Custard Pie, Ecology, The Getbye.
The theme for 2017 was special. Suwannee Hulaween' theme announcement said:
> "In a world devilishly assaulted by ferocious natural disasters, crazed political discourse, and other sinister attacks, love is the only kryptonite that can stop these invaders in their tracks. Bust out your zombie garb, your cupid diaper or whatever else suits your Halloween desires. The only requirement is that you inject whatever you wear with a ghoulish portion of LOVE. In 2017, love is the answer, love wins."
{{cite web\|url\=https://www.suwanneehulaween.com/news/2017/9/28/hulaween\-2017\-theme\-night\-of\-the\-living\-dead\|title\=Hulaween 2017 Theme: "Night of The Loving Dead"\|access\-date\=14 June 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032057/https://www.suwanneehulaween.com/news/2017/9/28/hulaween\-2017\-theme\-night\-of\-the\-living\-dead\|archive\-date\=2018\-06\-15\|url\-status\=live}}
On October 16, 2017, Suwannee Hulaween announced that all weekend tickets had been sold (20,000 tickets).
This was the first year that Suwannee Hulaween used RFID chipped wristbands.
### 2018
The 2018 festival was held October 26 through October 28 had a creatures of the galaxy theme. The bands featured were the [String Cheese Incident](/wiki/The_String_Cheese_Incident "The String Cheese Incident") (three nights), [Odesza](/wiki/Odesza "Odesza"), [Jamiroquai](/wiki/Jamiroquai "Jamiroquai"), [Janelle Monáe](/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e "Janelle Monáe"), [Tipper](/wiki/David_Tipper "David Tipper"), [The Revivalists](/wiki/The_Revivalists "The Revivalists"), [Vulfpeck](/wiki/Vulfpeck "Vulfpeck"), [STS9](/wiki/Sound_Tribe_Sector_9 "Sound Tribe Sector 9"), [Rezz](/wiki/Rezz "Rezz"), [Gramatik](/wiki/Gramatik "Gramatik"), [NGHTMRE](/wiki/Nghtmre "Nghtmre"), [Lettuce](/wiki/Lettuce_%28band%29 "Lettuce (band)"), [Stephen Marley](/wiki/Stephen_Marley_%28musician%29 "Stephen Marley (musician)"), [Opiou](/wiki/Glitch_%28music%29 "Glitch (music)"), Manic focus, [Trevor Hall](/wiki/Trevor_Hall_%28singer%29 "Trevor Hall (singer)"), [OTT](/wiki/OTT_%28band%29 "OTT (band)"), [Clozee](/wiki/Clozee "Clozee"), Sunsquabi, Jade cicada, Bleep Bloop, Roosevelt Collier Band, the Wood Brothers, [Emancipator Ensemble](/wiki/Emancipator_%28musician%29 "Emancipator (musician)"), and more.{{cite news\| url \= https://www.jambase.com/article/suwannee\-hulaween\-announces\-2018\-lineup\| title \= Suwannee Hulaween Announces 2018 Lineup\| newspaper \= Jambase}}{{cite web\| url \= https://liveforlivemusic.com/news/hulaween\-heavyweights\-2018/\| title \= HULA Heavyweights: A Look at the Top Artists Appearing at Suwannee Hulaween 2018\| date \= 30 July 2018}}
The Thursday night pre\-party featured the bands [Joe Russo's Almost Dead](/wiki/Joe_Russo%27s_Almost_Dead "Joe Russo's Almost Dead")(2x), [STS9](/wiki/Sound_Tribe_Sector_9 "Sound Tribe Sector 9") (2x) including axe the cable, [Lettuce](/wiki/Lettuce_%28band%29 "Lettuce (band)"), [The Infamous String Dusters](/wiki/The_Infamous_Stringdusters "The Infamous Stringdusters"), The Floozies, Papadosio, [EOTO](/wiki/EOTO "EOTO") \& friends, Minnesota, [Kyle Hollingsworth](/wiki/Kyle_Hollingsworth "Kyle Hollingsworth") Band, Rayland Baxter, Ghost Light, Cory Wong, Psymbionic, [Marco Benevento](/wiki/Marco_Benevento "Marco Benevento"), The Broadcast, [CBDB](/wiki/CBDB_%28band%29 "CBDB (band)"), Kaleigh Baker, Ajeva, locochino, Funk You, Honey Hound, Side Hustle, and Just Chameleons{{Cite web\|url\=https://edmidentity.com/2018/05/23/suwannee\-hulaween\-2018\-lineup/\|title \= Suwannee Hulaween Announces Complete Lineup for 2018\|date \= 23 May 2018}}{{cite web\| url \= https://liveforlivemusic.com/features/suwannee\-hulaween\-2018\-review/\| title \= Suwannee Hulaween 2018: Interplanetary Good Vibe Zone \[Review/Photos/Videos]\| date \= 5 November 2018}}
### 2019
The 2019 festival was held October 24 through October 27 in Live Oak, Florida, at the Spirit of the Suwanee Music Park. The theme was 90's. The bands were [The String Cheese Incident](/wiki/The_String_Cheese_Incident "The String Cheese Incident"), [Bassnectar](/wiki/Bassnectar "Bassnectar"), [Anderson .Paak](/wiki/Anderson_.Paak "Anderson .Paak") and the Free Nationals, [Jason Isbell](/wiki/Jason_Isbell "Jason Isbell") and the 400 Unit along with [Big Wild](/wiki/Big_Wild "Big Wild"), [Flying Lotus](/wiki/Flying_Lotus "Flying Lotus"), [Greensky Bluegrass](/wiki/Greensky_Bluegrass "Greensky Bluegrass"), [Jai Wolf](/wiki/Jai_Wolf "Jai Wolf"), [Joe Russo's Almost Dead](/wiki/Joe_Russo%27s_Almost_Dead "Joe Russo's Almost Dead"), Snails, [STS9](/wiki/STS9 "STS9") x2, [Tchami](/wiki/Tchami "Tchami"), [Umphrey's McGee](/wiki/Umphrey%27s_McGee "Umphrey's McGee") x2, [Thundercat](/wiki/Thundercat_%28musician%29 "Thundercat (musician)"), [Lettuce](/wiki/Lettuce_%28band%29 "Lettuce (band)"), [Tom Morello](/wiki/Tom_Morello "Tom Morello"), [Steel Pulse](/wiki/Steel_Pulse "Steel Pulse"), [Pigeons Playing Ping Pong](/wiki/Pigeons_Playing_Ping_Pong "Pigeons Playing Ping Pong"), [Billy Strings](/wiki/Billy_Strings "Billy Strings"), Whethan, [Clozee](/wiki/Clozee "Clozee"), Manic Focus, [G. Love \& Special Sauce](/wiki/G._Love_%26_Special_Sauce "G. Love & Special Sauce"), Maribou State, [EOTO](/wiki/EOTO "EOTO"), Ripe, Peekaboo, Whipped Cream, Charlesthefirst, Pnuma, [The Motet](/wiki/The_Motet "The Motet"), [Circles Around the Sun](/wiki/Circles_Around_the_Sun "Circles Around the Sun"), Walker \& Royce, Star Kitchen, [TAUK](/wiki/TAUK "TAUK"), [Kyle Hollingsworth](/wiki/Kyle_Hollingsworth "Kyle Hollingsworth") Band, [Andy Frasco \& The U.N.](/wiki/Andy_Frasco_%26_The_U.N. "Andy Frasco & The U.N."), Magic City Hippies, [The Hip Abduction](/wiki/The_Hip_Abduction "The Hip Abduction"), Sodown, Marvel Years, Spaga, J. Worra, Robert Walters 20th Congress, The Funk Hunters, MEMBA, Doom Flamingo, Brandon "Taz" Niederauer, Nobide, Vampa, Walden, Kaleigh Bakers Someday Honey, Shevonne, Bells and Robe, [LPT](/wiki/LPT_%28band%29 "LPT (band)"), Tycho, Marc Rebillet, Mija, Justin Jay, Break Science Live Band, The Grass is Dead, [Jon Stickley Trio](/wiki/Jon_Stickley_Trio "Jon Stickley Trio"), [The Heavy Pets](/wiki/The_Heavy_Pets "The Heavy Pets"), Karina Rykman, Polyrhythmics, Erica Falls Band, MZG, Beebs and Her Money Makers, Jaden Carlson Band, Thomas Wynn \& The Believers, Travers Brothership, Space Kadet, Shak Nasti, The Quickening, Electric Kif, The Difference, Firewater Tent Revival, Oklahoma Stackhouse, Ella Jet and Future Soul, Future Vintage, Danka, Sad Songs, Spiral Light, The Good Wood Band, Bears \& Lions, Vlad the Inhaler, NickFresh, Charlie Hustle, Levitation Jones, Ployd, Hallucinate, Booty Boo, Hunter Reid, Dizzlephunk, Holly Woods, Kozmic, Austen van der Bleek, Clyde Avery, Combustible, Stephanie Laine, Notorious Conduct, Alberto Diaz, Cat Party and SIDETRAKD.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.jambase.com/article/suwannee\-hulaween\-2019\-lineup\| title \= Suwannee Hulaween Announces Full 2019 Lineup}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://suwanneehulaween.com/lineup/\|title\=Lineup Archive \- Suwannee Hulaween \| October 28\-31, 2021 \| Live Oak, FL\|date\=19 April 2024 }}{{Cite web\|url\=https://edmidentity.com/2019/10/19/suwannee\-hulaween\-2019\-essentials/\|title\=Suwannee Hulaween 2019 Set Times and Essential Info!\|date\=19 October 2019}}{{cite web\| url \= https://liveforlivemusic.com/news/hulaween\-2019\-artist\-schedule\-conflicts/\| title \= Suwannee Hulaween 2019: Toughest Artist Schedule Conflicts\| date \= 7 October 2019}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.gratefulweb.com/articles/suwannee\-hulaween\-bring\-thousands\-spirit\-suwannee\-music\-park\-oct\-24\-27\|title \= Suwannee Hulaween to bring thousands to Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park Oct. 24\-27}}
Wednesday evening October 23 featured Hula for a Cause, an optional concert held the evening before the festival starts. This annual event raises money for the Suwannee Spirit Kids Music Camp held several times each year free to students at the Music Park and also raises money for the Live Oak Music \& Arts Foundation, which brings artists into area schools to share different genres of music with students.[https://www.suwanneedemocrat.com/news/suwannee\-hulaween\-to\-bring\-thousands\-to\-music\-park/article\_26a41a46\-f4f9\-11e9\-b9a8\-17f72c6fcba2\.html](https://www.suwanneedemocrat.com/news/suwannee-hulaween-to-bring-thousands-to-music-park/article_26a41a46-f4f9-11e9-b9a8-17f72c6fcba2.html)
Hulaween 2019 also featured its annual food drive program called Hula Helps The Hungry. The food drive was held during the festival and attendees brought non\-perishable food items that were donated to Love INC.
The 2019 Suwannee Hulaween Music Festival had a record breaking attendance for both Suwannee Hulaween as well as the [Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park](/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Suwannee_Music_Park "Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park") 21,000 attendees.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.gratefulweb.com/articles/suwannee\-hulaween\-2015\-reviewphotos\|title\=Suwannee Hulaween 2015 \| Review/Photos}}
### 2020
The 2020 Suwannee Hulaween music festival was canceled due to the [COVID\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") global pandemic. Hulaween was originally scheduled for October 29 – November 1, 2020\. Tickets never went on sale and a lineup was not announced. Suwannee Hulaween announced that plans are being made to continue the festival in 2021\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://musicfestnews.com/2020/07/suwannee\-hulaween\-shuttered\-for\-this\-year/\|title \= Suwannee Hulaween Shuttered for This Year • MUSICFESTNEWS\|date \= 22 July 2020}}{{cite web\| url \= https://www.jambase.com/article/hulaween\-2020\-canceled\-coronavirus\#:\~:text\=The%202020%20Suwannee%20Hulaween%20festival,29%20%E2%80%93%20November%201%2C%202020\.\| title \= Organizers Cancel Suwannee Hulaween 2020 Due To Coronavirus}}
### 2021
The 2021 Suwannee Hulaween music festival was held October 28 through October 31 in Live Oak, Florida, at the Spirit of the Suwanee Music Park. The theme was Monster Mash. The bands were [The String Cheese Incident](/wiki/The_String_Cheese_Incident "The String Cheese Incident"), [Skrillex](/wiki/Skrillex "Skrillex"), [My Morning Jacket](/wiki/My_Morning_Jacket "My Morning Jacket"), [Leon Bridges](/wiki/Leon_Bridges "Leon Bridges"), [Khruangbin](/wiki/Khruangbin "Khruangbin"), [Zeds Dead](/wiki/Zeds_Dead "Zeds Dead"), [Joe Russo's Almost Dead](/wiki/Joe_Russo%27s_Almost_Dead "Joe Russo's Almost Dead"), [Greensky Bluegrass](/wiki/Greensky_Bluegrass "Greensky Bluegrass"), Bonobo (DJ set), [Chris Lake](/wiki/Chris_Lake "Chris Lake"), [Claude VonStroke](/wiki/Claude_VonStroke "Claude VonStroke"), [Cordae](/wiki/Cordae "Cordae"), [EarthGang](/wiki/EarthGang "EarthGang"), Jungle, [Lane 8](/wiki/Lane_8 "Lane 8"), [Lettuce](/wiki/Lettuce_%28band%29 "Lettuce (band)"), [Lotus](/wiki/Lotus_%28American_band%29 "Lotus (American band)"), [Masego](/wiki/Masego "Masego"), [Turkuaz](/wiki/Turkuaz_%28band%29 "Turkuaz (band)"), [Dumpstaphunk](/wiki/Dumpstaphunk "Dumpstaphunk"), Durand Jones \& the Indications, [Eric Krasno](/wiki/Eric_Krasno "Eric Krasno") \& The Assembly, Evan Giia, Deathpact, [Franc Moody](/wiki/Franc_Moody "Franc Moody"), [LP Giobbi](/wiki/LP_Giobbi "LP Giobbi"), LSDream, Magic City Hippies, Mark Farina, Mersiv, Sierra Hull, SunSquabi, [Surf Mesa](/wiki/Surf_Mesa "Surf Mesa"), Manic Focus, The Floozies, [Tank and the Bangas](/wiki/Tank_and_the_Bangas "Tank and the Bangas"), Biicla, Break Science, Cautious Clay, The Nth Power, Daily Bread, Flipturn, Gg Magree, Honey Island Swamp Band, Jon Stickley Trio, KAMANI, [Kyle Hollingsworth](/wiki/Kyle_Hollingsworth "Kyle Hollingsworth") Band, lespecial, MZG, Nala, Funk You, Neal Francis, Roosevelt Collier Band, The Fritz, Wreckno, Anthill Cinema, Maggie Rose, Astro, Vlad The Inhaler, Celisse, Dr. Bacon, Grandpa Da Gambler, Greenhouse Lounge, Honey Hounds, The Grass is Dead, JGBCB, Joe Marcinek Band, Lamorn, Levitation Jones, Little Stranger, Magnolia Boulevard, Mize, Booty Boo, Nerf The World, Oxford Noland, Raquel Rodriguez, Revival, Rohan Solo, Shine and the Shakers, Someday Honey, S.P.O.R.E., Stick Martin \& Jon Ditty, Tand, The Reality, Tire Fire, Veil B2B NotLö, and West End Blend.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.jambase.com/festival/suwannee\-hulaween\-2021\| title \= Suwannee Hulaween 2021 Lineup \- Oct 28 \- 31, 2021}}<https://suwanneehulaween.com/>{{Cite web\|url\=https://relix.com/festivals/detail/suwannee\-hulaween\-announces\-2021\-lineup\-the\-string\-cheese\-incident\-khruangbin\-joe\-russos\-almost\-dead\-and\-more/\|title \= Suwannee Hulaween Announces 2021 Lineup: The String Cheese Incident, Khruangbin, Joe Russo's Almost Dead and More\|date \= 18 May 2021}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://musicfestnews.com/2021/05/suwannee\-hulaween\-lineup\-first\-wave\-announced/\|title \= Suwannee Hulaween Lineup First Wave Announced • MUSICFESTNEWS\|date \= 18 May 2021}}
### 2022
The 2022 Suwannee Hulaween music festival was held October 27 through October 30 in Live Oak, Florida, at the Spirit of the Suwanee Music Park. The theme was Suwannee Horror Disco Show. The bands were [The String Cheese Incident](/wiki/The_String_Cheese_Incident "The String Cheese Incident"), [J.I.D](/wiki/J.I.D "J.I.D"), [The Disco Biscuits](/wiki/The_Disco_Biscuits "The Disco Biscuits"), [Clozee](/wiki/Clozee "Clozee"), [Twiddle](/wiki/Twiddle_%28band%29 "Twiddle (band)"), Louis The Child, [Fisher](/wiki/Fisher_%28band%29 "Fisher (band)"), [Portugal. The Man](/wiki/Portugal._The_Man "Portugal. The Man"), [Joe Russo](/wiki/Joe_Russo%27s_Almost_Dead "Joe Russo's Almost Dead")’s Almost Dead, [Rainbow Kitten Surprise](/wiki/Rainbow_Kitten_Surprise "Rainbow Kitten Surprise"), [Liquid Stranger](/wiki/Liquid_Stranger "Liquid Stranger") (Wakaan takeover), [Margo Price](/wiki/Margo_Price "Margo Price"), [Lettuce](/wiki/Lettuce "Lettuce"), [Desert Hearts](/wiki/Desert_Hearts "Desert Hearts"), [STS9](/wiki/STS9 "STS9"), Gigantic NGHTMRE, Fearless Flyers, [Molly Tuttle](/wiki/Molly_Tuttle "Molly Tuttle") \& Golden Highway, Of The Trees, [The Main Squeeze](/wiki/The_Main_Squeeze "The Main Squeeze"), Manic Focus (live band), Blaque Dynamite, Circles Around The Sun, [Lawrence](/wiki/Lawrence_%28band%29 "Lawrence (band)"), [Kyle Hollingsworth](/wiki/Kyle_Hollingsworth "Kyle Hollingsworth") Band, [Leftover Salmon](/wiki/Leftover_Salmon "Leftover Salmon"), [TOKiMONSTA](/wiki/TOKiMONSTA "TOKiMONSTA"), The Polish Ambassador, [Two Feet](/wiki/Two_Feet "Two Feet"), Guavatron, A Hundred Drum, Ajeva, American Grime, Anthill CInema, [Artikal Sound System](/wiki/Artikal_Sound_System "Artikal Sound System"), Biotechnick, [Butcher Brown](/wiki/Butcher_Brown "Butcher Brown") featuring [Nigel Hall](/wiki/Nigel_Hall_%28musician%29 "Nigel Hall (musician)"), Caitlin Krisko \& The Broadcast, Cannabliss, [Cimafunk](/wiki/Cimafunk "Cimafunk"), [Cory Wong](/wiki/Cory_Wong "Cory Wong"), Cozm \& Naught, Danielle Ponder, [Dirtwire](/wiki/Dirtwire "Dirtwire"), Dogs In A Pile, Eazybaked, Eggy, [Elohim](/wiki/Elohim "Elohim"), Eugene Snowden, [Franc Moody](/wiki/Franc_Moody "Franc Moody"), Future Joy, [Gorgon City](/wiki/Gorgon_City "Gorgon City"), Honeywhat, [Isaiah Sharkey](/wiki/Isaiah_Sharkey "Isaiah Sharkey"), Jantsen, [Jauz](/wiki/Jauz "Jauz") (Off The Deep End set), Jiriki, Kaleena Zanders, Karina Rykman, KydKong, [Lewis Del Mar](/wiki/Lewis_Del_Mar "Lewis Del Mar"), Little Bird, Liz Cooper, LP Giobbi (Femme House Takeover), [LPT](/wiki/LPT "LPT"), Maddy O’Neal, [Mark Lettieri](/wiki/Mark_Lettieri "Mark Lettieri") Group, Miane, Mindchatter, MZG, Neighbor, Neil Frances, Niles, Opiuo, Paper Ido, Player Dave, Purple Gurl, Ravenscoon, Row Joma, Sexbruise?, Skiz, Soul Taxi, Straying Anchors, Sylvan Esso, Tand, [Tape B](/wiki/Tape_B "Tape B"), The Iceman Special, The Snozberries, The Tanglers, Three Star Revival, Toubab Krewe, Trevor Bystrom, Tripp St, Vlad the Inhaler, Wednesday Night Titans, Zingara {{cite web \| url\=https://jambands.com/news/2022/06/03/suwannee\-hulaween\-unveils\-2022\-artist\-lineup\-the\-string\-cheese\-incident\-black\-pumas\-rainbow\-kitten\-surprise\-and\-more/ \| title\=Suwannee Hulaween Unveils 2022 Artist Lineup: The String Cheese Incident, Black Pumas, Rainbow Kitten Surprise and More \| date\=3 June 2022 }}[https://musicfestnews.com/2022/11/suwannee\-hulaween\-delivers\-joy\-once\-again2/](https://musicfestnews.com/2022/11/suwannee-hulaween-delivers-joy-once-again2/){{cite web \| url\=https://liveforlivemusic.com/news/suwannee\-hulaween\-festival\-2022\-lineup/ \| title\=Suwannee Hulaween Reveals 2022 Lineup: SCI, Black Pumas, Fearless Flyers, Disco Biscuits, Lawrence, More \| date\=3 June 2022 }} {{cite web \| url\=https://edm.com/events/suwannee\-hulaween\-2022\-lineup \| title\=Suwannee Hulaween Reveals Massive 2022 Lineup with CloZee, Louis the Child, STS9, More \| date\=3 June 2022 }}{{cite web \| url\=https://relix.com/festivals/festival\_news/detail/suwannee\-hulaween\-unveils\-2022\-artist\-lineup\-the\-string\-cheese\-incident\-black\-pumas\-rainbow\-kitten\-surprise\-and\-more/\#:\~:text\=The%20ninth%20edition%20of%20the,Biscuits%20and%20more%20will%20perform \| title\=Suwannee Hulaween Unveils 2022 Artist Lineup: The String Cheese Incident, Black Pumas, Rainbow Kitten Surprise and More \| date\=3 June 2022 }}{{cite web \| url\=https://www.jambase.com/festival/suwannee\-hulaween\-2022 \| title\=Suwannee Hulaween 2022 Lineup \- Oct 27 \- 30, 2022 }}
### 2023
Headliners: Big Wild, Channel Tres (DJ Set), DISPATCH, Elderbrook, Goose, Joe Russo's Almost Dead, John Summit, [Colonel Les Claypool's Fearless Flying Frog Brigade](/wiki/Colonel_Les_Claypool%27s_Fearless_Flying_Frog_Brigade "Colonel Les Claypool's Fearless Flying Frog Brigade"), Mt. Joy, Pretty Lights, Rainbow Kitten Surprise, Smino, The [Trey Anastasio](/wiki/Trey_Anastasio "Trey Anastasio") Band, and [The String Cheese Incident](/wiki/The_String_Cheese_Incident "The String Cheese Incident").
Alpha by tier: Altin Gün, Apashe, Blond:ish, Blu DeTiger, Boogie T, Champagne Drip, DOMi \& JD Beck, EPROM, Gioli \& Assia, INZO, ISOxo, Joshwa, Lab Group, Lettuce, Manic Focus, Memba, Moore Kismet, Pigeons Playing Ping Pong, SoDown, The Dip, Yung Bae, Bill \& Jilian Nershi ft. Jason Hann, Eddie Roberts \& The Lucky Strokes, Ghost Note, Jennifer Hartswick Band, Khiva, Kitchen Dwellers, Kyle Hollingsworth Band, lespecial, LUCATI, Marvel Years, Melt, MZG, NotLö, QRTR, Roosevelt Collier Band, The Nth Power Presents: Jenth Power, Trousdale, VEIL, Yam Yam, AK RENNY, Austen van der Bleek, AUSTERIA, Bad Snacks, Cadillac Jones, Canvas, Chachuba, CHYL, Cope, cosmic collective, Couch, Electric Kif, Empire Strikes Brass, EREZ, Erin \& The Wildfire, Fernando Rosa, Free Range Strange, Funk You, GoldenEra, Jason Leech, Jon Stickley Trio, Kendall Street Company, María También, Matcha, MiniM, Ramona \+ the RIOT, Rohan Solo, Sailor Jane \& The Apricators, Snakes \& Stars, Sneezy, Steeln' Peaches: An Allman Brothers Revue, Stick \& Ditty, Tand, The Jauntee, The Orange Constant, Tru Phonic, Underground Springhouse, Universal Funk Orchestra, VICKY B.{{Cite web \|title\=Lineup – Suwannee Hulaween {{!}} October 26\-29, 2023 {{!}} Live Oak, FL \|url\=https://suwanneehulaween.com/lineup/ \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-19 \|website\=suwanneehulaween.com}}
|
[
"Line\\-up by year\n----------------",
"### 2013",
"The 2013 festival was held on October 31 through November 2 and had a voodoo as a theme. The bands featured were [The String Cheese Incident](/wiki/The_String_Cheese_Incident \"The String Cheese Incident\") (three nights), [STS9](/wiki/STS9 \"STS9\") (late night), [Big Gigantic](/wiki/Big_Gigantic \"Big Gigantic\") (late night), [Emancipator](/wiki/Emancipator \"Emancipator\"), Conspirator, [Steve Kimock](/wiki/Steve_Kimock \"Steve Kimock\") \\& Friends, Suwannee Bluegrass Surprise, Brock Butler, [Future Rock](/wiki/Future_Rock \"Future Rock\"), [Moon Taxi](/wiki/Moon_Taxi \"Moon Taxi\"), [Van Ghost](/wiki/Van_Ghost \"Van Ghost\"), Jennifer Hartswick, and Applebutter Express.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.csmpromo.com/2013/09/24/suwannee\\-hulaween/ \\|title\\=欧美乱妇高清在线播放\\_欧美俄罗斯40老熟妇\\_亚洲乱码伦小说区\\_欧美变态另类Zozo',毛片免费看 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-09\\-02 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916061223/http://www.csmpromo.com/2013/09/24/suwannee\\-hulaween/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-09\\-16 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://treethugger.com/news/hulaween\\-rumors\\-confirmed\\-3\\-nights\\-of\\-sci\\-plus\\-sts9\\-big\\-gigantic\\-and\\-more\\-tba/\\|title\\=Hulaween Rumors Confirmed; 3 Nights of SCI Plus STS9, Big Gigantic and More TBA — TreeThugger\\|date\\=17 June 2013\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032410/https://treethugger.com/news/hulaween\\-rumors\\-confirmed\\-3\\-nights\\-of\\-sci\\-plus\\-sts9\\-big\\-gigantic\\-and\\-more\\-tba/\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-15\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://livemusicblog.com/2013/06/14/hulaween\\-2013\\-string\\-cheese\\-incident\\-sts9\\-big\\-gigantic\\-spirit\\-of\\-suwanee\\-park\\-for\\-halloween/\\|title\\=HULAWEEN 2013: String Cheese Incident, STS9 \\+ Big Gigantic @ Spirit of Suwanee Park for Halloween — LIVE music blog\\|newspaper\\=Live Music Blog\\|date\\=14 June 2013\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012112619/http://livemusicblog.com/2013/06/14/hulaween\\-2013\\-string\\-cheese\\-incident\\-sts9\\-big\\-gigantic\\-spirit\\-of\\-suwanee\\-park\\-for\\-halloween/\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-12\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### 2014",
"The 2014 festival was held on October 31 through November 2 and had the afterlife as a theme. The bands featured were [The String Cheese Incident](/wiki/The_String_Cheese_Incident \"The String Cheese Incident\") (three nights), [Thievery Corporation](/wiki/Thievery_Corporation \"Thievery Corporation\"), [Big Gigantic](/wiki/Big_Gigantic \"Big Gigantic\"), [Beats Antique](/wiki/Beats_Antique \"Beats Antique\"), [The New Deal](/wiki/The_New_Deal \"The New Deal\"), [Shpongle](/wiki/Shpongle \"Shpongle\") (Simon Posford DJ set), [Joe Russo's Almost Dead](/wiki/Joe_Russo%27s_Almost_Dead \"Joe Russo's Almost Dead\"), [Emancipator](/wiki/Emancipator \"Emancipator\"), [Greensky Bluegrass](/wiki/Greensky_Bluegrass \"Greensky Bluegrass\"), [The Dean Ween Group](/wiki/Dean_Ween \"Dean Ween\"), [EOTO](/wiki/EOTO \"EOTO\"), [Keller Williams \\& Friends](/wiki/Keller_Williams \"Keller Williams\"), Conspirator, [Future Rock](/wiki/Future_Rock \"Future Rock\"), Suwannee Bluegrass Surprise, [Nahko and Medicine for the People](/wiki/Nahko_and_Medicine_for_the_People \"Nahko and Medicine for the People\"), [Rising Appalachia](/wiki/Rising_Appalachia \"Rising Appalachia\"), [Rob Garza](/wiki/Rob_Garza \"Rob Garza\") (DJ set), [Kung Fu](/wiki/Kung_Fu \"Kung Fu\"), [The Soul Rebels](/wiki/The_Soul_Rebels \"The Soul Rebels\"), [Judah and the Lion](/wiki/Judah_and_the_Lion \"Judah and the Lion\"), [Van Ghost](/wiki/Van_Ghost \"Van Ghost\"), [The Heavy Pets](/wiki/The_Heavy_Pets \"The Heavy Pets\"), Ghost Owl (band)\\|Ghost Owl featuring [Perpetual Groove](/wiki/Perpetual_Groove \"Perpetual Groove\") members Albert Matt and Adam, Greenhouse Lounge, Cope, Strung Like A Horse, [Jonathan Scales](/wiki/Jonathan_Scales \"Jonathan Scales\") Fourchestra, Shane Pruitt Band, Suenalo, Dustin Thomas, Billy Gilmore's Jam, Grandpa's Cough Medicine Beartoe and Post Pluto.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://suwanneehulaween.com/2014/09/05/the\\-string\\-cheese\\-incidents\\-suwannee\\-hulaween\\-announces\\-full\\-wave\\-of\\-additional\\-artists\\-a\\-thursday\\-pre\\-party\\-the\\-afterlife\\-halloween\\-theme\\-and\\-a\\-hulaweenbear\\-creek\\-combo\\-ticket/ \\|title\\=The String Cheese Incident's Suwannee Hulaween announces Full Wave of Additional Artists, a Thursday Pre\\-Party, 'The Afterlife' Halloween Theme, and a Hulaween/Bear Creek Combo Ticket \\| Suwannee Hulaween \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-09\\-02 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913221826/http://suwanneehulaween.com/2014/09/05/the\\-string\\-cheese\\-incidents\\-suwannee\\-hulaween\\-announces\\-full\\-wave\\-of\\-additional\\-artists\\-a\\-thursday\\-pre\\-party\\-the\\-afterlife\\-halloween\\-theme\\-and\\-a\\-hulaweenbear\\-creek\\-combo\\-ticket/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-09\\-13 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://jamsplus.com/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-2014\\-lineup\\-announcement/\\|title\\=Suwannee Hulaween 2014 Lineup Announcement\\|website\\=jamsplus.com\\|date\\=13 June 2014\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615005047/http://jamsplus.com/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-2014\\-lineup\\-announcement/\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-15\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The Thursday night pre\\-party was introduced in 2014\\. The bands featured at the pre\\-party were Electron (featuring Marc and Aaron of Conspirator and The Disco Biscuits, Mike Greenfield from Lotus, and Brothers Past guitarist Tommy Hamilton), as well as Particle, Yo Mama's Big Fat Booty Band, MZG, and Modern Measure.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theuntz.com/news/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-2014\\-reveals\\-its\\-schedule/\\|title\\=Suwannee Hulaween 2014 reveals its schedule!\\|date\\=17 October 2014\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615004557/http://www.theuntz.com/news/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-2014\\-reveals\\-its\\-schedule/\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-15\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The silent disco performances included Thibault, Vlad the Inhaler, MZG, Uprise, Ployd, Lumagrove, Taylor Shockley, Rocks 'N' Blunts, David Preston, LAVA, Beat Thief Inc, and Marc Freccaro.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.appalachianjamwich.com/2014/10/20/the\\-string\\-cheese\\-incidents\\-suwannee\\-hulaween\\-unveils\\-schedule/ \\|title\\=BestFreeCams.club \\- Only the Best Free Live Cams \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-09\\-02 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915145740/http://www.appalachianjamwich.com/2014/10/20/the\\-string\\-cheese\\-incidents\\-suwannee\\-hulaween\\-unveils\\-schedule/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-09\\-15 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### 2015",
"The 2015 festival was held on October 30 through November 1 and had a 1970s ghoul train theme. The bands featured were [The String Cheese Incident](/wiki/The_String_Cheese_Incident \"The String Cheese Incident\") (three nights), [Pretty Lights](/wiki/Pretty_Lights \"Pretty Lights\"), [Primus](/wiki/Primus_%28band%29 \"Primus (band)\"), [Chance the Rapper](/wiki/Chance_the_Rapper \"Chance the Rapper\") \\& Social Experiment, [STS9](/wiki/STS9 \"STS9\"), [ODESZA](/wiki/ODESZA \"ODESZA\"), [Slightly Stoopid](/wiki/Slightly_Stoopid \"Slightly Stoopid\"), [GRiZ](/wiki/GRiZ \"GRiZ\"), [Lettuce](/wiki/Lettuce_%28band%29 \"Lettuce (band)\"), [Railroad Earth](/wiki/Railroad_Earth \"Railroad Earth\"), Papadosio, The Floozies, The Polish Ambassador, Sam Bush Band, The New Mastersounds, Manic Science ([Manic Focus](/wiki/Manic_Focus \"Manic Focus\") x [Break Science](/wiki/Break_Science_%28band%29 \"Break Science (band)\")), [Future Rock](/wiki/Future_Rock \"Future Rock\"), [Michal Menert](/wiki/Michal_Menert \"Michal Menert\"), [Dopapod](/wiki/Dopapod \"Dopapod\"), [Goldfish](/wiki/Goldfish_%28band%29 \"Goldfish (band)\"), [Elephant Revival](/wiki/Elephant_Revival \"Elephant Revival\"), The Nth Power, [TAUK](/wiki/Tauk_%28band%29 \"Tauk (band)\"), Stick Figure, Little Hurricane, Earphunk, Sister Sparrow and the Dirtybirds, [Big Wild](/wiki/Big_Wild \"Big Wild\"), Turbo Suit, [The Heavy Pets](/wiki/The_Heavy_Pets \"The Heavy Pets\"), Shook Twins, Greenhouse Lounge, Thomas Wynn \\& The Believers, The Heard, Modern Measure, [Jon Stickley Trio](/wiki/Jon_Stickley_Trio \"Jon Stickley Trio\"), Catfish Alliance, Post Pluto, Master Radical, Great Peacock, Billy Gilmore \\& Friends, The Hip Abduction, Beebs \\& Her Money Makers, Come Back Alice, Displace, Juke, Sqeedlepuss, The Groove Orient, S.P.O.R.E., Flat Land, Bath Salt Zombies, Morning Fatty, and Holey Miss Moley.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://lineup.suwanneehulaween.com/ \\|title\\=Suwannee Hulaween \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-12\\-08 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008102725/http://lineup.suwanneehulaween.com/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-08 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"The Thursday night pre\\-party featured the bands [Joe Russo's Almost Dead](/wiki/Joe_Russo%27s_Almost_Dead \"Joe Russo's Almost Dead\"), [Dumpstaphunk](/wiki/Dumpstaphunk \"Dumpstaphunk\"), Eoto, Herd of Watts, and Leisure Chief.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jambase.com/article/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-2015\\-finalizes\\-lineup\\|title\\=Suwannee Hulaween 2015 Finalizes Lineup\\|date\\=14 September 2015\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615055531/https://www.jambase.com/article/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-2015\\-finalizes\\-lineup\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-15\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### 2016",
"The 2016 festival was held on October 28 through November 30 and had an 1980s stringier things theme. The bands featured were [The String Cheese Incident](/wiki/The_String_Cheese_Incident \"The String Cheese Incident\") (three nights), [My Morning Jacket](/wiki/My_Morning_Jacket \"My Morning Jacket\"), [Disclosure](/wiki/Disclosure_%28band%29 \"Disclosure (band)\") (DJ set), [Logic](/wiki/Logic_%28rapper%29 \"Logic (rapper)\"), [Umphrey's McGee](/wiki/Umphrey%27s_McGee \"Umphrey's McGee\"), [STS9](/wiki/Sound_Tribe_Sector_9 \"Sound Tribe Sector 9\"), [Big Gigantic](/wiki/Big_Gigantic \"Big Gigantic\") (featuring [The Motet](/wiki/The_Motet \"The Motet\")), [Rebelution](/wiki/Rebelution_%28band%29 \"Rebelution (band)\"), [The Claypool Lennon Delirium](/wiki/The_Claypool_Lennon_Delirium \"The Claypool Lennon Delirium\"), [Gramatik](/wiki/Gramatik \"Gramatik\"), [Greensky Bluegrass](/wiki/Greensky_Bluegrass \"Greensky Bluegrass\"), [Lettuce](/wiki/Lettuce_%28band%29 \"Lettuce (band)\"), Boys Noizem, [Anderson .Paak \\& The Free National](/wiki/Anderson_Paak \"Anderson Paak\"), [Snarky Puppy](/wiki/Snarky_Puppy \"Snarky Puppy\"), [RÜFÜS DU SOL](/wiki/R%C3%BCf%C3%BCs_Du_Sol \"Rüfüs Du Sol\"), [Bob Moses](/wiki/Bob_Moses_%28band%29 \"Bob Moses (band)\"), Slow Magic, [The Revivalists](/wiki/The_Revivalists \"The Revivalists\"), [Karl Denson's Tiny Universe](/wiki/Karl_Denson%27s_Tiny_Universe \"Karl Denson's Tiny Universe\"), [Future Rock](/wiki/Future_Rock \"Future Rock\"), Manic Focus, [ILLENIUM](/wiki/Illenium \"Illenium\"), [The Motet](/wiki/The_Motet \"The Motet\"), [Washed Out](/wiki/Washed_Out \"Washed Out\"), Unlike Pluto, Come Back Alice, Savi Fernandez Band, El Dub, Ajeva, Post Pluto, and Savants of Soul.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.jambase.com/article/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-announces\\-initial\\-lineup\\-2016\\-festival\\|title\\=Suwannee Hulaween Announces Initial Lineup For 2016 Festival\\|date\\=27 April 2016\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615004423/https://www.jambase.com/article/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-announces\\-initial\\-lineup\\-2016\\-festival\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-15\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The Thursday night pre\\-party featured the bands Umphrey's Mcgee, Greensky Bluegrass, EOTO \\& Friends, Kyle Hollingsworth Band, Marco Benevento, Fruition, The Werks, Ganja White Night, Late Night Radio, The Heavy Pets, Con Brio, Flamingosis, Imagined Herbal Flows, Grant Farm, Broccoli Samurai, Trae Pierce \\& The T\\-Stones, Unlimited Aspect, and Future Vintage.",
"The silent disco performances included Marvel Years, Artifakts, Prophet Massive, Vlad The Inhaler, Wyllys, Willie Evans Jr., Lusid, Digital Sykline, Brox, Cry Havoc, Lady Miaou, Austen Van Der Bleek, Lava, Rocks 'N' Blunts, Ployd, Walley Meskel, Aurakull, and Booty Boo.",
"2016 was the first year that the event venue capped on the number of tickets sold. The cap was 20,000 tickets.",
"### 2017",
"The 2017 festival was held on October 27 through October 29 and had a night of the loving dead theme. The bands featured were [The String Cheese Incident](/wiki/The_String_Cheese_Incident \"The String Cheese Incident\") (three nights), [Damian \"Jr. Gong\" Marley](/wiki/Damian_Marley \"Damian Marley\"), [Bassnectar](/wiki/Bassnectar \"Bassnectar\"), [Ween](/wiki/Ween \"Ween\"), GRiZ, [Run The Jewels](/wiki/Run_the_Jewels \"Run the Jewels\"), [Nick Murphy](/wiki/Chet_Faker \"Chet Faker\") ([Chet Faker](/wiki/Chet_Faker \"Chet Faker\")), [RL Grime](/wiki/RL_Grime \"RL Grime\"), [Portugal. The Man](/wiki/Portugal._The_Man \"Portugal. The Man\"), [Nathaniel Rateliff \\& The Night Sweats](/wiki/Nathaniel_Rateliff_%26_The_Night_Sweats \"Nathaniel Rateliff & The Night Sweats\"), Space Jesus, [The Disco Biscuits](/wiki/Disco_Biscuits \"Disco Biscuits\"), [Claude Vonstroke](/wiki/Claude_VonStroke \"Claude VonStroke\"), [Vince Staples](/wiki/Vince_Staples \"Vince Staples\"), [Greensky Bluegrass](/wiki/Greensky_Bluegrass \"Greensky Bluegrass\"), [Lettuce](/wiki/Lettuce_%28band%29 \"Lettuce (band)\"), [Beats Antique](/wiki/Beats_Antique \"Beats Antique\"), [Kamasi Washington](/wiki/Kamasi_Washington \"Kamasi Washington\"), [Moon Taxi](/wiki/Moon_Taxi \"Moon Taxi\"), [Charles Bradley \\& His Extraordinaires](/wiki/Charles_Bradley_%26_His_Extraordinaires \"Charles Bradley & His Extraordinaires\"), Manic Focus, [Spafford](/wiki/Spafford_%28band%29 \"Spafford (band)\"), [TAUK](/wiki/Tauk_%28band%29 \"Tauk (band)\"), [Dumpstaphunk](/wiki/Dumpstaphunk \"Dumpstaphunk\"), and [Marco Benevento](/wiki/Marco_Benevento \"Marco Benevento\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.jambase.com/article/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-announces\\-initial\\-2017\\-lineup\\|title\\=Suwannee Hulaween Announces Initial 2017 Lineup\\|date\\=22 June 2017\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615004504/https://www.jambase.com/article/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-announces\\-initial\\-2017\\-lineup\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-15\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The Thursday night pre\\-party featured the bands [Umphrey's McGee](/wiki/Umphrey%27s_McGee \"Umphrey's McGee\"), [Joe Russo's Almost Dead](/wiki/Joe_Russo%27s_Almost_Dead \"Joe Russo's Almost Dead\"), [Greensky Bluegrass](/wiki/Greensky_Bluegrass \"Greensky Bluegrass\"), [Liquid Stranger](/wiki/Liquid_Stranger \"Liquid Stranger\"), [The Devil Makes Three](/wiki/The_Devil_Makes_Three_%28band%29 \"The Devil Makes Three (band)\"), [Lettuce](/wiki/Lettuce_%28band%29 \"Lettuce (band)\"), [EOTO \\& Friends](/wiki/EOTO \"EOTO\"), [Spafford](/wiki/Spafford_%28band%29 \"Spafford (band)\"), [Zach Deputy](/wiki/Zach_Deputy \"Zach Deputy\"), Kyle Hollingsworth Band, [Elohim](/wiki/Elohim_%28musician%29 \"Elohim (musician)\"), Protohype, Buku, The Nth Power, Southern Avenue, Great Peacock, Custard Pie, Ecology, The Getbye.",
"The theme for 2017 was special. Suwannee Hulaween' theme announcement said:",
"> \"In a world devilishly assaulted by ferocious natural disasters, crazed political discourse, and other sinister attacks, love is the only kryptonite that can stop these invaders in their tracks. Bust out your zombie garb, your cupid diaper or whatever else suits your Halloween desires. The only requirement is that you inject whatever you wear with a ghoulish portion of LOVE. In 2017, love is the answer, love wins.\"",
"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.suwanneehulaween.com/news/2017/9/28/hulaween\\-2017\\-theme\\-night\\-of\\-the\\-living\\-dead\\|title\\=Hulaween 2017 Theme: \"Night of The Loving Dead\"\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032057/https://www.suwanneehulaween.com/news/2017/9/28/hulaween\\-2017\\-theme\\-night\\-of\\-the\\-living\\-dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-15\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On October 16, 2017, Suwannee Hulaween announced that all weekend tickets had been sold (20,000 tickets).",
"This was the first year that Suwannee Hulaween used RFID chipped wristbands.",
"### 2018",
"The 2018 festival was held October 26 through October 28 had a creatures of the galaxy theme. The bands featured were the [String Cheese Incident](/wiki/The_String_Cheese_Incident \"The String Cheese Incident\") (three nights), [Odesza](/wiki/Odesza \"Odesza\"), [Jamiroquai](/wiki/Jamiroquai \"Jamiroquai\"), [Janelle Monáe](/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e \"Janelle Monáe\"), [Tipper](/wiki/David_Tipper \"David Tipper\"), [The Revivalists](/wiki/The_Revivalists \"The Revivalists\"), [Vulfpeck](/wiki/Vulfpeck \"Vulfpeck\"), [STS9](/wiki/Sound_Tribe_Sector_9 \"Sound Tribe Sector 9\"), [Rezz](/wiki/Rezz \"Rezz\"), [Gramatik](/wiki/Gramatik \"Gramatik\"), [NGHTMRE](/wiki/Nghtmre \"Nghtmre\"), [Lettuce](/wiki/Lettuce_%28band%29 \"Lettuce (band)\"), [Stephen Marley](/wiki/Stephen_Marley_%28musician%29 \"Stephen Marley (musician)\"), [Opiou](/wiki/Glitch_%28music%29 \"Glitch (music)\"), Manic focus, [Trevor Hall](/wiki/Trevor_Hall_%28singer%29 \"Trevor Hall (singer)\"), [OTT](/wiki/OTT_%28band%29 \"OTT (band)\"), [Clozee](/wiki/Clozee \"Clozee\"), Sunsquabi, Jade cicada, Bleep Bloop, Roosevelt Collier Band, the Wood Brothers, [Emancipator Ensemble](/wiki/Emancipator_%28musician%29 \"Emancipator (musician)\"), and more.{{cite news\\| url \\= https://www.jambase.com/article/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-announces\\-2018\\-lineup\\| title \\= Suwannee Hulaween Announces 2018 Lineup\\| newspaper \\= Jambase}}{{cite web\\| url \\= https://liveforlivemusic.com/news/hulaween\\-heavyweights\\-2018/\\| title \\= HULA Heavyweights: A Look at the Top Artists Appearing at Suwannee Hulaween 2018\\| date \\= 30 July 2018}}",
"The Thursday night pre\\-party featured the bands [Joe Russo's Almost Dead](/wiki/Joe_Russo%27s_Almost_Dead \"Joe Russo's Almost Dead\")(2x), [STS9](/wiki/Sound_Tribe_Sector_9 \"Sound Tribe Sector 9\") (2x) including axe the cable, [Lettuce](/wiki/Lettuce_%28band%29 \"Lettuce (band)\"), [The Infamous String Dusters](/wiki/The_Infamous_Stringdusters \"The Infamous Stringdusters\"), The Floozies, Papadosio, [EOTO](/wiki/EOTO \"EOTO\") \\& friends, Minnesota, [Kyle Hollingsworth](/wiki/Kyle_Hollingsworth \"Kyle Hollingsworth\") Band, Rayland Baxter, Ghost Light, Cory Wong, Psymbionic, [Marco Benevento](/wiki/Marco_Benevento \"Marco Benevento\"), The Broadcast, [CBDB](/wiki/CBDB_%28band%29 \"CBDB (band)\"), Kaleigh Baker, Ajeva, locochino, Funk You, Honey Hound, Side Hustle, and Just Chameleons{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://edmidentity.com/2018/05/23/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-2018\\-lineup/\\|title \\= Suwannee Hulaween Announces Complete Lineup for 2018\\|date \\= 23 May 2018}}{{cite web\\| url \\= https://liveforlivemusic.com/features/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-2018\\-review/\\| title \\= Suwannee Hulaween 2018: Interplanetary Good Vibe Zone \\[Review/Photos/Videos]\\| date \\= 5 November 2018}}",
"### 2019",
"The 2019 festival was held October 24 through October 27 in Live Oak, Florida, at the Spirit of the Suwanee Music Park. The theme was 90's. The bands were [The String Cheese Incident](/wiki/The_String_Cheese_Incident \"The String Cheese Incident\"), [Bassnectar](/wiki/Bassnectar \"Bassnectar\"), [Anderson .Paak](/wiki/Anderson_.Paak \"Anderson .Paak\") and the Free Nationals, [Jason Isbell](/wiki/Jason_Isbell \"Jason Isbell\") and the 400 Unit along with [Big Wild](/wiki/Big_Wild \"Big Wild\"), [Flying Lotus](/wiki/Flying_Lotus \"Flying Lotus\"), [Greensky Bluegrass](/wiki/Greensky_Bluegrass \"Greensky Bluegrass\"), [Jai Wolf](/wiki/Jai_Wolf \"Jai Wolf\"), [Joe Russo's Almost Dead](/wiki/Joe_Russo%27s_Almost_Dead \"Joe Russo's Almost Dead\"), Snails, [STS9](/wiki/STS9 \"STS9\") x2, [Tchami](/wiki/Tchami \"Tchami\"), [Umphrey's McGee](/wiki/Umphrey%27s_McGee \"Umphrey's McGee\") x2, [Thundercat](/wiki/Thundercat_%28musician%29 \"Thundercat (musician)\"), [Lettuce](/wiki/Lettuce_%28band%29 \"Lettuce (band)\"), [Tom Morello](/wiki/Tom_Morello \"Tom Morello\"), [Steel Pulse](/wiki/Steel_Pulse \"Steel Pulse\"), [Pigeons Playing Ping Pong](/wiki/Pigeons_Playing_Ping_Pong \"Pigeons Playing Ping Pong\"), [Billy Strings](/wiki/Billy_Strings \"Billy Strings\"), Whethan, [Clozee](/wiki/Clozee \"Clozee\"), Manic Focus, [G. Love \\& Special Sauce](/wiki/G._Love_%26_Special_Sauce \"G. Love & Special Sauce\"), Maribou State, [EOTO](/wiki/EOTO \"EOTO\"), Ripe, Peekaboo, Whipped Cream, Charlesthefirst, Pnuma, [The Motet](/wiki/The_Motet \"The Motet\"), [Circles Around the Sun](/wiki/Circles_Around_the_Sun \"Circles Around the Sun\"), Walker \\& Royce, Star Kitchen, [TAUK](/wiki/TAUK \"TAUK\"), [Kyle Hollingsworth](/wiki/Kyle_Hollingsworth \"Kyle Hollingsworth\") Band, [Andy Frasco \\& The U.N.](/wiki/Andy_Frasco_%26_The_U.N. \"Andy Frasco & The U.N.\"), Magic City Hippies, [The Hip Abduction](/wiki/The_Hip_Abduction \"The Hip Abduction\"), Sodown, Marvel Years, Spaga, J. Worra, Robert Walters 20th Congress, The Funk Hunters, MEMBA, Doom Flamingo, Brandon \"Taz\" Niederauer, Nobide, Vampa, Walden, Kaleigh Bakers Someday Honey, Shevonne, Bells and Robe, [LPT](/wiki/LPT_%28band%29 \"LPT (band)\"), Tycho, Marc Rebillet, Mija, Justin Jay, Break Science Live Band, The Grass is Dead, [Jon Stickley Trio](/wiki/Jon_Stickley_Trio \"Jon Stickley Trio\"), [The Heavy Pets](/wiki/The_Heavy_Pets \"The Heavy Pets\"), Karina Rykman, Polyrhythmics, Erica Falls Band, MZG, Beebs and Her Money Makers, Jaden Carlson Band, Thomas Wynn \\& The Believers, Travers Brothership, Space Kadet, Shak Nasti, The Quickening, Electric Kif, The Difference, Firewater Tent Revival, Oklahoma Stackhouse, Ella Jet and Future Soul, Future Vintage, Danka, Sad Songs, Spiral Light, The Good Wood Band, Bears \\& Lions, Vlad the Inhaler, NickFresh, Charlie Hustle, Levitation Jones, Ployd, Hallucinate, Booty Boo, Hunter Reid, Dizzlephunk, Holly Woods, Kozmic, Austen van der Bleek, Clyde Avery, Combustible, Stephanie Laine, Notorious Conduct, Alberto Diaz, Cat Party and SIDETRAKD.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.jambase.com/article/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-2019\\-lineup\\| title \\= Suwannee Hulaween Announces Full 2019 Lineup}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://suwanneehulaween.com/lineup/\\|title\\=Lineup Archive \\- Suwannee Hulaween \\| October 28\\-31, 2021 \\| Live Oak, FL\\|date\\=19 April 2024 }}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://edmidentity.com/2019/10/19/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-2019\\-essentials/\\|title\\=Suwannee Hulaween 2019 Set Times and Essential Info!\\|date\\=19 October 2019}}{{cite web\\| url \\= https://liveforlivemusic.com/news/hulaween\\-2019\\-artist\\-schedule\\-conflicts/\\| title \\= Suwannee Hulaween 2019: Toughest Artist Schedule Conflicts\\| date \\= 7 October 2019}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gratefulweb.com/articles/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-bring\\-thousands\\-spirit\\-suwannee\\-music\\-park\\-oct\\-24\\-27\\|title \\= Suwannee Hulaween to bring thousands to Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park Oct. 24\\-27}}",
"Wednesday evening October 23 featured Hula for a Cause, an optional concert held the evening before the festival starts. This annual event raises money for the Suwannee Spirit Kids Music Camp held several times each year free to students at the Music Park and also raises money for the Live Oak Music \\& Arts Foundation, which brings artists into area schools to share different genres of music with students.[https://www.suwanneedemocrat.com/news/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-to\\-bring\\-thousands\\-to\\-music\\-park/article\\_26a41a46\\-f4f9\\-11e9\\-b9a8\\-17f72c6fcba2\\.html](https://www.suwanneedemocrat.com/news/suwannee-hulaween-to-bring-thousands-to-music-park/article_26a41a46-f4f9-11e9-b9a8-17f72c6fcba2.html)",
"Hulaween 2019 also featured its annual food drive program called Hula Helps The Hungry. The food drive was held during the festival and attendees brought non\\-perishable food items that were donated to Love INC.",
"The 2019 Suwannee Hulaween Music Festival had a record breaking attendance for both Suwannee Hulaween as well as the [Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park](/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Suwannee_Music_Park \"Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park\") 21,000 attendees.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gratefulweb.com/articles/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-2015\\-reviewphotos\\|title\\=Suwannee Hulaween 2015 \\| Review/Photos}}",
"### 2020",
"The 2020 Suwannee Hulaween music festival was canceled due to the [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") global pandemic. Hulaween was originally scheduled for October 29 – November 1, 2020\\. Tickets never went on sale and a lineup was not announced. Suwannee Hulaween announced that plans are being made to continue the festival in 2021\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://musicfestnews.com/2020/07/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-shuttered\\-for\\-this\\-year/\\|title \\= Suwannee Hulaween Shuttered for This Year • MUSICFESTNEWS\\|date \\= 22 July 2020}}{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.jambase.com/article/hulaween\\-2020\\-canceled\\-coronavirus\\#:\\~:text\\=The%202020%20Suwannee%20Hulaween%20festival,29%20%E2%80%93%20November%201%2C%202020\\.\\| title \\= Organizers Cancel Suwannee Hulaween 2020 Due To Coronavirus}}",
"### 2021",
"The 2021 Suwannee Hulaween music festival was held October 28 through October 31 in Live Oak, Florida, at the Spirit of the Suwanee Music Park. The theme was Monster Mash. The bands were [The String Cheese Incident](/wiki/The_String_Cheese_Incident \"The String Cheese Incident\"), [Skrillex](/wiki/Skrillex \"Skrillex\"), [My Morning Jacket](/wiki/My_Morning_Jacket \"My Morning Jacket\"), [Leon Bridges](/wiki/Leon_Bridges \"Leon Bridges\"), [Khruangbin](/wiki/Khruangbin \"Khruangbin\"), [Zeds Dead](/wiki/Zeds_Dead \"Zeds Dead\"), [Joe Russo's Almost Dead](/wiki/Joe_Russo%27s_Almost_Dead \"Joe Russo's Almost Dead\"), [Greensky Bluegrass](/wiki/Greensky_Bluegrass \"Greensky Bluegrass\"), Bonobo (DJ set), [Chris Lake](/wiki/Chris_Lake \"Chris Lake\"), [Claude VonStroke](/wiki/Claude_VonStroke \"Claude VonStroke\"), [Cordae](/wiki/Cordae \"Cordae\"), [EarthGang](/wiki/EarthGang \"EarthGang\"), Jungle, [Lane 8](/wiki/Lane_8 \"Lane 8\"), [Lettuce](/wiki/Lettuce_%28band%29 \"Lettuce (band)\"), [Lotus](/wiki/Lotus_%28American_band%29 \"Lotus (American band)\"), [Masego](/wiki/Masego \"Masego\"), [Turkuaz](/wiki/Turkuaz_%28band%29 \"Turkuaz (band)\"), [Dumpstaphunk](/wiki/Dumpstaphunk \"Dumpstaphunk\"), Durand Jones \\& the Indications, [Eric Krasno](/wiki/Eric_Krasno \"Eric Krasno\") \\& The Assembly, Evan Giia, Deathpact, [Franc Moody](/wiki/Franc_Moody \"Franc Moody\"), [LP Giobbi](/wiki/LP_Giobbi \"LP Giobbi\"), LSDream, Magic City Hippies, Mark Farina, Mersiv, Sierra Hull, SunSquabi, [Surf Mesa](/wiki/Surf_Mesa \"Surf Mesa\"), Manic Focus, The Floozies, [Tank and the Bangas](/wiki/Tank_and_the_Bangas \"Tank and the Bangas\"), Biicla, Break Science, Cautious Clay, The Nth Power, Daily Bread, Flipturn, Gg Magree, Honey Island Swamp Band, Jon Stickley Trio, KAMANI, [Kyle Hollingsworth](/wiki/Kyle_Hollingsworth \"Kyle Hollingsworth\") Band, lespecial, MZG, Nala, Funk You, Neal Francis, Roosevelt Collier Band, The Fritz, Wreckno, Anthill Cinema, Maggie Rose, Astro, Vlad The Inhaler, Celisse, Dr. Bacon, Grandpa Da Gambler, Greenhouse Lounge, Honey Hounds, The Grass is Dead, JGBCB, Joe Marcinek Band, Lamorn, Levitation Jones, Little Stranger, Magnolia Boulevard, Mize, Booty Boo, Nerf The World, Oxford Noland, Raquel Rodriguez, Revival, Rohan Solo, Shine and the Shakers, Someday Honey, S.P.O.R.E., Stick Martin \\& Jon Ditty, Tand, The Reality, Tire Fire, Veil B2B NotLö, and West End Blend.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.jambase.com/festival/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-2021\\| title \\= Suwannee Hulaween 2021 Lineup \\- Oct 28 \\- 31, 2021}}<https://suwanneehulaween.com/>{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://relix.com/festivals/detail/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-announces\\-2021\\-lineup\\-the\\-string\\-cheese\\-incident\\-khruangbin\\-joe\\-russos\\-almost\\-dead\\-and\\-more/\\|title \\= Suwannee Hulaween Announces 2021 Lineup: The String Cheese Incident, Khruangbin, Joe Russo's Almost Dead and More\\|date \\= 18 May 2021}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://musicfestnews.com/2021/05/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-lineup\\-first\\-wave\\-announced/\\|title \\= Suwannee Hulaween Lineup First Wave Announced • MUSICFESTNEWS\\|date \\= 18 May 2021}}",
"### 2022",
"The 2022 Suwannee Hulaween music festival was held October 27 through October 30 in Live Oak, Florida, at the Spirit of the Suwanee Music Park. The theme was Suwannee Horror Disco Show. The bands were [The String Cheese Incident](/wiki/The_String_Cheese_Incident \"The String Cheese Incident\"), [J.I.D](/wiki/J.I.D \"J.I.D\"), [The Disco Biscuits](/wiki/The_Disco_Biscuits \"The Disco Biscuits\"), [Clozee](/wiki/Clozee \"Clozee\"), [Twiddle](/wiki/Twiddle_%28band%29 \"Twiddle (band)\"), Louis The Child, [Fisher](/wiki/Fisher_%28band%29 \"Fisher (band)\"), [Portugal. The Man](/wiki/Portugal._The_Man \"Portugal. The Man\"), [Joe Russo](/wiki/Joe_Russo%27s_Almost_Dead \"Joe Russo's Almost Dead\")’s Almost Dead, [Rainbow Kitten Surprise](/wiki/Rainbow_Kitten_Surprise \"Rainbow Kitten Surprise\"), [Liquid Stranger](/wiki/Liquid_Stranger \"Liquid Stranger\") (Wakaan takeover), [Margo Price](/wiki/Margo_Price \"Margo Price\"), [Lettuce](/wiki/Lettuce \"Lettuce\"), [Desert Hearts](/wiki/Desert_Hearts \"Desert Hearts\"), [STS9](/wiki/STS9 \"STS9\"), Gigantic NGHTMRE, Fearless Flyers, [Molly Tuttle](/wiki/Molly_Tuttle \"Molly Tuttle\") \\& Golden Highway, Of The Trees, [The Main Squeeze](/wiki/The_Main_Squeeze \"The Main Squeeze\"), Manic Focus (live band), Blaque Dynamite, Circles Around The Sun, [Lawrence](/wiki/Lawrence_%28band%29 \"Lawrence (band)\"), [Kyle Hollingsworth](/wiki/Kyle_Hollingsworth \"Kyle Hollingsworth\") Band, [Leftover Salmon](/wiki/Leftover_Salmon \"Leftover Salmon\"), [TOKiMONSTA](/wiki/TOKiMONSTA \"TOKiMONSTA\"), The Polish Ambassador, [Two Feet](/wiki/Two_Feet \"Two Feet\"), Guavatron, A Hundred Drum, Ajeva, American Grime, Anthill CInema, [Artikal Sound System](/wiki/Artikal_Sound_System \"Artikal Sound System\"), Biotechnick, [Butcher Brown](/wiki/Butcher_Brown \"Butcher Brown\") featuring [Nigel Hall](/wiki/Nigel_Hall_%28musician%29 \"Nigel Hall (musician)\"), Caitlin Krisko \\& The Broadcast, Cannabliss, [Cimafunk](/wiki/Cimafunk \"Cimafunk\"), [Cory Wong](/wiki/Cory_Wong \"Cory Wong\"), Cozm \\& Naught, Danielle Ponder, [Dirtwire](/wiki/Dirtwire \"Dirtwire\"), Dogs In A Pile, Eazybaked, Eggy, [Elohim](/wiki/Elohim \"Elohim\"), Eugene Snowden, [Franc Moody](/wiki/Franc_Moody \"Franc Moody\"), Future Joy, [Gorgon City](/wiki/Gorgon_City \"Gorgon City\"), Honeywhat, [Isaiah Sharkey](/wiki/Isaiah_Sharkey \"Isaiah Sharkey\"), Jantsen, [Jauz](/wiki/Jauz \"Jauz\") (Off The Deep End set), Jiriki, Kaleena Zanders, Karina Rykman, KydKong, [Lewis Del Mar](/wiki/Lewis_Del_Mar \"Lewis Del Mar\"), Little Bird, Liz Cooper, LP Giobbi (Femme House Takeover), [LPT](/wiki/LPT \"LPT\"), Maddy O’Neal, [Mark Lettieri](/wiki/Mark_Lettieri \"Mark Lettieri\") Group, Miane, Mindchatter, MZG, Neighbor, Neil Frances, Niles, Opiuo, Paper Ido, Player Dave, Purple Gurl, Ravenscoon, Row Joma, Sexbruise?, Skiz, Soul Taxi, Straying Anchors, Sylvan Esso, Tand, [Tape B](/wiki/Tape_B \"Tape B\"), The Iceman Special, The Snozberries, The Tanglers, Three Star Revival, Toubab Krewe, Trevor Bystrom, Tripp St, Vlad the Inhaler, Wednesday Night Titans, Zingara {{cite web \\| url\\=https://jambands.com/news/2022/06/03/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-unveils\\-2022\\-artist\\-lineup\\-the\\-string\\-cheese\\-incident\\-black\\-pumas\\-rainbow\\-kitten\\-surprise\\-and\\-more/ \\| title\\=Suwannee Hulaween Unveils 2022 Artist Lineup: The String Cheese Incident, Black Pumas, Rainbow Kitten Surprise and More \\| date\\=3 June 2022 }}[https://musicfestnews.com/2022/11/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-delivers\\-joy\\-once\\-again2/](https://musicfestnews.com/2022/11/suwannee-hulaween-delivers-joy-once-again2/){{cite web \\| url\\=https://liveforlivemusic.com/news/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-festival\\-2022\\-lineup/ \\| title\\=Suwannee Hulaween Reveals 2022 Lineup: SCI, Black Pumas, Fearless Flyers, Disco Biscuits, Lawrence, More \\| date\\=3 June 2022 }} {{cite web \\| url\\=https://edm.com/events/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-2022\\-lineup \\| title\\=Suwannee Hulaween Reveals Massive 2022 Lineup with CloZee, Louis the Child, STS9, More \\| date\\=3 June 2022 }}{{cite web \\| url\\=https://relix.com/festivals/festival\\_news/detail/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-unveils\\-2022\\-artist\\-lineup\\-the\\-string\\-cheese\\-incident\\-black\\-pumas\\-rainbow\\-kitten\\-surprise\\-and\\-more/\\#:\\~:text\\=The%20ninth%20edition%20of%20the,Biscuits%20and%20more%20will%20perform \\| title\\=Suwannee Hulaween Unveils 2022 Artist Lineup: The String Cheese Incident, Black Pumas, Rainbow Kitten Surprise and More \\| date\\=3 June 2022 }}{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.jambase.com/festival/suwannee\\-hulaween\\-2022 \\| title\\=Suwannee Hulaween 2022 Lineup \\- Oct 27 \\- 30, 2022 }}",
"### 2023",
"Headliners: Big Wild, Channel Tres (DJ Set), DISPATCH, Elderbrook, Goose, Joe Russo's Almost Dead, John Summit, [Colonel Les Claypool's Fearless Flying Frog Brigade](/wiki/Colonel_Les_Claypool%27s_Fearless_Flying_Frog_Brigade \"Colonel Les Claypool's Fearless Flying Frog Brigade\"), Mt. Joy, Pretty Lights, Rainbow Kitten Surprise, Smino, The [Trey Anastasio](/wiki/Trey_Anastasio \"Trey Anastasio\") Band, and [The String Cheese Incident](/wiki/The_String_Cheese_Incident \"The String Cheese Incident\").",
"Alpha by tier: Altin Gün, Apashe, Blond:ish, Blu DeTiger, Boogie T, Champagne Drip, DOMi \\& JD Beck, EPROM, Gioli \\& Assia, INZO, ISOxo, Joshwa, Lab Group, Lettuce, Manic Focus, Memba, Moore Kismet, Pigeons Playing Ping Pong, SoDown, The Dip, Yung Bae, Bill \\& Jilian Nershi ft. Jason Hann, Eddie Roberts \\& The Lucky Strokes, Ghost Note, Jennifer Hartswick Band, Khiva, Kitchen Dwellers, Kyle Hollingsworth Band, lespecial, LUCATI, Marvel Years, Melt, MZG, NotLö, QRTR, Roosevelt Collier Band, The Nth Power Presents: Jenth Power, Trousdale, VEIL, Yam Yam, AK RENNY, Austen van der Bleek, AUSTERIA, Bad Snacks, Cadillac Jones, Canvas, Chachuba, CHYL, Cope, cosmic collective, Couch, Electric Kif, Empire Strikes Brass, EREZ, Erin \\& The Wildfire, Fernando Rosa, Free Range Strange, Funk You, GoldenEra, Jason Leech, Jon Stickley Trio, Kendall Street Company, María También, Matcha, MiniM, Ramona \\+ the RIOT, Rohan Solo, Sailor Jane \\& The Apricators, Snakes \\& Stars, Sneezy, Steeln' Peaches: An Allman Brothers Revue, Stick \\& Ditty, Tand, The Jauntee, The Orange Constant, Tru Phonic, Underground Springhouse, Universal Funk Orchestra, VICKY B.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Lineup – Suwannee Hulaween {{!}} October 26\\-29, 2023 {{!}} Live Oak, FL \\|url\\=https://suwanneehulaween.com/lineup/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-19 \\|website\\=suwanneehulaween.com}}",
""
] |
Operational history
-------------------
The Spanish took delivery of *Marques del Duero* from her French builders at [Marseilles](/wiki/Marseilles "Marseilles"), France. She set out on her first operational deployment from Marseilles on 27 July 1875, heading for [San Sebastián Bay](/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Bay "San Sebastián Bay") in northern Spain for blockade, patrol, and despatch duty. She served there beyond the end of the [Third Carlist War](/wiki/Third_Carlist_War "Third Carlist War") on 27 February 1876, finally leaving after Spanish naval forces there began to leave for postwar duties after 5 April 1876\.
On 29 July 1876, *Marques del Duero* departed Spain for the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), where she was based at [Zamboanga](/wiki/Zamboanga_City "Zamboanga City"), assigned to the South Division of the Asiatic Squadron.
On 24 July 1880, *Marques del Duero* left Philippine waters for courtesy visits to the kings of [Siam](/wiki/Siam "Siam") and [Annam](/wiki/Annam_%28French_colony%29 "Annam (French colony)") at [Saigon](/wiki/Saigon "Saigon") and [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore").
On 27 September 1895, *Marques del Duero* captured several pirate launches manned by [Moros](/wiki/Moros "Moros") in [Borneo](/wiki/Borneo "Borneo"). She later attacked a group of Moro and [Tagalog](/wiki/Tagalog_people "Tagalog people") [pirates](/wiki/Piracy "Piracy"), killing 18 and wounding 30\.
*Marques del Duero* was the oldest member of [Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_Admiral "Rear Admiral") [Patricio Montojo de Pasaron's](/wiki/Patricio_Montojo "Patricio Montojo") Pacific Squadron at [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila") in the [Philippine Islands](/wiki/Philippine_Islands "Philippine Islands") when the [Spanish–American War](/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War "Spanish–American War") broke out in April 1898\. She was anchored with the squadron in [Cañacao Bay](/wiki/Ca%C3%B1acao_Bay "Cañacao Bay") under the lee of the [Cavite Peninsula](/wiki/Cavite_Peninsula "Cavite Peninsula") east of [Sangley Point](/wiki/Sangley_Point "Sangley Point"), [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon "Luzon"), eight miles southwest of [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila"), when, early on the morning of 1 May 1898, the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy")'s [Asiatic Squadron](/wiki/Asiatic_Squadron "Asiatic Squadron") under [Commodore](/wiki/Commodore_%28United_States%29 "Commodore (United States)") [George Dewey](/wiki/George_Dewey "George Dewey"), found Montojo's anchorage and attacked.Nofi, p. 17 In the resulting [Battle of Manila Bay](/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay "Battle of Manila Bay"), the first major engagement of the [Spanish–American War](/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War "Spanish–American War"), *Marques del Duero* took one {{convert\|8\|in\|mm\|adj\=on\|0}}, one {{convert\|6\|in\|mm\|adj\=on\|0}}, and about three other shell hits, which wrecked her bow gun, a side gun, and an engine. Her crew scuttled her in shallow water; part of her upper works remained above water, and a boarding crew from the gunboat {{USS\|Petrel\|PG\-2\|6}} went aboard and set these on fire at the end of battle.
After the war, a U.S. Navy salvage team raised and repaired *Marques del Duero*. She served briefly in the U.S. Navy as USS *P\-17*, but was [decommissioned](/wiki/Ship_decommissioning "Ship decommissioning") and scrapped in 1900\.
|
[
"Operational history\n-------------------",
"The Spanish took delivery of *Marques del Duero* from her French builders at [Marseilles](/wiki/Marseilles \"Marseilles\"), France. She set out on her first operational deployment from Marseilles on 27 July 1875, heading for [San Sebastián Bay](/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Bay \"San Sebastián Bay\") in northern Spain for blockade, patrol, and despatch duty. She served there beyond the end of the [Third Carlist War](/wiki/Third_Carlist_War \"Third Carlist War\") on 27 February 1876, finally leaving after Spanish naval forces there began to leave for postwar duties after 5 April 1876\\.",
"On 29 July 1876, *Marques del Duero* departed Spain for the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"), where she was based at [Zamboanga](/wiki/Zamboanga_City \"Zamboanga City\"), assigned to the South Division of the Asiatic Squadron.",
"On 24 July 1880, *Marques del Duero* left Philippine waters for courtesy visits to the kings of [Siam](/wiki/Siam \"Siam\") and [Annam](/wiki/Annam_%28French_colony%29 \"Annam (French colony)\") at [Saigon](/wiki/Saigon \"Saigon\") and [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\").",
"On 27 September 1895, *Marques del Duero* captured several pirate launches manned by [Moros](/wiki/Moros \"Moros\") in [Borneo](/wiki/Borneo \"Borneo\"). She later attacked a group of Moro and [Tagalog](/wiki/Tagalog_people \"Tagalog people\") [pirates](/wiki/Piracy \"Piracy\"), killing 18 and wounding 30\\.",
"*Marques del Duero* was the oldest member of [Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_Admiral \"Rear Admiral\") [Patricio Montojo de Pasaron's](/wiki/Patricio_Montojo \"Patricio Montojo\") Pacific Squadron at [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\") in the [Philippine Islands](/wiki/Philippine_Islands \"Philippine Islands\") when the [Spanish–American War](/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War \"Spanish–American War\") broke out in April 1898\\. She was anchored with the squadron in [Cañacao Bay](/wiki/Ca%C3%B1acao_Bay \"Cañacao Bay\") under the lee of the [Cavite Peninsula](/wiki/Cavite_Peninsula \"Cavite Peninsula\") east of [Sangley Point](/wiki/Sangley_Point \"Sangley Point\"), [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon \"Luzon\"), eight miles southwest of [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\"), when, early on the morning of 1 May 1898, the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\")'s [Asiatic Squadron](/wiki/Asiatic_Squadron \"Asiatic Squadron\") under [Commodore](/wiki/Commodore_%28United_States%29 \"Commodore (United States)\") [George Dewey](/wiki/George_Dewey \"George Dewey\"), found Montojo's anchorage and attacked.Nofi, p. 17 In the resulting [Battle of Manila Bay](/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay \"Battle of Manila Bay\"), the first major engagement of the [Spanish–American War](/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War \"Spanish–American War\"), *Marques del Duero* took one {{convert\\|8\\|in\\|mm\\|adj\\=on\\|0}}, one {{convert\\|6\\|in\\|mm\\|adj\\=on\\|0}}, and about three other shell hits, which wrecked her bow gun, a side gun, and an engine. Her crew scuttled her in shallow water; part of her upper works remained above water, and a boarding crew from the gunboat {{USS\\|Petrel\\|PG\\-2\\|6}} went aboard and set these on fire at the end of battle.",
"After the war, a U.S. Navy salvage team raised and repaired *Marques del Duero*. She served briefly in the U.S. Navy as USS *P\\-17*, but was [decommissioned](/wiki/Ship_decommissioning \"Ship decommissioning\") and scrapped in 1900\\.",
""
] |
Sporadic tournaments
--------------------
Pin\-Pinfall; Sub\-Submission; CO\-Countout; DCO\-Double countout; DQ\-Disqualification; DDQ\-Double Disqualification Ref\-Referee's decision; NC\-No Contest
### Bunkhouse Stampede Tournament
{{Main\|Bunkhouse Stampede}}
### Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament
{{Main\|Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament}}
### NWA United States Championship Tournament (1975\)
The NWA United States Championship Tournament was a tournament that took place on November 9, 1975, and was created to crown a new [United States Champion](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship "WWE United States Championship") after [Johnny Valentine](/wiki/Johnny_Valentine "Johnny Valentine") suffered a career ending back injury.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/worldus.html\|title\=WCW World \& U.S. Title Tournaments}}
{{8TeamBracket\-NoSeeds
\| RD1\=Quarterfinals
\| RD2\=Semifinals
\| RD3\=Final
\| RD1\-team1 \= \[\[Rufus R. Jones]]
\| RD1\-team2 \= '''\[\[Terry Funk]]'''
\| RD1\-score1 \=
\| RD1\-score2 \=
\| RD1\-team3 \= \[\[Blackjack Mulligan]]
\| RD1\-team4 \= '''\[\[Dusty Rhodes]]'''
\| RD1\-score3 \=
\| RD1\-score4 \=
\| RD1\-team5 \= \[\[Wahoo McDaniel]]
\| RD1\-team6 \= '''\[\[Harley Race]]'''
\| RD1\-score5 \=
\| RD1\-score6 \=
\| RD1\-team7 \= '''\[\[Paul Jones (wrestler)\|Paul Jones]]'''
\| RD1\-team8 \= \[\[Johnny Weaver]]
\| RD1\-score7 \=
\| RD1\-score8 \=
\| RD2\-team1 \= '''Terry Funk'''
\| RD2\-team2 \= Dusty Rhodes
\| RD2\-score1 \=
\| RD2\-score2 \=
\| RD2\-team3 \= Harley Race
\| RD2\-team4 \= '''Paul Jones'''
\| RD2\-score3 \=
\| RD2\-score4 \=
\| RD3\-team1 \= '''Terry Funk'''
\| RD3\-team2 \= Paul Jones
\| RD3\-score1 \=
\| RD3\-score2 \=
}}
### NWA United States Championship Tournament (1979\)
The NWA United States Championship Tournament was a tournament that took place on September 1, 1979, to crown a new [United States Champion](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship "WWE United States Championship") after [Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair "Ric Flair") vacated the championship due to winning the [NWA World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship "WCW World Tag Team Championship") four days earlier.
{{16TeamBracket\-NoSeeds
\| RD1\=First Round
\| RD2\=Quarterfinals
\| RD3\=Semifinals
\| RD4\=Final
\| RD1\-team01 \= '''\[\[Rick Steamboat]]'''
\| RD1\-team02 \= \[\[Ernie Ladd]]
\| RD1\-score01 \= PIN
\| RD1\-score02 \=
\| RD1\-team03 \= '''\[\["Nature Boy" Buddy Rogers]]'''
\| RD1\-team04 \= \[\[Bob Marcus]]
\| RD1\-score03 \= SUB
\| RD1\-score04 \=
\| RD1\-team05 \= \[\[Wahoo McDaniel]]
\| RD1\-team06 \= \[\[Big John Studd]]
\| RD1\-score05 \= DDQ
\| RD1\-score06 \=
\| RD1\-team07 \= '''\[\[Ken Patera]]'''
\| RD1\-team08 \= \[\[Rufus R. Jones]]
\| RD1\-score07 \= PIN
\| RD1\-score08 \=
\| RD1\-team09 \= BYE
\| RD1\-team10 \= BYE
\| RD1\-score9 \=
\| RD1\-score10 \=
\| RD1\-team11 \= '''\[\["Superfly" Jimmy Snuka]]'''
\| RD1\-team12 \= "Mr Wrestling" \[\[Tim Woods]]
\| RD1\-score11 \= REF DECISION
\| RD1\-score12 \=
\| RD1\-team13 \= '''\[\[Bruiser Brody]]'''
\| RD1\-team14 \= \[\[Johnny Weaver]]
\| RD1\-score13 \=
\| RD1\-score14 \=
\| RD1\-team15 \= '''\[\[Jim Brunzell]]'''
\| RD1\-team16 \= \[\[Dewey Robertson]]
\| RD1\-score15 \= REF DECISION
\| RD1\-score16 \=
\| RD2\-team01 \= '''Rick Steamboat'''
\| RD2\-team02 \= "Nature Boy" Buddy Rogers
\| RD2\-score01 \= COUNT OUT
\| RD2\-score02 \=
\| RD2\-team03 \= '''Ken Patera'''
\| RD2\-team04 \= BYE
\| RD2\-score3 \=
\| RD2\-score4 \=
\| RD2\-team05 \= '''Jimmy Snuka'''
\| RD2\-team06 \= BYE
\| RD2\-score5 \=
\| RD2\-score6 \=
\| RD2\-team07 \= Bruiser Brody
\| RD2\-team08 \= '''Jim Brunzell'''
\| RD2\-score07 \=
\| RD2\-score08 \= PIN
\| RD3\-team01 \= '''"TV Champion" Rick Steamboat'''
\| RD3\-team02 \= "Mid\-Atlantic Champion" Ken Patera
\| RD3\-score01 \= PIN
\| RD3\-score02 \=
\| RD3\-team03 \= '''Jimmy Snuka'''
\| RD3\-team04 \= "High Flyer" Jim Brunzell
\| RD3\-score3 \=
\| RD3\-score4 \=
\| RD4\-team01 \= Rick Steamboat
\| RD4\-team02 \= '''Jimmy Snuka'''
\| RD4\-score01 \=
\| RD4\-score02 \= PINFALL; WINNER
}}
### NWA United States Championship Tournament (1981\)
The NWA United States Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [United States Champion](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship "WWE United States Championship") after [Wahoo McDaniel](/wiki/Wahoo_McDaniel "Wahoo McDaniel") vacated the title due to injury.
{{16TeamBracket\-NoSeeds
\| RD1\=First Round
\| RD2\=Quarterfinals
\| RD3\=Semifinals
\| RD4\=Final
\| RD1\-team01\='''\[\[Pat Patterson (wrestler)\|Pat Patterson]]'''
\| RD1\-team02\=\[\[Mike Davis (wrestler)\|Mike Davis]]
\| RD1\-score1
\| RD1\-score2
\| RD1\-team03\=\[\[Nikolai Volkoff]]
\| RD1\-team04\='''\[\[Ricky Steamboat]]'''
\| RD1\-score3\=
\| RD1\-score4\=
\| RD1\-team05\='''\[\[Leroy Brown (wrestler)\|Leroy Brown]]'''
\| RD1\-team06\=\[\[Bill Irwin (wrestler)\|Super Destroyer]]
\| RD1\-score5\=
\| RD1\-score6\=
\| RD1\-team07\=\[\[Ron Bass (wrestler)\|Ron Bass]]
\| RD1\-team08\='''\[\[Ivan Koloff]]'''
\| RD1\-score7\=
\| RD1\-score8\=
\| RD1\-team09\='''\[\[Sgt. Slaughter]]'''
\| RD1\-team10\=\[\[Johnny Weaver]]
\| RD1\-score9\=
\| RD1\-score10\=
\| RD1\-team11\=\[\[Steve Muslin]]
\| RD1\-team12\='''\[\[Jay Youngblood]]'''
\| RD1\-score11\=
\| RD1\-score12\=
\| RD1\-team13\=\[\[Dusty Rhodes]]
\| RD1\-team14\='''\[\[Jacques Goulet]]'''
\| RD1\-score13\=
\| RD1\-score14\=
\| RD1\-team15\=\[\[Ron Ritchie (wrestler)\|Ron Ritchie]]
\| RD1\-team16\='''\[\[Ole Anderson]]'''
\| RD1\-score15\=
\| RD1\-score16\=
\| RD2\-team01\=\[\[Pat Patterson (wrestler)\|Pat Patterson]]
\| RD2\-team02\='''\[\[Ricky Steamboat]]'''
\| RD2\-score1\=
\| RD2\-score2\=
\| RD2\-team03\=\[\[Leroy Brown (wrestler)\|Leroy Brown]]
\| RD2\-team04\='''\[\[Ivan Koloff]]'''
\| RD2\-score3\=
\| RD2\-score4\=
\| RD2\-team05\='''\[\[Sgt. Slaughter]]'''
\| RD2\-team06\=\[\[Jay Youngblood]]
\| RD2\-score5\=
\| RD2\-score6\=
\| RD2\-team07\=\[\[Jacques Goulet]]
\| RD2\-team08\=\[\[Ole Anderson]]
\| RD2\-score7\=DDQ
\| RD2\-score8\=
\| RD3\-team01\='''\[\[Ricky Steamboat]]'''
\| RD3\-team02\=\[\[Leroy Brown (wrestler)\|Leroy Brown]]
\| RD3\-score1\=
\| RD3\-score2\=
\| RD3\-team03\='''\[\[Sgt. Slaughter]]'''
\| RD3\-team04\=BYE
\| RD3\-score3\=
\| RD3\-score4\=
\| RD4\-team01\=\[\[Ricky Steamboat]]
\| RD4\-team02\='''\[\[Sgt. Slaughter]]'''
\| RD4\-score1\=
\| RD4\-score2\=
}}
### NWA United States Championship Tournament (1984\)
The NWA United States Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [United States Champion](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship "WWE United States Championship") after [Wahoo McDaniel](/wiki/Wahoo_McDaniel "Wahoo McDaniel") was forced to vacate the title due to his controversial title win over [Ricky Steamboat](/wiki/Ricky_Steamboat "Ricky Steamboat"), which took place due to outside interference by [Tully Blanchard](/wiki/Tully_Blanchard "Tully Blanchard").
{{16TeamBracket\-NoSeeds
\| RD1\=First Round
\| RD2\=Quarterfinals
\| RD3\=Semifinals
\| RD4\=Final
\| RD1\-team01 \= '''\[\[Mike Rotunda]]'''
\| RD1\-team02 \= \[\[Jody Hamilton\|The Assassin]]
\| RD1\-score1 \=
\| RD1\-score2 \=
\| RD1\-team03 \= '''\[\[Wahoo McDaniel]]'''
\| RD1\-team04 \= \[\[Mark Youngblood]]
\| RD1\-score3 \=
\| RD1\-score4 \=
\| RD1\-team05 \= '''\[\[Ivan Koloff]]'''
\| RD1\-team06 \= \[\[Brian Adias]]
\| RD1\-score5 \=
\| RD1\-score6 \=
\| RD1\-team07 \= \[\[Don Kernodle]]
\| RD1\-team08 \= '''\[\[Dusty Rhodes]]'''
\| RD1\-score7 \=
\| RD1\-score8 \=
\| RD1\-team09 \= '''\[\[Manny Fernandez (wrestler)\|Manny Fernandez]]'''
\| RD1\-team10 \= Paul Kelly
\| RD1\-score9 \=
\| RD1\-score10 \=
\| RD1\-team11 \= '''\[\[Billy Graham (wrestler)\|Billy Graham]]'''
\| RD1\-team12 \= \[\[Carlos Colon]]
\| RD1\-score11 \=
\| RD1\-score12 \=
\| RD1\-team13 \= '''\[\[Tully Blanchard]]'''
\| RD1\-team14 \= \[\[Jimmy Valiant]]
\| RD1\-score13 \=
\| RD1\-score14 \=
\| RD1\-team15 \= \[\[Ricky Steamboat]]
\| RD1\-team16 \= \[\[Ron Bass (wrestler)\|Ron Bass]]
\| RD1\-score15 \= DRAW
\| RD1\-score16 \=
\| RD2\-team01 \= Mike Rotunda
\| RD2\-team02 \= '''Wahoo McDaniel'''
\| RD2\-score1 \=
\| RD2\-score2 \=
\| RD2\-team03 \= Ivan Koloff
\| RD2\-team04 \= Dusty Rhodes
\| RD2\-score3 \= DDQ
\| RD2\-score4 \=
\| RD2\-team05 \= '''Manny Fernandez'''
\| RD2\-team06 \= Billy Graham
\| RD2\-score5 \=
\| RD2\-score6 \=
\| RD2\-team07 \= '''Tully Blanchard'''
\| RD2\-team08 \= BYE
\| RD2\-score7 \=
\| RD2\-score8 \=
\| RD3\-team01 \= '''Wahoo McDaniel'''
\| RD3\-team02 \= BYE
\| RD3\-score1 \=
\| RD3\-score2 \=
\| RD3\-team03 \= '''Manny Fernandez'''
\| RD3\-team04 \= Tully Blanchard
\| RD3\-score3 \=
\| RD3\-score4 \=
\| RD4\-team01 \= '''Wahoo McDaniel'''
\| RD4\-team02 \= Manny Fernandez
\| RD4\-score1 \=
\| RD4\-score2 \=
}}
### NWA World Television Championship Tournament (1986\)
The NWA World Television Championship Tournament was a tournament held on January 4, 1986, to crown a new [World Television Champion](/wiki/WCW_World_Television_Championship "WCW World Television Championship") after Dusty Rhodes was stripped of the title due to injury at the hands of Ric Flair and The Minnesota Wrecking Crew.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/titletny.html\|title\=Other WCW Singles Title Tournaments}}
{{8TeamBracket\-NoSeeds
\| RD1\=Quarterfinals
\| RD2\=Semifinals
\| RD3\=Final
\| RD1\-team1 \= '''\[\[Arn Anderson]]'''
\| RD1\-team2 \= \[\[Jimmy Valiant]]
\| RD1\-score1 \= pin
\| RD1\-score2 \=11:13
\| RD1\-team3 \= \[\[Black Bart (wrestler)\|Black Bart]]
\| RD1\-team4 \= \[\[Road Warrior Animal]]
\| RD1\-score3 \= DCO
\| RD1\-score4 \=04:45
\| RD1\-team5 \= '''\[\[Tully Blanchard]]'''
\| RD1\-team6 \= \[\[Ron Bass (wrestler)\|Ron Bass]]
\| RD1\-score5 \=pin
\| RD1\-score6 \= 10:38
\| RD1\-team7 \= \[\[The Barbarian (wrestler)\|The Barbarian]]
\| RD1\-team8 \= '''\[\[Wahoo McDaniel]]'''
\| RD1\-score7 \= pin
\| RD1\-score8 \= 9:31
\| RD2\-team1 \= '''Arn Anderson'''
\| RD2\-team2 \= BYE
\| RD2\-score1 \=
\| RD2\-score2 \=
\| RD2\-team3 \= Tully Blanchard
\| RD2\-team4 \= '''Wahoo McDaniel'''
\| RD2\-score3 \= DQ
\| RD2\-score4 \= 12:15
\| RD3\-team1 \= '''Arn Anderson'''
\| RD3\-team2 \= Wahoo McDaniel
\| RD3\-score1 \= pin
\| RD3\-score2 \= 13:24
}}
### Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament (1986\)
{{main\|Crockett Cup (1986\)}}
The Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament was a tournament held on April 19, 1986, at [The Superdome](/wiki/The_Superdome "The Superdome") in [New Orleans, Louisiana](/wiki/New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana "New Orleans, Louisiana") and had an afternoon \& night show.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/cup.html\|title\=Crockett Cup}}
### Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament (1987\)
{{main\|Crockett Cup (1987\)}}
The Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament was a tournament that ran from April 9 to April 10, 1987, with both shows at [The Baltimore Arena](/wiki/Baltimore_Arena "Baltimore Arena") in [Baltimore, Maryland](/wiki/Baltimore%2C_Maryland "Baltimore, Maryland").
### Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament (1988\)
{{main\|Crockett Cup (1988\)}}
The Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament was a tournament.
### NWA United States Tag Team Championship Tournament (1988\)
The NWA United States Tag Team Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [United States Tag Team Champions](/wiki/WCW_United_States_Tag_Team_Championship "WCW United States Tag Team Championship") after the titles were vacated when [The Midnight Express](/wiki/The_Midnight_Express_%28professional_wrestling%29 "The Midnight Express (professional wrestling)") won the [NWA World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship "WCW World Tag Team Championship") on September 10, 1988\.
{{8TeamBracket\-NoSeeds
\| RD1\=Quarterfinals
\| RD2\=Semifinals
\| RD3\=Final
\| RD1\-team1 \= '''\[\[The Fantastics]]'''
\| RD1\-team2 \= \[\[The Varsity Club]]
\| RD1\-score1 \=
\| RD1\-score2 \=
\| RD1\-team3 \= The Russian Assassins
\| RD1\-team4 \= \[\[Ivan Koloff]] \& \[\[Nikita Koloff]]
\| RD1\-score3 \=
\| RD1\-score4 \=
\| RD1\-team5 \= \[\[Al Perez]] \& \[\[Larry Zbyszko]]
\| RD1\-team6 \= '''\[\[Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)\|Eddie Gilbert]] and \[\[Ron Simmons]]'''
\| RD1\-score5 \=
\| RD1\-score6 \=
\| RD1\-team7 \= '''\[\[The Sheepherders]]'''
\| RD1\-team8 \= BYE
\| RD1\-score7 \=
\| RD1\-score8 \=
\| RD2\-team1 \= '''The Fantastics'''
\| RD2\-team2 \= BYE
\| RD2\-score1 \=
\| RD2\-score2 \=
\| RD2\-team3 \= Eddie Gilbert and Ron Simmons
\| RD2\-team4 \= '''The Sheepherders'''
\| RD2\-score3 \=
\| RD2\-score4 \=
\| RD3\-team1 \= '''The Fantastics'''
\| RD3\-team2 \= Eddie Gilbert and Ron Simmons1
\| RD3\-score1 \=
\| RD3\-score2 \=
}}
**Notes:**
1 {{small\|The Sheepherders defeated Gilbert and Simmons in the semifinals but were replaced by them in the finals when they left for the WWF.}}
### NWA World Tag Team Championship Tournament (1989\)
The NWA World Tag Team Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [World Tag Team Champions](/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship "WCW World Tag Team Championship") after [Mike Rotunda](/wiki/Mike_Rotunda "Mike Rotunda") and [Steve Williams](/wiki/Steve_Williams_%28wrestler%29 "Steve Williams (wrestler)") were forced to vacate the titles due to their [Varsity Club](/wiki/Varsity_Club "Varsity Club") teammates attacking [special guest referee](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Special_referee "Professional wrestling match types#Special referee") [Nikita Koloff](/wiki/Nikita_Koloff "Nikita Koloff") during their title defense against [Road Warriors](/wiki/Road_Warriors "Road Warriors") at [WrestleWar](/wiki/WrestleWar_%281989%29 "WrestleWar (1989)").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/tagtitle.html\#worldtag89 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220225056/https://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/tagtitle.html\#worldtag89 \|archive\-date\=December 20, 2022 \|title\=NWA World Tag Team Title Tournament 1989 \|work\=Pro Wrestling History \|access\-date\=March 8, 2023}}
{{8TeamBracket\-NoSeeds
\| RD1\=Quarterfinals
\| RD2\=Semifinals
\| RD3\=Final
\| RD1\-team1 \= '''\[\[The Fabulous Freebirds]]'''1
\| RD1\-team2 \= \[\[The Road Warriors]]
\| RD1\-score1 \=
\| RD1\-score2 \=
\| RD1\-team3 \= '''\[\[Johnny Ace (wrestler)\|Johnny Ace]]''' and '''\[\[Shane Douglas]]'''
\| RD1\-team4 \= \[\[Jack Victory]] and \[\[Rip Morgan]]
\| RD1\-score3 \=
\| RD1\-score4 \=
\| RD1\-team5 \= '''\[\[Samoan Swat Team]]'''
\| RD1\-team6 \= \[\[Ranger Ross]] and \[\[Ron Simmons]]
\| RD1\-score5 \=
\| RD1\-score6 \=
\| RD1\-team7 \= \[\[Butch Reed]] and The Raider
\| RD1\-team8 \= '''\[\[The Midnight Express (professional wrestling)\|The Midnight Express]]'''
\| RD1\-score7 \=
\| RD1\-score8 \=
\| RD2\-team1 \= '''The Fabulous Freebirds'''
\| RD2\-team2 \= Johnny Ace and Shane Douglas
\| RD2\-score1 \=
\| RD2\-score2 \=
\| RD2\-team3 \= The Samoan Swat Team
\| RD2\-team4 \= '''The Midnight Express'''
\| RD2\-score3 \=
\| RD2\-score4 \=
\| RD3\-team1 \= '''The Fabulous Freebirds'''
\| RD3\-team2 \= The Midnight Express
\| RD3\-score1 \=
\| RD3\-score2 \=
}}
**Notes:**
1 {{small\|Terry Gordy originally teamed with Michael Hayes in the quarterfinals while Jimmy Garvin replaced him in the semifinals and finals.}}
### Iron Man Tournaments (1989\)
The Iron Man and Iron Team tournaments were [round\-robin tournaments](/wiki/Round-robin_tournament "Round-robin tournament") featuring four competing individuals and [tag teams](/wiki/Tag_team "Tag team") respectively. The point system: 20 points for a [pinfall](/wiki/Pin_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Pin (professional wrestling)") or [submission](/wiki/Professional_wrestling%23Submission "Professional wrestling#Submission") victory, 15 for a [countout](/wiki/Professional_wrestling%23Countout "Professional wrestling#Countout") victory, 10 for a [disqualification](/wiki/Professional_wrestling%23Disqualification "Professional wrestling#Disqualification") victory, 5 for a [time\-limit draw](/wiki/Professional_wrestling%23Draw "Professional wrestling#Draw") and 0 for a loss.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/misctny.html\#euro\|title\=Misc. Tournaments}}
Iron Man tournament
| | Sting | Luger | Flair | Muta | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [Sting](/wiki/Sting_%28wrestler%29 "Sting (wrestler)") | \* | 0 | 20 | 20 | **40** |
| [Lex Luger](/wiki/Lex_Luger "Lex Luger") | 20 | \* | 5 | 10 | **35** |
| [Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair "Ric Flair") | 0 | 5 | \* | 20 | **25** |
| [The Great Muta](/wiki/Keiji_Mutoh "Keiji Mutoh") | 0 | 0 | 0 | \* | **0** |
Iron Team tournament
| | Warriors | Steiners | Samoans | Doom | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [The Road Warriors](/wiki/The_Road_Warriors "The Road Warriors") | \* | 0 | 20 | 20 | **40** |
| [The Steiner Brothers](/wiki/The_Steiner_Brothers "The Steiner Brothers") | 20 | \* | 0 | 15 | **35** |
| [The New Wild Samoans](/wiki/The_Headshrinkers "The Headshrinkers") | 0 | 10 | \* | 20 | **30** |
| [Doom](/wiki/Doom_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Doom (professional wrestling)") | 0 | 0 | 0 | \* | **0** |
### NWA United States Tag Team Championship Tournament (1990\)
The NWA United States Tag Team Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [United States Tag Team Champions](/wiki/WCW_United_States_Tag_Team_Championship "WCW United States Tag Team Championship") after [Eddie Gilbert](/wiki/Eddie_Gilbert_%28wrestler%29 "Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)") and [Rick Steiner](/wiki/Rick_Steiner "Rick Steiner") vacated the titles due to Steiner splitting from Gilbert to form a [tag team](/wiki/Steiner_Brothers "Steiner Brothers") with his brother [Scott](/wiki/Scott_Steiner "Scott Steiner").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/tagtitle.html\#ustag90 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220225056/https://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/tagtitle.html\#ustag90 \|archive\-date\=December 20, 2022 \|title\=NWA U.S. Tag Team Title Tournament 1990 \|work\=Pro Wrestling History \|access\-date\=March 8, 2023}}
{{8TeamBracket\-NoSeeds
\| RD1\=Quarterfinals
\| RD2\=Semifinals
\| RD3\=Final
\| RD1\-team1 \= '''\[\[Brian Pillman]]''' and '''\[\[Tom Zenk]]'''
\| RD1\-team2 \= \[\[Jack Victory]] and \[\[Rip Morgan]]
\| RD1\-score1 \=
\| RD1\-score2 \=
\| RD1\-team3 \= '''\[\[The Midnight Express (professional wrestling)\|The Midnight Express]]'''
\| RD1\-team4 \= \[\[Rock and Roll Express]]
\| RD1\-score3 \=
\| RD1\-score4 \=
\| RD1\-team5 \= '''\[\[The Fabulous Freebirds]]'''
\| RD1\-team6 \= \[\[Tommy Rich]] and \[\[Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)\|Eddie Gilbert]]
\| RD1\-score5 \=
\| RD1\-score6 \=
\| RD1\-team7 \= \[\[The MOD Squad]]
\| RD1\-team8 \= '''\[\[Johnny Ace (wrestler)\|Johnny Ace]]''' and '''\[\[Shane Douglas]]'''
\| RD1\-score7 \=
\| RD1\-score8 \=
\| RD2\-team1 \= '''Brian Pillman''' and '''Tom Zenk'''
\| RD2\-team2 \= The Midnight Express
\| RD2\-score1 \=
\| RD2\-score2 \=
\| RD2\-team3 \= '''The Fabulous Freebirds'''
\| RD2\-team4 \= Johnny Ace and Shane Douglas
\| RD2\-score3 \=
\| RD2\-score4 \=
\| RD3\-team1 \= '''Brian Pillman''' and '''Tom Zenk'''
\| RD3\-team2 \= The Fabulous Freebirds
\| RD3\-score1 \=
\| RD3\-score2 \=
}}
### Running the Gauntlet Tournament (1990\)
The Running the Gauntlet Tournament was a tournament.
* **September 14–16, 1990**
[Brian Pillman](/wiki/Brian_Pillman "Brian Pillman") defeated [Tim Horner](/wiki/Tim_Horner "Tim Horner") and [Buddy Landel](/wiki/Buddy_Landel "Buddy Landel"), before losing to [Dan Spivey](/wiki/Dan_Spivey "Dan Spivey").
* **September 21–23, 1990**
[Scott Steiner](/wiki/Scott_Steiner "Scott Steiner") defeated [Bobby Eaton](/wiki/Bobby_Eaton "Bobby Eaton"), [Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair "Ric Flair"), and [Arn Anderson](/wiki/Arn_Anderson "Arn Anderson") to run the gauntlet.
* **September 28–30, 1990**
Bobby Eaton defeated [Tracey Smothers](/wiki/Tracey_Smothers "Tracey Smothers") and [Ricky Morton](/wiki/Ricky_Morton "Ricky Morton"), before losing to [Sid Eudy](/wiki/Sid_Eudy "Sid Eudy").
* **November 11–13, 1990**
[Steve Armstrong](/wiki/Steve_Armstrong "Steve Armstrong") defeated [Stan Lane](/wiki/Stan_Lane "Stan Lane"), but lost to his second opponent Buddy Landel. Had Armstrong defeated Landel, he would've wrestled Bobby Eaton.
* **November 17–19, 1990**
[Rick Steiner](/wiki/Rick_Steiner "Rick Steiner") defeated [Moondog Rex](/wiki/Randy_Colley "Randy Colley"), Sid Vicious and Ric Flair to run the gauntlet.
* **November 23–25, 1990**
[Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair "Ric Flair") defeated Buddy Landel, but lost to his second opponent [Ron Simmons](/wiki/Ron_Simmons "Ron Simmons"). Had Flair defeated Simmons, he would've wrestled [The Nightstalker](/wiki/Bryan_Clark "Bryan Clark").
### Pat O'Connor Memorial International Tag Team Tournament (1990\)
{{main\|Starrcade (1990\)\#Tournament bracket}}
The [Pat O'Connor](/wiki/Pat_O%27Connor_%28wrestler%29 "Pat O'Connor (wrestler)") Memorial International Tag Team Tournament was a tournament at [Starrcade](/wiki/Starrcade_%281990%29 "Starrcade (1990)").
### WCW World Tag Team Championship Tournament (1991\)
The WCW World Tag Team Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [World Tag Team Champions](/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship "WCW World Tag Team Championship") after [Steiner Brothers](/wiki/Steiner_Brothers "Steiner Brothers") vacated the titles due to [Scott Steiner](/wiki/Scott_Steiner "Scott Steiner") suffering an injury.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/tagtitle.html\#worldtag91 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220225056/https://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/tagtitle.html\#worldtag91 \|archive\-date\=December 20, 2022 \|title\=WCW World Tag Team Title Tournament 1991 \|work\=Pro Wrestling History \|access\-date\=March 8, 2023}}
{{8TeamBracket\-NoSeeds
\| RD1\=Quarterfinals
\| RD2\=Semifinals
\| RD3\=Final
\| RD1\-team1 \= '''\[\[One Man Gang]] \& \[\[Billy Jack Haynes\|Black Blood]]'''
\| RD1\-team2 \= \[\[Giant Gonzalez\|El Gigante]] \& \[\[Matt Borne\|Big Josh]]
\| RD1\-score1 \=
\| RD1\-score2 \=
\| RD1\-team3 \= '''\[\[Rick Steiner]]''' and '''\[\[Bill Kazmaier]]'''
\| RD1\-team4 \= The Ringlords
\| RD1\-score3 \=
\| RD1\-score4 \=
\| RD1\-team5 \= '''\[\[Firebreaker Chip]] \& \[\[Todd Champion]]'''
\| RD1\-team6 \= \[\[Terry Taylor\|Terrance Taylor]] and \[\[Ricky Morton\|Richard Morton]]
\| RD1\-score5 \=
\| RD1\-score6 \=
\| RD1\-team7 \= \[\[The Young Pistols]]
\| RD1\-team8 \= '''\[\[The Enforcers (professional wrestling)\|The Enforcers]]'''
\| RD1\-score7 \=
\| RD1\-score8 \=
\| RD2\-team1 \= One Man Gang and The Executioner
\| RD2\-team2 \= '''Rick Steiner \& Bill Kazmaier'''
\| RD2\-score1 \=
\| RD2\-score2 \=
\| RD2\-team3 \= Firebreaker Chip \& Todd Champion
\| RD2\-team4 \= '''The Enforcers'''
\| RD2\-score3 \=
\| RD2\-score4 \=
\| RD3\-team1 \= Rick Steiner \& Bill Kazmaier
\| RD3\-team2 \= '''The Enforcers'''
\| RD3\-score1 \=
\| RD3\-score2 \=
}}
* The Executioner replaced Black Blood
### WCW United States Championship Tournament (1991\)
The WCW United States Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [United States Champion](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship "WWE United States Championship") after [Lex Luger](/wiki/Lex_Luger "Lex Luger") vacated the title upon winning the [WCW World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WCW_World_Heavyweight_Championship "WCW World Heavyweight Championship") at [The Great American Bash](/wiki/The_Great_American_Bash_%281991%29 "The Great American Bash (1991)").
{{4RoundBracket\-Byes
\| RD1\=First round
\| RD2\=Quarterfinal
\| RD4\=Final
\| score\-width\=0
\| RD1\-team01\='''\[\[Sting (wrestler)\|Sting]]'''
\| RD1\-team02\=Arn Anderson
\| RD1\-team03\=\[\[Bobby Eaton]]
\| RD1\-team04\='''\[\[Scott Hall\|Diamond Studd]]'''
\| RD1\-team05\='''\[\[Barry Windham]]'''
\| RD1\-team06\=BYE
\| RD1\-team07\='''\[\[Steve Austin (wrestler)\|Steve Austin]]'''
\| RD1\-team08\=\[\[Tom Zenk]]
\|
\|
\|
\| RD2\-team01\='''Sting'''
\| RD2\-team02\=Diamond Studd
\| RD2\-team03\=Barry Windham
\| RD2\-team04\='''Steve Austin'''
\|
\|
\| RD3\-team01\='''Sting'''
\| RD3\-team02\=Steve Austin
\|
\|
\| RD4\-team01\='''Sting'''
\|
}}
### WCW Light Heavyweight Championship Tournament
{{main\|Halloween Havoc (1991\)\#Tournament brackets}}
The WCW Light Heavyweight Championship Tournament was a tournament held in 1991 to crown the first\-ever [Light Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/WCW_Light_Heavyweight_Championship "WCW Light Heavyweight Championship"). The finals took place at [Halloween Havoc](/wiki/Halloween_Havoc_%281991%29 "Halloween Havoc (1991)"), where [Brian Pillman](/wiki/Brian_Pillman "Brian Pillman") defeated [Richard Morton](/wiki/Ricky_Morton "Ricky Morton") to become the inaugural champion.
### NWA World Tag Team Championship Tournament (1992\)
{{main\|The Great American Bash (1992\)\#Tournament bracket}}
The NWA World Tag Team Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the first\-ever [NWA World Tag Team Champions](/wiki/NWA_World_Tag_Team_Championship "NWA World Tag Team Championship"). The tournament took place at [The Great American Bash](/wiki/The_Great_American_Bash_%281992%29 "The Great American Bash (1992)") on July 12, 1992\.
### Nintendo Top Ten Challenge Tournament (1992\)
The Nintendo Top Ten Challenge Tournament was a tournament.
{{4RoundBracket\-Byes
\| score\-width\=0
\| RD1\-team01\= '''\[\[Rick Rude]]'''
\| RD1\-team02\= \[\[Terry Taylor]]
\| RD1\-team03\= '''\[\[Dustin Rhodes]]'''
\| RD1\-team04\= \[\[Larry Zbyszko]]
\| RD1\-team09\= '''\[\[Ricky Steamboat]]'''
\| RD1\-team10\= \[\[Mick Foley\|Cactus Jack]]
\| RD1\-team13\= \[\[Big Van Vader]]
\| RD1\-team14\= \[\[Nikita Koloff]]
\| RD1\-team15\= \[\[Ron Simmons]]
\| RD1\-team16\= '''\[\[Steve Austin (wrestler)\|Steve Austin]]'''
\| RD2\-team01\= '''Rick Rude'''
\| RD2\-team02\= Dustin Rhodes
\| RD2\-team05\= '''Ricky Steamboat'''
\| RD2\-team07\= BYE
\| RD2\-team08\= '''Steve Austin'''
\| RD3\-team01\= '''Rick Rude'''
\| RD3\-team03\= Ricky Steamboat
\| RD3\-team04\= Steve Austin
\| RD4\-team01\= '''Rick Rude'''
\| RD4\-team02\= BYE
}}
### King of Cable Tournament
{{main\|Starrcade (1992\)\#King of Cable Tournament brackets}}
The King of Cable Tournament was a [single\-elimination tournament](/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament "Single-elimination tournament") in 1992\. The finals were held at [Starrcade](/wiki/Starrcade_%281992%29 "Starrcade (1992)").
### Jesse Ventura Invitational Strongest Arm arm wrestling tournament (1992\)
The Jesse Ventura Invitational Strongest Arm Tournament was a 1992 [arm wrestling](/wiki/Arm_wrestling "Arm wrestling") tournament held on *WCW WorldWide* to determine which wrestler on the roster was the best. The competitors were (kayfabe) selected by WCW color analyst [Jesse Ventura](/wiki/Jesse_Ventura "Jesse Ventura").
{{8TeamBracket\-NoSeeds
\| RD1\=Quarterfinals
\| RD2\=Semifinals
\| RD3\=Final
\| RD1\-team1 \= '''\[\[Van Hammer]]'''
\| RD1\-team2 \= \[\[Kevin Nash\|Vinnie Vegas]]
\| RD1\-score1 \=
\| RD1\-score2 \=
\| RD1\-team3 \= '''\[\[Big Van Vader\|Vader]]'''
\| RD1\-team4 \= \[\[Nikita Koloff]]
\| RD1\-score3 \=
\| RD1\-score4 \=
\| RD1\-team5 \= '''\[\[The Barbarian (wrestler)\|The Barbarian]]'''
\| RD1\-team6 \= \[\[Arn Anderson]]
\| RD1\-score5 \=
\| RD1\-score6 \=
\| RD1\-team7 \= '''\[\[Ron Simmons]]'''
\| RD1\-team8 \= \[\[Steve Austin (wrestler)\|Steve Austin]]
\| RD1\-score7 \=
\| RD1\-score8 \=
\| RD2\-team1 \= '''Van Hammer'''
\| RD2\-team2 \= Vader
\| RD2\-score1 \=
\| RD2\-score2 \=
\| RD2\-team3 \= The Barbarian
\| RD2\-team4 \= '''Ron Simmons'''
\| RD2\-score3 \=
\| RD2\-score4 \=
\| RD3\-team1 \= '''Van Hammer'''
\| RD3\-team2 \= Ron Simmons
\| RD3\-score1 \=
\| RD3\-score2 \=
}}
### WCW World Television Championship Tournament (1993\)
The WCW World Television Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [World Television Champion](/wiki/WCW_World_Television_Championship "WCW World Television Championship") after [Scott Steiner](/wiki/Scott_Steiner "Scott Steiner") was stripped of the title due to leaving WCW.
{{16TeamBracket\-NoSeeds
\| RD1\=First Round
\| RD2\=Quarterfinals
\| RD3\=Semifinals
\| RD4\=Finals
\| RD1\-team01 \= '''\[\[Paul Orndorff]]'''
\| RD1\-team02 \= \[\[Too Cold Scorpio]]
\| RD1\-score1 \=
\| RD1\-score2 \=
\| RD1\-team03 \= '''\[\[Mick Foley\|Cactus Jack]]'''
\| RD1\-team04 \= \[\[Tom Zenk]]
\| RD1\-score3 \=
\| RD1\-score4 \=
\| RD1\-team05 \= '''\[\[Marc Mero\|Johnny B. Badd]]'''
\| RD1\-team06 \= \[\[Chris Benoit]]
\| RD1\-score5 \=
\| RD1\-score6 \=
\| RD1\-team07 \= \[\[The Barbarian (wrestler)\|The Barbarian]]
\| RD1\-team08 \= '''\[\[William Regal\|Steven Regal]]'''
\| RD1\-score7 \=
\| RD1\-score8 \=
\| RD1\-team09 \= '''\[\[Erik Watts]]'''
\| RD1\-team10 \= \[\[Tom Brandi\|Johnny Gunn]]
\| RD1\-score9 \=
\| RD1\-score10 \=
\| RD1\-team11 \= '''\[\[Maxx Payne]]'''
\| RD1\-team12 \= \[\[Buff Bagwell\|Marcus Bagwell]]
\| RD1\-score11 \=
\| RD1\-score12 \=
\| RD1\-team13 \= '''\[\[Rob Van Dam\|Robbie V]]'''
\| RD1\-team14 \= \[\[Mark Canterbury\|Shanghai Pierce]]
\| RD1\-score13 \=
\| RD1\-score14 \=
\| RD1\-team15 \= '''\[\[Kevin Nash\|Vinnie Vegas]]'''
\| RD1\-team16 \= \[\[Van Hammer]]
\| RD1\-score15 \=
\| RD1\-score16 \=
\| RD2\-team01 \= '''Paul Orndorff'''
\| RD2\-team02 \= Cactus Jack
\| RD2\-score1 \=
\| RD2\-score2 \=
\| RD2\-team03 \= '''Johnny B. Badd'''
\| RD2\-team04 \= Steven Regal
\| RD2\-score3 \=
\| RD2\-score4 \=
\| RD2\-team05 \= '''Erik Watts'''
\| RD2\-team06 \= Maxx Payne
\| RD2\-score5 \=
\| RD2\-score6 \=
\| RD2\-team07 \= Robbie V
\| RD2\-team08 \= '''Vinnie Vegas'''
\| RD2\-score7 \=
\| RD2\-score8 \=
\| RD3\-team01 \= '''Paul Orndorff'''
\| RD3\-team02 \= Johnny B. Badd
\| RD3\-score1 \=
\| RD3\-score2 \=
\| RD3\-team03 \= '''Erik Watts'''
\| RD3\-team04 \= Vinnie Vegas
\| RD3\-score3 \=
\| RD3\-score4 \=
\| RD4\-team01 \= '''Paul Orndorff'''
\| RD4\-team02 \= Erik Watts
\| RD4\-score1 \=
\| RD4\-score2 \=
}}
### WCW United States Championship Tournament (1993\)
The WCW United States Championship Tournament was a tournament that ran from December 14, 1992, to January 11, 1993\. This was initially a \#1 contenders tournament for Rick Rude's [United States Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship "WWE United States Championship"), but when Rude became injured, he was stripped of the title, thus the final between Ricky Steamboat and Dustin Rhodes was for the championship.
{{8TeamBracket\-NoSeeds
\| RD1\=Quarterfinals
\| RD2\=Semifinals
\| RD3\=Final
\| RD1\-team1 \= '''\[\[Dustin Rhodes]]'''
\| RD1\-team2 \= \[\[Kevin Nash\|Vinnie Vegas]]
\| RD1\-score1 \=
\| RD1\-score2 \=
\| RD1\-team3 \= '''\[\[Tony Atlas]]'''
\| RD1\-team4 \= \[\[Van Hammer]]
\| RD1\-score3 \=
\| RD1\-score4 \=
\| RD1\-team5 \= '''\[\[Barry Windham]]'''
\| RD1\-team6 \= \[\[Marc Mero\|Johnny B. Badd]]
\| RD1\-score5 \=
\| RD1\-score6 \=
\| RD1\-team7 \= '''\[\[Ricky Steamboat]]'''
\| RD1\-team8 \= \[\[Dan Spivey]]
\| RD1\-score7 \=
\| RD1\-score8 \=
\| RD2\-team1 \= '''Dustin Rhodes'''
\| RD2\-team2 \= Tony Atlas
\| RD2\-score1 \=
\| RD2\-score2 \=
\| RD2\-team3 \= Barry Windham
\| RD2\-team4 \= '''Ricky Steamboat'''
\| RD2\-score3 \=
\| RD2\-score4 \=
\| RD3\-team1 \= '''Dustin Rhodes'''
\| RD3\-team2 \= Ricky Steamboat
\| RD3\-score1 \=
\| RD3\-score2 \=
}}
### European Cup Tournament (1994\)
The European Cup Tournament was a tournament that took place from March 3 to March 20, 1994\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cagematch.net/?id\=26\&nr\=171\|title\=European Cup « Tournaments Database « CAGEMATCH \- The Internet Wrestling Database\|first\=Philip\|last\=Kreikenbohm}}
{{16TeamBracket\-NoSeeds
\| RD1\=First Round
\| RD2\=Quarterfinals
\| RD3\=Semifinals
\| RD4\=Finals
\| RD1\-team01 \= '''\[\[Sting (wrestler)\|Sting]]'''
\| RD1\-team02 \= \[\[Stevie Ray (wrestler)\|Kane]]
\| RD1\-score1 \=
\| RD1\-score2 \=
\| RD1\-team03 \= '''\[\[Ron Simmons]]'''
\| RD1\-team04 \= \[\[Buff Bagwell\|Marcus Bagwell]]
\| RD1\-score3 \=
\| RD1\-score4 \=
\| RD1\-team05 \= '''\[\[Ricky Steamboat]]'''
\| RD1\-team06 \= \[\[Booker T (wrestler)\|Kole]]
\| RD1\-score5 \=
\| RD1\-score6 \=
\| RD1\-team07 \= '''\[\[Steve Austin (wrestler)\|Steve Austin]]'''
\| RD1\-team08 \= \[\[Too Cold Scorpio]]
\| RD1\-score7 \=
\| RD1\-score8 \=
\| RD1\-team09 \= '''\[\[Ric Flair]]'''
\| RD1\-team10 \= \[\[Marc Mero\|Johnny B. Badd]]
\| RD1\-score9 \=
\| RD1\-score10 \=
\| RD1\-team11 \= '''\[\[William Regal\|Steven Regal]]'''
\| RD1\-team12 \= \[\[Maxx Payne]]
\| RD1\-score11 \=
\| RD1\-score12 \=
\| RD1\-team13 \= '''\[\[Mick Foley\|Cactus Jack]]'''
\| RD1\-team14 \= \[\[Paul Orndorff]]
\| RD1\-score13 \=
\| RD1\-score14 \=
\| RD1\-team15 \= '''\[\[Big Van Vader\|Vader]]'''
\| RD1\-team16 \= \[\[Paul Roma]]
\| RD1\-score15 \=
\| RD1\-score16 \=
\| RD2\-team01 \= '''Sting'''
\| RD2\-team02 \= Ron Simmons
\| RD2\-score1 \=
\| RD2\-score2 \=
\| RD2\-team03 \= Ricky Steamboat
\| RD2\-team04 \= '''Steve Austin'''
\| RD2\-score3 \=
\| RD2\-score4 \=
\| RD2\-team05 \= '''Ric Flair'''
\| RD2\-team06 \= Steven Regal
\| RD2\-score5 \=
\| RD2\-score6 \=
\| RD2\-team07 \= Cactus Jack
\| RD2\-team08 \= '''Vader'''
\| RD2\-score7 \=
\| RD2\-score8 \=
\| RD3\-team01 \= '''Sting'''
\| RD3\-team02 \= Steve Austin
\| RD3\-score1 \=
\| RD3\-score2 \=
\| RD3\-team03 \= Ric Flair
\| RD3\-team04 \= '''Vader'''
\| RD3\-score3 \=
\| RD3\-score4 \=
\| RD4\-team01 \= '''Sting'''
\| RD4\-team02 \= Vader
\| RD4\-score1 \=
\| RD4\-score2 \=
}}
### WCW United States Championship Tournament (1995\)
{{main\|The Great American Bash (1995\)\#Tournament bracket}}
The WCW United States Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [United States Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship "WWE United States Championship") after [Vader](/wiki/Big_Van_Vader "Big Van Vader") was stripped of the title due to injuring [Dave Sullivan](/wiki/Dave_Sullivan_%28wrestler%29 "Dave Sullivan (wrestler)").
### Slim Jim Challenge (1995\)
The Slim Jim Challenge was a tournament.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cagematch.net/?id\=26\&nr\=350\|title\=Slim Jim Challenge « Tournaments Database « CAGEMATCH \- The Internet Wrestling Database\|first\=Philip\|last\=Kreikenbohm}}
{{4TeamBracket
\| RD1\=Semifinals
\| RD2\=Final
\| RD1\-team1 \= '''\[\[Paul Orndorff]]'''
\| RD1\-team2 \= \[\[Jim Duggan]]
\| RD1\-score1 \=
\| RD1\-score2 \=
\| RD1\-team3 \= '''\[\[Brian Pillman\|Flyin' Brian]]'''
\| RD1\-team4 \= \[\[Big Bubba Rogers]]
\| RD1\-score3 \=
\| RD1\-score4 \=
\| RD2\-team1 \= '''Paul Orndorff'''
\| RD2\-team2 \= Flyin' Brian
\| RD2\-score1 \=
\| RD2\-score2 \=
}}
### Lord Of The Ring Tournament (1996\)
The Lord Of The Ring Tournament was a tournament from [Slamboree 1996](/wiki/Slamboree_%281996%29 "Slamboree (1996)"), where teams were randomly selected through lottery, which every team that won their respective matches, would win a spot at the Lord Of The Ring Battle Royal later on that night.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cagematch.net/?id\=26\&nr\=1660\|title\=Lord Of The Ring « Tournaments Database « CAGEMATCH \- The Internet Wrestling Database\|first\=Philip\|last\=Kreikenbohm}}
{{Professional wrestling results table
\|match1 \= \[\[Booker T (wrestler)\|Booker T]] \& \[\[Road Warrior Animal]] vs. \[\[Lex Luger]] \& \[\[Road Warrior Hawk]] ended in Double Count Out
\|stip1 \= Lord Of The Ring First Round
\|time1 \= 6:54
\|match2 \= \[\[Diamond Dallas Page]] \& \[\[Sione Vailahi\|The Barbarian]] defeated \[\[Bill DeMott\|Hugh Morrus]] \& \[\[Tonga Fifita\|Meng]]
\|stip2 \= Lord Of The Ring First Round
\|time2 \= 5:15
\|match3 \= \[\[Dick Slater]] \& \[\[Bobby Eaton\|Earl Robert Eaton]] defeated \[\[Alex Wright]] \& \[\[Glenn Gilbertti\|Disco Inferno]]
\|stip3 \= Lord Of The Ring First Round
\|time3 \= 2:56
\|match4 \= Fire And Ice (\[\[Ice Train (wrestler)\|Ice Train]] \& \[\[Scott Norton]]) defeated \[\[Ray Traylor\|Big Bubba Rogers]] \& \[\[Stevie Ray]]
\|stip4 \= Lord Of The Ring First Round
\|time4 \= 3:32
\|match5 \= \[\[Jim Duggan\|"Hacksaw" Jim Duggan]] \& \[\[Mike Rotunda\|V.K. Wallstreet]] defeated \[\[The Blue Bloods]] (\[\[William Regal\|Lord Steven Regal]] \& \[\[Dave Taylor (wrestler)\|Squire David Taylor]])
\|stip5 \= Lord Of The Ring First Round
\|time5 \= 3:46
\|match6 \= \[\[Randy Savage]] \& \[\[Ric Flair]] defeated \[\[Arn Anderson]] \& \[\[Eddie Guerrero]]
\|stip6 \= Lord Of The Ring First Round
\|time6 \= 4:04
\|match7 \= \[\[Rick Steiner]] \& \[\[Ed Leslie\|The Booty Man]] defeated \[\[Scott Steiner]] \& \[\[Craig Pittman\|Sgt. Craig Pittman]]
\|stip7 \= Lord Of The Ring First Round
\|time7 \= 8:21
\|match8 \= \[\[The Public Enemy (professional wrestling)\|The Public Enemy]] (\[\[Johnny Grunge]] \& \[\[Rocco Rock]]) defeated \[\[Chris Benoit]] \& \[\[Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)\|The Taskmaster]]
\|stip8 \= Lord Of The Ring First Round
\|time8 \= 4:44
\|match9 \= Diamond Dallas Page \& The Barbarian defeated Rick Steiner \& The Booty Man
\|stip9 \= Lord Of The Ring Semi Final
\|time9 \= 5:05
\|match10 \= Dick Slater \& Earl Robert Eaton defeated Jim Duggan \& VK Wallstreet
\|stip10 \= Lord Of The Ring Semi Final
\|time10 \= 4:08
\|match11 \= The Public Enemy (Johnny Grunge \& Rocco Rock) defeated Randy Savage \& Ric Flair by forfeit
\|stip11 \= Lord Of The Ring Semi Final
\|time11 \=
\|match12 \= Diamond Dallas Page defeated Dick Slater and The Barbarian and Earl Robert Eaton and Ice\-Train and Johnny Grunge and Rocco Rock and Scott Norton
\|stip12 \= Lord Of The Ring Final Battle Royal
\|time12 \= 9:33
}}
### WCW United States Championship Tournament (1996\)
{{main\|Starrcade (1996\)\#United States Heavyweight Championship Tournament}}
The WCW United States Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [United States Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship "WWE United States Championship") after [Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair "Ric Flair") vacated the title due to shoulder injury.
### WCW Women's Championship Tournament (1996\)
{{main\|Starrcade (1996\)\#Women's Championship Tournament}}
The WCW Women's Championship Tournament was a tournament to determine the first\-ever [Women's Champion](/wiki/WCW_Women%27s_Championship "WCW Women's Championship"), with the finals taking place at [Starrcade](/wiki/Starrcade_%281996%29 "Starrcade (1996)").
### WCW Women's Cruiserweight Championship Tournament (1997\)
{{main\|WCW Women's Cruiserweight Championship}}
The WCW Women's Cruiserweight Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the first\-ever [Women's Cruiserweight Champion](/wiki/WCW_Women%27s_Cruiserweight_Championship "WCW Women's Cruiserweight Championship").
### WCW World Tag Team Championship Tournament (1999\)
{{main\|Superbrawl IX\#WCW World Tag Team Championship Tournament}}
The WCW World Tag Team Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [World Tag Team Champions](/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship "WCW World Tag Team Championship") after [Rick Steiner](/wiki/Rick_Steiner "Rick Steiner") was stripped of the titles due to suffering an injury. The tournament finals took place at [Superbrawl IX](/wiki/Superbrawl_IX "Superbrawl IX").
### WCW United States Championship Tournament (1999\)
The WCW United States Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [United States Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship "WWE United States Championship") after [Scott Hall](/wiki/Scott_Hall "Scott Hall") was stripped of the title by [Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair "Ric Flair").
{{8TeamBracket\-NoSeeds
\| RD1\=Quarterfinals
\| RD2\=Semifinals
\| RD3\=Final
\| RD1\-team1 \= '''\[\[Scott Steiner]]'''
\| RD1\-team2 \= \[\[Chris Jericho]]
\| RD1\-score1 \=
\| RD1\-score2 \=
\| RD1\-team3 \= '''\[\[Tonga Fifita\|Meng]]'''
\| RD1\-team4 \= \[\[Bam Bam Bigelow]]
\| RD1\-score3 \=
\| RD1\-score4 \=
\| RD1\-team5 \= '''\[\[Booker T (wrestler)\|Booker T]]'''
\| RD1\-team6 \= \[\[Perry Saturn]]
\| RD1\-score5 \=
\| RD1\-score6 \=
\| RD1\-team7 \= '''\[\[Chris Jericho]]'''\*
\| RD1\-team8 \= \[\[Chris Adams (wrestler)\|Chris Adams]]
\| RD1\-score7 \=
\| RD1\-score8 \=
\| RD2\-team1 \= '''Scott Steiner'''
\| RD2\-team2 \= Meng
\| RD2\-score1 \=
\| RD2\-score2 \=
\| RD2\-team3 \= '''Booker T'''
\| RD2\-team4 \= Chris Jericho
\| RD2\-score3 \=
\| RD2\-score4 \=
\| RD3\-team1 \= '''Scott Steiner'''
\| RD3\-team2 \= Booker T
\| RD3\-score1 \=
\| RD3\-score2 \=
}}
* After Jericho was eliminated by Steiner, he was able to negotiate his way back in.
### WCW World Heavyweight Championship Tournament (1999\)
{{main\|Mayhem (1999\)\#Tournament bracket}}
The WCW World Heavyweight Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [World Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/WCW_World_Heavyweight_Championship "WCW World Heavyweight Championship") after [Sting](/wiki/Sting_%28wrestler%29 "Sting (wrestler)") was stripped of the title due to attacking a [referee](/wiki/Referee_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Referee (professional wrestling)") at [Halloween Havoc](/wiki/Halloween_Havoc_%281999%29 "Halloween Havoc (1999)"). The tournament finals took place at [Mayhem](/wiki/Mayhem_%281999%29 "Mayhem (1999)").
### WCW World Tag Team Championship Tournament (January 2000\)
The WCW World Tag Team Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [World Tag Team Champions](/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship "WCW World Tag Team Championship") after [The Outsiders](/wiki/The_Outsiders_%28professional_wrestling%29 "The Outsiders (professional wrestling)") vacated the title due to [Scott Hall](/wiki/Scott_Hall "Scott Hall") suffering an injury.
{{16TeamBracket\-NoSeeds
\| RD1\=First Round
\| RD2\=Quarterfinals
\| RD3\=Semifinals
\| RD4\=Finals
\| RD1\-team01 \= '''\[\[Kevin Nash]]'''
\| RD1\-team02 \= \[\[Wall (wrestler)\|Wall]] \& \[\[Sycho Sid\|Sid Vicious]]
\| RD1\-score1 \=
\| RD1\-score2 \=
\| RD1\-team03 \= '''\[\[PG\-13 (professional wrestling)\|PG\-13]]'''
\| RD1\-team04 \= \[\[Rick Steiner]] \& \[\[Alex Wright\|Berlyn]]
\| RD1\-score3 \=
\| RD1\-score4 \=
\| RD1\-team05 \= '''\[\[The Harris Brothers]]'''
\| RD1\-team06 \= \[\[Tonga Fifita\|Meng]] \& \[\[Fit Finlay]]
\| RD1\-score5 \=
\| RD1\-score6 \=
\| RD1\-team07 \= \[\[Dean Malenko]] \& \[\[Konnan]]
\| RD1\-team08 \= '''\[\[Mike Rotunda]] \& \[\[Brad Armstrong (wrestler)\|Buzzkill]]'''
\| RD1\-score7 \=
\| RD1\-score8 \=
\| RD1\-team09 \= '''\[\[Buff Bagwell]] \& \[\[Chris Kanyon\|Kanyon]]'''
\| RD1\-team10 \= \[\[Disco Inferno (wrestler)\|Disco Inferno]] \& \[\[Big Vito]]
\| RD1\-score9 \=
\| RD1\-score10 \=
\| RD1\-team11 \= \[\[Jim Duggan]] \& \[\[Perry Saturn]]
\| RD1\-team12 \= '''\[\[Christi Wolf\|Asya]] \& \[\[Norman Smiley]]'''
\| RD1\-score11 \=
\| RD1\-score12 \=
\| RD1\-team13 \= '''\[\[Midnight (wrestler)\|Midnight]] \& \[\[Lash LeRoux]]'''
\| RD1\-team14 \= \[\[Harlem Heat]]
\| RD1\-score13 \=
\| RD1\-score14 \=
\| RD1\-team15 \= \[\[Vampiro]] \& \[\[Evan Karagias]]
\| RD1\-team16 \= '''\[\[David Flair]] \& \[\[Devon Storm\|Crowbar]]'''
\| RD1\-score15 \=
\| RD1\-score16 \=
\| RD2\-team01 \= '''Kevin Nash \& \[\[Scott Steiner]]'''
\| RD2\-team02 \= PG\-13
\| RD2\-score1 \=
\| RD2\-score2 \=
\| RD2\-team03 \= '''The Harris Brothers'''
\| RD2\-team04 \= Mike Rotunda \& Buzzkill
\| RD2\-score3 \=
\| RD2\-score4 \=
\| RD2\-team05 \= '''Buff Bagwell \& Kanyon'''
\| RD2\-team06 \= Asya \& Norman Smiley
\| RD2\-score5 \=
\| RD2\-score6 \=
\| RD2\-team07 \= Midnight \& Lash Leroux
\| RD2\-team08 \= '''David Flair \& Crowbar'''
\| RD2\-score7 \=
\| RD2\-score8 \=
\| RD3\-team01 \= '''Kevin Nash \& Scott Steiner'''
\| RD3\-team02 \= The Harris Brothers
\| RD3\-score1 \=
\| RD3\-score2 \=
\| RD3\-team03 \= Buff Bagwell \& Vampiro
\| RD3\-team04 \= '''David Flair \& Crowbar'''
\| RD3\-score3 \=
\| RD3\-score4 \=
\| RD4\-team01 \= Kevin Nash \& Scott Steiner
\| RD4\-team02 \= '''David Flair \& Crowbar'''
\| RD4\-score1 \=
\| RD4\-score2 \=
}}
Scott Steiner became Kevin Nash's partner in the second round.
Vampiro replaced Kanyon in the third round.
### WCW Cruiserweight Championship Tournament (2000\)
{{main\|SuperBrawl 2000\#Tournament brackets}}
The WCW Cruiserweight Championship Tournament was a tournament for the vacated [Cruiserweight Championship](/wiki/WWE_Cruiserweight_Championship_%281996%E2%80%932007%29 "WWE Cruiserweight Championship (1996–2007)"), which took place after [Oklahoma](/wiki/Ed_Ferrara "Ed Ferrara") was forced to vacate the title due to exceeding the weight limit of a [cruiserweight](/wiki/Cruiserweight_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Cruiserweight (professional wrestling)").
### WCW World Heavyweight Championship Tournament (2000\)
{{main\|Spring Stampede (2000\)\#World Heavyweight Championship Tournament}}
The WCW World Heavyweight Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [World Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/WCW_World_Heavyweight_Championship "WCW World Heavyweight Championship") after [Eric Bischoff](/wiki/Eric_Bischoff "Eric Bischoff") and [Vince Russo](/wiki/Vince_Russo "Vince Russo") vacated all the titles.
### WCW United States Championship Tournament (April 2000\)
{{main\|Spring Stampede (2000\)\#United States Heavyweight Championship Tournament}}
The WCW United States Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [United States Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship "WWE United States Championship") after [Eric Bischoff](/wiki/Eric_Bischoff "Eric Bischoff") and [Vince Russo](/wiki/Vince_Russo "Vince Russo") vacated all the titles. The tournament took place at [Spring Stampede](/wiki/Spring_Stampede_%282000%29 "Spring Stampede (2000)").
### WCW World Tag Team Championship Tournament (April 2000\)
{{main\|Spring Stampede (2000\)\#World Tag Team Championship Tournament}}
The WCW World Tag Team Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [World Tag Team Champions](/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship "WCW World Tag Team Championship") after [Eric Bischoff](/wiki/Eric_Bischoff "Eric Bischoff") and [Vince Russo](/wiki/Vince_Russo "Vince Russo") vacated all the titles. The tournament took place at [Spring Stampede](/wiki/Spring_Stampede_%282000%29 "Spring Stampede (2000)").
### WCW United States Championship Tournament (July 2000\)
The WCW United States Championship Tournament was a tournament that took place on July 18, 2000, for the vacated [United States Championship](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship "WWE United States Championship") after [Scott Steiner](/wiki/Scott_Steiner "Scott Steiner") was stripped of the title due to using his banned *[Steiner Recliner](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_holds%23Camel_clutch "Professional wrestling holds#Camel clutch")* on [Mike Awesome](/wiki/Mike_Awesome "Mike Awesome") during a match at [Bash at the Beach](/wiki/Bash_at_the_Beach_%282000%29 "Bash at the Beach (2000)").
{{8TeamBracket\-NoSeeds
\| RD1\=Quarterfinals
\| RD2\=Semifinals
\| RD3\=Final
\| RD1\-team1 \= '''\[\[Shane Douglas]]'''
\| RD1\-team2 \= \[\[Billy Kidman]]
\| RD1\-score1 \= 3:53
\| RD1\-score2 \= DQ
\| RD1\-team3 \= \[\[Buff Bagwell]]
\| RD1\-team4 \= '''\[\[Lance Storm]]'''
\| RD1\-score3 \= 4:00
\| RD1\-score4 \= Sub
\| RD1\-team5 \= '''\[\[Mike Awesome]]'''
\| RD1\-team6 \= \[\[Chris Kanyon\|Kanyon]]
\| RD1\-score5 \=6:34
\| RD1\-score6 \= Pin
\| RD1\-team7 \= \[\[Vampiro]]
\| RD1\-team8 \= '''\[\[Great Muta]]'''
\| RD1\-score7 \= 8:28
\| RD1\-score8 \= Pin
\| RD2\-team1 \= Shane Douglas
\| RD2\-team2 \= '''Lance Storm'''
\| RD2\-score1 \= 4:30
\| RD2\-score2 \= Pin
\| RD2\-team3 \= '''Mike Awesome'''
\| RD2\-team4 \= Great Muta
\| RD2\-score3 \= 3:35
\| RD2\-score4 \= Pin
\| RD3\-team1 \= '''Lance Storm'''
\| RD3\-team2 \= Mike Awesome
\| RD3\-score1 \= 5:05
\| RD3\-score2 \= Sub
}}
### London Lethal Lottery Tag Team Tournament (2000\)
The London Lethal Lottery Tag Team Tournament was a tournament.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cagematch.net/?id\=26\&nr\=1659\|title\=London Lethal Lottery Tag Team Tournament « Tournaments Database « CAGEMATCH \- The Internet Wrestling Database\|first\=Philip\|last\=Kreikenbohm}}{{cite web\|url\=http://wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl\=turniere\&turnier\=322\|title\=Wrestlingdata.com \- The World's Largest Wrestling Database\|first\=Axel\|last\=Saalbach}}
{{4TeamBracket
\| RD1\=Semifinals
\| RD2\=Final
\| RD1\-team1 \= '''\[\[Scott Steiner]]''' and '''\[\[Sting (wrestler)\|Sting]]'''
\| RD1\-team2 \= \[\[Bam Bam Bigelow]] and \[\[Mike Awesome]]
\| RD1\-score1 \=
\| RD1\-score2 \=
\| RD1\-team3 \= '''\[\[KroniK]]'''
\| RD1\-team4 \= \[\[Booker T (wrestler)\|Booker T]] and \[\[Lex Luger]]
\| RD1\-score3 \=
\| RD1\-score4 \=
\| RD2\-team1 \= '''Scott Steiner''' and '''Sting'''
\| RD2\-team2 \= Kronik
\| RD2\-score1 \=
\| RD2\-score2 \=
}}
### WCW Hardcore Championship Tournament (2000\)
The WCW Hardcore Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [Hardcore Champion](/wiki/WCW_Hardcore_Championship "WCW Hardcore Championship") after [Mike Sanders](/wiki/Mike_Sanders_%28wrestler%29 "Mike Sanders (wrestler)") stripped [Norman Smiley](/wiki/Norman_Smiley "Norman Smiley") of the title.
{{4TeamBracket
\| RD1\=Semifinals
\| RD2\=Final
\| RD1\-team1 \= \[\[Johnny The Bull]]
\| RD1\-team2 \= '''\[\[Wall (wrestler)\|Sgt. AWOL]]'''
\| RD1\-score1 \=
\| RD1\-score2 \=
\| RD1\-team3 \= \[\[Devon Storm\|Crowbar]]
\| RD1\-team4 \= '''\[\[Reno (wrestler)\|Reno]]'''
\| RD1\-score3 \=
\| RD1\-score4 \=
\| RD2\-team1 \= Sgt. AWOL
\| RD2\-team2 \= '''Reno'''
\| RD2\-score1 \=
\| RD2\-score2 \=
}}
* Sgt. AWOL originally defeated Reno in the finals but WCW Commissioner [Mike Sanders](/wiki/Mike_Sanders_%28wrestler%29 "Mike Sanders (wrestler)") reversed the decision and awarded the win to Reno.
### European Cup Tournament (2000\)
{{main\|Millennium Final\#Tournament brackets}}
The European Cup Tournament was a tournament.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/eucwcw.html\|title\=Solie's Title Histories: ECW}}{{cite web\|url\=http://wcwworldwide.tumblr.com/post/92000727998/sting\-wins\-the\-wcw\-european\-cup\-wcw\-millennium\|title\=Sting Wins the WCW European Cup \- WCW Millennium... \- WCW WorldWide}}
### WCW Cruiserweight Tag Team Championship Tournament (2001\)
{{main\|WCW Cruiserweight Tag Team Championship\#Tournament brackets}}
The WCW Cruiserweight Tag Team Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the inaugural [Cruiserweight Tag Team Champions](/wiki/WCW_Cruiserweight_Tag_Team_Championship "WCW Cruiserweight Tag Team Championship").
|
[
"Sporadic tournaments\n--------------------",
"Pin\\-Pinfall; Sub\\-Submission; CO\\-Countout; DCO\\-Double countout; DQ\\-Disqualification; DDQ\\-Double Disqualification Ref\\-Referee's decision; NC\\-No Contest",
"### Bunkhouse Stampede Tournament",
"{{Main\\|Bunkhouse Stampede}}",
"### Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament",
"{{Main\\|Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament}}",
"### NWA United States Championship Tournament (1975\\)",
"The NWA United States Championship Tournament was a tournament that took place on November 9, 1975, and was created to crown a new [United States Champion](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship \"WWE United States Championship\") after [Johnny Valentine](/wiki/Johnny_Valentine \"Johnny Valentine\") suffered a career ending back injury.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/worldus.html\\|title\\=WCW World \\& U.S. Title Tournaments}}",
"{{8TeamBracket\\-NoSeeds\n\\| RD1\\=Quarterfinals\n\\| RD2\\=Semifinals\n\\| RD3\\=Final\n\\| RD1\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[Rufus R. Jones]]\n\\| RD1\\-team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Terry Funk]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[Blackjack Mulligan]]\n\\| RD1\\-team4 \\= '''\\[\\[Dusty Rhodes]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team5 \\= \\[\\[Wahoo McDaniel]]\n\\| RD1\\-team6 \\= '''\\[\\[Harley Race]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score5 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-score6 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team7 \\= '''\\[\\[Paul Jones (wrestler)\\|Paul Jones]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team8 \\= \\[\\[Johnny Weaver]]\n\\| RD1\\-score7 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score8 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team1 \\= '''Terry Funk'''\n\\| RD2\\-team2 \\= Dusty Rhodes\n\\| RD2\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score2 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team3 \\= Harley Race\n\\| RD2\\-team4 \\= '''Paul Jones'''\n\\| RD2\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-team1 \\= '''Terry Funk'''\n\\| RD3\\-team2 \\= Paul Jones\n\\| RD3\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-score2 \\= \n}}",
"### NWA United States Championship Tournament (1979\\)",
"The NWA United States Championship Tournament was a tournament that took place on September 1, 1979, to crown a new [United States Champion](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship \"WWE United States Championship\") after [Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair \"Ric Flair\") vacated the championship due to winning the [NWA World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship \"WCW World Tag Team Championship\") four days earlier.",
"{{16TeamBracket\\-NoSeeds\n\\| RD1\\=First Round\n\\| RD2\\=Quarterfinals\n\\| RD3\\=Semifinals\n\\| RD4\\=Final\n\\| RD1\\-team01 \\= '''\\[\\[Rick Steamboat]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team02 \\= \\[\\[Ernie Ladd]]\n\\| RD1\\-score01 \\= PIN\n\\| RD1\\-score02 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-team03 \\= '''\\[\\[\"Nature Boy\" Buddy Rogers]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team04 \\= \\[\\[Bob Marcus]]\n\\| RD1\\-score03 \\= SUB\n\\| RD1\\-score04 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team05 \\= \\[\\[Wahoo McDaniel]]\n\\| RD1\\-team06 \\= \\[\\[Big John Studd]]\n\\| RD1\\-score05 \\= DDQ\n\\| RD1\\-score06 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team07 \\= '''\\[\\[Ken Patera]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team08 \\= \\[\\[Rufus R. Jones]]\n\\| RD1\\-score07 \\= PIN\n\\| RD1\\-score08 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team09 \\= BYE\n\\| RD1\\-team10 \\= BYE\n\\| RD1\\-score9 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score10 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team11 \\= '''\\[\\[\"Superfly\" Jimmy Snuka]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team12 \\= \"Mr Wrestling\" \\[\\[Tim Woods]]\n\\| RD1\\-score11 \\= REF DECISION\n\\| RD1\\-score12 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team13 \\= '''\\[\\[Bruiser Brody]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team14 \\= \\[\\[Johnny Weaver]]\n\\| RD1\\-score13 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score14 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team15 \\= '''\\[\\[Jim Brunzell]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team16 \\= \\[\\[Dewey Robertson]]\n\\| RD1\\-score15 \\= REF DECISION\n\\| RD1\\-score16 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team01 \\= '''Rick Steamboat'''\n\\| RD2\\-team02 \\= \"Nature Boy\" Buddy Rogers\n\\| RD2\\-score01 \\= COUNT OUT\n\\| RD2\\-score02 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team03 \\= '''Ken Patera'''\n\\| RD2\\-team04 \\= BYE\n\\| RD2\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team05 \\= '''Jimmy Snuka'''\n\\| RD2\\-team06 \\= BYE\n\\| RD2\\-score5 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score6 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team07 \\= Bruiser Brody\n\\| RD2\\-team08 \\= '''Jim Brunzell'''\n\\| RD2\\-score07 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score08 \\= PIN\n\\| RD3\\-team01 \\= '''\"TV Champion\" Rick Steamboat'''\n\\| RD3\\-team02 \\= \"Mid\\-Atlantic Champion\" Ken Patera\n\\| RD3\\-score01 \\= PIN\n\\| RD3\\-score02 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-team03 \\= '''Jimmy Snuka'''\n\\| RD3\\-team04 \\= \"High Flyer\" Jim Brunzell\n\\| RD3\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD4\\-team01 \\= Rick Steamboat\n\\| RD4\\-team02 \\= '''Jimmy Snuka'''\n\\| RD4\\-score01 \\= \n\\| RD4\\-score02 \\= PINFALL; WINNER\n}}",
"### NWA United States Championship Tournament (1981\\)",
"The NWA United States Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [United States Champion](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship \"WWE United States Championship\") after [Wahoo McDaniel](/wiki/Wahoo_McDaniel \"Wahoo McDaniel\") vacated the title due to injury.\n{{16TeamBracket\\-NoSeeds\n\\| RD1\\=First Round\n\\| RD2\\=Quarterfinals\n\\| RD3\\=Semifinals\n\\| RD4\\=Final\n\\| RD1\\-team01\\='''\\[\\[Pat Patterson (wrestler)\\|Pat Patterson]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team02\\=\\[\\[Mike Davis (wrestler)\\|Mike Davis]]\n\\| RD1\\-score1\n\\| RD1\\-score2\n\\| RD1\\-team03\\=\\[\\[Nikolai Volkoff]]\n\\| RD1\\-team04\\='''\\[\\[Ricky Steamboat]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score3\\=\n\\| RD1\\-score4\\=\n\\| RD1\\-team05\\='''\\[\\[Leroy Brown (wrestler)\\|Leroy Brown]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team06\\=\\[\\[Bill Irwin (wrestler)\\|Super Destroyer]]\n\\| RD1\\-score5\\=\n\\| RD1\\-score6\\=\n\\| RD1\\-team07\\=\\[\\[Ron Bass (wrestler)\\|Ron Bass]]\n\\| RD1\\-team08\\='''\\[\\[Ivan Koloff]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score7\\=\n\\| RD1\\-score8\\=\n\\| RD1\\-team09\\='''\\[\\[Sgt. Slaughter]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team10\\=\\[\\[Johnny Weaver]]\n\\| RD1\\-score9\\=\n\\| RD1\\-score10\\=\n\\| RD1\\-team11\\=\\[\\[Steve Muslin]]\n\\| RD1\\-team12\\='''\\[\\[Jay Youngblood]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score11\\=\n\\| RD1\\-score12\\=\n\\| RD1\\-team13\\=\\[\\[Dusty Rhodes]]\n\\| RD1\\-team14\\='''\\[\\[Jacques Goulet]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score13\\=\n\\| RD1\\-score14\\=\n\\| RD1\\-team15\\=\\[\\[Ron Ritchie (wrestler)\\|Ron Ritchie]]\n\\| RD1\\-team16\\='''\\[\\[Ole Anderson]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score15\\=\n\\| RD1\\-score16\\=\n\\| RD2\\-team01\\=\\[\\[Pat Patterson (wrestler)\\|Pat Patterson]]\n\\| RD2\\-team02\\='''\\[\\[Ricky Steamboat]]'''\n\\| RD2\\-score1\\=\n\\| RD2\\-score2\\=\n\\| RD2\\-team03\\=\\[\\[Leroy Brown (wrestler)\\|Leroy Brown]]\n\\| RD2\\-team04\\='''\\[\\[Ivan Koloff]]'''\n\\| RD2\\-score3\\= \n\\| RD2\\-score4\\=\n\\| RD2\\-team05\\='''\\[\\[Sgt. Slaughter]]'''\n\\| RD2\\-team06\\=\\[\\[Jay Youngblood]]\n\\| RD2\\-score5\\=\n\\| RD2\\-score6\\=\n\\| RD2\\-team07\\=\\[\\[Jacques Goulet]]\n\\| RD2\\-team08\\=\\[\\[Ole Anderson]]\n\\| RD2\\-score7\\=DDQ\n\\| RD2\\-score8\\=\n\\| RD3\\-team01\\='''\\[\\[Ricky Steamboat]]'''\n\\| RD3\\-team02\\=\\[\\[Leroy Brown (wrestler)\\|Leroy Brown]]\n\\| RD3\\-score1\\=\n\\| RD3\\-score2\\=\n\\| RD3\\-team03\\='''\\[\\[Sgt. Slaughter]]'''\n\\| RD3\\-team04\\=BYE\n\\| RD3\\-score3\\=\n\\| RD3\\-score4\\=\n\\| RD4\\-team01\\=\\[\\[Ricky Steamboat]]\n\\| RD4\\-team02\\='''\\[\\[Sgt. Slaughter]]'''\n\\| RD4\\-score1\\=\n\\| RD4\\-score2\\=\n}}",
"### NWA United States Championship Tournament (1984\\)",
"The NWA United States Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [United States Champion](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship \"WWE United States Championship\") after [Wahoo McDaniel](/wiki/Wahoo_McDaniel \"Wahoo McDaniel\") was forced to vacate the title due to his controversial title win over [Ricky Steamboat](/wiki/Ricky_Steamboat \"Ricky Steamboat\"), which took place due to outside interference by [Tully Blanchard](/wiki/Tully_Blanchard \"Tully Blanchard\").",
"{{16TeamBracket\\-NoSeeds\n\\| RD1\\=First Round\n\\| RD2\\=Quarterfinals\n\\| RD3\\=Semifinals\n\\| RD4\\=Final\n\\| RD1\\-team01 \\= '''\\[\\[Mike Rotunda]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team02 \\= \\[\\[Jody Hamilton\\|The Assassin]]\n\\| RD1\\-score1 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-team03 \\= '''\\[\\[Wahoo McDaniel]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team04 \\= \\[\\[Mark Youngblood]]\n\\| RD1\\-score3 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-score4 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-team05 \\= '''\\[\\[Ivan Koloff]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team06 \\= \\[\\[Brian Adias]]\n\\| RD1\\-score5 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-score6 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-team07 \\= \\[\\[Don Kernodle]]\n\\| RD1\\-team08 \\= '''\\[\\[Dusty Rhodes]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score7 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-score8 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-team09 \\= '''\\[\\[Manny Fernandez (wrestler)\\|Manny Fernandez]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team10 \\= Paul Kelly\n\\| RD1\\-score9 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-score10 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-team11 \\= '''\\[\\[Billy Graham (wrestler)\\|Billy Graham]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team12 \\= \\[\\[Carlos Colon]]\n\\| RD1\\-score11 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-score12 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-team13 \\= '''\\[\\[Tully Blanchard]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team14 \\= \\[\\[Jimmy Valiant]]\n\\| RD1\\-score13 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-score14 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-team15 \\= \\[\\[Ricky Steamboat]]\n\\| RD1\\-team16 \\= \\[\\[Ron Bass (wrestler)\\|Ron Bass]]\n\\| RD1\\-score15 \\= DRAW\n\\| RD1\\-score16 \\=\n\\| RD2\\-team01 \\= Mike Rotunda\n\\| RD2\\-team02 \\= '''Wahoo McDaniel'''\n\\| RD2\\-score1 \\=\n\\| RD2\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD2\\-team03 \\= Ivan Koloff\n\\| RD2\\-team04 \\= Dusty Rhodes\n\\| RD2\\-score3 \\= DDQ \n\\| RD2\\-score4 \\=\n\\| RD2\\-team05 \\= '''Manny Fernandez'''\n\\| RD2\\-team06 \\= Billy Graham\n\\| RD2\\-score5 \\=\n\\| RD2\\-score6 \\=\n\\| RD2\\-team07 \\= '''Tully Blanchard'''\n\\| RD2\\-team08 \\= BYE\n\\| RD2\\-score7 \\=\n\\| RD2\\-score8 \\=\n\\| RD3\\-team01 \\= '''Wahoo McDaniel'''\n\\| RD3\\-team02 \\= BYE\n\\| RD3\\-score1 \\=\n\\| RD3\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD3\\-team03 \\= '''Manny Fernandez'''\n\\| RD3\\-team04 \\= Tully Blanchard\n\\| RD3\\-score3 \\=\n\\| RD3\\-score4 \\=\n\\| RD4\\-team01 \\= '''Wahoo McDaniel'''\n\\| RD4\\-team02 \\= Manny Fernandez\n\\| RD4\\-score1 \\=\n\\| RD4\\-score2 \\=\n}}",
"### NWA World Television Championship Tournament (1986\\)",
"The NWA World Television Championship Tournament was a tournament held on January 4, 1986, to crown a new [World Television Champion](/wiki/WCW_World_Television_Championship \"WCW World Television Championship\") after Dusty Rhodes was stripped of the title due to injury at the hands of Ric Flair and The Minnesota Wrecking Crew.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/titletny.html\\|title\\=Other WCW Singles Title Tournaments}}",
"{{8TeamBracket\\-NoSeeds\n\\| RD1\\=Quarterfinals\n\\| RD2\\=Semifinals\n\\| RD3\\=Final\n\\| RD1\\-team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Arn Anderson]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[Jimmy Valiant]]\n\\| RD1\\-score1 \\= pin\n\\| RD1\\-score2 \\=11:13\n\\| RD1\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[Black Bart (wrestler)\\|Black Bart]]\n\\| RD1\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[Road Warrior Animal]]\n\\| RD1\\-score3 \\= DCO\n\\| RD1\\-score4 \\=04:45 \n\\| RD1\\-team5 \\= '''\\[\\[Tully Blanchard]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team6 \\= \\[\\[Ron Bass (wrestler)\\|Ron Bass]]\n\\| RD1\\-score5 \\=pin\n\\| RD1\\-score6 \\= 10:38\n\\| RD1\\-team7 \\= \\[\\[The Barbarian (wrestler)\\|The Barbarian]]\n\\| RD1\\-team8 \\= '''\\[\\[Wahoo McDaniel]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score7 \\= pin\n\\| RD1\\-score8 \\= 9:31\n\\| RD2\\-team1 \\= '''Arn Anderson'''\n\\| RD2\\-team2 \\= BYE\n\\| RD2\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score2 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team3 \\= Tully Blanchard\n\\| RD2\\-team4 \\= '''Wahoo McDaniel'''\n\\| RD2\\-score3 \\= DQ\n\\| RD2\\-score4 \\= 12:15\n\\| RD3\\-team1 \\= '''Arn Anderson'''\n\\| RD3\\-team2 \\= Wahoo McDaniel\n\\| RD3\\-score1 \\= pin\n\\| RD3\\-score2 \\= 13:24\n}}",
"### Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament (1986\\)",
"{{main\\|Crockett Cup (1986\\)}}\nThe Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament was a tournament held on April 19, 1986, at [The Superdome](/wiki/The_Superdome \"The Superdome\") in [New Orleans, Louisiana](/wiki/New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana \"New Orleans, Louisiana\") and had an afternoon \\& night show.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/cup.html\\|title\\=Crockett Cup}}",
"### Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament (1987\\)",
"{{main\\|Crockett Cup (1987\\)}}\nThe Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament was a tournament that ran from April 9 to April 10, 1987, with both shows at [The Baltimore Arena](/wiki/Baltimore_Arena \"Baltimore Arena\") in [Baltimore, Maryland](/wiki/Baltimore%2C_Maryland \"Baltimore, Maryland\").",
"### Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament (1988\\)",
"{{main\\|Crockett Cup (1988\\)}}\nThe Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament was a tournament.",
"### NWA United States Tag Team Championship Tournament (1988\\)",
"The NWA United States Tag Team Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [United States Tag Team Champions](/wiki/WCW_United_States_Tag_Team_Championship \"WCW United States Tag Team Championship\") after the titles were vacated when [The Midnight Express](/wiki/The_Midnight_Express_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"The Midnight Express (professional wrestling)\") won the [NWA World Tag Team Championship](/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship \"WCW World Tag Team Championship\") on September 10, 1988\\.",
"{{8TeamBracket\\-NoSeeds\n\\| RD1\\=Quarterfinals\n\\| RD2\\=Semifinals\n\\| RD3\\=Final\n\\| RD1\\-team1 \\= '''\\[\\[The Fantastics]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[The Varsity Club]]\n\\| RD1\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-team3 \\= The Russian Assassins\n\\| RD1\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[Ivan Koloff]] \\& \\[\\[Nikita Koloff]]\n\\| RD1\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team5 \\= \\[\\[Al Perez]] \\& \\[\\[Larry Zbyszko]]\n\\| RD1\\-team6 \\= '''\\[\\[Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)\\|Eddie Gilbert]] and \\[\\[Ron Simmons]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score5 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-score6 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team7 \\= '''\\[\\[The Sheepherders]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team8 \\= BYE\n\\| RD1\\-score7 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score8 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team1 \\= '''The Fantastics'''\n\\| RD2\\-team2 \\= BYE\n\\| RD2\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score2 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team3 \\= Eddie Gilbert and Ron Simmons\n\\| RD2\\-team4 \\= '''The Sheepherders'''\n\\| RD2\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-team1 \\= '''The Fantastics'''\n\\| RD3\\-team2 \\= Eddie Gilbert and Ron Simmons1\n\\| RD3\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-score2 \\= \n}}\n**Notes:**",
"1 {{small\\|The Sheepherders defeated Gilbert and Simmons in the semifinals but were replaced by them in the finals when they left for the WWF.}}",
"### NWA World Tag Team Championship Tournament (1989\\)",
"The NWA World Tag Team Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [World Tag Team Champions](/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship \"WCW World Tag Team Championship\") after [Mike Rotunda](/wiki/Mike_Rotunda \"Mike Rotunda\") and [Steve Williams](/wiki/Steve_Williams_%28wrestler%29 \"Steve Williams (wrestler)\") were forced to vacate the titles due to their [Varsity Club](/wiki/Varsity_Club \"Varsity Club\") teammates attacking [special guest referee](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types%23Special_referee \"Professional wrestling match types#Special referee\") [Nikita Koloff](/wiki/Nikita_Koloff \"Nikita Koloff\") during their title defense against [Road Warriors](/wiki/Road_Warriors \"Road Warriors\") at [WrestleWar](/wiki/WrestleWar_%281989%29 \"WrestleWar (1989)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/tagtitle.html\\#worldtag89 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220225056/https://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/tagtitle.html\\#worldtag89 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 20, 2022 \\|title\\=NWA World Tag Team Title Tournament 1989 \\|work\\=Pro Wrestling History \\|access\\-date\\=March 8, 2023}}",
"{{8TeamBracket\\-NoSeeds\n\\| RD1\\=Quarterfinals\n\\| RD2\\=Semifinals\n\\| RD3\\=Final\n\\| RD1\\-team1 \\= '''\\[\\[The Fabulous Freebirds]]'''1\n\\| RD1\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[The Road Warriors]]\n\\| RD1\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-team3 \\= '''\\[\\[Johnny Ace (wrestler)\\|Johnny Ace]]''' and '''\\[\\[Shane Douglas]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[Jack Victory]] and \\[\\[Rip Morgan]]\n\\| RD1\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team5 \\= '''\\[\\[Samoan Swat Team]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team6 \\= \\[\\[Ranger Ross]] and \\[\\[Ron Simmons]]\n\\| RD1\\-score5 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-score6 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team7 \\= \\[\\[Butch Reed]] and The Raider\n\\| RD1\\-team8 \\= '''\\[\\[The Midnight Express (professional wrestling)\\|The Midnight Express]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score7 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score8 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team1 \\= '''The Fabulous Freebirds'''\n\\| RD2\\-team2 \\= Johnny Ace and Shane Douglas\n\\| RD2\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score2 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team3 \\= The Samoan Swat Team\n\\| RD2\\-team4 \\= '''The Midnight Express'''\n\\| RD2\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-team1 \\= '''The Fabulous Freebirds'''\n\\| RD3\\-team2 \\= The Midnight Express\n\\| RD3\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-score2 \\= \n}}\n**Notes:**",
"1 {{small\\|Terry Gordy originally teamed with Michael Hayes in the quarterfinals while Jimmy Garvin replaced him in the semifinals and finals.}}",
"### Iron Man Tournaments (1989\\)",
"The Iron Man and Iron Team tournaments were [round\\-robin tournaments](/wiki/Round-robin_tournament \"Round-robin tournament\") featuring four competing individuals and [tag teams](/wiki/Tag_team \"Tag team\") respectively. The point system: 20 points for a [pinfall](/wiki/Pin_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Pin (professional wrestling)\") or [submission](/wiki/Professional_wrestling%23Submission \"Professional wrestling#Submission\") victory, 15 for a [countout](/wiki/Professional_wrestling%23Countout \"Professional wrestling#Countout\") victory, 10 for a [disqualification](/wiki/Professional_wrestling%23Disqualification \"Professional wrestling#Disqualification\") victory, 5 for a [time\\-limit draw](/wiki/Professional_wrestling%23Draw \"Professional wrestling#Draw\") and 0 for a loss.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/misctny.html\\#euro\\|title\\=Misc. Tournaments}}",
"Iron Man tournament",
"| | Sting | Luger | Flair | Muta | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Sting](/wiki/Sting_%28wrestler%29 \"Sting (wrestler)\") | \\* | 0 | 20 | 20 | **40** |\n| [Lex Luger](/wiki/Lex_Luger \"Lex Luger\") | 20 | \\* | 5 | 10 | **35** |\n| [Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair \"Ric Flair\") | 0 | 5 | \\* | 20 | **25** |\n| [The Great Muta](/wiki/Keiji_Mutoh \"Keiji Mutoh\") | 0 | 0 | 0 | \\* | **0** |",
"Iron Team tournament",
"| | Warriors | Steiners | Samoans | Doom | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [The Road Warriors](/wiki/The_Road_Warriors \"The Road Warriors\") | \\* | 0 | 20 | 20 | **40** |\n| [The Steiner Brothers](/wiki/The_Steiner_Brothers \"The Steiner Brothers\") | 20 | \\* | 0 | 15 | **35** |\n| [The New Wild Samoans](/wiki/The_Headshrinkers \"The Headshrinkers\") | 0 | 10 | \\* | 20 | **30** |\n| [Doom](/wiki/Doom_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Doom (professional wrestling)\") | 0 | 0 | 0 | \\* | **0** |",
"### NWA United States Tag Team Championship Tournament (1990\\)",
"The NWA United States Tag Team Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [United States Tag Team Champions](/wiki/WCW_United_States_Tag_Team_Championship \"WCW United States Tag Team Championship\") after [Eddie Gilbert](/wiki/Eddie_Gilbert_%28wrestler%29 \"Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)\") and [Rick Steiner](/wiki/Rick_Steiner \"Rick Steiner\") vacated the titles due to Steiner splitting from Gilbert to form a [tag team](/wiki/Steiner_Brothers \"Steiner Brothers\") with his brother [Scott](/wiki/Scott_Steiner \"Scott Steiner\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/tagtitle.html\\#ustag90 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220225056/https://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/tagtitle.html\\#ustag90 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 20, 2022 \\|title\\=NWA U.S. Tag Team Title Tournament 1990 \\|work\\=Pro Wrestling History \\|access\\-date\\=March 8, 2023}}",
"{{8TeamBracket\\-NoSeeds\n\\| RD1\\=Quarterfinals\n\\| RD2\\=Semifinals\n\\| RD3\\=Final\n\\| RD1\\-team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Brian Pillman]]''' and '''\\[\\[Tom Zenk]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[Jack Victory]] and \\[\\[Rip Morgan]]\n\\| RD1\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-team3 \\= '''\\[\\[The Midnight Express (professional wrestling)\\|The Midnight Express]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[Rock and Roll Express]]\n\\| RD1\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team5 \\= '''\\[\\[The Fabulous Freebirds]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team6 \\= \\[\\[Tommy Rich]] and \\[\\[Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)\\|Eddie Gilbert]]\n\\| RD1\\-score5 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-score6 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team7 \\= \\[\\[The MOD Squad]]\n\\| RD1\\-team8 \\= '''\\[\\[Johnny Ace (wrestler)\\|Johnny Ace]]''' and '''\\[\\[Shane Douglas]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score7 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score8 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team1 \\= '''Brian Pillman''' and '''Tom Zenk'''\n\\| RD2\\-team2 \\= The Midnight Express\n\\| RD2\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score2 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team3 \\= '''The Fabulous Freebirds'''\n\\| RD2\\-team4 \\= Johnny Ace and Shane Douglas\n\\| RD2\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-team1 \\= '''Brian Pillman''' and '''Tom Zenk'''\n\\| RD3\\-team2 \\= The Fabulous Freebirds\n\\| RD3\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-score2 \\= \n}}",
"### Running the Gauntlet Tournament (1990\\)",
"The Running the Gauntlet Tournament was a tournament.",
"* **September 14–16, 1990**\n[Brian Pillman](/wiki/Brian_Pillman \"Brian Pillman\") defeated [Tim Horner](/wiki/Tim_Horner \"Tim Horner\") and [Buddy Landel](/wiki/Buddy_Landel \"Buddy Landel\"), before losing to [Dan Spivey](/wiki/Dan_Spivey \"Dan Spivey\").\n* **September 21–23, 1990**\n[Scott Steiner](/wiki/Scott_Steiner \"Scott Steiner\") defeated [Bobby Eaton](/wiki/Bobby_Eaton \"Bobby Eaton\"), [Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair \"Ric Flair\"), and [Arn Anderson](/wiki/Arn_Anderson \"Arn Anderson\") to run the gauntlet.\n* **September 28–30, 1990**\nBobby Eaton defeated [Tracey Smothers](/wiki/Tracey_Smothers \"Tracey Smothers\") and [Ricky Morton](/wiki/Ricky_Morton \"Ricky Morton\"), before losing to [Sid Eudy](/wiki/Sid_Eudy \"Sid Eudy\").\n* **November 11–13, 1990**\n[Steve Armstrong](/wiki/Steve_Armstrong \"Steve Armstrong\") defeated [Stan Lane](/wiki/Stan_Lane \"Stan Lane\"), but lost to his second opponent Buddy Landel. Had Armstrong defeated Landel, he would've wrestled Bobby Eaton.\n* **November 17–19, 1990**\n[Rick Steiner](/wiki/Rick_Steiner \"Rick Steiner\") defeated [Moondog Rex](/wiki/Randy_Colley \"Randy Colley\"), Sid Vicious and Ric Flair to run the gauntlet.\n* **November 23–25, 1990**\n[Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair \"Ric Flair\") defeated Buddy Landel, but lost to his second opponent [Ron Simmons](/wiki/Ron_Simmons \"Ron Simmons\"). Had Flair defeated Simmons, he would've wrestled [The Nightstalker](/wiki/Bryan_Clark \"Bryan Clark\").",
"### Pat O'Connor Memorial International Tag Team Tournament (1990\\)",
"{{main\\|Starrcade (1990\\)\\#Tournament bracket}}\nThe [Pat O'Connor](/wiki/Pat_O%27Connor_%28wrestler%29 \"Pat O'Connor (wrestler)\") Memorial International Tag Team Tournament was a tournament at [Starrcade](/wiki/Starrcade_%281990%29 \"Starrcade (1990)\").",
"### WCW World Tag Team Championship Tournament (1991\\)",
"The WCW World Tag Team Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [World Tag Team Champions](/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship \"WCW World Tag Team Championship\") after [Steiner Brothers](/wiki/Steiner_Brothers \"Steiner Brothers\") vacated the titles due to [Scott Steiner](/wiki/Scott_Steiner \"Scott Steiner\") suffering an injury.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/tagtitle.html\\#worldtag91 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220225056/https://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wcw/tagtitle.html\\#worldtag91 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 20, 2022 \\|title\\=WCW World Tag Team Title Tournament 1991 \\|work\\=Pro Wrestling History \\|access\\-date\\=March 8, 2023}}",
"{{8TeamBracket\\-NoSeeds\n\\| RD1\\=Quarterfinals\n\\| RD2\\=Semifinals\n\\| RD3\\=Final\n\\| RD1\\-team1 \\= '''\\[\\[One Man Gang]] \\& \\[\\[Billy Jack Haynes\\|Black Blood]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[Giant Gonzalez\\|El Gigante]] \\& \\[\\[Matt Borne\\|Big Josh]]\n\\| RD1\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-team3 \\= '''\\[\\[Rick Steiner]]''' and '''\\[\\[Bill Kazmaier]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team4 \\= The Ringlords\n\\| RD1\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team5 \\= '''\\[\\[Firebreaker Chip]] \\& \\[\\[Todd Champion]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team6 \\= \\[\\[Terry Taylor\\|Terrance Taylor]] and \\[\\[Ricky Morton\\|Richard Morton]]\n\\| RD1\\-score5 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-score6 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team7 \\= \\[\\[The Young Pistols]]\n\\| RD1\\-team8 \\= '''\\[\\[The Enforcers (professional wrestling)\\|The Enforcers]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score7 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score8 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team1 \\= One Man Gang and The Executioner\n\\| RD2\\-team2 \\= '''Rick Steiner \\& Bill Kazmaier'''\n\\| RD2\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score2 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team3 \\= Firebreaker Chip \\& Todd Champion\n\\| RD2\\-team4 \\= '''The Enforcers'''\n\\| RD2\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-team1 \\= Rick Steiner \\& Bill Kazmaier\n\\| RD3\\-team2 \\= '''The Enforcers'''\n\\| RD3\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-score2 \\= \n}}",
"* The Executioner replaced Black Blood",
"### WCW United States Championship Tournament (1991\\)",
"The WCW United States Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [United States Champion](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship \"WWE United States Championship\") after [Lex Luger](/wiki/Lex_Luger \"Lex Luger\") vacated the title upon winning the [WCW World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WCW_World_Heavyweight_Championship \"WCW World Heavyweight Championship\") at [The Great American Bash](/wiki/The_Great_American_Bash_%281991%29 \"The Great American Bash (1991)\").",
"{{4RoundBracket\\-Byes\n\\| RD1\\=First round\n\\| RD2\\=Quarterfinal\n\\| RD4\\=Final\n\\| score\\-width\\=0\n\\| RD1\\-team01\\='''\\[\\[Sting (wrestler)\\|Sting]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team02\\=Arn Anderson\n\\| RD1\\-team03\\=\\[\\[Bobby Eaton]]\n\\| RD1\\-team04\\='''\\[\\[Scott Hall\\|Diamond Studd]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team05\\='''\\[\\[Barry Windham]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team06\\=BYE\n\\| RD1\\-team07\\='''\\[\\[Steve Austin (wrestler)\\|Steve Austin]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team08\\=\\[\\[Tom Zenk]]\n\\|\n\\| \n\\| \n\\| RD2\\-team01\\='''Sting'''\n\\| RD2\\-team02\\=Diamond Studd\n\\| RD2\\-team03\\=Barry Windham\n\\| RD2\\-team04\\='''Steve Austin'''\n\\| \n\\|\n\\| RD3\\-team01\\='''Sting'''\n\\| RD3\\-team02\\=Steve Austin\n\\| \n\\| \n\\| RD4\\-team01\\='''Sting'''\n\\| \n}}",
"### WCW Light Heavyweight Championship Tournament",
"{{main\\|Halloween Havoc (1991\\)\\#Tournament brackets}}\nThe WCW Light Heavyweight Championship Tournament was a tournament held in 1991 to crown the first\\-ever [Light Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/WCW_Light_Heavyweight_Championship \"WCW Light Heavyweight Championship\"). The finals took place at [Halloween Havoc](/wiki/Halloween_Havoc_%281991%29 \"Halloween Havoc (1991)\"), where [Brian Pillman](/wiki/Brian_Pillman \"Brian Pillman\") defeated [Richard Morton](/wiki/Ricky_Morton \"Ricky Morton\") to become the inaugural champion.",
"### NWA World Tag Team Championship Tournament (1992\\)",
"{{main\\|The Great American Bash (1992\\)\\#Tournament bracket}}\nThe NWA World Tag Team Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the first\\-ever [NWA World Tag Team Champions](/wiki/NWA_World_Tag_Team_Championship \"NWA World Tag Team Championship\"). The tournament took place at [The Great American Bash](/wiki/The_Great_American_Bash_%281992%29 \"The Great American Bash (1992)\") on July 12, 1992\\.",
"### Nintendo Top Ten Challenge Tournament (1992\\)",
"The Nintendo Top Ten Challenge Tournament was a tournament.",
"{{4RoundBracket\\-Byes\n\\| score\\-width\\=0\n\\| RD1\\-team01\\= '''\\[\\[Rick Rude]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team02\\= \\[\\[Terry Taylor]]\n\\| RD1\\-team03\\= '''\\[\\[Dustin Rhodes]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team04\\= \\[\\[Larry Zbyszko]]\n\\| RD1\\-team09\\= '''\\[\\[Ricky Steamboat]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team10\\= \\[\\[Mick Foley\\|Cactus Jack]]\n\\| RD1\\-team13\\= \\[\\[Big Van Vader]]\n\\| RD1\\-team14\\= \\[\\[Nikita Koloff]]\n\\| RD1\\-team15\\= \\[\\[Ron Simmons]]\n\\| RD1\\-team16\\= '''\\[\\[Steve Austin (wrestler)\\|Steve Austin]]'''\n\\| RD2\\-team01\\= '''Rick Rude'''\n\\| RD2\\-team02\\= Dustin Rhodes\n\\| RD2\\-team05\\= '''Ricky Steamboat'''\n\\| RD2\\-team07\\= BYE\n\\| RD2\\-team08\\= '''Steve Austin'''\n\\| RD3\\-team01\\= '''Rick Rude'''\n\\| RD3\\-team03\\= Ricky Steamboat\n\\| RD3\\-team04\\= Steve Austin\n\\| RD4\\-team01\\= '''Rick Rude'''\n\\| RD4\\-team02\\= BYE\n}}",
"### King of Cable Tournament",
"{{main\\|Starrcade (1992\\)\\#King of Cable Tournament brackets}}\nThe King of Cable Tournament was a [single\\-elimination tournament](/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament \"Single-elimination tournament\") in 1992\\. The finals were held at [Starrcade](/wiki/Starrcade_%281992%29 \"Starrcade (1992)\").",
"### Jesse Ventura Invitational Strongest Arm arm wrestling tournament (1992\\)",
"The Jesse Ventura Invitational Strongest Arm Tournament was a 1992 [arm wrestling](/wiki/Arm_wrestling \"Arm wrestling\") tournament held on *WCW WorldWide* to determine which wrestler on the roster was the best. The competitors were (kayfabe) selected by WCW color analyst [Jesse Ventura](/wiki/Jesse_Ventura \"Jesse Ventura\").",
"{{8TeamBracket\\-NoSeeds\n\\| RD1\\=Quarterfinals\n\\| RD2\\=Semifinals\n\\| RD3\\=Final\n\\| RD1\\-team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Van Hammer]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[Kevin Nash\\|Vinnie Vegas]]\n\\| RD1\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-team3 \\= '''\\[\\[Big Van Vader\\|Vader]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[Nikita Koloff]]\n\\| RD1\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team5 \\= '''\\[\\[The Barbarian (wrestler)\\|The Barbarian]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team6 \\= \\[\\[Arn Anderson]]\n\\| RD1\\-score5 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-score6 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team7 \\= '''\\[\\[Ron Simmons]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team8 \\= \\[\\[Steve Austin (wrestler)\\|Steve Austin]]\n\\| RD1\\-score7 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score8 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team1 \\= '''Van Hammer'''\n\\| RD2\\-team2 \\= Vader\n\\| RD2\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score2 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team3 \\= The Barbarian\n\\| RD2\\-team4 \\= '''Ron Simmons'''\n\\| RD2\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-team1 \\= '''Van Hammer'''\n\\| RD3\\-team2 \\= Ron Simmons\n\\| RD3\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-score2 \\= \n}}",
"### WCW World Television Championship Tournament (1993\\)",
"The WCW World Television Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [World Television Champion](/wiki/WCW_World_Television_Championship \"WCW World Television Championship\") after [Scott Steiner](/wiki/Scott_Steiner \"Scott Steiner\") was stripped of the title due to leaving WCW.",
"{{16TeamBracket\\-NoSeeds\n\\| RD1\\=First Round\n\\| RD2\\=Quarterfinals\n\\| RD3\\=Semifinals\n\\| RD4\\=Finals\n\\| RD1\\-team01 \\= '''\\[\\[Paul Orndorff]]''' \n\\| RD1\\-team02 \\= \\[\\[Too Cold Scorpio]]\n\\| RD1\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-team03 \\= '''\\[\\[Mick Foley\\|Cactus Jack]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team04 \\= \\[\\[Tom Zenk]]\n\\| RD1\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team05 \\= '''\\[\\[Marc Mero\\|Johnny B. Badd]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team06 \\= \\[\\[Chris Benoit]]\n\\| RD1\\-score5 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-score6 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team07 \\= \\[\\[The Barbarian (wrestler)\\|The Barbarian]]\n\\| RD1\\-team08 \\= '''\\[\\[William Regal\\|Steven Regal]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score7 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score8 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team09 \\= '''\\[\\[Erik Watts]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team10 \\= \\[\\[Tom Brandi\\|Johnny Gunn]]\n\\| RD1\\-score9 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score10 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team11 \\= '''\\[\\[Maxx Payne]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team12 \\= \\[\\[Buff Bagwell\\|Marcus Bagwell]]\n\\| RD1\\-score11 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score12 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team13 \\= '''\\[\\[Rob Van Dam\\|Robbie V]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team14 \\= \\[\\[Mark Canterbury\\|Shanghai Pierce]]\n\\| RD1\\-score13 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score14 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team15 \\= '''\\[\\[Kevin Nash\\|Vinnie Vegas]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team16 \\= \\[\\[Van Hammer]]\n\\| RD1\\-score15 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score16 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team01 \\= '''Paul Orndorff''' \n\\| RD2\\-team02 \\= Cactus Jack\n\\| RD2\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD2\\-team03 \\= '''Johnny B. Badd'''\n\\| RD2\\-team04 \\= Steven Regal\n\\| RD2\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team05 \\= '''Erik Watts'''\n\\| RD2\\-team06 \\= Maxx Payne\n\\| RD2\\-score5 \\=\n\\| RD2\\-score6 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team07 \\= Robbie V\n\\| RD2\\-team08 \\= '''Vinnie Vegas'''\n\\| RD2\\-score7 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score8 \\=\n\\| RD3\\-team01 \\= '''Paul Orndorff'''\n\\| RD3\\-team02 \\= Johnny B. Badd\n\\| RD3\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD3\\-team03 \\= '''Erik Watts'''\n\\| RD3\\-team04 \\= Vinnie Vegas\n\\| RD3\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-score4 \\=\n\\| RD4\\-team01 \\= '''Paul Orndorff'''\n\\| RD4\\-team02 \\= Erik Watts\n\\| RD4\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD4\\-score2 \\=\n}}",
"### WCW United States Championship Tournament (1993\\)",
"The WCW United States Championship Tournament was a tournament that ran from December 14, 1992, to January 11, 1993\\. This was initially a \\#1 contenders tournament for Rick Rude's [United States Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship \"WWE United States Championship\"), but when Rude became injured, he was stripped of the title, thus the final between Ricky Steamboat and Dustin Rhodes was for the championship.",
"{{8TeamBracket\\-NoSeeds\n\\| RD1\\=Quarterfinals\n\\| RD2\\=Semifinals\n\\| RD3\\=Final\n\\| RD1\\-team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Dustin Rhodes]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[Kevin Nash\\|Vinnie Vegas]]\n\\| RD1\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-team3 \\= '''\\[\\[Tony Atlas]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[Van Hammer]]\n\\| RD1\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team5 \\= '''\\[\\[Barry Windham]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team6 \\= \\[\\[Marc Mero\\|Johnny B. Badd]]\n\\| RD1\\-score5 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-score6 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team7 \\= '''\\[\\[Ricky Steamboat]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team8 \\= \\[\\[Dan Spivey]]\n\\| RD1\\-score7 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score8 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team1 \\= '''Dustin Rhodes'''\n\\| RD2\\-team2 \\= Tony Atlas\n\\| RD2\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score2 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team3 \\= Barry Windham\n\\| RD2\\-team4 \\= '''Ricky Steamboat'''\n\\| RD2\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-team1 \\= '''Dustin Rhodes'''\n\\| RD3\\-team2 \\= Ricky Steamboat\n\\| RD3\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-score2 \\= \n}}",
"### European Cup Tournament (1994\\)",
"The European Cup Tournament was a tournament that took place from March 3 to March 20, 1994\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cagematch.net/?id\\=26\\&nr\\=171\\|title\\=European Cup « Tournaments Database « CAGEMATCH \\- The Internet Wrestling Database\\|first\\=Philip\\|last\\=Kreikenbohm}}",
"{{16TeamBracket\\-NoSeeds\n\\| RD1\\=First Round\n\\| RD2\\=Quarterfinals\n\\| RD3\\=Semifinals\n\\| RD4\\=Finals\n\\| RD1\\-team01 \\= '''\\[\\[Sting (wrestler)\\|Sting]]''' \n\\| RD1\\-team02 \\= \\[\\[Stevie Ray (wrestler)\\|Kane]]\n\\| RD1\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-team03 \\= '''\\[\\[Ron Simmons]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team04 \\= \\[\\[Buff Bagwell\\|Marcus Bagwell]]\n\\| RD1\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team05 \\= '''\\[\\[Ricky Steamboat]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team06 \\= \\[\\[Booker T (wrestler)\\|Kole]]\n\\| RD1\\-score5 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-score6 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team07 \\= '''\\[\\[Steve Austin (wrestler)\\|Steve Austin]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team08 \\= \\[\\[Too Cold Scorpio]]\n\\| RD1\\-score7 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score8 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team09 \\= '''\\[\\[Ric Flair]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team10 \\= \\[\\[Marc Mero\\|Johnny B. Badd]]\n\\| RD1\\-score9 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score10 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team11 \\= '''\\[\\[William Regal\\|Steven Regal]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team12 \\= \\[\\[Maxx Payne]]\n\\| RD1\\-score11 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score12 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team13 \\= '''\\[\\[Mick Foley\\|Cactus Jack]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team14 \\= \\[\\[Paul Orndorff]]\n\\| RD1\\-score13 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score14 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team15 \\= '''\\[\\[Big Van Vader\\|Vader]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team16 \\= \\[\\[Paul Roma]]\n\\| RD1\\-score15 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score16 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team01 \\= '''Sting''' \n\\| RD2\\-team02 \\= Ron Simmons\n\\| RD2\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD2\\-team03 \\= Ricky Steamboat\n\\| RD2\\-team04 \\= '''Steve Austin'''\n\\| RD2\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team05 \\= '''Ric Flair'''\n\\| RD2\\-team06 \\= Steven Regal\n\\| RD2\\-score5 \\=\n\\| RD2\\-score6 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team07 \\= Cactus Jack\n\\| RD2\\-team08 \\= '''Vader'''\n\\| RD2\\-score7 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score8 \\=\n\\| RD3\\-team01 \\= '''Sting'''\n\\| RD3\\-team02 \\= Steve Austin\n\\| RD3\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD3\\-team03 \\= Ric Flair\n\\| RD3\\-team04 \\= '''Vader'''\n\\| RD3\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-score4 \\=\n\\| RD4\\-team01 \\= '''Sting'''\n\\| RD4\\-team02 \\= Vader\n\\| RD4\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD4\\-score2 \\=\n}}",
"### WCW United States Championship Tournament (1995\\)",
"{{main\\|The Great American Bash (1995\\)\\#Tournament bracket}}\nThe WCW United States Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [United States Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship \"WWE United States Championship\") after [Vader](/wiki/Big_Van_Vader \"Big Van Vader\") was stripped of the title due to injuring [Dave Sullivan](/wiki/Dave_Sullivan_%28wrestler%29 \"Dave Sullivan (wrestler)\").",
"### Slim Jim Challenge (1995\\)",
"The Slim Jim Challenge was a tournament.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cagematch.net/?id\\=26\\&nr\\=350\\|title\\=Slim Jim Challenge « Tournaments Database « CAGEMATCH \\- The Internet Wrestling Database\\|first\\=Philip\\|last\\=Kreikenbohm}}",
"{{4TeamBracket\n\\| RD1\\=Semifinals\n\\| RD2\\=Final\n\\| RD1\\-team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Paul Orndorff]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[Jim Duggan]]\n\\| RD1\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-team3 \\= '''\\[\\[Brian Pillman\\|Flyin' Brian]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[Big Bubba Rogers]]\n\\| RD1\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team1 \\= '''Paul Orndorff'''\n\\| RD2\\-team2 \\= Flyin' Brian\n\\| RD2\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score2 \\= \n}}",
"### Lord Of The Ring Tournament (1996\\)",
"The Lord Of The Ring Tournament was a tournament from [Slamboree 1996](/wiki/Slamboree_%281996%29 \"Slamboree (1996)\"), where teams were randomly selected through lottery, which every team that won their respective matches, would win a spot at the Lord Of The Ring Battle Royal later on that night.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cagematch.net/?id\\=26\\&nr\\=1660\\|title\\=Lord Of The Ring « Tournaments Database « CAGEMATCH \\- The Internet Wrestling Database\\|first\\=Philip\\|last\\=Kreikenbohm}}",
"{{Professional wrestling results table\n\\|match1 \\= \\[\\[Booker T (wrestler)\\|Booker T]] \\& \\[\\[Road Warrior Animal]] vs. \\[\\[Lex Luger]] \\& \\[\\[Road Warrior Hawk]] ended in Double Count Out\n\\|stip1 \\= Lord Of The Ring First Round\n\\|time1 \\= 6:54\n\\|match2 \\= \\[\\[Diamond Dallas Page]] \\& \\[\\[Sione Vailahi\\|The Barbarian]] defeated \\[\\[Bill DeMott\\|Hugh Morrus]] \\& \\[\\[Tonga Fifita\\|Meng]]\n\\|stip2 \\= Lord Of The Ring First Round\n\\|time2 \\= 5:15\n\\|match3 \\= \\[\\[Dick Slater]] \\& \\[\\[Bobby Eaton\\|Earl Robert Eaton]] defeated \\[\\[Alex Wright]] \\& \\[\\[Glenn Gilbertti\\|Disco Inferno]]\n\\|stip3 \\= Lord Of The Ring First Round\n\\|time3 \\= 2:56\n\\|match4 \\= Fire And Ice (\\[\\[Ice Train (wrestler)\\|Ice Train]] \\& \\[\\[Scott Norton]]) defeated \\[\\[Ray Traylor\\|Big Bubba Rogers]] \\& \\[\\[Stevie Ray]]\n\\|stip4 \\= Lord Of The Ring First Round\n\\|time4 \\= 3:32\n\\|match5 \\= \\[\\[Jim Duggan\\|\"Hacksaw\" Jim Duggan]] \\& \\[\\[Mike Rotunda\\|V.K. Wallstreet]] defeated \\[\\[The Blue Bloods]] (\\[\\[William Regal\\|Lord Steven Regal]] \\& \\[\\[Dave Taylor (wrestler)\\|Squire David Taylor]])\n\\|stip5 \\= Lord Of The Ring First Round\n\\|time5 \\= 3:46\n\\|match6 \\= \\[\\[Randy Savage]] \\& \\[\\[Ric Flair]] defeated \\[\\[Arn Anderson]] \\& \\[\\[Eddie Guerrero]]\n\\|stip6 \\= Lord Of The Ring First Round\n\\|time6 \\= 4:04\n\\|match7 \\= \\[\\[Rick Steiner]] \\& \\[\\[Ed Leslie\\|The Booty Man]] defeated \\[\\[Scott Steiner]] \\& \\[\\[Craig Pittman\\|Sgt. Craig Pittman]]\n\\|stip7 \\= Lord Of The Ring First Round\n\\|time7 \\= 8:21\n\\|match8 \\= \\[\\[The Public Enemy (professional wrestling)\\|The Public Enemy]] (\\[\\[Johnny Grunge]] \\& \\[\\[Rocco Rock]]) defeated \\[\\[Chris Benoit]] \\& \\[\\[Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)\\|The Taskmaster]]\n\\|stip8 \\= Lord Of The Ring First Round\n\\|time8 \\= 4:44\n\\|match9 \\= Diamond Dallas Page \\& The Barbarian defeated Rick Steiner \\& The Booty Man\n\\|stip9 \\= Lord Of The Ring Semi Final\n\\|time9 \\= 5:05\n\\|match10 \\= Dick Slater \\& Earl Robert Eaton defeated Jim Duggan \\& VK Wallstreet\n\\|stip10 \\= Lord Of The Ring Semi Final\n\\|time10 \\= 4:08\n\\|match11 \\= The Public Enemy (Johnny Grunge \\& Rocco Rock) defeated Randy Savage \\& Ric Flair by forfeit\n\\|stip11 \\= Lord Of The Ring Semi Final\n\\|time11 \\=\n\\|match12 \\= Diamond Dallas Page defeated Dick Slater and The Barbarian and Earl Robert Eaton and Ice\\-Train and Johnny Grunge and Rocco Rock and Scott Norton\n\\|stip12 \\= Lord Of The Ring Final Battle Royal\n\\|time12 \\= 9:33\n}}",
"### WCW United States Championship Tournament (1996\\)",
"{{main\\|Starrcade (1996\\)\\#United States Heavyweight Championship Tournament}}\nThe WCW United States Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [United States Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship \"WWE United States Championship\") after [Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair \"Ric Flair\") vacated the title due to shoulder injury.",
"### WCW Women's Championship Tournament (1996\\)",
"{{main\\|Starrcade (1996\\)\\#Women's Championship Tournament}}\nThe WCW Women's Championship Tournament was a tournament to determine the first\\-ever [Women's Champion](/wiki/WCW_Women%27s_Championship \"WCW Women's Championship\"), with the finals taking place at [Starrcade](/wiki/Starrcade_%281996%29 \"Starrcade (1996)\").",
"### WCW Women's Cruiserweight Championship Tournament (1997\\)",
"{{main\\|WCW Women's Cruiserweight Championship}}\nThe WCW Women's Cruiserweight Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the first\\-ever [Women's Cruiserweight Champion](/wiki/WCW_Women%27s_Cruiserweight_Championship \"WCW Women's Cruiserweight Championship\").",
"### WCW World Tag Team Championship Tournament (1999\\)",
"{{main\\|Superbrawl IX\\#WCW World Tag Team Championship Tournament}}\nThe WCW World Tag Team Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [World Tag Team Champions](/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship \"WCW World Tag Team Championship\") after [Rick Steiner](/wiki/Rick_Steiner \"Rick Steiner\") was stripped of the titles due to suffering an injury. The tournament finals took place at [Superbrawl IX](/wiki/Superbrawl_IX \"Superbrawl IX\").",
"### WCW United States Championship Tournament (1999\\)",
"The WCW United States Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [United States Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship \"WWE United States Championship\") after [Scott Hall](/wiki/Scott_Hall \"Scott Hall\") was stripped of the title by [Ric Flair](/wiki/Ric_Flair \"Ric Flair\").",
"{{8TeamBracket\\-NoSeeds\n\\| RD1\\=Quarterfinals\n\\| RD2\\=Semifinals\n\\| RD3\\=Final\n\\| RD1\\-team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Scott Steiner]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[Chris Jericho]]\n\\| RD1\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-team3 \\= '''\\[\\[Tonga Fifita\\|Meng]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[Bam Bam Bigelow]]\n\\| RD1\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team5 \\= '''\\[\\[Booker T (wrestler)\\|Booker T]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team6 \\= \\[\\[Perry Saturn]]\n\\| RD1\\-score5 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-score6 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team7 \\= '''\\[\\[Chris Jericho]]'''\\*\n\\| RD1\\-team8 \\= \\[\\[Chris Adams (wrestler)\\|Chris Adams]]\n\\| RD1\\-score7 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score8 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team1 \\= '''Scott Steiner'''\n\\| RD2\\-team2 \\= Meng\n\\| RD2\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score2 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team3 \\= '''Booker T'''\n\\| RD2\\-team4 \\= Chris Jericho\n\\| RD2\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-team1 \\= '''Scott Steiner'''\n\\| RD3\\-team2 \\= Booker T\n\\| RD3\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-score2 \\= \n}}",
"* After Jericho was eliminated by Steiner, he was able to negotiate his way back in.",
"### WCW World Heavyweight Championship Tournament (1999\\)",
"{{main\\|Mayhem (1999\\)\\#Tournament bracket}}\nThe WCW World Heavyweight Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [World Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/WCW_World_Heavyweight_Championship \"WCW World Heavyweight Championship\") after [Sting](/wiki/Sting_%28wrestler%29 \"Sting (wrestler)\") was stripped of the title due to attacking a [referee](/wiki/Referee_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Referee (professional wrestling)\") at [Halloween Havoc](/wiki/Halloween_Havoc_%281999%29 \"Halloween Havoc (1999)\"). The tournament finals took place at [Mayhem](/wiki/Mayhem_%281999%29 \"Mayhem (1999)\").",
"### WCW World Tag Team Championship Tournament (January 2000\\)",
"The WCW World Tag Team Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [World Tag Team Champions](/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship \"WCW World Tag Team Championship\") after [The Outsiders](/wiki/The_Outsiders_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"The Outsiders (professional wrestling)\") vacated the title due to [Scott Hall](/wiki/Scott_Hall \"Scott Hall\") suffering an injury.",
"{{16TeamBracket\\-NoSeeds\n\\| RD1\\=First Round\n\\| RD2\\=Quarterfinals\n\\| RD3\\=Semifinals\n\\| RD4\\=Finals\n\\| RD1\\-team01 \\= '''\\[\\[Kevin Nash]]''' \n\\| RD1\\-team02 \\= \\[\\[Wall (wrestler)\\|Wall]] \\& \\[\\[Sycho Sid\\|Sid Vicious]]\n\\| RD1\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-team03 \\= '''\\[\\[PG\\-13 (professional wrestling)\\|PG\\-13]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team04 \\= \\[\\[Rick Steiner]] \\& \\[\\[Alex Wright\\|Berlyn]]\n\\| RD1\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team05 \\= '''\\[\\[The Harris Brothers]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team06 \\= \\[\\[Tonga Fifita\\|Meng]] \\& \\[\\[Fit Finlay]]\n\\| RD1\\-score5 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-score6 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team07 \\= \\[\\[Dean Malenko]] \\& \\[\\[Konnan]]\n\\| RD1\\-team08 \\= '''\\[\\[Mike Rotunda]] \\& \\[\\[Brad Armstrong (wrestler)\\|Buzzkill]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score7 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score8 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team09 \\= '''\\[\\[Buff Bagwell]] \\& \\[\\[Chris Kanyon\\|Kanyon]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team10 \\= \\[\\[Disco Inferno (wrestler)\\|Disco Inferno]] \\& \\[\\[Big Vito]]\n\\| RD1\\-score9 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score10 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team11 \\= \\[\\[Jim Duggan]] \\& \\[\\[Perry Saturn]]\n\\| RD1\\-team12 \\= '''\\[\\[Christi Wolf\\|Asya]] \\& \\[\\[Norman Smiley]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score11 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score12 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team13 \\= '''\\[\\[Midnight (wrestler)\\|Midnight]] \\& \\[\\[Lash LeRoux]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team14 \\= \\[\\[Harlem Heat]]\n\\| RD1\\-score13 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score14 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team15 \\= \\[\\[Vampiro]] \\& \\[\\[Evan Karagias]]\n\\| RD1\\-team16 \\= '''\\[\\[David Flair]] \\& \\[\\[Devon Storm\\|Crowbar]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score15 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score16 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team01 \\= '''Kevin Nash \\& \\[\\[Scott Steiner]]''' \n\\| RD2\\-team02 \\= PG\\-13\n\\| RD2\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD2\\-team03 \\= '''The Harris Brothers'''\n\\| RD2\\-team04 \\= Mike Rotunda \\& Buzzkill\n\\| RD2\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team05 \\= '''Buff Bagwell \\& Kanyon'''\n\\| RD2\\-team06 \\= Asya \\& Norman Smiley\n\\| RD2\\-score5 \\=\n\\| RD2\\-score6 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team07 \\= Midnight \\& Lash Leroux\n\\| RD2\\-team08 \\= '''David Flair \\& Crowbar'''\n\\| RD2\\-score7 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score8 \\=\n\\| RD3\\-team01 \\= '''Kevin Nash \\& Scott Steiner'''\n\\| RD3\\-team02 \\= The Harris Brothers\n\\| RD3\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD3\\-team03 \\= Buff Bagwell \\& Vampiro\n\\| RD3\\-team04 \\= '''David Flair \\& Crowbar'''\n\\| RD3\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD3\\-score4 \\=\n\\| RD4\\-team01 \\= Kevin Nash \\& Scott Steiner\n\\| RD4\\-team02 \\= '''David Flair \\& Crowbar'''\n\\| RD4\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD4\\-score2 \\=\n}}",
"Scott Steiner became Kevin Nash's partner in the second round.",
"Vampiro replaced Kanyon in the third round.",
"### WCW Cruiserweight Championship Tournament (2000\\)",
"{{main\\|SuperBrawl 2000\\#Tournament brackets}}\nThe WCW Cruiserweight Championship Tournament was a tournament for the vacated [Cruiserweight Championship](/wiki/WWE_Cruiserweight_Championship_%281996%E2%80%932007%29 \"WWE Cruiserweight Championship (1996–2007)\"), which took place after [Oklahoma](/wiki/Ed_Ferrara \"Ed Ferrara\") was forced to vacate the title due to exceeding the weight limit of a [cruiserweight](/wiki/Cruiserweight_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Cruiserweight (professional wrestling)\").",
"### WCW World Heavyweight Championship Tournament (2000\\)",
"{{main\\|Spring Stampede (2000\\)\\#World Heavyweight Championship Tournament}}\nThe WCW World Heavyweight Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [World Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/WCW_World_Heavyweight_Championship \"WCW World Heavyweight Championship\") after [Eric Bischoff](/wiki/Eric_Bischoff \"Eric Bischoff\") and [Vince Russo](/wiki/Vince_Russo \"Vince Russo\") vacated all the titles.",
"### WCW United States Championship Tournament (April 2000\\)",
"{{main\\|Spring Stampede (2000\\)\\#United States Heavyweight Championship Tournament}}\nThe WCW United States Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [United States Heavyweight Champion](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship \"WWE United States Championship\") after [Eric Bischoff](/wiki/Eric_Bischoff \"Eric Bischoff\") and [Vince Russo](/wiki/Vince_Russo \"Vince Russo\") vacated all the titles. The tournament took place at [Spring Stampede](/wiki/Spring_Stampede_%282000%29 \"Spring Stampede (2000)\").",
"### WCW World Tag Team Championship Tournament (April 2000\\)",
"{{main\\|Spring Stampede (2000\\)\\#World Tag Team Championship Tournament}}\nThe WCW World Tag Team Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [World Tag Team Champions](/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship \"WCW World Tag Team Championship\") after [Eric Bischoff](/wiki/Eric_Bischoff \"Eric Bischoff\") and [Vince Russo](/wiki/Vince_Russo \"Vince Russo\") vacated all the titles. The tournament took place at [Spring Stampede](/wiki/Spring_Stampede_%282000%29 \"Spring Stampede (2000)\").",
"### WCW United States Championship Tournament (July 2000\\)",
"The WCW United States Championship Tournament was a tournament that took place on July 18, 2000, for the vacated [United States Championship](/wiki/WWE_United_States_Championship \"WWE United States Championship\") after [Scott Steiner](/wiki/Scott_Steiner \"Scott Steiner\") was stripped of the title due to using his banned *[Steiner Recliner](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_holds%23Camel_clutch \"Professional wrestling holds#Camel clutch\")* on [Mike Awesome](/wiki/Mike_Awesome \"Mike Awesome\") during a match at [Bash at the Beach](/wiki/Bash_at_the_Beach_%282000%29 \"Bash at the Beach (2000)\").",
"{{8TeamBracket\\-NoSeeds\n\\| RD1\\=Quarterfinals\n\\| RD2\\=Semifinals\n\\| RD3\\=Final\n\\| RD1\\-team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Shane Douglas]]''' \n\\| RD1\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[Billy Kidman]]\n\\| RD1\\-score1 \\= 3:53\n\\| RD1\\-score2 \\= DQ\n\\| RD1\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[Buff Bagwell]]\n\\| RD1\\-team4 \\= '''\\[\\[Lance Storm]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score3 \\= 4:00\n\\| RD1\\-score4 \\= Sub\n\\| RD1\\-team5 \\= '''\\[\\[Mike Awesome]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team6 \\= \\[\\[Chris Kanyon\\|Kanyon]]\n\\| RD1\\-score5 \\=6:34\n\\| RD1\\-score6 \\= Pin\n\\| RD1\\-team7 \\= \\[\\[Vampiro]]\n\\| RD1\\-team8 \\= '''\\[\\[Great Muta]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score7 \\= 8:28\n\\| RD1\\-score8 \\= Pin\n\\| RD2\\-team1 \\= Shane Douglas\n\\| RD2\\-team2 \\= '''Lance Storm'''\n\\| RD2\\-score1 \\= 4:30\n\\| RD2\\-score2 \\= Pin\n\\| RD2\\-team3 \\= '''Mike Awesome'''\n\\| RD2\\-team4 \\= Great Muta\n\\| RD2\\-score3 \\= 3:35\n\\| RD2\\-score4 \\= Pin\n\\| RD3\\-team1 \\= '''Lance Storm'''\n\\| RD3\\-team2 \\= Mike Awesome\n\\| RD3\\-score1 \\= 5:05\n\\| RD3\\-score2 \\= Sub\n}}",
"### London Lethal Lottery Tag Team Tournament (2000\\)",
"The London Lethal Lottery Tag Team Tournament was a tournament.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cagematch.net/?id\\=26\\&nr\\=1659\\|title\\=London Lethal Lottery Tag Team Tournament « Tournaments Database « CAGEMATCH \\- The Internet Wrestling Database\\|first\\=Philip\\|last\\=Kreikenbohm}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl\\=turniere\\&turnier\\=322\\|title\\=Wrestlingdata.com \\- The World's Largest Wrestling Database\\|first\\=Axel\\|last\\=Saalbach}}",
"{{4TeamBracket\n\\| RD1\\=Semifinals\n\\| RD2\\=Final\n\\| RD1\\-team1 \\= '''\\[\\[Scott Steiner]]''' and '''\\[\\[Sting (wrestler)\\|Sting]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team2 \\= \\[\\[Bam Bam Bigelow]] and \\[\\[Mike Awesome]]\n\\| RD1\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score2 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-team3 \\= '''\\[\\[KroniK]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-team4 \\= \\[\\[Booker T (wrestler)\\|Booker T]] and \\[\\[Lex Luger]]\n\\| RD1\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team1 \\= '''Scott Steiner''' and '''Sting'''\n\\| RD2\\-team2 \\= Kronik\n\\| RD2\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score2 \\= \n}}",
"### WCW Hardcore Championship Tournament (2000\\)",
"The WCW Hardcore Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the new [Hardcore Champion](/wiki/WCW_Hardcore_Championship \"WCW Hardcore Championship\") after [Mike Sanders](/wiki/Mike_Sanders_%28wrestler%29 \"Mike Sanders (wrestler)\") stripped [Norman Smiley](/wiki/Norman_Smiley \"Norman Smiley\") of the title.",
"{{4TeamBracket\n\\| RD1\\=Semifinals\n\\| RD2\\=Final\n\\| RD1\\-team1 \\= \\[\\[Johnny The Bull]]\n\\| RD1\\-team2 \\= '''\\[\\[Wall (wrestler)\\|Sgt. AWOL]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score2 \\=\n\\| RD1\\-team3 \\= \\[\\[Devon Storm\\|Crowbar]]\n\\| RD1\\-team4 \\= '''\\[\\[Reno (wrestler)\\|Reno]]'''\n\\| RD1\\-score3 \\= \n\\| RD1\\-score4 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-team1 \\= Sgt. AWOL\n\\| RD2\\-team2 \\= '''Reno'''\n\\| RD2\\-score1 \\= \n\\| RD2\\-score2 \\= \n}}",
"* Sgt. AWOL originally defeated Reno in the finals but WCW Commissioner [Mike Sanders](/wiki/Mike_Sanders_%28wrestler%29 \"Mike Sanders (wrestler)\") reversed the decision and awarded the win to Reno.",
"### European Cup Tournament (2000\\)",
"{{main\\|Millennium Final\\#Tournament brackets}}\nThe European Cup Tournament was a tournament.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/eucwcw.html\\|title\\=Solie's Title Histories: ECW}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://wcwworldwide.tumblr.com/post/92000727998/sting\\-wins\\-the\\-wcw\\-european\\-cup\\-wcw\\-millennium\\|title\\=Sting Wins the WCW European Cup \\- WCW Millennium... \\- WCW WorldWide}}",
"### WCW Cruiserweight Tag Team Championship Tournament (2001\\)",
"{{main\\|WCW Cruiserweight Tag Team Championship\\#Tournament brackets}}\nThe WCW Cruiserweight Tag Team Championship Tournament was a tournament to crown the inaugural [Cruiserweight Tag Team Champions](/wiki/WCW_Cruiserweight_Tag_Team_Championship \"WCW Cruiserweight Tag Team Championship\").",
""
] |
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