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Lines ----- [thumb\|Heat\-map of the coverage of public transportation in Chennai City](/wiki/File:Chennai_Openstreetmap_Public_Transport_Density_Map.png "Chennai Openstreetmap Public Transport Density Map.png") Fundamentally, Chennai has four suburban railway lines, namely, North line, West line, South line and the [MRTS](/wiki/Chennai_MRTS "Chennai MRTS") line.{{cite web\|title\=Project Brief of Chennai Metro Rail \|url\=http://chennaimetrorail.gov.in/pdf/project\_brief\_updated\_aug08\.pdf \|work\=CMRL \|publisher\=Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) \|access\-date\=24 May 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308045622/http://chennaimetrorail.gov.in/pdf/project\_brief\_updated\_aug08\.pdf \|archive\-date\= 8 March 2014 }} The South West line, West North line and West South line are merely minor extensions or modifications of the aforementioned suburban lines. The [MRTS](/wiki/Chennai_MRTS "Chennai MRTS") is a suburban railway line that chiefly runs on an elevated track exclusively used for running local [EMUs](/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit "Electric multiple unit") or suburban local trains. No express trains or passenger trains run on MRTS line. ### North Line {{Main\|North Line, Chennai Suburban}} This line runs from the city towards the north, hence the name. Chennai city region stations: Chennai Beach – Royapuram – Washermenpet – [Chennai Central MMC](/wiki/Moore_Market "Moore Market") – [Basin Bridge](/wiki/Basin_Bridge "Basin Bridge") – [Korukkupet](/wiki/Korukkupet_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Korukkupet (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – [Tondiarpet](/wiki/Tondiarpet_railway_station "Tondiarpet railway station") – [Tondiarpet Yard](/wiki/Tondiarpet_marshalling_yard "Tondiarpet marshalling yard") – [Tiruvottiyur](/wiki/Tiruvottiyur_railway_station "Tiruvottiyur railway station") – [Wimco Nagar](/wiki/Wimco_Nagar_railway_station "Wimco Nagar railway station") – [Kathivakkam](/wiki/Kathivakkam_railway_station "Kathivakkam railway station") – [Ennore](/wiki/Ennore_railway_station "Ennore railway station") – [Athipattu Pudhunagar](/wiki/Athipattu_Pudhunagar_railway_station "Athipattu Pudhunagar railway station") – [Athipattu](/wiki/Athipattu_railway_station "Athipattu railway station") – [Nandiambakkam](/wiki/Nandiambakkam_railway_station "Nandiambakkam railway station"). Outside city regions stations: [Minjur](/wiki/Minjur_railway_station "Minjur railway station") – Anupambattu – [Ponneri](/wiki/Ponneri "Ponneri") – [Kavaraipettai](/wiki/Kavaraipettai "Kavaraipettai") – [Gummidipoondi](/wiki/Gummidipoondi "Gummidipoondi") – [Elavur](/wiki/Elavur "Elavur") – [Arambakkam](/wiki/Arambakkam "Arambakkam") – [Tada](/wiki/Tada%2C_Nellore_district "Tada, Nellore district") ([Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh "Andhra Pradesh")) – Akkamapet – [Sullurpeta](/wiki/Sullurpeta "Sullurpeta"). A few train services originate from [Chennai Beach](/wiki/Chennai_Beach_railway_station "Chennai Beach railway station") instead of [Chennai Central](/wiki/Chennai_Central_railway_station "Chennai Central railway station"). Trains originating from Chennai Beach pass through [Royapuram](/wiki/Royapuram_railway_station "Royapuram railway station") and [Washermanpet](/wiki/Washermanpet_railway_station "Washermanpet railway station") to reach [Korukkupet](/wiki/Korukkupet_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Korukkupet (Chennai Suburban Railway)"). From Korukkupet the route is same as listed above. * The total length of North Line Suburban Services is {{convert\|83\|km\|abbr\=off}} (Chennai Central to Sulurpetta){{cite web\|url\=http://erail.in\|access\-date\=22 September 2013\|title\=Indian Railways IRCTC Timetable PNR Status Fare Live Status \- eRail.in (Better Way to Search Trains)\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828182119/http://erail.in/\|archive\-date\=28 August 2015\|url\-status\=live}} * Suburban EMU services terminate at Sullurpeta (AP). * MEMU service is up to Nellore. * Currently 83 train services run on the North Suburban line, whose split up is as follows{{cite web \|title\=Chennai suburban train time table \|url\=http://erail.in \|access\-date\=7 February 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828182119/http://erail.in/ \|archive\-date\=28 August 2015 \|url\-status\=live }} + 37 services begin from Chennai Central towards Northern suburbs, while another 37 services originate from the Northern suburbs proceeding to Chennai Central. + Only 5 train services are run from Chennai Beach towards Northern suburbs, and there are 7 services in the return direction towards Chennai Beach. * This is the only route in India where a suburban train is operated outside the state. ### South Line {{Main\|South Line, Chennai Suburban}} **(along [GST Road](/wiki/GST_Road "GST Road") from St. Thomas Mount to Chengalpattu)** Chennai city region ctations: [Chennai Beach](/wiki/Chennai_Beach "Chennai Beach") – [Chennai Fort](/wiki/Chennai_Fort "Chennai Fort") – [Chennai Park](/wiki/Chennai_Park_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Chennai Park (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – [Chennai Egmore](/wiki/Chennai_Egmore "Chennai Egmore") – [Chetpet](/wiki/Chetpet_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Chetpet (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – [Nungambakkam](/wiki/Nungambakkam_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Nungambakkam (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – [Kodambakkam](/wiki/Kodambakkam_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Kodambakkam (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – [Mambalam](/wiki/Mambalam_Railway_Station "Mambalam Railway Station") – [Saidapet](/wiki/Saidapet_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Saidapet (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – [Guindy](/wiki/Guindy_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Guindy (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – [St. Thomas Mount](/wiki/St._Thomas_Mount_railway_station "St. Thomas Mount railway station") – [Pazhavanthangal](/wiki/Pazhavanthangal_railway_station "Pazhavanthangal railway station") – [Meenambakkam](/wiki/Meenambakkam_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Meenambakkam (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – [Tirisulam](/wiki/Tirusulam_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Tirusulam (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – [Pallavaram](/wiki/Pallavaram_railway_station "Pallavaram railway station") – [Chromepet](/wiki/Chromepet_railway_station "Chromepet railway station") – [Tambaram Sanatorium](/wiki/Tambaram_Sanatorium_railway_station "Tambaram Sanatorium railway station") – [Tambaram](/wiki/Tambaram_Railway_Station "Tambaram Railway Station") – [Perungalathur](/wiki/Perungalathur_railway_station "Perungalathur railway station") – [Vandalur](/wiki/Vandalur_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Vandalur (Chennai Suburban Railway)"). Stations outside Chennai city regions below: [Urapakkam](/wiki/Urapakkam "Urapakkam") – [Guduvancheri](/wiki/Guduvancheri "Guduvancheri") – [Potheri](/wiki/Potheri "Potheri") – [Kattangulathur](/wiki/Kattangulathur "Kattangulathur") – [Maraimalai Nagar](/wiki/Maraimalai_Nagar "Maraimalai Nagar") – [Singaperumal Koil](/wiki/Singaperumal_Koil "Singaperumal Koil") – [Paranur](/wiki/Paranur "Paranur") – [Chengalpattu](/wiki/Chengalpattu "Chengalpattu") Stations in the South line after Chengalpattu below: [Madurantakam](/wiki/Madurantakam "Madurantakam"), [Melmaruvathur](/wiki/Melmaruvathur "Melmaruvathur"), [Tindivanam](/wiki/Tindivanam "Tindivanam"), Mailman, Vikravandi, Mundiyampakkam, [Villupuram Junction](/wiki/Villupuram_Junction "Villupuram Junction"), Valavanur, Chinna Babu Samudram, Villianur and terminates at [Puducherry (union territory)](/wiki/Puducherry_%28union_territory%29 "Puducherry (union territory)") Stations in the South West line after Chengalpattu below: [Reddipalayam](/wiki/Reddipalayam "Reddipalayam") – Villiambakkam – [Palur](/wiki/Palur "Palur") – Palayaseevaram – [Walajabad](/wiki/Walajabad "Walajabad") – Nathapettai – [Kanchipuram](/wiki/Kanchipuram "Kanchipuram") – [Tirumalpur](/wiki/Tirumalpur "Tirumalpur") – Takkolam\- Arakkonam. * Suburban electric trains on this route, terminate at Chengalpet station, in the south * MEMU services proceed in the southern direction from Chengalpet on the line towards Villupuram and Puducherry. The Chennai Beach to Melmaruvahtur MEMU halts at Ottivakkam, Padalam, Karunkuzhi, Maduranthakam to reach Melmaruvathur, which is {{convert\|90\|km}} from Chennai Beach. * Puducherry MEMU service runs from Chennai Egmore and halts at Mambalam, Guindy, Tambaram, Guduvancheri, Singaperumal Koil, Chengalpattu Junction, Madurantakam, Melmaruvathur, Tindivanam, Mailman, Vikravandi, Mundiyampakkam, Villupuram Junction, Valavanur, Chinna Babu, Villianur and terminates at Puducherry. * Circular train running between Chennai Beach to Chennai Beach – via Tambaram, Chengalpattu, Tirumalpur, Arakkonam, Tiruvallur and Perambur * [thumb\|[Chennai Park railway station](/wiki/Chennai_Park_railway_station "Chennai Park railway station")Currently](/wiki/File:Chennai_Park_railway_station_View1.jpg "Chennai Park railway station View1.jpg") 240 services are being run on the South Suburban line. Important stations on the South Line: * Chennai Beach – Terminal Station for all South and MRTS line trains and a few north and west line trains. Close to Chennai Port and Harbour * Chennai Fort – Close to the commercial hub of Parry's Corner or Broadway. * Chennai Park – Lies opposite Chennai Central which is a terminus for long distance and suburban trains. Also close to Park Town MRTS station. * Chennai Egmore – Terminal Station for west bound, north bound and south bound long\-distance trains. * Mambalam – Lies in the commercial and textile hub of T. Nagar. Halt station for several long\-distance express trains. * [thumb\|A [Chennai Beach](/wiki/Chennai_Beach "Chennai Beach") bound EMU in its original livery to start from TambaramGuindy](/wiki/File:Tambaram_railway_station.jpg "Tambaram railway station.jpg") – upcoming interchange with Mount Road metro Line. Close to Guindy Industrial Estate and bus terminus. * St Thomas Mount – upcoming interchange for 100 feet Road Metro Line and MRTS line * Tirusulam – Lies opposite Chennai International Airport * Chromepet – Lies nearby to Chromepet Bus Stop, Madras Institute of Technology and nearby to Saravana Stores * Tambaram – A terminus for several local suburban trains and a halt for long\-distance express trains. Tambaram is also the Southern Gateway of Chennai. Tambaram Railway Station is a 3rd terminal of Chennai city. * Paranur Station which is near to Mahindra world city, home for more than 100 multinational companies including Infosys, Renault Nissan, Wipro and much more. This is the busiest station in Tambaram to Chengalpattu line. * Chengalpet Junction – A junction with three lines and a halt station for long\-distance express trains. ### West Line {{Main\|West Line, Chennai Suburban}} Chennai Beach – Royapuram\- Washermenpet – [Chennai Central MMC](/wiki/Moore_Market "Moore Market") – [Basin Bridge](/wiki/Basin_Bridge "Basin Bridge") – [Vyasarpadi Jeeva](/wiki/Vyasarpadi_Jeeva_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Vyasarpadi Jeeva (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – [Perambur](/wiki/Perambur_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Perambur (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – [Perambur Carriage Works](/wiki/Perambur_Carriage_Works "Perambur Carriage Works") – [Perambur Loco Works](/wiki/Perambur_Loco_Works "Perambur Loco Works") – [Villivakkam](/wiki/Villivakkam_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Villivakkam (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – [Padi](/wiki/Padi_railway_station "Padi railway station") (defunct) – [Anna Nagar](/wiki/Anna_Nagar_West "Anna Nagar West") (defunct) – [Korattur](/wiki/Korattur_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Korattur (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – [Pattaravakkam](/wiki/Pattaravakkam_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Pattaravakkam (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – [Ambattur](/wiki/Ambattur_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Ambattur (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – [Thirumullaivoyal](/wiki/Thirumullaivoyal_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Thirumullaivoyal (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – [Annanur](/wiki/Annanur_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Annanur (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – [Avadi](/wiki/Avadi_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Avadi (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – [Hindu College](/wiki/Hindu_College_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Hindu College (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – [Pattabiram](/wiki/Pattabiram_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Pattabiram (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – Pattabiram Military Siding – Pattabiram East Depot – [Nemilichery](/wiki/Nemilichery_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Nemilichery (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – [Thiruninravur](/wiki/Thiruninravur_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Thiruninravur (Chennai Suburban Railway)") – [Veppampattu](/wiki/Veppampattu "Veppampattu") – [Sevvapet Road](/wiki/Sevvapet_Road "Sevvapet Road") – [Putlur](/wiki/Putlur "Putlur") – [Tiruvallur](/wiki/Tiruvallur_railway_station "Tiruvallur railway station") – [Egattur](/wiki/Egattur_%28Tiruvallur_District%29 "Egattur (Tiruvallur District)") – [Kadambattur](/wiki/Kadambattur "Kadambattur") – [Senjipanambakkam](/wiki/Senjipanambakkam "Senjipanambakkam") – [Manavur](/wiki/Manavur "Manavur") – [Thiruvalangadu](/wiki/Thiruvalangadu "Thiruvalangadu") – Mosur – Puliyamangalam – [Arakkonam Junction](/wiki/Arakkonam_Junction "Arakkonam Junction") – [Tiruttani](/wiki/Tiruttani "Tiruttani"). * Suburban EMU train services terminate at [Tiruttani](/wiki/Tiruttani "Tiruttani"). * However, MEMU services run up to Tirupati, Vellore cantonment, Tiruvannamalai and Jolarpettai. * Arakkonam Junction is the important terminus for other trains coming to Chennai. * Few trains operate from Chennai Beach. These trains from Chennai Beach cover a distance of {{convert\|5\.64\|km}} via [Royapuram](/wiki/Royapuram "Royapuram") and [Washermanpet](/wiki/Washermanpet "Washermanpet") stations to reach Vysarpadi, beyond which the alignment is same as the trains from Chennai Central. Most of the beach bound trains operate from Arakkonam via Chengalpattu, Tambaram line, which is the southern line. * There is a separate loop line which gets divided from Hindu college railway station just after crossing avadi railway station in the western line. It is called as Pattabiram east depot railway station. Suburban trains are available from this station till Chennai central with a service frequency of one and half an hour. ### MRTS line {{Main\|Chennai MRTS}} The MRTS line is an exclusive line of the Chennai suburban railway as it runs elevated for most of its section. Moreover, the route is unique as it is exclusively used to run suburban EMU trains. No express trains, MEMU trains or passenger trains ply on the MRTS route. The MRTS currently runs from Chennai Beach to Velachery. However, the MRTS line is being extended from Velachery to St Thomas Mount (as phase 2 extension), where it will intersect with the South line and Metro line (Koyambedu – St Thomas Mount). St Thomas Mount station will house South line suburban trains at grade level, MRTS trains at level 1 and Metro trains at level 2\. Between Chennai Beach and Park Town, the MRTS alignment runs parallel to the South Suburban line. Beyond this, the MRTS climbs up on a gradient to reach the Chindadripet station which is elevated. The alignment remains elevated till Perungudi beyond which it slopes down to reach the Velachery station which is at grade level. However, the under\-construction line between Velachery to St. Thomas Mount will be elevated again. Stations in Chennai MRTS include [Chennai Beach](/wiki/Chennai_Beach_railway_station "Chennai Beach railway station"), [Chennai Fort](/wiki/Chennai_Fort_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Chennai Fort (Chennai Suburban Railway)"), [Park Town](/wiki/Park_Town%2C_Chennai "Park Town, Chennai"), [Chintadripet](/wiki/Chintadripet_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 "Chintadripet (Chennai MRTS)"), [Chepauk](/wiki/Chepauk_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 "Chepauk (Chennai MRTS)"), [Triplicane](/wiki/Triplicane_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 "Triplicane (Chennai MRTS)"), [Light House](/wiki/Light_House_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 "Light House (Chennai MRTS)"), [Mundakanniamman Koil](/wiki/Mundakanniamman_Koil_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 "Mundakanniamman Koil (Chennai MRTS)"), [Thirumayilai](/wiki/Thirumayilai_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 "Thirumayilai (Chennai MRTS)"), [Mandaveli](/wiki/Mandaveli_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 "Mandaveli (Chennai MRTS)"), [Greenways Road](/wiki/Greenways_Road_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 "Greenways Road (Chennai MRTS)"), [Kottupuram](/wiki/Kotturpuram_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 "Kotturpuram (Chennai MRTS)"), [Kasturbai Nagar](/wiki/Kasturba_Nagar_railway_station "Kasturba Nagar railway station"), [Indira Nagar](/wiki/Indira_Nagar_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 "Indira Nagar (Chennai MRTS)"), [Tiruvanmiyur](/wiki/Tiruvanmiyur_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 "Tiruvanmiyur (Chennai MRTS)"), [Taramani](/wiki/Taramani_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 "Taramani (Chennai MRTS)"), [Perungudi](/wiki/Perungudi_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 "Perungudi (Chennai MRTS)"), [Velachery](/wiki/Velachery_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 "Velachery (Chennai MRTS)"), [Puzhuthivakkam (under construction)](/wiki/Puzhuthivakkam_railway_station "Puzhuthivakkam railway station"), [Adambakkam (under construction)](/wiki/Adambakkam_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 "Adambakkam (Chennai MRTS)"), and [St. Thomas Mount](/wiki/St._Thomas_Mount_railway_station "St. Thomas Mount railway station"). ### Circular line At {{convert\|232\.5\|km}}, the Chennai Suburban Railway has the longest circular rail route in India. The circular rail line was proposed in the CMDA SMP. Stations on this route include [Chennai Beach](/wiki/Chennai_Beach "Chennai Beach"), [Egmore](/wiki/Chennai_Egmore "Chennai Egmore"), [Tambaram](/wiki/Tambaram_Railway_Station "Tambaram Railway Station"), [Chengalpattu Junction](/wiki/Chengalpattu "Chengalpattu"), [Kanchipuram](/wiki/Kanchipuram "Kanchipuram"), [Arakkonam Junction](/wiki/Arakkonam_Junction "Arakkonam Junction"), [Kadambathur](/wiki/Kadambathur "Kadambathur") , [Tiruvallur](/wiki/Tiruvallur "Tiruvallur"), [Avadi](/wiki/Avadi "Avadi"), [Vyasarpadi Jeeva](/wiki/Vyasarpadi_Jeeva_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Vyasarpadi Jeeva (Chennai Suburban Railway)"), [Washermanpet](/wiki/Washermanpet_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 "Washermanpet (Chennai Suburban Railway)"), [Royapuram](/wiki/Royapuram_Railway_Station "Royapuram Railway Station"), and [Chennai Beach](/wiki/Chennai_Beach "Chennai Beach"). After finishing the complete the last leg of electrification project Takkolam\-Arakkonam stretch, Chennai Beach–Chennai Egmore —Tambaram — Chengalpattu–Kanchipuram–Arakkonam–Tiruvallur–Avadi\-vysarpadi Jeeva—washermanpet—Royapuram \-Chennai Beach became India's longest circular route. The newly laid electrified line was inspected by the Commissioner of Railway Safety (CRS) on January 25, 2019, The first train on the circular route ran on 23 April 2019\. Initially, two trains are being operated: 1. MSB\-MSB via MSB\-AVD\-TRL\-AJJ\- KPM\-CGL\-TBM\-MSB 2. MSB\-MSB via MSB\-TBM\-CGL\-KPM\-AJJ\-TRL\-AVD\-MSB ### Defunct lines Villivakkam Junction–Anna Nagar West Railway line This line is one of the two branch lines of the western line (the other one is Pattabiram east depot line, which is still operational) and gets divided from Villivakkam junction. This is one of the two lines that ends within the Chennai city limits (the other one is the MRTS corridor, which is still operational). Total length of this line from Villivakkam junction to Anna Nagar West railway station is 5 km. This line consist of two stations, namely, 1. [Padi railway station](/wiki/Padi_railway_station "Padi railway station") 2. [Anna Nagar West railway station](/wiki/Anna_Nagar_railway_station "Anna Nagar railway station") This railway line is owned by the [ICF](/wiki/Integral_Coach_Factory "Integral Coach Factory") for testing its coaches and trail runs. Later it is converted to passenger traffic. This line started its service at 2003 from Chennai Beach to Anna Nagar West via Royapuram, Villivakkam, and Padi. But the train service have been with drawn at 2007 due to many reasons and never restored till date. Some of the reasons are: 1. The construction of the Padi flyover 2. Heavy rail traffic as it has a single railway line only 3. Poor patronage Now this line is used by the ICF for trail runs and also used as a parking lots for empty rakes of express trains.
[ "Lines\n-----", "[thumb\\|Heat\\-map of the coverage of public transportation in Chennai City](/wiki/File:Chennai_Openstreetmap_Public_Transport_Density_Map.png \"Chennai Openstreetmap Public Transport Density Map.png\")\nFundamentally, Chennai has four suburban railway lines, namely, North line, West line, South line and the [MRTS](/wiki/Chennai_MRTS \"Chennai MRTS\") line.{{cite web\\|title\\=Project Brief of Chennai Metro Rail \\|url\\=http://chennaimetrorail.gov.in/pdf/project\\_brief\\_updated\\_aug08\\.pdf \\|work\\=CMRL \\|publisher\\=Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308045622/http://chennaimetrorail.gov.in/pdf/project\\_brief\\_updated\\_aug08\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\= 8 March 2014 }} The South West line, West North line and West South line are merely minor extensions or modifications of the aforementioned suburban lines. The [MRTS](/wiki/Chennai_MRTS \"Chennai MRTS\") is a suburban railway line that chiefly runs on an elevated track exclusively used for running local [EMUs](/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit \"Electric multiple unit\") or suburban local trains. No express trains or passenger trains run on MRTS line.", "### North Line", "{{Main\\|North Line, Chennai Suburban}}\nThis line runs from the city towards the north, hence the name.", "Chennai city region stations: Chennai Beach – Royapuram – Washermenpet – [Chennai Central MMC](/wiki/Moore_Market \"Moore Market\") – [Basin Bridge](/wiki/Basin_Bridge \"Basin Bridge\") – [Korukkupet](/wiki/Korukkupet_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Korukkupet (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – [Tondiarpet](/wiki/Tondiarpet_railway_station \"Tondiarpet railway station\") – [Tondiarpet Yard](/wiki/Tondiarpet_marshalling_yard \"Tondiarpet marshalling yard\") – [Tiruvottiyur](/wiki/Tiruvottiyur_railway_station \"Tiruvottiyur railway station\") – [Wimco Nagar](/wiki/Wimco_Nagar_railway_station \"Wimco Nagar railway station\") – [Kathivakkam](/wiki/Kathivakkam_railway_station \"Kathivakkam railway station\") – [Ennore](/wiki/Ennore_railway_station \"Ennore railway station\") – [Athipattu Pudhunagar](/wiki/Athipattu_Pudhunagar_railway_station \"Athipattu Pudhunagar railway station\") – [Athipattu](/wiki/Athipattu_railway_station \"Athipattu railway station\") – [Nandiambakkam](/wiki/Nandiambakkam_railway_station \"Nandiambakkam railway station\").", "Outside city regions stations: [Minjur](/wiki/Minjur_railway_station \"Minjur railway station\") – Anupambattu – [Ponneri](/wiki/Ponneri \"Ponneri\") – [Kavaraipettai](/wiki/Kavaraipettai \"Kavaraipettai\") – [Gummidipoondi](/wiki/Gummidipoondi \"Gummidipoondi\") – [Elavur](/wiki/Elavur \"Elavur\") – [Arambakkam](/wiki/Arambakkam \"Arambakkam\") – [Tada](/wiki/Tada%2C_Nellore_district \"Tada, Nellore district\") ([Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh \"Andhra Pradesh\")) – Akkamapet – [Sullurpeta](/wiki/Sullurpeta \"Sullurpeta\").", "A few train services originate from [Chennai Beach](/wiki/Chennai_Beach_railway_station \"Chennai Beach railway station\") instead of [Chennai Central](/wiki/Chennai_Central_railway_station \"Chennai Central railway station\"). Trains originating from Chennai Beach pass through [Royapuram](/wiki/Royapuram_railway_station \"Royapuram railway station\") and [Washermanpet](/wiki/Washermanpet_railway_station \"Washermanpet railway station\") to reach [Korukkupet](/wiki/Korukkupet_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Korukkupet (Chennai Suburban Railway)\"). From Korukkupet the route is same as listed above.", "* The total length of North Line Suburban Services is {{convert\\|83\\|km\\|abbr\\=off}} (Chennai Central to Sulurpetta){{cite web\\|url\\=http://erail.in\\|access\\-date\\=22 September 2013\\|title\\=Indian Railways IRCTC Timetable PNR Status Fare Live Status \\- eRail.in (Better Way to Search Trains)\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828182119/http://erail.in/\\|archive\\-date\\=28 August 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n* Suburban EMU services terminate at Sullurpeta (AP).\n* MEMU service is up to Nellore.\n* Currently 83 train services run on the North Suburban line, whose split up is as follows{{cite web \\|title\\=Chennai suburban train time table \\|url\\=http://erail.in \\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828182119/http://erail.in/ \\|archive\\-date\\=28 August 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n\t+ 37 services begin from Chennai Central towards Northern suburbs, while another 37 services originate from the Northern suburbs proceeding to Chennai Central.\n\t+ Only 5 train services are run from Chennai Beach towards Northern suburbs, and there are 7 services in the return direction towards Chennai Beach.\n* This is the only route in India where a suburban train is operated outside the state.", "### South Line", "{{Main\\|South Line, Chennai Suburban}}\n**(along [GST Road](/wiki/GST_Road \"GST Road\") from St. Thomas Mount to Chengalpattu)**", "Chennai city region ctations: [Chennai Beach](/wiki/Chennai_Beach \"Chennai Beach\") – [Chennai Fort](/wiki/Chennai_Fort \"Chennai Fort\") – [Chennai Park](/wiki/Chennai_Park_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Chennai Park (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – [Chennai Egmore](/wiki/Chennai_Egmore \"Chennai Egmore\") – [Chetpet](/wiki/Chetpet_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Chetpet (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – [Nungambakkam](/wiki/Nungambakkam_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Nungambakkam (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – [Kodambakkam](/wiki/Kodambakkam_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Kodambakkam (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – [Mambalam](/wiki/Mambalam_Railway_Station \"Mambalam Railway Station\") – [Saidapet](/wiki/Saidapet_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Saidapet (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – [Guindy](/wiki/Guindy_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Guindy (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – [St. Thomas Mount](/wiki/St._Thomas_Mount_railway_station \"St. Thomas Mount railway station\") – [Pazhavanthangal](/wiki/Pazhavanthangal_railway_station \"Pazhavanthangal railway station\") – [Meenambakkam](/wiki/Meenambakkam_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Meenambakkam (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – [Tirisulam](/wiki/Tirusulam_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Tirusulam (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – [Pallavaram](/wiki/Pallavaram_railway_station \"Pallavaram railway station\") – [Chromepet](/wiki/Chromepet_railway_station \"Chromepet railway station\") – [Tambaram Sanatorium](/wiki/Tambaram_Sanatorium_railway_station \"Tambaram Sanatorium railway station\") – [Tambaram](/wiki/Tambaram_Railway_Station \"Tambaram Railway Station\") – [Perungalathur](/wiki/Perungalathur_railway_station \"Perungalathur railway station\") – [Vandalur](/wiki/Vandalur_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Vandalur (Chennai Suburban Railway)\").", "Stations outside Chennai city regions below:", "[Urapakkam](/wiki/Urapakkam \"Urapakkam\") – [Guduvancheri](/wiki/Guduvancheri \"Guduvancheri\") – [Potheri](/wiki/Potheri \"Potheri\") – [Kattangulathur](/wiki/Kattangulathur \"Kattangulathur\") – [Maraimalai Nagar](/wiki/Maraimalai_Nagar \"Maraimalai Nagar\") – [Singaperumal Koil](/wiki/Singaperumal_Koil \"Singaperumal Koil\") – [Paranur](/wiki/Paranur \"Paranur\") – [Chengalpattu](/wiki/Chengalpattu \"Chengalpattu\")", "Stations in the South line after Chengalpattu below:", "[Madurantakam](/wiki/Madurantakam \"Madurantakam\"), [Melmaruvathur](/wiki/Melmaruvathur \"Melmaruvathur\"), [Tindivanam](/wiki/Tindivanam \"Tindivanam\"), Mailman, Vikravandi, Mundiyampakkam, [Villupuram Junction](/wiki/Villupuram_Junction \"Villupuram Junction\"), Valavanur, Chinna Babu Samudram, Villianur and terminates at [Puducherry (union territory)](/wiki/Puducherry_%28union_territory%29 \"Puducherry (union territory)\")", "Stations in the South West line after Chengalpattu below:", "[Reddipalayam](/wiki/Reddipalayam \"Reddipalayam\") – Villiambakkam – [Palur](/wiki/Palur \"Palur\") – Palayaseevaram – [Walajabad](/wiki/Walajabad \"Walajabad\") – Nathapettai – [Kanchipuram](/wiki/Kanchipuram \"Kanchipuram\") – [Tirumalpur](/wiki/Tirumalpur \"Tirumalpur\") – Takkolam\\- Arakkonam.", "* Suburban electric trains on this route, terminate at Chengalpet station, in the south\n* MEMU services proceed in the southern direction from Chengalpet on the line towards Villupuram and Puducherry. The Chennai Beach to Melmaruvahtur MEMU halts at Ottivakkam, Padalam, Karunkuzhi, Maduranthakam to reach Melmaruvathur, which is {{convert\\|90\\|km}} from Chennai Beach.\n* Puducherry MEMU service runs from Chennai Egmore and halts at Mambalam, Guindy, Tambaram, Guduvancheri, Singaperumal Koil, Chengalpattu Junction, Madurantakam, Melmaruvathur, Tindivanam, Mailman, Vikravandi, Mundiyampakkam, Villupuram Junction, Valavanur, Chinna Babu, Villianur and terminates at Puducherry.\n* Circular train running between Chennai Beach to Chennai Beach – via Tambaram, Chengalpattu, Tirumalpur, Arakkonam, Tiruvallur and Perambur\n* [thumb\\|[Chennai Park railway station](/wiki/Chennai_Park_railway_station \"Chennai Park railway station\")Currently](/wiki/File:Chennai_Park_railway_station_View1.jpg \"Chennai Park railway station View1.jpg\") 240 services are being run on the South Suburban line.", "Important stations on the South Line:\n* Chennai Beach – Terminal Station for all South and MRTS line trains and a few north and west line trains. Close to Chennai Port and Harbour\n* Chennai Fort – Close to the commercial hub of Parry's Corner or Broadway.\n* Chennai Park – Lies opposite Chennai Central which is a terminus for long distance and suburban trains. Also close to Park Town MRTS station.\n* Chennai Egmore – Terminal Station for west bound, north bound and south bound long\\-distance trains.\n* Mambalam – Lies in the commercial and textile hub of T. Nagar. Halt station for several long\\-distance express trains.\n* [thumb\\|A [Chennai Beach](/wiki/Chennai_Beach \"Chennai Beach\") bound EMU in its original livery to start from TambaramGuindy](/wiki/File:Tambaram_railway_station.jpg \"Tambaram railway station.jpg\") – upcoming interchange with Mount Road metro Line. Close to Guindy Industrial Estate and bus terminus.\n* St Thomas Mount – upcoming interchange for 100 feet Road Metro Line and MRTS line\n* Tirusulam – Lies opposite Chennai International Airport\n* Chromepet – Lies nearby to Chromepet Bus Stop, Madras Institute of Technology and nearby to Saravana Stores\n* Tambaram – A terminus for several local suburban trains and a halt for long\\-distance express trains. Tambaram is also the Southern Gateway of Chennai. Tambaram Railway Station is a 3rd terminal of Chennai city.\n* Paranur Station which is near to Mahindra world city, home for more than 100 multinational companies including Infosys, Renault Nissan, Wipro and much more. This is the busiest station in Tambaram to Chengalpattu line.\n* Chengalpet Junction – A junction with three lines and a halt station for long\\-distance express trains.", "### West Line", "{{Main\\|West Line, Chennai Suburban}}", "Chennai Beach – Royapuram\\- Washermenpet – [Chennai Central MMC](/wiki/Moore_Market \"Moore Market\") – [Basin Bridge](/wiki/Basin_Bridge \"Basin Bridge\") – [Vyasarpadi Jeeva](/wiki/Vyasarpadi_Jeeva_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Vyasarpadi Jeeva (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – [Perambur](/wiki/Perambur_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Perambur (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – [Perambur Carriage Works](/wiki/Perambur_Carriage_Works \"Perambur Carriage Works\") – [Perambur Loco Works](/wiki/Perambur_Loco_Works \"Perambur Loco Works\") – [Villivakkam](/wiki/Villivakkam_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Villivakkam (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – [Padi](/wiki/Padi_railway_station \"Padi railway station\") (defunct) – [Anna Nagar](/wiki/Anna_Nagar_West \"Anna Nagar West\") (defunct) – [Korattur](/wiki/Korattur_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Korattur (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – [Pattaravakkam](/wiki/Pattaravakkam_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Pattaravakkam (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – [Ambattur](/wiki/Ambattur_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Ambattur (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – [Thirumullaivoyal](/wiki/Thirumullaivoyal_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Thirumullaivoyal (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – [Annanur](/wiki/Annanur_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Annanur (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – [Avadi](/wiki/Avadi_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Avadi (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – [Hindu College](/wiki/Hindu_College_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Hindu College (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – [Pattabiram](/wiki/Pattabiram_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Pattabiram (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – Pattabiram Military Siding – Pattabiram East Depot – [Nemilichery](/wiki/Nemilichery_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Nemilichery (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – [Thiruninravur](/wiki/Thiruninravur_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Thiruninravur (Chennai Suburban Railway)\") – [Veppampattu](/wiki/Veppampattu \"Veppampattu\") – [Sevvapet Road](/wiki/Sevvapet_Road \"Sevvapet Road\") – [Putlur](/wiki/Putlur \"Putlur\") – [Tiruvallur](/wiki/Tiruvallur_railway_station \"Tiruvallur railway station\") – [Egattur](/wiki/Egattur_%28Tiruvallur_District%29 \"Egattur (Tiruvallur District)\") – [Kadambattur](/wiki/Kadambattur \"Kadambattur\") – [Senjipanambakkam](/wiki/Senjipanambakkam \"Senjipanambakkam\") – [Manavur](/wiki/Manavur \"Manavur\") – [Thiruvalangadu](/wiki/Thiruvalangadu \"Thiruvalangadu\") – Mosur – Puliyamangalam – [Arakkonam Junction](/wiki/Arakkonam_Junction \"Arakkonam Junction\") – [Tiruttani](/wiki/Tiruttani \"Tiruttani\").", "* Suburban EMU train services terminate at [Tiruttani](/wiki/Tiruttani \"Tiruttani\").\n* However, MEMU services run up to Tirupati, Vellore cantonment, Tiruvannamalai and Jolarpettai.\n* Arakkonam Junction is the important terminus for other trains coming to Chennai.\n* Few trains operate from Chennai Beach. These trains from Chennai Beach cover a distance of {{convert\\|5\\.64\\|km}} via [Royapuram](/wiki/Royapuram \"Royapuram\") and [Washermanpet](/wiki/Washermanpet \"Washermanpet\") stations to reach Vysarpadi, beyond which the alignment is same as the trains from Chennai Central. Most of the beach bound trains operate from Arakkonam via Chengalpattu, Tambaram line, which is the southern line.\n* There is a separate loop line which gets divided from Hindu college railway station just after crossing avadi railway station in the western line. It is called as Pattabiram east depot railway station. Suburban trains are available from this station till Chennai central with a service frequency of one and half an hour.", "### MRTS line", "{{Main\\|Chennai MRTS}}", "The MRTS line is an exclusive line of the Chennai suburban railway as it runs elevated for most of its section. Moreover, the route is unique as it is exclusively used to run suburban EMU trains. No express trains, MEMU trains or passenger trains ply on the MRTS route.", "The MRTS currently runs from Chennai Beach to Velachery. However, the MRTS line is being extended from Velachery to St Thomas Mount (as phase 2 extension), where it will intersect with the South line and Metro line (Koyambedu – St Thomas Mount). St Thomas Mount station will house South line suburban trains at grade level, MRTS trains at level 1 and Metro trains at level 2\\.", "Between Chennai Beach and Park Town, the MRTS alignment runs parallel to the South Suburban line. Beyond this, the MRTS climbs up on a gradient to reach the Chindadripet station which is elevated. The alignment remains elevated till Perungudi beyond which it slopes down to reach the Velachery station which is at grade level. However, the under\\-construction line between Velachery to St. Thomas Mount will be elevated again. Stations in Chennai MRTS include [Chennai Beach](/wiki/Chennai_Beach_railway_station \"Chennai Beach railway station\"), [Chennai Fort](/wiki/Chennai_Fort_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Chennai Fort (Chennai Suburban Railway)\"), [Park Town](/wiki/Park_Town%2C_Chennai \"Park Town, Chennai\"), [Chintadripet](/wiki/Chintadripet_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 \"Chintadripet (Chennai MRTS)\"), [Chepauk](/wiki/Chepauk_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 \"Chepauk (Chennai MRTS)\"), [Triplicane](/wiki/Triplicane_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 \"Triplicane (Chennai MRTS)\"), [Light House](/wiki/Light_House_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 \"Light House (Chennai MRTS)\"), [Mundakanniamman Koil](/wiki/Mundakanniamman_Koil_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 \"Mundakanniamman Koil (Chennai MRTS)\"), [Thirumayilai](/wiki/Thirumayilai_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 \"Thirumayilai (Chennai MRTS)\"), [Mandaveli](/wiki/Mandaveli_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 \"Mandaveli (Chennai MRTS)\"), [Greenways Road](/wiki/Greenways_Road_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 \"Greenways Road (Chennai MRTS)\"), [Kottupuram](/wiki/Kotturpuram_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 \"Kotturpuram (Chennai MRTS)\"), [Kasturbai Nagar](/wiki/Kasturba_Nagar_railway_station \"Kasturba Nagar railway station\"), [Indira Nagar](/wiki/Indira_Nagar_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 \"Indira Nagar (Chennai MRTS)\"), [Tiruvanmiyur](/wiki/Tiruvanmiyur_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 \"Tiruvanmiyur (Chennai MRTS)\"), [Taramani](/wiki/Taramani_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 \"Taramani (Chennai MRTS)\"), [Perungudi](/wiki/Perungudi_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 \"Perungudi (Chennai MRTS)\"), [Velachery](/wiki/Velachery_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 \"Velachery (Chennai MRTS)\"), [Puzhuthivakkam (under construction)](/wiki/Puzhuthivakkam_railway_station \"Puzhuthivakkam railway station\"), [Adambakkam (under construction)](/wiki/Adambakkam_%28Chennai_MRTS%29 \"Adambakkam (Chennai MRTS)\"), and [St. Thomas Mount](/wiki/St._Thomas_Mount_railway_station \"St. Thomas Mount railway station\").", "### Circular line", "At {{convert\\|232\\.5\\|km}}, the Chennai Suburban Railway has the longest circular rail route in India. The circular rail line was proposed in the CMDA SMP.", "Stations on this route include [Chennai Beach](/wiki/Chennai_Beach \"Chennai Beach\"), [Egmore](/wiki/Chennai_Egmore \"Chennai Egmore\"), [Tambaram](/wiki/Tambaram_Railway_Station \"Tambaram Railway Station\"), [Chengalpattu Junction](/wiki/Chengalpattu \"Chengalpattu\"), [Kanchipuram](/wiki/Kanchipuram \"Kanchipuram\"), [Arakkonam Junction](/wiki/Arakkonam_Junction \"Arakkonam Junction\"), [Kadambathur](/wiki/Kadambathur \"Kadambathur\") , [Tiruvallur](/wiki/Tiruvallur \"Tiruvallur\"), [Avadi](/wiki/Avadi \"Avadi\"), [Vyasarpadi Jeeva](/wiki/Vyasarpadi_Jeeva_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Vyasarpadi Jeeva (Chennai Suburban Railway)\"), [Washermanpet](/wiki/Washermanpet_%28Chennai_Suburban_Railway%29 \"Washermanpet (Chennai Suburban Railway)\"), [Royapuram](/wiki/Royapuram_Railway_Station \"Royapuram Railway Station\"), and [Chennai Beach](/wiki/Chennai_Beach \"Chennai Beach\").", "After finishing the complete the last leg of electrification project Takkolam\\-Arakkonam stretch, Chennai Beach–Chennai Egmore —Tambaram — Chengalpattu–Kanchipuram–Arakkonam–Tiruvallur–Avadi\\-vysarpadi Jeeva—washermanpet—Royapuram \\-Chennai Beach became India's longest circular route.", "The newly laid electrified line was inspected by the Commissioner of Railway Safety (CRS) on January 25, 2019,", "The first train on the circular route ran on 23 April 2019\\.", "Initially, two trains are being operated:\n1. MSB\\-MSB via MSB\\-AVD\\-TRL\\-AJJ\\- KPM\\-CGL\\-TBM\\-MSB\n2. MSB\\-MSB via MSB\\-TBM\\-CGL\\-KPM\\-AJJ\\-TRL\\-AVD\\-MSB", "### Defunct lines", "Villivakkam Junction–Anna Nagar West Railway line\nThis line is one of the two branch lines of the western line (the other one is Pattabiram east depot line, which is still operational) and gets divided from Villivakkam junction.", "This is one of the two lines that ends within the Chennai city limits (the other one is the MRTS corridor, which is still operational).", "Total length of this line from Villivakkam junction to Anna Nagar West railway station is 5 km. This line consist of two stations, namely,", "1. [Padi railway station](/wiki/Padi_railway_station \"Padi railway station\")\n2. [Anna Nagar West railway station](/wiki/Anna_Nagar_railway_station \"Anna Nagar railway station\")", "This railway line is owned by the [ICF](/wiki/Integral_Coach_Factory \"Integral Coach Factory\") for testing its coaches and trail runs. Later it is converted to passenger traffic. This line started its service at 2003 from Chennai Beach to Anna Nagar West via Royapuram, Villivakkam, and Padi. But the train service have been with drawn at 2007 due to many reasons and never restored till date.", "Some of the reasons are:", "1. The construction of the Padi flyover\n2. Heavy rail traffic as it has a single railway line only\n3. Poor patronage", "Now this line is used by the ICF for trail runs and also used as a parking lots for empty rakes of express trains.", "" ]
Geographic distribution ----------------------- Many of these families moved to national prominence from a single state or region, for example: the [Huntingtons](/wiki/Huntington_family "Huntington family") of [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut "Connecticut"), the [Longs](/wiki/Long_family "Long family") of [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana"), the [Harrisons](/wiki/Harrison_family_of_Virginia "Harrison family of Virginia") and [Lees](/wiki/Lee_family "Lee family") of [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia"), the [Roosevelts](/wiki/Roosevelt_family "Roosevelt family") of [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)"), the [Daleys](/wiki/Daley_family "Daley family") and the [Stevensons](/wiki/Stevenson_family "Stevenson family") of [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois "Illinois"), the [Muhlenbergs](/wiki/Muhlenberg_family "Muhlenberg family") of [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania"), the [Tafts](/wiki/Taft_family "Taft family") of [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio "Ohio"), the [Frelinghuysens](/wiki/Frelinghuysen_family "Frelinghuysen family") of [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey"), the [Lodges](/wiki/Lodge_family "Lodge family") of [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts") and the [DuPonts](/wiki/Du_Pont_family "Du Pont family") of [Delaware](/wiki/Delaware "Delaware"). The [Adams family](/wiki/Adams_political_family "Adams political family") come prominently from [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts") and is one of the main political dynasties in United States history. It includes two presidents (the [second](/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams") and the [sixth](/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams "John Quincy Adams")), a [Secretary of the Navy](/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_III "Charles Francis Adams III"), the [ambassador](/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr. "Charles Francis Adams Sr.") to the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") during the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") and multiple other high profile functions. Other families are or have been politically involved in multiple states. The [Bush family](/wiki/Bush_family "Bush family") includes two presidents ([one a former Vice President](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush"), the [other a former governor of Texas](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush")), a [senator from Connecticut](/wiki/Prescott_Bush "Prescott Bush"), and a [governor of Florida](/wiki/Jeb_Bush "Jeb Bush"). The [Kennedy family](/wiki/Kennedy_family "Kennedy family") included a [president](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy"), an [attorney general](/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy "Robert F. Kennedy"), and a [senator from Massachusetts](/wiki/Ted_Kennedy "Ted Kennedy") in one generation. Other members have been elected to public office in [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)"), [Rhode Island](/wiki/Rhode_Island "Rhode Island"), [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut "Connecticut"), [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland "Maryland"), and [California](/wiki/California "California"). [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") served as governor of Arkansas before being elected the 42nd president; his wife, [Hillary Clinton](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton"), was elected as a senator from New York before serving as secretary of State. Members of the [Rockefeller family](/wiki/Rockefeller_family "Rockefeller family") have been elected to public office in [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)"), [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia "West Virginia") and [Arkansas](/wiki/Arkansas "Arkansas"). The [Udall family](/wiki/Udall_family "Udall family") first became prominent in [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona "Arizona"), but three cousins from the most recent generation simultaneously served in the U.S. Senate from [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado "Colorado"), [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico "New Mexico"), and [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon "Oregon").
[ "Geographic distribution\n-----------------------", "Many of these families moved to national prominence from a single state or region, for example: the [Huntingtons](/wiki/Huntington_family \"Huntington family\") of [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut \"Connecticut\"), the [Longs](/wiki/Long_family \"Long family\") of [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana \"Louisiana\"), the [Harrisons](/wiki/Harrison_family_of_Virginia \"Harrison family of Virginia\") and [Lees](/wiki/Lee_family \"Lee family\") of [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\"), the [Roosevelts](/wiki/Roosevelt_family \"Roosevelt family\") of [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\"), the [Daleys](/wiki/Daley_family \"Daley family\") and the [Stevensons](/wiki/Stevenson_family \"Stevenson family\") of [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois \"Illinois\"), the [Muhlenbergs](/wiki/Muhlenberg_family \"Muhlenberg family\") of [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\"), the [Tafts](/wiki/Taft_family \"Taft family\") of [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\"), the [Frelinghuysens](/wiki/Frelinghuysen_family \"Frelinghuysen family\") of [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\"), the [Lodges](/wiki/Lodge_family \"Lodge family\") of [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\") and the [DuPonts](/wiki/Du_Pont_family \"Du Pont family\") of [Delaware](/wiki/Delaware \"Delaware\").", "The [Adams family](/wiki/Adams_political_family \"Adams political family\") come prominently from [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\") and is one of the main political dynasties in United States history. It includes two presidents (the [second](/wiki/John_Adams \"John Adams\") and the [sixth](/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams \"John Quincy Adams\")), a [Secretary of the Navy](/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_III \"Charles Francis Adams III\"), the [ambassador](/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr. \"Charles Francis Adams Sr.\") to the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") during the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") and multiple other high profile functions.", "Other families are or have been politically involved in multiple states. The [Bush family](/wiki/Bush_family \"Bush family\") includes two presidents ([one a former Vice President](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush \"George H. W. Bush\"), the [other a former governor of Texas](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\")), a [senator from Connecticut](/wiki/Prescott_Bush \"Prescott Bush\"), and a [governor of Florida](/wiki/Jeb_Bush \"Jeb Bush\").", "The [Kennedy family](/wiki/Kennedy_family \"Kennedy family\") included a [president](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy \"John F. Kennedy\"), an [attorney general](/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy \"Robert F. Kennedy\"), and a [senator from Massachusetts](/wiki/Ted_Kennedy \"Ted Kennedy\") in one generation. Other members have been elected to public office in [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\"), [Rhode Island](/wiki/Rhode_Island \"Rhode Island\"), [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut \"Connecticut\"), [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland \"Maryland\"), and [California](/wiki/California \"California\").", "[Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\") served as governor of Arkansas before being elected the 42nd president; his wife, [Hillary Clinton](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton \"Hillary Clinton\"), was elected as a senator from New York before serving as secretary of State.", "Members of the [Rockefeller family](/wiki/Rockefeller_family \"Rockefeller family\") have been elected to public office in [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\"), [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia \"West Virginia\") and [Arkansas](/wiki/Arkansas \"Arkansas\").", "The [Udall family](/wiki/Udall_family \"Udall family\") first became prominent in [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona \"Arizona\"), but three cousins from the most recent generation simultaneously served in the U.S. Senate from [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado \"Colorado\"), [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico \"New Mexico\"), and [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon \"Oregon\").", "" ]
Life ---- Mrityunjay Kumar Singh, also known as MK Singh, was born in 1961 in [Sonbarsa](/wiki/Sonbarsa "Sonbarsa"), Bihar. He was brought up in the rural environs of Western Bihar, a land rich and ripe with crops and culture. As Superintendent of Police, Murshidabad he worked for safety, security and conservation of the Hazar Duari palace and museum of Murshidabad in West Bengal, being maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India in 1997–98\. He also worked simultaneously as the Director of the Branch Secretariat of Ministry of External Affairs, Kolkata dealing with consular, border and bilateral and multilateral diplomatic matters related to Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal. MK worked with NGOs of India and Bangladesh dealing with illegal child trafficking and migration across International border and their restoration and reintegration with their families from 2003 to 2007\. He also represented India in UNICEF's multilateral discussion on illegal trafficking and migration of Children across International borders in South Asia held in Kathmandu, Nepal in 2007\. MK represented India as a member of the Working Committee to formulate scope and objectives of 'Bali Democracy Forum'(a multilateral forum to discuss and deliberate on development \& implementation of democracy and its ethics) in December 2008\. As Counsellor of the Embassy of India, Jakarta and Director of Jawaharlal Nehru Indian Cultural Centre, Jakarta and Indian Cultural Centre, Bali, worked to innovate ways for breaking new grounds of people to people contact, collaborations, sharing and deeper understanding of diverse views and cultures. Hosted a very successful 'Festival of India' in Indonesia in 2009–10 (held after 7 years) with 48 events in 7 cities of Indonesia under the supervision of the Ambassador of India to Indonesia. Commended by the Indian Ambassador for the said feat. After completing his tenure as Counsellor (culture), Embassy of India, Jakarta and Director of the Jawaharlal Nehru Indian Culture Centre of Jakarta as well as Indian Culture Centre, Bali, he has returned to his cadre (West Bengal) in India in 2011 and is presently working as Commandant General \& Director General of Police (Home Guards), West Bengal. MK is married to Manjula Singh, who worked as lecturer of Political Science in University of Delhi, Loreto College, Darjeeling (from 1986 to 1993\)and as a Consultant to the National Centre for Jute Diversification, [Ministry of Textiles](/wiki/Ministry_of_Textiles_%28India%29 "Ministry of Textiles (India)"), Government of India for a project jointly funded by UNDP and Government of India (from 2004 to 2008\). She is also associated with the management of 'Sarada Kalyan Bhandar', a NGO working with the women and children of nine villages of Midnapore in the state of West Bengal since 1998\. Manjula is working as the Advisor for the Eastern India Health Initiative (a CSR activity of Medica Super speciality Hospital of Kolkata). He has two sons – Ishaan Singh and Shaunak Singh. MK is living and working in Kolkata (West Bengal), India.
[ "Life\n----", "Mrityunjay Kumar Singh, also known as MK Singh, was born in 1961 in [Sonbarsa](/wiki/Sonbarsa \"Sonbarsa\"), Bihar. He was brought up in the rural environs of Western Bihar, a land rich and ripe with crops and culture.", "As Superintendent of Police, Murshidabad he worked for safety, security and conservation of the Hazar Duari palace and museum of Murshidabad in West Bengal, being maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India in 1997–98\\.", "He also worked simultaneously as the Director of the Branch Secretariat of Ministry of External Affairs, Kolkata dealing with consular, border and bilateral and multilateral diplomatic matters related to Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal.", "MK worked with NGOs of India and Bangladesh dealing with illegal child trafficking and migration across International border and their restoration and reintegration with their families from 2003 to 2007\\.", "He also represented India in UNICEF's multilateral discussion on illegal trafficking and migration of Children across International borders in South Asia held in Kathmandu, Nepal in 2007\\.", "MK represented India as a member of the Working Committee to formulate scope and objectives of 'Bali Democracy Forum'(a multilateral forum to discuss and deliberate on development \\& implementation of democracy and its ethics) in December 2008\\.", "As Counsellor of the Embassy of India, Jakarta and Director of Jawaharlal Nehru Indian Cultural Centre, Jakarta and Indian Cultural Centre, Bali, worked to innovate ways for breaking new grounds of people to people contact, collaborations, sharing and deeper understanding of diverse views and cultures. Hosted a very successful 'Festival of India' in Indonesia in 2009–10 (held after 7 years) with 48 events in 7 cities of Indonesia under the supervision of the Ambassador of India to Indonesia. Commended by the Indian Ambassador for the said feat.", "After completing his tenure as Counsellor (culture), Embassy of India, Jakarta and Director of the Jawaharlal Nehru Indian Culture Centre of Jakarta as well as Indian Culture Centre, Bali, he has returned to his cadre (West Bengal) in India in 2011 and is presently working as Commandant General \\& Director General of Police (Home Guards), West Bengal.", "MK is married to Manjula Singh, who worked as lecturer of Political Science in University of Delhi, Loreto College, Darjeeling (from 1986 to 1993\\)and as a Consultant to the National Centre for Jute Diversification, [Ministry of Textiles](/wiki/Ministry_of_Textiles_%28India%29 \"Ministry of Textiles (India)\"), Government of India for a project jointly funded by UNDP and Government of India (from 2004 to 2008\\). She is also associated with the management of 'Sarada Kalyan Bhandar', a NGO working with the women and children of nine villages of Midnapore in the state of West Bengal since 1998\\. Manjula is working as the Advisor for the Eastern India Health Initiative (a CSR activity of Medica Super speciality Hospital of Kolkata).", "He has two sons – Ishaan Singh and Shaunak Singh.", "MK is living and working in Kolkata (West Bengal), India.", "" ]
Life ---- ### Birth Ayşe Sultan was born on 30 April 1696{{sfn\|Sakaoğlu\|2008\|p\=403}} at the [Edirne Palace](/wiki/Edirne_Palace "Edirne Palace") or [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade "Belgrade"). At the time of her birth her father was traveling to Austria and part of his harem awaited him in Belgrade, while the rest remained in Edirne. Therefore Ayşe could have been born in Belgrade or Edirne. She was the eldest daughter and child of Sultan [Mustafa II](/wiki/Mustafa_II "Mustafa II").{{cite book\|first\=Hans Georg\|last\=Majer\|title\=Journal of Ottoman studies, Volumes 11\-12\|publisher\=Enderun Kitabevi\|year\=1991\|pages\=433}} She was then nicknamed Büyük Ayşe, who meaning Ayşe "the elder", to distinguish her from her cousin, [Ayşe](/wiki/Ay%C5%9Fe_Sultan_%28daughter_of_Ahmed_III%29 "Ayşe Sultan (daughter of Ahmed III)") "the younger" (Küçük Ayşe), daughter of [Ahmed III](/wiki/Ahmed_III "Ahmed III"). In 1703 her father was deposed in favor of his younger brother Ahmed III and she, with her half\-sisters, was locked up in the [Old Palace](/wiki/Eski_Saray "Eski Saray") until her marriage. ### Marriages In 8 April 1708, Ayşe Sultan was married to Fazıl Mustafa Pasha's son [Köprülüzade Numan Pasha](/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BCzade_Numan_Pasha "Köprülüzade Numan Pasha"), then the governor of Belgrade, to whom she had remained betrothed since she was seven. Her dowry was 20,000 ducats.{{sfn\|Uluçay\|2011\|p\=119}} The wedding was held together with that of his half\-sister [Emine Sultan](/wiki/Emine_Sultan_%28daughter_of_Mustafa_II%29 "Emine Sultan (daughter of Mustafa II)"). A month later, after sending on her trousseau, Ayşe and her equally magnificent procession left for the Zeyrek Palace that had been allocated to her. But instead of accompanying Ayşe Sultan all the way to Zeyrek, a neighbourhood to the northwest of the Valens Aqueduct, the dignitaries went only as far as the grand vezir's palace. From this point onwards, the more functional core of the procession, comprising the princess and her trousseau, was taken to the Zeyrek palace in a relatively quiet and unostentatious way. The marriage was consummated on March 1710\.{{sfn\|Duindam\|Artan\|Kunt\|2011\|p\=357}} Numan Pasha became the grand vizier in 1710, and some months after he became the [governor](/wiki/Sanjak-bey "Sanjak-bey") of [Crete](/wiki/Crete "Crete"), where he died in 1719\. After Numan Pasha's death, Ayşe on 6 February 1720{{cite book\|first\=Mehmet\|last\=Topal\|title\=\[\[Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed Agha]] Nusretnâme: Tahlil ve Metin (1106\-1133/1695\-1721\)\|year\=2001\|pages\=911, 914}} was married secondly to Silahdar Tezkireci Ibrahim Pasha, previously a sword\-bearer of Sultan [Ahmed II](/wiki/Ahmed_II "Ahmed II").{{sfn\|Duindam\|Artan\|Kunt\|2011\|p\=361}} The marriage was consummated on 20 August 1720\. Ayşe became widow in 1722\. Following Ibrahim Pasha's death, she married Koca Mustafa Pasha on 18 August 1725\.{{sfn\|Duindam\|Artan\|Kunt\|2011\|p\=355 n. 35}}{{cite book\|first\=Ali\|last\=Aktaş\|title\=ÇELEBİZÂDE ÂSIM TARİHİ: Transkripsiyonlu metin\|year\=2008\|pages\=126}} Mustafa Pasha died in 1728\.{{sfn\|Uluçay\|2011\|p\=120}}{{sfn\|Sakaoğlu\|2008\|p\=404\-5}} There are no known children born from these marriages. After the death of her third husband, Ayşe decided not to marry again and spent the rest of her life in her palace in [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople "Constantinople").
[ "Life\n----", "### Birth", "Ayşe Sultan was born on 30 April 1696{{sfn\\|Sakaoğlu\\|2008\\|p\\=403}} at the [Edirne Palace](/wiki/Edirne_Palace \"Edirne Palace\") or [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade \"Belgrade\"). At the time of her birth her father was traveling to Austria and part of his harem awaited him in Belgrade, while the rest remained in Edirne. Therefore Ayşe could have been born in Belgrade or Edirne.", "She was the eldest daughter and child of Sultan [Mustafa II](/wiki/Mustafa_II \"Mustafa II\").{{cite book\\|first\\=Hans Georg\\|last\\=Majer\\|title\\=Journal of Ottoman studies, Volumes 11\\-12\\|publisher\\=Enderun Kitabevi\\|year\\=1991\\|pages\\=433}} She was then nicknamed Büyük Ayşe, who meaning Ayşe \"the elder\", to distinguish her from her cousin, [Ayşe](/wiki/Ay%C5%9Fe_Sultan_%28daughter_of_Ahmed_III%29 \"Ayşe Sultan (daughter of Ahmed III)\") \"the younger\" (Küçük Ayşe), daughter of [Ahmed III](/wiki/Ahmed_III \"Ahmed III\").", "In 1703 her father was deposed in favor of his younger brother Ahmed III and she, with her half\\-sisters, was locked up in the [Old Palace](/wiki/Eski_Saray \"Eski Saray\") until her marriage.", "### Marriages", "In 8 April 1708, Ayşe Sultan was married to Fazıl Mustafa Pasha's son [Köprülüzade Numan Pasha](/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BCzade_Numan_Pasha \"Köprülüzade Numan Pasha\"), then the governor of Belgrade, to whom she had remained betrothed since she was seven. Her dowry was 20,000 ducats.{{sfn\\|Uluçay\\|2011\\|p\\=119}} The wedding was held together with that of his half\\-sister [Emine Sultan](/wiki/Emine_Sultan_%28daughter_of_Mustafa_II%29 \"Emine Sultan (daughter of Mustafa II)\"). A month later, after sending on her trousseau, Ayşe and her equally magnificent procession left for the Zeyrek Palace that had been allocated to her. But instead of accompanying Ayşe Sultan all the way to Zeyrek, a neighbourhood to the northwest of the Valens Aqueduct, the dignitaries went only as far as the grand vezir's palace. From this point onwards, the more functional core of the procession, comprising the princess and her trousseau, was taken to the Zeyrek palace in a relatively quiet and unostentatious way. The marriage was consummated on March 1710\\.{{sfn\\|Duindam\\|Artan\\|Kunt\\|2011\\|p\\=357}}", "Numan Pasha became the grand vizier in 1710, and some months after he became the [governor](/wiki/Sanjak-bey \"Sanjak-bey\") of [Crete](/wiki/Crete \"Crete\"), where he died in 1719\\.", "After Numan Pasha's death, Ayşe on 6 February 1720{{cite book\\|first\\=Mehmet\\|last\\=Topal\\|title\\=\\[\\[Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed Agha]] Nusretnâme: Tahlil ve Metin (1106\\-1133/1695\\-1721\\)\\|year\\=2001\\|pages\\=911, 914}} was married secondly to Silahdar Tezkireci Ibrahim Pasha, previously a sword\\-bearer of Sultan [Ahmed II](/wiki/Ahmed_II \"Ahmed II\").{{sfn\\|Duindam\\|Artan\\|Kunt\\|2011\\|p\\=361}} The marriage was consummated on 20 August 1720\\. Ayşe became widow in 1722\\.", "Following Ibrahim Pasha's death, she married Koca Mustafa Pasha on 18 August 1725\\.{{sfn\\|Duindam\\|Artan\\|Kunt\\|2011\\|p\\=355 n. 35}}{{cite book\\|first\\=Ali\\|last\\=Aktaş\\|title\\=ÇELEBİZÂDE ÂSIM TARİHİ: Transkripsiyonlu metin\\|year\\=2008\\|pages\\=126}} Mustafa Pasha died in 1728\\.{{sfn\\|Uluçay\\|2011\\|p\\=120}}{{sfn\\|Sakaoğlu\\|2008\\|p\\=404\\-5}}", "There are no known children born from these marriages.", "After the death of her third husband, Ayşe decided not to marry again and spent the rest of her life in her palace in [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople \"Constantinople\").", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Early life, education, and career beginnings Abraham Ebong Ngole was born in [Enyandong](/wiki/Enyandong "Enyandong") in the Bakossi region in 1895\.{{cite book \|access\-date\=2020\-07\-05 \|author1\=Robert Benedetto \|author2\=Darell L. Guder \|author3\=Donald K. McKim \|date\=1999 \|isbn\=0\-8108\-3628\-9 \|language\=en \|publisher\=Scarecrow Press \|title\=Historical Dictionary of the Reformed Churches \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=uFI0O7yymBUC\&q\=abraham\+ebong\+ngole}} He was entrusted to German missionaries by his father, fearing he would be drafted into the German army during World War I. Upon completing his studies in 1923, he initially worked as a teacher in Besongabang, where he established the primary school of the Basel Mission. In 1930, he became the first Cameroonian teacher and father at the Basel Mission Girls' School in Victoria (now Limbé). ### Career In 1937, after 13 years of service, Ngole relocated to Tombel, where he became an evangelist and served as a tutor, receiving catechist training at the Nyasoso Catechist Training Institution, which he completed in 1945\. He then moved to Itoki among the Bakundu, where he built a Presbyterian community and later received ordination. He was appointed pastor in 1946 and served in Itoki, where he was ordained in 1947\. In 1950, he was transferred to Dikome as pastor and superintendent. When the Cameroonian church became independent from the Basel Mission in 1957, Ngole served as worship moderator. For 12 years, he ensured congregations were composed of Cameroonians, organized youth work, founded the Christian Women's Fellowship in 1961, and began missionary work in Akwaya in 1963\. In 1958, immediately after the independence of the PCC (Presbyterian Cameroon Church), he was elected as the Synod President, subsequently renamed Moderator. He held the highest office in the church for ten years but could not be re\-elected due to repeated illnesses.{{cite book \|access\-date\=2020\-07\-05 \|date\=1999 \|first1\=Klaus\-Dieter \|isbn\=978\-3\-8288\-8079\-5 \|language\=de \|last1\=Nikischin \|publisher\=Tectum Verlag DE \|title\=Kirche und Eigentum in Kamerun: Ethosbildung in der Presbyterian Church in Cameroon in Bezug auf den Umgang mit Geld und Landeigentum \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=doy7b\-4X4BYC\&dq\=Abraham\+Ebong\+Ngole\&pg\=PA58}} ### Reputation As the first Moderator of the independent church, he played a significant role in managing church assets. Under Ngole's administration, people were strictly instructed not to use company vehicles and phones, "because the Church is suffering". He demanded detailed accountability for all financial matters, which he also expected from other pastors. His daughter confirmed that he taught this to his children as well. During his tenure as pastor and superintendent in Dikome, Abraham Ngole diligently followed what he expected from others. Abraham Ngole fell seriously ill and had to go to the hospital for treatment. But before leaving, he ensured that the cash registers and records were correct and matched the stock of school books. During his long stay in the hospital, it was rumored that Pastor Ngole had diverted the money entrusted to him. Persistent suspicion led the responsible missionary Scheibler to go to the post to check. In the hospital, Ngole asked his daughter Maria to bring down the boxes from the roof and show them to the missionaries. He found complete and well\-kept books, money, and records, restoring Abraham Ngole's reputation as a proper and conscientious administrator. The episode of the accounts check fits perfectly into this image of "good governance" and shows that Ngole did not prioritize personal prosperity. This is evidenced by the simple and clean house he had built for his retirement, which did not correspond to his rank and status.
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Early life, education, and career beginnings", "Abraham Ebong Ngole was born in [Enyandong](/wiki/Enyandong \"Enyandong\") in the Bakossi region in 1895\\.{{cite book \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-05 \\|author1\\=Robert Benedetto \\|author2\\=Darell L. Guder \\|author3\\=Donald K. McKim \\|date\\=1999 \\|isbn\\=0\\-8108\\-3628\\-9 \\|language\\=en \\|publisher\\=Scarecrow Press \\|title\\=Historical Dictionary of the Reformed Churches \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=uFI0O7yymBUC\\&q\\=abraham\\+ebong\\+ngole}} He was entrusted to German missionaries by his father, fearing he would be drafted into the German army during World War I. Upon completing his studies in 1923, he initially worked as a teacher in Besongabang, where he established the primary school of the Basel Mission. In 1930, he became the first Cameroonian teacher and father at the Basel Mission Girls' School in Victoria (now Limbé).", "### Career", "In 1937, after 13 years of service, Ngole relocated to Tombel, where he became an evangelist and served as a tutor, receiving catechist training at the Nyasoso Catechist Training Institution, which he completed in 1945\\. He then moved to Itoki among the Bakundu, where he built a Presbyterian community and later received ordination. He was appointed pastor in 1946 and served in Itoki, where he was ordained in 1947\\.", "In 1950, he was transferred to Dikome as pastor and superintendent. When the Cameroonian church became independent from the Basel Mission in 1957, Ngole served as worship moderator. For 12 years, he ensured congregations were composed of Cameroonians, organized youth work, founded the Christian Women's Fellowship in 1961, and began missionary work in Akwaya in 1963\\.", "In 1958, immediately after the independence of the PCC (Presbyterian Cameroon Church), he was elected as the Synod President, subsequently renamed Moderator. He held the highest office in the church for ten years but could not be re\\-elected due to repeated illnesses.{{cite book \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-05 \\|date\\=1999 \\|first1\\=Klaus\\-Dieter \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-8288\\-8079\\-5 \\|language\\=de \\|last1\\=Nikischin \\|publisher\\=Tectum Verlag DE \\|title\\=Kirche und Eigentum in Kamerun: Ethosbildung in der Presbyterian Church in Cameroon in Bezug auf den Umgang mit Geld und Landeigentum \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=doy7b\\-4X4BYC\\&dq\\=Abraham\\+Ebong\\+Ngole\\&pg\\=PA58}}", "### Reputation", "As the first Moderator of the independent church, he played a significant role in managing church assets. Under Ngole's administration, people were strictly instructed not to use company vehicles and phones, \"because the Church is suffering\". He demanded detailed accountability for all financial matters, which he also expected from other pastors. His daughter confirmed that he taught this to his children as well.", "During his tenure as pastor and superintendent in Dikome, Abraham Ngole diligently followed what he expected from others.", "Abraham Ngole fell seriously ill and had to go to the hospital for treatment. But before leaving, he ensured that the cash registers and records were correct and matched the stock of school books. During his long stay in the hospital, it was rumored that Pastor Ngole had diverted the money entrusted to him. Persistent suspicion led the responsible missionary Scheibler to go to the post to check. In the hospital, Ngole asked his daughter Maria to bring down the boxes from the roof and show them to the missionaries. He found complete and well\\-kept books, money, and records, restoring Abraham Ngole's reputation as a proper and conscientious administrator.", "The episode of the accounts check fits perfectly into this image of \"good governance\" and shows that Ngole did not prioritize personal prosperity. This is evidenced by the simple and clean house he had built for his retirement, which did not correspond to his rank and status.", "" ]
Plot ---- Ambitious young attorney Gerald I. Latimer ([Lee Bowman](/wiki/Lee_Bowman "Lee Bowman")) helps mayoral candidate Daniels ([Samuel S. Hinds](/wiki/Samuel_S._Hinds "Samuel S. Hinds")) and district attorney candidate Turnely to be elected; the pair had vowed to rid the city of its pernicious criminal rackets. The two elected officials are unaware that Gerald has paired up with one of the city's biggest gangsters, Matty ([John Litel](/wiki/John_Litel "John Litel")), to get help in getting Gerald elected to the U.S. Senate in exchange for future political favors. Gerald warns Matty that Turnely and Daniels are serious about cracking down on crime, so Matty has Turnely murdered. Gerald is appointed special prosecutor, and gets to meet the crew that investigates the district attorney's murder. His good friend, forensic scientist Gordon McKay ([Van Heflin](/wiki/Van_Heflin "Van Heflin")), and his assistant, Jane Mitchell ([Marsha Hunt](/wiki/Marsha_Hunt_%28actress%2C_born_1917%29 "Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1917)")), examine the body and determine the identity of the hit man, who dies while trying to avoid capture. Gerald makes a public show of arresting crime figures, but people like restaurateur Eddie Wright ([Eddie Quillan](/wiki/Eddie_Quillan "Eddie Quillan")), long\-harassed by the racketeers, realize that only small\-time operators are being arrested. Eddie believes the mayor is sincere and, knowing that some of the police are corrupt, decides to speak directly the mayor about what needs to be done. Eddie goes to the mayor's house and waits for him, but his presence alarms the mayor's wife and she calls the police on him. They take note of his presence and send him home. Meanwhile, the mayor questions Gerald about a large insurance policy he bought, wanting to know where the money came from. When Gerald refuses to answer, the mayor declares his intention to begin an investigation into the source of Gerald's funds. Knowing that his dealings with the gangsters will be uncovered, Gerald appeals to Matty, but Matty insists that Gerald take care of the mayor himself. Gerald places a bomb in the mayor's car, and the mayor dies when the bomb goes off. The police suspect Eddie of having placed the bomb, and detain him. Some circumstantial evidence points to Eddie but Gordon is skeptical and continues the investigation although Gerald calls for Eddie's arrest. Gerald spends a lot of time in the police crime lab and eventually falls in love with Jane. He even asks her hand in marriage, but she rejects him, explaining she can't marry and quit her job until the double homicide investigation is finished. When she tells him Gordon has concluded that the man planting the bomb should have gunpowder under his nails, Gerald rushes off to scrub his hands meticulously, successfully avoiding having suspicion fall upon him. Later, Gordon later finds a note in the mayor's office implicating Gerald. This time, he does not mention his finding to Jane and instead surreptitiously obtains a hair sample from him. After analyzing the sample, Gordon tells Jane he has found the killer, but he won't reveal his name. When Jane and Gerald meet again and she agrees to marry him, she tells Gerald that Gordon has found the killer through a hair sample. Gerald realizes he has to kill his friend Gordon. Gerald sets up a meeting with Gordon and Matty, and gives his car keys to Jane so she can drive herself home. She sees the cigar cutter on the key ring and realizes it could have been used to cut bomb wires. She takes it to the crime lab for examination. Gerald gets a gun from Matty, who shows him how to use it. He rushes to the crime lab to kill Gordon. When he enters Gordon's office he asks him to hand over the evidence incriminating him, and Jane overhears the shouting from the lab. Gerald is confessing the killings to Gordon when Jane enters the office. Gordon overpowers Gerald and gets the gun. The police arrive at the scene shortly after, and both Gerald and Matty are arrested. Gordon realizes that he is in love with Jane and proposes to her. She willingly accepts.
[ "Plot\n----", "Ambitious young attorney Gerald I. Latimer ([Lee Bowman](/wiki/Lee_Bowman \"Lee Bowman\")) helps mayoral candidate Daniels ([Samuel S. Hinds](/wiki/Samuel_S._Hinds \"Samuel S. Hinds\")) and district attorney candidate Turnely to be elected; the pair had vowed to rid the city of its pernicious criminal rackets. The two elected officials are unaware that Gerald has paired up with one of the city's biggest gangsters, Matty ([John Litel](/wiki/John_Litel \"John Litel\")), to get help in getting Gerald elected to the U.S. Senate in exchange for future political favors.", "Gerald warns Matty that Turnely and Daniels are serious about cracking down on crime, so Matty has Turnely murdered. Gerald is appointed special prosecutor, and gets to meet the crew that investigates the district attorney's murder. His good friend, forensic scientist Gordon McKay ([Van Heflin](/wiki/Van_Heflin \"Van Heflin\")), and his assistant, Jane Mitchell ([Marsha Hunt](/wiki/Marsha_Hunt_%28actress%2C_born_1917%29 \"Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1917)\")), examine the body and determine the identity of the hit man, who dies while trying to avoid capture.", "Gerald makes a public show of arresting crime figures, but people like restaurateur Eddie Wright ([Eddie Quillan](/wiki/Eddie_Quillan \"Eddie Quillan\")), long\\-harassed by the racketeers, realize that only small\\-time operators are being arrested. Eddie believes the mayor is sincere and, knowing that some of the police are corrupt, decides to speak directly the mayor about what needs to be done. Eddie goes to the mayor's house and waits for him, but his presence alarms the mayor's wife and she calls the police on him. They take note of his presence and send him home.", "Meanwhile, the mayor questions Gerald about a large insurance policy he bought, wanting to know where the money came from. When Gerald refuses to answer, the mayor declares his intention to begin an investigation into the source of Gerald's funds. Knowing that his dealings with the gangsters will be uncovered, Gerald appeals to Matty, but Matty insists that Gerald take care of the mayor himself. Gerald places a bomb in the mayor's car, and the mayor dies when the bomb goes off.", "The police suspect Eddie of having placed the bomb, and detain him. Some circumstantial evidence points to Eddie but Gordon is skeptical and continues the investigation although Gerald calls for Eddie's arrest.", "Gerald spends a lot of time in the police crime lab and eventually falls in love with Jane. He even asks her hand in marriage, but she rejects him, explaining she can't marry and quit her job until the double homicide investigation is finished. When she tells him Gordon has concluded that the man planting the bomb should have gunpowder under his nails, Gerald rushes off to scrub his hands meticulously, successfully avoiding having suspicion fall upon him.", "Later, Gordon later finds a note in the mayor's office implicating Gerald. This time, he does not mention his finding to Jane and instead surreptitiously obtains a hair sample from him. After analyzing the sample, Gordon tells Jane he has found the killer, but he won't reveal his name. When Jane and Gerald meet again and she agrees to marry him, she tells Gerald that Gordon has found the killer through a hair sample. Gerald realizes he has to kill his friend Gordon.", "Gerald sets up a meeting with Gordon and Matty, and gives his car keys to Jane so she can drive herself home. She sees the cigar cutter on the key ring and realizes it could have been used to cut bomb wires. She takes it to the crime lab for examination.", "Gerald gets a gun from Matty, who shows him how to use it. He rushes to the crime lab to kill Gordon. When he enters Gordon's office he asks him to hand over the evidence incriminating him, and Jane overhears the shouting from the lab. Gerald is confessing the killings to Gordon when Jane enters the office. Gordon overpowers Gerald and gets the gun. The police arrive at the scene shortly after, and both Gerald and Matty are arrested.", "Gordon realizes that he is in love with Jane and proposes to her. She willingly accepts.", "" ]
The Second Empire ----------------- ### The Imperial Opera—Verdi and Wagner [thumb\|right\|300px\|The Grand salle of the Royal Academy of Music on rue Le Peletier, home of the Paris Opera before the completion of the Palais Garnier in 1875](/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_de_musique_-_Grande_salle.jpg "Théâtre de l'Académie royale de musique - Grande salle.jpg") During the reign of Emperor [Napoleon III](/wiki/Napoleon_III "Napoleon III") (1852–1870\), the top of the hierarchy of Paris theaters was the *Académie Imperial*, or Imperial Opera Theatre, in the Salle Peletier. The opera house on Rue le Peletier could seat 1800 spectators. There were three performances a week, scheduled so as not to compete with the other major opera house in the city, *Les Italiens*. The best seats were in the forty boxes, which could each hold four or six persons, on the first balcony. One of the boxes could be rented for the entire season for 7500 [francs](/wiki/French_franc "French franc"). One of the major functions of the opera house was to be a meeting place for Paris society, and for this reason the performances were generally very long, with as many as five [intermissions](/wiki/Intermission "Intermission"). Ballets were generally added in the middle of operas, to create additional opportunities for intermissions. The Salle Peletier had one infamous moment in its history; on 14 January 1858, a group of Italian extreme nationalists attempted to kill [Napoleon III](/wiki/Napoleon_III "Napoleon III") at the entrance of the opera house; they set off several bombs, which killed eight people and injured one hundred and fifty persons, and splattered the Empress [Eugénie de Montijo](/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo "Eugénie de Montijo") with blood, though the Emperor was unharmed.Maneglier, Hervé, *Paris Impérial*, p. 188\. [Giuseppe Verdi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi "Giuseppe Verdi") played an important part in the glory of the Paris opera. He had first performed *[Nabucco](/wiki/Nabucco "Nabucco")* in Paris in 1845 at the [Théâtre\-Italien](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre-Italien "Théâtre-Italien"), followed by *[Luisa Miller](/wiki/Luisa_Miller "Luisa Miller")* and *[Il trovatore](/wiki/Il_trovatore "Il trovatore")* He signed a new contract with the Paris Opera in 1852, and wanted absolute perfection for his next Parisian project, *[Les Vêpres siciliennes](/wiki/Les_V%C3%AApres_siciliennes "Les Vêpres siciliennes")* He complained that the Paris orchestra and chorus were unruly and undisciplined, and rehearsed them an unheard\-of one hundred and sixty\-one times before he felt they were ready. His work was rewarded; the opera was a critical and popular success, performed 150 times, rather than the originally proposed forty performances. He was unhappy, however, that his operas were less successful in Paris than those of his chief rival, Meyerbeer; he returned to Italy and did not come back for several years. He was persuaded to return to stage *[Don Carlos](/wiki/Don_Carlos "Don Carlos")*, commissioned especially for the Paris Opera. Once again he ran into troubles; one singer took him to court over the casting, and rivalries between other singers poisoned the production. He wrote afterwards, "I am not a composer for Paris I believe in inspiration; others only care about how the pieces are put together".Cited in Vila (2007\), pages 187\-190 Napoleon III intervened personally to have [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner "Richard Wagner") come back to Paris; Wagner rehearsed the orchestra sixty\-three times for the first French production of *[Tannhäuser](/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_%28opera%29 "Tannhäuser (opera)")* on March 13, 1861\. Unfortunately, Wagner was unpopular with both the French critics and with the members of the [Jockey Club](/wiki/Jockey_Club "Jockey Club"), an influential French social society. During the premiere, with Wagner in the audience, the Jockey Club members whistled and jeered from the first notes of the Overture. After just three performances, the Opera was pulled from the repertoire. Wagner got his revenge in 1870, when the [Prussian Army](/wiki/Prussian_Army "Prussian Army") captured Napoleon III and surrounded Paris; he wrote a special piece of music to celebrate the event, *Ode to the German Army at Paris*. Napoleon III wanted a new opera house to be the centerpiece connecting the new boulevards he was constructing on the right bank. The competition was won by [Charles Garnier](/wiki/Charles_Garnier_%28architect%29 "Charles Garnier (architect)") and the first stone was laid by the Emperor in July 1862, but flooding of the basement caused the construction to proceed very slowly. As the building rose, it was covered with a large shed so the sculptors and artists could create the elaborate exterior decoration. The shed was taken off on August 15, 1867, in time for the [Paris Universal Exposition](/wiki/International_Exposition_%281867%29 "International Exposition (1867)"), so visitors and Parisians could see the glorious new building; but the inside was not finished until 1875, after Napoleon's fall. ### Hervé, Offenbach and the *Opéra Bouffes* [thumb\|right\|200px\|[Hortense Schneider](/wiki/Hortense_Schneider "Hortense Schneider") as *[la Grande\-Duchesse de Gérolstein](/wiki/La_Grande-Duchesse_de_G%C3%A9rolstein "La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein")*](/wiki/File:La_Grande-Duchesse_de_G%C3%A9rolstein.jpg "La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein.jpg") The operetta was born in Paris with the work of Louis Auguste Florimond Ronger, better known under the name of [Hervé](/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_%28composer%29 "Hervé (composer)"). His first operetta was called *Don Quilchotte et Sancho Panza*, performed in 1848 at the théâtre Montmartre. In the beginning they were short comic works or parodies, with a combination of songs, dance and dialogue, rarely with more than two persons on stage, and rarely longer than one act. Early operettas by Hervé was named *Latrouillat and Truffaldini or the Inconvenience of a vendetta infinitely too prolonged* and *Agammemnon or the Camel with Two humps*. Hervé opened a new theater, the *Folies\-Concertantes*, on the Boulevard du Temple in 1854, later renamed the *Folies\-Nouvelle*. The new genre was termed *Opera Bouffe*; works by Hervé appeared at a half\-dozen theaters in the city, though the genre was ignored by the opera and the other official theaters. In 1853, the young German\-born musician and composer [Jacques Offenbach](/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach "Jacques Offenbach"), then director of the orchestra of the [Comedie\-Française](/wiki/Comedie-Fran%C3%A7aise "Comedie-Française"), wrote his first operetta in the new style, *[Pepita](/wiki/Pepita "Pepita")* for the Théatre des Varietes. It was a success, but Offenbach was still unable to perform his works in the official theaters. During the first Paris Universal Exposition, he opened his own theater, the *[Bouffes\-Parisiens](/wiki/Bouffes-Parisiens "Bouffes-Parisiens")*, in an old theater at the Carré Marigny on the Champs\-Élysées. It was an immense success; Rossini termed Offenbach "The Mozart of the Champs\-Élysées". Offenbach moved to a larger theatre on the passage Choiseul, and presented his next operetta, *[Ba\-ta\-clan](/wiki/Ba-ta-clan "Ba-ta-clan")*, which also enjoyed spectacular success. In 1858 Offenbach wrote a more serious and ambitious work, *[Orphée aux enfers](/wiki/Orph%C3%A9e_aux_enfers "Orphée aux enfers")*, a four\-act opera with a large cast and chorus. It was also a popular and critical success; Emperor Napoleon III attended, and afterwards presented Offenbach with French citizenship. With the approval of the Emperor, the official theaters of Paris were finally open to Offenbach, and his works became popular with the upper classes. He achieved further success with *[La Belle Hélène](/wiki/La_Belle_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne "La Belle Hélène")* with [Hortense Schneider](/wiki/Hortense_Schneider "Hortense Schneider") in the leading role; then, again with Schneider, in *[La Vie parisienne](/wiki/La_Vie_parisienne_%28operetta%29 "La Vie parisienne (operetta)")* ad *[la Grande\-Duchesse de Gérolstein](/wiki/La_Grande-Duchesse_de_G%C3%A9rolstein "La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein")* In 1867, five different Paris theaters were staging works by Offenbach. He was the champion of the Paris operetta, but he also had the ambition to be considered a serious composer of orchestral works; unfortunately he died before the successful premiere of his most ambitious orchestral work, the *[Contes d'Hoffmann](/wiki/Contes_d%27Hoffmann "Contes d'Hoffmann")*.{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=170\-175}} ### The Théâtre Italien, the Théâtre\-Lyrique, and the Opera\-Comique File:Press illustration of the interior of the Théâtre Lyrique (Place du Châtelet) during 'Don Quichotte' 1869 \- NGO 3p872\.jpg\|The \[\[Théâtre Lyrique]], on Place Chatelet, in 1869\. It hosted the first performances of the opera ''Faust'' and ''Romeo et Juliette'' by \[\[Charles Gounod]], and of ''The Pearl Fishers'' by Georges Bizet. File:Les Troyens à Carthage 1863 \- throne room of Didon \- design by Chaperon \- Gallica.jpg\|The Théâtre Lyrique was known for its lavish sets and staging. The throne room of Didon for the opera ''\[\[Les Troyens]]'' by \[\[Berlioz]]. a \[\[Carthage]] (1863\) File:Salle Ventadour \- Levin p390\.jpg\|The \[\[Salle Ventadour]] was the home of the \[\[Théâtre\-Italien]]; The first French performances of the operas of \[\[Verdi]] were staged there, and the famed soprano Adelina Patti sang there regularly during the Second Empire. Besides the Imperial Opera Theater, Paris had three other important opera houses; the [Théâtre Italien](/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne "Comédie-Italienne"), the [Opera\-Comique](/wiki/Opera-Comique "Opera-Comique"), and the [Théâtre Lyrique](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Lyrique "Théâtre Lyrique"). The [Théâtre Italien](/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne "Comédie-Italienne") was the based at the [Salle Ventadour](/wiki/Salle_Ventadour "Salle Ventadour"), and hosted the French premieres of several by [Giuseppe Verdi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi "Giuseppe Verdi"), including *[Il Trovatore](/wiki/Il_Trovatore "Il Trovatore")*, *[La Traviata](/wiki/La_Traviata "La Traviata")* (1856\), *[Rigoletto](/wiki/Rigoletto "Rigoletto")* (1857\) and *[Un ballo in maschera](/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera "Un ballo in maschera")* (1861\). Verdi conducted his *[Requiem](/wiki/Requiem_%28Verdi%29 "Requiem (Verdi)")* there, and [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner "Richard Wagner") conducted a concert of selections from his operas. The soprano [Adelina Patti](/wiki/Adelina_Patti "Adelina Patti") had an exclusive contract to sing with the Italiens when she was in Paris. The [Théâtre Lyrique](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Lyrique "Théâtre Lyrique") was originally located on the Rue de Temple, the famous "Boulevard de Crime," but when that part of the street was demolished to make room for the [Place de la Republique](/wiki/Place_de_la_Republique "Place de la Republique"), [Napoleon III](/wiki/Napoleon_III "Napoleon III") built a new theater for them at [Place du Châtelet](/wiki/Place_du_Ch%C3%A2telet "Place du Châtelet"). The Lyrique was famous for putting on operas by new composers; it staged the first French performance of *[Rienzi](/wiki/Rienzi "Rienzi")* by [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner "Richard Wagner"); the first performance of *[Les pêcheurs de perles](/wiki/Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles "Les pêcheurs de perles")* (1863\), the first opera by the 24\-year\-old [Georges Bizet](/wiki/Georges_Bizet "Georges Bizet"); the first performances of the operas *[Faust](/wiki/Faust_%28opera%29 "Faust (opera)")* (1859\) and *[Roméo et Juliette](/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_et_Juliette "Roméo et Juliette")* (1867\) by [Charles Gounod](/wiki/Charles_Gounod "Charles Gounod"); and the first performance of *[Les Troyens](/wiki/Les_Troyens "Les Troyens")* (1863\) by [Hector Berlioz](/wiki/Hector_Berlioz "Hector Berlioz"). The [Opéra\-Comique](/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique "Opéra-Comique") was located in the Salle Favart, and staged both comedies and serious works. It staged the first performances of *[Mignon](/wiki/Mignon "Mignon")* by [Ambroise Thomas](/wiki/Ambroise_Thomas "Ambroise Thomas") (1866\) and of *[La grand'tante](/wiki/La_grand%27tante "La grand'tante")*, the first opera of [Jules Massenet](/wiki/Jules_Massenet "Jules Massenet") (1867\). ### Romantic ballet [thumb\|right\|150px\|[Giuseppina Bozzacchi](/wiki/Giuseppina_Bozzacchi "Giuseppina Bozzacchi") in the role of Swanhilde in *[Coppélia](/wiki/Copp%C3%A9lia "Coppélia")* (1870\)](/wiki/File:Coppelia_-Swanilda_-Giuseppina_Bozzachi_-Act_I-Scene_2_-Paris_-1870_-2.JPG "Coppelia -Swanilda -Giuseppina Bozzachi -Act I-Scene 2 -Paris -1870 -2.JPG") Paris also had an enormous influence on the development of [romantic ballet](/wiki/Romantic_ballet "Romantic ballet"), thanks to the ballet troupe of the Paris Opera and its famous ballet masters. The first performance of *[Le Corsaire](/wiki/Le_Corsaire "Le Corsaire")*, choreographed by the ballet master of the opera, [Joseph Mazilier](/wiki/Joseph_Mazilier "Joseph Mazilier") to the music of [Adolphe Adam](/wiki/Adolphe_Adam "Adolphe Adam"), took place at the Paris Opera on January 23, 1856\. *[Coppélia](/wiki/Copp%C3%A9lia "Coppélia")* was originally choreographed by [Arthur Saint\-Léon](/wiki/Arthur_Saint-L%C3%A9on "Arthur Saint-Léon") to the music of [Léo Delibes](/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes "Léo Delibes"), and was based upon two stories by [E. T. A. Hoffmann](/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann "E. T. A. Hoffmann"): It premiered on 25 May [1870](/wiki/List_of_1870_ballet_premieres "List of 1870 ballet premieres") at the [Théâtre Impérial l'Opéra](/wiki/Salle_Le_Peletier "Salle Le Peletier"), with the 16\-year\-old [Giuseppina Bozzacchi](/wiki/Giuseppina_Bozzacchi "Giuseppina Bozzacchi") in the principal role of Swanhilde. Its first flush of success was interrupted by the [Franco\-Prussian War](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War "Franco-Prussian War") and the [Siege of Paris](/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_%281870%E2%80%9371%29 "Siege of Paris (1870–71)") (which also led to the early death of Giuseppina Bozzacchi, on her 17th birthday), but eventually it became the most\-performed ballet at the [Opéra](/wiki/Paris_Opera_Ballet "Paris Opera Ballet"). ### The Cirque\-Napoleon, concerts in the parks, and the Paris Expositions Napoleon III re\-established the custom of concerts at the imperial court, performed at the Louvre, with a new orchestra composed of students at the Paris Conservatory under the direction of [Jules Pasdeloup](/wiki/Jules_Pasdeloup "Jules Pasdeloup"). To reach a broader public, in 1861 he began a series of concerts by the orchestra at the huge Cirque\-Napoléon (now the [Cirque d'hiver](/wiki/Cirque_d%27hiver "Cirque d'hiver")) which could four thousand persons. Admission was fifty centimes. 1861 Pasdeloup decided to widen the audience for his orchestra. Besides playing the classical works of Beethoven, Mozart, Hayden and Mendellsohn, the orchestra performed new works by Schumann, Wagner, Berlioz, Gounod, and [Saint\-Saëns](/wiki/Saint-Sa%C3%ABns "Saint-Saëns"). [thumb\|left\|250px\|A concert in the [Tuileries Garden](/wiki/Tuileries_Garden "Tuileries Garden"), by [Édouard Manet](/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet "Édouard Manet") (1862\)](/wiki/File:Edouard_Manet_Music_in_the_Tuileries_1862.jpg "Edouard Manet Music in the Tuileries 1862.jpg") Napoleon had built a large number of new parks and squares in Paris, including the [Bois de Boulogne](/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne "Bois de Boulogne") and the [Bois de Vincennes](/wiki/Bois_de_Vincennes "Bois de Vincennes"). The Emperor had bandstands installed in the new parks, and organized public concerts. Amateur as well as professional and military musicians were invited to take part in the concerts. The repertoire included classical music, military music, quadrilles, polkas and waltzes, and the latest music from Paris musical theater. Another force promoting musical education in Paris was the [Orpheonic](/wiki/Orpheonic "Orpheonic") movement, which led to the creation of many new amateur orchestras and choral societies. Gounod directed the *Orphéon* of Paris between 1852 and 1856\. The Paris Universal Expositions of 1855 and 1867, highlighting technological progress, also had an important musical component. New musical instruments, such as the saxophone and the Steinway piano, were put on display, and several new compositions were commissioned especially for performance during the expositions, including Verdi's *Les Vêpres siciliennes* and *Don Carlos*, Offenbach's *La Grand\-Duchesse de Gerolstein* and *[La Vie parisienne](/wiki/La_Vie_parisienne_%28operetta%29 "La Vie parisienne (operetta)")*, and Gounod's *Romeo et Juliette*.{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=203\-206}} ### Cafés\-Concerts During the Second Empire, the Café\-Concert became extremely popular in Paris; by 1872, there were nearly one hundred and fifty in the city. Some were very simple; a cafe with a piano or small organ; others had an orchestra and professional singers. The café\-concerts were strictly regulated, to prevent them from competing openly with the musical theaters. The singers were not allowed to wear costumes, and there could no sets, dialogue, or dancing by the performers. No more than forty songs could be sung in an evening, and the owners of the cafes were required to submit the musical program for each night to the police for review. If a song sounded subversive, the program was cancelled. After an actress of the Comedie\-Française was condemned by the police for reciting classical verse at the Café Eldorado, and for wearing a long black dress rather street clothing, the law was relaxed in 1867\. Thereafter cafe performers could wear costumes, recite dialogue, and have scenery on the stage. This opened the way for a new musical genre, the [music hall](/wiki/Music_hall "Music hall"), a few years later.{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=177\-178}}
[ "The Second Empire\n-----------------", "### The Imperial Opera—Verdi and Wagner", "[thumb\\|right\\|300px\\|The Grand salle of the Royal Academy of Music on rue Le Peletier, home of the Paris Opera before the completion of the Palais Garnier in 1875](/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_de_musique_-_Grande_salle.jpg \"Théâtre de l'Académie royale de musique - Grande salle.jpg\")\nDuring the reign of Emperor [Napoleon III](/wiki/Napoleon_III \"Napoleon III\") (1852–1870\\), the top of the hierarchy of Paris theaters was the *Académie Imperial*, or Imperial Opera Theatre, in the Salle Peletier. The opera house on Rue le Peletier could seat 1800 spectators. There were three performances a week, scheduled so as not to compete with the other major opera house in the city, *Les Italiens*. The best seats were in the forty boxes, which could each hold four or six persons, on the first balcony. One of the boxes could be rented for the entire season for 7500 [francs](/wiki/French_franc \"French franc\"). One of the major functions of the opera house was to be a meeting place for Paris society, and for this reason the performances were generally very long, with as many as five [intermissions](/wiki/Intermission \"Intermission\"). Ballets were generally added in the middle of operas, to create additional opportunities for intermissions. The Salle Peletier had one infamous moment in its history; on 14 January 1858, a group of Italian extreme nationalists attempted to kill [Napoleon III](/wiki/Napoleon_III \"Napoleon III\") at the entrance of the opera house; they set off several bombs, which killed eight people and injured one hundred and fifty persons, and splattered the Empress [Eugénie de Montijo](/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo \"Eugénie de Montijo\") with blood, though the Emperor was unharmed.Maneglier, Hervé, *Paris Impérial*, p. 188\\.", "[Giuseppe Verdi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi \"Giuseppe Verdi\") played an important part in the glory of the Paris opera. He had first performed *[Nabucco](/wiki/Nabucco \"Nabucco\")* in Paris in 1845 at the [Théâtre\\-Italien](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre-Italien \"Théâtre-Italien\"), followed by *[Luisa Miller](/wiki/Luisa_Miller \"Luisa Miller\")* and *[Il trovatore](/wiki/Il_trovatore \"Il trovatore\")* He signed a new contract with the Paris Opera in 1852, and wanted absolute perfection for his next Parisian project, *[Les Vêpres siciliennes](/wiki/Les_V%C3%AApres_siciliennes \"Les Vêpres siciliennes\")* He complained that the Paris orchestra and chorus were unruly and undisciplined, and rehearsed them an unheard\\-of one hundred and sixty\\-one times before he felt they were ready. His work was rewarded; the opera was a critical and popular success, performed 150 times, rather than the originally proposed forty performances. He was unhappy, however, that his operas were less successful in Paris than those of his chief rival, Meyerbeer; he returned to Italy and did not come back for several years. He was persuaded to return to stage *[Don Carlos](/wiki/Don_Carlos \"Don Carlos\")*, commissioned especially for the Paris Opera. Once again he ran into troubles; one singer took him to court over the casting, and rivalries between other singers poisoned the production. He wrote afterwards, \"I am not a composer for Paris I believe in inspiration; others only care about how the pieces are put together\".Cited in Vila (2007\\), pages 187\\-190", "Napoleon III intervened personally to have [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner \"Richard Wagner\") come back to Paris; Wagner rehearsed the orchestra sixty\\-three times for the first French production of *[Tannhäuser](/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_%28opera%29 \"Tannhäuser (opera)\")* on March 13, 1861\\. Unfortunately, Wagner was unpopular with both the French critics and with the members of the [Jockey Club](/wiki/Jockey_Club \"Jockey Club\"), an influential French social society. During the premiere, with Wagner in the audience, the Jockey Club members whistled and jeered from the first notes of the Overture. After just three performances, the Opera was pulled from the repertoire. Wagner got his revenge in 1870, when the [Prussian Army](/wiki/Prussian_Army \"Prussian Army\") captured Napoleon III and surrounded Paris; he wrote a special piece of music to celebrate the event, *Ode to the German Army at Paris*.", "Napoleon III wanted a new opera house to be the centerpiece connecting the new boulevards he was constructing on the right bank. The competition was won by [Charles Garnier](/wiki/Charles_Garnier_%28architect%29 \"Charles Garnier (architect)\") and the first stone was laid by the Emperor in July 1862, but flooding of the basement caused the construction to proceed very slowly. As the building rose, it was covered with a large shed so the sculptors and artists could create the elaborate exterior decoration. The shed was taken off on August 15, 1867, in time for the [Paris Universal Exposition](/wiki/International_Exposition_%281867%29 \"International Exposition (1867)\"), so visitors and Parisians could see the glorious new building; but the inside was not finished until 1875, after Napoleon's fall.", "### Hervé, Offenbach and the *Opéra Bouffes*", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|[Hortense Schneider](/wiki/Hortense_Schneider \"Hortense Schneider\") as *[la Grande\\-Duchesse de Gérolstein](/wiki/La_Grande-Duchesse_de_G%C3%A9rolstein \"La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein\")*](/wiki/File:La_Grande-Duchesse_de_G%C3%A9rolstein.jpg \"La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein.jpg\")\nThe operetta was born in Paris with the work of Louis Auguste Florimond Ronger, better known under the name of [Hervé](/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_%28composer%29 \"Hervé (composer)\"). His first operetta was called *Don Quilchotte et Sancho Panza*, performed in 1848 at the théâtre Montmartre. In the beginning they were short comic works or parodies, with a combination of songs, dance and dialogue, rarely with more than two persons on stage, and rarely longer than one act. Early operettas by Hervé was named *Latrouillat and Truffaldini or the Inconvenience of a vendetta infinitely too prolonged* and *Agammemnon or the Camel with Two humps*. Hervé opened a new theater, the *Folies\\-Concertantes*, on the Boulevard du Temple in 1854, later renamed the *Folies\\-Nouvelle*. The new genre was termed *Opera Bouffe*; works by Hervé appeared at a half\\-dozen theaters in the city, though the genre was ignored by the opera and the other official theaters.", "In 1853, the young German\\-born musician and composer [Jacques Offenbach](/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach \"Jacques Offenbach\"), then director of the orchestra of the [Comedie\\-Française](/wiki/Comedie-Fran%C3%A7aise \"Comedie-Française\"), wrote his first operetta in the new style, *[Pepita](/wiki/Pepita \"Pepita\")* for the Théatre des Varietes. It was a success, but Offenbach was still unable to perform his works in the official theaters. During the first Paris Universal Exposition, he opened his own theater, the *[Bouffes\\-Parisiens](/wiki/Bouffes-Parisiens \"Bouffes-Parisiens\")*, in an old theater at the Carré Marigny on the Champs\\-Élysées. It was an immense success; Rossini termed Offenbach \"The Mozart of the Champs\\-Élysées\". Offenbach moved to a larger theatre on the passage Choiseul, and presented his next operetta, *[Ba\\-ta\\-clan](/wiki/Ba-ta-clan \"Ba-ta-clan\")*, which also enjoyed spectacular success. In 1858 Offenbach wrote a more serious and ambitious work, *[Orphée aux enfers](/wiki/Orph%C3%A9e_aux_enfers \"Orphée aux enfers\")*, a four\\-act opera with a large cast and chorus. It was also a popular and critical success; Emperor Napoleon III attended, and afterwards presented Offenbach with French citizenship. With the approval of the Emperor, the official theaters of Paris were finally open to Offenbach, and his works became popular with the upper classes. He achieved further success with *[La Belle Hélène](/wiki/La_Belle_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne \"La Belle Hélène\")* with [Hortense Schneider](/wiki/Hortense_Schneider \"Hortense Schneider\") in the leading role; then, again with Schneider, in *[La Vie parisienne](/wiki/La_Vie_parisienne_%28operetta%29 \"La Vie parisienne (operetta)\")* ad *[la Grande\\-Duchesse de Gérolstein](/wiki/La_Grande-Duchesse_de_G%C3%A9rolstein \"La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein\")* In 1867, five different Paris theaters were staging works by Offenbach. He was the champion of the Paris operetta, but he also had the ambition to be considered a serious composer of orchestral works; unfortunately he died before the successful premiere of his most ambitious orchestral work, the *[Contes d'Hoffmann](/wiki/Contes_d%27Hoffmann \"Contes d'Hoffmann\")*.{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=170\\-175}}", "### The Théâtre Italien, the Théâtre\\-Lyrique, and the Opera\\-Comique", "", "File:Press illustration of the interior of the Théâtre Lyrique (Place du Châtelet) during 'Don Quichotte' 1869 \\- NGO 3p872\\.jpg\\|The \\[\\[Théâtre Lyrique]], on Place Chatelet, in 1869\\. It hosted the first performances of the opera ''Faust'' and ''Romeo et Juliette'' by \\[\\[Charles Gounod]], and of ''The Pearl Fishers'' by Georges Bizet.\nFile:Les Troyens à Carthage 1863 \\- throne room of Didon \\- design by Chaperon \\- Gallica.jpg\\|The Théâtre Lyrique was known for its lavish sets and staging. The throne room of Didon for the opera ''\\[\\[Les Troyens]]'' by \\[\\[Berlioz]]. a \\[\\[Carthage]] (1863\\)\nFile:Salle Ventadour \\- Levin p390\\.jpg\\|The \\[\\[Salle Ventadour]] was the home of the \\[\\[Théâtre\\-Italien]]; The first French performances of the operas of \\[\\[Verdi]] were staged there, and the famed soprano Adelina Patti sang there regularly during the Second Empire.", "", "Besides the Imperial Opera Theater, Paris had three other important opera houses; the [Théâtre Italien](/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne \"Comédie-Italienne\"), the [Opera\\-Comique](/wiki/Opera-Comique \"Opera-Comique\"), and the [Théâtre Lyrique](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Lyrique \"Théâtre Lyrique\").", "The [Théâtre Italien](/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne \"Comédie-Italienne\") was the based at the [Salle Ventadour](/wiki/Salle_Ventadour \"Salle Ventadour\"), and hosted the French premieres of several by [Giuseppe Verdi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi \"Giuseppe Verdi\"), including *[Il Trovatore](/wiki/Il_Trovatore \"Il Trovatore\")*, *[La Traviata](/wiki/La_Traviata \"La Traviata\")* (1856\\), *[Rigoletto](/wiki/Rigoletto \"Rigoletto\")* (1857\\) and *[Un ballo in maschera](/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera \"Un ballo in maschera\")* (1861\\). Verdi conducted his *[Requiem](/wiki/Requiem_%28Verdi%29 \"Requiem (Verdi)\")* there, and [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner \"Richard Wagner\") conducted a concert of selections from his operas. The soprano [Adelina Patti](/wiki/Adelina_Patti \"Adelina Patti\") had an exclusive contract to sing with the Italiens when she was in Paris.", "The [Théâtre Lyrique](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Lyrique \"Théâtre Lyrique\") was originally located on the Rue de Temple, the famous \"Boulevard de Crime,\" but when that part of the street was demolished to make room for the [Place de la Republique](/wiki/Place_de_la_Republique \"Place de la Republique\"), [Napoleon III](/wiki/Napoleon_III \"Napoleon III\") built a new theater for them at [Place du Châtelet](/wiki/Place_du_Ch%C3%A2telet \"Place du Châtelet\"). The Lyrique was famous for putting on operas by new composers; it staged the first French performance of *[Rienzi](/wiki/Rienzi \"Rienzi\")* by [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner \"Richard Wagner\"); the first performance of *[Les pêcheurs de perles](/wiki/Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles \"Les pêcheurs de perles\")* (1863\\), the first opera by the 24\\-year\\-old [Georges Bizet](/wiki/Georges_Bizet \"Georges Bizet\"); the first performances of the operas *[Faust](/wiki/Faust_%28opera%29 \"Faust (opera)\")* (1859\\) and *[Roméo et Juliette](/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_et_Juliette \"Roméo et Juliette\")* (1867\\) by [Charles Gounod](/wiki/Charles_Gounod \"Charles Gounod\"); and the first performance of *[Les Troyens](/wiki/Les_Troyens \"Les Troyens\")* (1863\\) by [Hector Berlioz](/wiki/Hector_Berlioz \"Hector Berlioz\").", "The [Opéra\\-Comique](/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique \"Opéra-Comique\") was located in the Salle Favart, and staged both comedies and serious works. It staged the first performances of *[Mignon](/wiki/Mignon \"Mignon\")* by [Ambroise Thomas](/wiki/Ambroise_Thomas \"Ambroise Thomas\") (1866\\) and of *[La grand'tante](/wiki/La_grand%27tante \"La grand'tante\")*, the first opera of [Jules Massenet](/wiki/Jules_Massenet \"Jules Massenet\") (1867\\).", "### Romantic ballet", "[thumb\\|right\\|150px\\|[Giuseppina Bozzacchi](/wiki/Giuseppina_Bozzacchi \"Giuseppina Bozzacchi\") in the role of Swanhilde in *[Coppélia](/wiki/Copp%C3%A9lia \"Coppélia\")* (1870\\)](/wiki/File:Coppelia_-Swanilda_-Giuseppina_Bozzachi_-Act_I-Scene_2_-Paris_-1870_-2.JPG \"Coppelia -Swanilda -Giuseppina Bozzachi -Act I-Scene 2 -Paris -1870 -2.JPG\")\nParis also had an enormous influence on the development of [romantic ballet](/wiki/Romantic_ballet \"Romantic ballet\"), thanks to the ballet troupe of the Paris Opera and its famous ballet masters. The first performance of *[Le Corsaire](/wiki/Le_Corsaire \"Le Corsaire\")*, choreographed by the ballet master of the opera, [Joseph Mazilier](/wiki/Joseph_Mazilier \"Joseph Mazilier\") to the music of [Adolphe Adam](/wiki/Adolphe_Adam \"Adolphe Adam\"), took place at the Paris Opera on January 23, 1856\\. *[Coppélia](/wiki/Copp%C3%A9lia \"Coppélia\")* was originally choreographed by [Arthur Saint\\-Léon](/wiki/Arthur_Saint-L%C3%A9on \"Arthur Saint-Léon\") to the music of [Léo Delibes](/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes \"Léo Delibes\"), and was based upon two stories by [E. T. A. Hoffmann](/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann \"E. T. A. Hoffmann\"): It premiered on 25 May [1870](/wiki/List_of_1870_ballet_premieres \"List of 1870 ballet premieres\") at the [Théâtre Impérial l'Opéra](/wiki/Salle_Le_Peletier \"Salle Le Peletier\"), with the 16\\-year\\-old [Giuseppina Bozzacchi](/wiki/Giuseppina_Bozzacchi \"Giuseppina Bozzacchi\") in the principal role of Swanhilde. Its first flush of success was interrupted by the [Franco\\-Prussian War](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War \"Franco-Prussian War\") and the [Siege of Paris](/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_%281870%E2%80%9371%29 \"Siege of Paris (1870–71)\") (which also led to the early death of Giuseppina Bozzacchi, on her 17th birthday), but eventually it became the most\\-performed ballet at the [Opéra](/wiki/Paris_Opera_Ballet \"Paris Opera Ballet\").", "### The Cirque\\-Napoleon, concerts in the parks, and the Paris Expositions", "Napoleon III re\\-established the custom of concerts at the imperial court, performed at the Louvre, with a new orchestra composed of students at the Paris Conservatory under the direction of [Jules Pasdeloup](/wiki/Jules_Pasdeloup \"Jules Pasdeloup\"). To reach a broader public, in 1861 he began a series of concerts by the orchestra at the huge Cirque\\-Napoléon (now the [Cirque d'hiver](/wiki/Cirque_d%27hiver \"Cirque d'hiver\")) which could four thousand persons. Admission was fifty centimes. 1861 Pasdeloup decided to widen the audience for his orchestra. Besides playing the classical works of Beethoven, Mozart, Hayden and Mendellsohn, the orchestra performed new works by Schumann, Wagner, Berlioz, Gounod, and [Saint\\-Saëns](/wiki/Saint-Sa%C3%ABns \"Saint-Saëns\").", "[thumb\\|left\\|250px\\|A concert in the [Tuileries Garden](/wiki/Tuileries_Garden \"Tuileries Garden\"), by [Édouard Manet](/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet \"Édouard Manet\") (1862\\)](/wiki/File:Edouard_Manet_Music_in_the_Tuileries_1862.jpg \"Edouard Manet Music in the Tuileries 1862.jpg\")\nNapoleon had built a large number of new parks and squares in Paris, including the [Bois de Boulogne](/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne \"Bois de Boulogne\") and the [Bois de Vincennes](/wiki/Bois_de_Vincennes \"Bois de Vincennes\"). The Emperor had bandstands installed in the new parks, and organized public concerts. Amateur as well as professional and military musicians were invited to take part in the concerts. The repertoire included classical music, military music, quadrilles, polkas and waltzes, and the latest music from Paris musical theater. Another force promoting musical education in Paris was the [Orpheonic](/wiki/Orpheonic \"Orpheonic\") movement, which led to the creation of many new amateur orchestras and choral societies. Gounod directed the *Orphéon* of Paris between 1852 and 1856\\.", "The Paris Universal Expositions of 1855 and 1867, highlighting technological progress, also had an important musical component. New musical instruments, such as the saxophone and the Steinway piano, were put on display, and several new compositions were commissioned especially for performance during the expositions, including Verdi's *Les Vêpres siciliennes* and *Don Carlos*, Offenbach's *La Grand\\-Duchesse de Gerolstein* and *[La Vie parisienne](/wiki/La_Vie_parisienne_%28operetta%29 \"La Vie parisienne (operetta)\")*, and Gounod's *Romeo et Juliette*.{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=203\\-206}}", "### Cafés\\-Concerts", "During the Second Empire, the Café\\-Concert became extremely popular in Paris; by 1872, there were nearly one hundred and fifty in the city. Some were very simple; a cafe with a piano or small organ; others had an orchestra and professional singers. The café\\-concerts were strictly regulated, to prevent them from competing openly with the musical theaters. The singers were not allowed to wear costumes, and there could no sets, dialogue, or dancing by the performers. No more than forty songs could be sung in an evening, and the owners of the cafes were required to submit the musical program for each night to the police for review. If a song sounded subversive, the program was cancelled. After an actress of the Comedie\\-Française was condemned by the police for reciting classical verse at the Café Eldorado, and for wearing a long black dress rather street clothing, the law was relaxed in 1867\\. Thereafter cafe performers could wear costumes, recite dialogue, and have scenery on the stage. This opened the way for a new musical genre, the [music hall](/wiki/Music_hall \"Music hall\"), a few years later.{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=177\\-178}}", "" ]
### The Théâtre Italien, the Théâtre\-Lyrique, and the Opera\-Comique File:Press illustration of the interior of the Théâtre Lyrique (Place du Châtelet) during 'Don Quichotte' 1869 \- NGO 3p872\.jpg\|The \[\[Théâtre Lyrique]], on Place Chatelet, in 1869\. It hosted the first performances of the opera ''Faust'' and ''Romeo et Juliette'' by \[\[Charles Gounod]], and of ''The Pearl Fishers'' by Georges Bizet. File:Les Troyens à Carthage 1863 \- throne room of Didon \- design by Chaperon \- Gallica.jpg\|The Théâtre Lyrique was known for its lavish sets and staging. The throne room of Didon for the opera ''\[\[Les Troyens]]'' by \[\[Berlioz]]. a \[\[Carthage]] (1863\) File:Salle Ventadour \- Levin p390\.jpg\|The \[\[Salle Ventadour]] was the home of the \[\[Théâtre\-Italien]]; The first French performances of the operas of \[\[Verdi]] were staged there, and the famed soprano Adelina Patti sang there regularly during the Second Empire. Besides the Imperial Opera Theater, Paris had three other important opera houses; the [Théâtre Italien](/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne "Comédie-Italienne"), the [Opera\-Comique](/wiki/Opera-Comique "Opera-Comique"), and the [Théâtre Lyrique](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Lyrique "Théâtre Lyrique"). The [Théâtre Italien](/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne "Comédie-Italienne") was the based at the [Salle Ventadour](/wiki/Salle_Ventadour "Salle Ventadour"), and hosted the French premieres of several by [Giuseppe Verdi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi "Giuseppe Verdi"), including *[Il Trovatore](/wiki/Il_Trovatore "Il Trovatore")*, *[La Traviata](/wiki/La_Traviata "La Traviata")* (1856\), *[Rigoletto](/wiki/Rigoletto "Rigoletto")* (1857\) and *[Un ballo in maschera](/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera "Un ballo in maschera")* (1861\). Verdi conducted his *[Requiem](/wiki/Requiem_%28Verdi%29 "Requiem (Verdi)")* there, and [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner "Richard Wagner") conducted a concert of selections from his operas. The soprano [Adelina Patti](/wiki/Adelina_Patti "Adelina Patti") had an exclusive contract to sing with the Italiens when she was in Paris. The [Théâtre Lyrique](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Lyrique "Théâtre Lyrique") was originally located on the Rue de Temple, the famous "Boulevard de Crime," but when that part of the street was demolished to make room for the [Place de la Republique](/wiki/Place_de_la_Republique "Place de la Republique"), [Napoleon III](/wiki/Napoleon_III "Napoleon III") built a new theater for them at [Place du Châtelet](/wiki/Place_du_Ch%C3%A2telet "Place du Châtelet"). The Lyrique was famous for putting on operas by new composers; it staged the first French performance of *[Rienzi](/wiki/Rienzi "Rienzi")* by [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner "Richard Wagner"); the first performance of *[Les pêcheurs de perles](/wiki/Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles "Les pêcheurs de perles")* (1863\), the first opera by the 24\-year\-old [Georges Bizet](/wiki/Georges_Bizet "Georges Bizet"); the first performances of the operas *[Faust](/wiki/Faust_%28opera%29 "Faust (opera)")* (1859\) and *[Roméo et Juliette](/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_et_Juliette "Roméo et Juliette")* (1867\) by [Charles Gounod](/wiki/Charles_Gounod "Charles Gounod"); and the first performance of *[Les Troyens](/wiki/Les_Troyens "Les Troyens")* (1863\) by [Hector Berlioz](/wiki/Hector_Berlioz "Hector Berlioz"). The [Opéra\-Comique](/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique "Opéra-Comique") was located in the Salle Favart, and staged both comedies and serious works. It staged the first performances of *[Mignon](/wiki/Mignon "Mignon")* by [Ambroise Thomas](/wiki/Ambroise_Thomas "Ambroise Thomas") (1866\) and of *[La grand'tante](/wiki/La_grand%27tante "La grand'tante")*, the first opera of [Jules Massenet](/wiki/Jules_Massenet "Jules Massenet") (1867\).
[ "### The Théâtre Italien, the Théâtre\\-Lyrique, and the Opera\\-Comique", "", "File:Press illustration of the interior of the Théâtre Lyrique (Place du Châtelet) during 'Don Quichotte' 1869 \\- NGO 3p872\\.jpg\\|The \\[\\[Théâtre Lyrique]], on Place Chatelet, in 1869\\. It hosted the first performances of the opera ''Faust'' and ''Romeo et Juliette'' by \\[\\[Charles Gounod]], and of ''The Pearl Fishers'' by Georges Bizet.\nFile:Les Troyens à Carthage 1863 \\- throne room of Didon \\- design by Chaperon \\- Gallica.jpg\\|The Théâtre Lyrique was known for its lavish sets and staging. The throne room of Didon for the opera ''\\[\\[Les Troyens]]'' by \\[\\[Berlioz]]. a \\[\\[Carthage]] (1863\\)\nFile:Salle Ventadour \\- Levin p390\\.jpg\\|The \\[\\[Salle Ventadour]] was the home of the \\[\\[Théâtre\\-Italien]]; The first French performances of the operas of \\[\\[Verdi]] were staged there, and the famed soprano Adelina Patti sang there regularly during the Second Empire.", "", "Besides the Imperial Opera Theater, Paris had three other important opera houses; the [Théâtre Italien](/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne \"Comédie-Italienne\"), the [Opera\\-Comique](/wiki/Opera-Comique \"Opera-Comique\"), and the [Théâtre Lyrique](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Lyrique \"Théâtre Lyrique\").", "The [Théâtre Italien](/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne \"Comédie-Italienne\") was the based at the [Salle Ventadour](/wiki/Salle_Ventadour \"Salle Ventadour\"), and hosted the French premieres of several by [Giuseppe Verdi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi \"Giuseppe Verdi\"), including *[Il Trovatore](/wiki/Il_Trovatore \"Il Trovatore\")*, *[La Traviata](/wiki/La_Traviata \"La Traviata\")* (1856\\), *[Rigoletto](/wiki/Rigoletto \"Rigoletto\")* (1857\\) and *[Un ballo in maschera](/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera \"Un ballo in maschera\")* (1861\\). Verdi conducted his *[Requiem](/wiki/Requiem_%28Verdi%29 \"Requiem (Verdi)\")* there, and [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner \"Richard Wagner\") conducted a concert of selections from his operas. The soprano [Adelina Patti](/wiki/Adelina_Patti \"Adelina Patti\") had an exclusive contract to sing with the Italiens when she was in Paris.", "The [Théâtre Lyrique](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Lyrique \"Théâtre Lyrique\") was originally located on the Rue de Temple, the famous \"Boulevard de Crime,\" but when that part of the street was demolished to make room for the [Place de la Republique](/wiki/Place_de_la_Republique \"Place de la Republique\"), [Napoleon III](/wiki/Napoleon_III \"Napoleon III\") built a new theater for them at [Place du Châtelet](/wiki/Place_du_Ch%C3%A2telet \"Place du Châtelet\"). The Lyrique was famous for putting on operas by new composers; it staged the first French performance of *[Rienzi](/wiki/Rienzi \"Rienzi\")* by [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner \"Richard Wagner\"); the first performance of *[Les pêcheurs de perles](/wiki/Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles \"Les pêcheurs de perles\")* (1863\\), the first opera by the 24\\-year\\-old [Georges Bizet](/wiki/Georges_Bizet \"Georges Bizet\"); the first performances of the operas *[Faust](/wiki/Faust_%28opera%29 \"Faust (opera)\")* (1859\\) and *[Roméo et Juliette](/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_et_Juliette \"Roméo et Juliette\")* (1867\\) by [Charles Gounod](/wiki/Charles_Gounod \"Charles Gounod\"); and the first performance of *[Les Troyens](/wiki/Les_Troyens \"Les Troyens\")* (1863\\) by [Hector Berlioz](/wiki/Hector_Berlioz \"Hector Berlioz\").", "The [Opéra\\-Comique](/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique \"Opéra-Comique\") was located in the Salle Favart, and staged both comedies and serious works. It staged the first performances of *[Mignon](/wiki/Mignon \"Mignon\")* by [Ambroise Thomas](/wiki/Ambroise_Thomas \"Ambroise Thomas\") (1866\\) and of *[La grand'tante](/wiki/La_grand%27tante \"La grand'tante\")*, the first opera of [Jules Massenet](/wiki/Jules_Massenet \"Jules Massenet\") (1867\\).", "" ]
The Belle Époque (1872–1913\) ----------------------------- [thumb\|right\|200px\|The grand stairway of the Paris Opera (1875\)](/wiki/File:GarnierOperaParis.jpg "GarnierOperaParis.jpg") Paris composers during the [Belle Époque](/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque "Belle Époque") period had a major impact on European music, moving it away from [Romanticism](/wiki/Romantic_music "Romantic music") toward [Impressionism in music](/wiki/Impressionism_in_music "Impressionism in music") and [Modernism](/wiki/Modernism_%28music%29 "Modernism (music)"). The defeat of France in the [Franco\-Prussian War](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War "Franco-Prussian War") of 1870\-71 led to the downfall of Napoleon III, and the brief reign of the [Paris Commune](/wiki/Paris_Commune "Paris Commune"). During the two\-month reign of the Commune, the [Tuileries Palace](/wiki/Tuileries_Palace "Tuileries Palace") was renamed the *Maison du Peuple* and hosted concerts of the music of Auber and Verd, while brass bands Bands of the Commune's National Guard gave concerts in the parks. The Commune produced one memorable song, *[Le Temps des cerises](/wiki/Le_Temps_des_cerises "Le Temps des cerises")*, with the melody of an 1866 song. In May 1871, as the French Army entered Paris and crushed the Commune, the Communards set fire to musical landmarks of the old regime, including the [Tuileries Palace](/wiki/Tuileries_Palace "Tuileries Palace"), the [Théâtre\-Lyrique](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre-Lyrique "Théâtre-Lyrique") on Place du Chatelet, and the house of [Prosper Mérimée](/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e "Prosper Mérimée"), the author of the novel *Carmen* and friend of Napoleon III. Despite the destruction, the opera reopened in July 1871 at rue de Pelletier with a performance of Auber's *La Muette de Portici*. The ruins of the Tuileries were eventual torn down, but the [Théâtre\-Lyrique](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre-Lyrique "Théâtre-Lyrique") was repaired and re\-opened in November 1874,{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=211\-213}} The opera house of Charles Garnier was completed and finally dedicated on January 5, 1875, in the presence of the President of the new Third Republic, [Patrice de MacMahon](/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon%2C_Duke_of_Magenta "Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta") and the King of Spain, with excerpts of music by Auber, Rossini, Halévy, Meyerbeer, and a ballet by [Delibes](/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes "Léo Delibes") and [Minkus](/wiki/Ludwig_Minkus "Ludwig Minkus"). Garnier appeared on the grand stairway during the intermission and received the applause of the crowd.Huebner 2003, [p. 303](https://books.google.com/books?id=iqoVHY6OrjIC&pg=PA303). {{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=211\-213}} ### Bizet, Saint\-Saëns and Debussy [thumb\|right\|200px\|[Georges Bizet](/wiki/Georges_Bizet "Georges Bizet") (1875\)](/wiki/File:Georges_bizet.jpg "Georges bizet.jpg") The outbreak of the war between France and Germany in 1870 caused a group of French composers to form the [Société Nationale de Musique](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Nationale_de_Musique "Société Nationale de Musique"), (SNM), officially founded on February 25, 1871, to promote new French music and resist the current of German music and particularly the influence of Wagner. It was led by Camille Saint\-Saëns and included [César Franck](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck "César Franck") and [Jules Massenet](/wiki/Jules_Massenet "Jules Massenet"). The Society held its first concert at the [Salle Pleyel](/wiki/Salle_Pleyel "Salle Pleyel") in the autumn of 1871\. The SNM played an important part through the *Belle Époque* by introducing Paris audiences to the music of new French composers, including Debussy, [Gabriel Fauré](/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9 "Gabriel Fauré"), and [Maurice Ravel](/wiki/Maurice_Ravel "Maurice Ravel").{{sfn\|Petit Robert\|1988\|page\=1597}}{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=16\-27}} In addition to the SNM, Paris had three world\-class symphony orchestras during the *Belle Époque*. In 1873 the Concert National was founded, under the direction of [Édouard Colonne](/wiki/%C3%89douard_Colonne "Édouard Colonne"). It performed regularly at the Théatre du Châtelet, and premiered works by Debussy, Franck, [Charles Gounod](/wiki/Charles_Gounod "Charles Gounod"), Fauré, Massenet, and Sant\-Saëns. Colonne invited leading European composers, including [Richard Strauss](/wiki/Richard_Strauss "Richard Strauss"), [Edvard Grieg](/wiki/Edvard_Grieg "Edvard Grieg"), and [Piotr Tchaikovsky](/wiki/Piotr_Tchaikovsky "Piotr Tchaikovsky") to conduct their works in Paris. He was also the first conductor of note to make commercial [gramophone](/wiki/Gramophone_record "Gramophone record") ([phonograph](/wiki/Phonograph "Phonograph")) records, for the [Pathé](/wiki/Path%C3%A9 "Pathé") company in 1906\.Foreman L. Édouard Colonne \- review of Tahra and Symposium CDs. *[Classic Record Collector](/wiki/Classic_Record_Collector "Classic Record Collector")*, Autumn 2006, p80\-81\. A second orchestra, the *Societé des nouveaux concerts*, was founded by [Charles Lamoureux](/wiki/Charles_Lamoureux "Charles Lamoureux") in 1881, devoted largely to the work of Wagner and his followers. This orchestra performed the Paris premiere of Wagner's *[Lohengrin](/wiki/Lohengrin_%28opera%29 "Lohengrin (opera)")* at the Eden Theater in 1887\. The society became known as the Lamouroux orchestra. A third symphony was created in 1905 by Victor Charpantier, brother of composer [Gustave Charpentier](/wiki/Gustave_Charpentier "Gustave Charpentier"), composed of amateur musicians, which gave free concerts at the Trocadero, under the direction of composers including Charpentier, Fauré and Saint\-Saëns.{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|page\=224}} In 1901, Gustave Charpentier founded the first trade union of professional musicians in France. Some of the SNM musicians felt that organization was too conservative, and in 1910 they founded the Societé musicale indépendente, or SMI, to promote "new tendencies" and music from abroad. Gabriel Fauré became head of the new organization; the SMI would go on to premiere his new works, as well as works by [Ravel](/wiki/Ravel "Ravel"), [Manuel de Falla](/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla "Manuel de Falla"), and [Vaughan Williams](/wiki/Vaughan_Williams "Vaughan Williams"), and the first performances of works by [Eric Satie](/wiki/Eric_Satie "Eric Satie") before a large public.{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=16\-27}} [thumb\|200px\|[Camille Saint\-Saëns](/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns "Camille Saint-Saëns") (about 1880\)](/wiki/File:Saint-Sa%C3%ABns-circa-1880.jpg "Saint-Saëns-circa-1880.jpg") In July 1872 the [Opéra\-Comique](/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique "Opéra-Comique") commissioned [Georges Bizet](/wiki/Georges_Bizet "Georges Bizet") to write an opera based on the novel *[Carmen](/wiki/Carmen_%28novella%29 "Carmen (novella)")* by [Prosper Mérimée](/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e "Prosper Mérimée"). The rehearsals for the finished opera were extremely difficult; in previous operas, the chorus simply lined up on stage and sang, but in *[Carmen](/wiki/Carmen "Carmen"),* they were asked to walk around the stage, act, and even smoke cigarettes. It defied all conventions of comic opera, with its musical style, the profession of its heroine and its tragic ending. At its premiere on March 3, 1875, it scandalized both the critics and the audience; one critic reported it "was neither scenic nor dramatic." It was defended by Camille Saint\-Saëns, who called it a masterpiece, but when Bizet died three months after the premiere, it was considered a failure. With time it became one of the most\-performed works of Paris opera. [Camille Saint\-Saëns](/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns "Camille Saint-Saëns") (1835\-1921\) was born in Paris and was admitted to the [Paris Conservatoire](/wiki/Paris_Conservatoire "Paris Conservatoire") when he was thirteen. When he finished the Conservatory, he became an organist at the church of [Saint\-Merri](/wiki/Saint-Merri "Saint-Merri"), and later at *[La Madeleine](/wiki/La_Madeleine%2C_Paris "La Madeleine, Paris")*. His opera, *[Samson et Dalila](/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_%28opera%29 "Samson and Delilah (opera)")* (1877\), was in the grand romantic tradition, though the music was new and innovative. He also won fame in Paris for *[Danse Macabre](/wiki/Danse_macabre_%28Saint-Sa%C3%ABns%29 "Danse macabre (Saint-Saëns)")*, the opera *[The Carnival of the Animals](/wiki/The_Carnival_of_the_Animals "The Carnival of the Animals")* (1877\), and his [*Symphonie No. 3 "avec orgue"* in C minor, op. 78 (1886\)](/wiki/Symphony_No._3_%28Saint-Sa%C3%ABns%29 "Symphony No. 3 (Saint-Saëns)"). [Société Nationale de Musique](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Nationale_de_Musique "Société Nationale de Musique"),{{sfn\|Petit Robert\|1988\|page\=1597}} [thumb\|left\|200px\|[Claude Debussy](/wiki/Claude_Debussy "Claude Debussy"), {{circa\|1900}}](/wiki/File:Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg "Claude Debussy by Atelier Nadar.jpg") [Claude Debussy](/wiki/Claude_Debussy "Claude Debussy") (1862\-1918\) was born at [Saint\-Germain\-en\-Laye](/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye "Saint-Germain-en-Laye"), near Paris, and entered the Conservatory in 1872\. He became part of the Parisian literary circle of the [symbolist](/wiki/Symbolism_%28arts%29 "Symbolism (arts)") poet [Stéphane Mallarmé](/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9 "Stéphane Mallarmé"), and an admirer of [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner "Richard Wagner"), then went on to experiment with [impressionism in music](/wiki/Impressionism_in_music "Impressionism in music"), [atonal music](/wiki/Atonality "Atonality") and [chromaticism](/wiki/Chromaticism "Chromaticism"). His most famous works included *[Clair de Lune](/wiki/Suite_bergamasque "Suite bergamasque")* (1890\), *[La Mer](/wiki/La_mer_%28Debussy%29 "La mer (Debussy)")* (1905\) and the opera *[Pelléas et Mélisande](/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_%28opera%29 "Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)")* (1903\-1905\). He lived at 23 *square de l'Avenue\-Foch* in the [16th arrondissement](/wiki/16th_arrondissement_of_Paris "16th arrondissement of Paris") from 1905 until his death in 1918\.{{sfn\|Petit Robert\|1988\|page\=501}} Other influential composers in Paris during the period included [Jules Massenet](/wiki/Jules_Massenet "Jules Massenet") (1842\-1912\), author of the operas *[Manon](/wiki/Manon "Manon")* and *[Werther](/wiki/Werther "Werther")*; [Gustave Charpentier](/wiki/Gustave_Charpentier "Gustave Charpentier"), composer of the working\-class "opera\-novel" *[Louise](/wiki/Louise_%28opera%29 "Louise (opera)")*; and [Erik Satie](/wiki/Erik_Satie "Erik Satie") (1866\-1925\), who, after leaving the Conservatory, made his living as a pianist at *[Le Chat Noir](/wiki/Le_Chat_Noir "Le Chat Noir")*, a [cabaret](/wiki/Cabaret "Cabaret") on [Montmartre](/wiki/Montmartre "Montmartre"). His most famous works were the *[Gymnopédies](/wiki/Gymnop%C3%A9dies "Gymnopédies")* (1888\).{{sfn\|Petit Robert\|1988\|page\=1622}} Spanish music had an important part in the music of Paris in the *Belle Époque*, particularly between 1907 and 1914\. The prominent Spanish composers [Enrique Granados](/wiki/Enrique_Granados "Enrique Granados"), [Isaac Albeniz](/wiki/Isaac_Albeniz "Isaac Albeniz"), [Joaquín Turina](/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Turina "Joaquín Turina") and [Manuel de Falla](/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla "Manuel de Falla") all lived in Paris, were inspired by the new works French music as well as traditional Spanish themes, and created a new school of modern Spanish music. They also in turn influenced French music; Debussy and Ravel wrote *[Iberia](/wiki/Iberia "Iberia")* and *[Rapsodie espagnole](/wiki/Rapsodie_espagnole "Rapsodie espagnole")* inspired by Spanish themes.{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=251\-252}} ### Music of the Expositions The great Paris Universal Expositions of 1878, 1889 and 1900 brought the greatest musicians in the world to Paris to perform, and also introduced musical genres from around the world, including Javanese, Congolese, New Caledonian, Algerian and Vietnamese music, to Paris audiences, The 1889 Exposition offered concerts by [Nikolai Rimsky\-Korsakov](/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov "Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov") and [Alexander Glazunov](/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov "Alexander Glazunov"), while the 1900 Exposition featured band concerts conducted by [John Philip Sousa](/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa "John Philip Sousa"). At the 1900 Exposition, Claude Debussy conducted a grand concert of his work at the Palais de Trocadero. The 1881 Exposition of electricity featured the first transmission of the sound of a musical performance from the Paris opera house to the Palace of Industry, while the 1889 Exposition displayed the new [phonograph](/wiki/Phonograph "Phonograph") patented by [Thomas Edison](/wiki/Thomas_Edison "Thomas Edison"), which played the latest songs by [Charles Gounod](/wiki/Charles_Gounod "Charles Gounod").{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=233\-236}} ### The café concert, the music hall and the cabaret [thumb\|left\|The Café\-Concert by [Edgar Degas](/wiki/Edgar_Degas "Edgar Degas") (1876\-77\)](/wiki/File:Degas_-_Caf%C3%A9_Concert_-_at_Les_Ambassadeurs_1876-77.jpg "Degas - Café Concert - at Les Ambassadeurs 1876-77.jpg") The café concert was an extremely popular musical venue at the beginning of the *Belle Époque*. Following the 1870 war, sentimental songs and songs calling for revenge against Germany for the loss of Alsace and Lorraine were the staple of all musical cafes. Over the course of the Belle Époque, the café chantant evolved into two different musical institutions; some, like Café des Ambassadeurs and the Eldorado, became very large, crowded and filled with noise and smoke, with orchestras, dance reviews, singers and comedy. The [music hall](/wiki/Music_hall "Music hall") originated in England in 1842, and was first imported into France in its British form in 1862, but under the French law protecting the state theaters, performers could not wear consumes or recite dialogue, something only allowed in theaters. When the law changed in 1867, the Paris music hall flourished, and a half\-dozen new halls opened, offering acrobats, singers, dancers, magicians, and trained animals. [thumb\|right\|[Mistinguett](/wiki/Mistinguett "Mistinguett") at the [Moulin Rouge](/wiki/Moulin_Rouge "Moulin Rouge") (1911\)](/wiki/File:Mistinguett_Moulin_Rouge.jpg "Mistinguett Moulin Rouge.jpg") The first Paris music hall built specially for that purpose was the [Folies\-Bergere](/wiki/Folies-Bergere "Folies-Bergere") (1869\); it was followed by the [Moulin Rouge](/wiki/Moulin_Rouge "Moulin Rouge") (1889\), the [Alhambra](/wiki/Alhambra-Maurice_Chevalier "Alhambra-Maurice Chevalier") (1866\), the first to be called a music hall, and the [Olympia](/wiki/Paris_Olympia "Paris Olympia") (1893\). The *Printania* (1903\) was a music\-garden, open only in summer, with a theater, restaurant, circus, and horse\-racing. Older theaters also transformed themselves into music halls, including the [Bobino](/wiki/Bobino "Bobino") Music Hall (1873\), the [Bataclan](/wiki/Bataclan_%28theatre%29 "Bataclan (theatre)") (1864\), and the [Alcazar](/wiki/Alcazar_%28Paris%29 "Alcazar (Paris)") (1858\). At the beginning, music halls offered dance reviews, theater and songs, but gradually songs and singers became the main attraction. At the end of the *Belle Epoque*, the music halls began to face competition from movie theaters. The Olympia responded in 1911 with the invention of the grand stairway as a set for its musical and dance spectacles.{{Sfn\|Fierro\|1996\|pages\=1005\-1006}} The smaller, more intimate clubs, called cabarets, focused on individual singers and personal songs, often written by the singer, along with satire and poetry.{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=248\-251}} The [Le Chat Noir](/wiki/Le_Chat_Noir "Le Chat Noir"), neighborhood of [Montmartre](/wiki/Montmartre "Montmartre"), was created in 1881 by Rodolphe Salis, a theatrical agent and entrepreneur. It combined music and other entertainment with political commentary and satire.(Haine 8\).{{cite book\|last\=Haine\|first\=W.Scott\|title\=The Thinking Space: The Café as a Cultural Institution in Paris, Italy and Vienna\|year\=2013\|publisher\=Ashgate\|isbn\=9781409438793\|pages\=8\|url\=http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781409438793\|access\-date\=2016\-02\-16\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185544/http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781409438793\|archive\-date\=2015\-09\-23\|url\-status\=dead}} The Chat Noir brought together the wealthy and famous of Paris with the Bohemians and artists of Montmartre and the Pigalle. Its clientele was described by the historian Paul Bourget: "a fantastic mixture of writers and painters, of journalists and students, of employees and high\-livers, as well as models, prostitutes and true grand dames searching for exotic experiences."Cited in Fierro, *Histoire et Dictionnaire de Paris*, pg. 738 The composer [Eric Satie](/wiki/Eric_Satie "Eric Satie") earned his living after finishing the Conservatory playing the piano at the Chat Noir. By 1896 there were fifty\-six cabarets and cafes with music in Paris, along with a dozen music halls. The cabarets did not have a high reputation; one critic wrote in 1897, "they sell drinks which are worth fifteen centimes along with verses which, for the most part, are worth nothing.".cited in Fierro (1996\), page 738 ### Diaghilev, Stravinsky and the *Ballets Russes* [thumb\|right\|200px\|Program for *[Afternoon of a Fawn](/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_%28Nijinsky%29 "Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)")* by the [Ballets Russes](/wiki/Ballets_Russes "Ballets Russes") (1912\)](/wiki/File:Bakst_Nizhinsky.jpg "Bakst Nizhinsky.jpg") Russian music became extremely popular in Paris at the end of *Belle Époque*; The orchestras Lamoureux, Colonne, and the Paris Conservatory performed the music of [Modest Mussorgsky](/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky "Modest Mussorgsky"), [Glazunov](/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov "Alexander Glazunov"), [Mikhail Glinka](/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka "Mikhail Glinka"), [Borodin](/wiki/Borodin "Borodin"), [Rimsky\-Korsakov](/wiki/Rimsky-Korsakov "Rimsky-Korsakov"), [Tchaikovsky](/wiki/Tchaikovsky "Tchaikovsky") and [Scriabin](/wiki/Scriabin "Scriabin") and flocked to hear the singer [Chaliapin](/wiki/Chaliapin "Chaliapin"). In 1907 the French impresario [Gabriel Astruc](/wiki/Gabriel_Astruc "Gabriel Astruc") organized a season of Russian music, with performances by Scriabin and [Sergei Rachmaninov](/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninov "Sergei Rachmaninov"). [thumb\|left\|200px\|[Stravinsky](/wiki/Stravinsky "Stravinsky") and [Nijinsky](/wiki/Nijinsky "Nijinsky") (1911\)](/wiki/File:Stravinsky_Nijiinsky.jpg "Stravinsky Nijiinsky.jpg") In 1908 the Russian impresario [Sergei Diaghilev](/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev "Sergei Diaghilev") brought to Paris a production of *[Boris Gudonov](/wiki/Boris_Gudonov_%28opera%29 "Boris Gudonov (opera)")* by Mussorgsky, with Chaliapin the leading role, while the Opéra\-Comique staged *[The Snow Maiden](/wiki/The_Snow_Maiden "The Snow Maiden")* by [Rimsky\-Korsakov](/wiki/Rimsky-Korsakov "Rimsky-Korsakov"). In 1909 Diaghilev brought dancers from the Imperial Théater in Saint Petersburg including [Vaslav Nijinsky](/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky "Vaslav Nijinsky"), [Anna Pavlova](/wiki/Anna_Pavlova "Anna Pavlova") and [Ida Rubenstein](/wiki/Ida_Rubenstein "Ida Rubenstein"), to the Châtelet theater with a program of classical ballet. The Paris audiences loved the dancers but were not excited by the ballets, which lost money. For 1910, Diaghilev decided to do something entirely new, and commissioned Ravel to write a ballet, *[Daphnis and Chloë](/wiki/Daphnis_and_Chlo%C3%AB "Daphnis and Chloë")*, for his new company, now called the *[Ballets Russes](/wiki/Ballets_Russes "Ballets Russes")*. The season made a celebrity of unknown composer, [Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky "Igor Stravinsky") and his ballet *[The Firebird](/wiki/The_Firebird "The Firebird")*. The Ballets Russes returned to Paris in 1911 with a new work of Stravinsky, *[Petrushka](/wiki/Petrushka_%28ballet%29 "Petrushka (ballet)")* and a new version of *[Daphnis et Chloé](/wiki/Daphnis_et_Chlo%C3%A9 "Daphnis et Chloé")* with choreography by [Fokine](/wiki/Michel_Fokine "Michel Fokine") and sets by [Léon Bakst](/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bakst "Léon Bakst"). In 1912, the Ballets Russes presented *[Afternoon of a Fawn](/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_%28Nijinsky%29 "Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)")* by Debussy, choreographed and danced by Nijinsky. Nijinsky and the ballet were denounced by the French press, which called his performance "vile, bestial and erotic", and by Debussy himself, though it was defended by many French artists, including [Rodin](/wiki/Rodin "Rodin") and [Odilon Redon](/wiki/Odilon_Redon "Odilon Redon"). The 1913 season, performed at the new [Théâtre des Champs\-Élysées](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es "Théâtre des Champs-Élysées"), brought a new scandal, with *[The Rite of Spring](/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring "The Rite of Spring")*, written by Stravinsky and choreographed by Nijinsky. The shouts of the audience during the performance, both for and against the dancers, were so loud that the dancers could not hear the music; the choreographer, in the wings, had to count in a loud voice to help them. The ballet transformed the way in which subsequent composers thought about rhythmic structure. The outbreak of World War I and the subsequent Russian Revolution of 1917 left the Ballets Russes stranded in Paris. They continued to perform in France and toured around Europe and the world, but never had the opportunity to perform in their own country.{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=254\-256}} ### Dance—the Bal\-musette, the cakewalk, the can\-can and the tango [thumb\|300px\|The can\-can by [Henri de Toulouse\-Lautrec](/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec "Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec"), 1895](/wiki/File:Lautrec_la_troupe_de_mlle_eglantine_%28poster%29_1895-6.jpg "Lautrec la troupe de mlle eglantine (poster) 1895-6.jpg") Parisians of all social classes had a passion for dancing. The [Bal\-musette](/wiki/Bal-musette "Bal-musette") was a popular kind of dancing venue for working\-class Parisians. It originated among the [Auvergnats](/wiki/Auvergne_%28province%29 "Auvergne (province)") who came to Paris in large numbers in the 19th century. They took place at cafés and bars where patrons danced the [bourrée](/wiki/Bourr%C3%A9e "Bourrée") to the accompaniment of the [cabrette](/wiki/Cabrette "Cabrette") (a [bellows](/wiki/Bellows "Bellows")\-blown [bagpipe](/wiki/Bagpipe "Bagpipe") locally called a "[musette](/wiki/Musette_de_cour "Musette de cour")") and often the [vielle à roue](/wiki/Vielle_%C3%A0_roue "Vielle à roue") ([hurdy\-gurdy](/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy "Hurdy-gurdy")). Later Parisian and [Italian](/wiki/Italy "Italy") musicians who played the [accordion](/wiki/Accordion "Accordion") adopted the style. The Bal\-musettes featured simple, fast and sensual dance steps, often with dancers holding each other very close; it could be danced in a small space.Rémi Hess : *La valse, un romantisme révolutionnaire*, Métailié editor, Sciences humaines collection, April 2003, p. 147\-148\. ({{ISBN\|2\-86424\-468\-3}}).Henri Joannis Deberne : *Danser en société*, Christine Bonneton (editor), 3/1999, Paris. ({{ISBN\|2\-86253\-229\-0}}). The [Cakewalk](/wiki/Cakewalk "Cakewalk") was introduced in Paris in 1903 by pair of American professional dancers, Professor Elk and his wife, at the Nouveau Cirque. The cakewalk was soon featured in other music halls, and was made into an early recording, with the singer [Mistinguett](/wiki/Mistinguett "Mistinguett"). Claude Debussy composed a cakewalk, called *Colliwog's cake\-walk,* between 1906 and 1908\. The [Can\-can](/wiki/Can-can "Can-can") originated in the 1820s, and in its original form was danced in cabarets and balls by couples at the fast pace of a [galop](/wiki/Galop "Galop"). It was often described as immoral, because women lifted their shirts and showed their stockings. Beginning in the 1850s, it was modified into stage form, with dancers in a line facing the audience making high kicks, splits and cartwheels; a version which became known as the French can\-can. The most famous accompaniment was Offenbach's The *Infernal Galop* from *[Orpheus in the Underworld](/wiki/Orpheus_in_the_Underworld "Orpheus in the Underworld")* (1858\), though it was not written for that dance.{{Citation \|url\=http://www.nurisite.com/midisonly/internacional/cancan.mid \|title\=A somewhat simplified form of the Infernal Galop}} The can\-can was performed at music halls throughout the *Belle Époque* and remains popular today. The [tango](/wiki/Tango "Tango") was introduced into Paris in 1905, and was popularized by the Argentinian singer and composer Alfredo Gobb and his wife, singer Flora Rodiriguez, who came to Paris in 1907\. They became professional tango teachers, and made numerous recordings of their music. It became popular throughout Paris; in 1913, even the President of France, [Raymond Poincaré](/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9 "Raymond Poincaré"), danced a few steps of a tango at an official ball.{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|page\=238}} ### Links to music of the *Belle Époque* * *Le Temps des cerises* (Music 1866, words 1871\) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=f1BgR4jwHII](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1BgR4jwHII) * Maria Callas sing the *[Habanera](/wiki/Habanera_%28aria%29 "Habanera (aria)")* from the opera *Carmen*, by [Georges Bizet](/wiki/Georges_Bizet "Georges Bizet") [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=OYfMRZTDLZQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYfMRZTDLZQ) * Traditional Bal\-Musette music [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=bggD\_7ykFdY](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bggD_7ykFdY) * Debussy playing *Golliwog's Cakewalk* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=XMrdhgWR9Zk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMrdhgWR9Zk) * Excerpt of Stravinsky's ballet *[Rites of Spring](/wiki/Rites_of_Spring "Rites of Spring")* (1913\) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=s7pV2cX0qxs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7pV2cX0qxs)
[ "The Belle Époque (1872–1913\\)\n-----------------------------", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|The grand stairway of the Paris Opera (1875\\)](/wiki/File:GarnierOperaParis.jpg \"GarnierOperaParis.jpg\")\nParis composers during the [Belle Époque](/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque \"Belle Époque\") period had a major impact on European music, moving it away from [Romanticism](/wiki/Romantic_music \"Romantic music\") toward [Impressionism in music](/wiki/Impressionism_in_music \"Impressionism in music\") and [Modernism](/wiki/Modernism_%28music%29 \"Modernism (music)\").", "The defeat of France in the [Franco\\-Prussian War](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War \"Franco-Prussian War\") of 1870\\-71 led to the downfall of Napoleon III, and the brief reign of the [Paris Commune](/wiki/Paris_Commune \"Paris Commune\"). During the two\\-month reign of the Commune, the [Tuileries Palace](/wiki/Tuileries_Palace \"Tuileries Palace\") was renamed the *Maison du Peuple* and hosted concerts of the music of Auber and Verd, while brass bands Bands of the Commune's National Guard gave concerts in the parks. The Commune produced one memorable song, *[Le Temps des cerises](/wiki/Le_Temps_des_cerises \"Le Temps des cerises\")*, with the melody of an 1866 song. In May 1871, as the French Army entered Paris and crushed the Commune, the Communards set fire to musical landmarks of the old regime, including the [Tuileries Palace](/wiki/Tuileries_Palace \"Tuileries Palace\"), the [Théâtre\\-Lyrique](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre-Lyrique \"Théâtre-Lyrique\") on Place du Chatelet, and the house of [Prosper Mérimée](/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e \"Prosper Mérimée\"), the author of the novel *Carmen* and friend of Napoleon III. Despite the destruction, the opera reopened in July 1871 at rue de Pelletier with a performance of Auber's *La Muette de Portici*. The ruins of the Tuileries were eventual torn down, but the [Théâtre\\-Lyrique](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre-Lyrique \"Théâtre-Lyrique\") was repaired and re\\-opened in November 1874,{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=211\\-213}} The opera house of Charles Garnier was completed and finally dedicated on January 5, 1875, in the presence of the President of the new Third Republic, [Patrice de MacMahon](/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon%2C_Duke_of_Magenta \"Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta\") and the King of Spain, with excerpts of music by Auber, Rossini, Halévy, Meyerbeer, and a ballet by [Delibes](/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes \"Léo Delibes\") and [Minkus](/wiki/Ludwig_Minkus \"Ludwig Minkus\"). Garnier appeared on the grand stairway during the intermission and received the applause of the crowd.Huebner 2003, [p. 303](https://books.google.com/books?id=iqoVHY6OrjIC&pg=PA303).\n{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=211\\-213}}", "### Bizet, Saint\\-Saëns and Debussy", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|[Georges Bizet](/wiki/Georges_Bizet \"Georges Bizet\") (1875\\)](/wiki/File:Georges_bizet.jpg \"Georges bizet.jpg\")", "The outbreak of the war between France and Germany in 1870 caused a group of French composers to form the [Société Nationale de Musique](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Nationale_de_Musique \"Société Nationale de Musique\"), (SNM), officially founded on February 25, 1871, to promote new French music and resist the current of German music and particularly the influence of Wagner. It was led by Camille Saint\\-Saëns and included [César Franck](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck \"César Franck\") and [Jules Massenet](/wiki/Jules_Massenet \"Jules Massenet\"). The Society held its first concert at the [Salle Pleyel](/wiki/Salle_Pleyel \"Salle Pleyel\") in the autumn of 1871\\. The SNM played an important part through the *Belle Époque* by introducing Paris audiences to the music of new French composers, including Debussy, [Gabriel Fauré](/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9 \"Gabriel Fauré\"), and [Maurice Ravel](/wiki/Maurice_Ravel \"Maurice Ravel\").{{sfn\\|Petit Robert\\|1988\\|page\\=1597}}{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=16\\-27}}", "In addition to the SNM, Paris had three world\\-class symphony orchestras during the *Belle Époque*. In 1873 the Concert National was founded, under the direction of [Édouard Colonne](/wiki/%C3%89douard_Colonne \"Édouard Colonne\"). It performed regularly at the Théatre du Châtelet, and premiered works by Debussy, Franck, [Charles Gounod](/wiki/Charles_Gounod \"Charles Gounod\"), Fauré, Massenet, and Sant\\-Saëns. Colonne invited leading European composers, including [Richard Strauss](/wiki/Richard_Strauss \"Richard Strauss\"), [Edvard Grieg](/wiki/Edvard_Grieg \"Edvard Grieg\"), and [Piotr Tchaikovsky](/wiki/Piotr_Tchaikovsky \"Piotr Tchaikovsky\") to conduct their works in Paris. He was also the first conductor of note to make commercial [gramophone](/wiki/Gramophone_record \"Gramophone record\") ([phonograph](/wiki/Phonograph \"Phonograph\")) records, for the [Pathé](/wiki/Path%C3%A9 \"Pathé\") company in 1906\\.Foreman L. Édouard Colonne \\- review of Tahra and Symposium CDs. *[Classic Record Collector](/wiki/Classic_Record_Collector \"Classic Record Collector\")*, Autumn 2006, p80\\-81\\.", "A second orchestra, the *Societé des nouveaux concerts*, was founded by [Charles Lamoureux](/wiki/Charles_Lamoureux \"Charles Lamoureux\") in 1881, devoted largely to the work of Wagner and his followers. This orchestra performed the Paris premiere of Wagner's *[Lohengrin](/wiki/Lohengrin_%28opera%29 \"Lohengrin (opera)\")* at the Eden Theater in 1887\\. The society became known as the Lamouroux orchestra. A third symphony was created in 1905 by Victor Charpantier, brother of composer [Gustave Charpentier](/wiki/Gustave_Charpentier \"Gustave Charpentier\"), composed of amateur musicians, which gave free concerts at the Trocadero, under the direction of composers including Charpentier, Fauré and Saint\\-Saëns.{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|page\\=224}} In 1901, Gustave Charpentier founded the first trade union of professional musicians in France. Some of the SNM musicians felt that organization was too conservative, and in 1910 they founded the Societé musicale indépendente, or SMI, to promote \"new tendencies\" and music from abroad. Gabriel Fauré became head of the new organization; the SMI would go on to premiere his new works, as well as works by [Ravel](/wiki/Ravel \"Ravel\"), [Manuel de Falla](/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla \"Manuel de Falla\"), and [Vaughan Williams](/wiki/Vaughan_Williams \"Vaughan Williams\"), and the first performances of works by [Eric Satie](/wiki/Eric_Satie \"Eric Satie\") before a large public.{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=16\\-27}}", "[thumb\\|200px\\|[Camille Saint\\-Saëns](/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns \"Camille Saint-Saëns\") (about 1880\\)](/wiki/File:Saint-Sa%C3%ABns-circa-1880.jpg \"Saint-Saëns-circa-1880.jpg\")", "In July 1872 the [Opéra\\-Comique](/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique \"Opéra-Comique\") commissioned [Georges Bizet](/wiki/Georges_Bizet \"Georges Bizet\") to write an opera based on the novel *[Carmen](/wiki/Carmen_%28novella%29 \"Carmen (novella)\")* by [Prosper Mérimée](/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e \"Prosper Mérimée\"). The rehearsals for the finished opera were extremely difficult; in previous operas, the chorus simply lined up on stage and sang, but in *[Carmen](/wiki/Carmen \"Carmen\"),* they were asked to walk around the stage, act, and even smoke cigarettes. It defied all conventions of comic opera, with its musical style, the profession of its heroine and its tragic ending. At its premiere on March 3, 1875, it scandalized both the critics and the audience; one critic reported it \"was neither scenic nor dramatic.\" It was defended by Camille Saint\\-Saëns, who called it a masterpiece, but when Bizet died three months after the premiere, it was considered a failure. With time it became one of the most\\-performed works of Paris opera.", "[Camille Saint\\-Saëns](/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns \"Camille Saint-Saëns\") (1835\\-1921\\) was born in Paris and was admitted to the [Paris Conservatoire](/wiki/Paris_Conservatoire \"Paris Conservatoire\") when he was thirteen. When he finished the Conservatory, he became an organist at the church of [Saint\\-Merri](/wiki/Saint-Merri \"Saint-Merri\"), and later at *[La Madeleine](/wiki/La_Madeleine%2C_Paris \"La Madeleine, Paris\")*. His opera, *[Samson et Dalila](/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_%28opera%29 \"Samson and Delilah (opera)\")* (1877\\), was in the grand romantic tradition, though the music was new and innovative. He also won fame in Paris for *[Danse Macabre](/wiki/Danse_macabre_%28Saint-Sa%C3%ABns%29 \"Danse macabre (Saint-Saëns)\")*, the opera *[The Carnival of the Animals](/wiki/The_Carnival_of_the_Animals \"The Carnival of the Animals\")* (1877\\), and his [*Symphonie No. 3 \"avec orgue\"* in C minor, op. 78 (1886\\)](/wiki/Symphony_No._3_%28Saint-Sa%C3%ABns%29 \"Symphony No. 3 (Saint-Saëns)\"). [Société Nationale de Musique](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Nationale_de_Musique \"Société Nationale de Musique\"),{{sfn\\|Petit Robert\\|1988\\|page\\=1597}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|[Claude Debussy](/wiki/Claude_Debussy \"Claude Debussy\"), {{circa\\|1900}}](/wiki/File:Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg \"Claude Debussy by Atelier Nadar.jpg\")", "[Claude Debussy](/wiki/Claude_Debussy \"Claude Debussy\") (1862\\-1918\\) was born at [Saint\\-Germain\\-en\\-Laye](/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye \"Saint-Germain-en-Laye\"), near Paris, and entered the Conservatory in 1872\\. He became part of the Parisian literary circle of the [symbolist](/wiki/Symbolism_%28arts%29 \"Symbolism (arts)\") poet [Stéphane Mallarmé](/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9 \"Stéphane Mallarmé\"), and an admirer of [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner \"Richard Wagner\"), then went on to experiment with [impressionism in music](/wiki/Impressionism_in_music \"Impressionism in music\"), [atonal music](/wiki/Atonality \"Atonality\") and [chromaticism](/wiki/Chromaticism \"Chromaticism\"). His most famous works included *[Clair de Lune](/wiki/Suite_bergamasque \"Suite bergamasque\")* (1890\\), *[La Mer](/wiki/La_mer_%28Debussy%29 \"La mer (Debussy)\")* (1905\\) and the opera *[Pelléas et Mélisande](/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_%28opera%29 \"Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)\")* (1903\\-1905\\). He lived at 23 *square de l'Avenue\\-Foch* in the [16th arrondissement](/wiki/16th_arrondissement_of_Paris \"16th arrondissement of Paris\") from 1905 until his death in 1918\\.{{sfn\\|Petit Robert\\|1988\\|page\\=501}}", "Other influential composers in Paris during the period included [Jules Massenet](/wiki/Jules_Massenet \"Jules Massenet\") (1842\\-1912\\), author of the operas *[Manon](/wiki/Manon \"Manon\")* and *[Werther](/wiki/Werther \"Werther\")*; [Gustave Charpentier](/wiki/Gustave_Charpentier \"Gustave Charpentier\"), composer of the working\\-class \"opera\\-novel\" *[Louise](/wiki/Louise_%28opera%29 \"Louise (opera)\")*; and [Erik Satie](/wiki/Erik_Satie \"Erik Satie\") (1866\\-1925\\), who, after leaving the Conservatory, made his living as a pianist at *[Le Chat Noir](/wiki/Le_Chat_Noir \"Le Chat Noir\")*, a [cabaret](/wiki/Cabaret \"Cabaret\") on [Montmartre](/wiki/Montmartre \"Montmartre\"). His most famous works were the *[Gymnopédies](/wiki/Gymnop%C3%A9dies \"Gymnopédies\")* (1888\\).{{sfn\\|Petit Robert\\|1988\\|page\\=1622}}", "Spanish music had an important part in the music of Paris in the *Belle Époque*, particularly between 1907 and 1914\\. The prominent Spanish composers [Enrique Granados](/wiki/Enrique_Granados \"Enrique Granados\"), [Isaac Albeniz](/wiki/Isaac_Albeniz \"Isaac Albeniz\"), [Joaquín Turina](/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Turina \"Joaquín Turina\") and [Manuel de Falla](/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla \"Manuel de Falla\") all lived in Paris, were inspired by the new works French music as well as traditional Spanish themes, and created a new school of modern Spanish music. They also in turn influenced French music; Debussy and Ravel wrote *[Iberia](/wiki/Iberia \"Iberia\")* and *[Rapsodie espagnole](/wiki/Rapsodie_espagnole \"Rapsodie espagnole\")* inspired by Spanish themes.{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=251\\-252}}", "### Music of the Expositions", "The great Paris Universal Expositions of 1878, 1889 and 1900 brought the greatest musicians in the world to Paris to perform, and also introduced musical genres from around the world, including Javanese, Congolese, New Caledonian, Algerian and Vietnamese music, to Paris audiences, The 1889 Exposition offered concerts by [Nikolai Rimsky\\-Korsakov](/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov \"Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov\") and [Alexander Glazunov](/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov \"Alexander Glazunov\"), while the 1900 Exposition featured band concerts conducted by [John Philip Sousa](/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa \"John Philip Sousa\"). At the 1900 Exposition, Claude Debussy conducted a grand concert of his work at the Palais de Trocadero. The 1881 Exposition of electricity featured the first transmission of the sound of a musical performance from the Paris opera house to the Palace of Industry, while the 1889 Exposition displayed the new [phonograph](/wiki/Phonograph \"Phonograph\") patented by [Thomas Edison](/wiki/Thomas_Edison \"Thomas Edison\"), which played the latest songs by [Charles Gounod](/wiki/Charles_Gounod \"Charles Gounod\").{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=233\\-236}}", "### The café concert, the music hall and the cabaret", "[thumb\\|left\\|The Café\\-Concert by [Edgar Degas](/wiki/Edgar_Degas \"Edgar Degas\") (1876\\-77\\)](/wiki/File:Degas_-_Caf%C3%A9_Concert_-_at_Les_Ambassadeurs_1876-77.jpg \"Degas - Café Concert - at Les Ambassadeurs 1876-77.jpg\")\nThe café concert was an extremely popular musical venue at the beginning of the *Belle Époque*. Following the 1870 war, sentimental songs and songs calling for revenge against Germany for the loss of Alsace and Lorraine were the staple of all musical cafes. Over the course of the Belle Époque, the café chantant evolved into two different musical institutions; some, like Café des Ambassadeurs and the Eldorado, became very large, crowded and filled with noise and smoke, with orchestras, dance reviews, singers and comedy.", "The [music hall](/wiki/Music_hall \"Music hall\") originated in England in 1842, and was first imported into France in its British form in 1862, but under the French law protecting the state theaters, performers could not wear consumes or recite dialogue, something only allowed in theaters. When the law changed in 1867, the Paris music hall flourished, and a half\\-dozen new halls opened, offering acrobats, singers, dancers, magicians, and trained animals.", "[thumb\\|right\\|[Mistinguett](/wiki/Mistinguett \"Mistinguett\") at the [Moulin Rouge](/wiki/Moulin_Rouge \"Moulin Rouge\") (1911\\)](/wiki/File:Mistinguett_Moulin_Rouge.jpg \"Mistinguett Moulin Rouge.jpg\")\nThe first Paris music hall built specially for that purpose was the [Folies\\-Bergere](/wiki/Folies-Bergere \"Folies-Bergere\") (1869\\); it was followed by the [Moulin Rouge](/wiki/Moulin_Rouge \"Moulin Rouge\") (1889\\), the [Alhambra](/wiki/Alhambra-Maurice_Chevalier \"Alhambra-Maurice Chevalier\") (1866\\), the first to be called a music hall, and the [Olympia](/wiki/Paris_Olympia \"Paris Olympia\") (1893\\). The *Printania* (1903\\) was a music\\-garden, open only in summer, with a theater, restaurant, circus, and horse\\-racing. Older theaters also transformed themselves into music halls, including the [Bobino](/wiki/Bobino \"Bobino\") Music Hall (1873\\), the [Bataclan](/wiki/Bataclan_%28theatre%29 \"Bataclan (theatre)\") (1864\\), and the [Alcazar](/wiki/Alcazar_%28Paris%29 \"Alcazar (Paris)\") (1858\\). At the beginning, music halls offered dance reviews, theater and songs, but gradually songs and singers became the main attraction. At the end of the *Belle Epoque*, the music halls began to face competition from movie theaters. The Olympia responded in 1911 with the invention of the grand stairway as a set for its musical and dance spectacles.{{Sfn\\|Fierro\\|1996\\|pages\\=1005\\-1006}}", "The smaller, more intimate clubs, called cabarets, focused on individual singers and personal songs, often written by the singer, along with satire and poetry.{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=248\\-251}}\nThe [Le Chat Noir](/wiki/Le_Chat_Noir \"Le Chat Noir\"), neighborhood of [Montmartre](/wiki/Montmartre \"Montmartre\"), was created in 1881 by Rodolphe Salis, a theatrical agent and entrepreneur. It combined music and other entertainment with political commentary and satire.(Haine 8\\).{{cite book\\|last\\=Haine\\|first\\=W.Scott\\|title\\=The Thinking Space: The Café as a Cultural Institution in Paris, Italy and Vienna\\|year\\=2013\\|publisher\\=Ashgate\\|isbn\\=9781409438793\\|pages\\=8\\|url\\=http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781409438793\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-02\\-16\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185544/http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781409438793\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-09\\-23\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The Chat Noir brought together the wealthy and famous of Paris with the Bohemians and artists of Montmartre and the Pigalle. Its clientele was described by the historian Paul Bourget: \"a fantastic mixture of writers and painters, of journalists and students, of employees and high\\-livers, as well as models, prostitutes and true grand dames searching for exotic experiences.\"Cited in Fierro, *Histoire et Dictionnaire de Paris*, pg. 738 The composer [Eric Satie](/wiki/Eric_Satie \"Eric Satie\") earned his living after finishing the Conservatory playing the piano at the Chat Noir.", "By 1896 there were fifty\\-six cabarets and cafes with music in Paris, along with a dozen music halls. The cabarets did not have a high reputation; one critic wrote in 1897, \"they sell drinks which are worth fifteen centimes along with verses which, for the most part, are worth nothing.\".cited in Fierro (1996\\), page 738", "### Diaghilev, Stravinsky and the *Ballets Russes*", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Program for *[Afternoon of a Fawn](/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_%28Nijinsky%29 \"Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)\")* by the [Ballets Russes](/wiki/Ballets_Russes \"Ballets Russes\") (1912\\)](/wiki/File:Bakst_Nizhinsky.jpg \"Bakst Nizhinsky.jpg\")\nRussian music became extremely popular in Paris at the end of *Belle Époque*; The orchestras Lamoureux, Colonne, and the Paris Conservatory performed the music of [Modest Mussorgsky](/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky \"Modest Mussorgsky\"), [Glazunov](/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov \"Alexander Glazunov\"), [Mikhail Glinka](/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka \"Mikhail Glinka\"), [Borodin](/wiki/Borodin \"Borodin\"), [Rimsky\\-Korsakov](/wiki/Rimsky-Korsakov \"Rimsky-Korsakov\"), [Tchaikovsky](/wiki/Tchaikovsky \"Tchaikovsky\") and [Scriabin](/wiki/Scriabin \"Scriabin\") and flocked to hear the singer [Chaliapin](/wiki/Chaliapin \"Chaliapin\"). In 1907 the French impresario [Gabriel Astruc](/wiki/Gabriel_Astruc \"Gabriel Astruc\") organized a season of Russian music, with performances by Scriabin and [Sergei Rachmaninov](/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninov \"Sergei Rachmaninov\").", "[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|[Stravinsky](/wiki/Stravinsky \"Stravinsky\") and [Nijinsky](/wiki/Nijinsky \"Nijinsky\") (1911\\)](/wiki/File:Stravinsky_Nijiinsky.jpg \"Stravinsky Nijiinsky.jpg\")\nIn 1908 the Russian impresario [Sergei Diaghilev](/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev \"Sergei Diaghilev\") brought to Paris a production of *[Boris Gudonov](/wiki/Boris_Gudonov_%28opera%29 \"Boris Gudonov (opera)\")* by Mussorgsky, with Chaliapin the leading role, while the Opéra\\-Comique staged *[The Snow Maiden](/wiki/The_Snow_Maiden \"The Snow Maiden\")* by [Rimsky\\-Korsakov](/wiki/Rimsky-Korsakov \"Rimsky-Korsakov\"). In 1909 Diaghilev brought dancers from the Imperial Théater in Saint Petersburg including [Vaslav Nijinsky](/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky \"Vaslav Nijinsky\"), [Anna Pavlova](/wiki/Anna_Pavlova \"Anna Pavlova\") and [Ida Rubenstein](/wiki/Ida_Rubenstein \"Ida Rubenstein\"), to the Châtelet theater with a program of classical ballet. The Paris audiences loved the dancers but were not excited by the ballets, which lost money. For 1910, Diaghilev decided to do something entirely new, and commissioned Ravel to write a ballet, *[Daphnis and Chloë](/wiki/Daphnis_and_Chlo%C3%AB \"Daphnis and Chloë\")*, for his new company, now called the *[Ballets Russes](/wiki/Ballets_Russes \"Ballets Russes\")*. The season made a celebrity of unknown composer, [Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky \"Igor Stravinsky\") and his ballet *[The Firebird](/wiki/The_Firebird \"The Firebird\")*. The Ballets Russes returned to Paris in 1911 with a new work of Stravinsky, *[Petrushka](/wiki/Petrushka_%28ballet%29 \"Petrushka (ballet)\")* and a new version of *[Daphnis et Chloé](/wiki/Daphnis_et_Chlo%C3%A9 \"Daphnis et Chloé\")* with choreography by [Fokine](/wiki/Michel_Fokine \"Michel Fokine\") and sets by [Léon Bakst](/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bakst \"Léon Bakst\"). In 1912, the Ballets Russes presented *[Afternoon of a Fawn](/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_%28Nijinsky%29 \"Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)\")* by Debussy, choreographed and danced by Nijinsky. Nijinsky and the ballet were denounced by the French press, which called his performance \"vile, bestial and erotic\", and by Debussy himself, though it was defended by many French artists, including [Rodin](/wiki/Rodin \"Rodin\") and [Odilon Redon](/wiki/Odilon_Redon \"Odilon Redon\").", "The 1913 season, performed at the new [Théâtre des Champs\\-Élysées](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es \"Théâtre des Champs-Élysées\"), brought a new scandal, with *[The Rite of Spring](/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring \"The Rite of Spring\")*, written by Stravinsky and choreographed by Nijinsky. The shouts of the audience during the performance, both for and against the dancers, were so loud that the dancers could not hear the music; the choreographer, in the wings, had to count in a loud voice to help them. The ballet transformed the way in which subsequent composers thought about rhythmic structure. The outbreak of World War I and the subsequent Russian Revolution of 1917 left the Ballets Russes stranded in Paris. They continued to perform in France and toured around Europe and the world, but never had the opportunity to perform in their own country.{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=254\\-256}}", "### Dance—the Bal\\-musette, the cakewalk, the can\\-can and the tango", "[thumb\\|300px\\|The can\\-can by [Henri de Toulouse\\-Lautrec](/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec \"Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec\"), 1895](/wiki/File:Lautrec_la_troupe_de_mlle_eglantine_%28poster%29_1895-6.jpg \"Lautrec la troupe de mlle eglantine (poster) 1895-6.jpg\")\nParisians of all social classes had a passion for dancing. The [Bal\\-musette](/wiki/Bal-musette \"Bal-musette\") was a popular kind of dancing venue for working\\-class Parisians. It originated among the [Auvergnats](/wiki/Auvergne_%28province%29 \"Auvergne (province)\") who came to Paris in large numbers in the 19th century. They took place at cafés and bars where patrons danced the [bourrée](/wiki/Bourr%C3%A9e \"Bourrée\") to the accompaniment of the [cabrette](/wiki/Cabrette \"Cabrette\") (a [bellows](/wiki/Bellows \"Bellows\")\\-blown [bagpipe](/wiki/Bagpipe \"Bagpipe\") locally called a \"[musette](/wiki/Musette_de_cour \"Musette de cour\")\") and often the [vielle à roue](/wiki/Vielle_%C3%A0_roue \"Vielle à roue\") ([hurdy\\-gurdy](/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy \"Hurdy-gurdy\")). Later Parisian and [Italian](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") musicians who played the [accordion](/wiki/Accordion \"Accordion\") adopted the style. The Bal\\-musettes featured simple, fast and sensual dance steps, often with dancers holding each other very close; it could be danced in a small space.Rémi Hess : *La valse, un romantisme révolutionnaire*, Métailié editor, Sciences humaines collection, April 2003, p. 147\\-148\\. ({{ISBN\\|2\\-86424\\-468\\-3}}).Henri Joannis Deberne : *Danser en société*, Christine Bonneton (editor), 3/1999, Paris. ({{ISBN\\|2\\-86253\\-229\\-0}}).", "The [Cakewalk](/wiki/Cakewalk \"Cakewalk\") was introduced in Paris in 1903 by pair of American professional dancers, Professor Elk and his wife, at the Nouveau Cirque. The cakewalk was soon featured in other music halls, and was made into an early recording, with the singer [Mistinguett](/wiki/Mistinguett \"Mistinguett\"). Claude Debussy composed a cakewalk, called *Colliwog's cake\\-walk,* between 1906 and 1908\\.", "The [Can\\-can](/wiki/Can-can \"Can-can\") originated in the 1820s, and in its original form was danced in cabarets and balls by couples at the fast pace of a [galop](/wiki/Galop \"Galop\"). It was often described as immoral, because women lifted their shirts and showed their stockings. Beginning in the 1850s, it was modified into stage form, with dancers in a line facing the audience making high kicks, splits and cartwheels; a version which became known as the French can\\-can. The most famous accompaniment was Offenbach's The *Infernal Galop* from *[Orpheus in the Underworld](/wiki/Orpheus_in_the_Underworld \"Orpheus in the Underworld\")* (1858\\), though it was not written for that dance.{{Citation \\|url\\=http://www.nurisite.com/midisonly/internacional/cancan.mid \\|title\\=A somewhat simplified form of the Infernal Galop}} The can\\-can was performed at music halls throughout the *Belle Époque* and remains popular today.", "The [tango](/wiki/Tango \"Tango\") was introduced into Paris in 1905, and was popularized by the Argentinian singer and composer Alfredo Gobb and his wife, singer Flora Rodiriguez, who came to Paris in 1907\\. They became professional tango teachers, and made numerous recordings of their music. It became popular throughout Paris; in 1913, even the President of France, [Raymond Poincaré](/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9 \"Raymond Poincaré\"), danced a few steps of a tango at an official ball.{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|page\\=238}}", "### Links to music of the *Belle Époque*", "* *Le Temps des cerises* (Music 1866, words 1871\\) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=f1BgR4jwHII](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1BgR4jwHII)\n* Maria Callas sing the *[Habanera](/wiki/Habanera_%28aria%29 \"Habanera (aria)\")* from the opera *Carmen*, by [Georges Bizet](/wiki/Georges_Bizet \"Georges Bizet\") [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=OYfMRZTDLZQ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYfMRZTDLZQ)\n* Traditional Bal\\-Musette music [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=bggD\\_7ykFdY](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bggD_7ykFdY)\n* Debussy playing *Golliwog's Cakewalk* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=XMrdhgWR9Zk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMrdhgWR9Zk)\n* Excerpt of Stravinsky's ballet *[Rites of Spring](/wiki/Rites_of_Spring \"Rites of Spring\")* (1913\\) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=s7pV2cX0qxs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7pV2cX0qxs)" ]
The *Années Folles* (1919\-1939\) --------------------------------- [thumb\|right\|150px\|Costume by Picasso for the cubist ballet *[Parade](/wiki/Parade_%28ballet%29 "Parade (ballet)")*, with music by [Eric Satie](/wiki/Eric_Satie "Eric Satie") (1917\)](/wiki/File:Costume_design_by_Pablo_Picasso_for_Serge_Diaghilev%27s_Ballets_Russes_performance_of_Parade_at_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Ch%C3%A2telet_in_Paris_18_May%2C_1917.jpg "Costume design by Pablo Picasso for Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes performance of Parade at Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris 18 May, 1917.jpg") The first World War disrupted the Paris musical world; many musicians went into the army, and Ravel, too short to serve in the army, became a volunteer ambulance driver; but it did not stop musical creation altogether. The first cubist musical work, *[Parade](/wiki/Parade_%28ballet%29 "Parade (ballet)")*, with a text by [Jean Cocteau](/wiki/Jean_Cocteau "Jean Cocteau"), music by [Eric Satie](/wiki/Eric_Satie "Eric Satie"), decor by [Pablo Picasso](/wiki/Pablo_Picasso "Pablo Picasso"), and choreography by [Massine](/wiki/Massine "Massine"), was presented at the Chatelet theater on May 18, 1917\. The poet and critic [Apollinaire](/wiki/Apollinaire "Apollinaire") coined a new word, *sur\-realism*, to describe it. The music by Satie featured an unusual mixture of instruments, including a saxophone, a harp, xylophone, a *bouteillophone* of bottles filled with varying amounts of water, and various noise\-making devices, including a typewriter, siren, and a revolver. The production was denounced by one Paris newspaper as "the demolition of our national values" but Stravinsky praised it for its opposition to the "waves of impressionism, with language that is firm, clear, and without any connection with images."{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=267\-268}} ### Classical music—Ravel, Satie and Stravinsky [thumb\|left\|200px\|[Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky "Igor Stravinsky")](/wiki/File:Igor_Stravinsky_LOC_32392u.jpg "Igor Stravinsky LOC 32392u.jpg") Many prominent composers worked in Paris during between the wars, including [Maurice Ravel](/wiki/Maurice_Ravel "Maurice Ravel"), [Erik Satie](/wiki/Erik_Satie "Erik Satie"), and [Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky "Igor Stravinsky"). Ravel was born in 1875; one of his last works, *[Boléro](/wiki/Bol%C3%A9ro "Boléro")*, written in 1928, became his most famous and most\-often performed work. It was written on a commission from the Russian dancer [Ida Rubinstein](/wiki/Ida_Rubinstein "Ida Rubinstein"), who had been a member of the [Ballets Russes](/wiki/Ballets_Russes "Ballets Russes") before starting her own company. The composition was a sensational success when it was premiered at the [Paris Opéra](/wiki/Palais_Garnier "Palais Garnier") on November 22, 1928, with choreography by [Bronislava Nijinska](/wiki/Bronislava_Nijinska "Bronislava Nijinska") and designs by [Alexandre Benois](/wiki/Alexandre_Benois "Alexandre Benois"). Satie (1866\-1925\) was in poor health, due largely to a long life of excessive drinking. Nonetheless, he established connections with the [Dadaist movement](/wiki/Dada "Dada"), and wrote the music for two ballets shortly before his death. [thumb\|200px\|[Maurice Ravel](/wiki/Maurice_Ravel "Maurice Ravel") (1925\)](/wiki/File:Maurice_Ravel_1925.jpg "Maurice Ravel 1925.jpg") [Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky "Igor Stravinsky") (1888\-1971\) first achieved fame in Paris just before [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") with his revolutionary compositions for the Ballets Russes. In 1920 he returned for a production of a new ballet, *[Pulcinella](/wiki/Pulcinella_%28ballet%29 "Pulcinella (ballet)")*, with sets designed by [Pablo Picasso](/wiki/Pablo_Picasso "Pablo Picasso"). He, his wife and daughter were invited by designer [Coco Chanel](/wiki/Coco_Chanel "Coco Chanel") to stay in her new house in the Paris suburb of [Garches](/wiki/Garches "Garches"). Struggling for money, he obtained a contract with the Paris piano company [Pleyel et Cie](/wiki/Pleyel_et_Cie "Pleyel et Cie") to re\-arrange his music for their popular [player pianos](/wiki/Player_pianos "Player pianos"). In February 1921 he met the Russian dancer [Vera de Bosset](/wiki/Vera_de_Bosset "Vera de Bosset") and began a long affair with her, both in Paris and on tours around Europe. He became a French citizen in 1931 and moved into a house on the rue de Faubourg\-Saint\-Honoré. It was a very unhappy period for him; both his daughter and wife died of [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis "Tuberculosis"). In 1939, as [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") approached, he left Paris for the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"); he married Vera in 1940 and settled in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"). New musical movements flourished in Paris. The most famous was *[Les Six](/wiki/Les_Six "Les Six")*, a group of six young French composers; brought together by [Jean Cocteau](/wiki/Jean_Cocteau "Jean Cocteau") and [Eric Satie](/wiki/Eric_Satie "Eric Satie"). They were [Georges Auric](/wiki/Georges_Auric "Georges Auric"), [Louis Durey](/wiki/Louis_Durey "Louis Durey"), [Arthur Honegger](/wiki/Arthur_Honegger "Arthur Honegger"), [Darius Milhaud](/wiki/Darius_Milhaud "Darius Milhaud"), [Francis Poulenc](/wiki/Francis_Poulenc "Francis Poulenc") and [Germaine Tailleferre](/wiki/Germaine_Tailleferre "Germaine Tailleferre"), all born between 1888 and 1899\. Their music had no common style; they were united mainly in opposition to the dramatic style of Wagner and the impressionistic style of Debussy and Ravel. They provided music for many colorful theatrical pieces written by Cocteau for the Paris stage.{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=278\-280}} [thumb\|left\|200px\|[Eric Satie](/wiki/Eric_Satie "Eric Satie")](/wiki/File:Satie-erik-4ff9d0bde1749.jpg "Satie-erik-4ff9d0bde1749.jpg") Between the wars, Paris was home to a remarkable colony of foreign composers, including [Aaron Copland](/wiki/Aaron_Copland "Aaron Copland") from the United States (from 1920 to 1925\), [Heitor Villa\-Lobos](/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos "Heitor Villa-Lobos") from Brazil (1923\-1930\); and [Béla Bartók](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k "Béla Bartók") from Hungary (after 1922\). The American composer [George Gershwin](/wiki/George_Gershwin "George Gershwin") came to Paris in 1926 and 1928 and tried (without success) to have composition lessons with Ravel and Nadia Boulanger. During his 1928 visit, while staying at the Majestic Hotel, he wrote a symphonic poem, *[An American in Paris](/wiki/An_American_in_Paris "An American in Paris")*, which, at one point, turned into music the sound of Paris taxi horns on the nearby [Etoile](/wiki/Place_de_l%27%C3%89toile "Place de l'Étoile"). A new three\-thousand seat concert hall, the [Salle Pleyel](/wiki/Salle_Pleyel "Salle Pleyel"), was built in Paris in the interwar period. It was commissioned in 1927{{cite web \|title\=The renovation of the Salle Pleyel \| url\=http://www.sallepleyel.fr/anglais/la\_salle/historique/index.asp \| access\-date\=2008\-08\-28 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607113349/http://www.sallepleyel.fr/anglais/la\_salle/historique/index.asp \| archive\-date\=2008\-06\-07}} by piano manufacturer [Pleyel et Cie](/wiki/Pleyel_et_Cie "Pleyel et Cie") and designed by Gustave Lion. The inauguration concert was performed by the [Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire](/wiki/Orchestre_de_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Concerts_du_Conservatoire "Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire"), with [Robert Casadesus](/wiki/Robert_Casadesus "Robert Casadesus") as soloist and [Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky "Igor Stravinsky"), [Maurice Ravel](/wiki/Maurice_Ravel "Maurice Ravel"), and [Philippe Gaubert](/wiki/Philippe_Gaubert "Philippe Gaubert") as conductors, A fire ravaged the interior of the hall on 28 June 1928, and it was extensively renovated, and the number of seats reduced to 1,913\. {{clear}} ### Dance—the Ballets Russes and Ida Rubinstein [thumb\|left\|200px\|[Ida Rubinstein](/wiki/Ida_Rubinstein "Ida Rubinstein"), for whom *Boléro* was written (1922 photo)](/wiki/File:Ida_Rubinstein_1922c.jpg "Ida Rubinstein 1922c.jpg") The most famous Paris dance company was the [Ballets Russes](/wiki/Ballets_Russes "Ballets Russes"), Founded by [Sergei Diaghilev](/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev "Sergei Diaghilev") in 1909\. The company performed in Paris and internationally until Diaghilev's death in 1929\. The set designers included [Pablo Picasso](/wiki/Pablo_Picasso "Pablo Picasso"), [Henri Matisse](/wiki/Henri_Matisse "Henri Matisse"), [Georges Braque](/wiki/Georges_Braque "Georges Braque"), [Joan Miró](/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3 "Joan Miró"), and [Salvador Dalí](/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD "Salvador Dalí"). Its choreographers included [Bronislava Nijinska](/wiki/Bronislava_Nijinska "Bronislava Nijinska") (1891\-1972\), the younger sister of the star dancer [Vaslav Nijinsky](/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky "Vaslav Nijinsky"), and a young [George Balanchine](/wiki/George_Balanchine "George Balanchine") (1904\-1983\). In 1924, Balanchine, then a dancer, fled a [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") dance company on tour in the [Weimar Republic](/wiki/Weimar_Republic "Weimar Republic") and came to Paris, where Diaghilev hired him as a choreographer. The most famous production was the 1924 ballet *Le Train Bleu* with a story by Cocteau, music by [Darius Milhaud](/wiki/Darius_Milhaud "Darius Milhaud"), costumes by [Coco Chanel](/wiki/Coco_Chanel "Coco Chanel") and a curtain painted by Picasso.{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|page\=283}} The dancer [Ida Rubinstein](/wiki/Ida_Rubinstein "Ida Rubinstein") left the Ballets Russes in 1911 and started her own troupe, commissioning famous poets, including [André Gide](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide "André Gide") and [Paul Valéry](/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry "Paul Valéry"), and composers, including Stravinsky and Honneger, to write ballets for her. Her most famous creation was *[Boléro](/wiki/Bol%C3%A9ro "Boléro")*, written for her by Ravel, which she first danced at the Paris Opera on November 22, 1928\. Ravel originally called the music *[Fandango](/wiki/Fandango "Fandango")*, since it much more closely resembled that dance rather than a true [bolero](/wiki/Bolero "Bolero").{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|page\=284}} In 1920 a new ballet company, directed by Swedish choreographer and dancer [Jean Börlin](/wiki/Jean_B%C3%B6rlin "Jean Börlin"), was established at the Théâtre des Champs\-Élysées, and then performed in a more intimate new hall, the [Studio des Champs\-Élysées](/wiki/Studio_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es "Studio des Champs-Élysées"). Like the Ballets Rousses, Börlin also commissioned famous artists, including [Pierre Bonnard](/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard "Pierre Bonnard") and [Fernand Léger](/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger "Fernand Léger") to create the decor, famous poets including [Paul Claudel](/wiki/Paul_Claudel "Paul Claudel") to write the texts, and avant\-garde musicians, including Ravel, Satie and members of the Group of Six, including Taillefere, Milhaud Honnege to write the music. ### The arrival of jazz—the Hot Club de Paris [thumb\|left\|250px\|The U.S. Army band conducted by [James Reese Europe](/wiki/James_Reese_Europe "James Reese Europe") en route to France (1917\)](/wiki/File:%28African_American%29_Jazz_Band_and_Leader_Back_with_%28African_American%29_15th_New_York._Lieutenant_Jame_._._._-_NARA_-_533506.jpg "(African American) Jazz Band and Leader Back with (African American) 15th New York. Lieutenant Jame . . . - NARA - 533506.jpg") Jazz came to Paris in 1917, with the American soldiers arriving to fight in the First World War. The soldiers were accompanied by military bands, including the 369th regiment band, composed of fifty black musicians directed by a celebrated Broadway band leader, [James Reese Europe](/wiki/James_Reese_Europe "James Reese Europe"), and several other regimental bands led by famous American musicians. They gave concerts at the kiosks in the parks of Paris, performing the [foxtrot](/wiki/Foxtrot "Foxtrot"), the two\-step, the one\-step, and the *Memphis Blues* and "The Army Blues" of [W.C. Handy](/wiki/W.C._Handy "W.C. Handy"). In August 1918, the orchestra of J.R. Europe was invited to perform at a music hall on the Champs\-Élysées. The one\-night performance was extended for eight weeks. The [Casino de Paris](/wiki/Casino_de_Paris "Casino de Paris") presented the first French jazz review, with Gaby Deslys and Harry Pilcer and a ragtime orchestra. A black American jazz orchestra, the Jazz Kings, led by drummer Louis Mitchell, came to the Casino de Paris in 1919 to present a jazz review called *Pa\-ri\-ki\-ri*, followed in 1920 by the jazz review *Laisse\-les\-Tomber*, with the young singer [Mistinguett](/wiki/Mistinguett "Mistinguett"). The author [jean Cocteau](/wiki/Jean_Cocteau "Jean Cocteau"), enchanted by the new sound, described jazz as "an improvised catastrophe" and "a sonic cataclysm".{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=268\-269}} By 1930, Parisians were listening to recordings of American jazz; [Duke Ellington](/wiki/Duke_Ellington "Duke Ellington") brought his orchestra to Paris in 1932, [Louis Armstrong](/wiki/Louis_Armstrong "Louis Armstrong") and [Cab Calloway](/wiki/Cab_Calloway "Cab Calloway") in 1934, [Bill Coleman](/wiki/Bill_Coleman_%28trumpeter%29 "Bill Coleman (trumpeter)"), [Coleman Hawkins](/wiki/Coleman_Hawkins "Coleman Hawkins") and [Benny Carter](/wiki/Benny_Carter "Benny Carter") in 1935\. The first famous Paris jazz club, the [Hot Club de Paris](/wiki/Hot_Club_de_Paris "Hot Club de Paris"), was founded in 1932\. The first famous French jazz group, the [Quintette du Hot Club de France](/wiki/Quintette_du_Hot_Club_de_France "Quintette du Hot Club de France"), was formed in 1934; its members were [Django Reinhardt](/wiki/Django_Reinhardt "Django Reinhardt"), his brother Joseph, [Stephane Grapelli](/wiki/Stephane_Grapelli "Stephane Grapelli"), [Louis Vola](/wiki/Louis_Vola "Louis Vola") and Roger Chaput. They became the most famous jazz ensemble in France, touring Europe and eventually to the United States.{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=304\-306}} ### The music hall—Mistinguett and Josephine Baker [thumb\|right\|200px\|Poster for [Mistinguett](/wiki/Mistinguett "Mistinguett") at the [Casino de Paris](/wiki/Casino_de_Paris "Casino de Paris") (1931\)](/wiki/File:Casino_de_Paris.jpg "Casino de Paris.jpg") The singer [Mistinguett](/wiki/Mistinguett "Mistinguett") made her debut the Casino de Paris in 1895 and continued to appear regularly in the 1920s and 1930s at the [Folies Bergère](/wiki/Folies_Berg%C3%A8re "Folies Bergère"), [Moulin Rouge](/wiki/Moulin_Rouge "Moulin Rouge") and Eldorado. Her risqué routines captivated Paris, and she became one of the most highly\-paid and popular French entertainers of her time.{{Sfn\|Fierro\|1996\|page\=1006}} [thumb\|left\|200px\|[Josephine Baker](/wiki/Josephine_Baker "Josephine Baker") at the [Folies Bergere](/wiki/Folies_Bergere "Folies Bergere") (1926\)](/wiki/File:Baker_Charleston.jpg "Baker Charleston.jpg") The Swedish ballet performing at the Théâtre des Champs\-Élysées closed in 1925, and its manager, André Davin, decided to create a musical show in the American style. He dispatched an American producer, Caroline Dudley, to New York, to recruit a company. She went to [Harlem](/wiki/Harlem "Harlem") and returned in September 1925 with a troupe of twenty\-five black musicians, singers and dancers, including the pianist [Claude Hopkins](/wiki/Claude_Hopkins "Claude Hopkins"), the clarinetist [Sidney Bechet](/wiki/Sidney_Bechet "Sidney Bechet") and the twenty\-five year old singer [Josephine Baker](/wiki/Josephine_Baker "Josephine Baker"). The new show was called *[La Revue Nègre](/wiki/Negrophilia%23The_Bal_N%C3%A8gre "Negrophilia#The Bal Nègre")*. The director, Jacques Charles, recruited from the Moulin Rouge, persuaded Baker to perform a Charleston called 'Danse sauvage,' half\-nude, wearing only ostrich feathers."*Le Jazz\-Hot*: The Roaring Twenties", in William Alfred Shack, *Harlem in Montmartre: A Paris Jazz Story Between the Great Wars*, University of California Press, 2001, p. 35\. The audience at opening night on October 25, 1925, included Jean Cocteau, composers [Darius Milhaud](/wiki/Darius_Milhaud "Darius Milhaud") and Maurice Ravel, and fashion designer Paul Poiret. The show was an immense success. After a successful tour of Europe, Baker returned to France three months later to star at the [Folies Bergère](/wiki/Folies_Berg%C3%A8re "Folies Bergère"). The Théâtre des Champs Élysées continued its American series in July 1926 with the first French performance of George Gershwin's *[Rhapsody in Blue](/wiki/Rhapsody_in_Blue "Rhapsody in Blue")* by the [Paul Whiteman Orchestra](/wiki/Paul_Whiteman_Orchestra "Paul Whiteman Orchestra") The other music halls, including the Casino de Paris, Moulin Rouge and les Ambassadeurs presented jazz reviews, while the main concert halls, Pleyel and Gaveau, offered symphonic jazz concerts. New cabarets featuring jazz, including Bricktop's, the Boeuf sur le toit and Grand Écart opened, and American dance\-styles, including the one\-step, the fox\-trot, the boston and the charleston, became popular in the dance halls. .{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=284\-286}} [thumb\|right\|Chorus of the [Folies Bergère](/wiki/Folies_Berg%C3%A8re "Folies Bergère") (1934\)](/wiki/File:BASA-980K-1-9-2-Feo_Mustakova%2C_Folies_Berg%C3%A8re%2C_1934.jpg "BASA-980K-1-9-2-Feo Mustakova, Folies Bergère, 1934.jpg") The music\-halls suffered growing hardships in the 1930s, facing growing competition from movie theaters The Olympia was converted into a movie theater, and others closed. But others continued to thrive; In 1937 and 1930 the Casino de Paris presented shows with [Maurice Chevalier](/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier "Maurice Chevalier"), who had already achieved success as an actor and singer in [Hollywood](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States "Cinema of the United States"). One genre remained highly popular in Paris; the *[Chanson réaliste](/wiki/Chanson_r%C3%A9aliste "Chanson réaliste")*; dramatic, emotional, tragic songs about love and passion. The leading singers of the genre were [Yvonne George](/wiki/Yvonne_George "Yvonne George"), [Marie\-Louise Damien](/wiki/Marie-Louise_Damien "Marie-Louise Damien") and [Fréhel](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9hel "Fréhel"). 1935, a twenty\-year old singer named [Édith Piaf](/wiki/%C3%89dith_Piaf "Édith Piaf") was discovered in the [Pigalle](/wiki/Quartier_Pigalle "Quartier Pigalle") by nightclub owner [Louis Leplée](/wiki/Louis_Lepl%C3%A9e "Louis Leplée"), whose club *Le Gerny*, off the [Champs\-Élysées](/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es "Champs-Élysées"), was frequented by the upper and lower classes alike. He persuaded her to sing despite her extreme nervousness. Leplée taught her the basics of stage presence and told her to wear a black dress, which became her trademark apparel. Leplée ran an intense publicity campaign leading up to her opening night, attracting the presence of many celebrities, including Maurice Chevalier. Her nightclub appearance led to her first two records produced that same year, and the beginning of a legendary career that continued into the 1960s. ### The radio, phonograph, and the musical film The arrival of radio and the musical film had a gradual but dramatic impact on Paris music. The first radio station in Paris, [Radio Tour Eiffel](/wiki/Radio_in_Paris%23The_first_radio_stations_in_Paris_%28chronological%29 "Radio in Paris#The first radio stations in Paris (chronological)"), broadcast from the [Eiffel Tower](/wiki/Eiffel_Tower "Eiffel Tower") starting on December 24, 1921\. The first classical music concert broadcast on French radio, was transmitted by the station Radiola on November 6, 1922, beginning with a march composed by [Christoph Gluck](/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck "Christoph Willibald Gluck"), followed by symphonic and opera works. In 1929, a weekly series of broadcasts of classical music for school students was launched, but it had limited success. Due to the financial crisis, very few Paris schools had money to buy radios. At the beginning of *Les Années Folles*, the French company Pathé had a monopoly on the sale of phonograph records in France, and kept out records by other artists. In 1925, the Pathé label was bought by the American company Columbia, and soon American disks began to appear in the French market. After 1926, Parisians could buy records made by other foreign companies.{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=295\-298}} The motion picture had the greatest impact on Paris music. Due largely to competition from the movies, between 1910 and 1920 two\-thirds of the Paris music halls were transformed into movie theaters. Collaboration between the Paris movie studios and the film industry had begun early. The composer [Camille Saint\-Saëns](/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns "Camille Saint-Saëns") had written music to accompany the 1908 film *L'Assassinat du duc de Guise*. The composer [Arthur Honegger](/wiki/Arthur_Honegger "Arthur Honegger") composed music for two of the most important silent films of [Abel Gance](/wiki/Abel_Gance "Abel Gance"), *[La Roue](/wiki/La_Roue "La Roue")* and *[Napoleon](/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_%281927_film%29 "Napoléon (1927 film)")*. *Napoleon* had its grand premiere on April 7, 1927, at the [Palais Garnier](/wiki/Palais_Garnier "Palais Garnier") with a full orchestra playing the score. The arrival in France of the first sound film, *[The Jazz Singer](/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer "The Jazz Singer")* in 1927 caused a revolution in the French movie business, and was quickly followed by the production of French film musicals at the studios just outside Paris. New French films featured the singing talents of [Jean Gabin](/wiki/Jean_Gabin "Jean Gabin") (*Pépé le Moko*, *Cœur de lilas*), and [Danielle Darrieux](/wiki/Danielle_Darrieux "Danielle Darrieux") (*La crise est finis*, *Mon cœur t'appelle*, *Un mauves garçon*), [Maurice Chevalier](/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier "Maurice Chevalier") et [Claudette Colbert](/wiki/Claudette_Colbert "Claudette Colbert") (*La Chanson de Paris*) both made successful careers in Hollywood; Colbert remained in the U.S., but Chevalier returned to Paris and continued his singing career on the Paris music hall stage. Music hall singers, including [Fernandel](/wiki/Fernandel "Fernandel"), [Frehel](/wiki/Frehel "Frehel") and [Josephine Baker](/wiki/Josephine_Baker "Josephine Baker"), began making musical films. The 1934 musical film *[Zouzou](/wiki/Zouzou_%28film%29 "Zouzou (film)")*, with Jean Gabin and Josephine Baker, was the first film to star a black actress. The French music industry was born, as movie studios merged with record companies and used films to promote records. The route to success for Paris singers became the recording and film.
[ "The *Années Folles* (1919\\-1939\\)\n---------------------------------", "[thumb\\|right\\|150px\\|Costume by Picasso for the cubist ballet *[Parade](/wiki/Parade_%28ballet%29 \"Parade (ballet)\")*, with music by [Eric Satie](/wiki/Eric_Satie \"Eric Satie\") (1917\\)](/wiki/File:Costume_design_by_Pablo_Picasso_for_Serge_Diaghilev%27s_Ballets_Russes_performance_of_Parade_at_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Ch%C3%A2telet_in_Paris_18_May%2C_1917.jpg \"Costume design by Pablo Picasso for Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes performance of Parade at Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris 18 May, 1917.jpg\")\nThe first World War disrupted the Paris musical world; many musicians went into the army, and Ravel, too short to serve in the army, became a volunteer ambulance driver; but it did not stop musical creation altogether. The first cubist musical work, *[Parade](/wiki/Parade_%28ballet%29 \"Parade (ballet)\")*, with a text by [Jean Cocteau](/wiki/Jean_Cocteau \"Jean Cocteau\"), music by [Eric Satie](/wiki/Eric_Satie \"Eric Satie\"), decor by [Pablo Picasso](/wiki/Pablo_Picasso \"Pablo Picasso\"), and choreography by [Massine](/wiki/Massine \"Massine\"), was presented at the Chatelet theater on May 18, 1917\\. The poet and critic [Apollinaire](/wiki/Apollinaire \"Apollinaire\") coined a new word, *sur\\-realism*, to describe it. The music by Satie featured an unusual mixture of instruments, including a saxophone, a harp, xylophone, a *bouteillophone* of bottles filled with varying amounts of water, and various noise\\-making devices, including a typewriter, siren, and a revolver. The production was denounced by one Paris newspaper as \"the demolition of our national values\" but Stravinsky praised it for its opposition to the \"waves of impressionism, with language that is firm, clear, and without any connection with images.\"{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=267\\-268}}", "### Classical music—Ravel, Satie and Stravinsky", "[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|[Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky \"Igor Stravinsky\")](/wiki/File:Igor_Stravinsky_LOC_32392u.jpg \"Igor Stravinsky LOC 32392u.jpg\")\nMany prominent composers worked in Paris during between the wars, including [Maurice Ravel](/wiki/Maurice_Ravel \"Maurice Ravel\"), [Erik Satie](/wiki/Erik_Satie \"Erik Satie\"), and [Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky \"Igor Stravinsky\"). Ravel was born in 1875; one of his last works, *[Boléro](/wiki/Bol%C3%A9ro \"Boléro\")*, written in 1928, became his most famous and most\\-often performed work. It was written on a commission from the Russian dancer [Ida Rubinstein](/wiki/Ida_Rubinstein \"Ida Rubinstein\"), who had been a member of the [Ballets Russes](/wiki/Ballets_Russes \"Ballets Russes\") before starting her own company. The composition was a sensational success when it was premiered at the [Paris Opéra](/wiki/Palais_Garnier \"Palais Garnier\") on November 22, 1928, with choreography by [Bronislava Nijinska](/wiki/Bronislava_Nijinska \"Bronislava Nijinska\") and designs by [Alexandre Benois](/wiki/Alexandre_Benois \"Alexandre Benois\"). Satie (1866\\-1925\\) was in poor health, due largely to a long life of excessive drinking. Nonetheless, he established connections with the [Dadaist movement](/wiki/Dada \"Dada\"), and wrote the music for two ballets shortly before his death.", "[thumb\\|200px\\|[Maurice Ravel](/wiki/Maurice_Ravel \"Maurice Ravel\") (1925\\)](/wiki/File:Maurice_Ravel_1925.jpg \"Maurice Ravel 1925.jpg\")\n[Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky \"Igor Stravinsky\") (1888\\-1971\\) first achieved fame in Paris just before [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") with his revolutionary compositions for the Ballets Russes. In 1920 he returned for a production of a new ballet, *[Pulcinella](/wiki/Pulcinella_%28ballet%29 \"Pulcinella (ballet)\")*, with sets designed by [Pablo Picasso](/wiki/Pablo_Picasso \"Pablo Picasso\"). He, his wife and daughter were invited by designer [Coco Chanel](/wiki/Coco_Chanel \"Coco Chanel\") to stay in her new house in the Paris suburb of [Garches](/wiki/Garches \"Garches\"). Struggling for money, he obtained a contract with the Paris piano company [Pleyel et Cie](/wiki/Pleyel_et_Cie \"Pleyel et Cie\") to re\\-arrange his music for their popular [player pianos](/wiki/Player_pianos \"Player pianos\"). In February 1921 he met the Russian dancer [Vera de Bosset](/wiki/Vera_de_Bosset \"Vera de Bosset\") and began a long affair with her, both in Paris and on tours around Europe. He became a French citizen in 1931 and moved into a house on the rue de Faubourg\\-Saint\\-Honoré. It was a very unhappy period for him; both his daughter and wife died of [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\"). In 1939, as [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") approached, he left Paris for the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"); he married Vera in 1940 and settled in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\").", "New musical movements flourished in Paris. The most famous was *[Les Six](/wiki/Les_Six \"Les Six\")*, a group of six young French composers; brought together by [Jean Cocteau](/wiki/Jean_Cocteau \"Jean Cocteau\") and [Eric Satie](/wiki/Eric_Satie \"Eric Satie\"). They were [Georges Auric](/wiki/Georges_Auric \"Georges Auric\"), [Louis Durey](/wiki/Louis_Durey \"Louis Durey\"), [Arthur Honegger](/wiki/Arthur_Honegger \"Arthur Honegger\"), [Darius Milhaud](/wiki/Darius_Milhaud \"Darius Milhaud\"), [Francis Poulenc](/wiki/Francis_Poulenc \"Francis Poulenc\") and [Germaine Tailleferre](/wiki/Germaine_Tailleferre \"Germaine Tailleferre\"), all born between 1888 and 1899\\. Their music had no common style; they were united mainly in opposition to the dramatic style of Wagner and the impressionistic style of Debussy and Ravel. They provided music for many colorful theatrical pieces written by Cocteau for the Paris stage.{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=278\\-280}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|[Eric Satie](/wiki/Eric_Satie \"Eric Satie\")](/wiki/File:Satie-erik-4ff9d0bde1749.jpg \"Satie-erik-4ff9d0bde1749.jpg\")\nBetween the wars, Paris was home to a remarkable colony of foreign composers, including [Aaron Copland](/wiki/Aaron_Copland \"Aaron Copland\") from the United States (from 1920 to 1925\\), [Heitor Villa\\-Lobos](/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos \"Heitor Villa-Lobos\") from Brazil (1923\\-1930\\); and [Béla Bartók](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k \"Béla Bartók\") from Hungary (after 1922\\). The American composer [George Gershwin](/wiki/George_Gershwin \"George Gershwin\") came to Paris in 1926 and 1928 and tried (without success) to have composition lessons with Ravel and Nadia Boulanger. During his 1928 visit, while staying at the Majestic Hotel, he wrote a symphonic poem, *[An American in Paris](/wiki/An_American_in_Paris \"An American in Paris\")*, which, at one point, turned into music the sound of Paris taxi horns on the nearby [Etoile](/wiki/Place_de_l%27%C3%89toile \"Place de l'Étoile\").", "A new three\\-thousand seat concert hall, the [Salle Pleyel](/wiki/Salle_Pleyel \"Salle Pleyel\"), was built in Paris in the interwar period. It was commissioned in 1927{{cite web \\|title\\=The renovation of the Salle Pleyel \\| url\\=http://www.sallepleyel.fr/anglais/la\\_salle/historique/index.asp \\| access\\-date\\=2008\\-08\\-28 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607113349/http://www.sallepleyel.fr/anglais/la\\_salle/historique/index.asp \\| archive\\-date\\=2008\\-06\\-07}} by piano manufacturer [Pleyel et Cie](/wiki/Pleyel_et_Cie \"Pleyel et Cie\") and designed by Gustave Lion. The inauguration concert was performed by the [Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire](/wiki/Orchestre_de_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Concerts_du_Conservatoire \"Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire\"), with [Robert Casadesus](/wiki/Robert_Casadesus \"Robert Casadesus\") as soloist and [Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky \"Igor Stravinsky\"), [Maurice Ravel](/wiki/Maurice_Ravel \"Maurice Ravel\"), and [Philippe Gaubert](/wiki/Philippe_Gaubert \"Philippe Gaubert\") as conductors, A fire ravaged the interior of the hall on 28 June 1928, and it was extensively renovated, and the number of seats reduced to 1,913\\.\n{{clear}}", "### Dance—the Ballets Russes and Ida Rubinstein", "[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|[Ida Rubinstein](/wiki/Ida_Rubinstein \"Ida Rubinstein\"), for whom *Boléro* was written (1922 photo)](/wiki/File:Ida_Rubinstein_1922c.jpg \"Ida Rubinstein 1922c.jpg\")\nThe most famous Paris dance company was the [Ballets Russes](/wiki/Ballets_Russes \"Ballets Russes\"), Founded by [Sergei Diaghilev](/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev \"Sergei Diaghilev\") in 1909\\. The company performed in Paris and internationally until Diaghilev's death in 1929\\. The set designers included [Pablo Picasso](/wiki/Pablo_Picasso \"Pablo Picasso\"), [Henri Matisse](/wiki/Henri_Matisse \"Henri Matisse\"), [Georges Braque](/wiki/Georges_Braque \"Georges Braque\"), [Joan Miró](/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3 \"Joan Miró\"), and [Salvador Dalí](/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD \"Salvador Dalí\"). Its choreographers included [Bronislava Nijinska](/wiki/Bronislava_Nijinska \"Bronislava Nijinska\") (1891\\-1972\\), the younger sister of the star dancer [Vaslav Nijinsky](/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky \"Vaslav Nijinsky\"), and a young [George Balanchine](/wiki/George_Balanchine \"George Balanchine\") (1904\\-1983\\). In 1924, Balanchine, then a dancer, fled a [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") dance company on tour in the [Weimar Republic](/wiki/Weimar_Republic \"Weimar Republic\") and came to Paris, where Diaghilev hired him as a choreographer. The most famous production was the 1924 ballet *Le Train Bleu* with a story by Cocteau, music by [Darius Milhaud](/wiki/Darius_Milhaud \"Darius Milhaud\"), costumes by [Coco Chanel](/wiki/Coco_Chanel \"Coco Chanel\") and a curtain painted by Picasso.{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|page\\=283}}", "The dancer [Ida Rubinstein](/wiki/Ida_Rubinstein \"Ida Rubinstein\") left the Ballets Russes in 1911 and started her own troupe, commissioning famous poets, including [André Gide](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide \"André Gide\") and [Paul Valéry](/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry \"Paul Valéry\"), and composers, including Stravinsky and Honneger, to write ballets for her. Her most famous creation was *[Boléro](/wiki/Bol%C3%A9ro \"Boléro\")*, written for her by Ravel, which she first danced at the Paris Opera on November 22, 1928\\. Ravel originally called the music *[Fandango](/wiki/Fandango \"Fandango\")*, since it much more closely resembled that dance rather than a true [bolero](/wiki/Bolero \"Bolero\").{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|page\\=284}}", "In 1920 a new ballet company, directed by Swedish choreographer and dancer [Jean Börlin](/wiki/Jean_B%C3%B6rlin \"Jean Börlin\"), was established at the Théâtre des Champs\\-Élysées, and then performed in a more intimate new hall, the [Studio des Champs\\-Élysées](/wiki/Studio_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es \"Studio des Champs-Élysées\"). Like the Ballets Rousses, Börlin also commissioned famous artists, including [Pierre Bonnard](/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard \"Pierre Bonnard\") and [Fernand Léger](/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger \"Fernand Léger\") to create the decor, famous poets including [Paul Claudel](/wiki/Paul_Claudel \"Paul Claudel\") to write the texts, and avant\\-garde musicians, including Ravel, Satie and members of the Group of Six, including Taillefere, Milhaud Honnege to write the music.", "### The arrival of jazz—the Hot Club de Paris", "[thumb\\|left\\|250px\\|The U.S. Army band conducted by [James Reese Europe](/wiki/James_Reese_Europe \"James Reese Europe\") en route to France (1917\\)](/wiki/File:%28African_American%29_Jazz_Band_and_Leader_Back_with_%28African_American%29_15th_New_York._Lieutenant_Jame_._._._-_NARA_-_533506.jpg \"(African American) Jazz Band and Leader Back with (African American) 15th New York. Lieutenant Jame . . . - NARA - 533506.jpg\")", "Jazz came to Paris in 1917, with the American soldiers arriving to fight in the First World War. The soldiers were accompanied by military bands, including the 369th regiment band, composed of fifty black musicians directed by a celebrated Broadway band leader, [James Reese Europe](/wiki/James_Reese_Europe \"James Reese Europe\"), and several other regimental bands led by famous American musicians. They gave concerts at the kiosks in the parks of Paris, performing the [foxtrot](/wiki/Foxtrot \"Foxtrot\"), the two\\-step, the one\\-step, and the *Memphis Blues* and \"The Army Blues\" of [W.C. Handy](/wiki/W.C._Handy \"W.C. Handy\").", "In August 1918, the orchestra of J.R. Europe was invited to perform at a music hall on the Champs\\-Élysées. The one\\-night performance was extended for eight weeks. The [Casino de Paris](/wiki/Casino_de_Paris \"Casino de Paris\") presented the first French jazz review, with Gaby Deslys and Harry Pilcer and a ragtime orchestra. A black American jazz orchestra, the Jazz Kings, led by drummer Louis Mitchell, came to the Casino de Paris in 1919 to present a jazz review called *Pa\\-ri\\-ki\\-ri*, followed in 1920 by the jazz review *Laisse\\-les\\-Tomber*, with the young singer [Mistinguett](/wiki/Mistinguett \"Mistinguett\"). The author [jean Cocteau](/wiki/Jean_Cocteau \"Jean Cocteau\"), enchanted by the new sound, described jazz as \"an improvised catastrophe\" and \"a sonic cataclysm\".{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=268\\-269}}", "By 1930, Parisians were listening to recordings of American jazz; [Duke Ellington](/wiki/Duke_Ellington \"Duke Ellington\") brought his orchestra to Paris in 1932, [Louis Armstrong](/wiki/Louis_Armstrong \"Louis Armstrong\") and [Cab Calloway](/wiki/Cab_Calloway \"Cab Calloway\") in 1934, [Bill Coleman](/wiki/Bill_Coleman_%28trumpeter%29 \"Bill Coleman (trumpeter)\"), [Coleman Hawkins](/wiki/Coleman_Hawkins \"Coleman Hawkins\") and [Benny Carter](/wiki/Benny_Carter \"Benny Carter\") in 1935\\. The first famous Paris jazz club, the [Hot Club de Paris](/wiki/Hot_Club_de_Paris \"Hot Club de Paris\"), was founded in 1932\\. The first famous French jazz group, the [Quintette du Hot Club de France](/wiki/Quintette_du_Hot_Club_de_France \"Quintette du Hot Club de France\"), was formed in 1934; its members were [Django Reinhardt](/wiki/Django_Reinhardt \"Django Reinhardt\"), his brother Joseph, [Stephane Grapelli](/wiki/Stephane_Grapelli \"Stephane Grapelli\"), [Louis Vola](/wiki/Louis_Vola \"Louis Vola\") and Roger Chaput. They became the most famous jazz ensemble in France, touring Europe and eventually to the United States.{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=304\\-306}}", "### The music hall—Mistinguett and Josephine Baker", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Poster for [Mistinguett](/wiki/Mistinguett \"Mistinguett\") at the [Casino de Paris](/wiki/Casino_de_Paris \"Casino de Paris\") (1931\\)](/wiki/File:Casino_de_Paris.jpg \"Casino de Paris.jpg\")\nThe singer [Mistinguett](/wiki/Mistinguett \"Mistinguett\") made her debut the Casino de Paris in 1895 and continued to appear regularly in the 1920s and 1930s at the [Folies Bergère](/wiki/Folies_Berg%C3%A8re \"Folies Bergère\"), [Moulin Rouge](/wiki/Moulin_Rouge \"Moulin Rouge\") and Eldorado. Her risqué routines captivated Paris, and she became one of the most highly\\-paid and popular French entertainers of her time.{{Sfn\\|Fierro\\|1996\\|page\\=1006}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|[Josephine Baker](/wiki/Josephine_Baker \"Josephine Baker\") at the [Folies Bergere](/wiki/Folies_Bergere \"Folies Bergere\") (1926\\)](/wiki/File:Baker_Charleston.jpg \"Baker Charleston.jpg\")\nThe Swedish ballet performing at the Théâtre des Champs\\-Élysées closed in 1925, and its manager, André Davin, decided to create a musical show in the American style. He dispatched an American producer, Caroline Dudley, to New York, to recruit a company. She went to [Harlem](/wiki/Harlem \"Harlem\") and returned in September 1925 with a troupe of twenty\\-five black musicians, singers and dancers, including the pianist [Claude Hopkins](/wiki/Claude_Hopkins \"Claude Hopkins\"), the clarinetist [Sidney Bechet](/wiki/Sidney_Bechet \"Sidney Bechet\") and the twenty\\-five year old singer [Josephine Baker](/wiki/Josephine_Baker \"Josephine Baker\"). The new show was called *[La Revue Nègre](/wiki/Negrophilia%23The_Bal_N%C3%A8gre \"Negrophilia#The Bal Nègre\")*. The director, Jacques Charles, recruited from the Moulin Rouge, persuaded Baker to perform a Charleston called 'Danse sauvage,' half\\-nude, wearing only ostrich feathers.\"*Le Jazz\\-Hot*: The Roaring Twenties\", in William Alfred Shack, *Harlem in Montmartre: A Paris Jazz Story Between the Great Wars*, University of California Press, 2001, p. 35\\. The audience at opening night on October 25, 1925, included Jean Cocteau, composers [Darius Milhaud](/wiki/Darius_Milhaud \"Darius Milhaud\") and Maurice Ravel, and fashion designer Paul Poiret. The show was an immense success. After a successful tour of Europe, Baker returned to France three months later to star at the [Folies Bergère](/wiki/Folies_Berg%C3%A8re \"Folies Bergère\"). The Théâtre des Champs Élysées continued its American series in July 1926 with the first French performance of George Gershwin's *[Rhapsody in Blue](/wiki/Rhapsody_in_Blue \"Rhapsody in Blue\")* by the [Paul Whiteman Orchestra](/wiki/Paul_Whiteman_Orchestra \"Paul Whiteman Orchestra\") The other music halls, including the Casino de Paris, Moulin Rouge and les Ambassadeurs presented jazz reviews, while the main concert halls, Pleyel and Gaveau, offered symphonic jazz concerts. New cabarets featuring jazz, including Bricktop's, the Boeuf sur le toit and Grand Écart opened, and American dance\\-styles, including the one\\-step, the fox\\-trot, the boston and the charleston, became popular in the dance halls. .{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=284\\-286}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Chorus of the [Folies Bergère](/wiki/Folies_Berg%C3%A8re \"Folies Bergère\") (1934\\)](/wiki/File:BASA-980K-1-9-2-Feo_Mustakova%2C_Folies_Berg%C3%A8re%2C_1934.jpg \"BASA-980K-1-9-2-Feo Mustakova, Folies Bergère, 1934.jpg\")\nThe music\\-halls suffered growing hardships in the 1930s, facing growing competition from movie theaters The Olympia was converted into a movie theater, and others closed. But others continued to thrive; In 1937 and 1930 the Casino de Paris presented shows with [Maurice Chevalier](/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier \"Maurice Chevalier\"), who had already achieved success as an actor and singer in [Hollywood](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States \"Cinema of the United States\").", "One genre remained highly popular in Paris; the *[Chanson réaliste](/wiki/Chanson_r%C3%A9aliste \"Chanson réaliste\")*; dramatic, emotional, tragic songs about love and passion. The leading singers of the genre were [Yvonne George](/wiki/Yvonne_George \"Yvonne George\"), [Marie\\-Louise Damien](/wiki/Marie-Louise_Damien \"Marie-Louise Damien\") and [Fréhel](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9hel \"Fréhel\"). 1935, a twenty\\-year old singer named [Édith Piaf](/wiki/%C3%89dith_Piaf \"Édith Piaf\") was discovered in the [Pigalle](/wiki/Quartier_Pigalle \"Quartier Pigalle\") by nightclub owner [Louis Leplée](/wiki/Louis_Lepl%C3%A9e \"Louis Leplée\"), whose club *Le Gerny*, off the [Champs\\-Élysées](/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es \"Champs-Élysées\"), was frequented by the upper and lower classes alike. He persuaded her to sing despite her extreme nervousness. Leplée taught her the basics of stage presence and told her to wear a black dress, which became her trademark apparel. Leplée ran an intense publicity campaign leading up to her opening night, attracting the presence of many celebrities, including Maurice Chevalier. Her nightclub appearance led to her first two records produced that same year, and the beginning of a legendary career that continued into the 1960s.", "### The radio, phonograph, and the musical film", "The arrival of radio and the musical film had a gradual but dramatic impact on Paris music. The first radio station in Paris, [Radio Tour Eiffel](/wiki/Radio_in_Paris%23The_first_radio_stations_in_Paris_%28chronological%29 \"Radio in Paris#The first radio stations in Paris (chronological)\"), broadcast from the [Eiffel Tower](/wiki/Eiffel_Tower \"Eiffel Tower\") starting on December 24, 1921\\. The first classical music concert broadcast on French radio, was transmitted by the station Radiola on November 6, 1922, beginning with a march composed by [Christoph Gluck](/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck \"Christoph Willibald Gluck\"), followed by symphonic and opera works. In 1929, a weekly series of broadcasts of classical music for school students was launched, but it had limited success. Due to the financial crisis, very few Paris schools had money to buy radios. At the beginning of *Les Années Folles*, the French company Pathé had a monopoly on the sale of phonograph records in France, and kept out records by other artists. In 1925, the Pathé label was bought by the American company Columbia, and soon American disks began to appear in the French market. After 1926, Parisians could buy records made by other foreign companies.{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=295\\-298}}", "The motion picture had the greatest impact on Paris music. Due largely to competition from the movies, between 1910 and 1920 two\\-thirds of the Paris music halls were transformed into movie theaters. Collaboration between the Paris movie studios and the film industry had begun early. The composer [Camille Saint\\-Saëns](/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns \"Camille Saint-Saëns\") had written music to accompany the 1908 film *L'Assassinat du duc de Guise*. The composer [Arthur Honegger](/wiki/Arthur_Honegger \"Arthur Honegger\") composed music for two of the most important silent films of [Abel Gance](/wiki/Abel_Gance \"Abel Gance\"), *[La Roue](/wiki/La_Roue \"La Roue\")* and *[Napoleon](/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_%281927_film%29 \"Napoléon (1927 film)\")*. *Napoleon* had its grand premiere on April 7, 1927, at the [Palais Garnier](/wiki/Palais_Garnier \"Palais Garnier\") with a full orchestra playing the score.", "The arrival in France of the first sound film, *[The Jazz Singer](/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer \"The Jazz Singer\")* in 1927 caused a revolution in the French movie business, and was quickly followed by the production of French film musicals at the studios just outside Paris. New French films featured the singing talents of [Jean Gabin](/wiki/Jean_Gabin \"Jean Gabin\") (*Pépé le Moko*, *Cœur de lilas*), and [Danielle Darrieux](/wiki/Danielle_Darrieux \"Danielle Darrieux\") (*La crise est finis*, *Mon cœur t'appelle*, *Un mauves garçon*), [Maurice Chevalier](/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier \"Maurice Chevalier\") et [Claudette Colbert](/wiki/Claudette_Colbert \"Claudette Colbert\") (*La Chanson de Paris*) both made successful careers in Hollywood; Colbert remained in the U.S., but Chevalier returned to Paris and continued his singing career on the Paris music hall stage. Music hall singers, including [Fernandel](/wiki/Fernandel \"Fernandel\"), [Frehel](/wiki/Frehel \"Frehel\") and [Josephine Baker](/wiki/Josephine_Baker \"Josephine Baker\"), began making musical films. The 1934 musical film *[Zouzou](/wiki/Zouzou_%28film%29 \"Zouzou (film)\")*, with Jean Gabin and Josephine Baker, was the first film to star a black actress. The French music industry was born, as movie studios merged with record companies and used films to promote records. The route to success for Paris singers became the recording and film.", "" ]
Post\-war Paris (1946–2000\) ---------------------------- ### Jazz clubs of Saint\-Germain\-des\-Pres [thumb\|right\|Jazz musician [Sidney Bechet](/wiki/Sidney_Bechet "Sidney Bechet") in 1947](/wiki/File:Sidney_Bechet%2C_Freddie_Moore%2C_Lloyd_Phillips_%28Gottlieb_00521%29.jpg "Sidney Bechet, Freddie Moore, Lloyd Phillips (Gottlieb 00521).jpg") In the early [post\-war](/wiki/Post-war "Post-war") period, immediately after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), the [Saint\-Germain\-des\-Pres](/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Pres "Saint-Germain-des-Pres") neighborhood and the nearby [Saint\-Michel](/wiki/Boulevard_Saint-Michel "Boulevard Saint-Michel") neighborhood became home to many small [jazz clubs](/wiki/Jazz_club "Jazz club"). They were mostly located in [cellars](/wiki/Basement "Basement"), due to the shortage of any suitable space, and because the music at late hours was less likely to disturb the neighbors. The first to open in 1945 was the Caveau des Lorientais, near Boulevard Saint\-Michel, which introduced Parisians to [New Orleans Jazz](/wiki/Dixieland "Dixieland"), played by clarinetist [Claude Luter](/wiki/Claude_Luter "Claude Luter") and his band. It closed shortly afterward, but was soon followed by other cellars; Le Vieux\-Columbier, the Rose Rouge, the Club Saint\-Germain; and [Le Tabou](/wiki/Le_Tabou "Le Tabou"). The clubs attracted students from the nearby university, the Paris intellectual community, and celebrities from the Paris cultural world. They soon had doormen who controlled who was important or famous enough to be allowed inside into the cramped, smoke\-filled cellars. A few of the musicians went on to celebrated careers; Sidney Bechet was the star of the first [jazz festival](/wiki/List_of_jazz_festivals "List of jazz festivals") held at the [Salle Pleyel](/wiki/Salle_Pleyel "Salle Pleyel") in 1949, and headlined at the [Olympia music hall](/wiki/Olympia_Paris "Olympia Paris") in 1955\.{{Sfn\|Bezbakh\|2004\|page\=872}} A concert by [Dizzy Gillespie](/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie "Dizzy Gillespie") and his orchestra at the Salle Pleyel in 1948 introduced Paris to a new variety of jazz, called [bebop](/wiki/Bebop "Bebop"), and soon the jazz world of Paris was divided into two rival camps, those for bebop and those for more traditional New Orleans jazz, in the style of [Louis Armstrong](/wiki/Louis_Armstrong "Louis Armstrong"); this group was led by [Sidney Bechet](/wiki/Sidney_Bechet "Sidney Bechet") and trumpet player [Boris Vian](/wiki/Boris_Vian "Boris Vian"); [Mezz Mezzrow](/wiki/Mezz_Mezzrow "Mezz Mezzrow"), André Rewellotty, and guitarist [Henri Salvador](/wiki/Henri_Salvador "Henri Salvador"). Beginning in 1958, the leading figures in American jazz, including [Miles Davis](/wiki/Miles_Davis "Miles Davis"), [Duke Ellington](/wiki/Duke_Ellington "Duke Ellington"), [Thelonious Monk](/wiki/Thelonious_Monk "Thelonious Monk") and [John Coltrane](/wiki/John_Coltrane "John Coltrane") came to Paris to perform in a series called Paris Jazz Concert, at the Olympia music hall. The musician/composer [Quincy Jones](/wiki/Quincy_Jones "Quincy Jones") came to Paris both to perform and to study composition with [Nadia Boulanger](/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger "Nadia Boulanger") and [Olivier Messiaen](/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen "Olivier Messiaen"). Jazz also played an important part in the [French New Wave](/wiki/French_New_Wave "French New Wave") films of the 1950s; the film *[Les Liaisons dangereuses](/wiki/Les_Liaisons_dangereuses "Les Liaisons dangereuses")* of [Roger Vadim](/wiki/Roger_Vadim "Roger Vadim"), set in Paris in the 1960s. featured music by Thelonious Monk and [Art Blakey](/wiki/Art_Blakey "Art Blakey"); *À bout de soufflé* (*[Breathless](/wiki/Breathless_%281960_film%29 "Breathless (1960 film)")*) by [Jean\-Luc Godard](/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard "Jean-Luc Godard") had a jazz score music by [Martial Solal](/wiki/Martial_Solal "Martial Solal"). Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward [rock and roll](/wiki/Rock_and_roll "Rock and roll").{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=333\-334}} ### Rock and roll [thumb\|right\|200px\|[Johnny Hallyday](/wiki/Johnny_Hallyday "Johnny Hallyday") in 1965](/wiki/File:Johnny_Hallyday_%281965%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg "Johnny Hallyday (1965) by Erling Mandelmann.jpg") Rock and roll made its first appearance in Paris in 1956, when pianist and arranger [Michel Legrand](/wiki/Michel_Legrand "Michel Legrand") returned from the United States with American rock and roll records and, with Boris Vian and Henri Salvador, recorded the first French rock and roll records *Rock coquet* and *Rock n'roll mops*. In 1957 Legrand and [Albert Raisner](/wiki/Albert_Raisner "Albert Raisner") recorded a French version of [Bill Haley](/wiki/Bill_Haley_%28musician%29 "Bill Haley (musician)")'s *Rock around the Clock* and Eddy Constantine recorded *Rock! Rock!*. At about the same time, the Golf Druout, an indoor miniature golf course at the corner of rue Drouout and boulevard Montmartre installed the first [jukebox](/wiki/Jukebox "Jukebox") in Paris, supplied with records from an American military base. The juke box attracted crowds of listeners, and became the first rock\-and\-roll club in Paris. Among the young musicians who came to the Golf Druout to hear new sound was Jean\-Philippe Met, who had changed his name to [Johnny Hallyday](/wiki/Johnny_Hallyday "Johnny Hallyday") and became the most enduring Parisian rock singer. The first Parisian rock band, the Five Rocks, was founded at the beginning of the 1960s; it soon changed its name to the *Chausettes Noirs* (the black socks) The lead singer of the Chausettes noirs, [Eddy Mitchell](/wiki/Eddy_Mitchell "Eddy Mitchell"), became famous singing *Eddie sois bon*, a French remake of *Johnny be Good* by Chuck Berry. He left the band in 1962 and became a popular film actor. In 1965, the [Beatles](/wiki/Beatles "Beatles") gave two hugely successful concerts at the Palais des Sports. Rock was firmly installed as the preferred music of young Parisians.{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=356\-358}} Popular music took a big step forward in 1981 when the government gave up its monopoly over radio stations. Two hundred new private radio stations appeared in Paris alone, the great majority devoted entirely to music, covering every genre, including classical, jazz, world music, French songs from the 1920s to 1960s, and every type of rock and roll. ### Music from the Maghreb, Africa and the Caribbean During the first part of the 20th century, the music from France's colonies in North Africa, sub\-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean was largely ignored; or, during the 1900 Universal Exposition and the [Paris Colonial Exposition](/wiki/Paris_Colonial_Exposition "Paris Colonial Exposition") of 1931\. it was treated as an exotic novelty, performed by costumed singers and dancers for the benefit of Exposition visitors. That began to change after World War II, when large numbers of temporary workers and students came to live, work and study in Paris. In the 1960s the migration grew even larger, as the colonies were granted their independence. The migrants settled in the outer neighborhoods and suburbs and brought their music with them. The music was almost entirely ignored by the French television and radio stations until 1981 when private radio stations were allowed. Soon dozens of new stations went on the air, playing the music of the new wave of immigrants. The singer [Dalida](/wiki/Dalida "Dalida") was one of the first musicians from North Africa to achieve fame in Paris. Her father was Italian, the first violinist at the Cairo Opera. She moved to Paris in 1954 at the age of twenty and became a singer at [Olympia Paris](/wiki/Olympia_Paris "Olympia Paris"), and began making recordings. Her song *[Bambino](/wiki/Bambino_%28Dalida_song%29 "Bambino (Dalida song)")* in 1956 became a hit in France, selling three hundred thousand records, making her one of France's leading popular singers. She recorded Italians in French, Arabic, Italian, and a half\-dozen other languages, before her death in 1987\. One of the first popular styles imported from North Africa was [Raï](/wiki/Ra%C3%AF "Raï"), a singing style from the Algerian city of [Oran](/wiki/Oran "Oran"). One of the first famous singer of the style, [Khaled](/wiki/Khaled_%28musician%29 "Khaled (musician)"), was born in Oran in 1960, started a band when he was fourteen, and moved to France in 1986, where he became a recording star with an international audience. In the 1980s and the 1990s, the traditional African, Maghreb and Caribbean musical styles were blended together with French and American styles of hip\-hop, techno, and rap, to create an original style, which became popular well outside the immigrant communities. Musical styles imported into Paris include [Sega](/wiki/Sega_%28genre%29 "Sega (genre)") from the Island of [Mauritius](/wiki/Mauritius "Mauritius"). [Zouk](/wiki/Zouk_%28musical_movement%29 "Zouk (musical movement)") from the Caribbean islands of [Guadeloupe](/wiki/Guadeloupe "Guadeloupe") and [Martinique](/wiki/Martinique "Martinique"), [Zouglou](/wiki/Zouglou "Zouglou"), a dance\-oriented style of music from [Côte d'Ivoire](/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire "Côte d'Ivoire"); and [Mbalax](/wiki/Mbalax "Mbalax") from [Senegal](/wiki/Senegal "Senegal") and the [Gambia](/wiki/Gambia "Gambia"). a fusion of popular Western music and dance such as jazz, soul, Latin, and rock blended with sabar, the traditional drumming and dance music of Senegal. ### Cabarets and music halls [thumb\|left\|200px\|Edith Piaf in 1962](/wiki/File:%C3%89dith_Piaf_914-6440.jpg "Édith Piaf 914-6440.jpg") Between 1945 and 1960 the [cabarets](/wiki/Cabaret "Cabaret") and [music halls](/wiki/Music_hall "Music hall") played an important part in Paris culture, giving a stage to established stars and new talent. The most important music halls of the period were the [Olympia Paris](/wiki/Olympia_Paris "Olympia Paris") and [Bobino](/wiki/Bobino "Bobino"), while the important cabarets included *La Galerie 55*, *L'Echelle de Jacob*, *le Port de Salut*, *l'Ecluse* and *Trois Baudets*. Future French stars who debuted in the cabarets after the war included [Bourvil](/wiki/Bourvil "Bourvil") in 1946, [Yves Montand](/wiki/Yves_Montand "Yves Montand") in 1947, [Juliette Gréco](/wiki/Juliette_Gr%C3%A9co "Juliette Gréco") in 1948, [Georges Brassens](/wiki/Georges_Brassens "Georges Brassens") at the *Trois Baudets* in 1952, and [Jacques Brel](/wiki/Jacques_Brel "Jacques Brel") at the same club in 1953\. Headliners at the Olympia included [Édith Piaf](/wiki/%C3%89dith_Piaf "Édith Piaf") in 1949, [Gilbert Bécaud](/wiki/Gilbert_B%C3%A9caud "Gilbert Bécaud") in 1954, and [Charles Aznavour](/wiki/Charles_Aznavour "Charles Aznavour"), [Tino Rossi](/wiki/Tino_Rossi "Tino Rossi") and [Dalida](/wiki/Dalida "Dalida") in 1955\. Paris singing stars in the 1980s and 1990s included [Serge Lama](/wiki/Serge_Lama "Serge Lama"), [Serge Gainsbourg](/wiki/Serge_Gainsbourg "Serge Gainsbourg"), [Michel Berger](/wiki/Michel_Berger "Michel Berger"), [Yves Duteil](/wiki/Yves_Duteil "Yves Duteil"), [Francis Cabrel](/wiki/Francis_Cabrel "Francis Cabrel"), [Patrick Bruel](/wiki/Patrick_Bruel "Patrick Bruel"), and [Jean\-Jacques Goldman](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Goldman "Jean-Jacques Goldman").{{Sfn\|Bezbakh\|2004\|pages\=873\-874}} ### Classical music—the Orchestre de Paris During first decades after the war Paris could boast four top\-quality professional symphony orchestras: the Colonne orchestra at the Châtelet; the Lamoureux at Salle Pleyel; the Pasdeloup at the palais de Chaillot, and the Concert Society of the Conservatory at the théâtre des Champs\-Élysées. The orchestras did not coordinate their programs; they played during the same season (October to Easter) at the same time (Sunday afternoons at 5:45\) and for the most part played the same classical repertoire, rarely venturing into modern music. In the late 1960s, [André Malraux](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux "André Malraux"), the Minister of Culture under President [Charles de Gaulle](/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle "Charles de Gaulle"), decided to create a new orchestra as the prestige symphony of Paris. the Society of Concerts of the Conservatory was abolished in 1967, and replaced by the [Orchestre de Paris](/wiki/Orchestre_de_Paris "Orchestre de Paris"). The French government provided sixty percent of the funding for the new orchestra, with smaller shares from the City of Paris and the Department of the Seine. The first conductor of the orchestra was [Charles Munch](/wiki/Charles_Munch_%28conductor%29 "Charles Munch (conductor)"). After his death in 1968, it was conducted by [Herbert von Karajan](/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan "Herbert von Karajan"), then [Georg Solti](/wiki/Georg_Solti "Georg Solti"), then [Daniel Barenboim](/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim "Daniel Barenboim"), who directed the orchestra from 1975 to 1989\.{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=370\-371}} Much musical experimentation was taking place inside other Paris institutions. In 1954 [Pierre Boulez](/wiki/Pierre_Boulez "Pierre Boulez") founded *Le Domaine musical*, which between 1954 and 1966, presented regular concerts of new music by composers including [Schoenberg](/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg "Arnold Schoenberg") and [Webern](/wiki/Webern "Webern"). The most influential modernist composer in post\-war Paris was [Olivier Messiaen](/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen "Olivier Messiaen") (1908\-1992\), organist at the Trinity Church beginning in 1930 and professor at the Paris Conservatory of Music from 1942\. he was noted for his scientific study of [bird songs](/wiki/Bird_vocalization "Bird vocalization") (1958\), his adaptations of traditional [Asian](/wiki/Music_of_Asia "Music of Asia") and [Latin American](/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America "Music of Latin America") rhythms (1960\); and original [church music](/wiki/Church_music "Church music"). Other notable composers included [Pierre Schaeffer](/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer "Pierre Schaeffer"), founder of the school called *[Musique concrète](/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te "Musique concrète")*, based on recorded sounds of the real world, such as the noise made by trains; and composer of *Symphonie pour un home seul* (1950\) and *Orphée 51* (1951\); the composer [Pierre Henry](/wiki/Pierre_Henry "Pierre Henry"), a collaborator of Schaeffer, pioneer of [electroacoustic music](/wiki/Electroacoustic_music "Electroacoustic music"); and composer of *The Well\-Tempered microphone*; and the conductor and composer Boulez, a pioneer of [Serial music](/wiki/Serialism "Serialism").{{Sfn\|Bezbakh\|2004\|page\=872}} ### Musical theater—the mega\-musical Musical theater had a difficult time in the postwar years, due to stiff competition from musical films and high production costs. The exceptions were several mega\-musicals first produced in Paris; *[Les Misérables](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_%28musical%29 "Les Misérables (musical)")*, based on the novel by Victor Hugo, with music by [Claude\-Michel Schönberg](/wiki/Claude-Michel_Sch%C3%B6nberg "Claude-Michel Schönberg") and original French lyrics by Alain Boublil and Jean\-Marc Natel, opened in Paris in 1980, and went on to success in London and New York, and became one of the most popular musicals of all time. *[Notre Dame de Paris](/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_%28musical%29 "Notre-Dame de Paris (musical)")*, also based on a novel by [Victor Hugo](/wiki/Victor_Hugo "Victor Hugo"), with music composed by [Riccardo Cocciante](/wiki/Riccardo_Cocciante "Riccardo Cocciante") and lyrics by [Luc Plamondon](/wiki/Luc_Plamondon "Luc Plamondon"), opened on September 16, 1998, and made immediate stars of its lead singers, [Hélène Ségara](/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_S%C3%A9gara "Hélène Ségara") as Esmeralda and [Garou](/wiki/Garou_%28singer%29 "Garou (singer)"), who played [Quasimodo](/wiki/Quasimodo "Quasimodo"). ### The Bastille Opera and the City of Music When President [François Mitterrand](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand "François Mitterrand") took office in 1981, his new culture minister, [Jack Lang](/wiki/Jack_Lang_%28French_politician%29 "Jack Lang (French politician)"), launched a series musical innovations. On June 21, 1982, he began the *Fete de la Musique*, a day of free musical performances all over Paris and in other cities of France. A giant rock concert took place at the Trocadero, the opera orchestra played on the steps of the Opera Garnier, and the Garde Republicaine band played at the Pantheon. The Fete became an annual event. He also planned and began construction of a second opera house at Place de la Bastille, in place of an old suburban train station. Revolution. It was designed to have an equally good view from all seats (unlike the Palais Garnier) and to have less expensive tickets. After many technical problems, design changes, controversies and the dismissal of the opera's director, the [Opera Bastille](/wiki/Opera_Bastille "Opera Bastille") opened in July 1989\.during the celebration of the bicentennial of the French Revolution.{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=384–385}} [thumb\|300px\|[Philharmonie de Paris](/wiki/Philharmonie_de_Paris "Philharmonie de Paris"): Philharmonie 1](/wiki/File:Paris-Philharmonie1.jpg "Paris-Philharmonie1.jpg") The second grand musical project of Mitterrand and Lang, announced in 1982, was the [Cité de la Musique](/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_la_Musique "Cité de la Musique"), a large musical performance center at La Villette, a former\-industrial section of the city. The first piece built was the [Le Zénith](/wiki/Le_Z%C3%A9nith_%28Paris%2C_France%29 "Le Zénith (Paris, France)"), a concert hall with six thousand seats, inaugurated on January 12, 1984\. It hosted concerts by Johnny Halladay, [Serge Gainsbourg](/wiki/Serge_Gainsbourg "Serge Gainsbourg"), [Vanessa Paradis](/wiki/Vanessa_Paradis "Vanessa Paradis"), the rock group [Téléphone](/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9phone "Téléphone"), and other celebrated Paris pop musicians. The Paris Conservatory of Music was moved to a new building on the site, opened to students in 1990\. The museum of musical instruments of the Conservatory was opened at the beginning of 1997\. The final piece, the [Philharmonie de Paris](/wiki/Philharmonie_de_Paris "Philharmonie de Paris") concert hall, designed by architect [Jean Nouvel](/wiki/Jean_Nouvel "Jean Nouvel"), with 2,500 seats,{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|page\=386}} was opened on January 24, 2015\.{{Sfn\|Vila\|2007\|pages\=385\-386}}
[ "Post\\-war Paris (1946–2000\\)\n----------------------------", "### Jazz clubs of Saint\\-Germain\\-des\\-Pres", "[thumb\\|right\\|Jazz musician [Sidney Bechet](/wiki/Sidney_Bechet \"Sidney Bechet\") in 1947](/wiki/File:Sidney_Bechet%2C_Freddie_Moore%2C_Lloyd_Phillips_%28Gottlieb_00521%29.jpg \"Sidney Bechet, Freddie Moore, Lloyd Phillips (Gottlieb 00521).jpg\")\nIn the early [post\\-war](/wiki/Post-war \"Post-war\") period, immediately after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), the [Saint\\-Germain\\-des\\-Pres](/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Pres \"Saint-Germain-des-Pres\") neighborhood and the nearby [Saint\\-Michel](/wiki/Boulevard_Saint-Michel \"Boulevard Saint-Michel\") neighborhood became home to many small [jazz clubs](/wiki/Jazz_club \"Jazz club\"). They were mostly located in [cellars](/wiki/Basement \"Basement\"), due to the shortage of any suitable space, and because the music at late hours was less likely to disturb the neighbors. The first to open in 1945 was the Caveau des Lorientais, near Boulevard Saint\\-Michel, which introduced Parisians to [New Orleans Jazz](/wiki/Dixieland \"Dixieland\"), played by clarinetist [Claude Luter](/wiki/Claude_Luter \"Claude Luter\") and his band. It closed shortly afterward, but was soon followed by other cellars; Le Vieux\\-Columbier, the Rose Rouge, the Club Saint\\-Germain; and [Le Tabou](/wiki/Le_Tabou \"Le Tabou\"). The clubs attracted students from the nearby university, the Paris intellectual community, and celebrities from the Paris cultural world. They soon had doormen who controlled who was important or famous enough to be allowed inside into the cramped, smoke\\-filled cellars. A few of the musicians went on to celebrated careers; Sidney Bechet was the star of the first [jazz festival](/wiki/List_of_jazz_festivals \"List of jazz festivals\") held at the [Salle Pleyel](/wiki/Salle_Pleyel \"Salle Pleyel\") in 1949, and headlined at the [Olympia music hall](/wiki/Olympia_Paris \"Olympia Paris\") in 1955\\.{{Sfn\\|Bezbakh\\|2004\\|page\\=872}}", "A concert by [Dizzy Gillespie](/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie \"Dizzy Gillespie\") and his orchestra at the Salle Pleyel in 1948 introduced Paris to a new variety of jazz, called [bebop](/wiki/Bebop \"Bebop\"), and soon the jazz world of Paris was divided into two rival camps, those for bebop and those for more traditional New Orleans jazz, in the style of [Louis Armstrong](/wiki/Louis_Armstrong \"Louis Armstrong\"); this group was led by [Sidney Bechet](/wiki/Sidney_Bechet \"Sidney Bechet\") and trumpet player [Boris Vian](/wiki/Boris_Vian \"Boris Vian\"); [Mezz Mezzrow](/wiki/Mezz_Mezzrow \"Mezz Mezzrow\"), André Rewellotty, and guitarist [Henri Salvador](/wiki/Henri_Salvador \"Henri Salvador\").", "Beginning in 1958, the leading figures in American jazz, including [Miles Davis](/wiki/Miles_Davis \"Miles Davis\"), [Duke Ellington](/wiki/Duke_Ellington \"Duke Ellington\"), [Thelonious Monk](/wiki/Thelonious_Monk \"Thelonious Monk\") and [John Coltrane](/wiki/John_Coltrane \"John Coltrane\") came to Paris to perform in a series called Paris Jazz Concert, at the Olympia music hall. The musician/composer [Quincy Jones](/wiki/Quincy_Jones \"Quincy Jones\") came to Paris both to perform and to study composition with [Nadia Boulanger](/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger \"Nadia Boulanger\") and [Olivier Messiaen](/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen \"Olivier Messiaen\"). Jazz also played an important part in the [French New Wave](/wiki/French_New_Wave \"French New Wave\") films of the 1950s; the film *[Les Liaisons dangereuses](/wiki/Les_Liaisons_dangereuses \"Les Liaisons dangereuses\")* of [Roger Vadim](/wiki/Roger_Vadim \"Roger Vadim\"), set in Paris in the 1960s. featured music by Thelonious Monk and [Art Blakey](/wiki/Art_Blakey \"Art Blakey\"); *À bout de soufflé* (*[Breathless](/wiki/Breathless_%281960_film%29 \"Breathless (1960 film)\")*) by [Jean\\-Luc Godard](/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard \"Jean-Luc Godard\") had a jazz score music by [Martial Solal](/wiki/Martial_Solal \"Martial Solal\"). Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward [rock and roll](/wiki/Rock_and_roll \"Rock and roll\").{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=333\\-334}}", "### Rock and roll", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|[Johnny Hallyday](/wiki/Johnny_Hallyday \"Johnny Hallyday\") in 1965](/wiki/File:Johnny_Hallyday_%281965%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg \"Johnny Hallyday (1965) by Erling Mandelmann.jpg\")\nRock and roll made its first appearance in Paris in 1956, when pianist and arranger [Michel Legrand](/wiki/Michel_Legrand \"Michel Legrand\") returned from the United States with American rock and roll records and, with Boris Vian and Henri Salvador, recorded the first French rock and roll records *Rock coquet* and *Rock n'roll mops*. In 1957 Legrand and [Albert Raisner](/wiki/Albert_Raisner \"Albert Raisner\") recorded a French version of [Bill Haley](/wiki/Bill_Haley_%28musician%29 \"Bill Haley (musician)\")'s *Rock around the Clock* and Eddy Constantine recorded *Rock! Rock!*. At about the same time, the Golf Druout, an indoor miniature golf course at the corner of rue Drouout and boulevard Montmartre installed the first [jukebox](/wiki/Jukebox \"Jukebox\") in Paris, supplied with records from an American military base. The juke box attracted crowds of listeners, and became the first rock\\-and\\-roll club in Paris. Among the young musicians who came to the Golf Druout to hear new sound was Jean\\-Philippe Met, who had changed his name to [Johnny Hallyday](/wiki/Johnny_Hallyday \"Johnny Hallyday\") and became the most enduring Parisian rock singer. The first Parisian rock band, the Five Rocks, was founded at the beginning of the 1960s; it soon changed its name to the *Chausettes Noirs* (the black socks) The lead singer of the Chausettes noirs, [Eddy Mitchell](/wiki/Eddy_Mitchell \"Eddy Mitchell\"), became famous singing *Eddie sois bon*, a French remake of *Johnny be Good* by Chuck Berry. He left the band in 1962 and became a popular film actor. In 1965, the [Beatles](/wiki/Beatles \"Beatles\") gave two hugely successful concerts at the Palais des Sports. Rock was firmly installed as the preferred music of young Parisians.{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=356\\-358}}", "Popular music took a big step forward in 1981 when the government gave up its monopoly over radio stations. Two hundred new private radio stations appeared in Paris alone, the great majority devoted entirely to music, covering every genre, including classical, jazz, world music, French songs from the 1920s to 1960s, and every type of rock and roll.", "### Music from the Maghreb, Africa and the Caribbean", "During the first part of the 20th century, the music from France's colonies in North Africa, sub\\-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean was largely ignored; or, during the 1900 Universal Exposition and the [Paris Colonial Exposition](/wiki/Paris_Colonial_Exposition \"Paris Colonial Exposition\") of 1931\\. it was treated as an exotic novelty, performed by costumed singers and dancers for the benefit of Exposition visitors. That began to change after World War II, when large numbers of temporary workers and students came to live, work and study in Paris. In the 1960s the migration grew even larger, as the colonies were granted their independence. The migrants settled in the outer neighborhoods and suburbs and brought their music with them. The music was almost entirely ignored by the French television and radio stations until 1981 when private radio stations were allowed. Soon dozens of new stations went on the air, playing the music of the new wave of immigrants.", "The singer [Dalida](/wiki/Dalida \"Dalida\") was one of the first musicians from North Africa to achieve fame in Paris. Her father was Italian, the first violinist at the Cairo Opera. She moved to Paris in 1954 at the age of twenty and became a singer at [Olympia Paris](/wiki/Olympia_Paris \"Olympia Paris\"), and began making recordings. Her song *[Bambino](/wiki/Bambino_%28Dalida_song%29 \"Bambino (Dalida song)\")* in 1956 became a hit in France, selling three hundred thousand records, making her one of France's leading popular singers. She recorded Italians in French, Arabic, Italian, and a half\\-dozen other languages, before her death in 1987\\.", "One of the first popular styles imported from North Africa was [Raï](/wiki/Ra%C3%AF \"Raï\"), a singing style from the Algerian city of [Oran](/wiki/Oran \"Oran\"). One of the first famous singer of the style, [Khaled](/wiki/Khaled_%28musician%29 \"Khaled (musician)\"), was born in Oran in 1960, started a band when he was fourteen, and moved to France in 1986, where he became a recording star with an international audience.", "In the 1980s and the 1990s, the traditional African, Maghreb and Caribbean musical styles were blended together with French and American styles of hip\\-hop, techno, and rap, to create an original style, which became popular well outside the immigrant communities.", "Musical styles imported into Paris include [Sega](/wiki/Sega_%28genre%29 \"Sega (genre)\") from the Island of [Mauritius](/wiki/Mauritius \"Mauritius\"). [Zouk](/wiki/Zouk_%28musical_movement%29 \"Zouk (musical movement)\") from the Caribbean islands of [Guadeloupe](/wiki/Guadeloupe \"Guadeloupe\") and [Martinique](/wiki/Martinique \"Martinique\"), [Zouglou](/wiki/Zouglou \"Zouglou\"), a dance\\-oriented style of music from [Côte d'Ivoire](/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire \"Côte d'Ivoire\"); and [Mbalax](/wiki/Mbalax \"Mbalax\") from [Senegal](/wiki/Senegal \"Senegal\") and the [Gambia](/wiki/Gambia \"Gambia\"). a fusion of popular Western music and dance such as jazz, soul, Latin, and rock blended with sabar, the traditional drumming and dance music of Senegal.", "### Cabarets and music halls", "[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Edith Piaf in 1962](/wiki/File:%C3%89dith_Piaf_914-6440.jpg \"Édith Piaf 914-6440.jpg\")\nBetween 1945 and 1960 the [cabarets](/wiki/Cabaret \"Cabaret\") and [music halls](/wiki/Music_hall \"Music hall\") played an important part in Paris culture, giving a stage to established stars and new talent. The most important music halls of the period were the [Olympia Paris](/wiki/Olympia_Paris \"Olympia Paris\") and [Bobino](/wiki/Bobino \"Bobino\"), while the important cabarets included *La Galerie 55*, *L'Echelle de Jacob*, *le Port de Salut*, *l'Ecluse* and *Trois Baudets*. Future French stars who debuted in the cabarets after the war included [Bourvil](/wiki/Bourvil \"Bourvil\") in 1946, [Yves Montand](/wiki/Yves_Montand \"Yves Montand\") in 1947, [Juliette Gréco](/wiki/Juliette_Gr%C3%A9co \"Juliette Gréco\") in 1948, [Georges Brassens](/wiki/Georges_Brassens \"Georges Brassens\") at the *Trois Baudets* in 1952, and [Jacques Brel](/wiki/Jacques_Brel \"Jacques Brel\") at the same club in 1953\\. Headliners at the Olympia included [Édith Piaf](/wiki/%C3%89dith_Piaf \"Édith Piaf\") in 1949, [Gilbert Bécaud](/wiki/Gilbert_B%C3%A9caud \"Gilbert Bécaud\") in 1954, and [Charles Aznavour](/wiki/Charles_Aznavour \"Charles Aznavour\"), [Tino Rossi](/wiki/Tino_Rossi \"Tino Rossi\") and [Dalida](/wiki/Dalida \"Dalida\") in 1955\\. Paris singing stars in the 1980s and 1990s included [Serge Lama](/wiki/Serge_Lama \"Serge Lama\"), [Serge Gainsbourg](/wiki/Serge_Gainsbourg \"Serge Gainsbourg\"), [Michel Berger](/wiki/Michel_Berger \"Michel Berger\"), [Yves Duteil](/wiki/Yves_Duteil \"Yves Duteil\"), [Francis Cabrel](/wiki/Francis_Cabrel \"Francis Cabrel\"), [Patrick Bruel](/wiki/Patrick_Bruel \"Patrick Bruel\"), and [Jean\\-Jacques Goldman](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Goldman \"Jean-Jacques Goldman\").{{Sfn\\|Bezbakh\\|2004\\|pages\\=873\\-874}}", "### Classical music—the Orchestre de Paris", "During first decades after the war Paris could boast four top\\-quality professional symphony orchestras: the Colonne orchestra at the Châtelet; the Lamoureux at Salle Pleyel; the Pasdeloup at the palais de Chaillot, and the Concert Society of the Conservatory at the théâtre des Champs\\-Élysées. The orchestras did not coordinate their programs; they played during the same season (October to Easter) at the same time (Sunday afternoons at 5:45\\) and for the most part played the same classical repertoire, rarely venturing into modern music.", "In the late 1960s, [André Malraux](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux \"André Malraux\"), the Minister of Culture under President [Charles de Gaulle](/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle \"Charles de Gaulle\"), decided to create a new orchestra as the prestige symphony of Paris. the Society of Concerts of the Conservatory was abolished in 1967, and replaced by the [Orchestre de Paris](/wiki/Orchestre_de_Paris \"Orchestre de Paris\"). The French government provided sixty percent of the funding for the new orchestra, with smaller shares from the City of Paris and the Department of the Seine. The first conductor of the orchestra was [Charles Munch](/wiki/Charles_Munch_%28conductor%29 \"Charles Munch (conductor)\"). After his death in 1968, it was conducted by [Herbert von Karajan](/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan \"Herbert von Karajan\"), then [Georg Solti](/wiki/Georg_Solti \"Georg Solti\"), then [Daniel Barenboim](/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim \"Daniel Barenboim\"), who directed the orchestra from 1975 to 1989\\.{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=370\\-371}}", "Much musical experimentation was taking place inside other Paris institutions. In 1954 [Pierre Boulez](/wiki/Pierre_Boulez \"Pierre Boulez\") founded *Le Domaine musical*, which between 1954 and 1966, presented regular concerts of new music by composers including [Schoenberg](/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg \"Arnold Schoenberg\") and [Webern](/wiki/Webern \"Webern\"). The most influential modernist composer in post\\-war Paris was [Olivier Messiaen](/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen \"Olivier Messiaen\") (1908\\-1992\\), organist at the Trinity Church beginning in 1930 and professor at the Paris Conservatory of Music from 1942\\. he was noted for his scientific study of [bird songs](/wiki/Bird_vocalization \"Bird vocalization\") (1958\\), his adaptations of traditional [Asian](/wiki/Music_of_Asia \"Music of Asia\") and [Latin American](/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America \"Music of Latin America\") rhythms (1960\\); and original [church music](/wiki/Church_music \"Church music\"). Other notable composers included [Pierre Schaeffer](/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer \"Pierre Schaeffer\"), founder of the school called *[Musique concrète](/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te \"Musique concrète\")*, based on recorded sounds of the real world, such as the noise made by trains; and composer of *Symphonie pour un home seul* (1950\\) and *Orphée 51* (1951\\); the composer [Pierre Henry](/wiki/Pierre_Henry \"Pierre Henry\"), a collaborator of Schaeffer, pioneer of [electroacoustic music](/wiki/Electroacoustic_music \"Electroacoustic music\"); and composer of *The Well\\-Tempered microphone*; and the conductor and composer Boulez, a pioneer of [Serial music](/wiki/Serialism \"Serialism\").{{Sfn\\|Bezbakh\\|2004\\|page\\=872}}", "### Musical theater—the mega\\-musical", "Musical theater had a difficult time in the postwar years, due to stiff competition from musical films and high production costs. The exceptions were several mega\\-musicals first produced in Paris; *[Les Misérables](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_%28musical%29 \"Les Misérables (musical)\")*, based on the novel by Victor Hugo, with music by [Claude\\-Michel Schönberg](/wiki/Claude-Michel_Sch%C3%B6nberg \"Claude-Michel Schönberg\") and original French lyrics by Alain Boublil and Jean\\-Marc Natel, opened in Paris in 1980, and went on to success in London and New York, and became one of the most popular musicals of all time. *[Notre Dame de Paris](/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_%28musical%29 \"Notre-Dame de Paris (musical)\")*, also based on a novel by [Victor Hugo](/wiki/Victor_Hugo \"Victor Hugo\"), with music composed by [Riccardo Cocciante](/wiki/Riccardo_Cocciante \"Riccardo Cocciante\") and lyrics by [Luc Plamondon](/wiki/Luc_Plamondon \"Luc Plamondon\"), opened on September 16, 1998, and made immediate stars of its lead singers, [Hélène Ségara](/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_S%C3%A9gara \"Hélène Ségara\") as Esmeralda and [Garou](/wiki/Garou_%28singer%29 \"Garou (singer)\"), who played [Quasimodo](/wiki/Quasimodo \"Quasimodo\").", "### The Bastille Opera and the City of Music", "When President [François Mitterrand](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand \"François Mitterrand\") took office in 1981, his new culture minister, [Jack Lang](/wiki/Jack_Lang_%28French_politician%29 \"Jack Lang (French politician)\"), launched a series musical innovations. On June 21, 1982, he began the *Fete de la Musique*, a day of free musical performances all over Paris and in other cities of France. A giant rock concert took place at the Trocadero, the opera orchestra played on the steps of the Opera Garnier, and the Garde Republicaine band played at the Pantheon. The Fete became an annual event. He also planned and began construction of a second opera house at Place de la Bastille, in place of an old suburban train station. Revolution. It was designed to have an equally good view from all seats (unlike the Palais Garnier) and to have less expensive tickets. After many technical problems, design changes, controversies and the dismissal of the opera's director, the [Opera Bastille](/wiki/Opera_Bastille \"Opera Bastille\") opened in July 1989\\.during the celebration of the bicentennial of the French Revolution.{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=384–385}}", "[thumb\\|300px\\|[Philharmonie de Paris](/wiki/Philharmonie_de_Paris \"Philharmonie de Paris\"): Philharmonie 1](/wiki/File:Paris-Philharmonie1.jpg \"Paris-Philharmonie1.jpg\")\nThe second grand musical project of Mitterrand and Lang, announced in 1982, was the [Cité de la Musique](/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_la_Musique \"Cité de la Musique\"), a large musical performance center at La Villette, a former\\-industrial section of the city. The first piece built was the [Le Zénith](/wiki/Le_Z%C3%A9nith_%28Paris%2C_France%29 \"Le Zénith (Paris, France)\"), a concert hall with six thousand seats, inaugurated on January 12, 1984\\. It hosted concerts by Johnny Halladay, [Serge Gainsbourg](/wiki/Serge_Gainsbourg \"Serge Gainsbourg\"), [Vanessa Paradis](/wiki/Vanessa_Paradis \"Vanessa Paradis\"), the rock group [Téléphone](/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9phone \"Téléphone\"), and other celebrated Paris pop musicians. The Paris Conservatory of Music was moved to a new building on the site, opened to students in 1990\\. The museum of musical instruments of the Conservatory was opened at the beginning of 1997\\. The final piece, the [Philharmonie de Paris](/wiki/Philharmonie_de_Paris \"Philharmonie de Paris\") concert hall, designed by architect [Jean Nouvel](/wiki/Jean_Nouvel \"Jean Nouvel\"), with 2,500 seats,{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|page\\=386}} was opened on January 24, 2015\\.{{Sfn\\|Vila\\|2007\\|pages\\=385\\-386}}", "" ]
### Music from the Maghreb, Africa and the Caribbean During the first part of the 20th century, the music from France's colonies in North Africa, sub\-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean was largely ignored; or, during the 1900 Universal Exposition and the [Paris Colonial Exposition](/wiki/Paris_Colonial_Exposition "Paris Colonial Exposition") of 1931\. it was treated as an exotic novelty, performed by costumed singers and dancers for the benefit of Exposition visitors. That began to change after World War II, when large numbers of temporary workers and students came to live, work and study in Paris. In the 1960s the migration grew even larger, as the colonies were granted their independence. The migrants settled in the outer neighborhoods and suburbs and brought their music with them. The music was almost entirely ignored by the French television and radio stations until 1981 when private radio stations were allowed. Soon dozens of new stations went on the air, playing the music of the new wave of immigrants. The singer [Dalida](/wiki/Dalida "Dalida") was one of the first musicians from North Africa to achieve fame in Paris. Her father was Italian, the first violinist at the Cairo Opera. She moved to Paris in 1954 at the age of twenty and became a singer at [Olympia Paris](/wiki/Olympia_Paris "Olympia Paris"), and began making recordings. Her song *[Bambino](/wiki/Bambino_%28Dalida_song%29 "Bambino (Dalida song)")* in 1956 became a hit in France, selling three hundred thousand records, making her one of France's leading popular singers. She recorded Italians in French, Arabic, Italian, and a half\-dozen other languages, before her death in 1987\. One of the first popular styles imported from North Africa was [Raï](/wiki/Ra%C3%AF "Raï"), a singing style from the Algerian city of [Oran](/wiki/Oran "Oran"). One of the first famous singer of the style, [Khaled](/wiki/Khaled_%28musician%29 "Khaled (musician)"), was born in Oran in 1960, started a band when he was fourteen, and moved to France in 1986, where he became a recording star with an international audience. In the 1980s and the 1990s, the traditional African, Maghreb and Caribbean musical styles were blended together with French and American styles of hip\-hop, techno, and rap, to create an original style, which became popular well outside the immigrant communities. Musical styles imported into Paris include [Sega](/wiki/Sega_%28genre%29 "Sega (genre)") from the Island of [Mauritius](/wiki/Mauritius "Mauritius"). [Zouk](/wiki/Zouk_%28musical_movement%29 "Zouk (musical movement)") from the Caribbean islands of [Guadeloupe](/wiki/Guadeloupe "Guadeloupe") and [Martinique](/wiki/Martinique "Martinique"), [Zouglou](/wiki/Zouglou "Zouglou"), a dance\-oriented style of music from [Côte d'Ivoire](/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire "Côte d'Ivoire"); and [Mbalax](/wiki/Mbalax "Mbalax") from [Senegal](/wiki/Senegal "Senegal") and the [Gambia](/wiki/Gambia "Gambia"). a fusion of popular Western music and dance such as jazz, soul, Latin, and rock blended with sabar, the traditional drumming and dance music of Senegal.
[ "### Music from the Maghreb, Africa and the Caribbean", "During the first part of the 20th century, the music from France's colonies in North Africa, sub\\-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean was largely ignored; or, during the 1900 Universal Exposition and the [Paris Colonial Exposition](/wiki/Paris_Colonial_Exposition \"Paris Colonial Exposition\") of 1931\\. it was treated as an exotic novelty, performed by costumed singers and dancers for the benefit of Exposition visitors. That began to change after World War II, when large numbers of temporary workers and students came to live, work and study in Paris. In the 1960s the migration grew even larger, as the colonies were granted their independence. The migrants settled in the outer neighborhoods and suburbs and brought their music with them. The music was almost entirely ignored by the French television and radio stations until 1981 when private radio stations were allowed. Soon dozens of new stations went on the air, playing the music of the new wave of immigrants.", "The singer [Dalida](/wiki/Dalida \"Dalida\") was one of the first musicians from North Africa to achieve fame in Paris. Her father was Italian, the first violinist at the Cairo Opera. She moved to Paris in 1954 at the age of twenty and became a singer at [Olympia Paris](/wiki/Olympia_Paris \"Olympia Paris\"), and began making recordings. Her song *[Bambino](/wiki/Bambino_%28Dalida_song%29 \"Bambino (Dalida song)\")* in 1956 became a hit in France, selling three hundred thousand records, making her one of France's leading popular singers. She recorded Italians in French, Arabic, Italian, and a half\\-dozen other languages, before her death in 1987\\.", "One of the first popular styles imported from North Africa was [Raï](/wiki/Ra%C3%AF \"Raï\"), a singing style from the Algerian city of [Oran](/wiki/Oran \"Oran\"). One of the first famous singer of the style, [Khaled](/wiki/Khaled_%28musician%29 \"Khaled (musician)\"), was born in Oran in 1960, started a band when he was fourteen, and moved to France in 1986, where he became a recording star with an international audience.", "In the 1980s and the 1990s, the traditional African, Maghreb and Caribbean musical styles were blended together with French and American styles of hip\\-hop, techno, and rap, to create an original style, which became popular well outside the immigrant communities.", "Musical styles imported into Paris include [Sega](/wiki/Sega_%28genre%29 \"Sega (genre)\") from the Island of [Mauritius](/wiki/Mauritius \"Mauritius\"). [Zouk](/wiki/Zouk_%28musical_movement%29 \"Zouk (musical movement)\") from the Caribbean islands of [Guadeloupe](/wiki/Guadeloupe \"Guadeloupe\") and [Martinique](/wiki/Martinique \"Martinique\"), [Zouglou](/wiki/Zouglou \"Zouglou\"), a dance\\-oriented style of music from [Côte d'Ivoire](/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire \"Côte d'Ivoire\"); and [Mbalax](/wiki/Mbalax \"Mbalax\") from [Senegal](/wiki/Senegal \"Senegal\") and the [Gambia](/wiki/Gambia \"Gambia\"). a fusion of popular Western music and dance such as jazz, soul, Latin, and rock blended with sabar, the traditional drumming and dance music of Senegal.", "" ]
Plot ---- In 1969, Charlie Bucktin is a 14\-year\-old boy living in the fictitious rural town of Corrigan, based on the real rural town [Corrigin](/wiki/Corrigin "Corrigin") in [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia "Western Australia"). Charlie spends his days with his best friend Jeffrey Lu, a Vietnamese boy who shares Charlie's love of intellectual banter, and deals stoically with the constant race\-hate inflicted on him and his family. Eliza Wishart, daughter of the town mayor, becomes increasingly endeared towards Charlie. On Christmas evening Charlie is unexpectedly visited by Jasper Jones, an outcast in Corrigan due to his Aboriginal heritage and rebellious lifestyle. Jasper begs for Charlie's help, and leads him to his private glade in the bush. Here Charlie is horrified to find the dead body of a young girl, Jasper's girlfriend Laura Wishart, battered and hanging from a tree. Jasper, aware that he is likely to be blamed for Laura's murder, convinces Charlie that they should hide the body, so they throw it into a nearby pond, weighted by a large rock. Jeffrey is passionate about cricket, but his attempts to join the Corrigan team are thwarted by the racism of the coach and other players. Eventually fortune goes his way, and he finds himself batting in a game against a rival town, watched by Charlie, who has befriended Eliza, Laura Wishart's younger sister. As Jeffrey wins the game on the last ball, Charlie and Eliza hold hands and embrace. A search for the missing girl is soon organised, focused on the idea that she may have run away. Jasper is interrogated roughly by the local police, but he soon escapes. Meanwhile, tension builds in the town, as parents fear more disappearances, and townspeople search for someone to blame. The tension is funnelled into strict curfews for the children as well as racial attacks on Jeffrey's family. It is revealed that Charlie's mother, increasingly disillusioned with life in Corrigan and her marriage, is having an affair with the police sergeant involved with the investigation into Laura's disappearance. Jasper believes that Laura's murderer is Mad Jack Lionel, a reclusive old man who is rumoured to have done terrible things in the past. Jasper decides to confront Lionel on New Year's Eve, and together with Charlie, goes to his house. Lionel manages to defuse Jasper's aggression, and the truth comes out: Lionel is actually Jasper's grandfather, who had ostracised his son's family for marrying an aboriginal woman when Jasper was a baby. His daughter\-in\-law then took care of him, spurring a change of heart towards her. One night, she needed medical attention, and Lionel had attempted to race her to hospital. In his haste, however, he accidentally crashed his car, causing her death. The incident has left him guilty, broken, and ostracised by the townspeople. Ever since, Lionel has been trying to reach out to Jasper and apologise for his actions. On the same night, Charlie comes to Eliza's window. They go to Jasper's glade. Here Eliza tells Charlie that she knows everything about Laura's death and hands him the suicide note detailing the gruesome reasons for her apparent suicide. The note said that Laura’s sexually abusive father had gotten her pregnant, and after a particularly violent fight on Christmas day, she came looking for Jasper. Eliza followed her to the glade. Finding Jasper away, Laura hanged herself in despair, and Eliza, paralysed by fear, could not save her. Charlie then confesses that he and Jasper had thrown Laura's body into the pond. The next day Charlie and Eliza take the note to Eliza's mother. She quietly reads the note then tears it repeatedly, eventually soaking the tiny scraps in her cup of tea without saying a word. The look on her face makes clear that she knew about the abuse and even now has no intention of addressing it. Eliza harshly insists that Charlie leave the house. He passes her father in the yard and then makes his way to the police station to report what he knows. His attempt is interrupted by news that the Wishart house is on fire and everyone runs to the scene. Charlie's mother leaves Corrigan. Charlie remains close to Eliza, who exacts revenge on her father by setting fire to their house, injuring him. The secret about Laura's death remains with the three of them.
[ "Plot\n----", "In 1969, Charlie Bucktin is a 14\\-year\\-old boy living in the fictitious rural town of Corrigan, based on the real rural town [Corrigin](/wiki/Corrigin \"Corrigin\") in [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia \"Western Australia\"). Charlie spends his days with his best friend Jeffrey Lu, a Vietnamese boy who shares Charlie's love of intellectual banter, and deals stoically with the constant race\\-hate inflicted on him and his family. Eliza Wishart, daughter of the town mayor, becomes increasingly endeared towards Charlie.", "On Christmas evening Charlie is unexpectedly visited by Jasper Jones, an outcast in Corrigan due to his Aboriginal heritage and rebellious lifestyle. Jasper begs for Charlie's help, and leads him to his private glade in the bush. Here Charlie is horrified to find the dead body of a young girl, Jasper's girlfriend Laura Wishart, battered and hanging from a tree. Jasper, aware that he is likely to be blamed for Laura's murder, convinces Charlie that they should hide the body, so they throw it into a nearby pond, weighted by a large rock.", "Jeffrey is passionate about cricket, but his attempts to join the Corrigan team are thwarted by the racism of the coach and other players. Eventually fortune goes his way, and he finds himself batting in a game against a rival town, watched by Charlie, who has befriended Eliza, Laura Wishart's younger sister. As Jeffrey wins the game on the last ball, Charlie and Eliza hold hands and embrace.", "A search for the missing girl is soon organised, focused on the idea that she may have run away. Jasper is interrogated roughly by the local police, but he soon escapes. Meanwhile, tension builds in the town, as parents fear more disappearances, and townspeople search for someone to blame. The tension is funnelled into strict curfews for the children as well as racial attacks on Jeffrey's family. It is revealed that Charlie's mother, increasingly disillusioned with life in Corrigan and her marriage, is having an affair with the police sergeant involved with the investigation into Laura's disappearance.", "Jasper believes that Laura's murderer is Mad Jack Lionel, a reclusive old man who is rumoured to have done terrible things in the past. Jasper decides to confront Lionel on New Year's Eve, and together with Charlie, goes to his house. Lionel manages to defuse Jasper's aggression, and the truth comes out: Lionel is actually Jasper's grandfather, who had ostracised his son's family for marrying an aboriginal woman when Jasper was a baby. His daughter\\-in\\-law then took care of him, spurring a change of heart towards her. One night, she needed medical attention, and Lionel had attempted to race her to hospital. In his haste, however, he accidentally crashed his car, causing her death. The incident has left him guilty, broken, and ostracised by the townspeople. Ever since, Lionel has been trying to reach out to Jasper and apologise for his actions.", "On the same night, Charlie comes to Eliza's window. They go to Jasper's glade. Here Eliza tells Charlie that she knows everything about Laura's death and hands him the suicide note detailing the gruesome reasons for her apparent suicide. The note said that Laura’s sexually abusive father had gotten her pregnant, and after a particularly violent fight on Christmas day, she came looking for Jasper. Eliza followed her to the glade. Finding Jasper away, Laura hanged herself in despair, and Eliza, paralysed by fear, could not save her. Charlie then confesses that he and Jasper had thrown Laura's body into the pond. The next day Charlie and Eliza take the note to Eliza's mother. She quietly reads the note then tears it repeatedly, eventually soaking the tiny scraps in her cup of tea without saying a word. The look on her face makes clear that she knew about the abuse and even now has no intention of addressing it. Eliza harshly insists that Charlie leave the house. He passes her father in the yard and then makes his way to the police station to report what he knows. His attempt is interrupted by news that the Wishart house is on fire and everyone runs to the scene.", "Charlie's mother leaves Corrigan. Charlie remains close to Eliza, who exacts revenge on her father by setting fire to their house, injuring him. The secret about Laura's death remains with the three of them.", "" ]
Geography --------- According to the [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau "United States Census Bureau"), the city has a total area of {{convert\|2\.07\|sqmi\|sqkm\|2}}, of which {{convert\|1\.98\|sqmi\|sqkm\|2}} is land and {{convert\|0\.09\|sqmi\|sqkm\|2}} is water.{{cite web\|title\=US Gazetteer files 2010\|url\=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz\_places\_national.txt\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2012\-11\-13\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz\_places\_national.txt\|archive\-date\=2012\-01\-25}} Highway 65–Central Avenue NE runs north–south through the middle of Spring Lake Park. County Highway 10 passes through the northeast portion of the city. Highway 47–University Avenue NE runs north–south along Spring Lake Park's western boundary line with adjacent city of Fridley. Osborne Road runs east–west along Spring Lake Park's southern boundary line with adjacent city of Fridley. Sanburnol Drive–85th Avenue NE runs east–west along Spring Lake Park's northern boundary line with adjacent city of Blaine. Nearby places include [Blaine](/wiki/Blaine%2C_Minnesota "Blaine, Minnesota"), [Mounds View](/wiki/Mounds_View%2C_Minnesota "Mounds View, Minnesota"), [Fridley](/wiki/Fridley%2C_Minnesota "Fridley, Minnesota"), and [Coon Rapids](/wiki/Coon_Rapids%2C_Minnesota "Coon Rapids, Minnesota").
[ "Geography\n---------", "According to the [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"), the city has a total area of {{convert\\|2\\.07\\|sqmi\\|sqkm\\|2}}, of which {{convert\\|1\\.98\\|sqmi\\|sqkm\\|2}} is land and {{convert\\|0\\.09\\|sqmi\\|sqkm\\|2}} is water.{{cite web\\|title\\=US Gazetteer files 2010\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz\\_places\\_national.txt\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-13\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz\\_places\\_national.txt\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-01\\-25}}", "Highway 65–Central Avenue NE runs north–south through the middle of Spring Lake Park. County Highway 10 passes through the northeast portion of the city.", "Highway 47–University Avenue NE runs north–south along Spring Lake Park's western boundary line with adjacent city of Fridley.", "Osborne Road runs east–west along Spring Lake Park's southern boundary line with adjacent city of Fridley.", "Sanburnol Drive–85th Avenue NE runs east–west along Spring Lake Park's northern boundary line with adjacent city of Blaine.", "Nearby places include [Blaine](/wiki/Blaine%2C_Minnesota \"Blaine, Minnesota\"), [Mounds View](/wiki/Mounds_View%2C_Minnesota \"Mounds View, Minnesota\"), [Fridley](/wiki/Fridley%2C_Minnesota \"Fridley, Minnesota\"), and [Coon Rapids](/wiki/Coon_Rapids%2C_Minnesota \"Coon Rapids, Minnesota\").", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \|1960\= 3260 \|1970\= 6417 \|1980\= 6477 \|1990\= 6532 \|2000\= 6778 \|2010\= 6412 \|2020\= 7188 \|align\-fn\=center \|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|author\=United States Census Bureau\|author\-link\=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate\=August 14, 2013}} 2012 Estimate{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB\-EST2012\-3\.html\|title\=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012\|access\-date\=August 14, 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019235623/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB\-EST2012\-3\.html\|archive\-date\=October 19, 2013}} }} ### 2010 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2012\-11\-13}} of 2010, there were 6,412 people, 2,672 households, and 1,694 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|3238\.4\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 2,795 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|1411\.6\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 83\.7% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 3\.8% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.9% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 5\.1% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 2\.9% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 3\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 5\.9% of the population. There were 2,672 households, of which 26\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 12\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36\.6% were non\-families. 30\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.39 and the average family size was 2\.95\. The median age in the city was 41\.2 years. 19\.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 8\.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26\.6% were from 25 to 44; 28\.5% were from 45 to 64; and 16\.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48\.8% male and 51\.2% female. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 6,778 people, 2,724 households, and 1,839 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\|3,415\.0\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 2,756 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|1,388\.2\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 89\.87% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 2\.27% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.81% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 3\.13% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.01% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 1\.96% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 1\.95% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 3\.38% of the population. There were 2,725 households, out of which 28\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 11\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32\.8% were non\-families. 25\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.48 and the average family size was 2\.97\. In the city, the population was spread out, with 22\.6% under the age of 18, 9\.4% from 18 to 24, 29\.5% from 25 to 44, 26\.3% from 45 to 64, and 12\.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 91\.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91\.2 males. The median income for a household in the city was $46,644, and the median income for a family was $56,922\. Males had a median income of $39,026 versus $28,677 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $21,932\. About 2\.7% of families and 5\.1% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 3\.9% of those under age 18 and 3\.3% of those age 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\|1960\\= 3260\n\\|1970\\= 6417\n\\|1980\\= 6477\n\\|1990\\= 6532\n\\|2000\\= 6778\n\\|2010\\= 6412\n\\|2020\\= 7188\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|author\\=United States Census Bureau\\|author\\-link\\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=August 14, 2013}} \n2012 Estimate{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB\\-EST2012\\-3\\.html\\|title\\=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=August 14, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019235623/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB\\-EST2012\\-3\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}\n}}", "### 2010 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-11\\-13}} of 2010, there were 6,412 people, 2,672 households, and 1,694 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|3238\\.4\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 2,795 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|1411\\.6\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 83\\.7% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 3\\.8% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.9% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 5\\.1% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 2\\.9% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 3\\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 5\\.9% of the population.", "There were 2,672 households, of which 26\\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 12\\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\\.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36\\.6% were non\\-families. 30\\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.39 and the average family size was 2\\.95\\.", "The median age in the city was 41\\.2 years. 19\\.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 8\\.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26\\.6% were from 25 to 44; 28\\.5% were from 45 to 64; and 16\\.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48\\.8% male and 51\\.2% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 6,778 people, 2,724 households, and 1,839 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|3,415\\.0\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 2,756 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|1,388\\.2\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 89\\.87% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 2\\.27% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.81% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 3\\.13% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.01% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.96% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 1\\.95% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 3\\.38% of the population.", "There were 2,725 households, out of which 28\\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 11\\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32\\.8% were non\\-families. 25\\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.48 and the average family size was 2\\.97\\.", "In the city, the population was spread out, with 22\\.6% under the age of 18, 9\\.4% from 18 to 24, 29\\.5% from 25 to 44, 26\\.3% from 45 to 64, and 12\\.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 91\\.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91\\.2 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $46,644, and the median income for a family was $56,922\\. Males had a median income of $39,026 versus $28,677 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $21,932\\. About 2\\.7% of families and 5\\.1% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 3\\.9% of those under age 18 and 3\\.3% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
Demographics ------------ Okauia settlement is in two SA1 statistical areas, which cover {{Convert\|54\.56\|km2\|\|abbr\=on}}.{{Cite web\|title\=ArcGIS Web Application\|url\=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id\=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787\| access\-date\=18 April 2024\|website\=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}} The SA1 areas are part of the larger Okauia statistical area. {{Historical populations\|2006\|255\|2013\|312\|2018\|306\|percentages\=pagr\|align\=left\|title\=Historical population for Okauia and surrounds\|source\=}} Okauia had a population of 306 at the [2018 New Zealand census](/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census "2018 New Zealand census"), a decrease of 6 people (−1\.9%) since the [2013 census](/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census "2013 New Zealand census"), and an increase of 51 people (20\.0%) since the [2006 census](/wiki/2006_New_Zealand_census "2006 New Zealand census"). There were 111 households, comprising 165 males and 144 females, giving a sex ratio of 1\.15 males per female, with 72 people (23\.5%) aged under 15 years, 60 (19\.6%) aged 15 to 29, 135 (44\.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 42 (13\.7%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 79\.4% European/[Pākehā](/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81 "Pākehā"), 18\.6% [Māori](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people "Māori people"), 3\.9% [Pacific peoples](/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders "Pasifika New Zealanders"), 5\.9% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders "Asian New Zealanders"), and 1\.0% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 44\.1% had no religion, 47\.1% were [Christian](/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand "Christianity in New Zealand"), 2\.9% had [Māori religious beliefs](/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people "Religion of Māori people") and 1\.0% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 33 (14\.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 45 (19\.2%) people had no formal qualifications. 33 people (14\.1%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17\.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 132 (56\.4%) people were employed full\-time, 45 (19\.2%) were part\-time, and 9 (3\.8%) were unemployed.{{NZ census 2018\|7011582 and 7011583}} ### Okauia statistical area Okauia statistical area covers {{Convert\|119\.50\|km2\|\|abbr\=on}} and had an estimated population of {{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|Okauia\|y}} as of {{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|\|\|y\|y\|\|,}} with a population density of {{Decimals\|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|Okauia\|y}}\|R}}/119\.50\|1}} people per km2. {{Historical populations\|2006\|891\|2013\|972\|2018\|1,041\|percentages\=pagr\|align\=left\|title\=Historical population for the statistical area\|source\=}} Before the 2023 census, the statistical area had a larger boundary, covering {{Convert\|120\.03\|km2\|\|abbr\=on}}. Using that boundary, Okauia statistical area had a population of 1,041 at the [2018 New Zealand census](/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census "2018 New Zealand census"), an increase of 69 people (7\.1%) since the [2013 census](/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census "2013 New Zealand census"), and an increase of 150 people (16\.8%) since the [2006 census](/wiki/2006_New_Zealand_census "2006 New Zealand census"). There were 378 households, comprising 537 males and 504 females, giving a sex ratio of 1\.07 males per female. The median age was 37\.4 years (compared with 37\.4 years nationally), with 231 people (22\.2%) aged under 15 years, 210 (20\.2%) aged 15 to 29, 471 (45\.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 129 (12\.4%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 87\.0% European/[Pākehā](/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81 "Pākehā"), 13\.8% [Māori](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people "Māori people"), 2\.0% [Pacific peoples](/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders "Pasifika New Zealanders"), 4\.9% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders "Asian New Zealanders"), and 1\.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas was 16\.4, compared with 27\.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 51\.0% had no religion, 39\.2% were [Christian](/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand "Christianity in New Zealand"), 1\.2% had [Māori religious beliefs](/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people "Religion of Māori people"), 0\.6% were [Hindu](/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand "Hinduism in New Zealand"), 0\.9% were [Muslim](/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand "Islam in New Zealand"), 0\.3% were [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand "Buddhism in New Zealand") and 1\.2% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 105 (13\.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 165 (20\.4%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $38,400, compared with $31,800 nationally. 150 people (18\.5%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17\.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 465 (57\.4%) people were employed full\-time, 138 (17\.0%) were part\-time, and 21 (2\.6%) were unemployed.{{NZ census 2018\|Okauia (174700\)\|okauia\|Okauia}}
[ "Demographics\n------------", "Okauia settlement is in two SA1 statistical areas, which cover {{Convert\\|54\\.56\\|km2\\|\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{Cite web\\|title\\=ArcGIS Web Application\\|url\\=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id\\=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787\\| access\\-date\\=18 April 2024\\|website\\=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}} The SA1 areas are part of the larger Okauia statistical area.", "{{Historical populations\\|2006\\|255\\|2013\\|312\\|2018\\|306\\|percentages\\=pagr\\|align\\=left\\|title\\=Historical population for Okauia and surrounds\\|source\\=}}\nOkauia had a population of 306 at the [2018 New Zealand census](/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census \"2018 New Zealand census\"), a decrease of 6 people (−1\\.9%) since the [2013 census](/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census \"2013 New Zealand census\"), and an increase of 51 people (20\\.0%) since the [2006 census](/wiki/2006_New_Zealand_census \"2006 New Zealand census\"). There were 111 households, comprising 165 males and 144 females, giving a sex ratio of 1\\.15 males per female, with 72 people (23\\.5%) aged under 15 years, 60 (19\\.6%) aged 15 to 29, 135 (44\\.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 42 (13\\.7%) aged 65 or older.", "Ethnicities were 79\\.4% European/[Pākehā](/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81 \"Pākehā\"), 18\\.6% [Māori](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people \"Māori people\"), 3\\.9% [Pacific peoples](/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders \"Pasifika New Zealanders\"), 5\\.9% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders \"Asian New Zealanders\"), and 1\\.0% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.", "Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 44\\.1% had no religion, 47\\.1% were [Christian](/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand \"Christianity in New Zealand\"), 2\\.9% had [Māori religious beliefs](/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people \"Religion of Māori people\") and 1\\.0% had other religions.", "Of those at least 15 years old, 33 (14\\.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 45 (19\\.2%) people had no formal qualifications. 33 people (14\\.1%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17\\.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 132 (56\\.4%) people were employed full\\-time, 45 (19\\.2%) were part\\-time, and 9 (3\\.8%) were unemployed.{{NZ census 2018\\|7011582 and 7011583}}", "### Okauia statistical area", "Okauia statistical area covers {{Convert\\|119\\.50\\|km2\\|\\|abbr\\=on}} and had an estimated population of {{NZ population data 2023 SA2\\|Okauia\\|y}} as of {{NZ population data 2023 SA2\\|\\|\\|y\\|y\\|\\|,}} with a population density of {{Decimals\\|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2\\|Okauia\\|y}}\\|R}}/119\\.50\\|1}} people per km2.", "{{Historical populations\\|2006\\|891\\|2013\\|972\\|2018\\|1,041\\|percentages\\=pagr\\|align\\=left\\|title\\=Historical population for the statistical area\\|source\\=}}\nBefore the 2023 census, the statistical area had a larger boundary, covering {{Convert\\|120\\.03\\|km2\\|\\|abbr\\=on}}. Using that boundary, Okauia statistical area had a population of 1,041 at the [2018 New Zealand census](/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census \"2018 New Zealand census\"), an increase of 69 people (7\\.1%) since the [2013 census](/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census \"2013 New Zealand census\"), and an increase of 150 people (16\\.8%) since the [2006 census](/wiki/2006_New_Zealand_census \"2006 New Zealand census\"). There were 378 households, comprising 537 males and 504 females, giving a sex ratio of 1\\.07 males per female. The median age was 37\\.4 years (compared with 37\\.4 years nationally), with 231 people (22\\.2%) aged under 15 years, 210 (20\\.2%) aged 15 to 29, 471 (45\\.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 129 (12\\.4%) aged 65 or older.", "Ethnicities were 87\\.0% European/[Pākehā](/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81 \"Pākehā\"), 13\\.8% [Māori](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people \"Māori people\"), 2\\.0% [Pacific peoples](/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders \"Pasifika New Zealanders\"), 4\\.9% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders \"Asian New Zealanders\"), and 1\\.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.", "The percentage of people born overseas was 16\\.4, compared with 27\\.1% nationally.", "Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 51\\.0% had no religion, 39\\.2% were [Christian](/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand \"Christianity in New Zealand\"), 1\\.2% had [Māori religious beliefs](/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people \"Religion of Māori people\"), 0\\.6% were [Hindu](/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand \"Hinduism in New Zealand\"), 0\\.9% were [Muslim](/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand \"Islam in New Zealand\"), 0\\.3% were [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand \"Buddhism in New Zealand\") and 1\\.2% had other religions.", "Of those at least 15 years old, 105 (13\\.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 165 (20\\.4%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $38,400, compared with $31,800 nationally. 150 people (18\\.5%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17\\.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 465 (57\\.4%) people were employed full\\-time, 138 (17\\.0%) were part\\-time, and 21 (2\\.6%) were unemployed.{{NZ census 2018\\|Okauia (174700\\)\\|okauia\\|Okauia}}", "" ]
Sociological evolution ---------------------- ### In Paris A good indicator of the composition of the Protestant elite of the early 19th century, the analysis of the origins and professions of the consistory of the [Reformed Church](/wiki/Reformed_Church_of_France "Reformed Church of France") of Paris indicates, in addition to the fact that its members are half of foreign origin, that both the main professions there are those of banker and merchant. In addition, certain Protestants had important political careers in the 19th century, well characterized by the ministers [Guizot](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot "François Guizot") and [Waddington](/wiki/William_Waddington "William Waddington").François Boulet, Être parisien et protestant aux XIXe et XXe siècles, in : Claude Gauvard \& Jean\-Louis Robert, Être parisien, Éditions de la Sorbonne, 2005, {{ISBN\|978\-2\-85944\-514\-0}}, pp.325\-332\. It was within this fortunate society that a number of followers of the *[Reveil](/wiki/Reveil "Reveil")* were recruited, particularly those who attended the Chapelle de la rue Taibout, and who financed a number of Protestant works of a social or religious nature.{{cite book \|access\-date\=7 October 2016 \|date\=1958 \|first1\=Gustave \|isbn\=9782915245929 \|language\=fr \|last1\=Lagny \|location\=Lyon \|publisher\=Éditions Olivetan \|ref\=Lagny \|title\=Le réveil de 1830 à Paris et les origines des diaconesses de Reuilly: une page d'histoire protestante \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=UvjrRjRRkugC}}, pp.48\-49\. It is important to clarify, at this stage, that the HSP only represents a minority of Parisian Protestants. There exists, among the Reformed as among the Lutherans, on the one hand, a small and middle bourgeoisie and, on the other hand, a working and peasant people, both in Paris *intra muros* and in the suburbs. In 1903, the Parisian HSP retained a very particular socio\-professional structure including, in descending order, professors, doctors, pastors and bankers. Its importance diminished after the First World War, and its discretion made it little visible. However, in 1935, the list of the "two hundred most influential Protestant families" indicated that the banking and business management professions, mainly Parisian, continued to dominate the ranking of activities. We also note that the involvement of these families in the leadership of Protestant Churches remains strong. Around 1950, Protestant high society represented around 1,500 adults, concentrated in Paris in the parishes of Passy, Étoile and Pentemont, with family branches in Switzerland and in Anglo\-Saxon countries. Today, the concentration of businesses has caused the disappearance of many of the family businesses that made the social fabric of the Parisian HSP unique. Its social structure is now perfectly similar to that of the French upper bourgeoisie in general: business leaders, engineers, lawyers, doctors, senior executives, senior civil servants and academics. The secularization of society also removes part of its relevance from the notion of HSP, which today appears much more diluted than at the end of the 19th century, despite the counts of personalities from the economic world of Protestant origin produced at the occasion by certain authors.Voir par exemple J.\-P. Richardot, Le peuple protestant français aujourd’hui, éditions Robert Laffont, Paris, 1992,{{ISBN\|2221073649}}, pp. 327\-334 ; ; Jean\-Luc Mouton, « Que reste\-t\-il du pouvoir protestant ? », Historia, n° 615, mars 1998\. p. 68\-72 ; Guy\-Olivier Faure, Le Groupe et son idéologie. Étude d’un segment de la Société protestante en France, thèse de doctorat, 1973 ; [Jean\-Noël de Bouillane de Lacoste](/wiki/Jean-No%C3%ABl_de_Bouillane_de_Lacoste "Jean-Noël de Bouillane de Lacoste"), Deux paroisses protestantes de Paris : Passy et Saint\-Denis, thèse de 3e cycle, Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, Paris, 1957\. ### In provincial towns Certain large French cities, notably those located in traditional Protestant areas, also had their Protestant upper bourgeoisie: this is the case, for example, of Strasbourg, Mulhouse, Bordeaux, Lyon, Montpellier or Nîmes.{{cite web \|access\-date\=4 April 2018 \|author\=Olivier Vassé \|date\=30 Sep 2013 \|title\=Que reste\-t\-il de la Haute société protestante lyonnaise ? \|url\=http://www.tribunedelyon.fr/?actualite/societe/40420\-que\-reste\-t\-il\-de\-la\-haute\-societe\-protestante\-lyonnaise \|website\=le site de la \[\[Tribune de Lyon]]}}. The evolution of these social groups is of the same nature as that of the Parisian HSP. For example in Lyon, the HSP represented at the beginning of the 21st century at most around thirty families and it practically ceased to exist at the end of the sixties, "when the ostracism towards Protestants from the Catholic bourgeoisie of Lyon ceased".
[ "Sociological evolution\n----------------------", "### In Paris", "A good indicator of the composition of the Protestant elite of the early 19th century, the analysis of the origins and professions of the consistory of the [Reformed Church](/wiki/Reformed_Church_of_France \"Reformed Church of France\") of Paris indicates, in addition to the fact that its members are half of foreign origin, that both the main professions there are those of banker and merchant. In addition, certain Protestants had important political careers in the 19th century, well characterized by the ministers [Guizot](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot \"François Guizot\") and [Waddington](/wiki/William_Waddington \"William Waddington\").François Boulet, Être parisien et protestant aux XIXe et XXe siècles, in : Claude Gauvard \\& Jean\\-Louis Robert, Être parisien, Éditions de la Sorbonne, 2005, {{ISBN\\|978\\-2\\-85944\\-514\\-0}}, pp.325\\-332\\. It was within this fortunate society that a number of followers of the *[Reveil](/wiki/Reveil \"Reveil\")* were recruited, particularly those who attended the Chapelle de la rue Taibout, and who financed a number of Protestant works of a social or religious nature.{{cite book \\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2016 \\|date\\=1958 \\|first1\\=Gustave \\|isbn\\=9782915245929 \\|language\\=fr \\|last1\\=Lagny \\|location\\=Lyon \\|publisher\\=Éditions Olivetan \\|ref\\=Lagny \\|title\\=Le réveil de 1830 à Paris et les origines des diaconesses de Reuilly: une page d'histoire protestante \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=UvjrRjRRkugC}}, pp.48\\-49\\.", "It is important to clarify, at this stage, that the HSP only represents a minority of Parisian Protestants. There exists, among the Reformed as among the Lutherans, on the one hand, a small and middle bourgeoisie and, on the other hand, a working and peasant people, both in Paris *intra muros* and in the suburbs.", "In 1903, the Parisian HSP retained a very particular socio\\-professional structure including, in descending order, professors, doctors, pastors and bankers. Its importance diminished after the First World War, and its discretion made it little visible. However, in 1935, the list of the \"two hundred most influential Protestant families\" indicated that the banking and business management professions, mainly Parisian, continued to dominate the ranking of activities. We also note that the involvement of these families in the leadership of Protestant Churches remains strong. Around 1950, Protestant high society represented around 1,500 adults, concentrated in Paris in the parishes of Passy, Étoile and Pentemont, with family branches in Switzerland and in Anglo\\-Saxon countries.", "Today, the concentration of businesses has caused the disappearance of many of the family businesses that made the social fabric of the Parisian HSP unique. Its social structure is now perfectly similar to that of the French upper bourgeoisie in general: business leaders, engineers, lawyers, doctors, senior executives, senior civil servants and academics. The secularization of society also removes part of its relevance from the notion of HSP, which today appears much more diluted than at the end of the 19th century, despite the counts of personalities from the economic world of Protestant origin produced at the occasion by certain authors.Voir par exemple J.\\-P. Richardot, Le peuple protestant français aujourd’hui, éditions Robert Laffont, Paris, 1992,{{ISBN\\|2221073649}}, pp. 327\\-334 ; ; Jean\\-Luc Mouton, « Que reste\\-t\\-il du pouvoir protestant ? », Historia, n° 615, mars 1998\\. p. 68\\-72 ; Guy\\-Olivier Faure, Le Groupe et son idéologie. Étude d’un segment de la Société protestante en France, thèse de doctorat, 1973 ; [Jean\\-Noël de Bouillane de Lacoste](/wiki/Jean-No%C3%ABl_de_Bouillane_de_Lacoste \"Jean-Noël de Bouillane de Lacoste\"), Deux paroisses protestantes de Paris : Passy et Saint\\-Denis, thèse de 3e cycle, Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, Paris, 1957\\.", "### In provincial towns", "Certain large French cities, notably those located in traditional Protestant areas, also had their Protestant upper bourgeoisie: this is the case, for example, of Strasbourg, Mulhouse, Bordeaux, Lyon, Montpellier or Nîmes.{{cite web \\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2018 \\|author\\=Olivier Vassé \\|date\\=30 Sep 2013 \\|title\\=Que reste\\-t\\-il de la Haute société protestante lyonnaise ? \\|url\\=http://www.tribunedelyon.fr/?actualite/societe/40420\\-que\\-reste\\-t\\-il\\-de\\-la\\-haute\\-societe\\-protestante\\-lyonnaise \\|website\\=le site de la \\[\\[Tribune de Lyon]]}}. The evolution of these social groups is of the same nature as that of the Parisian HSP. For example in Lyon, the HSP represented at the beginning of the 21st century at most around thirty families and it practically ceased to exist at the end of the sixties, \"when the ostracism towards Protestants from the Catholic bourgeoisie of Lyon ceased\".", "" ]
History ------- At its formation on November 30, 1901, the corporate title was the Chicago \& Indiana Air Line Railway (Air Line). The Air Line was controlled by Frank and James Seagrave, brothers from Toledo, Ohio, who had envisioned an electrically operated freight and passenger railroad from Toledo to Chicago, Illinois. The Seagrave brothers had completed their Toledo and Western Railroad mainline across the former [Great Black Swamp](/wiki/Great_Black_Swamp "Great Black Swamp") from Toledo to Pioneer, Ohio, in an area that otherwise had no direct rail service to Toledo. A branch was constructed from Sylvania, Ohio, to Adrian, Michigan.George S. Davis, The Interurban Electric Railways of Ohio, 18 Street Railway Journal 107, 113 (1901\). The Seagraves’ anticipated that they would build west to Goshen, Indiana, where they would obtain trackage rights from the Indiana Electric Railroad Company (later the Chicago, South Bend and Northern Indiana; successor company to the first commercial electric trolley line in North America) to South Bend where it would connect with the Air Line for Chicago.From Toledo to Chicago, 21 Street Railway Journal 132 (1903\). Financing to complete the railroad was announced on January 17, 1903\.From Toledo to Chicago, 21 Street Railway Journal 132 (1903\). Property acquisition and engineering from South Bend west to the St. Joseph – LaPorte county line was completed within the year.The Chicago, Lake Shore and South Bend Railway Company Right\-of\-Way Maps, 1911 (showing parcels with transaction dates). The Seagraves’ also obtained franchises for operation in the streets of South Bend, [New Carlisle](/wiki/New_Carlisle_Historic_District "New Carlisle Historic District"), and Michigan City. The Seagraves’ began street railway operations at East Chicago during September, 1903\.William D. Middleton, South Shore: The Last Interurban 10 (1st ed. 1970\). Grading for the railroad was begun in St. Joseph County during 1903, but the Rich Man's Panic put an end to the work and apparently the Seagraves’ interest in the company.Profile \- Chicago, Lake Shore \& South Bend Railway – South Bend to Hammond (showing dates of engineering and grading, but the overall date of this antique document is not legible). The historical significance of the Seagraves’ effort in developing what would become the South Shore Line was that in 1903 there was no business model for a short line regional high\-speed electrified railroad handling freight and passengers. Economic historians [George Hilton](/wiki/George_Hilton_%28historian%29 "George Hilton (historian)") and John Due noted in their history of the interurbans that the Seagraves’ effort was probably the first.Hilton \& Due, The Electric Interurban Railways in America 264 (1st ed. 1960\). But for the Panic of 1903, the Seagraves’ would have likely completed what is recognized today as a regional high\-speed electrified railroad from Toledo to Chicago. The directors of the Air Line voted for a corporate name change on July 30, 1904: The Chicago, Lake Shore and South Bend Railway Company (South Shore Lines).Jay Samuel Hartt, Central Electric Railfan’s Association Address (1962\). In 1907, with the easing of monetary pressures, property acquisition, engineering, and construction began again under the direction of a new promoter, James B. Hanna.Contracts and Contracts, 2 Electric Traction Weekly 44, 47 (1906\); An Important Road Contemplated for Indiana, 28 Street Railway Journal 151 (1906\). Although the scope of the project was then limited to a rail line from Chicago to South Bend, the business model posited by the Seagraves’ remained. The first phase of construction from South Bend to Michigan City was completed and in scheduled service on July 1, 1908\. The remainder of the line from Michigan City to Hammond was in service on September 6, 1908,Norman Carlson, Chicago South Shore \& South Bend Railroad: How the Medal Was Won 10 (1985\). only twenty\-one days before the first Ford Model T automobile left the Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit.Ford Model T, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T>. Not only was the South Shore Lines embroiled in a transportation war with the automobile, but it was also unwittingly embroiled in the War of the Currents waged by [Thomas Edison](/wiki/Thomas_Edison "Thomas Edison") and [George Westinghouse](/wiki/George_Westinghouse "George Westinghouse"). Edison famously clung to his original direct current system, while Westinghouse embraced the alternating current system developed by [Nikola Tesla](/wiki/Nikola_Tesla "Nikola Tesla").Margaret Cheney \& Robert Uth, Tesla: Master of Lightning 23\-33 (1999\). While alternating current proved to be superior to direct current for municipal power grids, the technology to precisely control the speed of an AC motor was still being developed, while control technology for DC motors was well\-established. Some twenty other interurbans adopted the Westinghouse system, most between 1904 and 1908\. The alternating current system was not perfected however, and nearly all the lines operating with it were quickly converted to direct current, some in as little as three years. The South Shore Lines never found itself in a financial position to convert to direct current despite the high expense of maintaining the alternating current system.Hilton \& Due, The Electric Interurban Railways in America 62 (1st ed. 1960\). [thumb\|Wreck at Shadyside, Indiana, 19 June 1909\. The motorman of eastbound car \#73 (foreground) overran a meeting point and collided with westbound car \#3\. As a result, twelve were killed and 25 injured.](/wiki/File:Cls_shadyside_wreck_19_june_1909_rppc.jpg "Cls shadyside wreck 19 june 1909 rppc.jpg") The South Shore Lines found itself in financial difficulty from the start as passenger revenues were insufficient to cover the railway's bonded indebtedness. This was exacerbated by claims resulting from two head\-on wrecks in 1909 that resulted in an unfunded legislative mandate to install a costly block signal system.Traffic and Transportation, 33 *[Electric Railway Journal](/wiki/Electric_Railway_Journal "Electric Railway Journal")* 853, 854 (1909\).Traffic and Transportation, 33 Electric Railway Journal 1178, 1179 (1909\).William D. Middleton, South Shore: The Last Interurban 14 (1st ed. 1970\). Despite these setbacks, service had been extended to Pullman on Chicago's South Side on April 4, 1909\.The Chicago, Lake Shore \& South Bend Railway, 33 Electric Railway Journal 674 (1909\). An agreement with the [Illinois Central Railroad](/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad "Illinois Central Railroad") dated May 25, 1912, called for non\-motorized trail coaches to be attached to trains originating in Gary to be hauled by steam locomotives for the run to Randolph Street near Chicago's Loop.Interline Steam and Electric Service Between Chicago and Gary, 39 Electric Railway Journal 925 (1912\). Attempting to overcome inadequate earnings, the South Shore Lines made every effort to develop freight service in 1916,High Lights of History of the South Shore Line Transportation Department 14 (1926\). and an excursion business to bring Chicagoans to the Indiana Dunes, the amusement park at Michigan City, and the Casino at Hudson Lake. The most significant of the rail excursions to the development of Northwest Indiana were the regular outings of the Prairie Club of Chicago on the South Shore Lines that began in 1909\.Cathy Jean Maloney, The Prairie Club of Chicago 14 (2001\). The access to the Dunes that the South Shore Lines provided to the Prairie Club led the members to erect cabins in the Dunes. With assistance from [Stephen Mather](/wiki/Stephen_Mather "Stephen Mather"), the first director of the National Park Service, The Prairie Club soon waged a lobbying campaign for the creation of a Sand Dunes National Park that for a time was unsuccessful, but did culminate in the opening of the [Indiana Dunes State Park](/wiki/Indiana_Dunes_State_Park "Indiana Dunes State Park") in 1925\. Congressional authorization of a National Park Service unit in the Dunes in 1966 resulted in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (now [Indiana Dunes National Park](/wiki/Indiana_Dunes_National_Park "Indiana Dunes National Park")).Cathy Jean Maloney, The Prairie Club of Chicago 63 (2001\). In 1925, the [Cleveland Trust Company](/wiki/Cleveland_Trust_Company "Cleveland Trust Company") still held the original construction bonds of the South Shore Lines in the amount of $9,500,000\.James Walker, Cost of Reproduction and Cost of Reproduction Less Accrued Depreciation as of May 1, 1925 Based on Prices Prevailing at Time of Appraisal of the Property of The Chicago, Lake Shore and South Bend Railway Company in Indiana 2 (1925\). Earlier, in 1924, [Samuel Insull](/wiki/Samuel_Insull "Samuel Insull"), a utilities developer who had electric and gas utility investments throughout much of the United States sought a means of developing a new customer base with a balanced electrical load in the Indiana Dunes country.Samuel Insull, The Memoirs of Samuel Insull: An Autobiography 180\-81 (1992\). After investigating both the South Shore Lines and the Chicago, South Bend and Northern Indiana, Insull had the South Shore Lines appraised. Based upon the depreciated appraised value of $6,463,076,James Walker, Cost of Reproduction and Cost of Reproduction Less Accrued Depreciation as of May 1, 1925 Based on Prices Prevailing at Time of Appraisal of the Property of The Chicago, Lake Shore and South Bend Railway Company in Indiana Cover Letter (1925\). and with a commitment to invest $2,500,000 in the property, Insull purchased the original construction debt from Cleveland Trust in exchange for 6% noncumulative debentures. Insull controlled a 60% majority stock interest in the new company. The closing of the transaction took place on June 29, 1925, six days after Insull formed the South Shore Line.Norman Carlson, Chicago South Shore \& South Bend Railroad: How the Medal Was Won 9,63 (1985\).
[ "History\n-------", "At its formation on November 30, 1901, the corporate title was the Chicago \\& Indiana Air Line Railway (Air Line). The Air Line was controlled by Frank and James Seagrave, brothers from Toledo, Ohio, who had envisioned an electrically operated freight and passenger railroad from Toledo to Chicago, Illinois. The Seagrave brothers had completed their Toledo and Western Railroad mainline across the former [Great Black Swamp](/wiki/Great_Black_Swamp \"Great Black Swamp\") from Toledo to Pioneer, Ohio, in an area that otherwise had no direct rail service to Toledo. A branch was constructed from Sylvania, Ohio, to Adrian, Michigan.George S. Davis, The Interurban Electric Railways of Ohio, 18 Street Railway Journal 107, 113 (1901\\). The Seagraves’ anticipated that they would build west to Goshen, Indiana, where they would obtain trackage rights from the Indiana Electric Railroad Company (later the Chicago, South Bend and Northern Indiana; successor company to the first commercial electric trolley line in North America) to South Bend where it would connect with the Air Line for Chicago.From Toledo to Chicago, 21 Street Railway Journal 132 (1903\\).", "Financing to complete the railroad was announced on January 17, 1903\\.From Toledo to Chicago, 21 Street Railway Journal 132 (1903\\). Property acquisition and engineering from South Bend west to the St. Joseph – LaPorte county line was completed within the year.The Chicago, Lake Shore and South Bend Railway Company Right\\-of\\-Way Maps, 1911 (showing parcels with transaction dates). The Seagraves’ also obtained franchises for operation in the streets of South Bend, [New Carlisle](/wiki/New_Carlisle_Historic_District \"New Carlisle Historic District\"), and Michigan City. The Seagraves’ began street railway operations at East Chicago during September, 1903\\.William D. Middleton, South Shore: The Last Interurban 10 (1st ed. 1970\\). Grading for the railroad was begun in St. Joseph County during 1903, but the Rich Man's Panic put an end to the work and apparently the Seagraves’ interest in the company.Profile \\- Chicago, Lake Shore \\& South Bend Railway – South Bend to Hammond (showing dates of engineering and grading, but the overall date of this antique document is not legible).", "The historical significance of the Seagraves’ effort in developing what would become the South Shore Line was that in 1903 there was no business model for a short line regional high\\-speed electrified railroad handling freight and passengers. Economic historians [George Hilton](/wiki/George_Hilton_%28historian%29 \"George Hilton (historian)\") and John Due noted in their history of the interurbans that the Seagraves’ effort was probably the first.Hilton \\& Due, The Electric Interurban Railways in America 264 (1st ed. 1960\\). But for the Panic of 1903, the Seagraves’ would have likely completed what is recognized today as a regional high\\-speed electrified railroad from Toledo to Chicago.", "The directors of the Air Line voted for a corporate name change on July 30, 1904: The Chicago, Lake Shore and South Bend Railway Company (South Shore Lines).Jay Samuel Hartt, Central Electric Railfan’s Association Address (1962\\). In 1907, with the easing of monetary pressures, property acquisition, engineering, and construction began again under the direction of a new promoter, James B. Hanna.Contracts and Contracts, 2 Electric Traction Weekly 44, 47 (1906\\); An Important Road Contemplated for Indiana, 28 Street Railway Journal 151 (1906\\). Although the scope of the project was then limited to a rail line from Chicago to South Bend, the business model posited by the Seagraves’ remained.", "The first phase of construction from South Bend to Michigan City was completed and in scheduled service on July 1, 1908\\. The remainder of the line from Michigan City to Hammond was in service on September 6, 1908,Norman Carlson, Chicago South Shore \\& South Bend Railroad: How the Medal Was Won 10 (1985\\). only twenty\\-one days before the first Ford Model T automobile left the Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit.Ford Model T, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T>. Not only was the South Shore Lines embroiled in a transportation war with the automobile, but it was also unwittingly embroiled in the War of the Currents waged by [Thomas Edison](/wiki/Thomas_Edison \"Thomas Edison\") and [George Westinghouse](/wiki/George_Westinghouse \"George Westinghouse\"). Edison famously clung to his original direct current system, while Westinghouse embraced the alternating current system developed by [Nikola Tesla](/wiki/Nikola_Tesla \"Nikola Tesla\").Margaret Cheney \\& Robert Uth, Tesla: Master of Lightning 23\\-33 (1999\\). While alternating current proved to be superior to direct current for municipal power grids, the technology to precisely control the speed of an AC motor was still being developed, while control technology for DC motors was well\\-established.", "Some twenty other interurbans adopted the Westinghouse system, most between 1904 and 1908\\. The alternating current system was not perfected however, and nearly all the lines operating with it were quickly converted to direct current, some in as little as three years. The South Shore Lines never found itself in a financial position to convert to direct current despite the high expense of maintaining the alternating current system.Hilton \\& Due, The Electric Interurban Railways in America 62 (1st ed. 1960\\).\n[thumb\\|Wreck at Shadyside, Indiana, 19 June 1909\\. The motorman of eastbound car \\#73 (foreground) overran a meeting point and collided with westbound car \\#3\\. As a result, twelve were killed and 25 injured.](/wiki/File:Cls_shadyside_wreck_19_june_1909_rppc.jpg \"Cls shadyside wreck 19 june 1909 rppc.jpg\")", "The South Shore Lines found itself in financial difficulty from the start as passenger revenues were insufficient to cover the railway's bonded indebtedness. This was exacerbated by claims resulting from two head\\-on wrecks in 1909 that resulted in an unfunded legislative mandate to install a costly block signal system.Traffic and Transportation, 33 *[Electric Railway Journal](/wiki/Electric_Railway_Journal \"Electric Railway Journal\")* 853, 854 (1909\\).Traffic and Transportation, 33 Electric Railway Journal 1178, 1179 (1909\\).William D. Middleton, South Shore: The Last Interurban 14 (1st ed. 1970\\). Despite these setbacks, service had been extended to Pullman on Chicago's South Side on April 4, 1909\\.The Chicago, Lake Shore \\& South Bend Railway, 33 Electric Railway Journal 674 (1909\\). An agreement with the [Illinois Central Railroad](/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad \"Illinois Central Railroad\") dated May 25, 1912, called for non\\-motorized trail coaches to be attached to trains originating in Gary to be hauled by steam locomotives for the run to Randolph Street near Chicago's Loop.Interline Steam and Electric Service Between Chicago and Gary, 39 Electric Railway Journal 925 (1912\\).", "Attempting to overcome inadequate earnings, the South Shore Lines made every effort to develop freight service in 1916,High Lights of History of the South Shore Line Transportation Department 14 (1926\\). and an excursion business to bring Chicagoans to the Indiana Dunes, the amusement park at Michigan City, and the Casino at Hudson Lake. The most significant of the rail excursions to the development of Northwest Indiana were the regular outings of the Prairie Club of Chicago on the South Shore Lines that began in 1909\\.Cathy Jean Maloney, The Prairie Club of Chicago 14 (2001\\). The access to the Dunes that the South Shore Lines provided to the Prairie Club led the members to erect cabins in the Dunes. With assistance from [Stephen Mather](/wiki/Stephen_Mather \"Stephen Mather\"), the first director of the National Park Service, The Prairie Club soon waged a lobbying campaign for the creation of a Sand Dunes National Park that for a time was unsuccessful, but did culminate in the opening of the [Indiana Dunes State Park](/wiki/Indiana_Dunes_State_Park \"Indiana Dunes State Park\") in 1925\\. Congressional authorization of a National Park Service unit in the Dunes in 1966 resulted in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (now [Indiana Dunes National Park](/wiki/Indiana_Dunes_National_Park \"Indiana Dunes National Park\")).Cathy Jean Maloney, The Prairie Club of Chicago 63 (2001\\).", "In 1925, the [Cleveland Trust Company](/wiki/Cleveland_Trust_Company \"Cleveland Trust Company\") still held the original construction bonds of the South Shore Lines in the amount of $9,500,000\\.James Walker, Cost of Reproduction and Cost of Reproduction Less Accrued Depreciation as of May 1, 1925 Based on Prices Prevailing at Time of Appraisal of the Property of The Chicago, Lake Shore and South Bend Railway Company in Indiana 2 (1925\\). Earlier, in 1924, [Samuel Insull](/wiki/Samuel_Insull \"Samuel Insull\"), a utilities developer who had electric and gas utility investments throughout much of the United States sought a means of developing a new customer base with a balanced electrical load in the Indiana Dunes country.Samuel Insull, The Memoirs of Samuel Insull: An Autobiography 180\\-81 (1992\\). After investigating both the South Shore Lines and the Chicago, South Bend and Northern Indiana, Insull had the South Shore Lines appraised. Based upon the depreciated appraised value of $6,463,076,James Walker, Cost of Reproduction and Cost of Reproduction Less Accrued Depreciation as of May 1, 1925 Based on Prices Prevailing at Time of Appraisal of the Property of The Chicago, Lake Shore and South Bend Railway Company in Indiana Cover Letter (1925\\). and with a commitment to invest $2,500,000 in the property, Insull purchased the original construction debt from Cleveland Trust in exchange for 6% noncumulative debentures. Insull controlled a 60% majority stock interest in the new company. The closing of the transaction took place on June 29, 1925, six days after Insull formed the South Shore Line.Norman Carlson, Chicago South Shore \\& South Bend Railroad: How the Medal Was Won 9,63 (1985\\).", "" ]
Career ------ From 1990 to 1991, Spiegelhalter served as an assistant professor at the [University of Kaiserslautern](/wiki/Technical_University_of_Kaiserslautern "Technical University of Kaiserslautern") in Germany, specializing in architecture, engineering, and town planning.[https://carta.fiu.edu/architecture/wp\-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/08/FIU\-Thomas\-Spiegelhalter\-CV\-19\-July\-2021\.pdf](https://carta.fiu.edu/architecture/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/08/FIU-Thomas-Spiegelhalter-CV-19-July-2021.pdf) Following this, in 1993, he became a Tenured Full C3\-Professor at the [University of Applied Science Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig_University_of_Applied_Sciences "Leipzig University of Applied Sciences"), a position established by the Minister of the State Saxony's Ministry of Science and Culture. In 1999, Spiegelhalter became a US\-German\-[DAAD](/wiki/German_Academic_Exchange_Service "German Academic Exchange Service") Visiting professor at the [University of Houston](/wiki/University_of_Houston "University of Houston")'s G. Hines College of Architecture. He later joined [Carnegie Mellon University](/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University "Carnegie Mellon University") in [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh "Pittsburgh") as a visiting professor at the Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, Intelligent Workplace, a position he held from 2000 to 2003\. In 2000, Spiegelhalter was awarded a Tenured University C3\-Professor at the [University of Hannover](/wiki/University_of_Hannover "University of Hannover") in Germany, a designation from the Minister of the State Low\-Saxony's department of Science and Culture. From 2000 to 2002, Spiegelhalter was a guest professor at the Mundaneum, Universidad del Desino in [San Jose, Costa Rica](/wiki/San_Jose%2C_Costa_Rica "San Jose, Costa Rica"), focusing on sustainability and design, as well as sustainability and environmental systems. From 2003 to 2009, Spiegelhalter served as a professor at the [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California "University of Southern California"). Among Spiegelhalter's 54 awards, honours and mentions are the [AIV\-Schinkel\-Preis](/wiki/Schinkelpreis "Schinkelpreis") in Berlin in 1985, and the [2003 Design Vanguard Award from Architectural Record](/wiki/Architectural_Record "Architectural Record"), recognizing their innovative approaches to shaping the built environment globally. In 2006, Spiegelhalter took on the role of Cass Gilbert Visiting Professor for Innovations in Sustainable and Renewable Energy at the [University of Minnesota](/wiki/University_of_Minnesota "University of Minnesota") in [Minneapolis](/wiki/Minneapolis "Minneapolis"). In 2009, Spiegelhalter joined [Florida International University](/wiki/Florida_International_University "Florida International University") as a professor of [architecture](/wiki/Architecture "Architecture"). In 2017, he received the [European Union's Erasmus Plus Grant for research in sustainability design](https://cartanews.fiu.edu/architecture/professor-thomas-spiegelhalter-awarded-european-unions-erasmus-plus-grant-to-conduct-sustainability-design-research/) as a visiting professor at the Università degli Studi di Genova in Italy.{{Cite web\|url\=https://cartanews.fiu.edu/architecture/professor\-thomas\-spiegelhalter\-awarded\-european\-unions\-erasmus\-plus\-grant\-to\-conduct\-sustainability\-design\-research/\|title\=Professor Thomas Spiegelhalter Awarded European Union's Erasmus Plus Grant to Conduct Sustainability Design Research\|first\=Andrea\|last\=Perez\|date\=August 4, 2017}} In the same year, Spiegelhalter co\-established the Miami Dynamo\-Rhynamo\-BIM\-360 group of the Intl. Autodesk User Groups (AUGI). Collaborating with universities internationally since 1990, Spiegelhalter has worked on various ecological engineering projects.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.facadetectonics.org/people/thomas\-spiegelhalter/13330\|title\=Thomas Spiegelhalter's profile\|date\=December 16, 2019\|website\=Facade Tectonics Institute}} He took part in the [Italian Pavilion in 2021](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmqY88taYXo), and subsequently, in 2023, he exhibited at the [European Cultural Center during the Venice Architecture Biennale in Italy](https://timespaceexistence.com/participants/fiu-carbon-positive-design-studio-prof-thomas-spiegelhalter-miami/), showcasing his "Generative AI\-Synbio Carbon\-Positive, Blue\-Green Infrastructure Projects." From April 2023 to April 2024, he was awarded the Global Visiting Professor Grant at the Research Center for Climate Change Adaptation, Faculty of Environmental Information Studies, [ECOGIS Lab](https://ecogislab.sfc.keio.ac.jp/?page_id=709), while serving as a doctoral supervisor with Wanglin Yan at Keio University's Shonan Fujisawa Campus in Tokyo, Japan. In April 2024, he was appointed to the [Fulbright Specialist International Awardee Roster](https://fulbright.state.gov/) for Architecture, with a designation to work with an Italian university for the tenure period of 2024\-2027\. Spiegelhalter currently holds a position at Florida International University (FIU) as a tenured professor and the co\-director of the Structures and Environmental Technologies Lab (SET).{{Cite web\|url\=https://case.fiu.edu/about/directory/profiles/spiegelhalter\-thomas.html\|title\=Thomas Spiegelhalter\|first\=Florida International University\-Digital\|last\=Communications\|website\=case.fiu.edu}} He also teaches subjects related to [sustainability, carbon\-positive design and green\-blue urban systems at FIU and Miami Beach Urban Studios (MBUS).](https://crunch.fiu.edu/) Spiegelhalter is the founder of Thomas Spiegelhalter Studio \+ Associates and has been its head since 1990\.
[ "Career\n------", "From 1990 to 1991, Spiegelhalter served as an assistant professor at the [University of Kaiserslautern](/wiki/Technical_University_of_Kaiserslautern \"Technical University of Kaiserslautern\") in Germany, specializing in architecture, engineering, and town planning.[https://carta.fiu.edu/architecture/wp\\-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/08/FIU\\-Thomas\\-Spiegelhalter\\-CV\\-19\\-July\\-2021\\.pdf](https://carta.fiu.edu/architecture/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/08/FIU-Thomas-Spiegelhalter-CV-19-July-2021.pdf) Following this, in 1993, he became a Tenured Full C3\\-Professor at the [University of Applied Science Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig_University_of_Applied_Sciences \"Leipzig University of Applied Sciences\"), a position established by the Minister of the State Saxony's Ministry of Science and Culture.", "In 1999, Spiegelhalter became a US\\-German\\-[DAAD](/wiki/German_Academic_Exchange_Service \"German Academic Exchange Service\") Visiting professor at the [University of Houston](/wiki/University_of_Houston \"University of Houston\")'s G. Hines College of Architecture. He later joined [Carnegie Mellon University](/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University \"Carnegie Mellon University\") in [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh \"Pittsburgh\") as a visiting professor at the Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, Intelligent Workplace, a position he held from 2000 to 2003\\.", "In 2000, Spiegelhalter was awarded a Tenured University C3\\-Professor at the [University of Hannover](/wiki/University_of_Hannover \"University of Hannover\") in Germany, a designation from the Minister of the State Low\\-Saxony's department of Science and Culture.", "From 2000 to 2002, Spiegelhalter was a guest professor at the Mundaneum, Universidad del Desino in [San Jose, Costa Rica](/wiki/San_Jose%2C_Costa_Rica \"San Jose, Costa Rica\"), focusing on sustainability and design, as well as sustainability and environmental systems.", "From 2003 to 2009, Spiegelhalter served as a professor at the [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California \"University of Southern California\").", "Among Spiegelhalter's 54 awards, honours and mentions are the [AIV\\-Schinkel\\-Preis](/wiki/Schinkelpreis \"Schinkelpreis\") in Berlin in 1985, and the [2003 Design Vanguard Award from Architectural Record](/wiki/Architectural_Record \"Architectural Record\"), recognizing their innovative approaches to shaping the built environment globally.", "In 2006, Spiegelhalter took on the role of Cass Gilbert Visiting Professor for Innovations in Sustainable and Renewable Energy at the [University of Minnesota](/wiki/University_of_Minnesota \"University of Minnesota\") in [Minneapolis](/wiki/Minneapolis \"Minneapolis\").", "In 2009, Spiegelhalter joined [Florida International University](/wiki/Florida_International_University \"Florida International University\") as a professor of [architecture](/wiki/Architecture \"Architecture\").", "In 2017, he received the [European Union's Erasmus Plus Grant for research in sustainability design](https://cartanews.fiu.edu/architecture/professor-thomas-spiegelhalter-awarded-european-unions-erasmus-plus-grant-to-conduct-sustainability-design-research/) as a visiting professor at the Università degli Studi di Genova in Italy.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://cartanews.fiu.edu/architecture/professor\\-thomas\\-spiegelhalter\\-awarded\\-european\\-unions\\-erasmus\\-plus\\-grant\\-to\\-conduct\\-sustainability\\-design\\-research/\\|title\\=Professor Thomas Spiegelhalter Awarded European Union's Erasmus Plus Grant to Conduct Sustainability Design Research\\|first\\=Andrea\\|last\\=Perez\\|date\\=August 4, 2017}} In the same year, Spiegelhalter co\\-established the Miami Dynamo\\-Rhynamo\\-BIM\\-360 group of the Intl. Autodesk User Groups (AUGI). Collaborating with universities internationally since 1990, Spiegelhalter has worked on various ecological engineering projects.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facadetectonics.org/people/thomas\\-spiegelhalter/13330\\|title\\=Thomas Spiegelhalter's profile\\|date\\=December 16, 2019\\|website\\=Facade Tectonics Institute}}", "He took part in the [Italian Pavilion in 2021](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmqY88taYXo), and subsequently, in 2023, he exhibited at the [European Cultural Center during the Venice Architecture Biennale in Italy](https://timespaceexistence.com/participants/fiu-carbon-positive-design-studio-prof-thomas-spiegelhalter-miami/), showcasing his \"Generative AI\\-Synbio Carbon\\-Positive, Blue\\-Green Infrastructure Projects.\"", "From April 2023 to April 2024, he was awarded the Global Visiting Professor Grant at the Research Center for Climate Change Adaptation, Faculty of Environmental Information Studies, [ECOGIS Lab](https://ecogislab.sfc.keio.ac.jp/?page_id=709), while serving as a doctoral supervisor with Wanglin Yan at Keio University's Shonan Fujisawa Campus in Tokyo, Japan.", "In April 2024, he was appointed to the [Fulbright Specialist International Awardee Roster](https://fulbright.state.gov/) for Architecture, with a designation to work with an Italian university for the tenure period of 2024\\-2027\\.", "Spiegelhalter currently holds a position at Florida International University (FIU) as a tenured professor and the co\\-director of the Structures and Environmental Technologies Lab (SET).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://case.fiu.edu/about/directory/profiles/spiegelhalter\\-thomas.html\\|title\\=Thomas Spiegelhalter\\|first\\=Florida International University\\-Digital\\|last\\=Communications\\|website\\=case.fiu.edu}} He also teaches subjects related to [sustainability, carbon\\-positive design and green\\-blue urban systems at FIU and Miami Beach Urban Studios (MBUS).](https://crunch.fiu.edu/)", "Spiegelhalter is the founder of Thomas Spiegelhalter Studio \\+ Associates and has been its head since 1990\\.", "" ]
Events ------ On March 13, 1986, Spiegelhalter received the [Intl. Schinkel Prize for Kunst und Bauen](/wiki/Schinkelpreis "Schinkelpreis") (Art and Building) by the Jury of AIV Berlin\-Brandenburg awarding his Berlin Märkisches Viertel district masterplan redevelopment proposal. Following the [Karl Friedrich Schinkel](/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel "Karl Friedrich Schinkel") award ceremony, he was interviewed and broadcast on the German [ZDF heute\-journal](/wiki/Heute-journal "Heute-journal") television. From June 19 to September 6, 1999, Spiegelhalter's Solar Architecture was exhibited as part of the US Traveling Exhibition Project "[UNDER THE SUN \- An outdoor exhibition of light.](https://www.si.edu/exhibitions/under-sun-outdoor-exhibition-light%3Aevent-exhib-2596)" The exhibition events occurred at the [Cooper Hewitt National Design Museum](/wiki/Cooper_Hewitt%2C_Smithsonian_Design_Museum "Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum") in Washington, D.C., and at the Cooper Hewitt Smithsonian Design Museum in Manhattan, New York. Spiegelhalter was joined by other contributors such as [Thomas Herzog](/wiki/Thomas_Herzog "Thomas Herzog"), BEAR Architekten/Tjerk Rejjenga/Gouda, [Solar design Associates, Inc.](/wiki/Bullitt_Center "Bullitt Center"), Stephen Strong, Kiss\+Cathart Architects, BP Solar Inc. Engineers, and [Buero Happold](/wiki/Buro_Happold "Buro Happold"). Spiegelhalter was the keynote speaker at the [Rice Design Alliance's "GREEN SPRING \- TOWARDS AN ECOLOGICAL ARCHITECTURE Lecture Series 2001](http://ricedesignalliance.org/2001/spring-2001-lecture-series-green-spring)" at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston on February 7, 2001\. The event, hosted by the Rice Design Alliance at the [Rice University School of Architecture in Houston](/wiki/Rice_University "Rice University"), Texas, featured Spiegelhalter's address "UNDER THE SUN \- WITH THE WIND," alongside keynotes and lectures by [Ken Yeang](/wiki/Ken_Yeang "Ken Yeang"), [Fruto Vivas](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vivas "José Vivas"), and [Pliny Fisk III](/wiki/Pliny_Fisk_III "Pliny Fisk III"). He was a keynote speaker at the [Institute for Architecture at TU Berlin at the 38th eCAADe Conference on September 16 and 17, 2020](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0uIFski5IY). He delivered "Disruptive AI Data\-Driven, Carbon\-Positive Bio\-Inspired Optimization Design Workflows 2020\-2100," highlighting innovative approaches to design optimisation. At the Venice Architecture Biennale 2021, Spiegelhalter curated and moderated a panel discussion and [FIU research](https://crunch.fiu.edu/) video installation titled "[Synthetic Biology for Carbon\-Positive Architecture from 2021 to 2100](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmqY88taYXo)" as part of the Italian Pavilion's exhibition on "[Comunita Resilienti](/wiki/Community_resilience "Community resilience")" by the [17th Venice Biennale](/wiki/Venice_Biennale "Venice Biennale") curator [Alessandro Melis](/wiki/Alessandro_Melis "Alessandro Melis"). The panel featured [Andrew Hessel](/wiki/Andrew_Hessel "Andrew Hessel"), Pioneer in Synthetic Biology; [Mitchell Joachim](/wiki/Mitchell_Joachim "Mitchell Joachim"), Terreform ONE; and [Rachel Armstrong](https://livingarchitecturesystems.com/people/rachel-armstrong/), Living Architecture Systems at Newcastle University. He served as a keynote speaker at the [2nd World Conference on Mechanical Engineering](https://www.steconf.org/proceeding/2nd-world-conference-on-mechanical-engineering/) held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in June 2023\. His presentation focused on "Exploring Challenges and Best Practices of [Generative AI](/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence "Generative artificial intelligence") and [Topological Design Optimizations](/wiki/Topology_optimization "Topology optimization") in Mechanical, Industrial, Structural, and Architectural Fields." In September 2023, he hosted a discussion at the College of Architecture at Florida International University on “[AI in the Built Environment \& Health](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtyGkxui7Zc)” with Sir Prof. Dr. [David Spiegelhalter](/wiki/David_Spiegelhalter "David Spiegelhalter"). The event delved into the intersection of statistics, machine learning, and AI in architecture, design, and urban planning, offering attendees insights into future AI trends and impacts across disciplines. On June 1, 2024, the [CBS News TV network](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/florida-architects-prepare-hurricane-season-future-storms-invest-now-or-pay-later/?intcid=CNM-00-10abd1h) aired a segment on Spiegelhalter's research. The segment focused on his use of [generative artificial intelligence](/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence "Generative artificial intelligence") with students to design bioinspired cities for the future in Miami. The designs included carbon\-neutral scenario concepts for hurricane\-resilient floating and stilt buildings and green\-blue infrastructures, with projections extending to 2100\. {{Cite web \|last\=Bojorquez \|first\=Manuel \|last2\=Breen \|first2\=Kerry \|date\=2024\-06\-01 \|title\=Florida architects prepare for hurricane season and future storms: "Invest now or pay later" \- CBS News \|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/florida\-architects\-prepare\-hurricane\-season\-future\-storms\-invest\-now\-or\-pay\-later/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-07 \|website\=www.cbsnews.com \|language\=en\-US}}
[ "Events\n------", "On March 13, 1986, Spiegelhalter received the [Intl. Schinkel Prize for Kunst und Bauen](/wiki/Schinkelpreis \"Schinkelpreis\") (Art and Building) by the Jury of AIV Berlin\\-Brandenburg awarding his Berlin Märkisches Viertel district masterplan redevelopment proposal. Following the [Karl Friedrich Schinkel](/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel \"Karl Friedrich Schinkel\") award ceremony, he was interviewed and broadcast on the German [ZDF heute\\-journal](/wiki/Heute-journal \"Heute-journal\") television.", "From June 19 to September 6, 1999, Spiegelhalter's Solar Architecture was exhibited as part of the US Traveling Exhibition Project \"[UNDER THE SUN \\- An outdoor exhibition of light.](https://www.si.edu/exhibitions/under-sun-outdoor-exhibition-light%3Aevent-exhib-2596)\" The exhibition events occurred at the [Cooper Hewitt National Design Museum](/wiki/Cooper_Hewitt%2C_Smithsonian_Design_Museum \"Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum\") in Washington, D.C., and at the Cooper Hewitt Smithsonian Design Museum in Manhattan, New York. Spiegelhalter was joined by other contributors such as [Thomas Herzog](/wiki/Thomas_Herzog \"Thomas Herzog\"), BEAR Architekten/Tjerk Rejjenga/Gouda, [Solar design Associates, Inc.](/wiki/Bullitt_Center \"Bullitt Center\"), Stephen Strong, Kiss\\+Cathart Architects, BP Solar Inc. Engineers, and [Buero Happold](/wiki/Buro_Happold \"Buro Happold\").", "Spiegelhalter was the keynote speaker at the [Rice Design Alliance's \"GREEN SPRING \\- TOWARDS AN ECOLOGICAL ARCHITECTURE Lecture Series 2001](http://ricedesignalliance.org/2001/spring-2001-lecture-series-green-spring)\" at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston on February 7, 2001\\. The event, hosted by the Rice Design Alliance at the [Rice University School of Architecture in Houston](/wiki/Rice_University \"Rice University\"), Texas, featured Spiegelhalter's address \"UNDER THE SUN \\- WITH THE WIND,\" alongside keynotes and lectures by [Ken Yeang](/wiki/Ken_Yeang \"Ken Yeang\"), [Fruto Vivas](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vivas \"José Vivas\"), and [Pliny Fisk III](/wiki/Pliny_Fisk_III \"Pliny Fisk III\").", "He was a keynote speaker at the [Institute for Architecture at TU Berlin at the 38th eCAADe Conference on September 16 and 17, 2020](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0uIFski5IY). He delivered \"Disruptive AI Data\\-Driven, Carbon\\-Positive Bio\\-Inspired Optimization Design Workflows 2020\\-2100,\" highlighting innovative approaches to design optimisation.", "At the Venice Architecture Biennale 2021, Spiegelhalter curated and moderated a panel discussion and [FIU research](https://crunch.fiu.edu/) video installation titled \"[Synthetic Biology for Carbon\\-Positive Architecture from 2021 to 2100](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmqY88taYXo)\" as part of the Italian Pavilion's exhibition on \"[Comunita Resilienti](/wiki/Community_resilience \"Community resilience\")\" by the [17th Venice Biennale](/wiki/Venice_Biennale \"Venice Biennale\") curator [Alessandro Melis](/wiki/Alessandro_Melis \"Alessandro Melis\"). The panel featured [Andrew Hessel](/wiki/Andrew_Hessel \"Andrew Hessel\"), Pioneer in Synthetic Biology; [Mitchell Joachim](/wiki/Mitchell_Joachim \"Mitchell Joachim\"), Terreform ONE; and [Rachel Armstrong](https://livingarchitecturesystems.com/people/rachel-armstrong/), Living Architecture Systems at Newcastle University.", "He served as a keynote speaker at the [2nd World Conference on Mechanical Engineering](https://www.steconf.org/proceeding/2nd-world-conference-on-mechanical-engineering/) held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in June 2023\\. His presentation focused on \"Exploring Challenges and Best Practices of [Generative AI](/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence \"Generative artificial intelligence\") and [Topological Design Optimizations](/wiki/Topology_optimization \"Topology optimization\") in Mechanical, Industrial, Structural, and Architectural Fields.\"", "In September 2023, he hosted a discussion at the College of Architecture at Florida International University on “[AI in the Built Environment \\& Health](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtyGkxui7Zc)” with Sir Prof. Dr. [David Spiegelhalter](/wiki/David_Spiegelhalter \"David Spiegelhalter\"). The event delved into the intersection of statistics, machine learning, and AI in architecture, design, and urban planning, offering attendees insights into future AI trends and impacts across disciplines.", "On June 1, 2024, the [CBS News TV network](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/florida-architects-prepare-hurricane-season-future-storms-invest-now-or-pay-later/?intcid=CNM-00-10abd1h) aired a segment on Spiegelhalter's research. The segment focused on his use of [generative artificial intelligence](/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence \"Generative artificial intelligence\") with students to design bioinspired cities for the future in Miami. The designs included carbon\\-neutral scenario concepts for hurricane\\-resilient floating and stilt buildings and green\\-blue infrastructures, with projections extending to 2100\\. {{Cite web \\|last\\=Bojorquez \\|first\\=Manuel \\|last2\\=Breen \\|first2\\=Kerry \\|date\\=2024\\-06\\-01 \\|title\\=Florida architects prepare for hurricane season and future storms: \"Invest now or pay later\" \\- CBS News \\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/florida\\-architects\\-prepare\\-hurricane\\-season\\-future\\-storms\\-invest\\-now\\-or\\-pay\\-later/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-07 \\|website\\=www.cbsnews.com \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \|1850\= 386 \|1860\= 895 \|1870\= 1040 \|1880\= 1598 \|1890\= 1569 \|1900\= 1802 \|1910\= 1640 \|1920\= 1729 \|1930\= 1930 \|1940\= 2093 \|1950\= 2802 \|1960\= 3287 \|1970\= 3771 \|1980\= 4220 \|1990\= 4345 \|2000\= 6418 \|2010\= 9001 \|2020\= 10559 \|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015\|df\=mdy }} }} ### 2010 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2012\-12\-11}} of 2010, there were 9,001 people, 3,344 households, and 2,398 families living in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|1298\.8\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 3,589 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|517\.9\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 96\.8% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.8% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.2% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.4% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.4% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.4% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") people of any race were 1\.8% of the population. There were 3,344 households, of which 41\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 11\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4\.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28\.3% were non\-families. 23\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.66 and the average family size was 3\.14\. The median age in the town was 34\.3 years. 29\.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 7\.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28% were from 25 to 44; 23\.3% were from 45 to 64; and 11\.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48\.5% male and 51\.5% female. ### 2000 census [thumb\|right\|The Carnegie library in Danville](/wiki/File:Carnegie_library_in_Danville%2C_Indiana%2C_front.jpg "Carnegie library in Danville, Indiana, front.jpg") As of the census{{cite web \|url\=https://www.census.gov \|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|access\-date\=2008\-01\-31 \|title\=U.S. Census website \|df\=mdy }} of 2000, there were 8,032 people, 2,350 households, and 1,670 families living in the town. The population density was {{convert\|1,047\.7\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 2,506 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|409\.1\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 98\.38% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.34% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.22% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.26% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.02% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 0\.11% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 0\.67% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") people of any race were 1\.06% of the population. There were 2,350 households, out of which 37\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58\.7% were married couples living together, 8\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28\.9% were non\-families. 25\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.58 and the average family size was 3\.11\. In the town, the population was spread out, with 27\.6% under the age of 18, 8\.4% from 18 to 24, 30\.3% from 25 to 44, 20\.0% from 45 to 64, and 13\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 98\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95\.0 males. The [median income](/wiki/Median_income "Median income") for a household in the town was $54,330, and the median income for a family was $62,813\. Males had a median income of $40,724 versus $26,678 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the town was $22,209\. About 2\.1% of families and 2\.5% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 1\.3% of those under age 18 and 7\.7% of those age 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\|1850\\= 386\n\\|1860\\= 895\n\\|1870\\= 1040\n\\|1880\\= 1598\n\\|1890\\= 1569\n\\|1900\\= 1802\n\\|1910\\= 1640\n\\|1920\\= 1729\n\\|1930\\= 1930\n\\|1940\\= 2093\n\\|1950\\= 2802\n\\|1960\\= 3287\n\\|1970\\= 3771\n\\|1980\\= 4220\n\\|1990\\= 4345\n\\|2000\\= 6418\n\\|2010\\= 9001\n\\|2020\\= 10559\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015\\|df\\=mdy }}\n}}", "### 2010 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-11}} of 2010, there were 9,001 people, 3,344 households, and 2,398 families living in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|1298\\.8\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 3,589 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|517\\.9\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 96\\.8% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.8% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.2% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.4% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.4% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.4% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") people of any race were 1\\.8% of the population.", "There were 3,344 households, of which 41\\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55\\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 11\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4\\.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28\\.3% were non\\-families. 23\\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.66 and the average family size was 3\\.14\\.", "The median age in the town was 34\\.3 years. 29\\.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 7\\.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28% were from 25 to 44; 23\\.3% were from 45 to 64; and 11\\.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48\\.5% male and 51\\.5% female.", "### 2000 census", "[thumb\\|right\\|The Carnegie library in Danville](/wiki/File:Carnegie_library_in_Danville%2C_Indiana%2C_front.jpg \"Carnegie library in Danville, Indiana, front.jpg\") \nAs of the census{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-31 \\|title\\=U.S. Census website \\|df\\=mdy }} of 2000, there were 8,032 people, 2,350 households, and 1,670 families living in the town. The population density was {{convert\\|1,047\\.7\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 2,506 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|409\\.1\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 98\\.38% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.34% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.22% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.26% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.02% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.11% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.67% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") people of any race were 1\\.06% of the population.", "There were 2,350 households, out of which 37\\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58\\.7% were married couples living together, 8\\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28\\.9% were non\\-families. 25\\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12\\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.58 and the average family size was 3\\.11\\.", "In the town, the population was spread out, with 27\\.6% under the age of 18, 8\\.4% from 18 to 24, 30\\.3% from 25 to 44, 20\\.0% from 45 to 64, and 13\\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 98\\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95\\.0 males.", "The [median income](/wiki/Median_income \"Median income\") for a household in the town was $54,330, and the median income for a family was $62,813\\. Males had a median income of $40,724 versus $26,678 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the town was $22,209\\. About 2\\.1% of families and 2\\.5% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 1\\.3% of those under age 18 and 7\\.7% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
History ------- [thumb\|upright\|[Florence Welch](/wiki/Florence_Welch "Florence Welch") performing live in [Shoreditch Park](/wiki/Shoreditch_Park "Shoreditch Park"), London, 2007](/wiki/File:Florence_and_the_machine_2007_London.jpg "Florence and the machine 2007 London.jpg") ### 2007–2008: Formation The name of Florence and the Machine is attributed to [Florence Welch](/wiki/Florence_Welch "Florence Welch")'s teenage collaboration with [Isabella "Machine" Summers](/wiki/Isabella_Summers "Isabella Summers"). Welch and Summers performed together for a time under the name Florence Robot/Isa Machine. According to Welch, "The name Florence and the Machine started off as a [private joke](/wiki/In-joke "In-joke") that got out of hand. I made music with my friend, who we called Isabella Machine to which I was Florence Robot. When I was about an hour away from my first gig, I still didn't have a name, so I thought 'Okay, I'll be Florence Robot Is A Machine', before realising that name was so long it'd drive me mad."{{cite web \|last\=Patterson \|first\=Sylvia \|url\=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts\_and\_entertainment/music/article6838997\.ece \|title\=Behind the success of Florence and the Machine \|work\=\[\[The Sunday Times]] \|date\=20 September 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615093956/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts\_and\_entertainment/music/article6838997\.ece \|archive\-date\=15 June 2011 \|access\-date\=7 March 2010}}{{cite web \|last\=Bell \|first\=Sean \|url\=http://www.heraldscotland.com/life\-style/real\-lives/a\-piece\-of\-my\-mind\-florence\-welch\-of\-florence\-and\-the\-machine\-1\.820514 \|title\=A piece of my mind: Florence Welch of Florence and the Machine \|work\=\[\[The Herald (Glasgow)\|The Herald]] \|date\=26 July 2009 \|access\-date\=6 March 2010 \|archive\-date\=28 September 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928001632/http://www.heraldscotland.com/life\-style/real\-lives/a\-piece\-of\-my\-mind\-florence\-welch\-of\-florence\-and\-the\-machine\-1\.820514 \|url\-status\=live}} In addition to Summers (keyboards), the current band members include musicians Robert Ackroyd (guitar), Chris Hayden (drums, percussion and backing vocals), Mark Saunders (bass guitar and percussion) and Tom Monger (harp).{{cite web \|url\=http://www.tomtheharpist.com/london.html \|title\=Tom in London \|publisher\=tomtheharpist.com \|access\-date\=31 December 2010 \|archive\-date\=3 March 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205008/http://www.tomtheharpist.com/london.html \|url\-status\=dead}} In the past, Welch has praised her band for understanding her creative process, claiming, "I've worked with most of them for a long time and they know my style, know the way I write, they know what I want."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.florenceandthemachine.net/biography/2\-3 \|title\=Florence and the Machine: About \|publisher\=florenceandthemachine.net \|access\-date\=26 February 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105205126/http://www.florenceandthemachine.net/biography/2\-3 \|archive\-date\=5 November 2011}} In 2007, Welch recorded with a band named Ashok, who released an album titled *Plans* on the Filthy Lucre/About Records label. This album included the earliest version of her later hit "[Kiss with a Fist](/wiki/Kiss_with_a_Fist "Kiss with a Fist")", which at this point was titled "Happy Slap".{{cite web\|last\=Parkin \|first\=April \|url\=http://www.gigwise.com/article.php?contentid\=30153 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050501/https://www.gigwise.com/article.php?contentid\=30153 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=3 July 2018 \|title\=Ashok – 'Plans' (Filthy Lucre) \|work\=\[\[Gigwise]] \|date\=4 April 2007 \|access\-date\=30 January 2011}} ### 2008–2010: *Lungs* {{Main\|Lungs (album)\|l1\=Lungs}} [thumb\|left\|Lead vocalist Welch performing live in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"), 2010](/wiki/File:Florence_Welch.jpg "Florence Welch.jpg") Florence and the Machine released their first album *[Lungs](/wiki/Lungs_%28album%29 "Lungs (album)")* in the Netherlands and Ireland on 3 July 2009\. The album was produced by [James Ford](/wiki/James_Ford_%28musician%29 "James Ford (musician)"), [Paul Epworth](/wiki/Paul_Epworth "Paul Epworth"), [Steve Mackey](/wiki/Steve_Mackey "Steve Mackey"), [Isabella Summers](/wiki/Isabella_Summers "Isabella Summers") and Charlie Hugall. The album was officially launched with a set at the [Rivoli Ballroom](/wiki/Rivoli_Ballroom "Rivoli Ballroom") in [Brockley](/wiki/Brockley "Brockley"), south\-east London. It peaked at number one in the UK and number two in Ireland. As of 6 August 2009, the album had sold over 100,000 copies in the UK and by 10 August it had been at number two for five consecutive weeks.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/lifestyle/arts\-entertainment/music\-and\-gigs/interview\_florence\_and\_the\_machine\_1\_2222675 \|title\=INTERVIEW: Florence and the Machine \|work\=\[\[Yorkshire Evening Post]] \|date\=6 August 2009 \|access\-date\=8 August 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130114060021/http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/lifestyle/arts\-entertainment/music\-and\-gigs/interview\_florence\_and\_the\_machine\_1\_2222675 \|archive\-date\=14 January 2013 \|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite magazine \|last\=Sexton \|first\=Paul \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/267788/michael\-jackson\-extends\-uk\-album\-chart\-run\-tinchy\-stryder\-notches\-second\-top \|title\=Michael Jackson Extends U.K. Album Chart Run, Tinchy Stryder Notches Second Top Single \|magazine\=Billboard \|date\=10 August 2009 \|access\-date\=10 August 2009 \|archive\-date\=14 February 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214164043/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/267788/michael\-jackson\-extends\-uk\-album\-chart\-run\-tinchy\-stryder\-notches\-second\-top \|url\-status\=live}} Following its 25 July 2009 release for download in the United States, the album entered the charts at number seventeen on the *Billboard* [Heatseekers Albums](/wiki/Top_Heatseekers "Top Heatseekers") chart,{{cite magazine \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/charts/2009\-07\-25/heatseekers\-albums?order\=gainer \|title\=Heatseekers Albums – Week of July 25, 2009 \|magazine\=Billboard \|access\-date\=14 June 2011}} ultimately peaking at number one.{{cite magazine \|url\={{BillboardURLbyName\|artist\=florence \+ the machine\|chart\=Heatseekers Albums}} \|title\=Florence \+ the Machine Album \& Song Chart History – Heatseekers Albums \|magazine\=Billboard \|access\-date\=14 June 2011}} The album was released physically in the US on 20 October by [Universal Republic](/wiki/Universal_Republic "Universal Republic").{{cite web \|last\=Tartanella \|first\=Emily \|url\=https://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/107706\-florence\-and\-the\-machine\-lungs/ \|title\=Florence and the Machine: Lungs \|work\=\[\[PopMatters]] \|date\=7 July 2009 \|access\-date\=12 July 2009 \|archive\-date\=12 July 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712020921/http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/107706\-florence\-and\-the\-machine\-lungs \|url\-status\=live}} "[Kiss with a Fist](/wiki/Kiss_with_a_Fist "Kiss with a Fist")" was released as the album's [lead single](/wiki/Lead_single "Lead single") on 9 June 2008\. The track was featured on the soundtrack to the films *[Wild Child](/wiki/Wild_Child_%28film%29 "Wild Child (film)")* (2008\),{{cite web \|url\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001DAYA5W \|title\=Wild Child The Movie Soundtrack Party Album: Various Artists \|website\=Amazon UK \|access\-date\=15 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=17 July 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120717044751/http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001DAYA5W \|url\-status\=live }} *[Jennifer's Body](/wiki/Jennifer%27s_Body "Jennifer's Body")* (2009\),{{cite web \|url\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/jennifers\-body\-mw0000829237 \|title\=Jennifer's Body – Various Artists \|work\=AllMusic \|access\-date\=7 March 2010 \|archive\-date\=27 October 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027155701/http://www.allmusic.com/album/jennifers\-body\-mw0000829237 \|url\-status\=live}} and *[St Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold](/wiki/St_Trinian%27s_2:The_Legend_of_Fritton%27s_Gold "The Legend of Fritton's Gold")* (2009\),{{cite web \|url\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/st\-trinians\-2\-the\-legend\-of\-frittons\-gold\-mw0002079251 \|title\=St. Trinian's II (The Legend of Fritton's Gold) – Original Soundtrack \|work\=AllMusic \|access\-date\=15 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=17 February 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217023626/http://www.allmusic.com/album/st\-trinians\-2\-the\-legend\-of\-frittons\-gold\-mw0002079251 \|url\-status\=live}} as well as in the television series *[90210](/wiki/90210_%28TV_series%29 "90210 (TV series)")*,{{cite web \|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1280046/soundtrack \|title\="90210" Secrets and Lies (2008\) – Soundtracks \|publisher\=\[\[Internet Movie Database]] \|access\-date\=15 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=19 April 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419000051/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1280046/soundtrack \|url\-status\=live}} *[Community](/wiki/Community_%28TV_series%29 "Community (TV series)")*{{cite magazine \|last\=Young \|first\=John \|url\=http://popwatch.ew.com/2009/12/11/community\-recap\-comparative\-religion/ \|title\='Community' recap: One semester down, one to go \|magazine\=\[\[Entertainment Weekly]] \|date\=11 December 2009 \|access\-date\=15 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=21 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521012623/http://popwatch.ew.com/2009/12/11/community\-recap\-comparative\-religion/ \|url\-status\=live}} and *[Saving Grace](/wiki/Saving_Grace_%28TV_series%29 "Saving Grace (TV series)")*.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1468588/soundtrack \|title\="Saving Grace" Looks Like a Lesbian Attack to Me (2009\) – Soundtracks \|publisher\=Internet Movie Database \|access\-date\=15 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=7 December 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207024408/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1468588/soundtrack \|url\-status\=live }} Follow\-up single "[Dog Days Are Over](/wiki/Dog_Days_Are_Over "Dog Days Are Over")", released on 1 December 2008, was recorded with no instruments in a studio the "size of a [loo](/wiki/Toilet "Toilet")".{{cite news \|last\=Cochrane \|first\=Greg \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/music/newsid\_7775000/7775935\.stm \|title\=Florence \& The Machine win a Brit \|work\=\[\[Newsbeat]] \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=12 December 2008 \|access\-date\=2 May 2010 \|archive\-date\=10 November 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110215726/http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/music/newsid\_7775000/7775935\.stm \|url\-status\=live}} The song was used in the American television series *[Gossip Girl](/wiki/Gossip_Girl "Gossip Girl")*,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.cwtv.com/music/gossip\-girl/season\-3/episode\-314 \|title\=Gossip Girl Music \| Season 3 – Episode 14 \|publisher\=\[\[The CW]] \|access\-date\=14 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=27 August 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827124932/http://www.cwtv.com/music/gossip\-girl/season\-3/episode\-314 \|url\-status\=live}} *[Covert Affairs](/wiki/Covert_Affairs "Covert Affairs")*,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.usanetwork.com/series/covertaffairs/theshow/blogs/musiclist.html\#101 \|title\=Covert Affairs Music Guide \|publisher\=\[\[USA Network]] \|access\-date\=4 September 2010 \|archive\-date\=9 September 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909012843/http://www.usanetwork.com/series/covertaffairs/theshow/blogs/musiclist.html\#101 \|url\-status\=dead }} in the British television series *[Skins](/wiki/Skins_%28UK_TV_series%29 "Skins (UK TV series)")*,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.e4\.com/skins/music/series3\-episode8\.html \|title\=Skins – Music in episode 8 \|publisher\=\[\[E4 (TV channel)\|E4]] \|access\-date\=15 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=12 July 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712205904/http://www.e4\.com/skins/music/series3\-episode8\.html \|url\-status\=live}} and in the theatrical trailer for the 2010 comedy\-drama film *[Eat Pray Love](/wiki/Eat_Pray_Love "Eat Pray Love")*, starring [Julia Roberts](/wiki/Julia_Roberts "Julia Roberts").{{cite web \|last\=Maher \|first\=Cristin \|url\=http://www.spinner.com/2010/08/13/eat\-pray\-love\-movie\-trailer\-song/ \|title\=What's That Song From the 'Eat Pray Love' Movie Trailer? \|website\=\[\[Spinner (website)\|Spinner]] \|date\=13 August 2010 \|access\-date\=14 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=6 August 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806155347/http://www.spinner.com/2010/08/13/eat\-pray\-love\-movie\-trailer\-song/ \|url\-status\=dead}} "Dog Days Are Over" was also featured in the *[Glee](/wiki/Glee_%28TV_series%29 "Glee (TV series)")* episode "[Special Education](/wiki/Special_Education_%28Glee%29 "Special Education (Glee)")", where it was covered by [Jenna Ushkowitz](/wiki/Jenna_Ushkowitz "Jenna Ushkowitz") and [Amber Riley](/wiki/Amber_Riley "Amber Riley").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.fox.com/glee/recaps/season\-2/episode\-9/ \|title\=Special Education \|publisher\=\[\[Fox Broadcasting Company]] \|access\-date\=15 June 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024180207/http://www.fox.com/glee/recaps/season\-2/episode\-9/ \|archive\-date\=24 October 2013}} "[Rabbit Heart (Raise It Up)](/wiki/Rabbit_Heart_%28Raise_It_Up%29 "Rabbit Heart (Raise It Up)")" was released on 22 June 2009 as the third single from the album. After the release of *Lungs*, "[Drumming Song](/wiki/Drumming_Song "Drumming Song")" and a cover of [the Source](/wiki/The_Source_%28musician%29 "The Source (musician)") and [Candi Staton](/wiki/Candi_Staton "Candi Staton")'s 1986 song "[You've Got the Love](/wiki/You%27ve_Got_the_Love "You've Got the Love")" were released as singles.{{cite web \|last\=Balls \|first\=David \|url\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a177333/florence\-and\-the\-machine\-drumming\-song.html \|title\=Florence and the Machine: 'Drumming Song' \|work\=\[\[Digital Spy]] \|access\-date\=6 March 2009 \|archive\-date\=22 September 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922224437/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a177333/florence\-and\-the\-machine\-drumming\-song.html \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|last\=Pusey \|first\=Jim \|url\=http://www.dailymusicguide.com/Reviews/florence\-and\-the\-machine\-youve\-got\-the\-love\-review\-28122009\-0203\.aspx \|title\=Florence and The Machine – You've Got The Love (Island) \|work\=DailyMusicGuide \|date\=28 December 2009 \|access\-date\=7 March 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815194445/http://www.dailymusicguide.com/Reviews/florence\-and\-the\-machine\-youve\-got\-the\-love\-review\-28122009\-0203\.aspx \|archive\-date\=15 August 2011}} "[Cosmic Love](/wiki/Cosmic_Love "Cosmic Love")" was released on 5 July 2010 as the sixth and final single from *Lungs*, with a music video having already been shot.{{cite web \|url\=http://florenceandthemachine.net/news/6\-12/cosmic\-love\-the\-video/0\-6 \|title\='Cosmic Love' – The Video \|publisher\=Florence and the Machine's official website \|date\=11 May 2010 \|access\-date\=22 May 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720174341/http://florenceandthemachine.net/news/6\-12/cosmic\-love\-the\-video/0\-6 \|archive\-date\=20 July 2011}} The song was featured in several American television shows, including *[Grey's Anatomy](/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy "Grey's Anatomy")*,{{cite web \|url\=http://abc.go.com/music\-lounge/show/greys\-anatomy/86534 \|title\=Grey's Anatomy – Music Lounge \|publisher\=\[\[American Broadcasting Company]] \|access\-date\=8 September 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711103658/http://abc.go.com/music\-lounge/show/greys\-anatomy/86534 \|archive\-date\=11 July 2011 \|url\-status\=dead}} *[The Vampire Diaries](/wiki/The_Vampire_Diaries "The Vampire Diaries")*,{{cite web \|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1558220/soundtrack \|title\="The Vampire Diaries" Bloodlines (2010\) – Soundtracks \|publisher\=Internet Movie Database \|access\-date\=14 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=19 April 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419000055/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1558220/soundtrack \|url\-status\=live }} *[V](/wiki/V_%282009_TV_series%29 "V (2009 TV series)")*,{{cite web \|url\=http://abc.go.com/music\-lounge/show/v/244296 \|title\=V – Music Lounge \|publisher\=American Broadcasting Company \|access\-date\=15 June 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318222652/http://abc.go.com/music\-lounge/show/v/244296 \|archive\-date\=18 March 2011}} *[Nikita](/wiki/Nikita_%28TV_series%29 "Nikita (TV series)")*{{cite web \|url\=http://www.cwtv.com/music/nikita/season\-1/episode\-117 \|title\=Nikita Music \| Season 1 – Episode 17 \|publisher\=The CW \|access\-date\=14 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=14 May 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514175451/http://cwtv.com/music/nikita/season\-1/episode\-117 \|url\-status\=live}} and *[So You Think You Can Dance](/wiki/So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance_%28United_States%29 "So You Think You Can Dance (United States)")*.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1663545/soundtrack \|title\="So You Think You Can Dance" Top Nine Perform (2010\) – Soundtracks \|publisher\=Internet Movie Database \|access\-date\=15 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=9 December 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209054444/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1663545/soundtrack \|url\-status\=live}} The band also made a guest appearance on 7 February 2011 episode of *[Gossip Girl](/wiki/Gossip_Girl_%28season_4%29 "Gossip Girl (season 4)")*, titled "Panic Roommate", where they performed an acoustic rendition of "Cosmic Love".{{cite episode \|title\=Panic Roommate \|series\=Gossip Girl \|series\-link\=Gossip Girl \|network\=The CW \|airdate\=7 February 2011 \|season\=4 \|number\=14}} On 12 May 2010, it was announced that Florence and the Machine would provide a track called "[Heavy in Your Arms](/wiki/Heavy_in_Your_Arms "Heavy in Your Arms")" for the [soundtrack to *The Twilight Saga: Eclipse*](/wiki/The_Twilight_Saga:Eclipse_%28soundtrack%29 "Eclipse (soundtrack)"), the third film of *[The Twilight Saga](/wiki/The_Twilight_Saga_%28film_series%29 "The Twilight Saga (film series)")*.{{cite web \|last\=Kelley \|first\=Trevor \|url\=http://www.myspace.com/music/blog/2010/05/the\-official\-reveal\-of\-the\-eclipse\-soundtrack \|title\=Official reveal of the Eclipse soundtrack \|publisher\=Myspace \|date\=12 May 2010 \|access\-date\=12 May 2010 \|archive\-date\=15 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515054934/http://www.myspace.com/music/blog/2010/05/the\-official\-reveal\-of\-the\-eclipse\-soundtrack \|url\-status\=live}} *[Eclipse](/wiki/The_Twilight_Saga:Eclipse "Eclipse")* was released in cinemas on 30 June 2010, with "Heavy in Your Arms" playing during the end credits. The music video followed on 7 July 2010\. An exclusive remix of "I'm Not Calling You a Liar" is featured in the 2011 video game *[Dragon Age II](/wiki/Dragon_Age_II "Dragon Age II")* as "I'm Not Calling You a Liar (Dragon Age II: Varric's Theme)", produced by the game's composer [Inon Zur](/wiki/Inon_Zur "Inon Zur").{{cite magazine \|last\=Bruno \|first\=Antony \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/472832/florence\-the\-machine\-reimagine\-liar\-track\-for\-dragon\-age\-ii\-video\-game \|title\=Florence \& the Machine Reimagine 'Liar' Track for 'Dragon Age II' Video Game \|magazine\=Billboard \|date\=28 February 2011 \|access\-date\=3 March 2011 \|archive\-date\=10 January 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110063530/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/472832/florence\-the\-machine\-reimagine\-liar\-track\-for\-dragon\-age\-ii\-video\-game \|url\-status\=live}} ### 2011–2013: *Ceremonials* {{Main\|Ceremonials}} [thumb\|upright\|Florence and the Machine performing live at [Coachella](/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival "Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival") 2012 in [Indio, California](/wiki/Indio%2C_California "Indio, California")](/wiki/File:Florence_and_the_Machine.jpg "Florence and the Machine.jpg") The first demo session occurred in January 2010 with Welch and [Paul Epworth](/wiki/Paul_Epworth "Paul Epworth") at a small London studio. Numerous producers expressed an interest in working on the album but Welch rejected the offers because she wanted *Ceremonials* to be a better version of *Lungs* with a "more dark, more heavy, bigger drum sounds, bigger bass, but with more of a whole sound". For the rest of the year work on the album continued only intermittently as the band concentrated on an extensive tour of the US, where *Lungs* had become popular. The majority of the writing for the album was done between January and April 2011, with recording taking place in April at [Abbey Road Studios](/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios "Abbey Road Studios"). Refinement took place at Epworth's own London studios while Welch recorded vocal tracks in various US studios, during days off from touring. The final recording session took place in July at Epworth's studio.{{cite magazine \|last\=Smirke \|first\=Richard \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/467115/florence\-the\-machine\-the\-billboard\-cover\-story \|title\=Florence \& The Machine: The Billboard Cover Story \|magazine\=Billboard \|date\=30 September 2011 \|access\-date\=18 March 2012 \|archive\-date\=29 April 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429192100/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/467115/florence\-the\-machine\-the\-billboard\-cover\-story \|url\-status\=live}} Epworth co\-wrote seven tracks. Several other British writers share credits on the album, including Summers, [Kid Harpoon](/wiki/Kid_Harpoon "Kid Harpoon"), [James Ford](/wiki/James_Ford_%28musician%29 "James Ford (musician)") and composer [Eg White](/wiki/Eg_White "Eg White"). In June 2011, a cover of the [Buddy Holly](/wiki/Buddy_Holly "Buddy Holly") song "[Not Fade Away](/wiki/Not_Fade_Away_%28song%29 "Not Fade Away (song)")", which Florence and the Machine recorded for the tribute album *[Rave On Buddy Holly](/wiki/Rave_On_Buddy_Holly "Rave On Buddy Holly")* tied to Holly's seventy\-fifth birthday year, was released{{cite web \|last\=Burger \|first\=David \|url\=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/blogsburger/51713618\-53/holly\-buddy\-rave\-apple.html.csp \|title\=Paul McCartney, Fiona Apple, Modest Mouse, My Morning Jacket and more cover Buddy Holly on Holly's 75th b\-day year \|work\=\[\[The Salt Lake Tribune]] \|date\=28 April 2011 \|access\-date\=10 May 2011 \|archive\-date\=2 May 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502083407/http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/blogsburger/51713618\-53/holly\-buddy\-rave\-apple.html.csp \|url\-status\=live}} and they performed *Ceremonials*{{'}} setup track "[What the Water Gave Me](/wiki/What_the_Water_Gave_Me_%28song%29 "What the Water Gave Me (song)")" at the [Greek Theatre](/wiki/Hearst_Greek_Theatre "Hearst Greek Theatre") in [Berkeley, California](/wiki/Berkeley%2C_California "Berkeley, California").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a324817/florence\-and\-the\-machine\-play\-new\-track\-what\-the\-water\-gave\-me.html \|title\=Florence and the Machine play new track 'What The Water Gave Me' \|work\=Digital Spy \|date\=14 June 2011 \|access\-date\=15 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=17 June 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617032328/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a324817/florence\-and\-the\-machine\-play\-new\-track\-what\-the\-water\-gave\-me.html \|url\-status\=live}} In August 2011, the single "What the Water Gave Me" was released on [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes_Store "ITunes Store"){{cite web\|url\=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/what\-the\-water\-gave\-me\-single/id458308406 \|title\=What the Water Gave Me – Single by Florence \+ The Machine \|publisher\=iTunes Store UK \|access\-date\=24 August 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004181016/http://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/what\-the\-water\-gave\-me\-single/id458308406 \|archive\-date\=4 October 2011}} along with an accompanying video on the band's website and YouTube channel.{{cite web \|last\=Corner \|first\=Lewis \|url\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a336706/florence\-and\-the\-machine\-debut\-new\-track\-what\-the\-water\-gave\-me\-video.html \|title\=Florence and the Machine debut new track 'What The Water Gave Me' \|work\=Digital Spy \|date\=23 August 2011 \|access\-date\=18 March 2012 \|archive\-date\=21 September 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921145311/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a336706/florence\-and\-the\-machine\-debut\-new\-track\-what\-the\-water\-gave\-me\-video.html \|url\-status\=live}} The video drew 1\.5 million [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") views in two days and the track received play on US alternative radio with strong support from [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") radio station [KROQ](/wiki/KROQ "KROQ"). The single "[Shake It Out](/wiki/Shake_It_Out "Shake It Out")" was released over the internet in September 2011, with standard release 11 October. In Australia, the song was playlisted at [Triple J](/wiki/Triple_J "Triple J") and [Nova](/wiki/Nova_%28radio_network%29 "Nova (radio network)") radio networks and received strong airplay in Scandinavia, Italy and Canada. The band's second studio album, *[Ceremonials](/wiki/Ceremonials "Ceremonials")*, was released on 28 October 2011\. It reached number one on the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart "UK Albums Chart") and number six on the US [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 "Billboard 200").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\-arts\-15613898 \|title\=Florence and the Machine album takes number one \|work\=BBC News \|date\=7 November 2011 \|access\-date\=4 December 2011 \|archive\-date\=7 December 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207050909/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\-arts\-15613898 \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite magazine \|last\=Caulfield \|first\=Keith \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/465232/justin\-biebers\-mistletoe\-brightens\-billboard\-200\-with\-no\-1\-debut \|title\=Justin Bieber's 'Mistletoe' Brightens Billboard 200 With No. 1 Debut \|magazine\=Billboard \|date\=9 November 2011 \|access\-date\=17 March 2012 \|archive\-date\=18 October 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018164831/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/465232/justin\-biebers\-mistletoe\-brightens\-billboard\-200\-with\-no\-1\-debut \|url\-status\=live}} On 12 January 2012, Florence and the Machine were nominated for two [Brit Awards](/wiki/Brit_Awards "Brit Awards"), Best British Female Artist and British Album of the Year, with the [awards ceremony](/wiki/2012_Brit_Awards "2012 Brit Awards") taking place on 21 February 2012 at [the O2 Arena](/wiki/The_O2_Arena "The O2 Arena"), London.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jan/12/brit\-awards\-2012\-nominations\-in\-full \|title\=Brit awards 2012: nominations in full \|work\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|date\=12 January 2012 \|access\-date\=5 February 2012 \|archive\-date\=30 September 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930184645/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jan/12/brit\-awards\-2012\-nominations\-in\-full \|url\-status\=live}} On 26 April 2012, the band released "[Breath of Life](/wiki/Breath_of_Life_%28Florence_and_the_Machine_song%29 "Breath of Life (Florence and the Machine song)")", a song which was recorded as the official theme song for the film *[Snow White and the Huntsman](/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Huntsman "Snow White and the Huntsman")*.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/florence\-and\-the\-machine/63470 \|title\=Florence and the Machine debut new song 'Breath of Life' – listen \|work\=NME \|date\=26 April 2012 \|access\-date\=28 April 2012 \|archive\-date\=29 April 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429051209/http://www.nme.com/news/florence\-and\-the\-machine/63470 \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|last\=Bell \|first\=Crystal \|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/26/florence\-and\-the\-machine\-breath\-of\-life\-snow\-white\_n\_1456499\.html \|title\=Florence and the Machine, 'Breath of Life': Singer Releases New 'Snow White and the Huntsman' Track (AUDIO) \|work\=\[\[Huffington Post]] \|date\=26 April 2012 \|access\-date\=28 April 2012 \|archive\-date\=29 April 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429081320/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/26/florence\-and\-the\-machine\-breath\-of\-life\-snow\-white\_n\_1456499\.html \|url\-status\=live}} On 5 July 2012, a remix of "[Spectrum (Say My Name)](/wiki/Spectrum_%28Say_My_Name%29 "Spectrum (Say My Name)")" by Scottish musician [Calvin Harris](/wiki/Calvin_Harris "Calvin Harris") was released as the fourth single from *Ceremonials*, becoming the band's first UK number\-one hit. Welch expressed excitement about putting new material together for a third studio album after the band finishes touring at the end of September 2012\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/florence\-and\-the\-machine/65241 \|title\=Florence Welch: 'My live shows are like an exorcism' \|work\=NME \|date\=31 July 2012 \|access\-date\=17 August 2012 \|archive\-date\=8 August 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808035607/http://www.nme.com/news/florence\-and\-the\-machine/65241 \|url\-status\=live }} Welch collaborated for a second time with Harris on the song "[Sweet Nothing](/wiki/Sweet_Nothing_%28Calvin_Harris_song%29 "Sweet Nothing (Calvin Harris song)")", released on 12 October 2012 as a single from Harris's third studio album *[18 Months](/wiki/18_Months "18 Months")* (2012\). The song entered at number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming their second collaborative number\-one single.{{cite web \|last\=Barstein \|first\=Brand \|url\=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/calvin\-harris\-florence\-score\-second\-collaborative\-number\-1\-of\-the\-year\-1660/ \|title\=Calvin Harris \& Florence score second collaborative Number 1 of the year \|publisher\=\[\[Official Charts Company]] \|date\=21 October 2012 \|access\-date\=26 November 2012 \|archive\-date\=1 December 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201021113/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/calvin\-harris\-florence\-score\-second\-collaborative\-number\-1\-of\-the\-year\-1660/ \|url\-status\=live}} In mid\-2012, it was announced that Universal Republic Records was going defunct, moving all artists including Florence and the Machine to [Republic Records](/wiki/Republic_Records "Republic Records") making the label itself revived. In late August 2012, Welch told *[Style](/wiki/Style_%28magazine%29 "Style (magazine)")* magazine that she plans to take a twelve\-month hiatus before starting work on the band's next studio album, stating, "There's a big 'take a year off' plan. The record company have put no pressure on me for the next album. They've said I can have as long as I want."{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/florence\-and\-the\-machine/65761 \|title\=Florence and the Machine's Florence Welsh to 'take a year off' \|work\=NME \|date\=27 August 2012 \|access\-date\=4 September 2012 \|archive\-date\=30 August 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830211606/http://www.nme.com/news/florence\-and\-the\-machine/65761 \|url\-status\=live}} In December 2012, Florence and the Machine were nominated for [Best Pop Vocal Album](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Vocal_Album "Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album") for *Ceremonials* and [Best Pop Duo/Group Performance](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Duo/Group_Performance "Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance") for "Shake It Out" at the [54th Annual Grammy Awards](/wiki/54th_Annual_Grammy_Awards "54th Annual Grammy Awards").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1698416/grammy\-2013\-nominations\-list.jhtml \|title\=2013 Grammy Nominations: The Full List \|work\=MTV News \|date\=6 December 2012 \|access\-date\=13 January 2013 \|archive\-date\=21 March 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321083059/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1698416/grammy\-2013\-nominations\-list.jhtml \|url\-status\=dead}} On 4 April 2013, it was announced that Florence and the Machine had written a song for [Baz Luhrmann](/wiki/Baz_Luhrmann "Baz Luhrmann")'s film rendition of *[The Great Gatsby](/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby_%282013_film%29 "The Great Gatsby (2013 film)")* (2013\), titled "[Over the Love](/wiki/Over_the_Love "Over the Love")",{{cite web \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la\-et\-ms\-gatsby\-soundtrack\-to\-feature\-jayz\-lana\-del\-rey\-the\-xx\-and\-more\-20130404,0,6073681\.story \|title\='Gatsby' soundtrack to feature Jay\-Z, Lana del Rey, The xx and more \|website\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]] \|date\=4 April 2013 \|access\-date\=4 April 2013 \|archive\-date\=6 April 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406002137/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la\-et\-ms\-gatsby\-soundtrack\-to\-feature\-jayz\-lana\-del\-rey\-the\-xx\-and\-more\-20130404%2C0%2C6073681\.story \|url\-status\=live}} which was released on 17 April 2013 on [SoundCloud](/wiki/SoundCloud "SoundCloud"). ### 2014–2016: *How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful* {{Main\|How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful}} [thumb\|upright\|Welch performing live in [Austin, Texas](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas "Austin, Texas"), 2015](/wiki/File:Florence_and_the_Machine_%2822116118550%29.jpg "Florence and the Machine (22116118550).jpg") On 4 June 2014, Welch told *[NME](/wiki/NME "NME")* that the band's third studio album was in the works.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/florence\-and\-the\-machine/77735 \|title\=Florence Welch feels she's been 'hiding in a studio 24 hours a day' working on new album \|website\=\[\[NME]] \|date\=5 June 2014 \|access\-date\=7 June 2014 \|archive\-date\=7 June 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607003550/http://www.nme.com/news/florence\-and\-the\-machine/77735 \|url\-status\=live}} In January 2015, a fansite posted a photo showing Florence and the Machine's upcoming album being mixed in a recording studio. On 9 February, the band played all the songs from the new album in full, amongst them "Ship to Wreck", "Caught", "Delilah" and the album's first single, "[What Kind of Man](/wiki/What_Kind_of_Man_%28Florence_and_the_Machine_song%29 "What Kind of Man (Florence and the Machine song)")" in a private London show.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/florence\-and\-the\-machine/82790\|work\=\[\[NME]]\|title\=Florence \+ The Machine play new album in full at intimate London show\|access\-date\=5 January 2015\|archive\-date\=10 February 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210022351/http://www.nme.com/news/florence\-and\-the\-machine/82790\|url\-status\=live}} The next day, on 10 February, the band released a short music video for the title track of their studio album, *[How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful](/wiki/How_Big%2C_How_Blue%2C_How_Beautiful "How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful")*,{{cite news\|url\=https://pitchfork.com/news/58445\-florence\-and\-the\-machine\-announce\-new\-album\-how\-big\-how\-blue\-how\-beautiful\-share\-what\-kind\-of\-man\-video/\|title\=Florence and the Machine Announce New Album How Big How Blue How Beautiful, Share "What Kind of Man" Video\|work\=\[\[Pitchfork Media\|Pitchfork]]\|date\=12 February 2015\|access\-date\=12 February 2015\|archive\-date\=12 February 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212230148/http://pitchfork.com/news/58445\-florence\-and\-the\-machine\-announce\-new\-album\-how\-big\-how\-blue\-how\-beautiful\-share\-what\-kind\-of\-man\-video/\|url\-status\=live}} which also acted as the official album teaser, directed by [Tabitha Denholm](/wiki/Tabitha_Denholm "Tabitha Denholm") and Vincent Haycock and shot in Mexico. The single and album were available to pre\-order subsequently on all popular online music stores. The music video is just under three minutes as compared to the five minute album version of the track. On 12 February, the album's lead single "[What Kind of Man](/wiki/What_Kind_of_Man_%28Florence_and_the_Machine_song%29 "What Kind of Man (Florence and the Machine song)")" was revealed on Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show,{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/florence\-and\-the\-machine/82860 \|title\=Florence \+ The Machine to reveal new song 'What Kind Of Man' tonight \|website\=\[\[NME]] \|date\=12 February 2015 \|access\-date\=12 February 2015 \|archive\-date\=12 February 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212230901/http://www.nme.com/news/florence\-and\-the\-machine/82860 \|url\-status\=live}} followed by the release of music video later that day on band's [Vevo](/wiki/Vevo "Vevo") channel via YouTube.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=XgeKHTcufLY\&spfreload\=10 \|title\=Florence \+ The Machine – What Kind Of Man \|publisher\=YouTube \|date\=12 February 2015 \|access\-date\=2 June 2015 \|archive\-date\=3 June 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603195144/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=XgeKHTcufLY\&spfreload\=10 \|url\-status\=live}} The band released a music video of another track called "St. Jude" on 23 March, choreographed by [Ryan Heffington](/wiki/Ryan_Heffington "Ryan Heffington") and directed by Vincent Haycock, continuing the narrative from the previous video of "What Kind of Man".{{cite news\|url\=https://pitchfork.com/news/58942\-florence\-and\-the\-machine\-shares\-st\-jude\-video/\|title\=Florence and the Machine Shares "St. Jude" Video\|work\=\[\[Pitchfork Media\|Pitchfork]]\|date\=23 March 2015\|access\-date\=14 June 2015\|archive\-date\=19 June 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619144004/http://pitchfork.com/news/58942\-florence\-and\-the\-machine\-shares\-st\-jude\-video/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=xEMSJf723BI \|title\=Florence \+ The Machine – St Jude \|publisher\=YouTube \|date\=23 May 2015 \|access\-date\=14 June 2015 \|archive\-date\=10 June 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610143559/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=xEMSJf723BI \|url\-status\=live}} On 8 April the album's second single titled "[Ship to Wreck](/wiki/Ship_to_Wreck "Ship to Wreck")" premiered on [Huw Stephens](/wiki/Huw_Stephens "Huw Stephens")' show on [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 "BBC Radio 1"). The accompanying music video was released a week later on 13 April, continuing the storyline of past two videos.{{cite news\|url\=https://pitchfork.com/news/59166\-florence\-and\-the\-machine\-share\-ship\-to\-wreck/\|title\=Florence and the Machine Shares "St. Jude" Video\|work\=\[\[Pitchfork Media\|Pitchfork]]\|date\=8 April 2015\|access\-date\=14 June 2015\|archive\-date\=14 June 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614011020/http://pitchfork.com/news/59166\-florence\-and\-the\-machine\-share\-ship\-to\-wreck/\|url\-status\=live}} On 19 May, DJ [Annie Mac](/wiki/Annie_Mac "Annie Mac") revealed another new song from the record on her BBC radio show in name "Delilah".{{cite news\|title\=Florence \+ the Machine reveals new track 'Delilah'\|url\=http://www.neverenoughnotes.co.uk/2015/05/florence\-and\-the\-machine\-delilah/\|access\-date\=20 May 2015\|work\=Never Enough Notes\|date\=20 May 2015\|archive\-date\=26 January 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126035020/http://www.neverenoughnotes.co.uk/2015/05/florence\-and\-the\-machine\-delilah/\|url\-status\=dead}} The album was released on 29 May in Germany, 1 June in the UK and 2 June in the US. A deluxe version of the album containing 5 additional tracks was released on 13 May 2015\.{{cite web \|url\=https://itunes.apple.com/om/album/how\-big\-how\-blue\-how\-beautiful/id964546448?ign\-mpt\=uo%3D4 \|title\=How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful (Deluxe) by Florence \+ The Machine on iTunes \|publisher\=Itunes.apple.com \|date\=13 May 2015 \|access\-date\=18 October 2015 \|archive\-date\=24 July 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724121251/https://itunes.apple.com/om/album/how\-big\-how\-blue\-how\-beautiful/id964546448?ign\-mpt\=uo%3D4 \|url\-status\=live}} The album became their third number one on the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart "UK Albums Chart"), and debuted at number one on the US *[Billboard 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 "Billboard 200")*. The album earned five nominations in the [58th Annual Grammy Awards](/wiki/58th_Annual_Grammy_Awards "58th Annual Grammy Awards"). The band were confirmed for numerous European festivals in summer 2015 including [Way Out West](/wiki/Way_Out_West_%28festival%29 "Way Out West (festival)") in Sweden, [Super Bock Super Rock](/wiki/Super_Bock_Super_Rock "Super Bock Super Rock") in Portugal and [Rock Werchter](/wiki/Rock_Werchter "Rock Werchter") in Belgium, among others.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/florence\-and\-the\-machine/82029\|work\=\[\[NME]]\|title\=Florence \+ The Machine's third album thought to be almost finished\|access\-date\=5 January 2015\|archive\-date\=6 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106045414/http://www.nme.com/news/florence\-and\-the\-machine/82029\|url\-status\=live}} In June 2015, it was announced that the band would headline the [Glastonbury Festival](/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival "Glastonbury Festival") in [Pilton, Somerset](/wiki/Pilton%2C_Somerset "Pilton, Somerset") due to the withdrawal of previous headliners [Foo Fighters](/wiki/Foo_Fighters "Foo Fighters"), after lead vocalist Dave Grohl fractured his leg on stage in Sweden.["Florence and the Machine confirmed as Glastonbury headliner"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-33166310) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919121459/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\-arts\-33166310 \|date\=19 September 2016}}. BBC. Retrieved 27 July 2015 Florence and the Machine's Glastonbury set was critically acclaimed by numerous outlets.["Florence and the Machine pay tribute to Dave Grohl at Glastonbury"](http://www.gigwise.com/news/101358/florence-&-the-machine-glastonbury-headline-slot-foo-fighters-review) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305065048/https://www.gigwise.com/news/101358/florence\-%26\-the\-machine\-glastonbury\-headline\-slot\-foo\-fighters\-review \|date\=5 March 2021}}. *Gigwise*. Retrieved 27 July 2015 Welch thanked Grohl for his support following their choice as a replacement and wished him a speedy recovery, before performing a cover of the Foo Fighters' "[Times Like These](/wiki/Times_Like_These_%28song%29 "Times Like These (song)")". On 7 December 2015, the band received five nominations for the [58th Annual Grammy Awards](/wiki/58th_Annual_Grammy_Awards "58th Annual Grammy Awards") to be held in 2016\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.grammy.com/Nominees?genre\=All\|website\=Grammy.com\|title\=58th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees\|access\-date\=7 December 2015\|archive\-date\=8 December 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208195133/http://www.grammy.com/Nominees?genre\=All\|url\-status\=live}} These nominations included "Ship to Wreck" for [Best Pop Duo/Group Performance](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Duo/Group_Performance "Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance"), *How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful* for [Best Pop Vocal Album](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Vocal_Album "Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album") and [Best Recording Package](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Recording_Package "Grammy Award for Best Recording Package"), and "What Kind of Man" for [Best Rock Performance](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Performance "Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance") and [Best Rock Song](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Song "Grammy Award for Best Rock Song"). In 2016 Florence and the Machine recorded a [classical](/wiki/Classical_music "Classical music") cover of [Ben E. King](/wiki/Ben_E._King "Ben E. King")'s 1961 song "[Stand by Me](/wiki/Stand_by_Me_%28Ben_E._King_song%29 "Stand by Me (Ben E. King song)")", which was featured as the main theme to the video game *[Final Fantasy XV](/wiki/Final_Fantasy_XV "Final Fantasy XV")*. It was premiered during the "Uncovered: Final Fantasy XV" event on 30 March 2016,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=4AptAyPIL88\|website\=YouTube\|title\=UNCOVERED: FINAL FANTASY XV – YouTube\|date\=30 March 2016 \|access\-date\=31 March 2016\|archive\-date\=31 March 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331091830/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=4AptAyPIL88\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.siliconera.com/2016/03/30/one\-final\-fantasy\-xvs\-theme\-songs\-stand/\|website\=Siliconera\|title\=Final Fantasy XV's Theme Song Is Stand By Me – Siliconera\|date\=31 March 2016 \|access\-date\=31 March 2016\|archive\-date\=17 April 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417013911/http://www.siliconera.com/2016/03/30/one\-final\-fantasy\-xvs\-theme\-songs\-stand/\|url\-status\=live}} and the full version was released on 12 August 2016\. Alongside their "Stand by Me" cover, they also composed two original songs for *Final Fantasy XV*, entitled "I Will Be" and "Too Much Is Never Enough", which were also released on 12 August 2016\. In April 2016, the band released *The Odyssey*, a short film by Vincent Haycock and Welch which consisted of all music videos shot within the *How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful* (2015\) era, together with some interconnecting sung and spoken scenes. The premiere took place at London's [Rio Cinema](/wiki/Rio_Cinema_%28Dalston%29 "Rio Cinema (Dalston)") on 20 April 2016, and was followed by an unrecorded Q\&A. The online world premiere on 21 April 2016 was delayed to the 24th due to [Prince](/wiki/Prince_%28musician%29 "Prince (musician)")'s death. The band contributed a song to the 2016 [Tim Burton](/wiki/Tim_Burton "Tim Burton") film *[Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children](/wiki/Miss_Peregrine%27s_Home_for_Peculiar_Children_%28film%29 "Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (film)")* titled "[Wish That You Were Here](/wiki/Wish_That_You_Were_Here "Wish That You Were Here")", released as a single on 25 August 2016\. ### 2017–2021: *High as Hope* [thumb\|upright\|left\|Florence and the Machine performing live in Los Angeles, 2018](/wiki/File:Florence_and_the_Machine_12_09_2018_-10_%2831767674227%29.jpg "Florence and the Machine 12 09 2018 -10 (31767674227).jpg") {{Main\|High as Hope}} Welch confirmed on 27 May 2017 that a new studio album was in the works.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/interviews/florence\-welch\-alcohol\-new\-music\-search\-serenity/ \|title\=Florence Welch on alcohol, new music and her search for serenity \|newspaper\=The Telegraph \|date\=27 May 2017 \|access\-date\=27 May 2017 \|archive\-date\=27 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527143215/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/interviews/florence\-welch\-alcohol\-new\-music\-search\-serenity/ \|url\-status\=live \|last1\=McCormick \|first1\=Neil}} On 28 February 2018, the band's drummer, Christopher Hayden, announced that he had left the band.{{cite web \|last\=Hayden \|first\=Christopher Lloyd \|url\=https://www.instagram.com/p/BfwG0EoF4ls/ \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/thekidhayden/1724908623942355308\_1724907486203690133 \|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-23 \|url\-access\=subscription\|title\=Christopher Hayden @thekidhayden · Instagram photos and videos \|website\=\[\[Instagram]] \|date\=28 February 2018 \|access\-date\=3 March 2018}}{{cbignore}} The first single from the album, "[Sky Full of Song](/wiki/Sky_Full_of_Song "Sky Full of Song")", was released on 12 April 2018,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/florence\-machine\-releasing\-new\-single\-record\-store\-day\-2260990\|title\=Florence \+ The Machine are releasing a new single for Record Store Day\|work\=NME\|date\=12 March 2018\|access\-date\=13 March 2018\|archive\-date\=12 March 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312230654/http://www.nme.com/news/music/florence\-machine\-releasing\-new\-single\-record\-store\-day\-2260990\|url\-status\=live}} followed by "[Hunger](/wiki/Hunger_%28Florence_and_the_Machine_song%29 "Hunger (Florence and the Machine song)")" in May.{{cite tweet \|user\=flo\_tweet \|number\=990969023457366017 \|date \= 30 April 2018 \|title\=HUNGER }} Titled *[High as Hope](/wiki/High_as_Hope "High as Hope")*, the band's fourth studio album was released on 29 June 2018\.{{cite tweet \|user\=flo\_tweet \|number\=992110290442510336 \|date \= 3 May 2018 \|title\=New album HIGH AS HOPE, released June 29 2018 }} A third single, "Patricia", was released on 10 August 2018\. On 24 January 2019, Florence and the Machine released a new single, "[Moderation](/wiki/Moderation_%28song%29 "Moderation (song)")", which had been previously performed live during the Australian leg of the [High as Hope Tour](/wiki/High_as_Hope_Tour "High as Hope Tour").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.readdork.com/news/florence\-the\-machine\-is\-dropping\-her\-new\-banger\-moderation\-tomorrow\|title\=Florence \+ The Machine is dropping her new banger 'Moderation' tomorrow\|work\=Dork\|date\=23 January 2019\|access\-date\=24 January 2019\|archive\-date\=25 January 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125020344/https://www.readdork.com/news/florence\-the\-machine\-is\-dropping\-her\-new\-banger\-moderation\-tomorrow\|url\-status\=live}} It was accompanied by a B\-side, "Haunted House".{{cite tweet\|user\=flo\_tweet\|number\=1088481562713182211\|date\=24 January 2019\|title\=MODERATION, with b\-side HAUNTED HOUSE}} On 21 April 2019, Florence and the Machine had a song featured in the *[Game of Thrones](/wiki/Game_of_Thrones "Game of Thrones")* episode "[A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms](/wiki/A_Knight_of_the_Seven_Kingdoms_%28Game_of_Thrones%29 "A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms (Game of Thrones)")" which was composed by [Ramin Djawadi](/wiki/Ramin_Djawadi "Ramin Djawadi"). The song is entitled "[Jenny of Oldstones](/wiki/Jenny_of_Oldstones "Jenny of Oldstones")".{{cite web \| url\=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2019/04/game\-of\-thrones\-florence\-and\-the\-machine\-jenny\-of\-oldstones \| title\=Game of Thrones: Florence Welch Had No Idea How "Jenny" Song Would be Used \| website\=\[\[Vanity Fair (magazine)\|Vanity Fair]] \| date\=22 April 2019 }}{{cite magazine \| url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/watch\-florence\-and\-machine\-perform\-jenny\-of\-oldstones\-live\-834543/ \| title\=Watch Florence and the Machine Perform 'Jenny of Oldstones' Live \| magazine\=\[\[Rolling Stone]] \| date\=13 May 2019 }} On 17 April 2020, Florence and the Machine released the song "Light of Love" in response to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom"). The band announced that all proceeds from the song, which was originally recorded for *High as Hope* (2018\), would go to the [Intensive Care Society](/wiki/Intensive_Care_Society "Intensive Care Society").{{Cite web\|url\=https://pitchfork.com/news/florence\-and\-the\-machine\-share\-new\-song\-light\-of\-love\-listen/\|title\=Florence and the Machine Share New Song "Light of Love"\|last\=Strauss\|first\=Matthew\|website\=Pitchfork\|date\=17 April 2020 \|language\=en\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-17\|archive\-date\=18 June 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618131452/https://pitchfork.com/news/florence\-and\-the\-machine\-share\-new\-song\-light\-of\-love\-listen/\|url\-status\=live}} ### 2022–present: *Dance Fever* {{main\|Dance Fever (album)\|l1 \= Dance Fever}} In early 2022, Florence and the Machine were confirmed to be headlining a series of summer music festivals, including the Madrid's [Mad Cool](/wiki/Mad_Cool "Mad Cool").{{citation needed\|date\=February 2024}} Towards the end of February 2022, fans of the band started to receive letters with a print titled, "King \- Chapter 1", as well as a billboard in [London](/wiki/London "London") displaying the visual of the work. Speculation indicating that a new single was about to be released were confirmed on 22 February by Welch herself through her [Instagram](/wiki/Instagram "Instagram") account. The single, titled "[King](/wiki/King_%28Florence_and_the_Machine_song%29 "King (Florence and the Machine song)")" was digitally released the next day along with its accompanying music video. Soon after, the single "Heaven Is Here" was released on 7 March. On 9 March 2022, Welch announced *[Dance Fever](/wiki/Dance_Fever_%28album%29 "Dance Fever (album)")*, the band's fifth studio album in a post to her [Instagram](/wiki/Instagram "Instagram") account also revealing the album cover and pre\-order date. She described the album as "a fairytale in 14 songs" in the same post.{{cite web\|last\=Ackroyd \|first\=Stephen \|date\=9 March 2022 \|title\=Florence \+ The Machine have announced a new album, ''Dance Fever'' \|url\=https://readdork.com/news/florence\-and\-the\-machine\-dance\-fever\-announce/ \|access\-date\=9 March 2022 \|work\=\[\[Dork (magazine)\|Dork]]}} The announcement was followed up with the release of the third single "My Love" on 10 March. On 20 April, the fourth single "[Free](/wiki/Free_%28Florence_and_the_Machine_song%29 "Free (Florence and the Machine song)")" was released. The album was released on 13 May. It debuted at number one in the UK and number two in Australia.{{cite web \|last1\=Kaplan \|first1\=Ilana \|date\=12 May 2022 \|title\=With Dance Fever, Florence \+ the Machine Finds Catharsis and Elation on the Dancefloor \|url\=https://consequence.net/2022/05/florence\-and\-the\-machine\-dance\-fever\-album\-review/ \|access\-date\=15 May 2022 \|website\=Consequence of Sound}} [thumb\|Florence and the Machine performing during the Dance Fever Tour in Chicago](/wiki/File:Florence_and_the_Machine_perfoming_during_the_Dance_Fever_Tour_in_Chicago.jpg "Florence and the Machine perfoming during the Dance Fever Tour in Chicago.jpg") In 2022, keyboardist Hazel Mills and drummer Loren Humphrey left the band. On 16 March 2022, Sam Doyle (drummer from [the Maccabees](/wiki/The_Maccabees_%28band%29 "The Maccabees (band)")) was confirmed as joining the band on tour for this era. However, Humphrey rejoined the band in summer of 2022\. [Isabella Summers](/wiki/Isabella_Summers "Isabella Summers"), a founding member of the band and a long\-time songwriting contributor for the band's previous records, did not participate in writing or producing [*Dance Fever*](/wiki/Dance_Fever_%28album%29 "Dance Fever (album)"). She also did not join the band for the [Dance Fever Tour](/wiki/Dance_Fever_Tour "Dance Fever Tour").
[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\|upright\\|[Florence Welch](/wiki/Florence_Welch \"Florence Welch\") performing live in [Shoreditch Park](/wiki/Shoreditch_Park \"Shoreditch Park\"), London, 2007](/wiki/File:Florence_and_the_machine_2007_London.jpg \"Florence and the machine 2007 London.jpg\")", "### 2007–2008: Formation", "The name of Florence and the Machine is attributed to [Florence Welch](/wiki/Florence_Welch \"Florence Welch\")'s teenage collaboration with [Isabella \"Machine\" Summers](/wiki/Isabella_Summers \"Isabella Summers\"). Welch and Summers performed together for a time under the name Florence Robot/Isa Machine. According to Welch, \"The name Florence and the Machine started off as a [private joke](/wiki/In-joke \"In-joke\") that got out of hand. I made music with my friend, who we called Isabella Machine to which I was Florence Robot. When I was about an hour away from my first gig, I still didn't have a name, so I thought 'Okay, I'll be Florence Robot Is A Machine', before realising that name was so long it'd drive me mad.\"{{cite web \\|last\\=Patterson \\|first\\=Sylvia \\|url\\=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts\\_and\\_entertainment/music/article6838997\\.ece \\|title\\=Behind the success of Florence and the Machine \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Sunday Times]] \\|date\\=20 September 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615093956/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts\\_and\\_entertainment/music/article6838997\\.ece \\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=7 March 2010}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Bell \\|first\\=Sean \\|url\\=http://www.heraldscotland.com/life\\-style/real\\-lives/a\\-piece\\-of\\-my\\-mind\\-florence\\-welch\\-of\\-florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-1\\.820514 \\|title\\=A piece of my mind: Florence Welch of Florence and the Machine \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Herald (Glasgow)\\|The Herald]] \\|date\\=26 July 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=6 March 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 September 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928001632/http://www.heraldscotland.com/life\\-style/real\\-lives/a\\-piece\\-of\\-my\\-mind\\-florence\\-welch\\-of\\-florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-1\\.820514 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In addition to Summers (keyboards), the current band members include musicians Robert Ackroyd (guitar), Chris Hayden (drums, percussion and backing vocals), Mark Saunders (bass guitar and percussion) and Tom Monger (harp).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.tomtheharpist.com/london.html \\|title\\=Tom in London \\|publisher\\=tomtheharpist.com \\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205008/http://www.tomtheharpist.com/london.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In the past, Welch has praised her band for understanding her creative process, claiming, \"I've worked with most of them for a long time and they know my style, know the way I write, they know what I want.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.florenceandthemachine.net/biography/2\\-3 \\|title\\=Florence and the Machine: About \\|publisher\\=florenceandthemachine.net \\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105205126/http://www.florenceandthemachine.net/biography/2\\-3 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 November 2011}}", "In 2007, Welch recorded with a band named Ashok, who released an album titled *Plans* on the Filthy Lucre/About Records label. This album included the earliest version of her later hit \"[Kiss with a Fist](/wiki/Kiss_with_a_Fist \"Kiss with a Fist\")\", which at this point was titled \"Happy Slap\".{{cite web\\|last\\=Parkin \\|first\\=April \\|url\\=http://www.gigwise.com/article.php?contentid\\=30153 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050501/https://www.gigwise.com/article.php?contentid\\=30153 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=3 July 2018 \\|title\\=Ashok – 'Plans' (Filthy Lucre) \\|work\\=\\[\\[Gigwise]] \\|date\\=4 April 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=30 January 2011}}", "### 2008–2010: *Lungs*", "{{Main\\|Lungs (album)\\|l1\\=Lungs}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Lead vocalist Welch performing live in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\"), 2010](/wiki/File:Florence_Welch.jpg \"Florence Welch.jpg\")\nFlorence and the Machine released their first album *[Lungs](/wiki/Lungs_%28album%29 \"Lungs (album)\")* in the Netherlands and Ireland on 3 July 2009\\. The album was produced by [James Ford](/wiki/James_Ford_%28musician%29 \"James Ford (musician)\"), [Paul Epworth](/wiki/Paul_Epworth \"Paul Epworth\"), [Steve Mackey](/wiki/Steve_Mackey \"Steve Mackey\"), [Isabella Summers](/wiki/Isabella_Summers \"Isabella Summers\") and Charlie Hugall. The album was officially launched with a set at the [Rivoli Ballroom](/wiki/Rivoli_Ballroom \"Rivoli Ballroom\") in [Brockley](/wiki/Brockley \"Brockley\"), south\\-east London. It peaked at number one in the UK and number two in Ireland. As of 6 August 2009, the album had sold over 100,000 copies in the UK and by 10 August it had been at number two for five consecutive weeks.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/lifestyle/arts\\-entertainment/music\\-and\\-gigs/interview\\_florence\\_and\\_the\\_machine\\_1\\_2222675 \\|title\\=INTERVIEW: Florence and the Machine \\|work\\=\\[\\[Yorkshire Evening Post]] \\|date\\=6 August 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130114060021/http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/lifestyle/arts\\-entertainment/music\\-and\\-gigs/interview\\_florence\\_and\\_the\\_machine\\_1\\_2222675 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Sexton \\|first\\=Paul \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/267788/michael\\-jackson\\-extends\\-uk\\-album\\-chart\\-run\\-tinchy\\-stryder\\-notches\\-second\\-top \\|title\\=Michael Jackson Extends U.K. Album Chart Run, Tinchy Stryder Notches Second Top Single \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|date\\=10 August 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=10 August 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 February 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214164043/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/267788/michael\\-jackson\\-extends\\-uk\\-album\\-chart\\-run\\-tinchy\\-stryder\\-notches\\-second\\-top \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Following its 25 July 2009 release for download in the United States, the album entered the charts at number seventeen on the *Billboard* [Heatseekers Albums](/wiki/Top_Heatseekers \"Top Heatseekers\") chart,{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/charts/2009\\-07\\-25/heatseekers\\-albums?order\\=gainer \\|title\\=Heatseekers Albums – Week of July 25, 2009 \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2011}} ultimately peaking at number one.{{cite magazine \\|url\\={{BillboardURLbyName\\|artist\\=florence \\+ the machine\\|chart\\=Heatseekers Albums}} \\|title\\=Florence \\+ the Machine Album \\& Song Chart History – Heatseekers Albums \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2011}} The album was released physically in the US on 20 October by [Universal Republic](/wiki/Universal_Republic \"Universal Republic\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Tartanella \\|first\\=Emily \\|url\\=https://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/107706\\-florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-lungs/ \\|title\\=Florence and the Machine: Lungs \\|work\\=\\[\\[PopMatters]] \\|date\\=7 July 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712020921/http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/107706\\-florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-lungs \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "\"[Kiss with a Fist](/wiki/Kiss_with_a_Fist \"Kiss with a Fist\")\" was released as the album's [lead single](/wiki/Lead_single \"Lead single\") on 9 June 2008\\. The track was featured on the soundtrack to the films *[Wild Child](/wiki/Wild_Child_%28film%29 \"Wild Child (film)\")* (2008\\),{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001DAYA5W \\|title\\=Wild Child The Movie Soundtrack Party Album: Various Artists \\|website\\=Amazon UK \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 July 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120717044751/http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001DAYA5W \\|url\\-status\\=live }} *[Jennifer's Body](/wiki/Jennifer%27s_Body \"Jennifer's Body\")* (2009\\),{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/jennifers\\-body\\-mw0000829237 \\|title\\=Jennifer's Body – Various Artists \\|work\\=AllMusic \\|access\\-date\\=7 March 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 October 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027155701/http://www.allmusic.com/album/jennifers\\-body\\-mw0000829237 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} and *[St Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold](/wiki/St_Trinian%27s_2:The_Legend_of_Fritton%27s_Gold \"The Legend of Fritton's Gold\")* (2009\\),{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/st\\-trinians\\-2\\-the\\-legend\\-of\\-frittons\\-gold\\-mw0002079251 \\|title\\=St. Trinian's II (The Legend of Fritton's Gold) – Original Soundtrack \\|work\\=AllMusic \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 February 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217023626/http://www.allmusic.com/album/st\\-trinians\\-2\\-the\\-legend\\-of\\-frittons\\-gold\\-mw0002079251 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} as well as in the television series *[90210](/wiki/90210_%28TV_series%29 \"90210 (TV series)\")*,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1280046/soundtrack \\|title\\=\"90210\" Secrets and Lies (2008\\) – Soundtracks \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Internet Movie Database]] \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419000051/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1280046/soundtrack \\|url\\-status\\=live}} *[Community](/wiki/Community_%28TV_series%29 \"Community (TV series)\")*{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Young \\|first\\=John \\|url\\=http://popwatch.ew.com/2009/12/11/community\\-recap\\-comparative\\-religion/ \\|title\\='Community' recap: One semester down, one to go \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]] \\|date\\=11 December 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521012623/http://popwatch.ew.com/2009/12/11/community\\-recap\\-comparative\\-religion/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}} and *[Saving Grace](/wiki/Saving_Grace_%28TV_series%29 \"Saving Grace (TV series)\")*.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1468588/soundtrack \\|title\\=\"Saving Grace\" Looks Like a Lesbian Attack to Me (2009\\) – Soundtracks \\|publisher\\=Internet Movie Database \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 December 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207024408/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1468588/soundtrack \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Follow\\-up single \"[Dog Days Are Over](/wiki/Dog_Days_Are_Over \"Dog Days Are Over\")\", released on 1 December 2008, was recorded with no instruments in a studio the \"size of a [loo](/wiki/Toilet \"Toilet\")\".{{cite news \\|last\\=Cochrane \\|first\\=Greg \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/music/newsid\\_7775000/7775935\\.stm \\|title\\=Florence \\& The Machine win a Brit \\|work\\=\\[\\[Newsbeat]] \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=12 December 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=2 May 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 November 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110215726/http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/music/newsid\\_7775000/7775935\\.stm \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The song was used in the American television series *[Gossip Girl](/wiki/Gossip_Girl \"Gossip Girl\")*,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cwtv.com/music/gossip\\-girl/season\\-3/episode\\-314 \\|title\\=Gossip Girl Music \\| Season 3 – Episode 14 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The CW]] \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 August 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827124932/http://www.cwtv.com/music/gossip\\-girl/season\\-3/episode\\-314 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} *[Covert Affairs](/wiki/Covert_Affairs \"Covert Affairs\")*,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.usanetwork.com/series/covertaffairs/theshow/blogs/musiclist.html\\#101 \\|title\\=Covert Affairs Music Guide \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[USA Network]] \\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 September 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909012843/http://www.usanetwork.com/series/covertaffairs/theshow/blogs/musiclist.html\\#101 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} in the British television series *[Skins](/wiki/Skins_%28UK_TV_series%29 \"Skins (UK TV series)\")*,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.e4\\.com/skins/music/series3\\-episode8\\.html \\|title\\=Skins – Music in episode 8 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[E4 (TV channel)\\|E4]] \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712205904/http://www.e4\\.com/skins/music/series3\\-episode8\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} and in the theatrical trailer for the 2010 comedy\\-drama film *[Eat Pray Love](/wiki/Eat_Pray_Love \"Eat Pray Love\")*, starring [Julia Roberts](/wiki/Julia_Roberts \"Julia Roberts\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Maher \\|first\\=Cristin \\|url\\=http://www.spinner.com/2010/08/13/eat\\-pray\\-love\\-movie\\-trailer\\-song/ \\|title\\=What's That Song From the 'Eat Pray Love' Movie Trailer? \\|website\\=\\[\\[Spinner (website)\\|Spinner]] \\|date\\=13 August 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 August 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806155347/http://www.spinner.com/2010/08/13/eat\\-pray\\-love\\-movie\\-trailer\\-song/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} \"Dog Days Are Over\" was also featured in the *[Glee](/wiki/Glee_%28TV_series%29 \"Glee (TV series)\")* episode \"[Special Education](/wiki/Special_Education_%28Glee%29 \"Special Education (Glee)\")\", where it was covered by [Jenna Ushkowitz](/wiki/Jenna_Ushkowitz \"Jenna Ushkowitz\") and [Amber Riley](/wiki/Amber_Riley \"Amber Riley\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.fox.com/glee/recaps/season\\-2/episode\\-9/ \\|title\\=Special Education \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Fox Broadcasting Company]] \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024180207/http://www.fox.com/glee/recaps/season\\-2/episode\\-9/ \\|archive\\-date\\=24 October 2013}} \"[Rabbit Heart (Raise It Up)](/wiki/Rabbit_Heart_%28Raise_It_Up%29 \"Rabbit Heart (Raise It Up)\")\" was released on 22 June 2009 as the third single from the album.", "After the release of *Lungs*, \"[Drumming Song](/wiki/Drumming_Song \"Drumming Song\")\" and a cover of [the Source](/wiki/The_Source_%28musician%29 \"The Source (musician)\") and [Candi Staton](/wiki/Candi_Staton \"Candi Staton\")'s 1986 song \"[You've Got the Love](/wiki/You%27ve_Got_the_Love \"You've Got the Love\")\" were released as singles.{{cite web \\|last\\=Balls \\|first\\=David \\|url\\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a177333/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-drumming\\-song.html \\|title\\=Florence and the Machine: 'Drumming Song' \\|work\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]] \\|access\\-date\\=6 March 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 September 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922224437/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a177333/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-drumming\\-song.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Pusey \\|first\\=Jim \\|url\\=http://www.dailymusicguide.com/Reviews/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-youve\\-got\\-the\\-love\\-review\\-28122009\\-0203\\.aspx \\|title\\=Florence and The Machine – You've Got The Love (Island) \\|work\\=DailyMusicGuide \\|date\\=28 December 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=7 March 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815194445/http://www.dailymusicguide.com/Reviews/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-youve\\-got\\-the\\-love\\-review\\-28122009\\-0203\\.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=15 August 2011}}", "\"[Cosmic Love](/wiki/Cosmic_Love \"Cosmic Love\")\" was released on 5 July 2010 as the sixth and final single from *Lungs*, with a music video having already been shot.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://florenceandthemachine.net/news/6\\-12/cosmic\\-love\\-the\\-video/0\\-6 \\|title\\='Cosmic Love' – The Video \\|publisher\\=Florence and the Machine's official website \\|date\\=11 May 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=22 May 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720174341/http://florenceandthemachine.net/news/6\\-12/cosmic\\-love\\-the\\-video/0\\-6 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 July 2011}} The song was featured in several American television shows, including *[Grey's Anatomy](/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy \"Grey's Anatomy\")*,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://abc.go.com/music\\-lounge/show/greys\\-anatomy/86534 \\|title\\=Grey's Anatomy – Music Lounge \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[American Broadcasting Company]] \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711103658/http://abc.go.com/music\\-lounge/show/greys\\-anatomy/86534 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 July 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} *[The Vampire Diaries](/wiki/The_Vampire_Diaries \"The Vampire Diaries\")*,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1558220/soundtrack \\|title\\=\"The Vampire Diaries\" Bloodlines (2010\\) – Soundtracks \\|publisher\\=Internet Movie Database \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419000055/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1558220/soundtrack \\|url\\-status\\=live }} *[V](/wiki/V_%282009_TV_series%29 \"V (2009 TV series)\")*,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://abc.go.com/music\\-lounge/show/v/244296 \\|title\\=V – Music Lounge \\|publisher\\=American Broadcasting Company \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318222652/http://abc.go.com/music\\-lounge/show/v/244296 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 March 2011}} *[Nikita](/wiki/Nikita_%28TV_series%29 \"Nikita (TV series)\")*{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cwtv.com/music/nikita/season\\-1/episode\\-117 \\|title\\=Nikita Music \\| Season 1 – Episode 17 \\|publisher\\=The CW \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 May 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514175451/http://cwtv.com/music/nikita/season\\-1/episode\\-117 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} and *[So You Think You Can Dance](/wiki/So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance_%28United_States%29 \"So You Think You Can Dance (United States)\")*.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1663545/soundtrack \\|title\\=\"So You Think You Can Dance\" Top Nine Perform (2010\\) – Soundtracks \\|publisher\\=Internet Movie Database \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209054444/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1663545/soundtrack \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The band also made a guest appearance on 7 February 2011 episode of *[Gossip Girl](/wiki/Gossip_Girl_%28season_4%29 \"Gossip Girl (season 4)\")*, titled \"Panic Roommate\", where they performed an acoustic rendition of \"Cosmic Love\".{{cite episode \\|title\\=Panic Roommate \\|series\\=Gossip Girl \\|series\\-link\\=Gossip Girl \\|network\\=The CW \\|airdate\\=7 February 2011 \\|season\\=4 \\|number\\=14}} On 12 May 2010, it was announced that Florence and the Machine would provide a track called \"[Heavy in Your Arms](/wiki/Heavy_in_Your_Arms \"Heavy in Your Arms\")\" for the [soundtrack to *The Twilight Saga: Eclipse*](/wiki/The_Twilight_Saga:Eclipse_%28soundtrack%29 \"Eclipse (soundtrack)\"), the third film of *[The Twilight Saga](/wiki/The_Twilight_Saga_%28film_series%29 \"The Twilight Saga (film series)\")*.{{cite web \\|last\\=Kelley \\|first\\=Trevor \\|url\\=http://www.myspace.com/music/blog/2010/05/the\\-official\\-reveal\\-of\\-the\\-eclipse\\-soundtrack \\|title\\=Official reveal of the Eclipse soundtrack \\|publisher\\=Myspace \\|date\\=12 May 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515054934/http://www.myspace.com/music/blog/2010/05/the\\-official\\-reveal\\-of\\-the\\-eclipse\\-soundtrack \\|url\\-status\\=live}} *[Eclipse](/wiki/The_Twilight_Saga:Eclipse \"Eclipse\")* was released in cinemas on 30 June 2010, with \"Heavy in Your Arms\" playing during the end credits. The music video followed on 7 July 2010\\. An exclusive remix of \"I'm Not Calling You a Liar\" is featured in the 2011 video game *[Dragon Age II](/wiki/Dragon_Age_II \"Dragon Age II\")* as \"I'm Not Calling You a Liar (Dragon Age II: Varric's Theme)\", produced by the game's composer [Inon Zur](/wiki/Inon_Zur \"Inon Zur\").{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Bruno \\|first\\=Antony \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/472832/florence\\-the\\-machine\\-reimagine\\-liar\\-track\\-for\\-dragon\\-age\\-ii\\-video\\-game \\|title\\=Florence \\& the Machine Reimagine 'Liar' Track for 'Dragon Age II' Video Game \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|date\\=28 February 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=3 March 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 January 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110063530/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/472832/florence\\-the\\-machine\\-reimagine\\-liar\\-track\\-for\\-dragon\\-age\\-ii\\-video\\-game \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### 2011–2013: *Ceremonials*", "{{Main\\|Ceremonials}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Florence and the Machine performing live at [Coachella](/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival \"Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival\") 2012 in [Indio, California](/wiki/Indio%2C_California \"Indio, California\")](/wiki/File:Florence_and_the_Machine.jpg \"Florence and the Machine.jpg\")\nThe first demo session occurred in January 2010 with Welch and [Paul Epworth](/wiki/Paul_Epworth \"Paul Epworth\") at a small London studio. Numerous producers expressed an interest in working on the album but Welch rejected the offers because she wanted *Ceremonials* to be a better version of *Lungs* with a \"more dark, more heavy, bigger drum sounds, bigger bass, but with more of a whole sound\". For the rest of the year work on the album continued only intermittently as the band concentrated on an extensive tour of the US, where *Lungs* had become popular. The majority of the writing for the album was done between January and April 2011, with recording taking place in April at [Abbey Road Studios](/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios \"Abbey Road Studios\"). Refinement took place at Epworth's own London studios while Welch recorded vocal tracks in various US studios, during days off from touring. The final recording session took place in July at Epworth's studio.{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Smirke \\|first\\=Richard \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/467115/florence\\-the\\-machine\\-the\\-billboard\\-cover\\-story \\|title\\=Florence \\& The Machine: The Billboard Cover Story \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|date\\=30 September 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429192100/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/467115/florence\\-the\\-machine\\-the\\-billboard\\-cover\\-story \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Epworth co\\-wrote seven tracks. Several other British writers share credits on the album, including Summers, [Kid Harpoon](/wiki/Kid_Harpoon \"Kid Harpoon\"), [James Ford](/wiki/James_Ford_%28musician%29 \"James Ford (musician)\") and composer [Eg White](/wiki/Eg_White \"Eg White\").", "In June 2011, a cover of the [Buddy Holly](/wiki/Buddy_Holly \"Buddy Holly\") song \"[Not Fade Away](/wiki/Not_Fade_Away_%28song%29 \"Not Fade Away (song)\")\", which Florence and the Machine recorded for the tribute album *[Rave On Buddy Holly](/wiki/Rave_On_Buddy_Holly \"Rave On Buddy Holly\")* tied to Holly's seventy\\-fifth birthday year, was released{{cite web \\|last\\=Burger \\|first\\=David \\|url\\=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/blogsburger/51713618\\-53/holly\\-buddy\\-rave\\-apple.html.csp \\|title\\=Paul McCartney, Fiona Apple, Modest Mouse, My Morning Jacket and more cover Buddy Holly on Holly's 75th b\\-day year \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Salt Lake Tribune]] \\|date\\=28 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 May 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502083407/http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/blogsburger/51713618\\-53/holly\\-buddy\\-rave\\-apple.html.csp \\|url\\-status\\=live}} and they performed *Ceremonials*{{'}} setup track \"[What the Water Gave Me](/wiki/What_the_Water_Gave_Me_%28song%29 \"What the Water Gave Me (song)\")\" at the [Greek Theatre](/wiki/Hearst_Greek_Theatre \"Hearst Greek Theatre\") in [Berkeley, California](/wiki/Berkeley%2C_California \"Berkeley, California\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a324817/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-play\\-new\\-track\\-what\\-the\\-water\\-gave\\-me.html \\|title\\=Florence and the Machine play new track 'What The Water Gave Me' \\|work\\=Digital Spy \\|date\\=14 June 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=15 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617032328/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a324817/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-play\\-new\\-track\\-what\\-the\\-water\\-gave\\-me.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} In August 2011, the single \"What the Water Gave Me\" was released on [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes_Store \"ITunes Store\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/what\\-the\\-water\\-gave\\-me\\-single/id458308406 \\|title\\=What the Water Gave Me – Single by Florence \\+ The Machine \\|publisher\\=iTunes Store UK \\|access\\-date\\=24 August 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004181016/http://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/what\\-the\\-water\\-gave\\-me\\-single/id458308406 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 October 2011}} along with an accompanying video on the band's website and YouTube channel.{{cite web \\|last\\=Corner \\|first\\=Lewis \\|url\\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a336706/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-debut\\-new\\-track\\-what\\-the\\-water\\-gave\\-me\\-video.html \\|title\\=Florence and the Machine debut new track 'What The Water Gave Me' \\|work\\=Digital Spy \\|date\\=23 August 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 September 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921145311/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a336706/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-debut\\-new\\-track\\-what\\-the\\-water\\-gave\\-me\\-video.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The video drew 1\\.5 million [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\") views in two days and the track received play on US alternative radio with strong support from [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") radio station [KROQ](/wiki/KROQ \"KROQ\"). The single \"[Shake It Out](/wiki/Shake_It_Out \"Shake It Out\")\" was released over the internet in September 2011, with standard release 11 October. In Australia, the song was playlisted at [Triple J](/wiki/Triple_J \"Triple J\") and [Nova](/wiki/Nova_%28radio_network%29 \"Nova (radio network)\") radio networks and received strong airplay in Scandinavia, Italy and Canada.", "The band's second studio album, *[Ceremonials](/wiki/Ceremonials \"Ceremonials\")*, was released on 28 October 2011\\. It reached number one on the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart \"UK Albums Chart\") and number six on the US [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\\-arts\\-15613898 \\|title\\=Florence and the Machine album takes number one \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=7 November 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=4 December 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 December 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207050909/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\\-arts\\-15613898 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Caulfield \\|first\\=Keith \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/465232/justin\\-biebers\\-mistletoe\\-brightens\\-billboard\\-200\\-with\\-no\\-1\\-debut \\|title\\=Justin Bieber's 'Mistletoe' Brightens Billboard 200 With No. 1 Debut \\|magazine\\=Billboard \\|date\\=9 November 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=17 March 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 October 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018164831/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/465232/justin\\-biebers\\-mistletoe\\-brightens\\-billboard\\-200\\-with\\-no\\-1\\-debut \\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 12 January 2012, Florence and the Machine were nominated for two [Brit Awards](/wiki/Brit_Awards \"Brit Awards\"), Best British Female Artist and British Album of the Year, with the [awards ceremony](/wiki/2012_Brit_Awards \"2012 Brit Awards\") taking place on 21 February 2012 at [the O2 Arena](/wiki/The_O2_Arena \"The O2 Arena\"), London.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jan/12/brit\\-awards\\-2012\\-nominations\\-in\\-full \\|title\\=Brit awards 2012: nominations in full \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|date\\=12 January 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930184645/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jan/12/brit\\-awards\\-2012\\-nominations\\-in\\-full \\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 26 April 2012, the band released \"[Breath of Life](/wiki/Breath_of_Life_%28Florence_and_the_Machine_song%29 \"Breath of Life (Florence and the Machine song)\")\", a song which was recorded as the official theme song for the film *[Snow White and the Huntsman](/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Huntsman \"Snow White and the Huntsman\")*.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine/63470 \\|title\\=Florence and the Machine debut new song 'Breath of Life' – listen \\|work\\=NME \\|date\\=26 April 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429051209/http://www.nme.com/news/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine/63470 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Bell \\|first\\=Crystal \\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/26/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-breath\\-of\\-life\\-snow\\-white\\_n\\_1456499\\.html \\|title\\=Florence and the Machine, 'Breath of Life': Singer Releases New 'Snow White and the Huntsman' Track (AUDIO) \\|work\\=\\[\\[Huffington Post]] \\|date\\=26 April 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429081320/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/26/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-breath\\-of\\-life\\-snow\\-white\\_n\\_1456499\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 5 July 2012, a remix of \"[Spectrum (Say My Name)](/wiki/Spectrum_%28Say_My_Name%29 \"Spectrum (Say My Name)\")\" by Scottish musician [Calvin Harris](/wiki/Calvin_Harris \"Calvin Harris\") was released as the fourth single from *Ceremonials*, becoming the band's first UK number\\-one hit. Welch expressed excitement about putting new material together for a third studio album after the band finishes touring at the end of September 2012\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine/65241 \\|title\\=Florence Welch: 'My live shows are like an exorcism' \\|work\\=NME \\|date\\=31 July 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=17 August 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808035607/http://www.nme.com/news/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine/65241 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Welch collaborated for a second time with Harris on the song \"[Sweet Nothing](/wiki/Sweet_Nothing_%28Calvin_Harris_song%29 \"Sweet Nothing (Calvin Harris song)\")\", released on 12 October 2012 as a single from Harris's third studio album *[18 Months](/wiki/18_Months \"18 Months\")* (2012\\). The song entered at number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming their second collaborative number\\-one single.{{cite web \\|last\\=Barstein \\|first\\=Brand \\|url\\=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/calvin\\-harris\\-florence\\-score\\-second\\-collaborative\\-number\\-1\\-of\\-the\\-year\\-1660/ \\|title\\=Calvin Harris \\& Florence score second collaborative Number 1 of the year \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Official Charts Company]] \\|date\\=21 October 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 December 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201021113/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/calvin\\-harris\\-florence\\-score\\-second\\-collaborative\\-number\\-1\\-of\\-the\\-year\\-1660/ \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In mid\\-2012, it was announced that Universal Republic Records was going defunct, moving all artists including Florence and the Machine to [Republic Records](/wiki/Republic_Records \"Republic Records\") making the label itself revived. In late August 2012, Welch told *[Style](/wiki/Style_%28magazine%29 \"Style (magazine)\")* magazine that she plans to take a twelve\\-month hiatus before starting work on the band's next studio album, stating, \"There's a big 'take a year off' plan. The record company have put no pressure on me for the next album. They've said I can have as long as I want.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine/65761 \\|title\\=Florence and the Machine's Florence Welsh to 'take a year off' \\|work\\=NME \\|date\\=27 August 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 August 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830211606/http://www.nme.com/news/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine/65761 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In December 2012, Florence and the Machine were nominated for [Best Pop Vocal Album](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Vocal_Album \"Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album\") for *Ceremonials* and [Best Pop Duo/Group Performance](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Duo/Group_Performance \"Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance\") for \"Shake It Out\" at the [54th Annual Grammy Awards](/wiki/54th_Annual_Grammy_Awards \"54th Annual Grammy Awards\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1698416/grammy\\-2013\\-nominations\\-list.jhtml \\|title\\=2013 Grammy Nominations: The Full List \\|work\\=MTV News \\|date\\=6 December 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=13 January 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 March 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321083059/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1698416/grammy\\-2013\\-nominations\\-list.jhtml \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On 4 April 2013, it was announced that Florence and the Machine had written a song for [Baz Luhrmann](/wiki/Baz_Luhrmann \"Baz Luhrmann\")'s film rendition of *[The Great Gatsby](/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby_%282013_film%29 \"The Great Gatsby (2013 film)\")* (2013\\), titled \"[Over the Love](/wiki/Over_the_Love \"Over the Love\")\",{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la\\-et\\-ms\\-gatsby\\-soundtrack\\-to\\-feature\\-jayz\\-lana\\-del\\-rey\\-the\\-xx\\-and\\-more\\-20130404,0,6073681\\.story \\|title\\='Gatsby' soundtrack to feature Jay\\-Z, Lana del Rey, The xx and more \\|website\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|date\\=4 April 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 April 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406002137/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la\\-et\\-ms\\-gatsby\\-soundtrack\\-to\\-feature\\-jayz\\-lana\\-del\\-rey\\-the\\-xx\\-and\\-more\\-20130404%2C0%2C6073681\\.story \\|url\\-status\\=live}} which was released on 17 April 2013 on [SoundCloud](/wiki/SoundCloud \"SoundCloud\").", "### 2014–2016: *How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful*", "{{Main\\|How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Welch performing live in [Austin, Texas](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\"), 2015](/wiki/File:Florence_and_the_Machine_%2822116118550%29.jpg \"Florence and the Machine (22116118550).jpg\")\nOn 4 June 2014, Welch told *[NME](/wiki/NME \"NME\")* that the band's third studio album was in the works.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine/77735 \\|title\\=Florence Welch feels she's been 'hiding in a studio 24 hours a day' working on new album \\|website\\=\\[\\[NME]] \\|date\\=5 June 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 June 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607003550/http://www.nme.com/news/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine/77735 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} In January 2015, a fansite posted a photo showing Florence and the Machine's upcoming album being mixed in a recording studio. On 9 February, the band played all the songs from the new album in full, amongst them \"Ship to Wreck\", \"Caught\", \"Delilah\" and the album's first single, \"[What Kind of Man](/wiki/What_Kind_of_Man_%28Florence_and_the_Machine_song%29 \"What Kind of Man (Florence and the Machine song)\")\" in a private London show.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine/82790\\|work\\=\\[\\[NME]]\\|title\\=Florence \\+ The Machine play new album in full at intimate London show\\|access\\-date\\=5 January 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=10 February 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210022351/http://www.nme.com/news/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine/82790\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nThe next day, on 10 February, the band released a short music video for the title track of their studio album, *[How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful](/wiki/How_Big%2C_How_Blue%2C_How_Beautiful \"How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful\")*,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://pitchfork.com/news/58445\\-florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-announce\\-new\\-album\\-how\\-big\\-how\\-blue\\-how\\-beautiful\\-share\\-what\\-kind\\-of\\-man\\-video/\\|title\\=Florence and the Machine Announce New Album How Big How Blue How Beautiful, Share \"What Kind of Man\" Video\\|work\\=\\[\\[Pitchfork Media\\|Pitchfork]]\\|date\\=12 February 2015\\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=12 February 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212230148/http://pitchfork.com/news/58445\\-florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-announce\\-new\\-album\\-how\\-big\\-how\\-blue\\-how\\-beautiful\\-share\\-what\\-kind\\-of\\-man\\-video/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} which also acted as the official album teaser, directed by [Tabitha Denholm](/wiki/Tabitha_Denholm \"Tabitha Denholm\") and Vincent Haycock and shot in Mexico. The single and album were available to pre\\-order subsequently on all popular online music stores. The music video is just under three minutes as compared to the five minute album version of the track. On 12 February, the album's lead single \"[What Kind of Man](/wiki/What_Kind_of_Man_%28Florence_and_the_Machine_song%29 \"What Kind of Man (Florence and the Machine song)\")\" was revealed on Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine/82860 \\|title\\=Florence \\+ The Machine to reveal new song 'What Kind Of Man' tonight \\|website\\=\\[\\[NME]] \\|date\\=12 February 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 February 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212230901/http://www.nme.com/news/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine/82860 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} followed by the release of music video later that day on band's [Vevo](/wiki/Vevo \"Vevo\") channel via YouTube.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=XgeKHTcufLY\\&spfreload\\=10 \\|title\\=Florence \\+ The Machine – What Kind Of Man \\|publisher\\=YouTube \\|date\\=12 February 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=2 June 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 June 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603195144/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=XgeKHTcufLY\\&spfreload\\=10 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "The band released a music video of another track called \"St. Jude\" on 23 March, choreographed by [Ryan Heffington](/wiki/Ryan_Heffington \"Ryan Heffington\") and directed by Vincent Haycock, continuing the narrative from the previous video of \"What Kind of Man\".{{cite news\\|url\\=https://pitchfork.com/news/58942\\-florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-shares\\-st\\-jude\\-video/\\|title\\=Florence and the Machine Shares \"St. Jude\" Video\\|work\\=\\[\\[Pitchfork Media\\|Pitchfork]]\\|date\\=23 March 2015\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=19 June 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619144004/http://pitchfork.com/news/58942\\-florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-shares\\-st\\-jude\\-video/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=xEMSJf723BI \\|title\\=Florence \\+ The Machine – St Jude \\|publisher\\=YouTube \\|date\\=23 May 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 June 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610143559/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=xEMSJf723BI \\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 8 April the album's second single titled \"[Ship to Wreck](/wiki/Ship_to_Wreck \"Ship to Wreck\")\" premiered on [Huw Stephens](/wiki/Huw_Stephens \"Huw Stephens\")' show on [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 \"BBC Radio 1\"). The accompanying music video was released a week later on 13 April, continuing the storyline of past two videos.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://pitchfork.com/news/59166\\-florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-share\\-ship\\-to\\-wreck/\\|title\\=Florence and the Machine Shares \"St. Jude\" Video\\|work\\=\\[\\[Pitchfork Media\\|Pitchfork]]\\|date\\=8 April 2015\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614011020/http://pitchfork.com/news/59166\\-florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-share\\-ship\\-to\\-wreck/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nOn 19 May, DJ [Annie Mac](/wiki/Annie_Mac \"Annie Mac\") revealed another new song from the record on her BBC radio show in name \"Delilah\".{{cite news\\|title\\=Florence \\+ the Machine reveals new track 'Delilah'\\|url\\=http://www.neverenoughnotes.co.uk/2015/05/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-delilah/\\|access\\-date\\=20 May 2015\\|work\\=Never Enough Notes\\|date\\=20 May 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=26 January 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126035020/http://www.neverenoughnotes.co.uk/2015/05/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-delilah/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "The album was released on 29 May in Germany, 1 June in the UK and 2 June in the US. A deluxe version of the album containing 5 additional tracks was released on 13 May 2015\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://itunes.apple.com/om/album/how\\-big\\-how\\-blue\\-how\\-beautiful/id964546448?ign\\-mpt\\=uo%3D4 \\|title\\=How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful (Deluxe) by Florence \\+ The Machine on iTunes \\|publisher\\=Itunes.apple.com \\|date\\=13 May 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=18 October 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 July 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724121251/https://itunes.apple.com/om/album/how\\-big\\-how\\-blue\\-how\\-beautiful/id964546448?ign\\-mpt\\=uo%3D4 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The album became their third number one on the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart \"UK Albums Chart\"), and debuted at number one on the US *[Billboard 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\")*. The album earned five nominations in the [58th Annual Grammy Awards](/wiki/58th_Annual_Grammy_Awards \"58th Annual Grammy Awards\").", "The band were confirmed for numerous European festivals in summer 2015 including [Way Out West](/wiki/Way_Out_West_%28festival%29 \"Way Out West (festival)\") in Sweden, [Super Bock Super Rock](/wiki/Super_Bock_Super_Rock \"Super Bock Super Rock\") in Portugal and [Rock Werchter](/wiki/Rock_Werchter \"Rock Werchter\") in Belgium, among others.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine/82029\\|work\\=\\[\\[NME]]\\|title\\=Florence \\+ The Machine's third album thought to be almost finished\\|access\\-date\\=5 January 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=6 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106045414/http://www.nme.com/news/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine/82029\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In June 2015, it was announced that the band would headline the [Glastonbury Festival](/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival \"Glastonbury Festival\") in [Pilton, Somerset](/wiki/Pilton%2C_Somerset \"Pilton, Somerset\") due to the withdrawal of previous headliners [Foo Fighters](/wiki/Foo_Fighters \"Foo Fighters\"), after lead vocalist Dave Grohl fractured his leg on stage in Sweden.[\"Florence and the Machine confirmed as Glastonbury headliner\"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-33166310) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919121459/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\\-arts\\-33166310 \\|date\\=19 September 2016}}. BBC. Retrieved 27 July 2015 Florence and the Machine's Glastonbury set was critically acclaimed by numerous outlets.[\"Florence and the Machine pay tribute to Dave Grohl at Glastonbury\"](http://www.gigwise.com/news/101358/florence-&-the-machine-glastonbury-headline-slot-foo-fighters-review) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305065048/https://www.gigwise.com/news/101358/florence\\-%26\\-the\\-machine\\-glastonbury\\-headline\\-slot\\-foo\\-fighters\\-review \\|date\\=5 March 2021}}. *Gigwise*. Retrieved 27 July 2015 Welch thanked Grohl for his support following their choice as a replacement and wished him a speedy recovery, before performing a cover of the Foo Fighters' \"[Times Like These](/wiki/Times_Like_These_%28song%29 \"Times Like These (song)\")\". On 7 December 2015, the band received five nominations for the [58th Annual Grammy Awards](/wiki/58th_Annual_Grammy_Awards \"58th Annual Grammy Awards\") to be held in 2016\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.grammy.com/Nominees?genre\\=All\\|website\\=Grammy.com\\|title\\=58th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees\\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=8 December 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208195133/http://www.grammy.com/Nominees?genre\\=All\\|url\\-status\\=live}} These nominations included \"Ship to Wreck\" for [Best Pop Duo/Group Performance](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Duo/Group_Performance \"Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance\"), *How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful* for [Best Pop Vocal Album](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Vocal_Album \"Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album\") and [Best Recording Package](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Recording_Package \"Grammy Award for Best Recording Package\"), and \"What Kind of Man\" for [Best Rock Performance](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Performance \"Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance\") and [Best Rock Song](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Song \"Grammy Award for Best Rock Song\").", "In 2016 Florence and the Machine recorded a [classical](/wiki/Classical_music \"Classical music\") cover of [Ben E. King](/wiki/Ben_E._King \"Ben E. King\")'s 1961 song \"[Stand by Me](/wiki/Stand_by_Me_%28Ben_E._King_song%29 \"Stand by Me (Ben E. King song)\")\", which was featured as the main theme to the video game *[Final Fantasy XV](/wiki/Final_Fantasy_XV \"Final Fantasy XV\")*. It was premiered during the \"Uncovered: Final Fantasy XV\" event on 30 March 2016,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=4AptAyPIL88\\|website\\=YouTube\\|title\\=UNCOVERED: FINAL FANTASY XV – YouTube\\|date\\=30 March 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=31 March 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=31 March 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331091830/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=4AptAyPIL88\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.siliconera.com/2016/03/30/one\\-final\\-fantasy\\-xvs\\-theme\\-songs\\-stand/\\|website\\=Siliconera\\|title\\=Final Fantasy XV's Theme Song Is Stand By Me – Siliconera\\|date\\=31 March 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=31 March 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=17 April 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417013911/http://www.siliconera.com/2016/03/30/one\\-final\\-fantasy\\-xvs\\-theme\\-songs\\-stand/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and the full version was released on 12 August 2016\\. Alongside their \"Stand by Me\" cover, they also composed two original songs for *Final Fantasy XV*, entitled \"I Will Be\" and \"Too Much Is Never Enough\", which were also released on 12 August 2016\\. In April 2016, the band released *The Odyssey*, a short film by Vincent Haycock and Welch which consisted of all music videos shot within the *How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful* (2015\\) era, together with some interconnecting sung and spoken scenes. The premiere took place at London's [Rio Cinema](/wiki/Rio_Cinema_%28Dalston%29 \"Rio Cinema (Dalston)\") on 20 April 2016, and was followed by an unrecorded Q\\&A. The online world premiere on 21 April 2016 was delayed to the 24th due to [Prince](/wiki/Prince_%28musician%29 \"Prince (musician)\")'s death. The band contributed a song to the 2016 [Tim Burton](/wiki/Tim_Burton \"Tim Burton\") film *[Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children](/wiki/Miss_Peregrine%27s_Home_for_Peculiar_Children_%28film%29 \"Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (film)\")* titled \"[Wish That You Were Here](/wiki/Wish_That_You_Were_Here \"Wish That You Were Here\")\", released as a single on 25 August 2016\\.", "### 2017–2021: *High as Hope*", "[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|Florence and the Machine performing live in Los Angeles, 2018](/wiki/File:Florence_and_the_Machine_12_09_2018_-10_%2831767674227%29.jpg \"Florence and the Machine 12 09 2018 -10 (31767674227).jpg\")\n{{Main\\|High as Hope}}\nWelch confirmed on 27 May 2017 that a new studio album was in the works.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/interviews/florence\\-welch\\-alcohol\\-new\\-music\\-search\\-serenity/ \\|title\\=Florence Welch on alcohol, new music and her search for serenity \\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph \\|date\\=27 May 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=27 May 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527143215/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/interviews/florence\\-welch\\-alcohol\\-new\\-music\\-search\\-serenity/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|last1\\=McCormick \\|first1\\=Neil}} On 28 February 2018, the band's drummer, Christopher Hayden, announced that he had left the band.{{cite web \\|last\\=Hayden \\|first\\=Christopher Lloyd \\|url\\=https://www.instagram.com/p/BfwG0EoF4ls/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/thekidhayden/1724908623942355308\\_1724907486203690133 \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-23 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|title\\=Christopher Hayden @thekidhayden · Instagram photos and videos \\|website\\=\\[\\[Instagram]] \\|date\\=28 February 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=3 March 2018}}{{cbignore}} The first single from the album, \"[Sky Full of Song](/wiki/Sky_Full_of_Song \"Sky Full of Song\")\", was released on 12 April 2018,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/florence\\-machine\\-releasing\\-new\\-single\\-record\\-store\\-day\\-2260990\\|title\\=Florence \\+ The Machine are releasing a new single for Record Store Day\\|work\\=NME\\|date\\=12 March 2018\\|access\\-date\\=13 March 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=12 March 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312230654/http://www.nme.com/news/music/florence\\-machine\\-releasing\\-new\\-single\\-record\\-store\\-day\\-2260990\\|url\\-status\\=live}} followed by \"[Hunger](/wiki/Hunger_%28Florence_and_the_Machine_song%29 \"Hunger (Florence and the Machine song)\")\" in May.{{cite tweet \\|user\\=flo\\_tweet \\|number\\=990969023457366017 \\|date \\= 30 April 2018 \\|title\\=HUNGER }} Titled *[High as Hope](/wiki/High_as_Hope \"High as Hope\")*, the band's fourth studio album was released on 29 June 2018\\.{{cite tweet \\|user\\=flo\\_tweet \\|number\\=992110290442510336 \\|date \\= 3 May 2018 \\|title\\=New album HIGH AS HOPE, released June 29 2018 }} A third single, \"Patricia\", was released on 10 August 2018\\. On 24 January 2019, Florence and the Machine released a new single, \"[Moderation](/wiki/Moderation_%28song%29 \"Moderation (song)\")\", which had been previously performed live during the Australian leg of the [High as Hope Tour](/wiki/High_as_Hope_Tour \"High as Hope Tour\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.readdork.com/news/florence\\-the\\-machine\\-is\\-dropping\\-her\\-new\\-banger\\-moderation\\-tomorrow\\|title\\=Florence \\+ The Machine is dropping her new banger 'Moderation' tomorrow\\|work\\=Dork\\|date\\=23 January 2019\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125020344/https://www.readdork.com/news/florence\\-the\\-machine\\-is\\-dropping\\-her\\-new\\-banger\\-moderation\\-tomorrow\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It was accompanied by a B\\-side, \"Haunted House\".{{cite tweet\\|user\\=flo\\_tweet\\|number\\=1088481562713182211\\|date\\=24 January 2019\\|title\\=MODERATION, with b\\-side HAUNTED HOUSE}}", "On 21 April 2019, Florence and the Machine had a song featured in the *[Game of Thrones](/wiki/Game_of_Thrones \"Game of Thrones\")* episode \"[A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms](/wiki/A_Knight_of_the_Seven_Kingdoms_%28Game_of_Thrones%29 \"A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms (Game of Thrones)\")\" which was composed by [Ramin Djawadi](/wiki/Ramin_Djawadi \"Ramin Djawadi\"). The song is entitled \"[Jenny of Oldstones](/wiki/Jenny_of_Oldstones \"Jenny of Oldstones\")\".{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2019/04/game\\-of\\-thrones\\-florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-jenny\\-of\\-oldstones \\| title\\=Game of Thrones: Florence Welch Had No Idea How \"Jenny\" Song Would be Used \\| website\\=\\[\\[Vanity Fair (magazine)\\|Vanity Fair]] \\| date\\=22 April 2019 }}{{cite magazine \\| url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/watch\\-florence\\-and\\-machine\\-perform\\-jenny\\-of\\-oldstones\\-live\\-834543/ \\| title\\=Watch Florence and the Machine Perform 'Jenny of Oldstones' Live \\| magazine\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone]] \\| date\\=13 May 2019 }} On 17 April 2020, Florence and the Machine released the song \"Light of Love\" in response to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\"). The band announced that all proceeds from the song, which was originally recorded for *High as Hope* (2018\\), would go to the [Intensive Care Society](/wiki/Intensive_Care_Society \"Intensive Care Society\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://pitchfork.com/news/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-share\\-new\\-song\\-light\\-of\\-love\\-listen/\\|title\\=Florence and the Machine Share New Song \"Light of Love\"\\|last\\=Strauss\\|first\\=Matthew\\|website\\=Pitchfork\\|date\\=17 April 2020 \\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-17\\|archive\\-date\\=18 June 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618131452/https://pitchfork.com/news/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-share\\-new\\-song\\-light\\-of\\-love\\-listen/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### 2022–present: *Dance Fever*", "{{main\\|Dance Fever (album)\\|l1 \\= Dance Fever}}\nIn early 2022, Florence and the Machine were confirmed to be headlining a series of summer music festivals, including the Madrid's [Mad Cool](/wiki/Mad_Cool \"Mad Cool\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2024}} Towards the end of February 2022, fans of the band started to receive letters with a print titled, \"King \\- Chapter 1\", as well as a billboard in [London](/wiki/London \"London\") displaying the visual of the work. Speculation indicating that a new single was about to be released were confirmed on 22 February by Welch herself through her [Instagram](/wiki/Instagram \"Instagram\") account. The single, titled \"[King](/wiki/King_%28Florence_and_the_Machine_song%29 \"King (Florence and the Machine song)\")\" was digitally released the next day along with its accompanying music video. Soon after, the single \"Heaven Is Here\" was released on 7 March. On 9 March 2022, Welch announced *[Dance Fever](/wiki/Dance_Fever_%28album%29 \"Dance Fever (album)\")*, the band's fifth studio album in a post to her [Instagram](/wiki/Instagram \"Instagram\") account also revealing the album cover and pre\\-order date. She described the album as \"a fairytale in 14 songs\" in the same post.{{cite web\\|last\\=Ackroyd \\|first\\=Stephen \\|date\\=9 March 2022 \\|title\\=Florence \\+ The Machine have announced a new album, ''Dance Fever'' \\|url\\=https://readdork.com/news/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-dance\\-fever\\-announce/ \\|access\\-date\\=9 March 2022 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Dork (magazine)\\|Dork]]}} The announcement was followed up with the release of the third single \"My Love\" on 10 March. On 20 April, the fourth single \"[Free](/wiki/Free_%28Florence_and_the_Machine_song%29 \"Free (Florence and the Machine song)\")\" was released. The album was released on 13 May. It debuted at number one in the UK and number two in Australia.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Kaplan \\|first1\\=Ilana \\|date\\=12 May 2022 \\|title\\=With Dance Fever, Florence \\+ the Machine Finds Catharsis and Elation on the Dancefloor \\|url\\=https://consequence.net/2022/05/florence\\-and\\-the\\-machine\\-dance\\-fever\\-album\\-review/ \\|access\\-date\\=15 May 2022 \\|website\\=Consequence of Sound}}\n[thumb\\|Florence and the Machine performing during the Dance Fever Tour in Chicago](/wiki/File:Florence_and_the_Machine_perfoming_during_the_Dance_Fever_Tour_in_Chicago.jpg \"Florence and the Machine perfoming during the Dance Fever Tour in Chicago.jpg\")", "In 2022, keyboardist Hazel Mills and drummer Loren Humphrey left the band. On 16 March 2022, Sam Doyle (drummer from [the Maccabees](/wiki/The_Maccabees_%28band%29 \"The Maccabees (band)\")) was confirmed as joining the band on tour for this era. However, Humphrey rejoined the band in summer of 2022\\. [Isabella Summers](/wiki/Isabella_Summers \"Isabella Summers\"), a founding member of the band and a long\\-time songwriting contributor for the band's previous records, did not participate in writing or producing [*Dance Fever*](/wiki/Dance_Fever_%28album%29 \"Dance Fever (album)\"). She also did not join the band for the [Dance Fever Tour](/wiki/Dance_Fever_Tour \"Dance Fever Tour\").", "" ]
Biography --------- His parents were [Ulrich II of Rosenberg](/wiki/Ulrich_II_of_Rosenberg "Ulrich II of Rosenberg") and Catherine of Wartenberg. From March 1445 to April 1446, John held several posts at the court of the Duke [Henry XVI](/wiki/Henry_XVI%2C_Duke_of_Bavaria "Henry XVI, Duke of Bavaria") of [Bavaria\-Landshut](/wiki/Bavaria-Landshut "Bavaria-Landshut"). His father had abdicated in 1451, during his lifetime, and transferred his possessions to his sons. The eldest son [Henry IV](/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Rosenbuerg "Henry IV of Rosenbuerg") was to represent his younger brothers John and [Jošt II](/wiki/Jo%C5%A1t_of_Ro%C5%BEmberk "Jošt of Rožmberk"). Jošt II, being the second son, had joined the clergy, so when Henry IV died in 1457, John came to rule the Rosenberg estates. King [Ladislaus the Posthumous](/wiki/Ladislaus_the_Posthumous "Ladislaus the Posthumous") appointed him as [Landeshauptmann](/wiki/Landeshauptmann "Landeshauptmann") of [Silesia](/wiki/Silesia "Silesia") in that same year. After Ladislaus's death in November 1457, John continued to serve as under the new king, [George of Poděbrady](/wiki/George_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady "George of Poděbrady"). John had supported George's election, even though John was a devout Catholic and George was a [Hussite](/wiki/Hussite "Hussite"). This led to clashes with John's father Ulrich II. It has been suggested that George may have bought John's vote, since he was a principal creditor of the Rosenberg estates. At George's request, John and his army fought the battle of [Jihlava](/wiki/Jihlava "Jihlava"). They won and on 15 November 1458 a peace treaty was signed, which obligated the City of Jihlava to pay tribute to King George. The Rosenberg estates were heavily in debt, due to ongoing armed conflict and due to the conflicts fought during his father's reign. John had to pawn or sell several properties. On 4 March 1458, he pledged the castle and lordship of [Helfenburk](/wiki/Helfenburk "Helfenburk") to John Popel of [Lobkowicz](/wiki/House_of_Lobkowicz "House of Lobkowicz"). Later he sold Helfenburk to Mikuláš Přechov of Čestic, from whom he bought it back when his financial situation had improved. In 1464, he had to sell the town and castle of [Rosemberg](/wiki/Ro%C5%BEmberk_nad_Vltavou "Rožmberk nad Vltavou") to John Popel of Lobkowicz. On 31 August 1459, he pledged a large part of his possessions to his brother Jošt II, though this may have been a sham transaction to confirm the solvency of the Rosenbergs.Blažena Rynešová, Josef Pelikán: *Listář a listinář Oldřicha z Rožmberka* In April 1459, John participated as advisor to the king in the negotiations that led to the [Treaty of Eger](/wiki/Treaty_of_Eger "Treaty of Eger"), with, among others, [Albrecht Achilles of Brandenburg](/wiki/Albrecht_III_Achilles%2C_Elector_of_Brandenburg "Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg"), [Elector Palatine Frederick I](/wiki/Frederick_I%2C_Elector_Palatine "Frederick I, Elector Palatine"), [William III of Thuringia](/wiki/William_III%2C_Landgrave_of_Thuringia "William III, Landgrave of Thuringia") and [Frederick II](/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Elector_of_Saxony "Frederick II, Elector of Saxony"). Among other issues, this treaty clarified the ownership of the [lands of the Bohemian Crown](/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown "Lands of the Bohemian Crown") in Germany. [Pope Pius II](/wiki/Pope_Pius_II "Pope Pius II") had allowed the [Hussite](/wiki/Hussite "Hussite") George of Poděbrady to be King of Bohemia, in the interest of European peace. In 1464, Pius II died and his successor, [Pope Paul II](/wiki/Pope_Paul_II "Pope Paul II"), declared George a [heretic](/wiki/Heresy "Heresy"). This was the start of a political and religious conflict. Sixteen of the most influential Catholic aristocrats in Bohemia, John and Jošt II were among them, gathered on 28 November 1465 at [Zelená Hora Castle](/wiki/Zelen%C3%A1_Hora_Castle "Zelená Hora Castle"), which was owned by [Zdeněk of Sternberg](/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_Konopi%C5%A1%C5%A5sk%C3%BD_ze_%C5%A0ternberka "Zdeněk Konopišťský ze Šternberka"). They founded the [Zelená Hora Alliance](/wiki/Zelen%C3%A1_Hora_Alliance "Zelená Hora Alliance"), led by Zdeněk and wrote a pamphlet accusing George of violating the law of the land. It is not known why John sided with George's opponents at this stage; he may have been influenced by hist brother Jošt. When John saw the intransigence and unwillingness to compromise on the part of the Catholic Alliance against the king, he joined the Royalists again, in 1466\. In Mau 1466, he brother Jošt invited him to switch to the Catholic Alliance again, or else Jošt would assert his claims on the possessions John had pledged to him back in 1459\. Hilerius of Litomerice, the administrator of the Archdiocese of Prague, also called upon John to switch sides. In the spring on 1467, Zdeněk of Sternberg and [Henry IV of Neuhaus](/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Neuhaus "Henry IV of Neuhaus") declared war on the King. In May 1467, they demanded that John choose their side. He refused, and acted as envoy of the King to Emperor [Frederick III](/wiki/Frederick_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor") later that year. In July 1467, John besieged Jindřichův Hradec, but he received no support from the King. In the meantime, the Catholic Alliance began to destroy his property. In September 1467, John gave in, and began negotiating with the Alliance. He also asked the pope to lift his [excommunication](/wiki/Excommunication "Excommunication"). In early October, he signed a preliminary peace treaty with Zdeněk of Sternberg and Henry IV of Neuhaus. In a letter dated 13 April 1468, John attacked Emperor Frederick and threatened to defend his possessions against the continuing Austrian attacks.Norbert Heermann: *Rosenberg´sche Chronik* The Emperor and the Pope supported the Catholic Alliance's continuing attacks against the Rosenbergs. After John's army was weakened and his finances were running low, he agreed in the summer of 1468 to hold peace negotiations with the Alliance. On 31 August 1468 he finally committed himself to comply with the terms then had been negotiated on 22 August 1468 in [Olomouc](/wiki/Olomouc "Olomouc") in the presence of the Hungarian king [Matthias Corvinus](/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus "Matthias Corvinus") and to secede from King George. Already in September and October 1468, the armies royal of King George of Poděbrady devastated many of John's possessions. Other nobles saw an opportunity to enrich themselves and invaded John's lands. John lost large parts of his possessions until 1470\. He had to pledge the remaining possessions to fund his defensive wars. His arch\-enemy of Zdeněk Sternberg conquered [Soběslav](/wiki/Sob%C4%9Bslav "Soběslav") and [Choustník Castle](/wiki/Choustn%C3%ADk_Castle "Choustník Castle"). Zdeněk quartered Polish soldiers there, who began to raid the area. The Castle of Rosenberg, which John had pledged to John Popel of Lobkowicz in 1464, was conquered by Zdeněk of Sternberg in 1469\. John Popel of Lobkowicz and his son Děpolt were captured and were held prisoner in [Český Krumlov Castle](/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_Krumlov_Castle "Český Krumlov Castle"). On 3 May 1469, Matthias Corvinus proclaimed himself to be King of Bohemia. Later that month, he appointed John II as High Treasurer of Bohemia. After George of Poděbrady died in 1471, John received from Matthias Corvinus the Lordships of [Bechyně](/wiki/Bechyn%C4%9B "Bechyně") and [Kouřim](/wiki/Kou%C5%99im "Kouřim") and territories along the [Vltava](/wiki/Vltava "Vltava"). John wrote his first testament in 1457\. In 1467, he wrote a second testament. He wrote the third and last on 8 November 1472, the day he died, in Ortenburg in Bavaria. In this testament, he appointed Reinprecht of [Walsee](/wiki/Walsee "Walsee") and Bernard of Schaumburg as guardians of his children, who were still minors. He probably was in Ortenburg to visit the [Count of Ortenburg](/wiki/Ortenburg-Neuortenburg "Ortenburg-Neuortenburg"). Ten years later, John's son and successor [Wok II of Rosenberg](/wiki/Wok_II_of_Rosenberg "Wok II of Rosenberg") married Margaret, the daughter of Burian II of Guttenstein, who was then High Treasurer of Bohemia, and Sidonie of Ortenburg. John was buried in the family tomb in the church of [Vyšší Brod Monastery](/wiki/Vy%C5%A1%C5%A1%C3%AD_Brod_Monastery "Vyšší Brod Monastery").
[ "Biography\n---------", "His parents were [Ulrich II of Rosenberg](/wiki/Ulrich_II_of_Rosenberg \"Ulrich II of Rosenberg\") and Catherine of Wartenberg. From March 1445 to April 1446, John held several posts at the court of the Duke [Henry XVI](/wiki/Henry_XVI%2C_Duke_of_Bavaria \"Henry XVI, Duke of Bavaria\") of [Bavaria\\-Landshut](/wiki/Bavaria-Landshut \"Bavaria-Landshut\"). His father had abdicated in 1451, during his lifetime, and transferred his possessions to his sons. The eldest son [Henry IV](/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Rosenbuerg \"Henry IV of Rosenbuerg\") was to represent his younger brothers John and [Jošt II](/wiki/Jo%C5%A1t_of_Ro%C5%BEmberk \"Jošt of Rožmberk\"). Jošt II, being the second son, had joined the clergy, so when Henry IV died in 1457, John came to rule the Rosenberg estates. King [Ladislaus the Posthumous](/wiki/Ladislaus_the_Posthumous \"Ladislaus the Posthumous\") appointed him as [Landeshauptmann](/wiki/Landeshauptmann \"Landeshauptmann\") of [Silesia](/wiki/Silesia \"Silesia\") in that same year. After Ladislaus's death in November 1457, John continued to serve as under the new king, [George of Poděbrady](/wiki/George_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady \"George of Poděbrady\"). John had supported George's election, even though John was a devout Catholic and George was a [Hussite](/wiki/Hussite \"Hussite\"). This led to clashes with John's father Ulrich II. It has been suggested that George may have bought John's vote, since he was a principal creditor of the Rosenberg estates.", "At George's request, John and his army fought the battle of [Jihlava](/wiki/Jihlava \"Jihlava\"). They won and on 15 November 1458 a peace treaty was signed, which obligated the City of Jihlava to pay tribute to King George.", "The Rosenberg estates were heavily in debt, due to ongoing armed conflict and due to the conflicts fought during his father's reign. John had to pawn or sell several properties. On 4 March 1458, he pledged the castle and lordship of [Helfenburk](/wiki/Helfenburk \"Helfenburk\") to John Popel of [Lobkowicz](/wiki/House_of_Lobkowicz \"House of Lobkowicz\"). Later he sold Helfenburk to Mikuláš Přechov of Čestic, from whom he bought it back when his financial situation had improved. In 1464, he had to sell the town and castle of [Rosemberg](/wiki/Ro%C5%BEmberk_nad_Vltavou \"Rožmberk nad Vltavou\") to John Popel of Lobkowicz. On 31 August 1459, he pledged a large part of his possessions to his brother Jošt II, though this may have been a sham transaction to confirm the solvency of the Rosenbergs.Blažena Rynešová, Josef Pelikán: *Listář a listinář Oldřicha z Rožmberka*", "In April 1459, John participated as advisor to the king in the negotiations that led to the [Treaty of Eger](/wiki/Treaty_of_Eger \"Treaty of Eger\"), with, among others, [Albrecht Achilles of Brandenburg](/wiki/Albrecht_III_Achilles%2C_Elector_of_Brandenburg \"Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg\"), [Elector Palatine Frederick I](/wiki/Frederick_I%2C_Elector_Palatine \"Frederick I, Elector Palatine\"), [William III of Thuringia](/wiki/William_III%2C_Landgrave_of_Thuringia \"William III, Landgrave of Thuringia\") and [Frederick II](/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Elector_of_Saxony \"Frederick II, Elector of Saxony\"). Among other issues, this treaty clarified the ownership of the [lands of the Bohemian Crown](/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown \"Lands of the Bohemian Crown\") in Germany.", "[Pope Pius II](/wiki/Pope_Pius_II \"Pope Pius II\") had allowed the [Hussite](/wiki/Hussite \"Hussite\") George of Poděbrady to be King of Bohemia, in the interest of European peace. In 1464, Pius II died and his successor, [Pope Paul II](/wiki/Pope_Paul_II \"Pope Paul II\"), declared George a [heretic](/wiki/Heresy \"Heresy\"). This was the start of a political and religious conflict. Sixteen of the most influential Catholic aristocrats in Bohemia, John and Jošt II were among them, gathered on 28 November 1465 at [Zelená Hora Castle](/wiki/Zelen%C3%A1_Hora_Castle \"Zelená Hora Castle\"), which was owned by [Zdeněk of Sternberg](/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_Konopi%C5%A1%C5%A5sk%C3%BD_ze_%C5%A0ternberka \"Zdeněk Konopišťský ze Šternberka\"). They founded the [Zelená Hora Alliance](/wiki/Zelen%C3%A1_Hora_Alliance \"Zelená Hora Alliance\"), led by Zdeněk and wrote a pamphlet accusing George of violating the law of the land. It is not known why John sided with George's opponents at this stage; he may have been influenced by hist brother Jošt. When John saw the intransigence and unwillingness to compromise on the part of the Catholic Alliance against the king, he joined the Royalists again, in 1466\\.", "In Mau 1466, he brother Jošt invited him to switch to the Catholic Alliance again, or else Jošt would assert his claims on the possessions John had pledged to him back in 1459\\. Hilerius of Litomerice, the administrator of the Archdiocese of Prague, also called upon John to switch sides. In the spring on 1467, Zdeněk of Sternberg and [Henry IV of Neuhaus](/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Neuhaus \"Henry IV of Neuhaus\") declared war on the King. In May 1467, they demanded that John choose their side. He refused, and acted as envoy of the King to Emperor [Frederick III](/wiki/Frederick_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor\") later that year.", "In July 1467, John besieged Jindřichův Hradec, but he received no support from the King. In the meantime, the Catholic Alliance began to destroy his property. In September 1467, John gave in, and began negotiating with the Alliance. He also asked the pope to lift his [excommunication](/wiki/Excommunication \"Excommunication\"). In early October, he signed a preliminary peace treaty with Zdeněk of Sternberg and Henry IV of Neuhaus.", "In a letter dated 13 April 1468, John attacked Emperor Frederick and threatened to defend his possessions against the continuing Austrian attacks.Norbert Heermann: *Rosenberg´sche Chronik* The Emperor and the Pope supported the Catholic Alliance's continuing attacks against the Rosenbergs. After John's army was weakened and his finances were running low, he agreed in the summer of 1468 to hold peace negotiations with the Alliance. On 31 August 1468 he finally committed himself to comply with the terms then had been negotiated on 22 August 1468 in [Olomouc](/wiki/Olomouc \"Olomouc\") in the presence of the Hungarian king [Matthias Corvinus](/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus \"Matthias Corvinus\") and to secede from King George.", "Already in September and October 1468, the armies royal of King George of Poděbrady devastated many of John's possessions. Other nobles saw an opportunity to enrich themselves and invaded John's lands. John lost large parts of his possessions until 1470\\. He had to pledge the remaining possessions to fund his defensive wars. His arch\\-enemy of Zdeněk Sternberg conquered [Soběslav](/wiki/Sob%C4%9Bslav \"Soběslav\") and [Choustník Castle](/wiki/Choustn%C3%ADk_Castle \"Choustník Castle\"). Zdeněk quartered Polish soldiers there, who began to raid the area. The Castle of Rosenberg, which John had pledged to John Popel of Lobkowicz in 1464, was conquered by Zdeněk of Sternberg in 1469\\. John Popel of Lobkowicz and his son Děpolt were captured and were held prisoner in [Český Krumlov Castle](/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_Krumlov_Castle \"Český Krumlov Castle\").", "On 3 May 1469, Matthias Corvinus proclaimed himself to be King of Bohemia. Later that month, he appointed John II as High Treasurer of Bohemia. After George of Poděbrady died in 1471, John received from Matthias Corvinus the Lordships of [Bechyně](/wiki/Bechyn%C4%9B \"Bechyně\") and [Kouřim](/wiki/Kou%C5%99im \"Kouřim\") and territories along the [Vltava](/wiki/Vltava \"Vltava\").", "John wrote his first testament in 1457\\. In 1467, he wrote a second testament. He wrote the third and last on 8 November 1472, the day he died, in Ortenburg in Bavaria. In this testament, he appointed Reinprecht of [Walsee](/wiki/Walsee \"Walsee\") and Bernard of Schaumburg as guardians of his children, who were still minors. He probably was in Ortenburg to visit the [Count of Ortenburg](/wiki/Ortenburg-Neuortenburg \"Ortenburg-Neuortenburg\").", "Ten years later, John's son and successor [Wok II of Rosenberg](/wiki/Wok_II_of_Rosenberg \"Wok II of Rosenberg\") married Margaret, the daughter of Burian II of Guttenstein, who was then High Treasurer of Bohemia, and Sidonie of Ortenburg.", "John was buried in the family tomb in the church of [Vyšší Brod Monastery](/wiki/Vy%C5%A1%C5%A1%C3%AD_Brod_Monastery \"Vyšší Brod Monastery\").", "" ]
Career ------ ### Private sector Foley first worked at [McKinsey \& Company](/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company "McKinsey & Company") and then at [Citicorp Venture Capital](/wiki/Court_Square_Capital_Partners "Court Square Capital Partners"). He left CVC to found NTC Group, a private investment company, in 1985\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ntcgroupinc.com/bio.html\|title\=NTC Group\|website\=NTCGroupInc.com\|access\-date\=July 19, 2017\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323064322/http://www.ntcgroupinc.com/bio.html\|archivedate\=March 23, 2010}} That year, NTC Group (also known as National Textile Corp) purchased the Bibb Company in [Macon, Georgia](/wiki/Macon%2C_Georgia "Macon, Georgia"). NTC purchased T.B. Woods Sons Company in 1986 and Stevens Aviation in 1989\. NTC sold its interest in Bibb in 1996\. In April 2007, T.B. Woods was sold to [ALTRA Holdings](/wiki/Altra_Industrial_Motion "Altra Industrial Motion"). Woods, a manufacturing company headquartered in [Chambersburg, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Chambersburg%2C_Pennsylvania "Chambersburg, Pennsylvania"), had operations in [North America](/wiki/North_America "North America"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"), and [India](/wiki/India "India"), 2005 revenue of about $110\.9 million and about 830 employees.{{cite web\|url\=http://companydatabase.org/c/wood\-burning\-stoves/oil\-stoves/variable\-frequency\-drives/tb\-woods\-corporation.html\|title\=– companydatabase.org\|website\=CompanyDatabase.org\|access\-date\=July 19, 2017\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011121903/http://companydatabase.org/c/wood\-burning\-stoves/oil\-stoves/variable\-frequency\-drives/tb\-woods\-corporation.html\|archivedate\=October 11, 2010}} NTC principals still own Stevens Aviation, a provider to [general aviation](/wiki/General_aviation "General aviation") operators of fueling and other line services, maintenance, modification, and refurbishment work, as well as aircraft sales. Stevens is headquartered in [Greenville, South Carolina](/wiki/Greenville%2C_South_Carolina "Greenville, South Carolina").[NTC Group web page](http://www.ntcgroupinc.com/index.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011115451/http://www.ntcgroupinc.com/index.html \|date\=2010\-10\-11 }}. Retrieved 2010\-07\-03\. The company also has locations in [Dayton, Ohio](/wiki/Dayton%2C_Ohio "Dayton, Ohio") and [Nashville, Tennessee](/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee "Nashville, Tennessee"), in addition to its two locations in Greenville. In 2018, NTC's principals acquired Tenax Aerospace, headquartered in [Ridgeland, Mississippi](/wiki/Ridgeland%2C_Mississippi "Ridgeland, Mississippi").{{cite web \|title\=Tenax Aerospace Acquired by NTC Group \|url\=https://www.tenaxaerospace.com/news\-acquisition\-ntc.html \|access\-date\=4 April 2023}} Tenax leases and operates general aviation aircraft for firefighting and other special mission work, mostly for U.S. Government customers.{{cite web \|title\=Solutions \|url\=https://www.tenaxaerospace.com/solutions.htm \|access\-date\=4 April 2023}} In 2020, NTC's principals acquired The Entwistle Company, headquartered in [Hudson, Massachusetts](/wiki/Hudson%2C_Massachusetts "Hudson, Massachusetts").{{cite web \|title\=Bigelow Advises The Entwistle Company on its Acquisition by NTC Group\|url\=https://bigelowllc.com/transaction\-experiences/bigelow\-advises\-the\-entwistle\-company\-on\-its\-acquisition\-by\-ntc\-group/ \|access\-date\=4 April 2023}} Entwistle manufactures systems and components for Navy ships and other military equipment.{{cite web \|title\=The Entwistle Company \|url\=https://entwistleco.com/ \|access\-date\=4 April 2023}} ### Public sector Foley has served in national government twice. From August 2003 through March 2004, Foley served in [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq") as the director of private sector development for the [Coalition Provisional Authority](/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority "Coalition Provisional Authority"). Foley's responsibilities included overseeing most of Iraq's 192 state\-owned enterprises, stimulating private sector growth, developing foreign trade and investment,["Tom Foley's remarks encouraging trade and investment in Iraq"](http://www.iraqcoalition.org/economy/investment_remarks.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707050051/http://www.iraqcoalition.org/economy/investment\_remarks.pdf \|date\=2010\-07\-07 }}, *iraqcoalition.org*, undated transcript of remarks. Retrieved July 3, 2010\. Foley refers in the opening to being accompanied by "\[interim Prime] Minister [Allawi](/wiki/Ayad_Allawi "Ayad Allawi")." and overseeing three state Ministries. Foley received the [Department of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense "United States Department of Defense") Distinguished Public Service Award in June 2004 for his service in Iraq.[TomFoley2010\.com/about](http://www.tomfoley2010.com/about/). From October 2006 to January 2009, Foley was the [U.S. Ambassador to Ireland](/wiki/U.S._Ambassador_to_Ireland "U.S. Ambassador to Ireland"), appointed by [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush"). Foley served as ambassador at a time when U.S. foreign policy was unpopular in Ireland. He directed his public diplomacy efforts mostly toward an improved understanding of U.S. foreign policy goals and shared interests with Ireland.{{Citation needed\|date\=July 2017}} Foley worked with [Robert Tuttle](/wiki/Robert_H._Tuttle "Robert H. Tuttle"), U.S. Ambassador to the U.K., and special envoy [Paula Dobriansky](/wiki/Paula_Dobriansky "Paula Dobriansky") to re\-establish the devolved government in Northern Ireland under the [Good Friday Agreement](/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement "Good Friday Agreement") and to stimulate investment there. He was present in [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast "Belfast") on May 8, 2007, when the new government of Northern Ireland was sworn in.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/the\-last\-time\-i\-met\-senator\-kennedy\-237657721 \|title\=The last time I met Senator Kennedy \|first\=Niall \|last\=O'Dowd \|website\=IrishCentral \|date\=September 2, 2009 \|accessdate\=January 16, 2018}} As ambassador, Foley hosted a conference on green technology in Galway and another in Dublin on philanthropy, bringing together experts from the U.S. and their Irish counterparts. He was active in promoting cultural exchange by arranging visits from prominent Irish American artists and performers including [Conan O'Brien](/wiki/Conan_O%27Brien "Conan O'Brien") and former U.S. Poet Laureate [Billy Collins](/wiki/Billy_Collins "Billy Collins"). In its endorsement of Foley for the 2010 Connecticut governor's race, the *Irish Voice* said, "Foley is a former Ambassador to Ireland who performed great service there and is fondly remembered."Drew, April. "From Irish Ambassador to CT Gov?" Irish Voice 27 October 2010: 8\. ### 2010 gubernatorial campaign {{See also\|2010 Connecticut gubernatorial election}} In June, 2009, Foley announced that he would run for the U.S. Senate in 2010 against incumbent [Christopher Dodd](/wiki/Christopher_Dodd "Christopher Dodd").{{cite web\|url\=http://blogs.courant.com/capitol\_watch/2009/06/greenwich\-republican\-tom\-foley.html\|title\=The Hartford Courant\|website\=Courant.com\|access\-date\=July 19, 2017\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090611172116/http%3A//blogs.courant.com/capitol\_watch/2009/06/greenwich%2Drepublican%2Dtom%2Dfoley.html\|archivedate\=June 11, 2009}} However, following the surprise announcement by Republican governor [Jodi Rell](/wiki/Jodi_Rell "Jodi Rell") that she would not seek a second term, Foley announced on December 3, 2009, that he was leaving the Senate race to run for [Governor of Connecticut](/wiki/Governor_of_Connecticut "Governor of Connecticut").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.stamfordadvocate.com/ci\_11988016\|title\=''The Stamford Advocate'' coverage of the 2010 Connecticut gubernatorial race\|author\=\|date\=\|website\=StamfordAdvocate.com\|access\-date\=July 19, 2017}}{{dead link\|date\=March 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} On May 22, 2010, Foley received the Republican Party's endorsement at the state convention.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ctmirror.org/story/6131/gop\-2\|title\=GOP: Fedele and Griebel to challenge Foley for nomination \| The Connecticut Mirror\|publisher\=Ctmirror.org\|date\=May 22, 2010\|access\-date\=August 29, 2010\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809125602/http://www.ctmirror.org/story/6131/gop\-2\|archivedate\=August 9, 2010}} Two other candidates, [Lieutenant Governor](/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Connecticut "Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut") [Michael Fedele](/wiki/Michael_Fedele "Michael Fedele") and Simsbury businessman [Nelson "Oz" Griebel](/wiki/Oz_Griebel "Oz Griebel"), also received sufficient support from delegates to qualify for an August 10, 2010, primary. In the August 10 state Republican primary, Foley defeated challengers Fedele and Griebel to become the official Republican candidate for governor in 2010\. In the general election, Foley ran against Democrat [Dannel Malloy](/wiki/Dannel_Malloy "Dannel Malloy"), the former mayor of Stamford. Foley ran on a platform emphasizing his executive and problem\-solving experience in the private sector and that he was not a career politician. Early in the campaign he published a "Plan Forward for Connecticut" outlining what he would do to solve Connecticut's biggest problems, including bringing more jobs to the state and closing Connecticut's large budget deficit. Foley also promoted an aggressive plan to improve Connecticut's underperforming inner\-city schools. *The New London Day* said in their endorsement of Foley, that "he is best suited for the job at hand. The challenges confronting the next governor do not appear to intimidate him. He is pragmatic about what needs to be fixed."["Foley best choice to attack fiscal problems"](http://www.theday.com/article/20101017/OP01/310179845) *The New London Day*, October 17, 2010\. Retrieved January 27, 2011\. *The New Haven Register* also endorsed Foley, described him as "the more forthright of the two candidates", and stated that "Foley's record as a business executive is commendable. His business skills in increasing productivity while keeping an eye on cost are needed in the governor's office."["EDITORIAL: Tom Foley for governor"](http://www.nhregister.com/articles/2010/10/10/opinion/doc4cb134122f242024349024.txt?viewmode=fullstory) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913020704/http://www.nhregister.com/articles/2010/10/10/opinion/doc4cb134122f242024349024\.txt?viewmode\=fullstory \|date\=2012\-09\-13 }} *The New Haven Register*, October 10, 2010\. Retrieved January 27, 2011\. In the general election for governor, Foley received 560,874 votes (48\.95%), just short of Democrat [Dan Malloy](/wiki/Dan_Malloy "Dan Malloy")'s 567,278 (49\.50%) tally,{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.statementofvote\-sots.ct.gov/StatementOfVote/WebModules/ReportsLink/GovLtGovTownView.aspx?Parameter\=11/02/2010\-General \|title\=Statement of Vote: Election Results for Governor and Lieutenant Governor Summarized by Town \|publisher\=State of Connecticut, Secretary of the State \|access\-date\=December 18, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107061605/http://www.statementofvote\-sots.ct.gov/StatementOfVote/WebModules/ReportsLink/GovLtGovTownView.aspx?Parameter\=11%2F02%2F2010\-General \|archivedate\=November 7, 2010 }} a difference of fewer than 6,500 votes. After nearly a week of uncertainty about the actual vote tally from Bridgeport and several other towns, he conceded defeat on Monday, November 8\.Chen, David W., ["Republican Concedes in Race for Connecticut Governor"](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/09/nyregion/09ctgov.html?scp=2&sq=thomas%20c.%20foley&st=cse), *The New York Times*, November 8, 2010\. Retrieved November 15, 2010\. Ultimately, Foley spent $11 million of his own money on the race.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Wealthy\-candidates\-line\-up\-for\-public\-funds\-5602227\.php\|title\=Wealthy candidates line up for public funds\|author\=\|date\=6 July 2014\|website\=CtPost.com\|access\-date\=July 19, 2017}} ### 2014 gubernatorial campaign {{See also\|2014 Connecticut gubernatorial election}} Foley won the Republican nomination for governor on May 17, 2014, securing more than 57% of the delegates. He faced Danbury Mayor Mark Boughton and Senate Minority Leader John McKinney of Fairfield in the August primary.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Foley\-gets\-GOP\-nod\-but\-Boughton\-and\-McKinney\-to\-5486239\.php\|title\=Foley gets GOP nod, but Boughton and McKinney to primary\|author\=\|date\=18 May 2014\|website\=CtPost.com\|access\-date\=July 19, 2017}} Foley said that he and McKinney, his main rival, agreed to forgo any negative campaigning during the primary to avoid weakening the Republicans' general election candidate, and then later accused McKinney of violating that pledge when the campaign took a negative turn.{{cite web\|last1\=Associated Press\|date\=July 27, 2014\|title\=Gloves off for Conn. gubernatorial rivals\|url\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/07/27/foley\-sees\-more\-civil\-gop\-campaign\-than/5TO6KHjHxSfDnzIT81hNuI/story.html\|website\=www.bostonglobe.ecom\|publisher\=The Boston Globe\|access\-date\=July 28, 2014}} On June 3, 2014, Foley announced that he would accept public financing.{{cite news\|last1\=Pazniokas\|first1\=Mark\|title\=GOP's Tom Foley commits to public financing\|url\=http://ctmirror.org/gops\-tom\-foley\-commits\-to\-public\-financing/\|access\-date\=August 13, 2014\|work\=The CT Mirror\|date\=June 3, 2014}} On August 12, 2014, Foley won the primary against McKinney by almost 10,000 votes, winning in every county.{{cite news\|last1\=Cowan\|first1\=Alison\|title\=Foley Wins G.O.P. Primary for Governor in Connecticut\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/13/nyregion/rematch\-set\-foley\-wins\-gop\-primary.html?\_r\=0\|access\-date\=August 13, 2014\|work\=New York Times\|date\=August 12, 2014}} In the general election, Foley promised to solve Connecticut's fiscal crisis without raising taxes. He said he would reduce unnecessary costs and regulatory burdens on employers to stimulate job growth and would reduce the car tax in the state's largest cities. Foley's pledge not to raise taxes forced Governor Malloy to do make the same pledge, but within nine months of the election Governor Malloy signed a bill significantly raising Connecticut taxes both on individuals and businesses.{{Cite web\|title \= State Budget Finalized; $178M In Proposed Tax Increases Rescinded\|url \= http://www.courant.com/politics/hc\-budget\-deliberations\-0701\-20150630\-story.html\|website \= Hartford Courant\|access\-date \= October 8, 2015\|first \= Christopher\|last \= Keating\| date\=30 June 2015 }} Foley was criticized by his opponent for paying no federal income tax for 2011 and 2012{{cite web \| last \= Associated Press \| authorlink \= Associated Press \| title \= Questions Surround Tom Foley's Tax Returns \| publisher \= NBC Connecticut \| date \= September 26, 2014 \| url \= http://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/Questions\-Surround\-Tom\-Foleys\-Tax\-Returns\-277275101\.html \| access\-date \= October 23, 2014 }} and only $673 for 2013\.{{cite web\| last \= Udoma \| first \= Ebong \| title \= Dems want Foley to release state tax details \| publisher \= WSHU Public Radio Group \| date \= October 20, 2014 \| url \= http://wshu.org/post/dems\-want\-foley\-release\-state\-tax\-details \| access\-date \= October 23, 2014}} He explained that he typically has no taxable personal income unless one of the companies he owns is sold at a profit, which had not happened in those years. In the 2010 campaign, Foley released tax returns showing he paid federal and state taxes in 2008 and 2009 exceeding $800,000\. In July 2014, Foley gave a press conference criticizing Malloy outside Fusion Paperboard, a paper mill that had just been closed by its owners. Foley defended the owners' decision to close the plant and told the local first selectman and several union leaders, "You want to blame people who are hundreds or thousands of miles away, malign management. Listen, you have failed, because you have lost these jobs." He said that Malloy was to blame because of "anti\-business policies... things like mandatory sick leave, raising energy costs, uhhh, just the negative signals he sends out."{{cite news\|title\=A Tom Foley press conference goes awry in Sprague\|url\=http://ctmirror.org/a\-tom\-foley\-press\-conference\-goes\-awry\-in\-sprague/\|access\-date\=September 11, 2014\|work\=The CT Mirror\|date\=July 29, 2014}} Foley's Democratic opponents in the general election initially tried to draw attention to a car accident Foley had in 1981\. The state Democratic Party Communications Director who was leading the effort to attract attention to the accident was let go in early 2014 and Foley's opponents’ primary messaging switched to Foley's wealth and that he was out of touch with workers.{{cite news\|last1\=Dixon\|first1\=Ken\|title\=Foley's arrest record draws criticism\|url\=http://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Foley\-s\-arrest\-record\-draws\-criticism\-537859\.php\|access\-date\=September 2, 2015\|work\=Stamford Advocate\|date\=June 25, 2010}} The campaign rhetoric between the two candidates was acrimonious. Foley lost the general election to incumbent Dannel Malloy, 507,544 (48\.1%) to 537,017 (50\.9%).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/elections/2014/liveblog\|title\=Live Coverage of the Midterm Election\|author\=\|date\=2014\|website\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|access\-date\=July 19, 2017}} ### After 2014 Foley endorsed [Chris Christie](/wiki/Chris_Christie "Chris Christie") in the [2016 Republican primaries](/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries%2C_2016 "Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016").{{cite web \|url\=http://ctmirror.org/2015/06/05/rubio\-quotes\-jfk\-at\-connecticut\-gops\-bush\-dinner \|title\=Rubio quotes JFK at Connecticut GOP's Bush dinner \|author\=Mark Pazniokas \|date\=June 5, 2015 \| access\-date\= \| quote\= Tom Foley is already off the market. He’s signed up with the exploratory effort of New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie, who supported Foley’s gubernatorial campaign last year. }}
[ "Career\n------", "### Private sector", "Foley first worked at [McKinsey \\& Company](/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company \"McKinsey & Company\") and then at [Citicorp Venture Capital](/wiki/Court_Square_Capital_Partners \"Court Square Capital Partners\"). He left CVC to found NTC Group, a private investment company, in 1985\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ntcgroupinc.com/bio.html\\|title\\=NTC Group\\|website\\=NTCGroupInc.com\\|access\\-date\\=July 19, 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323064322/http://www.ntcgroupinc.com/bio.html\\|archivedate\\=March 23, 2010}} That year, NTC Group (also known as National Textile Corp) purchased the Bibb Company in [Macon, Georgia](/wiki/Macon%2C_Georgia \"Macon, Georgia\"). NTC purchased T.B. Woods Sons Company in 1986 and Stevens Aviation in 1989\\. NTC sold its interest in Bibb in 1996\\. In April 2007, T.B. Woods was sold to [ALTRA Holdings](/wiki/Altra_Industrial_Motion \"Altra Industrial Motion\"). Woods, a manufacturing company headquartered in [Chambersburg, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Chambersburg%2C_Pennsylvania \"Chambersburg, Pennsylvania\"), had operations in [North America](/wiki/North_America \"North America\"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"), and [India](/wiki/India \"India\"), 2005 revenue of about $110\\.9 million and about 830 employees.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://companydatabase.org/c/wood\\-burning\\-stoves/oil\\-stoves/variable\\-frequency\\-drives/tb\\-woods\\-corporation.html\\|title\\=– companydatabase.org\\|website\\=CompanyDatabase.org\\|access\\-date\\=July 19, 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011121903/http://companydatabase.org/c/wood\\-burning\\-stoves/oil\\-stoves/variable\\-frequency\\-drives/tb\\-woods\\-corporation.html\\|archivedate\\=October 11, 2010}}", "NTC principals still own Stevens Aviation, a provider to [general aviation](/wiki/General_aviation \"General aviation\") operators of fueling and other line services, maintenance, modification, and refurbishment work, as well as aircraft sales. Stevens is headquartered in [Greenville, South Carolina](/wiki/Greenville%2C_South_Carolina \"Greenville, South Carolina\").[NTC Group web page](http://www.ntcgroupinc.com/index.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011115451/http://www.ntcgroupinc.com/index.html \\|date\\=2010\\-10\\-11 }}. Retrieved 2010\\-07\\-03\\. The company also has locations in [Dayton, Ohio](/wiki/Dayton%2C_Ohio \"Dayton, Ohio\") and [Nashville, Tennessee](/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee \"Nashville, Tennessee\"), in addition to its two locations in Greenville.", "In 2018, NTC's principals acquired Tenax Aerospace, headquartered in [Ridgeland, Mississippi](/wiki/Ridgeland%2C_Mississippi \"Ridgeland, Mississippi\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Tenax Aerospace Acquired by NTC Group \\|url\\=https://www.tenaxaerospace.com/news\\-acquisition\\-ntc.html \\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2023}} Tenax leases and operates general aviation aircraft for firefighting and other special mission work, mostly for U.S. Government customers.{{cite web \\|title\\=Solutions \\|url\\=https://www.tenaxaerospace.com/solutions.htm \\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2023}}", "In 2020, NTC's principals acquired The Entwistle Company, headquartered in [Hudson, Massachusetts](/wiki/Hudson%2C_Massachusetts \"Hudson, Massachusetts\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Bigelow Advises The Entwistle Company on its Acquisition by NTC Group\\|url\\=https://bigelowllc.com/transaction\\-experiences/bigelow\\-advises\\-the\\-entwistle\\-company\\-on\\-its\\-acquisition\\-by\\-ntc\\-group/ \\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2023}} Entwistle manufactures systems and components for Navy ships and other military equipment.{{cite web \\|title\\=The Entwistle Company \\|url\\=https://entwistleco.com/ \\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2023}}", "### Public sector", "Foley has served in national government twice. From August 2003 through March 2004, Foley served in [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\") as the director of private sector development for the [Coalition Provisional Authority](/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority \"Coalition Provisional Authority\"). Foley's responsibilities included overseeing most of Iraq's 192 state\\-owned enterprises, stimulating private sector growth, developing foreign trade and investment,[\"Tom Foley's remarks encouraging trade and investment in Iraq\"](http://www.iraqcoalition.org/economy/investment_remarks.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707050051/http://www.iraqcoalition.org/economy/investment\\_remarks.pdf \\|date\\=2010\\-07\\-07 }}, *iraqcoalition.org*, undated transcript of remarks. Retrieved July 3, 2010\\. Foley refers in the opening to being accompanied by \"\\[interim Prime] Minister [Allawi](/wiki/Ayad_Allawi \"Ayad Allawi\").\" and overseeing three state Ministries. Foley received the [Department of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense \"United States Department of Defense\") Distinguished Public Service Award in June 2004 for his service in Iraq.[TomFoley2010\\.com/about](http://www.tomfoley2010.com/about/).", "From October 2006 to January 2009, Foley was the [U.S. Ambassador to Ireland](/wiki/U.S._Ambassador_to_Ireland \"U.S. Ambassador to Ireland\"), appointed by [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\"). Foley served as ambassador at a time when U.S. foreign policy was unpopular in Ireland. He directed his public diplomacy efforts mostly toward an improved understanding of U.S. foreign policy goals and shared interests with Ireland.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=July 2017}}", "Foley worked with [Robert Tuttle](/wiki/Robert_H._Tuttle \"Robert H. Tuttle\"), U.S. Ambassador to the U.K., and special envoy [Paula Dobriansky](/wiki/Paula_Dobriansky \"Paula Dobriansky\") to re\\-establish the devolved government in Northern Ireland under the [Good Friday Agreement](/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement \"Good Friday Agreement\") and to stimulate investment there. He was present in [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\") on May 8, 2007, when the new government of Northern Ireland was sworn in.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/the\\-last\\-time\\-i\\-met\\-senator\\-kennedy\\-237657721 \\|title\\=The last time I met Senator Kennedy \\|first\\=Niall \\|last\\=O'Dowd \\|website\\=IrishCentral \\|date\\=September 2, 2009 \\|accessdate\\=January 16, 2018}}", "As ambassador, Foley hosted a conference on green technology in Galway and another in Dublin on philanthropy, bringing together experts from the U.S. and their Irish counterparts. He was active in promoting cultural exchange by arranging visits from prominent Irish American artists and performers including [Conan O'Brien](/wiki/Conan_O%27Brien \"Conan O'Brien\") and former U.S. Poet Laureate [Billy Collins](/wiki/Billy_Collins \"Billy Collins\").", "In its endorsement of Foley for the 2010 Connecticut governor's race, the *Irish Voice* said, \"Foley is a former Ambassador to Ireland who performed great service there and is fondly remembered.\"Drew, April. \"From Irish Ambassador to CT Gov?\" Irish Voice 27 October 2010: 8\\.", "### 2010 gubernatorial campaign", "{{See also\\|2010 Connecticut gubernatorial election}}\nIn June, 2009, Foley announced that he would run for the U.S. Senate in 2010 against incumbent [Christopher Dodd](/wiki/Christopher_Dodd \"Christopher Dodd\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://blogs.courant.com/capitol\\_watch/2009/06/greenwich\\-republican\\-tom\\-foley.html\\|title\\=The Hartford Courant\\|website\\=Courant.com\\|access\\-date\\=July 19, 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090611172116/http%3A//blogs.courant.com/capitol\\_watch/2009/06/greenwich%2Drepublican%2Dtom%2Dfoley.html\\|archivedate\\=June 11, 2009}} However, following the surprise announcement by Republican governor [Jodi Rell](/wiki/Jodi_Rell \"Jodi Rell\") that she would not seek a second term, Foley announced on December 3, 2009, that he was leaving the Senate race to run for [Governor of Connecticut](/wiki/Governor_of_Connecticut \"Governor of Connecticut\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stamfordadvocate.com/ci\\_11988016\\|title\\=''The Stamford Advocate'' coverage of the 2010 Connecticut gubernatorial race\\|author\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=StamfordAdvocate.com\\|access\\-date\\=July 19, 2017}}{{dead link\\|date\\=March 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}", "On May 22, 2010, Foley received the Republican Party's endorsement at the state convention.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ctmirror.org/story/6131/gop\\-2\\|title\\=GOP: Fedele and Griebel to challenge Foley for nomination \\| The Connecticut Mirror\\|publisher\\=Ctmirror.org\\|date\\=May 22, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809125602/http://www.ctmirror.org/story/6131/gop\\-2\\|archivedate\\=August 9, 2010}} Two other candidates, [Lieutenant Governor](/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Connecticut \"Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut\") [Michael Fedele](/wiki/Michael_Fedele \"Michael Fedele\") and Simsbury businessman [Nelson \"Oz\" Griebel](/wiki/Oz_Griebel \"Oz Griebel\"), also received sufficient support from delegates to qualify for an August 10, 2010, primary.", "In the August 10 state Republican primary, Foley defeated challengers Fedele and Griebel to become the official Republican candidate for governor in 2010\\.", "In the general election, Foley ran against Democrat [Dannel Malloy](/wiki/Dannel_Malloy \"Dannel Malloy\"), the former mayor of Stamford. Foley ran on a platform emphasizing his executive and problem\\-solving experience in the private sector and that he was not a career politician. Early in the campaign he published a \"Plan Forward for Connecticut\" outlining what he would do to solve Connecticut's biggest problems, including bringing more jobs to the state and closing Connecticut's large budget deficit. Foley also promoted an aggressive plan to improve Connecticut's underperforming inner\\-city schools.", "*The New London Day* said in their endorsement of Foley, that \"he is best suited for the job at hand. The challenges confronting the next governor do not appear to intimidate him. He is pragmatic about what needs to be fixed.\"[\"Foley best choice to attack fiscal problems\"](http://www.theday.com/article/20101017/OP01/310179845) *The New London Day*, October 17, 2010\\. Retrieved January 27, 2011\\.", "*The New Haven Register* also endorsed Foley, described him as \"the more forthright of the two candidates\", and stated that \"Foley's record as a business executive is commendable. His business skills in increasing productivity while keeping an eye on cost are needed in the governor's office.\"[\"EDITORIAL: Tom Foley for governor\"](http://www.nhregister.com/articles/2010/10/10/opinion/doc4cb134122f242024349024.txt?viewmode=fullstory) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913020704/http://www.nhregister.com/articles/2010/10/10/opinion/doc4cb134122f242024349024\\.txt?viewmode\\=fullstory \\|date\\=2012\\-09\\-13 }} *The New Haven Register*, October 10, 2010\\. Retrieved January 27, 2011\\.", "In the general election for governor, Foley received 560,874 votes (48\\.95%), just short of Democrat [Dan Malloy](/wiki/Dan_Malloy \"Dan Malloy\")'s 567,278 (49\\.50%) tally,{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.statementofvote\\-sots.ct.gov/StatementOfVote/WebModules/ReportsLink/GovLtGovTownView.aspx?Parameter\\=11/02/2010\\-General \\|title\\=Statement of Vote: Election Results for Governor and Lieutenant Governor Summarized by Town \\|publisher\\=State of Connecticut, Secretary of the State \\|access\\-date\\=December 18, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107061605/http://www.statementofvote\\-sots.ct.gov/StatementOfVote/WebModules/ReportsLink/GovLtGovTownView.aspx?Parameter\\=11%2F02%2F2010\\-General \\|archivedate\\=November 7, 2010 }} a difference of fewer than 6,500 votes. After nearly a week of uncertainty about the actual vote tally from Bridgeport and several other towns, he conceded defeat on Monday, November 8\\.Chen, David W., [\"Republican Concedes in Race for Connecticut Governor\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/09/nyregion/09ctgov.html?scp=2&sq=thomas%20c.%20foley&st=cse), *The New York Times*, November 8, 2010\\. Retrieved November 15, 2010\\. Ultimately, Foley spent $11 million of his own money on the race.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Wealthy\\-candidates\\-line\\-up\\-for\\-public\\-funds\\-5602227\\.php\\|title\\=Wealthy candidates line up for public funds\\|author\\=\\|date\\=6 July 2014\\|website\\=CtPost.com\\|access\\-date\\=July 19, 2017}}", "### 2014 gubernatorial campaign", "{{See also\\|2014 Connecticut gubernatorial election}}\nFoley won the Republican nomination for governor on May 17, 2014, securing more than 57% of the delegates. He faced Danbury Mayor Mark Boughton and Senate Minority Leader John McKinney of Fairfield in the August primary.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Foley\\-gets\\-GOP\\-nod\\-but\\-Boughton\\-and\\-McKinney\\-to\\-5486239\\.php\\|title\\=Foley gets GOP nod, but Boughton and McKinney to primary\\|author\\=\\|date\\=18 May 2014\\|website\\=CtPost.com\\|access\\-date\\=July 19, 2017}} Foley said that he and McKinney, his main rival, agreed to forgo any negative campaigning during the primary to avoid weakening the Republicans' general election candidate, and then later accused McKinney of violating that pledge when the campaign took a negative turn.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=July 27, 2014\\|title\\=Gloves off for Conn. gubernatorial rivals\\|url\\=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/07/27/foley\\-sees\\-more\\-civil\\-gop\\-campaign\\-than/5TO6KHjHxSfDnzIT81hNuI/story.html\\|website\\=www.bostonglobe.ecom\\|publisher\\=The Boston Globe\\|access\\-date\\=July 28, 2014}} On June 3, 2014, Foley announced that he would accept public financing.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Pazniokas\\|first1\\=Mark\\|title\\=GOP's Tom Foley commits to public financing\\|url\\=http://ctmirror.org/gops\\-tom\\-foley\\-commits\\-to\\-public\\-financing/\\|access\\-date\\=August 13, 2014\\|work\\=The CT Mirror\\|date\\=June 3, 2014}}", "On August 12, 2014, Foley won the primary against McKinney by almost 10,000 votes, winning in every county.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Cowan\\|first1\\=Alison\\|title\\=Foley Wins G.O.P. Primary for Governor in Connecticut\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/13/nyregion/rematch\\-set\\-foley\\-wins\\-gop\\-primary.html?\\_r\\=0\\|access\\-date\\=August 13, 2014\\|work\\=New York Times\\|date\\=August 12, 2014}}", "In the general election, Foley promised to solve Connecticut's fiscal crisis without raising taxes. He said he would reduce unnecessary costs and regulatory burdens on employers to stimulate job growth and would reduce the car tax in the state's largest cities. Foley's pledge not to raise taxes forced Governor Malloy to do make the same pledge, but within nine months of the election Governor Malloy signed a bill significantly raising Connecticut taxes both on individuals and businesses.{{Cite web\\|title \\= State Budget Finalized; $178M In Proposed Tax Increases Rescinded\\|url \\= http://www.courant.com/politics/hc\\-budget\\-deliberations\\-0701\\-20150630\\-story.html\\|website \\= Hartford Courant\\|access\\-date \\= October 8, 2015\\|first \\= Christopher\\|last \\= Keating\\| date\\=30 June 2015 }}", "Foley was criticized by his opponent for paying no federal income tax for 2011 and 2012{{cite web \\| last \\= Associated Press \\| authorlink \\= Associated Press \\| title \\= Questions Surround Tom Foley's Tax Returns \\| publisher \\= NBC Connecticut \\| date \\= September 26, 2014 \\| url \\= http://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/Questions\\-Surround\\-Tom\\-Foleys\\-Tax\\-Returns\\-277275101\\.html \\| access\\-date \\= October 23, 2014 }} and only $673 for 2013\\.{{cite web\\| last \\= Udoma \\| first \\= Ebong \\| title \\= Dems want Foley to release state tax details \\| publisher \\= WSHU Public Radio Group \\| date \\= October 20, 2014 \\| url \\= http://wshu.org/post/dems\\-want\\-foley\\-release\\-state\\-tax\\-details \\| access\\-date \\= October 23, 2014}} He explained that he typically has no taxable personal income unless one of the companies he owns is sold at a profit, which had not happened in those years. In the 2010 campaign, Foley released tax returns showing he paid federal and state taxes in 2008 and 2009 exceeding $800,000\\.", "In July 2014, Foley gave a press conference criticizing Malloy outside Fusion Paperboard, a paper mill that had just been closed by its owners. Foley defended the owners' decision to close the plant and told the local first selectman and several union leaders, \"You want to blame people who are hundreds or thousands of miles away, malign management. Listen, you have failed, because you have lost these jobs.\" He said that Malloy was to blame because of \"anti\\-business policies... things like mandatory sick leave, raising energy costs, uhhh, just the negative signals he sends out.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=A Tom Foley press conference goes awry in Sprague\\|url\\=http://ctmirror.org/a\\-tom\\-foley\\-press\\-conference\\-goes\\-awry\\-in\\-sprague/\\|access\\-date\\=September 11, 2014\\|work\\=The CT Mirror\\|date\\=July 29, 2014}}", "Foley's Democratic opponents in the general election initially tried to draw attention to a car accident Foley had in 1981\\. The state Democratic Party Communications Director who was leading the effort to attract attention to the accident was let go in early 2014 and Foley's opponents’ primary messaging switched to Foley's wealth and that he was out of touch with workers.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Dixon\\|first1\\=Ken\\|title\\=Foley's arrest record draws criticism\\|url\\=http://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Foley\\-s\\-arrest\\-record\\-draws\\-criticism\\-537859\\.php\\|access\\-date\\=September 2, 2015\\|work\\=Stamford Advocate\\|date\\=June 25, 2010}}", "The campaign rhetoric between the two candidates was acrimonious. Foley lost the general election to incumbent Dannel Malloy, 507,544 (48\\.1%) to 537,017 (50\\.9%).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/elections/2014/liveblog\\|title\\=Live Coverage of the Midterm Election\\|author\\=\\|date\\=2014\\|website\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 19, 2017}}", "### After 2014", "Foley endorsed [Chris Christie](/wiki/Chris_Christie \"Chris Christie\") in the [2016 Republican primaries](/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries%2C_2016 \"Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://ctmirror.org/2015/06/05/rubio\\-quotes\\-jfk\\-at\\-connecticut\\-gops\\-bush\\-dinner \\|title\\=Rubio quotes JFK at Connecticut GOP's Bush dinner \\|author\\=Mark Pazniokas \\|date\\=June 5, 2015 \\| access\\-date\\= \\| quote\\= Tom Foley is already off the market. He’s signed up with the exploratory effort of New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie, who supported Foley’s gubernatorial campaign last year. }}", "" ]
History ------- {{Main\|History of Los Angeles Metro Rail and Busway}} ### Construction [thumb\|El Monte Busway under construction in 1972](/wiki/File:El_Monte_Busway_construction.jpg "El Monte Busway construction.jpg") The El Monte Busway was conceived in 1969 as a way to allow travelers to avoid traffic on [Interstate 10](/wiki/Interstate_10_in_California "Interstate 10 in California") (San Bernardino Freeway), promising an 18\-minute trip between El Monte and Downtown Los Angeles, compared to 35–45 minutes in the general\-purpose lanes.{{Cite web \|date\=January 24, 2012 \|title\=40 Years Ago This Week: Groundbreaking For El Monte Busway — California's First Multi\-Modal System \& The World's First Bus Rapid Transit Station \|url\=http://metroprimaryresources.info/40\-years\-ago\-this\-week\-groundbreaking\-for\-el\-monte\-busway\-californias\-first\-multi\-modal\-system\-the\-worlds\-first\-bus\-rapid\-transit\-station/2745/ \|access\-date\=November 29, 2020 \|website\=Dorothy Peyton Gray Transportation Library and Archive \|language\=en\-US}} The project was developed jointly by the California Department of Public Works, Division of Highways (a predecessor of today's [Caltrans](/wiki/Caltrans "Caltrans")) and the [Southern California Rapid Transit District](/wiki/Southern_California_Rapid_Transit_District "Southern California Rapid Transit District") (SCRTD) (a predecessor of today's [Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metropolitan_Transit_Authority "Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority")).{{Cite web \|date\=January 1971 \|title\=Draft Environmental Statement of Proposed Express Busway on the San Bernardino Freeway \|url\=http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/scrtd/1971\_des\_proposed\_express\_busway\_i10\.pdf \|access\-date\=November 29, 2020 \|publisher\=California Department of Public Works, Division of Highways, Southern California Rapid Transit District \|via\=Dorothy Peyton Gray Transportation Library and Archive}} The 53 million dollar project was paid with federal, state and SCRTD funding and was also intended to be an experiment testing the feasibility of joint highway\-bus operations and to increase the overall people\-carrying capacity of freeway corridors. The project was built in a right of way located north of and in the median of the freeway that was owned by [Southern Pacific Railroad](/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad "Southern Pacific Railroad") who purchased it from the bankrupt [Pacific Electric](/wiki/Pacific_Electric "Pacific Electric") streetcar system.{{Cite news \|date\=February 11, 1972 \|title\=Red Car Tracks Come Up To Make Way For Busway \|page\=1 \|work\=RTD Flyer \|url\=http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/employeenews/RTD\_Flyer\_1972\_Feb11\.pdf \|access\-date\=November 29, 2020 \|via\=Dorothy Peyton Gray Transportation Library and Archive}} In exchange for giving up part of their property, Southern Pacific would get new tracks capable of handling heavier freight loads compared to the old streetcar tracks. The project would also include a viaduct in El Monte to elevate Southern Pacific trains as they moved between the area near the east end of the busway to the mainline tracks near the present\-day [El Monte Metrolink station](/wiki/El_Monte_station_%28Metrolink%29 "El Monte station (Metrolink)"). The formal groundbreaking for the El Monte Busway took place on January 21, 1972\.{{Cite news \|date\=January 28, 1972 \|title\=El Monte\-Los Angeles Busway Groundbreaking Marks New Era For RTD \|pages\=1–3 \|work\=RTD Flyer \|url\=http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/employeenews/RTD\_Flyer\_1972\_Jan28\.pdf \|access\-date\=November 29, 2020 \|via\=Dorothy Peyton Gray Transportation Library and Archive}} The El Monte Busway opened in stages, with the seven\-mile eastern segment between [Interstate 710](/wiki/Interstate_710_and_State_Route_710_%28California%29 "Interstate 710 and State Route 710 (California)") (then\-signed as SR 7\) and Santa Anita Avenue opening in January 1973\.{{Cite report \|url\=http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/presentations/1994\_el\_monte\_busway\_20\_year.pdf \|title\=The El Monte Busway: A Twenty\-Year Retrospective \|last1\=Hillmer \|first1\=Jon \|last2\=Parry \|first2\=Stephen T. \|date\=June 5, 1994 \|publisher\=Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority \|location\=Los Angeles, California \|access\-date\=November 30, 2020 \|via\=Dorothy Peyton Gray Transportation Library and Archive}} The El Monte station near the Santa Anita Avenue terminus would open later on July 14, 1973\. The eastern section is located in the median of Interstate 10, with only paint lines separating traffic on the busway from the general\-purpose lanes. Railroad tracks are also located in the median, separated from vehicle traffic with concrete barriers. The western segment has a unique design that took longer to build. Traveling from east to west, a flyover ramp near Interstate 710 moves the lanes north of Interstate 10 to a station near [California State University, Los Angeles](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_Los_Angeles "California State University, Los Angeles"). Just west of the [Cal State LA station](/wiki/Cal_State_LA_station "Cal State LA station"), the westbound busway lanes crossover the eastbound lanes, reversing the normal placement of the lanes.{{Cite web \|date\=1975 \|title\=From Dream to Reality El Monte\-Los Angeles Busway \|url\=http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/scrtd/1975\-from\-dream\-to\-reality\-el\-monte\-los\-angeles\-busway.pdf \|access\-date\=November 30, 2020 \|publisher\=Southern California Rapid Transit District \|via\=Dorothy Peyton Gray Transportation Library and Archive}} The reversed lanes allow buses to serve a single [island platform](/wiki/Island_platform "Island platform") station at the [Los Angeles County\+USC Medical Center](/wiki/LAC%2BUSC_Medical_Center "LAC+USC Medical Center") but prevent vehicles from entering the busway from the general\-purpose lanes of Interstate 10 in the eastbound direction. The LAC\+USC Medical Center station was completed in November 1974, the four\-mile western segment between Mission Avenue in Los Angeles and Interstate 710 was completed in January 1975, and the Cal State LA station was finished in February 1975\. The entire 11\-mile busway was dedicated on February 18, 1975\.{{Cite web \|date\=December 29, 2011 \|title\=February 18: This Date in Los Angeles Transportation History \|url\=https://metroprimaryresources.info/this\-date\-in\-los\-angeles\-transportation\-history/february/february\-18/ \|access\-date\=November 30, 2020 \|website\=Dorothy Peyton Gray Transportation Library and Archive \|language\=en\-US}} The El Monte was extended to its present length of 12 miles in 1989 with the opening of a one\-mile extension from Mission Road to Alameda Street adjacent to [Los Angeles Union Station](/wiki/Union_Station_%28Los_Angeles%29 "Union Station (Los Angeles)").{{Cite web \|last\=Turnbull \|first\=Katherine F. \|date\=June 2002 \|title\=Executive Report. Effects of Changing HOV Lane occupancy requirements: El Monte Busway Case Study \|url\=https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/3299 \|access\-date\=January 1, 2018 \|publisher\=\[\[Texas Transportation Institute]], \[\[Federal Highway Administration]]}} ### Opening to carpools The busway was opened to vehicles with three or more occupants during the 1974 Southern California Rapid Transit District strike, which lasted 68 days between August and October. In 1976, the busway was converted into a shared\-use express bus corridor and high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane, with carpools and vanpools with three or more occupants permitted during peak hours only. HOV access was extended to weekends in 1977 and 24 hours a day in 1981\.{{Cite web \|date\=May 2, 2013 \|title\=El Monte Busway \|url\=http://metroprimaryresources.info/encyclopedia/el\-monte\-busway/ \|access\-date\=November 29, 2020 \|website\=Dorothy Peyton Gray Transportation Library and Archive \|language\=en\-US}} Opening the busway to HOVs had only minimal impact on bus running time and transit ridership remained stable. The requirement that vehicles must have three or more occupants left the El Monte Busway out of alignment with California's other HOV lanes, which generally required only two or more occupants. State senator [Hilda Solis](/wiki/Hilda_Solis "Hilda Solis") ([D](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)")\-[La Puente](/wiki/La_Puente%2C_California "La Puente, California")) authored State Bill 63,{{cite act \|type\=Senate Bill \|index\=63 \|date\=July 23, 1999 \|article\= \|article\-type\= \|legislature\=\[\[California State Legislature]] \|title\=Preferential vehicle lanes: occupancy level: State Highway Route 10 \|url\=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill\_id\=199920000SB63 \|language\=}} which would lower the occupancy requirement from three occupants to two for a 24\-month experiment starting January 1, 2000, hoping it would increase carpool rates. Despite opposition from [Caltrans](/wiki/Caltrans "Caltrans"), [Foothill Transit](/wiki/Foothill_Transit "Foothill Transit") and the Southern California Transit Advocates (a transit users' organization), the bill was passed the state legislature and signed into law by Governor [Gray Davis](/wiki/Gray_Davis "Gray Davis") in July 1999\. The experiment was a disaster, journey times increased by 20 to 30 minutes as speeds on the busway dropped from {{convert\|65\|mi/h\|km/h\|abbr\=on}} to {{convert\|20\|mi/h\|km/h\|abbr\=on}} which was slower than the general\-purpose lanes of Interstate 10 where speeds also dropped from {{convert\|25\|mi/h\|km/h\|abbr\=on}} to {{convert\|23\|mi/h\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}. The change generated over 1,000 complaints to government agencies from bus riders and prior carpoolers.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2000\-jan\-22\-mn\-56559\-story.html \| title\=Easing of Carpool Rules Backfires as Lanes Jam \| author\=Shuit, Douglas P. \| newspaper\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]] \| date\=January 22, 2000 \| access\-date\=March 14, 2009}} Solis at first defended the change, but by May, she supported Assembly Bill 769,{{cite act \|type\=Assembly Bill \|index\=769 \|date\=July 3, 2000 \|article\= \|article\-type\= \|legislature\=\[\[California State Legislature]] \|title\=Vehicles: preferential vehicle lanes \|url\=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill\_id\=199920000AB769 \|language\=}} which would rescind the change and restore the higher occupancy requirement during peak hours,{{cite news \| url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2000\-may\-17\-me\-31101\-story.html \| title\=Bill to Restore El Monte Busway Moves Forward \| author\=Shuit, Douglas P. \| newspaper\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]] \| date\=May 17, 2000 \| access\-date\=March 14, 2009}} which passed and took effect in July 2000\. However, the lower two occupant requirement remained during off\-peak hours and weekends. ### Conversion to bus rapid transit and high occupancy toll In the early 1990s, Caltrans built another busway in Los Angeles County, the [Harbor Transitway](/wiki/Harbor_Transitway "Harbor Transitway") from Los Angeles south to the new [Harbor Gateway Transit Center](/wiki/Harbor_Gateway_Transit_Center "Harbor Gateway Transit Center"). [Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority "Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority") (Metro) staff recognized that there was an opportunity to link the operationally similar Harbor Transitway and El Monte Busway, even suggesting to Caltrans that a direct connection be built between the two busways.{{Cite web \|date\=August 1993 \|title\=Dual Hub High Occupancy Vehicle Transitway Report \|url\=http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/hov/dual\_hub\_hov\_transitway.pdf \|publisher\=Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority Scheduling and Operations Planning Staff}}{{rp\|3}} In 1998, Metro studied the extension but found it expensive and technically challenging, and to date, there have been no further efforts to connect the busways directly.{{Cite news \|last\=Gabbard \|first\=Dana \|date\=June 24, 2010 \|title\=Busway Linkage Obsession Puzzler \|language\=en\-US \|work\=Streetsblog Los Angeles \|url\=https://la.streetsblog.org/2010/06/24/busway\-linkage\-obsession\-puzzler/ \|access\-date\=November 25, 2020}} Ahead of the 1996 opening of the Harbor Transitway, Metro staff studied how to operate its buses on the new facility. In 1993, they recommended the creation of a dual [hub\-and\-spoke](/wiki/Hub-and-spoke "Hub-and-spoke") ("dual hub") system with a trunk route that served both the Harbor Transitway and the El Monte Busway and the El Monte Station and Harbor Gateway Transit Center serving as hubs. Ultimately, the Metro Board of Directors decided to continue running bus routes on both the El Monte Busway and Harbor Freeway as they had before.{{Cite news \|last\=Radcliffe \|first\=Jim \|date\=June 27, 1996 \|title\=Harbor Transitway opens, reducing congestion \- Impact felt during evening commute \|page\=A3 \|work\=\[\[Daily Breeze]] \|via\=NewsBank}} After the very successful launch of the [Orange Line](/wiki/G_Line_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 "G Line (Los Angeles Metro)") (now G Line), a new busway in the San Fernando Valley, Metro decided to rebrand the county's other busways in an attempt to increase awareness.{{Cite web \|last\=Emsden \|first\=Maya \|date\=March 16, 2006 \|title\=Approve color designations for Metro lines and fixed guideways \|url\=http://media.metro.net/board/Items/2006/03\_march/20060316Item13EMAC.pdf \|publisher\=\[\[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]}} In March 2006, Metro decided that the Harbor Transitway would be colored bronze and the El Monte Busway would be colored silver on Metro's maps, and the two would be marketed as a "Combined Transitway Service." No changes were made in the operations of the bus routes operated on the lines. The changes were criticized as being difficult to understand for irregular and new riders.{{Cite news \|last\=Freemark \|first\=Yonah \|date\=December 10, 2009 \|title\=Los Angeles Integrates Service on Two Busways, with Plans to Implement Congestion Pricing \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The Transport Politic \|url\=https://www.thetransportpolitic.com/2009/12/10/los\-angeles\-integrates\-service\-on\-two\-busways\-with\-plans\-to\-implement\-congestion\-pricing/ \|access\-date\=November 25, 2020}} The first [bus rapid transit](/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit "Bus rapid transit") route came to the El Monte Busway in 2007 when Foothill Transit introduced the [Silver Streak](/wiki/Silver_Streak_%28bus%29 "Silver Streak (bus)"). The line replaced Foothill Transit route 480, the agency's busiest line. The Silver Streak used higher\-capacity vehicles and eliminated many of the off\-freeway deviations and minor stops on Line 480\.{{Cite news \|last\=Gutierrez \|first\=Nisha \|date\=September 28, 2007 \|title\=Foothill Transit's Silver Streak Set to Launch \|publisher\=San Gabriel Valley Tribune \|url\=http://www.masstransitmag.com/online/article.jsp?id\=2953\&siteSection\=3 \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=November 30, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928170624/http://www.masstransitmag.com/online/article.jsp?id\=2953\&siteSection\=3 \|archive\-date\=September 28, 2007 \|via\=Mass Transit}} Metro returned to its plan for a dual\-hub route in 2009, proposing a new bus rapid transit service called the [Silver Line](/wiki/J_Line_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 "J Line (Los Angeles Metro)") (now J Line) utilizing both the El Monte Busway and the Harbor Transitway. The new higher frequency service would be funded by converting both corridors into [high occupancy toll](/wiki/High_occupancy_toll_lane "High occupancy toll lane") (HOT) lanes, to be branded as the [Metro ExpressLanes](/wiki/Metro_ExpressLanes "Metro ExpressLanes"). The Silver Line began operations on December 13, 2009, with Metro planning to refurbish the aging stations along both corridors over the coming years. The eastern section of the El Monte Busway, between Interstate 710 and El Monte was restriped to create two HOT lanes in each direction. The [electronic toll collection](/wiki/Electronic_toll_collection "Electronic toll collection") equipment for the HOT lanes on the Harbor Transitway went into service on November 10, 2012\.{{Cite news \|last\=Kudler \|first\=Adrian Glick \|date\=November 6, 2012 \|title\=Everything You Need to Know About New 110 and 10 Toll Lanes \|language\=en \|work\=Curbed LA \|url\=https://la.curbed.com/2012/11/6/10310060/everything\-you\-need\-to\-know\-about\-new\-110\-and\-10\-toll\-lanes \|access\-date\=November 25, 2020}} The El Monte Busway's HOT lanes opened on February 22, 2013\.{{Cite news \|last\=Pamer \|first\=Melissa \|date\=February 22, 2013 \|title\=Metro ExpressLanes to Open on San Bernardino (10\) Freeway \|language\=en\-US \|work\=\[\[KNBC]] \|url\=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/metro\-express\-lanes\-to\-open\-on\-san\-bernardino\-10\-freeway/2056152/ \|access\-date\=November 25, 2020}} [thumb\|Entrance to rebuilt El Monte station](/wiki/File:El_Monte_Station_main_entrance_%288172818357%29.jpg "El Monte Station main entrance (8172818357).jpg") By 2010, the El Monte Station has become one of the busiest bus terminals west of Chicago, with 22,000 boardings daily as of 2010\.{{Cite web \|last\=Hymon \|first\=Steve \|date\=April 13, 2010 \|title\=El Monte bus station work begins next week \|url\=https://thesource.metro.net/2010/04/13/el\-monte\-bus\-station\-work\-begins\-next\-week/ \|access\-date\=December 1, 2020 \|website\=The Source \|language\=en\-US}} Starting in 2010, the old station was demolished and replaced in October 2012 with a new station capable of handling up to 40,000 passengers per day.{{Cite web \|title\=Projects and programs: El Monte Station \|url\=http://www.metro.net/projects/elmonte/ \|quote\=Project Schedule Construction start date: September 2010 Anticipated completion date: Late Summer 2012}} In January 2015, the Cal State LA and LA General Medical Center stations were temporarily closed for one month for refurbishment and stairway and light replacement.{{Cite news \|last\=Hinton \|first\=Lexi \|date\=February 5, 2015 \|title\=El Monte Busway Stations reopen after month long construction project \|work\=The Source \|agency\=Metro \|url\=http://thesource.metro.net/2015/02/05/el\-monte\-busway\-stations\-reopen\-after\-month\-long\-construction\-project/ \|access\-date\=June 8, 2015}} [Transit Access Pass](/wiki/Transit_Access_Pass "Transit Access Pass") (TAP) card [ticket vending machines](/wiki/Ticket_vending_machine "Ticket vending machine") were added to most stations in early 2017 to support all\-door boarding on the Silver Line.{{Cite web \|date\=April 1, 2016 \|title\=Universal Fare System Contract Modification \|url\=https://metro.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID\=2686286\&GUID\=477B5E19\-F988\-4239\-8E4B\-AD4601EDF6B6\&Options\=\&Search\= \|access\-date\=November 25, 2020 \|publisher\=\[\[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]}} Pre\-payment of fares and all\-door boarding reduces the time buses need to remain stopped at stations.{{Cite web \|title\=All\-Door Boarding \|url\=https://www.metro.net/projects/silverline/all\-door\-boarding\-pilot/ \|access\-date\=June 25, 2016 \|publisher\=\[\[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] \|archive\-date\=August 15, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815102337/https://www.metro.net/projects/silverline/all\-door\-boarding\-pilot/ \|url\-status\=dead }} On November 1, 2020, a new transitway was opened on the south side of [Patsaouras Transit Plaza](/wiki/Patsaouras_Transit_Plaza "Patsaouras Transit Plaza") to serve Union Station, funded in part by Metro ExpressLanes toll revenue.{{Cite news \|date\=October 30, 2020 \|title\=Metro announces bus plaza, pedestrian bridge to open Sunday at Union Station \|language\=en\-US \|work\=Los Angeles Daily News \|agency\=City News Service \|url\=https://www.dailynews.com/2020/10/30/metro\-announces\-bus\-plaza\-pedestrian\-bridge\-to\-open\-sunday\-at\-union\-station \|access\-date\=November 30, 2020}} The station was originally scheduled to open in 2015, but project delays had pushed the opening back.{{Cite news \|last\=McCarty Carino \|first\=Meghan \|date\=January 2, 2017 \|title\=Metro starts work on pedestrian bridge at LA's Union Station \|work\=\[\[KPCC (radio station)\|KPCC]] \|url\=http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/01/02/67692/metro\-starts\-work\-on\-pedestrian\-bridge\-at\-la\-s\-uni/ \|access\-date\=November 27, 2017}} {{Clear}}
[ "History\n-------", "{{Main\\|History of Los Angeles Metro Rail and Busway}}", "### Construction", "[thumb\\|El Monte Busway under construction in 1972](/wiki/File:El_Monte_Busway_construction.jpg \"El Monte Busway construction.jpg\")\nThe El Monte Busway was conceived in 1969 as a way to allow travelers to avoid traffic on [Interstate 10](/wiki/Interstate_10_in_California \"Interstate 10 in California\") (San Bernardino Freeway), promising an 18\\-minute trip between El Monte and Downtown Los Angeles, compared to 35–45 minutes in the general\\-purpose lanes.{{Cite web \\|date\\=January 24, 2012 \\|title\\=40 Years Ago This Week: Groundbreaking For El Monte Busway — California's First Multi\\-Modal System \\& The World's First Bus Rapid Transit Station \\|url\\=http://metroprimaryresources.info/40\\-years\\-ago\\-this\\-week\\-groundbreaking\\-for\\-el\\-monte\\-busway\\-californias\\-first\\-multi\\-modal\\-system\\-the\\-worlds\\-first\\-bus\\-rapid\\-transit\\-station/2745/ \\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2020 \\|website\\=Dorothy Peyton Gray Transportation Library and Archive \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The project was developed jointly by the California Department of Public Works, Division of Highways (a predecessor of today's [Caltrans](/wiki/Caltrans \"Caltrans\")) and the [Southern California Rapid Transit District](/wiki/Southern_California_Rapid_Transit_District \"Southern California Rapid Transit District\") (SCRTD) (a predecessor of today's [Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metropolitan_Transit_Authority \"Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority\")).{{Cite web \\|date\\=January 1971 \\|title\\=Draft Environmental Statement of Proposed Express Busway on the San Bernardino Freeway \\|url\\=http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/scrtd/1971\\_des\\_proposed\\_express\\_busway\\_i10\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2020 \\|publisher\\=California Department of Public Works, Division of Highways, Southern California Rapid Transit District \\|via\\=Dorothy Peyton Gray Transportation Library and Archive}} The 53 million dollar project was paid with federal, state and SCRTD funding and was also intended to be an experiment testing the feasibility of joint highway\\-bus operations and to increase the overall people\\-carrying capacity of freeway corridors.", "The project was built in a right of way located north of and in the median of the freeway that was owned by [Southern Pacific Railroad](/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad \"Southern Pacific Railroad\") who purchased it from the bankrupt [Pacific Electric](/wiki/Pacific_Electric \"Pacific Electric\") streetcar system.{{Cite news \\|date\\=February 11, 1972 \\|title\\=Red Car Tracks Come Up To Make Way For Busway \\|page\\=1 \\|work\\=RTD Flyer \\|url\\=http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/employeenews/RTD\\_Flyer\\_1972\\_Feb11\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2020 \\|via\\=Dorothy Peyton Gray Transportation Library and Archive}} In exchange for giving up part of their property, Southern Pacific would get new tracks capable of handling heavier freight loads compared to the old streetcar tracks. The project would also include a viaduct in El Monte to elevate Southern Pacific trains as they moved between the area near the east end of the busway to the mainline tracks near the present\\-day [El Monte Metrolink station](/wiki/El_Monte_station_%28Metrolink%29 \"El Monte station (Metrolink)\").", "The formal groundbreaking for the El Monte Busway took place on January 21, 1972\\.{{Cite news \\|date\\=January 28, 1972 \\|title\\=El Monte\\-Los Angeles Busway Groundbreaking Marks New Era For RTD \\|pages\\=1–3 \\|work\\=RTD Flyer \\|url\\=http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/employeenews/RTD\\_Flyer\\_1972\\_Jan28\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2020 \\|via\\=Dorothy Peyton Gray Transportation Library and Archive}}", "The El Monte Busway opened in stages, with the seven\\-mile eastern segment between [Interstate 710](/wiki/Interstate_710_and_State_Route_710_%28California%29 \"Interstate 710 and State Route 710 (California)\") (then\\-signed as SR 7\\) and Santa Anita Avenue opening in January 1973\\.{{Cite report \\|url\\=http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/presentations/1994\\_el\\_monte\\_busway\\_20\\_year.pdf \\|title\\=The El Monte Busway: A Twenty\\-Year Retrospective \\|last1\\=Hillmer \\|first1\\=Jon \\|last2\\=Parry \\|first2\\=Stephen T. \\|date\\=June 5, 1994 \\|publisher\\=Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority \\|location\\=Los Angeles, California \\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2020 \\|via\\=Dorothy Peyton Gray Transportation Library and Archive}} The El Monte station near the Santa Anita Avenue terminus would open later on July 14, 1973\\. The eastern section is located in the median of Interstate 10, with only paint lines separating traffic on the busway from the general\\-purpose lanes. Railroad tracks are also located in the median, separated from vehicle traffic with concrete barriers.", "The western segment has a unique design that took longer to build. Traveling from east to west, a flyover ramp near Interstate 710 moves the lanes north of Interstate 10 to a station near [California State University, Los Angeles](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_Los_Angeles \"California State University, Los Angeles\"). Just west of the [Cal State LA station](/wiki/Cal_State_LA_station \"Cal State LA station\"), the westbound busway lanes crossover the eastbound lanes, reversing the normal placement of the lanes.{{Cite web \\|date\\=1975 \\|title\\=From Dream to Reality El Monte\\-Los Angeles Busway \\|url\\=http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/scrtd/1975\\-from\\-dream\\-to\\-reality\\-el\\-monte\\-los\\-angeles\\-busway.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2020 \\|publisher\\=Southern California Rapid Transit District \\|via\\=Dorothy Peyton Gray Transportation Library and Archive}} The reversed lanes allow buses to serve a single [island platform](/wiki/Island_platform \"Island platform\") station at the [Los Angeles County\\+USC Medical Center](/wiki/LAC%2BUSC_Medical_Center \"LAC+USC Medical Center\") but prevent vehicles from entering the busway from the general\\-purpose lanes of Interstate 10 in the eastbound direction.", "The LAC\\+USC Medical Center station was completed in November 1974, the four\\-mile western segment between Mission Avenue in Los Angeles and Interstate 710 was completed in January 1975, and the Cal State LA station was finished in February 1975\\. The entire 11\\-mile busway was dedicated on February 18, 1975\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=December 29, 2011 \\|title\\=February 18: This Date in Los Angeles Transportation History \\|url\\=https://metroprimaryresources.info/this\\-date\\-in\\-los\\-angeles\\-transportation\\-history/february/february\\-18/ \\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2020 \\|website\\=Dorothy Peyton Gray Transportation Library and Archive \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "The El Monte was extended to its present length of 12 miles in 1989 with the opening of a one\\-mile extension from Mission Road to Alameda Street adjacent to [Los Angeles Union Station](/wiki/Union_Station_%28Los_Angeles%29 \"Union Station (Los Angeles)\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Turnbull \\|first\\=Katherine F. \\|date\\=June 2002 \\|title\\=Executive Report. Effects of Changing HOV Lane occupancy requirements: El Monte Busway Case Study \\|url\\=https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/3299 \\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2018 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Texas Transportation Institute]], \\[\\[Federal Highway Administration]]}}", "### Opening to carpools", "The busway was opened to vehicles with three or more occupants during the 1974 Southern California Rapid Transit District strike, which lasted 68 days between August and October. In 1976, the busway was converted into a shared\\-use express bus corridor and high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane, with carpools and vanpools with three or more occupants permitted during peak hours only. HOV access was extended to weekends in 1977 and 24 hours a day in 1981\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=May 2, 2013 \\|title\\=El Monte Busway \\|url\\=http://metroprimaryresources.info/encyclopedia/el\\-monte\\-busway/ \\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2020 \\|website\\=Dorothy Peyton Gray Transportation Library and Archive \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Opening the busway to HOVs had only minimal impact on bus running time and transit ridership remained stable.", "The requirement that vehicles must have three or more occupants left the El Monte Busway out of alignment with California's other HOV lanes, which generally required only two or more occupants. State senator [Hilda Solis](/wiki/Hilda_Solis \"Hilda Solis\") ([D](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\")\\-[La Puente](/wiki/La_Puente%2C_California \"La Puente, California\")) authored State Bill 63,{{cite act \\|type\\=Senate Bill \\|index\\=63 \\|date\\=July 23, 1999 \\|article\\= \\|article\\-type\\= \\|legislature\\=\\[\\[California State Legislature]] \\|title\\=Preferential vehicle lanes: occupancy level: State Highway Route 10 \\|url\\=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill\\_id\\=199920000SB63 \\|language\\=}} which would lower the occupancy requirement from three occupants to two for a 24\\-month experiment starting January 1, 2000, hoping it would increase carpool rates. Despite opposition from [Caltrans](/wiki/Caltrans \"Caltrans\"), [Foothill Transit](/wiki/Foothill_Transit \"Foothill Transit\") and the Southern California Transit Advocates (a transit users' organization), the bill was passed the state legislature and signed into law by Governor [Gray Davis](/wiki/Gray_Davis \"Gray Davis\") in July 1999\\.", "The experiment was a disaster, journey times increased by 20 to 30 minutes as speeds on the busway dropped from {{convert\\|65\\|mi/h\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}} to {{convert\\|20\\|mi/h\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}} which was slower than the general\\-purpose lanes of Interstate 10 where speeds also dropped from {{convert\\|25\\|mi/h\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}} to {{convert\\|23\\|mi/h\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}. The change generated over 1,000 complaints to government agencies from bus riders and prior carpoolers.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2000\\-jan\\-22\\-mn\\-56559\\-story.html \\| title\\=Easing of Carpool Rules Backfires as Lanes Jam \\| author\\=Shuit, Douglas P. \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\| date\\=January 22, 2000 \\| access\\-date\\=March 14, 2009}} Solis at first defended the change, but by May, she supported Assembly Bill 769,{{cite act \\|type\\=Assembly Bill \\|index\\=769 \\|date\\=July 3, 2000 \\|article\\= \\|article\\-type\\= \\|legislature\\=\\[\\[California State Legislature]] \\|title\\=Vehicles: preferential vehicle lanes \\|url\\=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill\\_id\\=199920000AB769 \\|language\\=}} which would rescind the change and restore the higher occupancy requirement during peak hours,{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2000\\-may\\-17\\-me\\-31101\\-story.html \\| title\\=Bill to Restore El Monte Busway Moves Forward \\| author\\=Shuit, Douglas P. \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\| date\\=May 17, 2000 \\| access\\-date\\=March 14, 2009}} which passed and took effect in July 2000\\. However, the lower two occupant requirement remained during off\\-peak hours and weekends.", "### Conversion to bus rapid transit and high occupancy toll", "In the early 1990s, Caltrans built another busway in Los Angeles County, the [Harbor Transitway](/wiki/Harbor_Transitway \"Harbor Transitway\") from Los Angeles south to the new [Harbor Gateway Transit Center](/wiki/Harbor_Gateway_Transit_Center \"Harbor Gateway Transit Center\"). [Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority \"Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority\") (Metro) staff recognized that there was an opportunity to link the operationally similar Harbor Transitway and El Monte Busway, even suggesting to Caltrans that a direct connection be built between the two busways.{{Cite web \\|date\\=August 1993 \\|title\\=Dual Hub High Occupancy Vehicle Transitway Report \\|url\\=http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/hov/dual\\_hub\\_hov\\_transitway.pdf \\|publisher\\=Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority Scheduling and Operations Planning Staff}}{{rp\\|3}} In 1998, Metro studied the extension but found it expensive and technically challenging, and to date, there have been no further efforts to connect the busways directly.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Gabbard \\|first\\=Dana \\|date\\=June 24, 2010 \\|title\\=Busway Linkage Obsession Puzzler \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=Streetsblog Los Angeles \\|url\\=https://la.streetsblog.org/2010/06/24/busway\\-linkage\\-obsession\\-puzzler/ \\|access\\-date\\=November 25, 2020}} Ahead of the 1996 opening of the Harbor Transitway, Metro staff studied how to operate its buses on the new facility. In 1993, they recommended the creation of a dual [hub\\-and\\-spoke](/wiki/Hub-and-spoke \"Hub-and-spoke\") (\"dual hub\") system with a trunk route that served both the Harbor Transitway and the El Monte Busway and the El Monte Station and Harbor Gateway Transit Center serving as hubs. Ultimately, the Metro Board of Directors decided to continue running bus routes on both the El Monte Busway and Harbor Freeway as they had before.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Radcliffe \\|first\\=Jim \\|date\\=June 27, 1996 \\|title\\=Harbor Transitway opens, reducing congestion \\- Impact felt during evening commute \\|page\\=A3 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Daily Breeze]] \\|via\\=NewsBank}}", "After the very successful launch of the [Orange Line](/wiki/G_Line_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"G Line (Los Angeles Metro)\") (now G Line), a new busway in the San Fernando Valley, Metro decided to rebrand the county's other busways in an attempt to increase awareness.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Emsden \\|first\\=Maya \\|date\\=March 16, 2006 \\|title\\=Approve color designations for Metro lines and fixed guideways \\|url\\=http://media.metro.net/board/Items/2006/03\\_march/20060316Item13EMAC.pdf \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]}} In March 2006, Metro decided that the Harbor Transitway would be colored bronze and the El Monte Busway would be colored silver on Metro's maps, and the two would be marketed as a \"Combined Transitway Service.\" No changes were made in the operations of the bus routes operated on the lines. The changes were criticized as being difficult to understand for irregular and new riders.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Freemark \\|first\\=Yonah \\|date\\=December 10, 2009 \\|title\\=Los Angeles Integrates Service on Two Busways, with Plans to Implement Congestion Pricing \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The Transport Politic \\|url\\=https://www.thetransportpolitic.com/2009/12/10/los\\-angeles\\-integrates\\-service\\-on\\-two\\-busways\\-with\\-plans\\-to\\-implement\\-congestion\\-pricing/ \\|access\\-date\\=November 25, 2020}}", "The first [bus rapid transit](/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit \"Bus rapid transit\") route came to the El Monte Busway in 2007 when Foothill Transit introduced the [Silver Streak](/wiki/Silver_Streak_%28bus%29 \"Silver Streak (bus)\"). The line replaced Foothill Transit route 480, the agency's busiest line. The Silver Streak used higher\\-capacity vehicles and eliminated many of the off\\-freeway deviations and minor stops on Line 480\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Gutierrez \\|first\\=Nisha \\|date\\=September 28, 2007 \\|title\\=Foothill Transit's Silver Streak Set to Launch \\|publisher\\=San Gabriel Valley Tribune \\|url\\=http://www.masstransitmag.com/online/article.jsp?id\\=2953\\&siteSection\\=3 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928170624/http://www.masstransitmag.com/online/article.jsp?id\\=2953\\&siteSection\\=3 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 28, 2007 \\|via\\=Mass Transit}}", "Metro returned to its plan for a dual\\-hub route in 2009, proposing a new bus rapid transit service called the [Silver Line](/wiki/J_Line_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"J Line (Los Angeles Metro)\") (now J Line) utilizing both the El Monte Busway and the Harbor Transitway. The new higher frequency service would be funded by converting both corridors into [high occupancy toll](/wiki/High_occupancy_toll_lane \"High occupancy toll lane\") (HOT) lanes, to be branded as the [Metro ExpressLanes](/wiki/Metro_ExpressLanes \"Metro ExpressLanes\"). The Silver Line began operations on December 13, 2009, with Metro planning to refurbish the aging stations along both corridors over the coming years. The eastern section of the El Monte Busway, between Interstate 710 and El Monte was restriped to create two HOT lanes in each direction. The [electronic toll collection](/wiki/Electronic_toll_collection \"Electronic toll collection\") equipment for the HOT lanes on the Harbor Transitway went into service on November 10, 2012\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Kudler \\|first\\=Adrian Glick \\|date\\=November 6, 2012 \\|title\\=Everything You Need to Know About New 110 and 10 Toll Lanes \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=Curbed LA \\|url\\=https://la.curbed.com/2012/11/6/10310060/everything\\-you\\-need\\-to\\-know\\-about\\-new\\-110\\-and\\-10\\-toll\\-lanes \\|access\\-date\\=November 25, 2020}} The El Monte Busway's HOT lanes opened on February 22, 2013\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Pamer \\|first\\=Melissa \\|date\\=February 22, 2013 \\|title\\=Metro ExpressLanes to Open on San Bernardino (10\\) Freeway \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=\\[\\[KNBC]] \\|url\\=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/metro\\-express\\-lanes\\-to\\-open\\-on\\-san\\-bernardino\\-10\\-freeway/2056152/ \\|access\\-date\\=November 25, 2020}}\n[thumb\\|Entrance to rebuilt El Monte station](/wiki/File:El_Monte_Station_main_entrance_%288172818357%29.jpg \"El Monte Station main entrance (8172818357).jpg\")\nBy 2010, the El Monte Station has become one of the busiest bus terminals west of Chicago, with 22,000 boardings daily as of 2010\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hymon \\|first\\=Steve \\|date\\=April 13, 2010 \\|title\\=El Monte bus station work begins next week \\|url\\=https://thesource.metro.net/2010/04/13/el\\-monte\\-bus\\-station\\-work\\-begins\\-next\\-week/ \\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2020 \\|website\\=The Source \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Starting in 2010, the old station was demolished and replaced in October 2012 with a new station capable of handling up to 40,000 passengers per day.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Projects and programs: El Monte Station \\|url\\=http://www.metro.net/projects/elmonte/ \\|quote\\=Project Schedule Construction start date: September 2010 Anticipated completion date: Late Summer 2012}}", "In January 2015, the Cal State LA and LA General Medical Center stations were temporarily closed for one month for refurbishment and stairway and light replacement.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Hinton \\|first\\=Lexi \\|date\\=February 5, 2015 \\|title\\=El Monte Busway Stations reopen after month long construction project \\|work\\=The Source \\|agency\\=Metro \\|url\\=http://thesource.metro.net/2015/02/05/el\\-monte\\-busway\\-stations\\-reopen\\-after\\-month\\-long\\-construction\\-project/ \\|access\\-date\\=June 8, 2015}}", "[Transit Access Pass](/wiki/Transit_Access_Pass \"Transit Access Pass\") (TAP) card [ticket vending machines](/wiki/Ticket_vending_machine \"Ticket vending machine\") were added to most stations in early 2017 to support all\\-door boarding on the Silver Line.{{Cite web \\|date\\=April 1, 2016 \\|title\\=Universal Fare System Contract Modification \\|url\\=https://metro.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID\\=2686286\\&GUID\\=477B5E19\\-F988\\-4239\\-8E4B\\-AD4601EDF6B6\\&Options\\=\\&Search\\= \\|access\\-date\\=November 25, 2020 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]}} Pre\\-payment of fares and all\\-door boarding reduces the time buses need to remain stopped at stations.{{Cite web \\|title\\=All\\-Door Boarding \\|url\\=https://www.metro.net/projects/silverline/all\\-door\\-boarding\\-pilot/ \\|access\\-date\\=June 25, 2016 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] \\|archive\\-date\\=August 15, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815102337/https://www.metro.net/projects/silverline/all\\-door\\-boarding\\-pilot/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "On November 1, 2020, a new transitway was opened on the south side of [Patsaouras Transit Plaza](/wiki/Patsaouras_Transit_Plaza \"Patsaouras Transit Plaza\") to serve Union Station, funded in part by Metro ExpressLanes toll revenue.{{Cite news \\|date\\=October 30, 2020 \\|title\\=Metro announces bus plaza, pedestrian bridge to open Sunday at Union Station \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=Los Angeles Daily News \\|agency\\=City News Service \\|url\\=https://www.dailynews.com/2020/10/30/metro\\-announces\\-bus\\-plaza\\-pedestrian\\-bridge\\-to\\-open\\-sunday\\-at\\-union\\-station \\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2020}} The station was originally scheduled to open in 2015, but project delays had pushed the opening back.{{Cite news \\|last\\=McCarty Carino \\|first\\=Meghan \\|date\\=January 2, 2017 \\|title\\=Metro starts work on pedestrian bridge at LA's Union Station \\|work\\=\\[\\[KPCC (radio station)\\|KPCC]] \\|url\\=http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/01/02/67692/metro\\-starts\\-work\\-on\\-pedestrian\\-bridge\\-at\\-la\\-s\\-uni/ \\|access\\-date\\=November 27, 2017}}", "{{Clear}}", "" ]
Life ---- Lambert was born in 1874\. She came from a working\-class background and she started work in the family laundry business. She became a founding member of the [Women's Social and Political Union](/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union "Women's Social and Political Union").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.godalmingmuseum.org.uk/index.php?page\=clara\-mary\-lambert\|title\=Clara Mary LAMBERT — Godalming Museum\|website\=www.godalmingmuseum.org.uk\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-11\|archive\-date\=1 August 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801190925/http://www.godalmingmuseum.org.uk/index.php?page\=clara\-mary\-lambert\|url\-status\=dead}} Lambert smuggled herself into the [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum "British Museum") where she appeared to be an interested visitor until she pulled out a brand new hatchet she was hiding beneath her long coat. She broke a display case and then smashed porcelain cups and saucers.{{Cite web\|url\=https://blog.britishmuseum.org/suffragettes\-and\-the\-british\-museum/\|title\=Suffragettes and the British Museum\|date\=2018\-02\-06\|website\=The British Museum Blog\|language\=en\-GB\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-11}} Lambert was brought before the Bow Street magistrates the next morning and she was so noisy that they sent her back to the cells. She was protesting particularly about the home secretary who was allowing [Emmeline Pankhurst](/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst "Emmeline Pankhurst") to "face torture" in prison. She returned to the magistrates in the afternoon where she had to be held by two attendants while she was committed for trial. At the trial Lambert was sent to Prison where she went on hunger strike. [left\|thumb\|Clara Lambert – police woman](/wiki/File:Clara_Lambert_women_police_woman.jpg "Clara Lambert women police woman.jpg") The government had devised a strategy for dealing with hunger striking suffragettes. They had passed legislation allowing the prisoners to be released and then when they were recovered then in theory they were rearrested and returned to complete their sentence. This was known as the [Cat and Mouse Act](/wiki/Cat_and_Mouse_Act "Cat and Mouse Act") by its critics. Lambert was released and she was obliged to stay at a specific address – which she didn't. The police sent around details of "Catherine Wilson" (Lambert) to its officers including a photograph which had been taken in secret whilst she was in jail and a description of fellow suffragette [Mary Richardson](/wiki/Mary_Richardson "Mary Richardson"). The letter is now in the [National Portrait Gallery](/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London "National Portrait Gallery, London").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw222555/Mary\-Raleigh\-Richardson\-Clara\-Mary\-Lambert\-Catherine\-Wilson\|title\=Mary Raleigh Richardson; Clara Mary Lambert (Catherine Wilson) – National Portrait Gallery\|website\=www.npg.org.uk\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-11}} On 16 March 1914 she dressed as a man and entered the Houses of Parliament accompanied by Clement H Whatley at about 8 p.m.. Lambert should have gone to the women's gallery where women could observe parliament from behind a grill. The gallery was poorly lit to prevent men from being distracted by the sight of women. Lambert and Whatley went to the central hall where they were noticed and challenged. Lambert's gender was questioned and she was asked to go to [Bow Street Police Station](/wiki/Bow_Street_Police_Station "Bow Street Police Station"). A whip was found concealed in her overcoat and she was charged under the vagrancy act of being suspicious in a building. The next day she was in Bow Street court facing another six weeks hard labour in jail.{{Cite web\|title\=A Suffragette 'dressed as a man'\|url\=http://dangerouswomenproject.org/2016/03/19/suffragette\-dressed\-as\-man/\|date\=2016\-03\-19\|website\=Dangerous Women Project\|language\=en\-GB\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-19}} Her [Hunger Strike Medal](/wiki/Hunger_Strike_Medal "Hunger Strike Medal") recorded dates over a three\-year period of one force\-feeding and three periods of imprisonment. During the war, the Women's Social and Political Union stopped their demonstrations and Lambert joined the organisation started by [Nina Boyle](/wiki/Nina_Boyle "Nina Boyle") and [Margaret Damer Dawson](/wiki/Margaret_Damer_Dawson "Margaret Damer Dawson") and called the [Women's Police Service](/wiki/Women%27s_Police_Service "Women's Police Service").{{Cite web\|url\=https://collections.museumoflondon.org.uk/online/object/454514\.html\|title\=Museum of London {{!}} Free museum in London\|website\=collections.museumoflondon.org.uk\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-11}} She was directed by the WPS to work with the women munition workers in [Pembury](/wiki/Pembury "Pembury") in Wales, and there she met her life partner Violet Louise Croxford who had been a mental health nurse before the war. When the war ended she again went to work looking after women. She helped sex\-workers in London and in 1926 she and Croxford opened a refuge for them in [Hythe](/wiki/Hythe%2C_Kent "Hythe, Kent") in Kent. Lambert died in [Farncombe](/wiki/Farncombe "Farncombe"). Her biography was written by Violet Croxford.
[ "Life\n----", "Lambert was born in 1874\\. She came from a working\\-class background and she started work in the family laundry business.", "She became a founding member of the [Women's Social and Political Union](/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union \"Women's Social and Political Union\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.godalmingmuseum.org.uk/index.php?page\\=clara\\-mary\\-lambert\\|title\\=Clara Mary LAMBERT — Godalming Museum\\|website\\=www.godalmingmuseum.org.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-11\\|archive\\-date\\=1 August 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801190925/http://www.godalmingmuseum.org.uk/index.php?page\\=clara\\-mary\\-lambert\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Lambert smuggled herself into the [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum \"British Museum\") where she appeared to be an interested visitor until she pulled out a brand new hatchet she was hiding beneath her long coat. She broke a display case and then smashed porcelain cups and saucers.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://blog.britishmuseum.org/suffragettes\\-and\\-the\\-british\\-museum/\\|title\\=Suffragettes and the British Museum\\|date\\=2018\\-02\\-06\\|website\\=The British Museum Blog\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-11}} Lambert was brought before the Bow Street magistrates the next morning and she was so noisy that they sent her back to the cells. She was protesting particularly about the home secretary who was allowing [Emmeline Pankhurst](/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst \"Emmeline Pankhurst\") to \"face torture\" in prison. She returned to the magistrates in the afternoon where she had to be held by two attendants while she was committed for trial. At the trial Lambert was sent to Prison where she went on hunger strike.", "[left\\|thumb\\|Clara Lambert – police woman](/wiki/File:Clara_Lambert_women_police_woman.jpg \"Clara Lambert women police woman.jpg\")", "The government had devised a strategy for dealing with hunger striking suffragettes. They had passed legislation allowing the prisoners to be released and then when they were recovered then in theory they were rearrested and returned to complete their sentence. This was known as the [Cat and Mouse Act](/wiki/Cat_and_Mouse_Act \"Cat and Mouse Act\") by its critics. Lambert was released and she was obliged to stay at a specific address – which she didn't. The police sent around details of \"Catherine Wilson\" (Lambert) to its officers including a photograph which had been taken in secret whilst she was in jail and a description of fellow suffragette [Mary Richardson](/wiki/Mary_Richardson \"Mary Richardson\"). The letter is now in the [National Portrait Gallery](/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London \"National Portrait Gallery, London\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw222555/Mary\\-Raleigh\\-Richardson\\-Clara\\-Mary\\-Lambert\\-Catherine\\-Wilson\\|title\\=Mary Raleigh Richardson; Clara Mary Lambert (Catherine Wilson) – National Portrait Gallery\\|website\\=www.npg.org.uk\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-11}}", "On 16 March 1914 she dressed as a man and entered the Houses of Parliament accompanied by Clement H Whatley at about 8 p.m.. Lambert should have gone to the women's gallery where women could observe parliament from behind a grill. The gallery was poorly lit to prevent men from being distracted by the sight of women. Lambert and Whatley went to the central hall where they were noticed and challenged. Lambert's gender was questioned and she was asked to go to [Bow Street Police Station](/wiki/Bow_Street_Police_Station \"Bow Street Police Station\"). A whip was found concealed in her overcoat and she was charged under the vagrancy act of being suspicious in a building. The next day she was in Bow Street court facing another six weeks hard labour in jail.{{Cite web\\|title\\=A Suffragette 'dressed as a man'\\|url\\=http://dangerouswomenproject.org/2016/03/19/suffragette\\-dressed\\-as\\-man/\\|date\\=2016\\-03\\-19\\|website\\=Dangerous Women Project\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-19}}", "Her [Hunger Strike Medal](/wiki/Hunger_Strike_Medal \"Hunger Strike Medal\") recorded dates over a three\\-year period of one force\\-feeding and three periods of imprisonment.", "During the war, the Women's Social and Political Union stopped their demonstrations and Lambert joined the organisation started by [Nina Boyle](/wiki/Nina_Boyle \"Nina Boyle\") and [Margaret Damer Dawson](/wiki/Margaret_Damer_Dawson \"Margaret Damer Dawson\") and called the [Women's Police Service](/wiki/Women%27s_Police_Service \"Women's Police Service\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://collections.museumoflondon.org.uk/online/object/454514\\.html\\|title\\=Museum of London {{!}} Free museum in London\\|website\\=collections.museumoflondon.org.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-11}} She was directed by the WPS to work with the women munition workers in [Pembury](/wiki/Pembury \"Pembury\") in Wales, and there she met her life partner Violet Louise Croxford who had been a mental health nurse before the war.", "When the war ended she again went to work looking after women. She helped sex\\-workers in London and in 1926 she and Croxford opened a refuge for them in [Hythe](/wiki/Hythe%2C_Kent \"Hythe, Kent\") in Kent.", "Lambert died in [Farncombe](/wiki/Farncombe \"Farncombe\"). Her biography was written by Violet Croxford.", "" ]
Plot ---- This is the complicated story of the royal couple of Ambikhapur, Devraj surnamed Dev and Krisha Singh Rathore. Their meeting took place in special circumstances as Devraj took advantage of Krisha's naivety to seduce and marry her. Little by little, the young woman soon realizes that her husband is not what he seems and discovers the hidden reason for their marriage: Daksh and Maya. Dakshraj Singh Rathore known as Daksh and Maya are Dev's twin and Krisha's lookalike respectively. In the past, Daksh, disabled and traumatized by the death of his parents, found solace in Maya, a family friend to whom he became attached. Seeing Maya's importance in the good recovery of their heir, the Rathores asked for her hand for Devraj. And although he accepted out of love for his brother, he did not really live a happy married life because his new wife was very superficial and possessive. When Maya dies in an accident, Daksh, an eyewitness, can't get over it. Afraid that their reputation would be tarnished in view of his state, the Rathores, or at least only Devraj and Jaya Ma, his housekeeper, decide to lock him in a room in the mansion and make him appear dead at the same time as Maya. The fact that Krisha looks like Maya has given Dev hope for his brother's recovery. This is among other reasons why he married her, so that she could pretend to be his late wife in Daksh's eyes and help him heal. Although the methods he uses are severe, Devraj succeeds in completely changing the personality of Krisha who bends to his will for fear of disappointing her family. In the 50th episode, however, Krisha discovers the whole truth, thanks to the help and company of her brothers\-in\-law, Rathi and Arav. Daksh finally comes out of his confinement, and seeing her, mistakes her for Maya. Realizing that he has done wrong towards Krisha, Dev decides to free her, only to later discover that the young woman intends to stay out of love for him. Since then, Krisha acts and behaves like Maya whenever she is in Daksh's presence. Meanwhile, Roma, Dev's close friend, the one without whom he could not have seduced Krisha, turns out to be obsessed with him. Wanting to keep Krisha away from him, she decides to attack Daksh and make him take the blame. But to her surprise, Daksh confronts her, revealing that in reality he wasn't even sick. The truth is that all this time he was pretending to curry favor with the whole family without lifting a finger. And rather than attacking Roma for having attempted on his life, he decides to form an alliance with her, for a single objective: to separate Krisha and Devraj and then marry them. Despite being their own, none of Roma and Daksh's plans work. They even tried to orchestrate a marriage proposal from Daksh to Maya, based on Dev and Maya's divorce proceedings when she was still alive. Realizing his feelings for Krisha, Dev refuses to lie any longer and confesses Maya's real identity to his brother. Later, as Daksh pretends to get over it and Dev and Krisha are closer than ever, Krisha soon begins to have suspicions about her brother\-in\-law. While he reveals himself to her knowing that she will do nothing to expose him, he makes sure to break Devraj's trust in her, in vain. As a last resort, he then commits the unthinkable. In episode 90, Daksh orchestrates his own murder by ensuring that Krisha shoots him in front of Dev. From then on, it was not only him who lost confidence in our heroine, but all of her in\-laws who, until then, had nothing but praise for her. Rather than arrest her for Daksh's murder, Jaya Ma suggests making her stay at the palace to avoid alerting the media and tarnishing their reputation with legal proceedings. But Krisha is not at the end of her surprises, because every day she spends at the palace, her in\-laws and even Dev only belittle her and constantly remind her of her responsibility for Daksh's death. Not giving up, she does everything to prove her innocence, and at the same time save her marriage on the verge of breakdown. Dev's uncles and cousins soon take advantage of their nephew's depression to usurp his power. Krisha, aware of this, decides to look after his interests by coming to work with him in his hotel complex. She even manages to prevent arms dealers from setting up their network there, and save the reputation of the royal family. When she finally proves her innocence by exposing Roma who, in the process, is expelled from the palace, all of her in\-laws' trust in her is regained, and Devraj promises her to turn the page by finally agreeing to live as husband and wife.
[ "Plot\n----", "This is the complicated story of the royal couple of Ambikhapur, Devraj surnamed Dev and Krisha Singh Rathore. Their meeting took place in special circumstances as Devraj took advantage of Krisha's naivety to seduce and marry her. Little by little, the young woman soon realizes that her husband is not what he seems and discovers the hidden reason for their marriage: Daksh and Maya.", "Dakshraj Singh Rathore known as Daksh and Maya are Dev's twin and Krisha's lookalike respectively. In the past, Daksh, disabled and traumatized by the death of his parents, found solace in Maya, a family friend to whom he became attached. Seeing Maya's importance in the good recovery of their heir, the Rathores asked for her hand for Devraj. And although he accepted out of love for his brother, he did not really live a happy married life because his new wife was very superficial and possessive. When Maya dies in an accident, Daksh, an eyewitness, can't get over it. Afraid that their reputation would be tarnished in view of his state, the Rathores, or at least only Devraj and Jaya Ma, his housekeeper, decide to lock him in a room in the mansion and make him appear dead at the same time as Maya.", "The fact that Krisha looks like Maya has given Dev hope for his brother's recovery. This is among other reasons why he married her, so that she could pretend to be his late wife in Daksh's eyes and help him heal. Although the methods he uses are severe, Devraj succeeds in completely changing the personality of Krisha who bends to his will for fear of disappointing her family.", "In the 50th episode, however, Krisha discovers the whole truth, thanks to the help and company of her brothers\\-in\\-law, Rathi and Arav. Daksh finally comes out of his confinement, and seeing her, mistakes her for Maya. Realizing that he has done wrong towards Krisha, Dev decides to free her, only to later discover that the young woman intends to stay out of love for him. Since then, Krisha acts and behaves like Maya whenever she is in Daksh's presence.", "Meanwhile, Roma, Dev's close friend, the one without whom he could not have seduced Krisha, turns out to be obsessed with him. Wanting to keep Krisha away from him, she decides to attack Daksh and make him take the blame. But to her surprise, Daksh confronts her, revealing that in reality he wasn't even sick. The truth is that all this time he was pretending to curry favor with the whole family without lifting a finger. And rather than attacking Roma for having attempted on his life, he decides to form an alliance with her, for a single objective: to separate Krisha and Devraj and then marry them.", "Despite being their own, none of Roma and Daksh's plans work. They even tried to orchestrate a marriage proposal from Daksh to Maya, based on Dev and Maya's divorce proceedings when she was still alive. Realizing his feelings for Krisha, Dev refuses to lie any longer and confesses Maya's real identity to his brother. Later, as Daksh pretends to get over it and Dev and Krisha are closer than ever, Krisha soon begins to have suspicions about her brother\\-in\\-law. While he reveals himself to her knowing that she will do nothing to expose him, he makes sure to break Devraj's trust in her, in vain. As a last resort, he then commits the unthinkable. In episode 90, Daksh orchestrates his own murder by ensuring that Krisha shoots him in front of Dev. From then on, it was not only him who lost confidence in our heroine, but all of her in\\-laws who, until then, had nothing but praise for her.", "Rather than arrest her for Daksh's murder, Jaya Ma suggests making her stay at the palace to avoid alerting the media and tarnishing their reputation with legal proceedings. But Krisha is not at the end of her surprises, because every day she spends at the palace, her in\\-laws and even Dev only belittle her and constantly remind her of her responsibility for Daksh's death. Not giving up, she does everything to prove her innocence, and at the same time save her marriage on the verge of breakdown. Dev's uncles and cousins soon take advantage of their nephew's depression to usurp his power. Krisha, aware of this, decides to look after his interests by coming to work with him in his hotel complex. She even manages to prevent arms dealers from setting up their network there, and save the reputation of the royal family. When she finally proves her innocence by exposing Roma who, in the process, is expelled from the palace, all of her in\\-laws' trust in her is regained, and Devraj promises her to turn the page by finally agreeing to live as husband and wife.", "" ]
Life and work ------------- ### Study of physics From 1979 to 1984, Grassmann studied physics at the [University of Erlangen](/wiki/University_of_Erlangen "University of Erlangen") and the [University of Hamburg](/wiki/University_of_Hamburg "University of Hamburg"). For his [laurea](/wiki/Laurea "Laurea") thesis, he developed a detection method for high energy photons using a [scintillating crystal](/wiki/Scintillator "Scintillator") (CsI(Tl)) [calorimeter](/wiki/Calorimeter "Calorimeter") with [photodiode](/wiki/Photodiode "Photodiode") readout. Advanced scientific experiments make use of this technology, including the [Crystal\-Barrel](/wiki/Crystal-Barrel "Crystal-Barrel"), the [BaBar](/wiki/BaBar "BaBar"), the [CLEO](/wiki/CLEO_%28particle_detector%29 "CLEO (particle detector)"), the [Belle experiments](/wiki/Belle_experiment "Belle experiment") and the [Glast](/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope "Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope") satellite. From 1984 to 1988, Grassmann was part of the [UA1 experiment](/wiki/UA1_experiment "UA1 experiment") at [CERN](/wiki/CERN "CERN") in Geneva, where he wrote his PhD thesis. From 1987 to 1999, Grassmann worked with the [CDF collaboration](/wiki/CDF_collaboration "CDF collaboration") at the [Tevatron collider](/wiki/Tevatron_collider "Tevatron collider") in the Fermi National Laboratory ([Fermilab](/wiki/Fermilab "Fermilab")), close to Chicago and at the [Superconducting Super Collider](/wiki/Superconducting_Super_Collider "Superconducting Super Collider") laboratory (Dallas). In 1988 with his student, [S. Leone](/wiki/S._Leone_%28person%29 "S. Leone (person)"), he developed the study of the asymmetry in production and decay of the [W\-boson](/wiki/W-boson "W-boson") at the [Tevatron](/wiki/Tevatron "Tevatron") [proton](/wiki/Proton "Proton")–[antiproton](/wiki/Antiproton "Antiproton") collider. [W bosons](/wiki/W_boson "W boson") are predominantly produced in collisions of [valence quarks](/wiki/Valence_quark "Valence quark"); therefore, one can determine the kinematic properties of the [up](/wiki/Up_quark "Up quark") and [down quarks](/wiki/Down_quarks "Down quarks") in the [proton](/wiki/Proton "Proton") and [antiproton](/wiki/Antiproton "Antiproton") from the observation of W production. By analyzing the relative difference in the production of W\+ and W− particles, one can substantially reduce the effects of systematic uncertainties in the experimental device. {{cite web \|author\=S. Leone \|year\=1994 \|title\=Lepton charge asymmetry from ''W''± → ''l''±''ν'' at the Tevatron collider \|url\=http://www\-spires.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/hep/www?r\=FERMILAB\-THESIS\-1994\-30 \|accessdate\=2009\-02\-10 }}{{Dead link\|date\=May 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} {{cite journal \|author\=F. Abe\|year\=1992 \|title\=Lepton asymmetry in ''W''\-boson decays from ''{{overline\|p}}p'' collisions at {{radical\|s}} \= 1\.8 TeV \|journal\=\[\[Physical Review Letters]] \|volume\=68 \|issue\=10 \|pages\=1458–1462 \|doi\=10\.1103/PhysRevLett.68\.1458 \|pmid\=10045137 \|bibcode\=1992PhRvL..68\.1458A \|display\-authors\=etal\|url\=https://zenodo.org/record/1233891}} Since 1988, Grassmann has developed a method for detecting the [top quark](/wiki/Top_quark "Top quark"). {{cite journal \|author1\=M. Cobal \|author2\=H. Grassmann \|author3\=S. Leone \|year\=1994 \|title\=On exploiting the single\-lepton event structure for the top search \|journal\=\[\[Il Nuovo Cimento A]] \|volume\=107 \|issue\=1 \|page\=75 \|doi\=10\.1007/BF02813074 \|bibcode \= 1994NCimA.107\...75C \|s2cid\=119549777 }} The method makes use of the different kinematic properties of production and decay of top quark particles and background events, such as the production of W particles together with [hadronic jets](/wiki/Jet_%28particle_physics%29 "Jet (particle physics)"). In 1994, this analysis was successfully applied by Grassmann, G. Bellettini and M. Cobal. The top quark was observed in Tevatron collider data. {{cite web \|author1\=M. Cobal \|author2\=H. Grassmann \|author3\=G. Bellettini \|year\=1994 \|title\=Search for the top quark at CDF: Studying the structure of events with one lepton, a neutrino and jets \|url\=http://www\-spires.fnal.gov/spires/find/hep/www?r\=fermilab\-thesis\-1994\-31 \|accessdate\=2009\-02\-10 }} These results were confirmed when the analysis was repeated on a larger data sample. {{cite journal \|author\=F. Abe\|year\=1995 \|title\=Identification of Top Quark using kinematic variables \|journal\=\[\[Physical Review D]] \|volume\=52 \|issue\= 5\|pages\=R2605–R2609 \|doi\=10\.1103/PhysRevD.52\.R2605 \|pmid\=10019541 \|bibcode \= 1995PhRvD..52\.2605A \|display\-authors\=etal}} After the top quark discovery, Grassmann worked on a connection between the classic [information theory](/wiki/Information_Theory "Information Theory") of [Claude Shannon](/wiki/Claude_Shannon "Claude Shannon"), [Gregory Chaitin](/wiki/Chaitin "Chaitin") and [Andrey Kolmogorov](/wiki/Kolmogorov "Kolmogorov") et al. and physics. {{cite web \|author\=H. Grassmann \|title\=On the mathematical structure of messages and message processing systems \|url\=http://www.isomorph.it/letters/available\-articles/resolveUid/fa69f10e1aacdcd3d4cc1f09f70bfb7f \|accessdate\=2009\-02\-10 }} {{Dead link\|date\=October 2010\|bot\=H3llBot}} From work done by [Leó Szilárd](/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd "Leó Szilárd"), [Rolf Landauer](/wiki/Rolf_Landauer "Rolf Landauer") and [Charles H. Bennett](/wiki/Charles_H._Bennett_%28computer_scientist%29 "Charles H. Bennett (computer scientist)"), there is a connection between physics and [information theory](/wiki/Information_theory "Information theory"). Storing or deleting one bit of information dissipates energy; {{cite journal \|author\=L. Szilárd \|year\=1929 \|title\=Über die Entropieverminderung in einem thermodynamischen System bei Eingriffen intelligenter Wesen \|journal\=\[\[Zeitschrift für Physik]] \|volume\=53 \|pages\=840–856 \|doi\=10\.1007/BF01341281 \|bibcode \= 1929ZPhy...53\..840S \|issue\=11–12 \|s2cid\=122038206 \|author\-link\=Leó Szilárd }} {{cite journal \|author\=R. Landauer \|year\=1961 \|title\=Irreversibility and heat generation in the computing process \|journal\=\[\[IBM Journal of Research and Development]] \|volume\=5 \|pages\=183–191 \|doi\=10\.1147/rd.53\.0183 \|issue\=3 }} {{cite journal \|author\=C. H. Bennett \|year\=1982 \|title\=The Thermodynamics of Computation – A Review \|journal\=\[\[International Journal of Theoretical Physics]] \|volume\=21 \|issue\=12 \|pages\=905–940 \|doi\=10\.1007/BF02084158 \|bibcode \= 1982IJTP...21\..905B \|s2cid\=17471991 }} however, neither classic information theory nor [algorithmic information theory](/wiki/Algorithmic_information_theory "Algorithmic information theory") contain any physics variables. The variable entropy used in information theory is not a state function; therefore, it is not the thermodynamic entropy used in physics. Grassmann made use of existing and established concepts, such as message, amount of information or complexity, but set them in a new mathematical framework. His approach is based on vector algebra or on [Boolean algebra](/wiki/Boolean_algebra_%28introduction%29 "Boolean algebra (introduction)") instead of probability theory. ### Renewable Energies Grassmann also developed an approach for studying shrouded [wind turbines](/wiki/Wind_turbines "Wind turbines").{{cite journal\|title\=Upgrading conventional wind turbines \|author1\=F. Bet \|author2\=H. Grassmann\|doi\=10\.1016/S0960\-1481(01\)00187\-2\|volume\=28\|journal\=Renewable Energy\|pages\=71–78\|year\=2003 }}{{cite journal\|title\=A partially static turbine—first experimental results\|author1\=H. Grassmann \|author2\=F. Bet \|author3\=G. Cabras \|author4\=M. Ceschia \|author5\=D. Cobai \|author6\=C. DelPapa \|doi\=10\.1016/S0960\-1481(03\)00061\-2 \|volume\=28 \|issue\=11\|journal\=Renewable Energy \|pages\=1779–1785\|year\=2003}}{{cite journal\|title\=On the physics of partially static turbines \|author1\=H. Grassmann \|author2\=F. Bet \|author3\=M. Ceschia \|author4\=M. L. Ganis \|doi\=10\.1016/j.renene.2003\.07\.008 \|volume\=29 \|issue\=4 \|journal\=Renewable Energy \|pages\=491–499\|year\=2004 \|citeseerx\=10\.1\.1\.542\.5161 }} [thumbnail\|right\|The Linear mirror](/wiki/File:LinearMirror.jpg "LinearMirror.jpg") In 2006 Isomorph undertook the development of a system of mirrors \- the so\-called [Linear mirror](/wiki/Linear_mirror "Linear mirror") \- for the concentration of solar energy. This system is a very simple and therefore inexpensive structure, which allows to create a full\-scale prototype without the need of outside partners. In 'October 2008, the Linear mirror received its first award from the [Italian Physical Society](/wiki/Italian_Physical_Society "Italian Physical Society"), which honors [Alessandro Prest](/wiki/Alessandro_Prest "Alessandro Prest"), an employee of the Isomorph, for the presentation of the project.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sif.it/attivita/congresso/xciv/comunicazioni \|title\=Migliori comunicazioni 2008 \|author\=Società Italiana di Fisica \|accessdate\=10 January 2013}} The mirror came into operation for the first time in autumn 2008, fulfilling all the expectations.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.isomorph.it/solutions/renewable\-energies/solar\-thermal/power\-measurement \|title\=Measurement of the power transfer in a Linear mirror with 20 mirror elements \|author\=Isomorph srl \|access\-date\=10 January 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722040412/http://www.isomorph.it/solutions/renewable\-energies/solar\-thermal/power\-measurement \|archive\-date\=22 July 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy\-all }} In July 2010 the first [Linear mirror](/wiki/Linear_mirror "Linear mirror") was installed by the town of Pontebba[http://www.comune.pontebba.ud.it/Progetto\-specchio\-lineare.3774\.0\.html?\&L\=0\|titolo\=Progetto](http://www.comune.pontebba.ud.it/Progetto-specchio-lineare.3774.0.html?&L=0|titolo=Progetto) specchio lineare) to provide thermal energy to the local kindergarten. In the same year the town of Pontebba successfully participated to the National contest for the election of the most virtuous municipalities.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.comunivirtuosi.org \|title\=Ass. dei Comuni Virtuosi \|publisher\=Comunivirtuosi.org \|date\= \|accessdate\=2013\-09\-14}} In April 2011 Hans Grassmann has received the "[Nuclear\-Free Future Award](/wiki/Nuclear-Free_Future_Award "Nuclear-Free Future Award"), with the motivation that the [Linear mirror](/wiki/Linear_mirror "Linear mirror") can be able to contribute to the replacement of nuclear power.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nuclear\-free.com/eng/release.htm \|title\=Nuclear\-Free Future Award Announcements \|publisher\=Nuclear\-free.com \|date\= \|access\-date\=2013\-09\-14 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724092322/http://www.nuclear\-free.com/eng/release.htm \|archive\-date\=2013\-07\-24 \|url\-status\=dead }} In May 2012 the [Linear mirror](/wiki/Linear_mirror "Linear mirror") received the [Solar keymark](/wiki/Solar_keymark "Solar keymark") certificate by CERTCO DIN (DIN EN 12795\-1:2006\-06 and DIN EN 12795\-2:2006\-06\).{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.isomorph.it/solutions/renewable\-energies/solar\-thermal/Linear%20Mirror/certco \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2013\-01\-02 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817081931/http://www.isomorph.it/solutions/renewable\-energies/solar\-thermal/Linear%20Mirror/certco \|archive\-date\=2013\-08\-17 \|url\-status\=dead }} Tests for the Solar Keymark were carried out by the Fraunhofer Institute ISE Freiburg.[http://www.isomorph.it/solutions/renewable\-energies/solar\-thermal/resolveuid/1da56c7c5ff66e2ca6b054dd73d937e0{{Dead link\|date\=January 2020 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}](http://www.isomorph.it/solutions/renewable-energies/solar-thermal/resolveuid/1da56c7c5ff66e2ca6b054dd73d937e0{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) ### Entrepreneurship In 2004, Grassmann founded Isomorph, which creates scientific concepts, procedures and devices based on physics research. Isomorph's research is independent of the scientific\-administrative complex. Isomorph developed an innovative [concentrating mirror](/wiki/Concentrating_solar_power "Concentrating solar power") system to make economic use of [solar energy](/wiki/Solar_energy "Solar energy"). It is a simple system and cheap to produce.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.isomorph.it/solutions/renewable\-energies/solar\-thermal/power\-measurement\|title\=Measurement of the power transfer in a Linear mirror with 20 mirror elements\|access\-date\=2009\-02\-10\|author\=Isomorph srl\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722040412/http://www.isomorph.it/solutions/renewable\-energies/solar\-thermal/power\-measurement\|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-22\|url\-status\=dead}}A. Prest, H. Grassmann, "The linear mirror for solar energy exploitation", submitted to Nuovo Cimento Letters on 30\-12\-2008 ### Books Grassmann has explained physics to the general public in books and newspaper articles, noting that "everybody can understand physics. What cannot be understood is not physics."Grassmann, H.: *Ahnung von der Materie – Physik für alle.*, Dumont, 2008, {{ISBN\|978\-3\-8321\-8082\-9}} His books about the relationship between science and society are available in several translations. * Grassmann, H.: *Das Top Quark, Picasso und Mercedes Benz – oder Was ist Physik?*, Rowohlt Berlin, 1997, {{ISBN\|3\-87134\-328\-5}}. * Grassmann, H.: *Alles Quark? Ein Physikbuch*, Rowohlt Berlin, Berlin, 2000, {{ISBN\|3\-87134\-362\-5}}. * Grassmann, H.: *Das Denken und seine Zukunft – von der Eigenart des Menschen*, Hoffman und Campe, Hamburg, 2001, {{ISBN\|3\-455\-09333\-7}}. * Grassmann, H.: *Ahnung von der Materie – Physik für alle.*, Dumont, 2008, {{ISBN\|978\-3\-8321\-8082\-9}}.
[ "Life and work\n-------------", "### Study of physics", "From 1979 to 1984, Grassmann studied physics at the [University of Erlangen](/wiki/University_of_Erlangen \"University of Erlangen\") and the [University of Hamburg](/wiki/University_of_Hamburg \"University of Hamburg\"). For his [laurea](/wiki/Laurea \"Laurea\") thesis, he developed a detection method for high energy photons using a [scintillating crystal](/wiki/Scintillator \"Scintillator\") (CsI(Tl)) [calorimeter](/wiki/Calorimeter \"Calorimeter\") with [photodiode](/wiki/Photodiode \"Photodiode\") readout. Advanced scientific experiments make use of this technology, including the [Crystal\\-Barrel](/wiki/Crystal-Barrel \"Crystal-Barrel\"), the [BaBar](/wiki/BaBar \"BaBar\"), the [CLEO](/wiki/CLEO_%28particle_detector%29 \"CLEO (particle detector)\"), the [Belle experiments](/wiki/Belle_experiment \"Belle experiment\") and the [Glast](/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope \"Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope\") satellite.", "From 1984 to 1988, Grassmann was part of the [UA1 experiment](/wiki/UA1_experiment \"UA1 experiment\") at [CERN](/wiki/CERN \"CERN\") in Geneva, where he wrote his PhD thesis.", "From 1987 to 1999, Grassmann worked with the [CDF collaboration](/wiki/CDF_collaboration \"CDF collaboration\") at the [Tevatron collider](/wiki/Tevatron_collider \"Tevatron collider\") in the Fermi National Laboratory ([Fermilab](/wiki/Fermilab \"Fermilab\")), close to Chicago and at the [Superconducting Super Collider](/wiki/Superconducting_Super_Collider \"Superconducting Super Collider\") laboratory (Dallas).", "In 1988 with his student, [S. Leone](/wiki/S._Leone_%28person%29 \"S. Leone (person)\"), he developed the study of the asymmetry in production and decay of the [W\\-boson](/wiki/W-boson \"W-boson\") at the [Tevatron](/wiki/Tevatron \"Tevatron\") [proton](/wiki/Proton \"Proton\")–[antiproton](/wiki/Antiproton \"Antiproton\") collider. [W bosons](/wiki/W_boson \"W boson\") are predominantly produced in collisions of [valence quarks](/wiki/Valence_quark \"Valence quark\"); therefore, one can determine the kinematic properties of the [up](/wiki/Up_quark \"Up quark\") and [down quarks](/wiki/Down_quarks \"Down quarks\") in the [proton](/wiki/Proton \"Proton\") and [antiproton](/wiki/Antiproton \"Antiproton\") from the observation of W production. By analyzing the relative difference in the production of W\\+ and W− particles, one can substantially reduce the effects of systematic uncertainties in the experimental device.\n{{cite web\n \\|author\\=S. Leone\n \\|year\\=1994\n \\|title\\=Lepton charge asymmetry from ''W''± → ''l''±''ν'' at the Tevatron collider\n \\|url\\=http://www\\-spires.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/hep/www?r\\=FERMILAB\\-THESIS\\-1994\\-30\n \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-02\\-10\n }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=May 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}", "{{cite journal\n \\|author\\=F. Abe\\|year\\=1992\n \\|title\\=Lepton asymmetry in ''W''\\-boson decays from ''{{overline\\|p}}p'' collisions at {{radical\\|s}} \\= 1\\.8 TeV\n \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Physical Review Letters]]\n \\|volume\\=68 \\|issue\\=10 \\|pages\\=1458–1462\n \\|doi\\=10\\.1103/PhysRevLett.68\\.1458\n\\|pmid\\=10045137\n \\|bibcode\\=1992PhRvL..68\\.1458A\n\\|display\\-authors\\=etal\\|url\\=https://zenodo.org/record/1233891}}", "Since 1988, Grassmann has developed a method for detecting the [top quark](/wiki/Top_quark \"Top quark\").\n{{cite journal\n \\|author1\\=M. Cobal \\|author2\\=H. Grassmann \\|author3\\=S. Leone \\|year\\=1994\n \\|title\\=On exploiting the single\\-lepton event structure for the top search\n \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Il Nuovo Cimento A]]\n \\|volume\\=107 \\|issue\\=1 \\|page\\=75\n \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/BF02813074\n\\|bibcode \\= 1994NCimA.107\\...75C \\|s2cid\\=119549777 }} The method makes use of the different kinematic properties of production and decay of top quark particles and background events, such as the production of W particles together with [hadronic jets](/wiki/Jet_%28particle_physics%29 \"Jet (particle physics)\"). In 1994, this analysis was successfully applied by Grassmann, G. Bellettini and M. Cobal. The top quark was observed in Tevatron collider data.\n{{cite web\n \\|author1\\=M. Cobal \\|author2\\=H. Grassmann \\|author3\\=G. Bellettini \\|year\\=1994\n \\|title\\=Search for the top quark at CDF: Studying the structure of events with one lepton, a neutrino and jets\n \\|url\\=http://www\\-spires.fnal.gov/spires/find/hep/www?r\\=fermilab\\-thesis\\-1994\\-31\n \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-02\\-10\n}} These results were confirmed when the analysis was repeated on a larger data sample.\n{{cite journal\n \\|author\\=F. Abe\\|year\\=1995\n \\|title\\=Identification of Top Quark using kinematic variables\n \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Physical Review D]]\n \\|volume\\=52 \\|issue\\= 5\\|pages\\=R2605–R2609\n \\|doi\\=10\\.1103/PhysRevD.52\\.R2605\n\\|pmid\\=10019541\n \\|bibcode \\= 1995PhRvD..52\\.2605A \\|display\\-authors\\=etal}}", "After the top quark discovery, Grassmann worked on a connection between the classic [information theory](/wiki/Information_Theory \"Information Theory\") of [Claude Shannon](/wiki/Claude_Shannon \"Claude Shannon\"), [Gregory Chaitin](/wiki/Chaitin \"Chaitin\") and [Andrey Kolmogorov](/wiki/Kolmogorov \"Kolmogorov\") et al. and physics.\n{{cite web\n \\|author\\=H. Grassmann\n \\|title\\=On the mathematical structure of messages and message processing systems\n \\|url\\=http://www.isomorph.it/letters/available\\-articles/resolveUid/fa69f10e1aacdcd3d4cc1f09f70bfb7f\n \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-02\\-10\n}} {{Dead link\\|date\\=October 2010\\|bot\\=H3llBot}} From work done by [Leó Szilárd](/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd \"Leó Szilárd\"), [Rolf Landauer](/wiki/Rolf_Landauer \"Rolf Landauer\") and [Charles H. Bennett](/wiki/Charles_H._Bennett_%28computer_scientist%29 \"Charles H. Bennett (computer scientist)\"), there is a connection between physics and [information theory](/wiki/Information_theory \"Information theory\"). Storing or deleting one bit of information dissipates energy;\n{{cite journal\n \\|author\\=L. Szilárd\n \\|year\\=1929\n \\|title\\=Über die Entropieverminderung in einem thermodynamischen System bei Eingriffen intelligenter Wesen\n \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Zeitschrift für Physik]]\n \\|volume\\=53 \\|pages\\=840–856\n \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/BF01341281\n\\|bibcode \\= 1929ZPhy...53\\..840S\n \\|issue\\=11–12 \\|s2cid\\=122038206\n \\|author\\-link\\=Leó Szilárd\n }}\n{{cite journal\n \\|author\\=R. Landauer\n \\|year\\=1961\n \\|title\\=Irreversibility and heat generation in the computing process\n \\|journal\\=\\[\\[IBM Journal of Research and Development]]\n \\|volume\\=5 \\|pages\\=183–191\n \\|doi\\=10\\.1147/rd.53\\.0183\n \\|issue\\=3\n}}\n{{cite journal\n \\|author\\=C. H. Bennett\n \\|year\\=1982\n \\|title\\=The Thermodynamics of Computation – A Review\n \\|journal\\=\\[\\[International Journal of Theoretical Physics]]\n \\|volume\\=21 \\|issue\\=12 \\|pages\\=905–940\n \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/BF02084158\n\\|bibcode \\= 1982IJTP...21\\..905B \\|s2cid\\=17471991\n }} however, neither classic information theory nor [algorithmic information theory](/wiki/Algorithmic_information_theory \"Algorithmic information theory\") contain any physics variables. The variable entropy used in information theory is not a state function; therefore, it is not the thermodynamic entropy used in physics. Grassmann made use of existing and established concepts, such as message, amount of information or complexity, but set them in a new mathematical framework. His approach is based on vector algebra or on [Boolean algebra](/wiki/Boolean_algebra_%28introduction%29 \"Boolean algebra (introduction)\") instead of probability theory.", "### Renewable Energies", "Grassmann also developed an approach for studying shrouded [wind turbines](/wiki/Wind_turbines \"Wind turbines\").{{cite journal\\|title\\=Upgrading conventional wind turbines \\|author1\\=F. Bet \\|author2\\=H. Grassmann\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S0960\\-1481(01\\)00187\\-2\\|volume\\=28\\|journal\\=Renewable Energy\\|pages\\=71–78\\|year\\=2003 }}{{cite journal\\|title\\=A partially static turbine—first experimental results\\|author1\\=H. Grassmann \\|author2\\=F. Bet \\|author3\\=G. Cabras \\|author4\\=M. Ceschia \\|author5\\=D. Cobai \\|author6\\=C. DelPapa \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S0960\\-1481(03\\)00061\\-2 \\|volume\\=28 \\|issue\\=11\\|journal\\=Renewable Energy \\|pages\\=1779–1785\\|year\\=2003}}{{cite journal\\|title\\=On the physics of partially static turbines \\|author1\\=H. Grassmann \\|author2\\=F. Bet \\|author3\\=M. Ceschia \\|author4\\=M. L. Ganis \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.renene.2003\\.07\\.008 \\|volume\\=29 \\|issue\\=4 \\|journal\\=Renewable Energy \\|pages\\=491–499\\|year\\=2004 \\|citeseerx\\=10\\.1\\.1\\.542\\.5161 }}", "[thumbnail\\|right\\|The Linear mirror](/wiki/File:LinearMirror.jpg \"LinearMirror.jpg\")", "In 2006 Isomorph undertook the development of a system of mirrors \\- the so\\-called [Linear mirror](/wiki/Linear_mirror \"Linear mirror\") \\- for the concentration of solar energy. This system is a very simple and therefore inexpensive structure, which allows to create a full\\-scale prototype without the need of outside partners. In 'October 2008, the Linear mirror received its first award from the [Italian Physical Society](/wiki/Italian_Physical_Society \"Italian Physical Society\"), which honors [Alessandro Prest](/wiki/Alessandro_Prest \"Alessandro Prest\"), an employee of the Isomorph, for the presentation of the project.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sif.it/attivita/congresso/xciv/comunicazioni \\|title\\=Migliori comunicazioni 2008 \\|author\\=Società Italiana di Fisica \\|accessdate\\=10 January 2013}}", "The mirror came into operation for the first time in autumn 2008, fulfilling all the expectations.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.isomorph.it/solutions/renewable\\-energies/solar\\-thermal/power\\-measurement \\|title\\=Measurement of the power transfer in a Linear mirror with 20 mirror elements \\|author\\=Isomorph srl \\|access\\-date\\=10 January 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722040412/http://www.isomorph.it/solutions/renewable\\-energies/solar\\-thermal/power\\-measurement \\|archive\\-date\\=22 July 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} In July 2010 the first [Linear mirror](/wiki/Linear_mirror \"Linear mirror\") was installed by the town of Pontebba[http://www.comune.pontebba.ud.it/Progetto\\-specchio\\-lineare.3774\\.0\\.html?\\&L\\=0\\|titolo\\=Progetto](http://www.comune.pontebba.ud.it/Progetto-specchio-lineare.3774.0.html?&L=0|titolo=Progetto) specchio lineare) to provide thermal energy to the local kindergarten. In the same year the town of Pontebba successfully participated to the National contest for the election of the most virtuous municipalities.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.comunivirtuosi.org \\|title\\=Ass. dei Comuni Virtuosi \\|publisher\\=Comunivirtuosi.org \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2013\\-09\\-14}} In April 2011 Hans Grassmann has received the \"[Nuclear\\-Free Future Award](/wiki/Nuclear-Free_Future_Award \"Nuclear-Free Future Award\"), with the motivation that the [Linear mirror](/wiki/Linear_mirror \"Linear mirror\") can be able to contribute to the replacement of nuclear power.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nuclear\\-free.com/eng/release.htm \\|title\\=Nuclear\\-Free Future Award Announcements \\|publisher\\=Nuclear\\-free.com \\|date\\= \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-14 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724092322/http://www.nuclear\\-free.com/eng/release.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-07\\-24 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "In May 2012 the [Linear mirror](/wiki/Linear_mirror \"Linear mirror\") received the [Solar keymark](/wiki/Solar_keymark \"Solar keymark\") certificate by CERTCO DIN (DIN EN 12795\\-1:2006\\-06 and DIN EN 12795\\-2:2006\\-06\\).{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.isomorph.it/solutions/renewable\\-energies/solar\\-thermal/Linear%20Mirror/certco \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-01\\-02 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817081931/http://www.isomorph.it/solutions/renewable\\-energies/solar\\-thermal/Linear%20Mirror/certco \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-08\\-17 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Tests for the Solar Keymark were carried out by the Fraunhofer Institute ISE Freiburg.[http://www.isomorph.it/solutions/renewable\\-energies/solar\\-thermal/resolveuid/1da56c7c5ff66e2ca6b054dd73d937e0{{Dead link\\|date\\=January 2020 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}](http://www.isomorph.it/solutions/renewable-energies/solar-thermal/resolveuid/1da56c7c5ff66e2ca6b054dd73d937e0{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})", "### Entrepreneurship", "In 2004, Grassmann founded Isomorph, which creates scientific concepts, procedures and devices based on physics research. Isomorph's research is independent of the scientific\\-administrative complex.", "Isomorph developed an innovative [concentrating mirror](/wiki/Concentrating_solar_power \"Concentrating solar power\") system to make economic use of [solar energy](/wiki/Solar_energy \"Solar energy\"). It is a simple system and cheap to produce.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.isomorph.it/solutions/renewable\\-energies/solar\\-thermal/power\\-measurement\\|title\\=Measurement of the power transfer in a Linear mirror with 20 mirror elements\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-02\\-10\\|author\\=Isomorph srl\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722040412/http://www.isomorph.it/solutions/renewable\\-energies/solar\\-thermal/power\\-measurement\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-22\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}A. Prest, H. Grassmann, \"The linear mirror for solar energy exploitation\", submitted to Nuovo Cimento Letters on 30\\-12\\-2008", "### Books", "Grassmann has explained physics to the general public in books and newspaper articles, noting that \"everybody can understand physics. What cannot be understood is not physics.\"Grassmann, H.: *Ahnung von der Materie – Physik für alle.*, Dumont, 2008, {{ISBN\\|978\\-3\\-8321\\-8082\\-9}} His books about the relationship between science and society are available in several translations.", "* Grassmann, H.: *Das Top Quark, Picasso und Mercedes Benz – oder Was ist Physik?*, Rowohlt Berlin, 1997, {{ISBN\\|3\\-87134\\-328\\-5}}.\n* Grassmann, H.: *Alles Quark? Ein Physikbuch*, Rowohlt Berlin, Berlin, 2000, {{ISBN\\|3\\-87134\\-362\\-5}}.\n* Grassmann, H.: *Das Denken und seine Zukunft – von der Eigenart des Menschen*, Hoffman und Campe, Hamburg, 2001, {{ISBN\\|3\\-455\\-09333\\-7}}.\n* Grassmann, H.: *Ahnung von der Materie – Physik für alle.*, Dumont, 2008, {{ISBN\\|978\\-3\\-8321\\-8082\\-9}}." ]
Career ------ In 1991 Durczok started working in Radio [Katowice](/wiki/Katowice "Katowice"). Earlier he had co\-created Student's Radio EGIDA on [University of Silesia](/wiki/University_of_Silesia "University of Silesia") in Katowice for few years. As a 24\-year\-old he became director and editor\-in\-chief of Katowice radio TOP FM owned by [Solidarity](/wiki/Solidarity_%28Polish_trade_union%29 "Solidarity (Polish trade union)").{{cite web\|title\=Kamil Durczok\|url\=http://film.onet.pl/osoby/katalog/tworcy/kamil\-durczok,125469,biografia.html\|work\=Onet.pl\|accessdate\=7 May 2011}} In 1994 he started co\-operation with [Telewizja Katowice](/wiki/TVP_Katowice "TVP Katowice") where he interviewed politicians in a programme called *Obserwatorium*. In programme *Studio Parlamentarne* he debuted in nationwide television. Then he was the presenter of [TVP3 Katowice](/wiki/TVP_Katowice "TVP Katowice") newscast \- *Aktualności* until 2002\. Between 15 March 2001 and 7 February 2006 he was the presenter of the main edition of *[Wiadomości](/wiki/Wiadomo%C5%9Bci "Wiadomości")* \- public television's newscast. He also presented election nights on [TVP1](/wiki/TVP1 "TVP1") for many years. Between 29 July 2003 and 2 September 2005 he presented *Salon polityczny Trójki* alternately with Jolanta Pieńkowska on [Polish Radio Channel 3](/wiki/Polskie_Radio_Program_III "Polskie Radio Program III"). Between 5 September 2005 and 15 June 2007 he presented *Kontrwywiad RMF FM* alternately with Konrad Piasecki on radio [RMF FM](/wiki/RMF_FM "RMF FM"). From 1 May 2006 he was Editor\-in\-Chief of [TVN](/wiki/TVN_%28Poland%29 "TVN (Poland)") newscast *[Fakty TVN](/wiki/Fakty_TVN "Fakty TVN")*. He also presented *Fakty po Faktach* on [TVN24](/wiki/TVN24 "TVN24") from 5 May 2008\. At the beginning of April 2016, he registered the Coal Minders company, which in August of the same year began looking for journalists.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/kamil\-durczok\-szykuje\-w\-katowicach\-serwis\-internetowy\-szuka\-do\-niego\-dziennikarzy\|title\=Kamil Durczok szykuje w Katowicach serwis internetowy, szuka do niego dziennikarzy\|website\=www.wirtualnemedia.pl}} On 3 October 2016, the company launched the [Upper Silesian](/wiki/Upper_Silesia "Upper Silesia") information portal Silesion.pl.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/portal\-kamila\-durczoka\-silesion\-pl\-wystartowal\-w\-redakcji\-marek\-czyz\-osoby\-z\-dziennika\-zachodniego\-i\-blogerzy\|title\=Portal Kamila Durczoka Silesion.pl wystartował. W redakcji Marek Czyż, osoby z „Dziennika Zachodniego” i blogerzy\|website\=www.wirtualnemedia.pl}} The website disappeared from the network at the end of April 2019 after information about problems with settling liabilities.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/koniec\-serwisu\-kamila\-durczoka\-silesion\-pl\|title\=W czwartek z sieci zniknął serwis Kamila Durczoka Silesion.pl\|website\=www.wirtualnemedia.pl}} After the website was closed, he was involved in conducting trainings in the field of actions in the event of an image crisis.{{Cite web\|url\=https://natemat.pl/318851,kamil\-durczok\-prowadzi\-szkolenia\-z\-zarzadzania\-kryzysem\|title\=Kamil Durczok ma nowe zajęcie. Będziecie bardzo zaskoczeni, czym się zajmuje\|website\=naTemat.pl}} On 20 October 2016, he started cooperation with [Polsat News](/wiki/Polsat_News "Polsat News"), where he ran the program *Brutalna prawda, Durczok ujawnia*,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/brutalna\-prawda\-durczok\-ujawnia\-kamil\-durczok\-z\-wlasnym\-programem\-w\-polsat\-news\-wideo\|title\=„Brutalna prawda, Durczok ujawnia” \- Kamil Durczok z własnym programem w Polsat News (wideo)\|website\=www.wirtualnemedia.pl}} which in the fall of 2017 changed its name to *Durczokracja*.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/program\-durczokracja\-kamila\-durczoka\-polsat\-news\-ogladalnosc\|title\=76 tys. widzów nowego programu Kamila Durczoka w Polsat News. Oglądalność spada z odcinka na odcinek\|website\=www.wirtualnemedia.pl}} The last program was broadcast on 14 December 2017, and it did not return to air in spring 2018\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/kamil\-durczok\-nie\-wroci\-do\-polsat\-news\-wiosna\-o\-21\-00\-serwisy\-informacyjne\-zamiast\-publicystyki\|title\=Kamil Durczok nie wróci do Polsat News. Wiosną o 21\.00 serwisy informacyjne zamiast publicystyki\|website\=www.wirtualnemedia.pl}} In the following years, Kamil Durczok was active in social media, commenting on political life in Poland on an ongoing basis, and was involved in social activities.{{Cite web\|url\=https://plejada.pl/newsy/kamil\-durczok\-we\-wspomnieniach\-znanych\-osob\-wazne\-slowa\-krzysztofa\-skiby/jx7nv1w\|title\=Znani wspominają i żegnają Kamila Durczoka. "Walczył do końca"\|date\=November 16, 2021\|website\=plejadapl}} He was, inter alia, a volunteer of the "Wolne Miejsce" foundation, helping every year in the organization of Christmas Eve for those in need.{{Cite web\|url\=https://dziennikzachodni.pl/kamil\-durczok\-na\-zawsze\-w\-naszej\-pamieci\-bliscy\-wspominaja\-kamila\-durczoka\-dziennikarz\-zmarl\-w\-katowicach\-mial\-53\-lata/ar/c1\-15904759\|title\=Kamil Durczok na zawsze w naszej pamięci. Bliscy wspominają Kamila Durczoka. Dziennikarz zmarł w Katowicach. Miał 53 lata\|first\=Kacper\|last\=Jurkiewicz\|date\=November 17, 2021\|website\=Dziennik Zachodni}} In 2020, he participated in [protests against the tightening of abortion laws](/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_women%27s_strike_protests_in_Poland "2020–2021 women's strike protests in Poland").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.se.pl/slask/katowice\-dziwaczne\-zdjecie\-durczoka\-na\-strajku\-kobiet\-co\-on\-robi\-tej\-dziewczynie\-aa\-pBrU\-uojB\-brSt.html\|title\=Dziwaczne zdjęcie Durczoka na strajku kobiet. Co on robi tej dziewczynie?!\|website\=www.se.pl}} In 2021, he launched the *Durczokracja* mobile application, in which he published his content.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.fakt.pl/kobieta/plotki/kamil\-durczok\-ni\-zyje\-w\-ostatnim\-wywiadzie\-szczere\-wyznania\-dziennikarza/b25jhgr\|title\=Kamil Durczok niedługo przed śmiercią opowiedział o Kaczyńskim, żalu do TVN i sprawie molestowania. Mocne słowa\|date\=November 17, 2021\|website\=Fakt24\.pl}}
[ "Career\n------", "In 1991 Durczok started working in Radio [Katowice](/wiki/Katowice \"Katowice\"). Earlier he had co\\-created Student's Radio EGIDA on [University of Silesia](/wiki/University_of_Silesia \"University of Silesia\") in Katowice for few years. As a 24\\-year\\-old he became director and editor\\-in\\-chief of Katowice radio TOP FM owned by [Solidarity](/wiki/Solidarity_%28Polish_trade_union%29 \"Solidarity (Polish trade union)\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Kamil Durczok\\|url\\=http://film.onet.pl/osoby/katalog/tworcy/kamil\\-durczok,125469,biografia.html\\|work\\=Onet.pl\\|accessdate\\=7 May 2011}}", "In 1994 he started co\\-operation with [Telewizja Katowice](/wiki/TVP_Katowice \"TVP Katowice\") where he interviewed politicians in a programme called *Obserwatorium*. In programme *Studio Parlamentarne* he debuted in nationwide television. Then he was the presenter of [TVP3 Katowice](/wiki/TVP_Katowice \"TVP Katowice\") newscast \\- *Aktualności* until 2002\\.", "Between 15 March 2001 and 7 February 2006 he was the presenter of the main edition of *[Wiadomości](/wiki/Wiadomo%C5%9Bci \"Wiadomości\")* \\- public television's newscast. He also presented election nights on [TVP1](/wiki/TVP1 \"TVP1\") for many years.", "Between 29 July 2003 and 2 September 2005 he presented *Salon polityczny Trójki* alternately with Jolanta Pieńkowska on [Polish Radio Channel 3](/wiki/Polskie_Radio_Program_III \"Polskie Radio Program III\").", "Between 5 September 2005 and 15 June 2007 he presented *Kontrwywiad RMF FM* alternately with Konrad Piasecki on radio [RMF FM](/wiki/RMF_FM \"RMF FM\").", "From 1 May 2006 he was Editor\\-in\\-Chief of [TVN](/wiki/TVN_%28Poland%29 \"TVN (Poland)\") newscast *[Fakty TVN](/wiki/Fakty_TVN \"Fakty TVN\")*. He also presented *Fakty po Faktach* on [TVN24](/wiki/TVN24 \"TVN24\") from 5 May 2008\\.", "At the beginning of April 2016, he registered the Coal Minders company, which in August of the same year began looking for journalists.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/kamil\\-durczok\\-szykuje\\-w\\-katowicach\\-serwis\\-internetowy\\-szuka\\-do\\-niego\\-dziennikarzy\\|title\\=Kamil Durczok szykuje w Katowicach serwis internetowy, szuka do niego dziennikarzy\\|website\\=www.wirtualnemedia.pl}} On 3 October 2016, the company launched the [Upper Silesian](/wiki/Upper_Silesia \"Upper Silesia\") information portal Silesion.pl.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/portal\\-kamila\\-durczoka\\-silesion\\-pl\\-wystartowal\\-w\\-redakcji\\-marek\\-czyz\\-osoby\\-z\\-dziennika\\-zachodniego\\-i\\-blogerzy\\|title\\=Portal Kamila Durczoka Silesion.pl wystartował. W redakcji Marek Czyż, osoby z „Dziennika Zachodniego” i blogerzy\\|website\\=www.wirtualnemedia.pl}} The website disappeared from the network at the end of April 2019 after information about problems with settling liabilities.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/koniec\\-serwisu\\-kamila\\-durczoka\\-silesion\\-pl\\|title\\=W czwartek z sieci zniknął serwis Kamila Durczoka Silesion.pl\\|website\\=www.wirtualnemedia.pl}} After the website was closed, he was involved in conducting trainings in the field of actions in the event of an image crisis.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://natemat.pl/318851,kamil\\-durczok\\-prowadzi\\-szkolenia\\-z\\-zarzadzania\\-kryzysem\\|title\\=Kamil Durczok ma nowe zajęcie. Będziecie bardzo zaskoczeni, czym się zajmuje\\|website\\=naTemat.pl}}", "On 20 October 2016, he started cooperation with [Polsat News](/wiki/Polsat_News \"Polsat News\"), where he ran the program *Brutalna prawda, Durczok ujawnia*,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/brutalna\\-prawda\\-durczok\\-ujawnia\\-kamil\\-durczok\\-z\\-wlasnym\\-programem\\-w\\-polsat\\-news\\-wideo\\|title\\=„Brutalna prawda, Durczok ujawnia” \\- Kamil Durczok z własnym programem w Polsat News (wideo)\\|website\\=www.wirtualnemedia.pl}} which in the fall of 2017 changed its name to *Durczokracja*.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/program\\-durczokracja\\-kamila\\-durczoka\\-polsat\\-news\\-ogladalnosc\\|title\\=76 tys. widzów nowego programu Kamila Durczoka w Polsat News. Oglądalność spada z odcinka na odcinek\\|website\\=www.wirtualnemedia.pl}} The last program was broadcast on 14 December 2017, and it did not return to air in spring 2018\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/kamil\\-durczok\\-nie\\-wroci\\-do\\-polsat\\-news\\-wiosna\\-o\\-21\\-00\\-serwisy\\-informacyjne\\-zamiast\\-publicystyki\\|title\\=Kamil Durczok nie wróci do Polsat News. Wiosną o 21\\.00 serwisy informacyjne zamiast publicystyki\\|website\\=www.wirtualnemedia.pl}}", "In the following years, Kamil Durczok was active in social media, commenting on political life in Poland on an ongoing basis, and was involved in social activities.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://plejada.pl/newsy/kamil\\-durczok\\-we\\-wspomnieniach\\-znanych\\-osob\\-wazne\\-slowa\\-krzysztofa\\-skiby/jx7nv1w\\|title\\=Znani wspominają i żegnają Kamila Durczoka. \"Walczył do końca\"\\|date\\=November 16, 2021\\|website\\=plejadapl}} He was, inter alia, a volunteer of the \"Wolne Miejsce\" foundation, helping every year in the organization of Christmas Eve for those in need.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://dziennikzachodni.pl/kamil\\-durczok\\-na\\-zawsze\\-w\\-naszej\\-pamieci\\-bliscy\\-wspominaja\\-kamila\\-durczoka\\-dziennikarz\\-zmarl\\-w\\-katowicach\\-mial\\-53\\-lata/ar/c1\\-15904759\\|title\\=Kamil Durczok na zawsze w naszej pamięci. Bliscy wspominają Kamila Durczoka. Dziennikarz zmarł w Katowicach. Miał 53 lata\\|first\\=Kacper\\|last\\=Jurkiewicz\\|date\\=November 17, 2021\\|website\\=Dziennik Zachodni}} In 2020, he participated in [protests against the tightening of abortion laws](/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_women%27s_strike_protests_in_Poland \"2020–2021 women's strike protests in Poland\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.se.pl/slask/katowice\\-dziwaczne\\-zdjecie\\-durczoka\\-na\\-strajku\\-kobiet\\-co\\-on\\-robi\\-tej\\-dziewczynie\\-aa\\-pBrU\\-uojB\\-brSt.html\\|title\\=Dziwaczne zdjęcie Durczoka na strajku kobiet. Co on robi tej dziewczynie?!\\|website\\=www.se.pl}}", "In 2021, he launched the *Durczokracja* mobile application, in which he published his content.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fakt.pl/kobieta/plotki/kamil\\-durczok\\-ni\\-zyje\\-w\\-ostatnim\\-wywiadzie\\-szczere\\-wyznania\\-dziennikarza/b25jhgr\\|title\\=Kamil Durczok niedługo przed śmiercią opowiedział o Kaczyńskim, żalu do TVN i sprawie molestowania. Mocne słowa\\|date\\=November 17, 2021\\|website\\=Fakt24\\.pl}}", "" ]
Varsity sports -------------- | {{CollegePrimaryHeader\|team\=Memphis Tigers\|Men's sports\|Women's sports}} | | --- | | [Baseball](/wiki/Memphis_Tigers_baseball "Memphis Tigers baseball") | [Basketball](/wiki/Memphis_Tigers_women%27s_basketball "Memphis Tigers women's basketball") | | [Basketball](/wiki/Memphis_Tigers_men%27s_basketball "Memphis Tigers men's basketball") | Cross country | | Cross country | Golf | | [Football](/wiki/Memphis_Tigers_football "Memphis Tigers football") | Rifle | | Golf | Soccer | | Rifle | Softball | | [Soccer](/wiki/Memphis_Tigers_men%27s_soccer "Memphis Tigers men's soccer") | Tennis | | Tennis | Track and field† | | Track and field† | Volleyball | | {{small\|† – Track and field includes both indoor and outdoor.}} | | ### Men's basketball {{main\|Memphis Tigers men's basketball}} The Memphis Tigers men's basketball program first gained national prominence when it reached the 1973 NCAA Division I basketball championship game. The Tigers, led by [Larry Finch](/wiki/Larry_Finch "Larry Finch"), Larry Kenon, Ronnie Robinson, Bill Cook and others, eventually lost to John Wooden's [UCLA Bruins](/wiki/UCLA_Bruins "UCLA Bruins"), led by [Bill Walton](/wiki/Bill_Walton "Bill Walton"). The Tigers continued an era of excellence throughout the 1980s and went to the [Final Four](/wiki/Final_Four "Final Four") in 1985 losing to Villanova, the ultimate winner of the tournament. The 1985 Final Four trip has since been vacated by the NCAA due to several recruiting violations committed by head coach [Dana Kirk](/wiki/Dana_Kirk_%28basketball%29 "Dana Kirk (basketball)") and his staff. Success continued through much of the 1990s. Under head coach [John Calipari](/wiki/John_Calipari "John Calipari"), the Tigers reached the [Elite Eight](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Championship "NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship") three years in a row (2006–2008\) and those same years won the conference championship, going undefeated in conference play in 2007 and 2008\. Their record for those three seasons is 106–9\. In 2007, the team was ranked \#1 in [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN")'s and [CBSSports.com](/wiki/CBSSports.com "CBSSports.com") Pre\-Season Polls and for the first time in 25 years, earned a \#1 ranking on January 21, 2008, in both the [AP Poll](/wiki/AP_Poll "AP Poll") and the [ESPN/USA Today Coaches' Poll](/wiki/Coaches%27_Poll "Coaches' Poll"). The 2008 season took the Tigers to the [Final Four](/wiki/Final_Four "Final Four") where Memphis lost the championship game to the [Kansas Jayhawks](/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks "Kansas Jayhawks") in overtime, but later the Tigers' season and NCAA tournament appearance were vacated. In 2009, the Tigers entered the NCAA tournament as a No. 2 seed. However, they lost in the Sweet Sixteen to [Missouri](/wiki/University_of_Missouri "University of Missouri"), 102–91\. In April 2009, [Josh Pastner](/wiki/Josh_Pastner "Josh Pastner") was named head coach of the Tigers. He led the Tigers to four NCAA tournament appearances in his first five years, but never advanced past the round of 32 and missed the postseason entirely in his sixth and seventh seasons. In April 2016, a month after he had been named [Sporting News](/wiki/Sporting_News "Sporting News") Coach of the Year, [Tubby Smith](/wiki/Tubby_Smith "Tubby Smith") was hired as the new head coach of the Tigers. Perennial [rivals](/wiki/College_rivalry%23United_States "College rivalry#United States") include [Louisville](/wiki/University_of_Louisville "University of Louisville"), American Athletic Conference foe [Cincinnati](/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati "University of Cincinnati"), [Ole Miss](/wiki/Ole_Miss "Ole Miss"), [UAB](/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham "University of Alabama at Birmingham"), the [University of Southern Mississippi](/wiki/University_of_Southern_Mississippi "University of Southern Mississippi"), and in\-state rival [University of Tennessee](/wiki/University_of_Tennessee "University of Tennessee"). The world record holder for the highest [slam dunk](/wiki/Slam_dunk "Slam dunk") (12 feet from floor to rim) is a former University of Memphis basketball forward, and current [Harlem Globetrotter](/wiki/Harlem_Globetrotter "Harlem Globetrotter") Michael Wilson. At home, the Tigers play on [Beale Street](/wiki/Beale_Street "Beale Street") in the state\-of\-the\-art [FedExForum](/wiki/FedExForum "FedExForum"). ### Women's basketball {{main\|Memphis Tigers women's basketball}} The Memphis Tigers women's basketball team competes in the [American Athletic Conference](/wiki/American_Athletic_Conference "American Athletic Conference"). They previously competed in Conference USA in which they have won two Conference USA conference tournament championships and, prior to that two Metro Conference tournament championships. They play home games at [Elma Roane Fieldhouse](/wiki/Elma_Roane_Fieldhouse "Elma Roane Fieldhouse") #### Woman's basketball assault charge Jamirah Shutes, a senior guard on the Memphis women’s basketball team, pleaded not guilty to an assault charge after she was accused of punching a Bowling Green player in the face following the Memphis Tigers' loss in the Women’s National Invitational Tournament (WNIT) on March 24, 2023, officials confirmed.{{cite web \| url\=https://news.yahoo.com/memphis\-athletics\-issues\-statement\-womens\-153014357\.html \| title\=Memphis basketball statement after Jamirah Shutes punches Elissa Brett in WNIT handshake line }} ### Men's soccer Ever since 1982, the Memphis Men's soccer program has put together a competitive team. The program began in the Great Midwest Conference and then moved to Conference USA in 1995\. In 2013, the Tigers' soccer team, and all of the tiger athletics, moved to the new American Athletic Conference. In this new conference, the soccer program and the entirety of the U of M athletics will be challenged by some of the best teams around the country. The Conference USA championship the Tigers claimed in 2004 is a nice exclamation point for the program's different successes over the years.{{cite web\|url\=http://beamemphistiger.com/sports/soccer\-men\|title\=GO Tigers – Men's Soccer\|work\=beamemphistiger.com}} #### Statistics #### Coach Richie Grant In 1999, [Richie Grant](/wiki/Richie_Grant_%28soccer%29 "Richie Grant (soccer)") took over the University of Memphis Soccer Program and remained at the helm for 14 years. He is the most successful Memphis Soccer coach the university has had since the program started. Grant got his start in collegiate coaching in 1995, taking over the NAIA program at Lambuth University. During his four seasons at Lambuth, Grant won over 50 games and three conference championships. Coach Grant began his career at Memphis with a below average 7–11–1 record. However, the next season Coach Grant and his team won a then\-program record 14 games and finished fourth in the C\-USA regular season standings. That 14 win season resulted in Coach Grant receiving his first C\-USA Coach of the Year honor in 2000\. In 2004 Coach Grant received his second C\-USA Coach of the Year award when Memphis won a school\-record 16 games, made its first NCAA Tournament appearance since 1993 and had the program's first All\-American selection in Daton O'Brien. As a player, Grant was a three\-time NAIA All\-America defender and was twice named the NAIA District V Player of the Year at Green Mountain College in Poultney, Vt. Grant received his bachelor's degree in leisure resources and facilities management at Green Mountain College and in 1993 and went on to play one season for the a semi\-pro team called the Minnesota Thunder. Coach Grant is married to Lady Tigers soccer assistant coach Jodi Grant and has one daughter and one son.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.gotigersgo.com/sports/m\-soccer/mtt/richie\_grant\_15452\.html\|title\=Richie Grant Bio – GOTIGERSGO.COM – The Official Website of the University of Memphis Tigers\|work\=gotigersgo.com\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225113555/http://www.gotigersgo.com/sports/m\-soccer/mtt/richie\_grant\_15452\.html\|archive\-date\=December 25, 2013}} #### Stadium The Tigers practice and play at the on\-campus soccer and track stadium, beginning in 2019\.{{cite web \|title\=Future Soccer and Track Stadium \|url\=https://gotigersgo.com/facilities/track\-and\-soccer\-complex/12 \|website\=GoTigersGo.com}} They used to play at [Mike Rose Soccer Complex](/wiki/Mike_Rose_Soccer_Complex "Mike Rose Soccer Complex"), which has multiple fields in addition to the 2,500\-seat stadium, from 2001 to 2018\. #### Professional players Over the course of Memphis Soccer, the program has developed some great players. Five of those players went on to play at the professional level. The players are as follows: * **Andy Metcalf:** 2006 19th Pick in MLS Supplemental Draft by D.C. United, D.C. United (MLS – 2006\), Atlanta Silverbacks (2007\) * **Dayton O'Brien:** 2006 third round (33rd overall) pick in the MLS SuperDraft by the Columbus Crew, Columbus Crew (MLS – 2006\), Atlanta Silverbacks (2007\) * **Daniel Dobson:** Kansas City Wizards (MLS – 2005\), Chivas USA * **Sean Fraser:** Calgary Storm, Edmonton Aviators, Toronto Lynx, Edmonton Drillers * **Michael Coburn:** Dundalk FC, Shelbourne FC{{cite web\|url\=http://beamemphistiger.com/sports/soccer\-men/players\-in\-the\-pros\|title\=GO Tigers – Men's Soccer – Players in the Pros\|work\=beamemphistiger.com}} * **Omar Jarun:** Atlanta Silverbacks (2007\), Otawwa Fury FC (2014\), ### Football {{main\|Memphis Tigers football}} The University of Memphis football program dates back to 1912\. After decades of independence, the Memphis [football](/wiki/American_football "American football") program competed in [Conference USA](/wiki/Conference_USA "Conference USA") until 2013\. Then the football team joined the [American Athletic Conference](/wiki/American_Athletic_Conference "American Athletic Conference"). As of December 8, 2011, the team's head coach became [Justin Fuente](/wiki/Justin_Fuente "Justin Fuente") who replaced [Larry Porter](/wiki/Larry_Porter_%28Coach%29 "Larry Porter (Coach)"). The Tigers' home field is 62,380 seat [Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium](/wiki/Simmons_Bank_Liberty_Stadium "Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium"). The U of M played in five bowl games in six seasons from 2003 to 2008\. In 2005, the Tigers football team was led in the [Motor City Bowl](/wiki/Motor_City_Bowl "Motor City Bowl") by [DeAngelo Williams](/wiki/DeAngelo_Williams "DeAngelo Williams"), a then\-senior All\-American running back and eventual first\-round draft pick by the [Carolina Panthers](/wiki/Carolina_Panthers "Carolina Panthers") of the NFL. ### Men's golf The men's golf team has won six conference championship:{{cite web \|url\=http://www.e\-digitaleditions.com/title/10740 \|title\=Memphis 2012 Yearbook – Men's Golf \|access\-date\=June 26, 2013}} * [Missouri Valley Conference](/wiki/Missouri_Valley_Conference "Missouri Valley Conference") (1\): 1967{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mvc.org/records/golf.pdf \|title\=MVC Golf – Men's Year\-by\-Year History \|access\-date\=June 26, 2013}} * [Metro Conference](/wiki/Metro_Conference "Metro Conference") (2\): 1976, 1988 * [Great Midwest Conference](/wiki/Great_Midwest_Conference "Great Midwest Conference") (1\): 1992 * [Conference USA](/wiki/Conference_USA "Conference USA") (1\): 2012 * [American Athletic Conference](/wiki/American_Athletic_Conference "American Athletic Conference") (1\): 2019 [Hillman Robbins](/wiki/Hillman_Robbins "Hillman Robbins") won the [NCAA Championship](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Golf_Championships "NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championships") in 1954\. ### Memphis Tigers Pom Squad The Memphis Tigers [Pom Squad](/wiki/Dance_squad "Dance squad") is recognized as one of the best collegiate dance squads in the country, having won national championships in 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 2000, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2012, 2021, and 2024\.
[ "Varsity sports\n--------------", "", "| {{CollegePrimaryHeader\\|team\\=Memphis Tigers\\|Men's sports\\|Women's sports}} |\n| --- |\n| [Baseball](/wiki/Memphis_Tigers_baseball \"Memphis Tigers baseball\") | [Basketball](/wiki/Memphis_Tigers_women%27s_basketball \"Memphis Tigers women's basketball\") |\n| [Basketball](/wiki/Memphis_Tigers_men%27s_basketball \"Memphis Tigers men's basketball\") | Cross country |\n| Cross country | Golf |\n| [Football](/wiki/Memphis_Tigers_football \"Memphis Tigers football\") | Rifle |\n| Golf | Soccer |\n| Rifle | Softball |\n| [Soccer](/wiki/Memphis_Tigers_men%27s_soccer \"Memphis Tigers men's soccer\") | Tennis |\n| Tennis | Track and field† |\n| Track and field† | Volleyball |\n| {{small\\|† – Track and field includes both indoor and outdoor.}} | |", "### Men's basketball", "{{main\\|Memphis Tigers men's basketball}}", "The Memphis Tigers men's basketball program first gained national prominence when it reached the 1973 NCAA Division I basketball championship game. The Tigers, led by [Larry Finch](/wiki/Larry_Finch \"Larry Finch\"), Larry Kenon, Ronnie Robinson, Bill Cook and others, eventually lost to John Wooden's [UCLA Bruins](/wiki/UCLA_Bruins \"UCLA Bruins\"), led by [Bill Walton](/wiki/Bill_Walton \"Bill Walton\").", "The Tigers continued an era of excellence throughout the 1980s and went to the [Final Four](/wiki/Final_Four \"Final Four\") in 1985 losing to Villanova, the ultimate winner of the tournament. The 1985 Final Four trip has since been vacated by the NCAA due to several recruiting violations committed by head coach [Dana Kirk](/wiki/Dana_Kirk_%28basketball%29 \"Dana Kirk (basketball)\") and his staff. Success continued through much of the 1990s. Under head coach [John Calipari](/wiki/John_Calipari \"John Calipari\"), the Tigers reached the [Elite Eight](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Championship \"NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship\") three years in a row (2006–2008\\) and those same years won the conference championship, going undefeated in conference play in 2007 and 2008\\. Their record for those three seasons is 106–9\\. In 2007, the team was ranked \\#1 in [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\")'s and [CBSSports.com](/wiki/CBSSports.com \"CBSSports.com\") Pre\\-Season Polls and for the first time in 25 years, earned a \\#1 ranking on January 21, 2008, in both the [AP Poll](/wiki/AP_Poll \"AP Poll\") and the [ESPN/USA Today Coaches' Poll](/wiki/Coaches%27_Poll \"Coaches' Poll\"). The 2008 season took the Tigers to the [Final Four](/wiki/Final_Four \"Final Four\") where Memphis lost the championship game to the [Kansas Jayhawks](/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks \"Kansas Jayhawks\") in overtime, but later the Tigers' season and NCAA tournament appearance were vacated. In 2009, the Tigers entered the NCAA tournament as a No. 2 seed. However, they lost in the Sweet Sixteen to [Missouri](/wiki/University_of_Missouri \"University of Missouri\"), 102–91\\. In April 2009, [Josh Pastner](/wiki/Josh_Pastner \"Josh Pastner\") was named head coach of the Tigers. He led the Tigers to four NCAA tournament appearances in his first five years, but never advanced past the round of 32 and missed the postseason entirely in his sixth and seventh seasons. In April 2016, a month after he had been named [Sporting News](/wiki/Sporting_News \"Sporting News\") Coach of the Year, [Tubby Smith](/wiki/Tubby_Smith \"Tubby Smith\") was hired as the new head coach of the Tigers.", "Perennial [rivals](/wiki/College_rivalry%23United_States \"College rivalry#United States\") include [Louisville](/wiki/University_of_Louisville \"University of Louisville\"), American Athletic Conference foe [Cincinnati](/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati \"University of Cincinnati\"), [Ole Miss](/wiki/Ole_Miss \"Ole Miss\"), [UAB](/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham \"University of Alabama at Birmingham\"), the [University of Southern Mississippi](/wiki/University_of_Southern_Mississippi \"University of Southern Mississippi\"), and in\\-state rival [University of Tennessee](/wiki/University_of_Tennessee \"University of Tennessee\"). The world record holder for the highest [slam dunk](/wiki/Slam_dunk \"Slam dunk\") (12 feet from floor to rim) is a former University of Memphis basketball forward, and current [Harlem Globetrotter](/wiki/Harlem_Globetrotter \"Harlem Globetrotter\") Michael Wilson. At home, the Tigers play on [Beale Street](/wiki/Beale_Street \"Beale Street\") in the state\\-of\\-the\\-art [FedExForum](/wiki/FedExForum \"FedExForum\").", "### Women's basketball", "{{main\\|Memphis Tigers women's basketball}}\nThe Memphis Tigers women's basketball team competes in the [American Athletic Conference](/wiki/American_Athletic_Conference \"American Athletic Conference\"). They previously competed in Conference USA in which they have won two Conference USA conference tournament championships and, prior to that two Metro Conference tournament championships. They play home games at [Elma Roane Fieldhouse](/wiki/Elma_Roane_Fieldhouse \"Elma Roane Fieldhouse\")", "#### Woman's basketball assault charge", "Jamirah Shutes, a senior guard on the Memphis women’s basketball team, pleaded not guilty to an assault charge after she was accused of punching a Bowling Green player in the face following the Memphis Tigers' loss in the Women’s National Invitational Tournament (WNIT) on March 24, 2023, officials confirmed.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/memphis\\-athletics\\-issues\\-statement\\-womens\\-153014357\\.html \\| title\\=Memphis basketball statement after Jamirah Shutes punches Elissa Brett in WNIT handshake line }}", "### Men's soccer", "Ever since 1982, the Memphis Men's soccer program has put together a competitive team. The program began in the Great Midwest Conference and then moved to Conference USA in 1995\\. In 2013, the Tigers' soccer team, and all of the tiger athletics, moved to the new American Athletic Conference. In this new conference, the soccer program and the entirety of the U of M athletics will be challenged by some of the best teams around the country. The Conference USA championship the Tigers claimed in 2004 is a nice exclamation point for the program's different successes over the years.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://beamemphistiger.com/sports/soccer\\-men\\|title\\=GO Tigers – Men's Soccer\\|work\\=beamemphistiger.com}}", "#### Statistics", "#### Coach Richie Grant", "In 1999, [Richie Grant](/wiki/Richie_Grant_%28soccer%29 \"Richie Grant (soccer)\") took over the University of Memphis Soccer Program and remained at the helm for 14 years. He is the most successful Memphis Soccer coach the university has had since the program started. Grant got his start in collegiate coaching in 1995, taking over the NAIA program at Lambuth University. During his four seasons at Lambuth, Grant won over 50 games and three conference championships.", "Coach Grant began his career at Memphis with a below average 7–11–1 record. However, the next season Coach Grant and his team won a then\\-program record 14 games and finished fourth in the C\\-USA regular season standings. That 14 win season resulted in Coach Grant receiving his first C\\-USA Coach of the Year honor in 2000\\. In 2004 Coach Grant received his second C\\-USA Coach of the Year award when Memphis won a school\\-record 16 games, made its first NCAA Tournament appearance since 1993 and had the program's first All\\-American selection in Daton O'Brien.", "As a player, Grant was a three\\-time NAIA All\\-America defender and was twice named the NAIA District V Player of the Year at Green Mountain College in Poultney, Vt. Grant received his bachelor's degree in leisure resources and facilities management at Green Mountain College and in 1993 and went on to play one season for the a semi\\-pro team called the Minnesota Thunder.\nCoach Grant is married to Lady Tigers soccer assistant coach Jodi Grant and has one daughter and one son.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gotigersgo.com/sports/m\\-soccer/mtt/richie\\_grant\\_15452\\.html\\|title\\=Richie Grant Bio – GOTIGERSGO.COM – The Official Website of the University of Memphis Tigers\\|work\\=gotigersgo.com\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225113555/http://www.gotigersgo.com/sports/m\\-soccer/mtt/richie\\_grant\\_15452\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=December 25, 2013}}", "#### Stadium", "The Tigers practice and play at the on\\-campus soccer and track stadium, beginning in 2019\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Future Soccer and Track Stadium \\|url\\=https://gotigersgo.com/facilities/track\\-and\\-soccer\\-complex/12 \\|website\\=GoTigersGo.com}} They used to play at [Mike Rose Soccer Complex](/wiki/Mike_Rose_Soccer_Complex \"Mike Rose Soccer Complex\"), which has multiple fields in addition to the 2,500\\-seat stadium, from 2001 to 2018\\.", "#### Professional players", "Over the course of Memphis Soccer, the program has developed some great players. Five of those players went on to play at the professional level. The players are as follows:\n* **Andy Metcalf:** 2006 19th Pick in MLS Supplemental Draft by D.C. United, D.C. United (MLS – 2006\\), Atlanta Silverbacks (2007\\)\n* **Dayton O'Brien:** 2006 third round (33rd overall) pick in the MLS SuperDraft by the Columbus Crew, Columbus Crew (MLS – 2006\\), Atlanta Silverbacks (2007\\)\n* **Daniel Dobson:** Kansas City Wizards (MLS – 2005\\), Chivas USA\n* **Sean Fraser:** Calgary Storm, Edmonton Aviators, Toronto Lynx, Edmonton Drillers\n* **Michael Coburn:** Dundalk FC, Shelbourne FC{{cite web\\|url\\=http://beamemphistiger.com/sports/soccer\\-men/players\\-in\\-the\\-pros\\|title\\=GO Tigers – Men's Soccer – Players in the Pros\\|work\\=beamemphistiger.com}}\n* **Omar Jarun:** Atlanta Silverbacks (2007\\), Otawwa Fury FC (2014\\),", "### Football", "{{main\\|Memphis Tigers football}}", "The University of Memphis football program dates back to 1912\\.", "After decades of independence, the Memphis [football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") program competed in [Conference USA](/wiki/Conference_USA \"Conference USA\") until 2013\\. Then the football team joined the [American Athletic Conference](/wiki/American_Athletic_Conference \"American Athletic Conference\"). As of December 8, 2011, the team's head coach became [Justin Fuente](/wiki/Justin_Fuente \"Justin Fuente\") who replaced [Larry Porter](/wiki/Larry_Porter_%28Coach%29 \"Larry Porter (Coach)\"). The Tigers' home field is 62,380 seat [Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium](/wiki/Simmons_Bank_Liberty_Stadium \"Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium\"). The U of M played in five bowl games in six seasons from 2003 to 2008\\. In 2005, the Tigers football team was led in the [Motor City Bowl](/wiki/Motor_City_Bowl \"Motor City Bowl\") by [DeAngelo Williams](/wiki/DeAngelo_Williams \"DeAngelo Williams\"), a then\\-senior All\\-American running back and eventual first\\-round draft pick by the [Carolina Panthers](/wiki/Carolina_Panthers \"Carolina Panthers\") of the NFL.", "### Men's golf", "The men's golf team has won six conference championship:{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.e\\-digitaleditions.com/title/10740 \\|title\\=Memphis 2012 Yearbook – Men's Golf \\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2013}}\n* [Missouri Valley Conference](/wiki/Missouri_Valley_Conference \"Missouri Valley Conference\") (1\\): 1967{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mvc.org/records/golf.pdf \\|title\\=MVC Golf – Men's Year\\-by\\-Year History \\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2013}}\n* [Metro Conference](/wiki/Metro_Conference \"Metro Conference\") (2\\): 1976, 1988\n* [Great Midwest Conference](/wiki/Great_Midwest_Conference \"Great Midwest Conference\") (1\\): 1992\n* [Conference USA](/wiki/Conference_USA \"Conference USA\") (1\\): 2012\n* [American Athletic Conference](/wiki/American_Athletic_Conference \"American Athletic Conference\") (1\\): 2019", "[Hillman Robbins](/wiki/Hillman_Robbins \"Hillman Robbins\") won the [NCAA Championship](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Golf_Championships \"NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championships\") in 1954\\.", "### Memphis Tigers Pom Squad", "The Memphis Tigers [Pom Squad](/wiki/Dance_squad \"Dance squad\") is recognized as one of the best collegiate dance squads in the country, having won national championships in 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 2000, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2012, 2021, and 2024\\.", "" ]
Background ---------- {{See also\|2002 Major League Baseball postseason}} This was the fourth World Series played between two teams from [California](/wiki/California "California") and the last World Series as of today involving two teams from the same state (since [2000](/wiki/2000_World_Series "2000 World Series") between cross\-town rivals [New York Mets](/wiki/2000_New_York_Mets_season "2000 New York Mets season") and [New York Yankees](/wiki/2000_New_York_Yankees_season "2000 New York Yankees season")). The [1974 World Series](/wiki/1974_World_Series "1974 World Series") saw the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/1974_Oakland_Athletics_season "1974 Oakland Athletics season") defeat the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/1974_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season "1974 Los Angeles Dodgers season"); the {{wsy\|1988}} series saw the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/1988_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season "1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season") getting revenge by defeating the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/1988_Oakland_Athletics_season "1988 Oakland Athletics season"). In {{wsy\|1989}} the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/1989_San_Francisco_Giants_season "1989 San Francisco Giants season") were defeated by the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/1989_Oakland_Athletics_season "1989 Oakland Athletics season"). The managers of the two clubs, [Mike Scioscia](/wiki/Mike_Scioscia "Mike Scioscia") of the Angels and [Dusty Baker](/wiki/Dusty_Baker "Dusty Baker") of the Giants, were teammates on the Dodgers from [1980](/wiki/1980_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season "1980 Los Angeles Dodgers season") to [1983](/wiki/1983_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season "1983 Los Angeles Dodgers season"), and won a World Series in {{wsy\|1981}}. This was the first World Series to feature opposing managers who had been teammates on a World Championship team as players. ### San Francisco Giants {{Main\|2002 San Francisco Giants season}} Since their 1958 move from New York City to San Francisco, the Giants franchise and its fans had a long history of futility, frustration, and disappointment. The Giants had won their last World Series crown before the move, in {{wsy\|1954}}. Since the move, the Giants made it to the World Series twice but lost both times. These included a dramatic, down\-to\-the\-wire loss to the [New York Yankees](/wiki/1962_New_York_Yankees_season "1962 New York Yankees season") in the seven\-game classic [1962 World Series](/wiki/1962_World_Series "1962 World Series"), and a four\-game sweep by their crosstown rival [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/1989_Oakland_Athletics_season "1989 Oakland Athletics season") in the [1989 World Series](/wiki/1989_World_Series "1989 World Series") that was marred by the [Loma Prieta earthquake](/wiki/Loma_Prieta_earthquake "Loma Prieta earthquake"). Their most recent postseason appearance was in [2000](/wiki/2000_San_Francisco_Giants_season "2000 San Francisco Giants season"), when they were defeated by the [New York Mets](/wiki/2000_New_York_Mets_season "2000 New York Mets season") in the [NLDS](/wiki/2000_National_League_Division_Series "2000 National League Division Series"). In addition, the Giants narrowly missed winning the National League pennant in [1959](/wiki/1959_San_Francisco_Giants_season "1959 San Francisco Giants season"), [1964](/wiki/1964_San_Francisco_Giants_season "1964 San Francisco Giants season"), [1965](/wiki/1965_San_Francisco_Giants_season "1965 San Francisco Giants season") and [1966](/wiki/1966_San_Francisco_Giants_season "1966 San Francisco Giants season"). They finished in second place five years in a row from 1965 to [1969](/wiki/1969_San_Francisco_Giants_season "1969 San Francisco Giants season") and lost the [1971 National League Championship Series](/wiki/1971_National_League_Championship_Series "1971 National League Championship Series") to the [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/1971_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season "1971 Pittsburgh Pirates season"). 2002 was [Dusty Baker](/wiki/Dusty_Baker "Dusty Baker")'s tenth season as [manager](/wiki/Manager_%28baseball%29 "Manager (baseball)") of the Giants. It was also their third season playing at [Pacific Bell Park](/wiki/Pacific_Bell_Park "Pacific Bell Park") (now Oracle Park). The Giants finished the [previous season](/wiki/2001_San_Francisco_Giants_season "2001 San Francisco Giants season") with a record of 90–72, finishing in second place in the National League West, two [games behind](/wiki/Games_behind "Games behind") the [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/2001_Arizona_Diamondbacks_season "2001 Arizona Diamondbacks season"). They also finished in second place in the NL [wild card](/wiki/MLB_Wild_Card "MLB Wild Card") standings, three games behind the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/2001_St._Louis_Cardinals_season "2001 St. Louis Cardinals season"). Notable player departures included 2001 midseason acquisition [Andrés Galarraga](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Galarraga "Andrés Galarraga"), who departed as a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent "Free agent"), and [Shawn Estes](/wiki/Shawn_Estes "Shawn Estes"), who was traded to the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets "New York Mets") in exchange for [Tsuyoshi Shinjo](/wiki/Tsuyoshi_Shinjo "Tsuyoshi Shinjo") and [Desi Relaford](/wiki/Desi_Relaford "Desi Relaford"). Notable player acquisitions included [Reggie Sanders](/wiki/Reggie_Sanders "Reggie Sanders"), a free agent, and [David Bell](/wiki/David_Bell_%28baseball%29 "David Bell (baseball)"), who the Giants received from the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners "Seattle Mariners") in exchange for Desi Relaford and cash. During the season the Giants also acquired [Kenny Lofton](/wiki/Kenny_Lofton "Kenny Lofton") from the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox "Chicago White Sox") in exchange for two minor leaguers. Sanders, Bell, Shinjo, and Lofton helped bolster a Giants offense led by longtime Giants [Barry Bonds](/wiki/Barry_Bonds "Barry Bonds"), [J. T. Snow](/wiki/J._T._Snow "J. T. Snow"), [Rich Aurilia](/wiki/Rich_Aurilia "Rich Aurilia"), and [Jeff Kent](/wiki/Jeff_Kent "Jeff Kent"), as well as relative newcomer [Benito Santiago](/wiki/Benito_Santiago "Benito Santiago"). The [starting pitching](/wiki/Starting_pitcher "Starting pitcher") rotation was led by [Kirk Rueter](/wiki/Kirk_Rueter "Kirk Rueter") and [Jason Schmidt](/wiki/Jason_Schmidt "Jason Schmidt"), with a [bullpen](/wiki/Bullpen "Bullpen") led by [Tim Worrell](/wiki/Tim_Worrell "Tim Worrell") and [closer](/wiki/Closing_pitcher "Closing pitcher") [Robb Nen](/wiki/Robb_Nen "Robb Nen"). During the 2002 regular season, the Giants led the NL West standings for most of April and a few days in May; however, by the end of May they had fallen to third place behind the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/2002_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season "2002 Los Angeles Dodgers season") and [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/2002_Arizona_Diamondbacks_season "2002 Arizona Diamondbacks season"). They spent most of the next three months in third place, but on September 9 they took second place for good, while the Dodgers either tied them or fell to third place for the rest of the season. The Giants finished the regular season with a record of 95–66, {{frac\|2\|1\|2}} [games behind](/wiki/Games_behind "Games behind") the NL West champion Diamondbacks. They won the NL [wild card](/wiki/MLB_Wild_Card "MLB Wild Card"), {{frac\|3\|1\|2}} games ahead of the runner\-up Dodgers. In the [2002 postseason](/wiki/2002_MLB_Postseason "2002 MLB Postseason"), the wild\-card Giants' first opponent was the top\-seeded [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/2002_Atlanta_Braves_season "2002 Atlanta Braves season"), who they defeated in five games to return to the NLCS for the first time since [1989](/wiki/1989_National_League_Championship_Series "1989 National League Championship Series"). In the NLCS, the Giants defeated the \#3 seed [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/2002_St._Louis_Cardinals_season "2002 St. Louis Cardinals season") in five games to advance to the World Series for the 17th time in franchise history. Dusty Baker became the first black manager to participate in a World Series since [Cito Gaston](/wiki/Cito_Gaston "Cito Gaston") for [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays "Toronto Blue Jays") in {{wsy\|1992}} and {{wsy\|1993}}. This was Giants' outfielder [Reggie Sanders](/wiki/Reggie_Sanders "Reggie Sanders")' second consecutive World Series appearance with different teams—in {{wsy\|2001}} he got there with the [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks "Arizona Diamondbacks"). This was the first time this happened since [Don Baylor](/wiki/Don_Baylor "Don Baylor") did it in three consecutive years with the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox "Boston Red Sox") in {{wsy\|1986}}, the [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins "Minnesota Twins") in {{wsy\|1987}}, and with the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/Oakland_Athletics "Oakland Athletics") in {{wsy\|1988}}. ### Anaheim Angels {{Main\|2002 Anaheim Angels season}} Like the Giants, the Angels and their fans carried a long history of futility and disappointment. Enfranchised in 1961, the Angels had never before played in the World Series. They came close several times, including ALCS losses in [1979](/wiki/1979_American_League_Championship_Series "1979 American League Championship Series") to the [Baltimore Orioles](/wiki/1979_Baltimore_Orioles_season "1979 Baltimore Orioles season"), [1982](/wiki/1982_American_League_Championship_Series "1982 American League Championship Series") to the [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/1982_Milwaukee_Brewers_season "1982 Milwaukee Brewers season"), and in [1986](/wiki/1986_American_League_Championship_Series "1986 American League Championship Series") to the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/1986_Boston_Red_Sox_season "1986 Boston Red Sox season"). After dropping the 1979 ALCS in four games, the Angels brought their opponents to the brink of elimination in each of those last two series, before losing the next three consecutive games and the series. The 1986 ALCS, in which the Angels were as close as 1 strike away from the World Series, was the Angels' latest postseason appearance, though they came close in [1995](/wiki/1995_California_Angels_season "1995 California Angels season") when they lost a [one\-game tie\-breaker](/wiki/1995_American_League_West_tie-breaker_game "1995 American League West tie-breaker game") for the AL West championship to the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/1995_Seattle_Mariners_season "1995 Seattle Mariners season") after blowing a 14\-game lead in the standings. 2002 was the Angels' third season under [manager](/wiki/Manager_%28baseball%29 "Manager (baseball)") [Mike Scioscia](/wiki/Mike_Scioscia "Mike Scioscia"). The Angels finished the previous injury marred [season](/wiki/2001_Anaheim_Angels_season "2001 Anaheim Angels season") with a record of 75–87, finishing in third place in the AL West. The most notable personnel change during the offseason was the trade of [first baseman](/wiki/First_baseman "First baseman") [Mo Vaughn](/wiki/Mo_Vaughn "Mo Vaughn") to the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets "New York Mets") in exchange for [pitcher](/wiki/Pitcher "Pitcher") [Kevin Appier](/wiki/Kevin_Appier "Kevin Appier"). Offensively, the team was led by longtime Angels [Garret Anderson](/wiki/Garret_Anderson "Garret Anderson"), [Darin Erstad](/wiki/Darin_Erstad "Darin Erstad"), [Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus "Troy Glaus") and [Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon "Tim Salmon"), as well as relative newcomers [Adam Kennedy](/wiki/Adam_Kennedy "Adam Kennedy") and [David Eckstein](/wiki/David_Eckstein "David Eckstein"). The [starting pitching](/wiki/Starting_pitcher "Starting pitcher") rotation was led by [Ramón Ortiz](/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Ortiz "Ramón Ortiz") and [Jarrod Washburn](/wiki/Jarrod_Washburn "Jarrod Washburn"), as well as mid\-season call\-up [John Lackey](/wiki/John_Lackey "John Lackey"), while the bullpen was led by [setup man](/wiki/Setup_man "Setup man") [Brendan Donnelly](/wiki/Brendan_Donnelly "Brendan Donnelly") and [closer](/wiki/Closing_pitcher "Closing pitcher") [Troy Percival](/wiki/Troy_Percival "Troy Percival"). The bullpen was bolstered in late September by the addition of 20\-year\-old [reliever](/wiki/Relief_pitcher "Relief pitcher") prospect [Francisco Rodriguez](/wiki/Francisco_Rodriguez_%28baseball%2C_born_1982%29 "Francisco Rodriguez (baseball, born 1982)"). The Angels spent much of the season trailing the first\-place [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/2002_Seattle_Mariners_season "2002 Seattle Mariners season") and on occasion the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/2002_Oakland_Athletics_season "2002 Oakland Athletics season") in the AL West standings. However, the Athletics and Angels both mounted late\-season comebacks that, coupled with a poor August record for the Mariners, knocked the Mariners down to third place. The Athletics won 20 straight games at one point, and the Angels finished the season in second place with a 99–63 record, four [games behind](/wiki/Games_behind "Games behind") the Athletics, but won the AL [wild card](/wiki/MLB_Wild_Card "MLB Wild Card"), six games ahead of the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/2002_Boston_Red_Sox_season "2002 Boston Red Sox season") and Seattle Mariners. Their 99 wins was third best in the A.L. and fourth best in baseball. In the [2002 postseason](/wiki/2002_MLB_Postseason "2002 MLB Postseason"), the wild\-card Angels first faced off against the overall \#1 seed and four\-time defending American League champion [New York Yankees](/wiki/2002_New_York_Yankees_season "2002 New York Yankees season") in the ALDS. The Angels shocked the four\-time defending AL champions in four games to return to the ALCS for the first time since [1986](/wiki/1986_ALCS "1986 ALCS"). Their opponent in the ALCS was the third\-seeded [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/2002_Minnesota_Twins_season "2002 Minnesota Twins season"), who they defeated in five games to advance to the World Series for the first time in franchise history.
[ "Background\n----------", "{{See also\\|2002 Major League Baseball postseason}}\nThis was the fourth World Series played between two teams from [California](/wiki/California \"California\") and the last World Series as of today involving two teams from the same state (since [2000](/wiki/2000_World_Series \"2000 World Series\") between cross\\-town rivals [New York Mets](/wiki/2000_New_York_Mets_season \"2000 New York Mets season\") and [New York Yankees](/wiki/2000_New_York_Yankees_season \"2000 New York Yankees season\")). The [1974 World Series](/wiki/1974_World_Series \"1974 World Series\") saw the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/1974_Oakland_Athletics_season \"1974 Oakland Athletics season\") defeat the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/1974_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season \"1974 Los Angeles Dodgers season\"); the {{wsy\\|1988}} series saw the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/1988_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season \"1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season\") getting revenge by defeating the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/1988_Oakland_Athletics_season \"1988 Oakland Athletics season\"). In {{wsy\\|1989}} the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/1989_San_Francisco_Giants_season \"1989 San Francisco Giants season\") were defeated by the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/1989_Oakland_Athletics_season \"1989 Oakland Athletics season\"). The managers of the two clubs, [Mike Scioscia](/wiki/Mike_Scioscia \"Mike Scioscia\") of the Angels and [Dusty Baker](/wiki/Dusty_Baker \"Dusty Baker\") of the Giants, were teammates on the Dodgers from [1980](/wiki/1980_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season \"1980 Los Angeles Dodgers season\") to [1983](/wiki/1983_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season \"1983 Los Angeles Dodgers season\"), and won a World Series in {{wsy\\|1981}}. This was the first World Series to feature opposing managers who had been teammates on a World Championship team as players.", "### San Francisco Giants", "{{Main\\|2002 San Francisco Giants season}}", "Since their 1958 move from New York City to San Francisco, the Giants franchise and its fans had a long history of futility, frustration, and disappointment. The Giants had won their last World Series crown before the move, in {{wsy\\|1954}}. Since the move, the Giants made it to the World Series twice but lost both times. These included a dramatic, down\\-to\\-the\\-wire loss to the [New York Yankees](/wiki/1962_New_York_Yankees_season \"1962 New York Yankees season\") in the seven\\-game classic [1962 World Series](/wiki/1962_World_Series \"1962 World Series\"), and a four\\-game sweep by their crosstown rival [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/1989_Oakland_Athletics_season \"1989 Oakland Athletics season\") in the [1989 World Series](/wiki/1989_World_Series \"1989 World Series\") that was marred by the [Loma Prieta earthquake](/wiki/Loma_Prieta_earthquake \"Loma Prieta earthquake\"). Their most recent postseason appearance was in [2000](/wiki/2000_San_Francisco_Giants_season \"2000 San Francisco Giants season\"), when they were defeated by the [New York Mets](/wiki/2000_New_York_Mets_season \"2000 New York Mets season\") in the [NLDS](/wiki/2000_National_League_Division_Series \"2000 National League Division Series\"). In addition, the Giants narrowly missed winning the National League pennant in [1959](/wiki/1959_San_Francisco_Giants_season \"1959 San Francisco Giants season\"), [1964](/wiki/1964_San_Francisco_Giants_season \"1964 San Francisco Giants season\"), [1965](/wiki/1965_San_Francisco_Giants_season \"1965 San Francisco Giants season\") and [1966](/wiki/1966_San_Francisco_Giants_season \"1966 San Francisco Giants season\"). They finished in second place five years in a row from 1965 to [1969](/wiki/1969_San_Francisco_Giants_season \"1969 San Francisco Giants season\") and lost the [1971 National League Championship Series](/wiki/1971_National_League_Championship_Series \"1971 National League Championship Series\") to the [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/1971_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season \"1971 Pittsburgh Pirates season\").", "2002 was [Dusty Baker](/wiki/Dusty_Baker \"Dusty Baker\")'s tenth season as [manager](/wiki/Manager_%28baseball%29 \"Manager (baseball)\") of the Giants. It was also their third season playing at [Pacific Bell Park](/wiki/Pacific_Bell_Park \"Pacific Bell Park\") (now Oracle Park). The Giants finished the [previous season](/wiki/2001_San_Francisco_Giants_season \"2001 San Francisco Giants season\") with a record of 90–72, finishing in second place in the National League West, two [games behind](/wiki/Games_behind \"Games behind\") the [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/2001_Arizona_Diamondbacks_season \"2001 Arizona Diamondbacks season\"). They also finished in second place in the NL [wild card](/wiki/MLB_Wild_Card \"MLB Wild Card\") standings, three games behind the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/2001_St._Louis_Cardinals_season \"2001 St. Louis Cardinals season\"). Notable player departures included 2001 midseason acquisition [Andrés Galarraga](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Galarraga \"Andrés Galarraga\"), who departed as a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent \"Free agent\"), and [Shawn Estes](/wiki/Shawn_Estes \"Shawn Estes\"), who was traded to the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets \"New York Mets\") in exchange for [Tsuyoshi Shinjo](/wiki/Tsuyoshi_Shinjo \"Tsuyoshi Shinjo\") and [Desi Relaford](/wiki/Desi_Relaford \"Desi Relaford\"). Notable player acquisitions included [Reggie Sanders](/wiki/Reggie_Sanders \"Reggie Sanders\"), a free agent, and [David Bell](/wiki/David_Bell_%28baseball%29 \"David Bell (baseball)\"), who the Giants received from the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners \"Seattle Mariners\") in exchange for Desi Relaford and cash. During the season the Giants also acquired [Kenny Lofton](/wiki/Kenny_Lofton \"Kenny Lofton\") from the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox \"Chicago White Sox\") in exchange for two minor leaguers. Sanders, Bell, Shinjo, and Lofton helped bolster a Giants offense led by longtime Giants [Barry Bonds](/wiki/Barry_Bonds \"Barry Bonds\"), [J. T. Snow](/wiki/J._T._Snow \"J. T. Snow\"), [Rich Aurilia](/wiki/Rich_Aurilia \"Rich Aurilia\"), and [Jeff Kent](/wiki/Jeff_Kent \"Jeff Kent\"), as well as relative newcomer [Benito Santiago](/wiki/Benito_Santiago \"Benito Santiago\"). The [starting pitching](/wiki/Starting_pitcher \"Starting pitcher\") rotation was led by [Kirk Rueter](/wiki/Kirk_Rueter \"Kirk Rueter\") and [Jason Schmidt](/wiki/Jason_Schmidt \"Jason Schmidt\"), with a [bullpen](/wiki/Bullpen \"Bullpen\") led by [Tim Worrell](/wiki/Tim_Worrell \"Tim Worrell\") and [closer](/wiki/Closing_pitcher \"Closing pitcher\") [Robb Nen](/wiki/Robb_Nen \"Robb Nen\").", "During the 2002 regular season, the Giants led the NL West standings for most of April and a few days in May; however, by the end of May they had fallen to third place behind the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/2002_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season \"2002 Los Angeles Dodgers season\") and [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/2002_Arizona_Diamondbacks_season \"2002 Arizona Diamondbacks season\"). They spent most of the next three months in third place, but on September 9 they took second place for good, while the Dodgers either tied them or fell to third place for the rest of the season. The Giants finished the regular season with a record of 95–66, {{frac\\|2\\|1\\|2}} [games behind](/wiki/Games_behind \"Games behind\") the NL West champion Diamondbacks. They won the NL [wild card](/wiki/MLB_Wild_Card \"MLB Wild Card\"), {{frac\\|3\\|1\\|2}} games ahead of the runner\\-up Dodgers.", "In the [2002 postseason](/wiki/2002_MLB_Postseason \"2002 MLB Postseason\"), the wild\\-card Giants' first opponent was the top\\-seeded [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/2002_Atlanta_Braves_season \"2002 Atlanta Braves season\"), who they defeated in five games to return to the NLCS for the first time since [1989](/wiki/1989_National_League_Championship_Series \"1989 National League Championship Series\"). In the NLCS, the Giants defeated the \\#3 seed [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/2002_St._Louis_Cardinals_season \"2002 St. Louis Cardinals season\") in five games to advance to the World Series for the 17th time in franchise history. Dusty Baker became the first black manager to participate in a World Series since [Cito Gaston](/wiki/Cito_Gaston \"Cito Gaston\") for [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays \"Toronto Blue Jays\") in {{wsy\\|1992}} and {{wsy\\|1993}}.", "This was Giants' outfielder [Reggie Sanders](/wiki/Reggie_Sanders \"Reggie Sanders\")' second consecutive World Series appearance with different teams—in {{wsy\\|2001}} he got there with the [Arizona Diamondbacks](/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks \"Arizona Diamondbacks\"). This was the first time this happened since [Don Baylor](/wiki/Don_Baylor \"Don Baylor\") did it in three consecutive years with the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\") in {{wsy\\|1986}}, the [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins \"Minnesota Twins\") in {{wsy\\|1987}}, and with the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/Oakland_Athletics \"Oakland Athletics\") in {{wsy\\|1988}}.", "### Anaheim Angels", "{{Main\\|2002 Anaheim Angels season}}", "Like the Giants, the Angels and their fans carried a long history of futility and disappointment. Enfranchised in 1961, the Angels had never before played in the World Series. They came close several times, including ALCS losses in [1979](/wiki/1979_American_League_Championship_Series \"1979 American League Championship Series\") to the [Baltimore Orioles](/wiki/1979_Baltimore_Orioles_season \"1979 Baltimore Orioles season\"), [1982](/wiki/1982_American_League_Championship_Series \"1982 American League Championship Series\") to the [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/1982_Milwaukee_Brewers_season \"1982 Milwaukee Brewers season\"), and in [1986](/wiki/1986_American_League_Championship_Series \"1986 American League Championship Series\") to the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/1986_Boston_Red_Sox_season \"1986 Boston Red Sox season\"). After dropping the 1979 ALCS in four games, the Angels brought their opponents to the brink of elimination in each of those last two series, before losing the next three consecutive games and the series. The 1986 ALCS, in which the Angels were as close as 1 strike away from the World Series, was the Angels' latest postseason appearance, though they came close in [1995](/wiki/1995_California_Angels_season \"1995 California Angels season\") when they lost a [one\\-game tie\\-breaker](/wiki/1995_American_League_West_tie-breaker_game \"1995 American League West tie-breaker game\") for the AL West championship to the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/1995_Seattle_Mariners_season \"1995 Seattle Mariners season\") after blowing a 14\\-game lead in the standings.", "2002 was the Angels' third season under [manager](/wiki/Manager_%28baseball%29 \"Manager (baseball)\") [Mike Scioscia](/wiki/Mike_Scioscia \"Mike Scioscia\"). The Angels finished the previous injury marred [season](/wiki/2001_Anaheim_Angels_season \"2001 Anaheim Angels season\") with a record of 75–87, finishing in third place in the AL West. The most notable personnel change during the offseason was the trade of [first baseman](/wiki/First_baseman \"First baseman\") [Mo Vaughn](/wiki/Mo_Vaughn \"Mo Vaughn\") to the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets \"New York Mets\") in exchange for [pitcher](/wiki/Pitcher \"Pitcher\") [Kevin Appier](/wiki/Kevin_Appier \"Kevin Appier\"). Offensively, the team was led by longtime Angels [Garret Anderson](/wiki/Garret_Anderson \"Garret Anderson\"), [Darin Erstad](/wiki/Darin_Erstad \"Darin Erstad\"), [Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus \"Troy Glaus\") and [Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon \"Tim Salmon\"), as well as relative newcomers [Adam Kennedy](/wiki/Adam_Kennedy \"Adam Kennedy\") and [David Eckstein](/wiki/David_Eckstein \"David Eckstein\"). The [starting pitching](/wiki/Starting_pitcher \"Starting pitcher\") rotation was led by [Ramón Ortiz](/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Ortiz \"Ramón Ortiz\") and [Jarrod Washburn](/wiki/Jarrod_Washburn \"Jarrod Washburn\"), as well as mid\\-season call\\-up [John Lackey](/wiki/John_Lackey \"John Lackey\"), while the bullpen was led by [setup man](/wiki/Setup_man \"Setup man\") [Brendan Donnelly](/wiki/Brendan_Donnelly \"Brendan Donnelly\") and [closer](/wiki/Closing_pitcher \"Closing pitcher\") [Troy Percival](/wiki/Troy_Percival \"Troy Percival\"). The bullpen was bolstered in late September by the addition of 20\\-year\\-old [reliever](/wiki/Relief_pitcher \"Relief pitcher\") prospect [Francisco Rodriguez](/wiki/Francisco_Rodriguez_%28baseball%2C_born_1982%29 \"Francisco Rodriguez (baseball, born 1982)\").", "The Angels spent much of the season trailing the first\\-place [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/2002_Seattle_Mariners_season \"2002 Seattle Mariners season\") and on occasion the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/2002_Oakland_Athletics_season \"2002 Oakland Athletics season\") in the AL West standings. However, the Athletics and Angels both mounted late\\-season comebacks that, coupled with a poor August record for the Mariners, knocked the Mariners down to third place. The Athletics won 20 straight games at one point, and the Angels finished the season in second place with a 99–63 record, four [games behind](/wiki/Games_behind \"Games behind\") the Athletics, but won the AL [wild card](/wiki/MLB_Wild_Card \"MLB Wild Card\"), six games ahead of the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/2002_Boston_Red_Sox_season \"2002 Boston Red Sox season\") and Seattle Mariners. Their 99 wins was third best in the A.L. and fourth best in baseball.", "In the [2002 postseason](/wiki/2002_MLB_Postseason \"2002 MLB Postseason\"), the wild\\-card Angels first faced off against the overall \\#1 seed and four\\-time defending American League champion [New York Yankees](/wiki/2002_New_York_Yankees_season \"2002 New York Yankees season\") in the ALDS. The Angels shocked the four\\-time defending AL champions in four games to return to the ALCS for the first time since [1986](/wiki/1986_ALCS \"1986 ALCS\"). Their opponent in the ALCS was the third\\-seeded [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/2002_Minnesota_Twins_season \"2002 Minnesota Twins season\"), who they defeated in five games to advance to the World Series for the first time in franchise history.", "" ]
Matchups -------- [thumb\|[Barry Bonds](/wiki/Barry_Bonds "Barry Bonds") hit a solo home run in the second inning that gave the Giants the winning margin in Game 1\.](/wiki/File:BarryLamar_Bonds.jpg "BarryLamar Bonds.jpg") ### Game 1 {{Linescore\| \|Date\=October 19, 2002 \|Time\=5:04{{nbsp}}pm (\[\[Pacific Time Zone\|PDT]]) \|Location\=\[\[Angel Stadium\|Edison International Field]] in \[\[Anaheim]], \[\[California]] \|Road\='''San Francisco'''\|RoadAbr\=SF \|R1\=0\|R2\=2\|R3\=0\|R4\=0\|R5\=0\|R6\=2\|R7\=0\|R8\=0\|R9\=0\|RR\=4\|RH\=6\|RE\=0 \|Home\=Anaheim\|HomeAbr\=ANA \|H1\=0\|H2\=1\|H3\=0\|H4\=0\|H5\=0\|H6\=2\|H7\=0\|H8\=0\|H9\=0\|HR\=3\|HH\=9\|HE\=0 \|RSP\=\|HSP\= \|WP\=\[\[Jason Schmidt]] (1–0\)\|LP\=\[\[Jarrod Washburn]] (0–1\)\|SV\=\[\[Robb Nen]] (1\) \|RoadHR\=\[\[Barry Bonds]] (1\), \[\[Reggie Sanders]] (1\), \[\[J. T. Snow]] (1\)\|HomeHR\=\[\[Troy Glaus]] 2 (2\) \|BoxURL\=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2002/B10190ANA2002\.htm \|Other\={{convert\|63\|F\|C}}, Mostly Clear}} San Francisco won 4–3 at Edison International Field of Anaheim (now [Angel Stadium of Anaheim](/wiki/Angel_Stadium "Angel Stadium")) to take a 1–0 series lead. As he strode into the batter's box to open the second inning, [Barry Bonds](/wiki/Barry_Bonds "Barry Bonds") was finally making his first (and only) World Series appearance; in his first at bat on a 2–1 pitch from Angels starter [Jarrod Washburn](/wiki/Jarrod_Washburn "Jarrod Washburn"), Bonds smoked a line drive for a home run to right field, which gave the Giants a quick 1–0 lead. [Reggie Sanders](/wiki/Reggie_Sanders "Reggie Sanders") then followed that up with an opposite\-field homer later in the inning. With the Giants leading 2–1 in the fifth, Giants batter [J. T. Snow](/wiki/J._T._Snow "J. T. Snow") (who formerly played for the Angels) hit a two\-run shot over the center field wall after Sanders singled to give San Francisco a three\-run advantage. Eventual Series MVP [Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus "Troy Glaus") hit two home runs for the Angels, one in the second and another in the sixth off Giants starter [Jason Schmidt](/wiki/Jason_Schmidt "Jason Schmidt"). Adam Kennedy drove in a run with a base hit in the sixth as well to trim the deficit to 4–3\. However, Schmidt was effective otherwise, along with reliever [Félix Rodríguez](/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28baseball%29 "Félix Rodríguez (baseball)") and closer [Robb Nen](/wiki/Robb_Nen "Robb Nen"), as they held off the Halos the rest of the way. [thumb\|[Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon "Tim Salmon")'s two\-run home run in the eighth inning of Game 2 tied up the series at one win apiece.](/wiki/File:Tim_Salmon_Afghanistan_crop.jpg "Tim Salmon Afghanistan crop.jpg") ### Game 2 {{Linescore\| \|Date\=October 20, 2002 \|Time\=5:04{{nbsp}}pm (PDT) \|Location\=Edison International Field in Anaheim, California \|Road\=San Francisco\|RoadAbr\=SF \|R1\=0\|R2\=4\|R3\=1\|R4\=0\|R5\=4\|R6\=0\|R7\=0\|R8\=0\|R9\=1\|RR\=10\|RH\=12\|RE\=1 \|Home\='''Anaheim'''\|HomeAbr\=ANA \|H1\=5\|H2\=2\|H3\=0\|H4\=0\|H5\=1\|H6\=1\|H7\=0\|H8\=2\|H9\=X\|HR\=11\|HH\=16\|HE\=1 \|RSP\=\|HSP\= \|WP\=\[\[Francisco Rodríguez (Venezuelan pitcher)\|Francisco Rodríguez]] (1–0\)\|LP\=\[\[Félix Rodríguez (baseball)\|Félix Rodríguez]] (0–1\)\|SV\=\[\[Troy Percival]] (1\) \|RoadHR\=\[\[Reggie Sanders]] (2\), \[\[David Bell (baseball)\|David Bell]] (1\), \[\[Jeff Kent]] (1\), \[\[Barry Bonds]] (2\)\|HomeHR\=\[\[Tim Salmon]] 2 (2\) \|BoxURL\=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2002/B10200ANA2002\.htm \|Other\={{convert\|60\|F\|C}}, Overcast}} Game 2 was a slugfest that saw the lead fluctuate wildly between the two teams. The Angels plated five runs in the first inning by batting around against Giants starting pitcher [Russ Ortiz](/wiki/Russ_Ortiz "Russ Ortiz"). [David Eckstein](/wiki/David_Eckstein "David Eckstein") singled to lead off and scored on [Darin Erstad](/wiki/Darin_Erstad "Darin Erstad")'s double. After [Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon "Tim Salmon") singled, [Garret Anderson](/wiki/Garret_Anderson "Garret Anderson")'s RBI single made it 2–0 Angels. After [Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus "Troy Glaus") flew out, consecutive RBI singles by [Brad Fullmer](/wiki/Brad_Fullmer "Brad Fullmer") and [Scott Spiezio](/wiki/Scott_Spiezio "Scott Spiezio") made it 4–0 Angels. Fullmer stole home plate for the Angels' fifth run of the inning. In the second inning, however, [Kevin Appier](/wiki/Kevin_Appier "Kevin Appier") surrendered most of the lead by allowing a three\-run homer to Sanders followed by a shot to David Bell. The Angels answered with a two\-run home run from veteran Tim Salmon to make it 7–4 in the Angels' favor. Ortiz would not finish the inning and was relieved by [Chad Zerbe](/wiki/Chad_Zerbe "Chad Zerbe"), who provided four innings of relief. Appier did not last much longer than Ortiz, as he was pulled in the third and replaced by [John Lackey](/wiki/John_Lackey "John Lackey"), the Angels scheduled starter for Game 4, after surrendering a lead\-off home run to [Jeff Kent](/wiki/Jeff_Kent "Jeff Kent"). Lackey temporarily quieted the Giants' offense but ran into trouble in the fifth inning, allowing a double and intentional walk. [Ben Weber](/wiki/Ben_Weber_%28baseball%29 "Ben Weber (baseball)") relieved him but allowed a single to [Benito Santiago](/wiki/Benito_Santiago "Benito Santiago") to load the bases, then a two\-run single to [J. T. Snow](/wiki/J._T._Snow "J. T. Snow") that tied the game. After [Reggie Sanders](/wiki/Reggie_Sanders "Reggie Sanders") struck out, consecutive RBI singles by [David Bell](/wiki/David_Bell_%28baseball%29 "David Bell (baseball)") and [Shawon Dunston](/wiki/Shawon_Dunston "Shawon Dunston") gave the Giants a 9–7 lead. The Angels turned to 20\-year\-old rookie reliever [Francisco Rodriguez](/wiki/Francisco_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28Venezuelan_pitcher%29 "Francisco Rodríguez (Venezuelan pitcher)"), who answered by shutting down the Giants offense for the next three innings. He retired nine batters in a row on 25 pitches (22 were strikes). Meanwhile, the Angels chipped away at their deficit. In the bottom of the fifth, Glaus and Fullmer hit back\-to\-back leadoff singles before the former scored on Spezio's sacrifice fly. Next inning, Erstad doubled with two outs. Zerbe was relieved by [Jay Witasick](/wiki/Jay_Witasick "Jay Witasick"), who walked [Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon "Tim Salmon"). [Aaron Fultz](/wiki/Aaron_Fultz "Aaron Fultz") relieved Witasick and allowed an RBI single to Anderson to tie the game, but Salmon was thrown out at third to end the inning. Salmon drilled a two\-run home run with two outs in the eighth inning off of [Félix Rodríguez](/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28baseball%29 "Félix Rodríguez (baseball)"), giving Anaheim an 11–9 lead. Closer Troy Percival retired the first two batters in the ninth, and, after allowing a mammoth shot from Bonds that landed halfway up the right field bleachers, retired [Benito Santiago](/wiki/Benito_Santiago "Benito Santiago") to even the series. Bonds became the first player since [Ted Simmons](/wiki/Ted_Simmons "Ted Simmons") in the [1982 World Series](/wiki/1982_World_Series "1982 World Series") to hit a home run in his first two World Series games, joining Simmons, [Dusty Rhodes](/wiki/Dusty_Rhodes_%28outfielder%29 "Dusty Rhodes (outfielder)") in the [1954 World Series](/wiki/1954_World_Series "1954 World Series") and [Jimmie Foxx](/wiki/Jimmie_Foxx "Jimmie Foxx") in the [1929 World Series](/wiki/1929_World_Series "1929 World Series"). The feat would later be duplicated by [Craig Monroe](/wiki/Craig_Monroe "Craig Monroe") of the Tigers in the [2006 World Series](/wiki/2006_World_Series "2006 World Series"). Giants pitchers failed to strike out a batter for the entire game, the first time this had happened in the World Series since Game 7 of the [1960 World Series](/wiki/1960_World_Series "1960 World Series"); as of 2021 it remains the last time a team has not recorded a strikeout in a World Series game. The Angels won despite giving up four home runs to the Giants, compared to two by the Angels. [thumb\|[Ramón Ortiz](/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Ortiz "Ramón Ortiz") started and won Game 3 for the Angels.](/wiki/File:Ram%C3%B3n_Ortiz_on_April_11%2C_2006.jpg "Ramón Ortiz on April 11, 2006.jpg") ### Game 3 {{Linescore\| \|Date\=October 22, 2002 \|Time\=5:27{{nbsp}}pm (PDT) \|Location\=\[\[Pacific Bell Park]] in San Francisco, \[\[California]] \|Road\='''Anaheim'''\|RoadAbr\=ANA \|R1\=0\|R2\=0\|R3\=4\|R4\=4\|R5\=0\|R6\=1\|R7\=0\|R8\=1\|R9\=0\|RR\=10\|RH\=16\|RE\=0 \|Home\=San Francisco\|HomeAbr\=SF \|H1\=1\|H2\=0\|H3\=0\|H4\=0\|H5\=3\|H6\=0\|H7\=0\|H8\=0\|H9\=0\|HR\=4\|HH\=6\|HE\=2 \|RSP\=\|HSP\= \|WP\=\[\[Ramón Ortiz]] (1–0\)\|LP\=\[\[Liván Hernández]] (0–1\)\|SV\= \|RoadHR\=\|HomeHR\=\[\[Rich Aurilia]] (1\), \[\[Barry Bonds]] (3\) \|BoxURL\=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2002/B10220SFN2002\.htm \|Other\={{convert\|57\|F\|C}}, Mostly Cloudy}} Anaheim won 10–4 in the first World Series game at Pacific Bell Park (now [Oracle Park](/wiki/Oracle_Park "Oracle Park")). The Angels batted around twice without a home run in either of their four\-run innings. They became the first team in World Series history to bat around in consecutive innings. Barry Bonds hit another home run, becoming the first player to homer in his first three World Series games. The Giants struck first on [Benito Santiago](/wiki/Benito_Santiago "Benito Santiago")'s based\-loaded groundout in the first off of [Ramón Ortiz](/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Ortiz "Ramón Ortiz"), but Giants starter [Liván Hernández](/wiki/Liv%C3%A1n_Hern%C3%A1ndez "Liván Hernández") walked [David Eckstein](/wiki/David_Eckstein "David Eckstein") to lead off the third and allowed a subsequent double to [Darin Erstad](/wiki/Darin_Erstad "Darin Erstad"). An error on [Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon "Tim Salmon")'s groundball allowed Eckstein to score. After [Garret Anderson](/wiki/Garret_Anderson "Garret Anderson") flew out, [Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus "Troy Glaus") hit an RBI single and [Scott Spiezio](/wiki/Scott_Spiezio "Scott Spiezio") followed with a two\-run triple. Next inning, Anderson's RBI groundout with runners on second and third chased Hernandez. [Jay Witasick](/wiki/Jay_Witasick "Jay Witasick") entered in relief and walked Glaus before allowing RBI singles to Spiezio, [Adam Kennedy](/wiki/Adam_Kennedy "Adam Kennedy") and [Bengie Molina](/wiki/Bengie_Molina "Bengie Molina"), which increased Anaheim's lead to 8–1\. [Rich Aurilia](/wiki/Rich_Aurilia "Rich Aurilia") hit a one\-out home run in the fifth for the Giants. After [Jeff Kent](/wiki/Jeff_Kent "Jeff Kent") singled, Bonds's home run made it 8–4, but the Giants did not score after that. The Angels added to their lead on Eckstein's RBI single in the sixth off of [Aaron Fultz](/wiki/Aaron_Fultz "Aaron Fultz") and Erstad's bases\-loaded fielder's choice in the eighth off of [Scott Eyre](/wiki/Scott_Eyre "Scott Eyre"). Giants public address announcer [Renel Brooks\-Moon](/wiki/Renel_Brooks-Moon "Renel Brooks-Moon") is recognized by the [Baseball Hall of Fame](/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame "Baseball Hall of Fame") as the first female announcer of a championship game in any professional sport for her role in the 2002 World Series. Her scorecard from Game 3 is on display in the [National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum](/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum "National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum") in [Cooperstown, New York](/wiki/Cooperstown%2C_New_York "Cooperstown, New York"). Until 2014, this game was the Giants' only World Series loss at home since [Pacific Bell Park](/wiki/Pacific_Bell_Park "Pacific Bell Park") opened in 2000\. They proceeded to win the final two games in this series, then won four straight home games in their next two World Series appearances in [2010](/wiki/2010_World_Series "2010 World Series") and [2012](/wiki/2012_World_Series "2012 World Series") until finally losing at home in Game 3 in [2014](/wiki/2014_World_Series "2014 World Series"). [thumb\|[David Bell](/wiki/David_Bell_%28baseball%29 "David Bell (baseball)") hit the game\-winning RBI single for the Giants in the eighth inning of Game 4\.](/wiki/File:David_Bell.jpg "David Bell.jpg") ### Game 4 {{Linescore\| \|Date\=October 23, 2002 \|Time\=5:35{{nbsp}}pm (PDT) \|Location\=Pacific Bell Park in San Francisco, California \|Road\=Anaheim\|RoadAbr\=ANA \|R1\=0\|R2\=1\|R3\=2\|R4\=0\|R5\=0\|R6\=0\|R7\=0\|R8\=0\|R9\=0\|RR\=3\|RH\=10\|RE\=1 \|Home\='''San Francisco'''\|HomeAbr\=SF \|H1\=0\|H2\=0\|H3\=0\|H4\=0\|H5\=3\|H6\=0\|H7\=0\|H8\=1\|H9\=X\|HR\=4\|HH\=12\|HE\=1 \|RSP\=\|HSP\= \|WP\=\[\[Tim Worrell]] (1–0\)\|LP\=\[\[Francisco Rodríguez (Venezuelan pitcher)\|Francisco Rodríguez]] (1–1\)\|SV\=\[\[Robb Nen]] (2\) \|RoadHR\=\[\[Troy Glaus]] (3\)\|HomeHR\= \|BoxURL\=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2002/B10230SFN2002\.htm \|Other\={{convert\|55\|F\|C}}, Overcast}} The Angels struck first in the second on [David Eckstein](/wiki/David_Eckstein "David Eckstein")'s bases\-loaded sacrifice fly, then made it 3–0 next inning on [Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus "Troy Glaus")'s two\-run home run off of starter [Kirk Rueter](/wiki/Kirk_Rueter "Kirk Rueter"). In the bottom of the fifth, however, Angels starter [John Lackey](/wiki/John_Lackey "John Lackey") allowed three consecutive leadoff singles, the last of which by [Rich Aurilia](/wiki/Rich_Aurilia "Rich Aurilia") scoring Rueter. [Jeff Kent](/wiki/Jeff_Kent "Jeff Kent")'s sacrifice fly cut the Angels' lead to 3–2 and [NLCS](/wiki/2002_National_League_Championship_Series "2002 National League Championship Series") MVP [Benito Santiago](/wiki/Benito_Santiago "Benito Santiago") tied the game with a single in after the Angels walked Barry Bonds with a runner on second and two outs. David Bell put the Giants ahead with an RBI single in the bottom of the eighth off of [Francisco Rodriguez](/wiki/Francisco_Rodriguez_%28baseball%2C_born_1982%29 "Francisco Rodriguez (baseball, born 1982)"). The run was unearned, due to Anaheim catcher [Bengie Molina](/wiki/Bengie_Molina "Bengie Molina")'s passed ball during the previous at\-bat, allowing [J. T. Snow](/wiki/J._T._Snow "J. T. Snow") to move to second. [Tim Worrell](/wiki/Tim_Worrell "Tim Worrell") got the win for the Giants. San Francisco scored a 4–3 victory to tie the series and ensured a return trip to Anaheim. [thumb\|[Jeff Kent](/wiki/Jeff_Kent "Jeff Kent") hit two home runs in the Giants' Game 5 win.](/wiki/File:Jeff_Kent%2C_baseball_player.jpg "Jeff Kent, baseball player.jpg") ### Game 5 {{Linescore\| \|Date\=October 24, 2002 \|Time\=5:22{{nbsp}}pm (PDT) \|Location\=Pacific Bell Park in San Francisco, California \|Road\=Anaheim\|RoadAbr\=ANA \|R1\=0\|R2\=0\|R3\=0\|R4\=0\|R5\=3\|R6\=1\|R7\=0\|R8\=0\|R9\=0\|RR\=4\|RH\=10\|RE\=2 \|Home\='''San Francisco'''\|HomeAbr\=SF \|H1\=3\|H2\=3\|H3\=0\|H4\=0\|H5\=0\|H6\=2\|H7\=4\|H8\=4\|H9\=X\|HR\=16\|HH\=16\|HE\=0 \|RSP\=\|HSP\= \|WP\=\[\[Chad Zerbe]] (1–0\)\|LP\=\[\[Jarrod Washburn]] (0–2\)\|SV\= \|RoadHR\=\|HomeHR\=\[\[Jeff Kent]] 2 (3\), \[\[Rich Aurilia]] (2\) \|BoxURL\=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2002/B10240SFN2002\.htm \|Other\={{convert\|59\|F\|C}}, Mostly Cloudy}} San Francisco took a 16–4 blowout win in a game in which the Angels never led. The most well\-known moment in this game occurred in the bottom of the seventh when Giants first baseman [J. T. Snow](/wiki/J._T._Snow "J. T. Snow") scored off a [Kenny Lofton](/wiki/Kenny_Lofton "Kenny Lofton") triple. Three\-year\-old [batboy](/wiki/Batboy "Batboy") [Darren](/wiki/Darren_Baker_%28baseball%29 "Darren Baker (baseball)"), son of Giants manager [Dusty Baker](/wiki/Dusty_Baker "Dusty Baker"), ran to home plate to collect Lofton's bat before the play was completed and was quickly lifted by the jacket by Snow with one hand as he crossed the plate, with [David Bell](/wiki/David_Bell_%28baseball%29 "David Bell (baseball)") close on his heels. Had Snow not acted quickly, Darren could have been seriously injured in a play at home plate. Giants' second\-baseman Jeff Kent hit two home runs to break out of a slump (hitting his first home run since Game 2\), driving in four runs. In the bottom of the first, [Barry Bonds](/wiki/Barry_Bonds "Barry Bonds")'s double off of [Jarrod Washburn](/wiki/Jarrod_Washburn "Jarrod Washburn") with runners on first and second gave the Giants an early lead. [Benito Santiago](/wiki/Benito_Santiago "Benito Santiago")'s sacrifice fly, followed by three consecutive walks made it 3–0 Giants. Next inning, Benito's bases\-loaded single scored two and [Reggie Sanders](/wiki/Reggie_Sanders "Reggie Sanders")'s sacrifice fly scored another. [Orlando Palmeiro](/wiki/Orlando_Palmeiro "Orlando Palmeiro") doubled to lead off the top of the fifth, moved to third on [David Eckstein](/wiki/David_Eckstein "David Eckstein")'s single and scored on [Darin Erstad](/wiki/Darin_Erstad "Darin Erstad")'s sacrifice fly. After [Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon "Tim Salmon") singled, a wild pitch by starter [Jason Schmidt](/wiki/Jason_Schmidt "Jason Schmidt") allowed Eckstein to score. After [Garret Anderson](/wiki/Garret_Anderson "Garret Anderson") struck out, [Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus "Troy Glaus")'s RBI double cut the Giants' lead to 6–3\. The Angels cut it to 6–4 next inning off of [Chad Zerbe](/wiki/Chad_Zerbe "Chad Zerbe") on Eckstein's groundout with runners on second and third, but did not score again. Kent's two\-run home run in the bottom half off of [Ben Weber](/wiki/Ben_Weber_%28baseball%29 "Ben Weber (baseball)") widened the Giants' lead to 8–4\. Next inning, [Kenny Lofton](/wiki/Kenny_Lofton "Kenny Lofton")'s two\-run triple made it 10\-4 Giants. [Scot Shields](/wiki/Scot_Shields "Scot Shields") relieved Weber and after Aurilia struck out, Kent's second home run of the game made it 12–4 Giants. Next inning, Shields allowed consecutive one\-out singles to [J. T. Snow](/wiki/J._T._Snow "J. T. Snow") and [David Bell](/wiki/David_Bell_%28baseball%29 "David Bell (baseball)"), then an error on [Tsuyoshi Shinjo](/wiki/Tsuyoshi_Shinjo "Tsuyoshi Shinjo")'s ground ball made it 13–4 Giants. After Lofton grounded out, Aurilia capped the scoring with a three\-run home run. [Scott Eyre](/wiki/Scott_Eyre "Scott Eyre") retired the Angels in order in the ninth as the Giants were one win away from a World Series title. [Chad Zerbe](/wiki/Chad_Zerbe "Chad Zerbe") earned the win for the Giants. This game shares one peculiar record with Game 2 of the [1960 World Series](/wiki/1960_World_Series%23Game_2 "1960 World Series#Game 2"). The two games share the World Series record for most runs scored by a game winning team who ultimately went on to lose the series. [thumb\|[Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus "Troy Glaus")'s two\-RBI double in the eighth inning of Game 6 capped off a dramatic come\-from\-behind victory for the Angels.](/wiki/File:Troy_Glaus_%281423308439%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "Troy Glaus (1423308439) (cropped).jpg") ### Game 6 {{Linescore\| \|Date\=October 26, 2002 \|Time\=4:58{{nbsp}}pm (PDT) \|Location\=Edison International Field in Anaheim, California \|Road\=San Francisco\|RoadAbr\=SF \|R1\=0\|R2\=0\|R3\=0\|R4\=0\|R5\=3\|R6\=1\|R7\=1\|R8\=0\|R9\=0\|RR\=5\|RH\=8\|RE\=1 \|Home\='''Anaheim'''\|HomeAbr\=ANA \|H1\=0\|H2\=0\|H3\=0\|H4\=0\|H5\=0\|H6\=0\|H7\=3\|H8\=3\|H9\=X\|HR\=6\|HH\=10\|HE\=1 \|RSP\=\|HSP\= \|WP\=\[\[Brendan Donnelly]] (1–0\)\|LP\=\[\[Tim Worrell]] (1–1\)\|SV\=\[\[Troy Percival]] (2\) \|RoadHR\=\[\[Shawon Dunston]] (1\), \[\[Barry Bonds]] (4\)\|HomeHR\=\[\[Scott Spiezio]] (1\), \[\[Darin Erstad]] (1\) \|BoxURL\=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2002/B10260ANA2002\.htm \|Other\={{convert\|61\|F\|C}}, Mostly Clear}} The turning point in the Series came in Game 6\. Following the top of the seventh inning, the Giants led 5–0 but then proceeded to surrender three runs in the bottom of the inning and another three runs in the bottom of the eighth inning and lost the game 6–5\. The game was scoreless through the first four innings. In the top of the fifth, San Francisco took the lead. [David Bell](/wiki/David_Bell_%28baseball%29 "David Bell (baseball)") singled with one out, then [Shawon Dunston](/wiki/Shawon_Dunston "Shawon Dunston")'s home run made it 2–0 Giants. After [Kenny Lofton](/wiki/Kenny_Lofton "Kenny Lofton") doubled, [Francisco Rodríguez](/wiki/Francisco_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28Venezuelan_pitcher%29 "Francisco Rodríguez (Venezuelan pitcher)") relieved [Kevin Appier](/wiki/Kevin_Appier "Kevin Appier"). Lofton stole third and scored on a wild pitch. In the top of the sixth, Barry Bonds homered off Rodriguez to make it 4–0, and the Giants added another run in the top of the seventh when Lofton singled and stole second and was driven in by a single by [Jeff Kent](/wiki/Jeff_Kent "Jeff Kent"). Leading 5–0 with one out in the bottom of the seventh inning, eight outs away from the Giants' first World Series title since [moving](/wiki/Relocation_of_professional_sports_teams "Relocation of professional sports teams") to San Francisco in 1958, Giants manager [Dusty Baker](/wiki/Dusty_Baker "Dusty Baker") pulled starting pitcher [Russ Ortiz](/wiki/Russ_Ortiz "Russ Ortiz"), who had shut out the Angels during the game, for setup man [Félix Rodríguez](/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28baseball%29 "Félix Rodríguez (baseball)") after Ortiz gave up consecutive singles to third baseman [Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus "Troy Glaus") and designated hitter [Brad Fullmer](/wiki/Brad_Fullmer "Brad Fullmer"). In a move noted in later years, Baker gave Ortiz the game ball as he sent him back to the dugout, as Ortiz wanted a souvenir ball (contrary to some belief, the Angels did not see the move in real time).[NBC Sports](https://www.nbcsports.com/bayarea/giants/what-if-dusty-baker-never-handed-russ-ortiz-ball-2002-world-series) During the pitching change the [Rally Monkey](/wiki/Rally_Monkey "Rally Monkey") came on the [JumboTron](/wiki/JumboTron "JumboTron"), sending 45,037 Angels fans into a frenzy. Angels first baseman [Scott Spiezio](/wiki/Scott_Spiezio "Scott Spiezio") then fouled off pitch after pitch before finally hitting a three\-run home run that barely cleared the wall in right field. Ortiz would be charged with two runs and a no\-decision, his second of the series. The rally continued in the eighth inning, as Angels center fielder [Darin Erstad](/wiki/Darin_Erstad "Darin Erstad") hit a leadoff line\-drive home run, followed by consecutive singles by [Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon "Tim Salmon") and [Garret Anderson](/wiki/Garret_Anderson "Garret Anderson"). When Bonds misplayed Anderson's shallow left field bloop single, [Chone Figgins](/wiki/Chone_Figgins "Chone Figgins") (who had pinch\-run for Salmon) and Anderson took third and second base, respectively. With no outs, two runners in scoring position and now only a 5–4 lead, Baker brought in closer [Robb Nen](/wiki/Robb_Nen "Robb Nen") to pitch to Glaus, hoping that Nen could induce a strikeout that might yet preserve the Giants' slim lead; prior to that game, he was seven of seven in postseason saves that year despite dealing with a shoulder injury. However, Glaus slugged a double to the left\-center field [gap](/wiki/Glossary_of_baseball_%28G%29%23gap "Glossary of baseball (G)#gap") over Bonds' head to drive in the tying and go\-ahead runs and giving Nen a blown save. Nen managed to keep Glaus from scoring before leaving the game, which ended up being his final appearance as a major league player. In the ninth inning, Angels closer [Troy Percival](/wiki/Troy_Percival "Troy Percival") struck out [Tom Goodwin](/wiki/Tom_Goodwin "Tom Goodwin"), induced a foul popout from Lofton, and struck out [Rich Aurilia](/wiki/Rich_Aurilia "Rich Aurilia") to preserve the 6–5 victory in front of the jubilant home crowd. The comeback from a five\-run deficit was the largest in World Series history for an elimination game. No other team overcame a five\-run deficit to win a World Series game until Game 1 of the [2022 World Series](/wiki/2022_World_Series "2022 World Series"), when the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies "Philadelphia Phillies") did so against the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros "Houston Astros"). That Astros team, like the Giants, was managed by Dusty Baker. This game ranked number 2 as [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN")'s Game of the Year in 2002\. [thumb\|[Garret Anderson](/wiki/Garret_Anderson "Garret Anderson")'s bases\-loaded double in the third inning gave the Angels a 3\-run lead that they never relinquished.](/wiki/File:Garret_Anderson_%281429577930%29.jpg "Garret Anderson (1429577930).jpg") ### Game 7 {{Linescore\| \|Date\=October 27, 2002 \|Time\=5:02{{nbsp}}pm (PST) \|Location\=Edison International Field in Anaheim, California \|Road\=San Francisco\|RoadAbr\=SF \|R1\=0\|R2\=1\|R3\=0\|R4\=0\|R5\=0\|R6\=0\|R7\=0\|R8\=0\|R9\=0\|RR\=1\|RH\=6\|RE\=0 \|Home\='''Anaheim'''\|HomeAbr\=ANA \|H1\=0\|H2\=1\|H3\=3\|H4\=0\|H5\=0\|H6\=0\|H7\=0\|H8\=0\|H9\=X\|HR\=4\|HH\=5\|HE\=0 \|RSP\=\|HSP\= \|WP\=\[\[John Lackey]] (1–0\)\|LP\=\[\[Liván Hernández]] (0–2\)\|SV\=\[\[Troy Percival]] (3\) \|RoadHR\=\|HomeHR\= \|BoxURL\=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2002/B10270ANA2002\.htm \|Other\={{convert\|63\|F\|C}}, Mostly clear}} Game 7 proved to be somewhat anticlimactic after the drama of Game 6\. The Giants scored the first run in the top of the second inning when [Reggie Sanders](/wiki/Reggie_Sanders "Reggie Sanders") hit a sacrifice fly to score [Benito Santiago](/wiki/Benito_Santiago "Benito Santiago") from third (after back\-to\-back singles from Santiago and J.T. Snow), but the Angels responded with a run\-scoring double from catcher [Bengie Molina](/wiki/Bengie_Molina "Bengie Molina") that scored [Scott Spiezio](/wiki/Scott_Spiezio "Scott Spiezio") from first after he had walked with two outs. In the bottom of the third, [David Eckstein](/wiki/David_Eckstein "David Eckstein") and [Darin Erstad](/wiki/Darin_Erstad "Darin Erstad") led off with back\-to\-back singles and [Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon "Tim Salmon") was hit in his hand by a pitch to load the bases with no outs (Salmon would later leave the game due to the injury, being replaced by [Alex Ochoa](/wiki/Alex_Ochoa "Alex Ochoa")). Left fielder [Garret Anderson](/wiki/Garret_Anderson "Garret Anderson") then hit a bases\-clearing three\-run double to push the Angels to a 4–1 lead and gave San Francisco starter [Liván Hernández](/wiki/Liv%C3%A1n_Hern%C3%A1ndez "Liván Hernández") the loss. Hernández was yanked after walking [Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus "Troy Glaus") to put two on, but [Chad Zerbe](/wiki/Chad_Zerbe "Chad Zerbe") got out of the nightmarish inning. Zerbe, [Kirk Rueter](/wiki/Kirk_Rueter "Kirk Rueter"), and [Tim Worrell](/wiki/Tim_Worrell "Tim Worrell") held the Angels scoreless for the rest of the game, allowing only one hit, but it was not enough. Rookie starting pitcher [John Lackey](/wiki/John_Lackey "John Lackey") maintained that lead through five innings, and turned the game over to the strong Angels bullpen. In the ninth inning, closer [Troy Percival](/wiki/Troy_Percival "Troy Percival") provided some tense moments. J.T. Snow led off with a single and was forced out at second by [Tom Goodwin](/wiki/Tom_Goodwin "Tom Goodwin"). Goodwin then stole second as [David Bell](/wiki/David_Bell "David Bell") walked, putting two men on with only one out and the tying run at the plate. But [Tsuyoshi Shinjo](/wiki/Tsuyoshi_Shinjo "Tsuyoshi Shinjo")—the first Japanese\-born player in a World Series game—struck out swinging, and [Kenny Lofton](/wiki/Kenny_Lofton "Kenny Lofton"), also representing the tying run, flied out to [Darin Erstad](/wiki/Darin_Erstad "Darin Erstad") in right\-center field to end the Series. The Angels won Game 7, 4–1, to claim their franchise's first and only World Series championship to date. John Lackey became the first rookie pitcher to win a World Series Game 7 since 1909\. In Game 7, three rookie pitchers ([John Lackey](/wiki/John_Lackey "John Lackey"), [Brendan Donnelly](/wiki/Brendan_Donnelly "Brendan Donnelly"), and [Francisco Rodríguez](/wiki/Francisco_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28Venezuelan_pitcher%29 "Francisco Rodríguez (Venezuelan pitcher)")) combined to throw eight innings while only giving up one run combined. The Angels won the World Series despite scoring fewer runs (41\) than the Giants (44\). The Angels lost the first game in all three rounds of the playoffs ([Division Series](/wiki/Division_Series "Division Series"), [League Championship Series](/wiki/League_Championship_Series "League Championship Series"), and [World Series](/wiki/World_Series "World Series")), yet rebounded to win each time. They were the first, and to date only, team to do this since the new postseason format was created in 1994\. Until [2017](/wiki/2017_World_Series "2017 World Series"), this was the last time a franchise would win its first World Series title. It was also the second year in a row that the feat had been accomplished; in 2001, the Diamondbacks beat the Yankees in just their fourth year of existence. Also in those two years, both teams won the World Series in just their first appearance, which did not happen again until [2019](/wiki/2019_World_Series "2019 World Series"), when the Washington Nationals would accomplish the feat. The Angels became the first American League (AL) champion team not representing the AL East Division to win the World Series since the Minnesota Twins in [1991](/wiki/1991_World_Series "1991 World Series"). The Angels were also the first American League Wild Card winner to win the World Series. With this win the Angels got rid of the supposed curse on their head stemming from [Anaheim Stadium](/wiki/Anaheim_Stadium "Anaheim Stadium") being built on an ancient Indian burial ground.{{Cite web\|url\=http://sabr.org/research/witches\-hexes\-and\-plain\-bad\-luck\-reputed\-curse\-los\-angeles\-angels\-anaheim\|title\=Of Witches, Hexes, and Plain Bad Luck: The Reputed Curse of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim – Society for American Baseball Research\|access\-date\=October 26, 2017\|archive\-date\=June 14, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614194411/https://sabr.org/research/witches\-hexes\-and\-plain\-bad\-luck\-reputed\-curse\-los\-angeles\-angels\-anaheim\|url\-status\=dead}} This was Dusty Baker's final game as manager of the Giants, as he left to become manager of the Chicago Cubs in the offseason.
[ "Matchups\n--------", "[thumb\\|[Barry Bonds](/wiki/Barry_Bonds \"Barry Bonds\") hit a solo home run in the second inning that gave the Giants the winning margin in Game 1\\.](/wiki/File:BarryLamar_Bonds.jpg \"BarryLamar Bonds.jpg\")", "### Game 1", "{{Linescore\\|\n\\|Date\\=October 19, 2002\n\\|Time\\=5:04{{nbsp}}pm (\\[\\[Pacific Time Zone\\|PDT]])\n\\|Location\\=\\[\\[Angel Stadium\\|Edison International Field]] in \\[\\[Anaheim]], \\[\\[California]]\n\\|Road\\='''San Francisco'''\\|RoadAbr\\=SF\n\\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=2\\|R3\\=0\\|R4\\=0\\|R5\\=0\\|R6\\=2\\|R7\\=0\\|R8\\=0\\|R9\\=0\\|RR\\=4\\|RH\\=6\\|RE\\=0\n\\|Home\\=Anaheim\\|HomeAbr\\=ANA\n\\|H1\\=0\\|H2\\=1\\|H3\\=0\\|H4\\=0\\|H5\\=0\\|H6\\=2\\|H7\\=0\\|H8\\=0\\|H9\\=0\\|HR\\=3\\|HH\\=9\\|HE\\=0\n\\|RSP\\=\\|HSP\\=\n\\|WP\\=\\[\\[Jason Schmidt]] (1–0\\)\\|LP\\=\\[\\[Jarrod Washburn]] (0–1\\)\\|SV\\=\\[\\[Robb Nen]] (1\\)\n\\|RoadHR\\=\\[\\[Barry Bonds]] (1\\), \\[\\[Reggie Sanders]] (1\\), \\[\\[J. T. Snow]] (1\\)\\|HomeHR\\=\\[\\[Troy Glaus]] 2 (2\\)\n\\|BoxURL\\=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2002/B10190ANA2002\\.htm\n\\|Other\\={{convert\\|63\\|F\\|C}}, Mostly Clear}}", "San Francisco won 4–3 at Edison International Field of Anaheim (now [Angel Stadium of Anaheim](/wiki/Angel_Stadium \"Angel Stadium\")) to take a 1–0 series lead. As he strode into the batter's box to open the second inning, [Barry Bonds](/wiki/Barry_Bonds \"Barry Bonds\") was finally making his first (and only) World Series appearance; in his first at bat on a 2–1 pitch from Angels starter [Jarrod Washburn](/wiki/Jarrod_Washburn \"Jarrod Washburn\"), Bonds smoked a line drive for a home run to right field, which gave the Giants a quick 1–0 lead. [Reggie Sanders](/wiki/Reggie_Sanders \"Reggie Sanders\") then followed that up with an opposite\\-field homer later in the inning. With the Giants leading 2–1 in the fifth, Giants batter [J. T. Snow](/wiki/J._T._Snow \"J. T. Snow\") (who formerly played for the Angels) hit a two\\-run shot over the center field wall after Sanders singled to give San Francisco a three\\-run advantage. Eventual Series MVP [Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus \"Troy Glaus\") hit two home runs for the Angels, one in the second and another in the sixth off Giants starter [Jason Schmidt](/wiki/Jason_Schmidt \"Jason Schmidt\"). Adam Kennedy drove in a run with a base hit in the sixth as well to trim the deficit to 4–3\\. However, Schmidt was effective otherwise, along with reliever [Félix Rodríguez](/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28baseball%29 \"Félix Rodríguez (baseball)\") and closer [Robb Nen](/wiki/Robb_Nen \"Robb Nen\"), as they held off the Halos the rest of the way.\n[thumb\\|[Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon \"Tim Salmon\")'s two\\-run home run in the eighth inning of Game 2 tied up the series at one win apiece.](/wiki/File:Tim_Salmon_Afghanistan_crop.jpg \"Tim Salmon Afghanistan crop.jpg\")", "### Game 2", "{{Linescore\\|\n\\|Date\\=October 20, 2002\n\\|Time\\=5:04{{nbsp}}pm (PDT)\n\\|Location\\=Edison International Field in Anaheim, California\n\\|Road\\=San Francisco\\|RoadAbr\\=SF\n\\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=4\\|R3\\=1\\|R4\\=0\\|R5\\=4\\|R6\\=0\\|R7\\=0\\|R8\\=0\\|R9\\=1\\|RR\\=10\\|RH\\=12\\|RE\\=1\n\\|Home\\='''Anaheim'''\\|HomeAbr\\=ANA\n\\|H1\\=5\\|H2\\=2\\|H3\\=0\\|H4\\=0\\|H5\\=1\\|H6\\=1\\|H7\\=0\\|H8\\=2\\|H9\\=X\\|HR\\=11\\|HH\\=16\\|HE\\=1\n\\|RSP\\=\\|HSP\\=\n\\|WP\\=\\[\\[Francisco Rodríguez (Venezuelan pitcher)\\|Francisco Rodríguez]] (1–0\\)\\|LP\\=\\[\\[Félix Rodríguez (baseball)\\|Félix Rodríguez]] (0–1\\)\\|SV\\=\\[\\[Troy Percival]] (1\\)\n\\|RoadHR\\=\\[\\[Reggie Sanders]] (2\\), \\[\\[David Bell (baseball)\\|David Bell]] (1\\), \\[\\[Jeff Kent]] (1\\), \\[\\[Barry Bonds]] (2\\)\\|HomeHR\\=\\[\\[Tim Salmon]] 2 (2\\)\n\\|BoxURL\\=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2002/B10200ANA2002\\.htm\n\\|Other\\={{convert\\|60\\|F\\|C}}, Overcast}}", "Game 2 was a slugfest that saw the lead fluctuate wildly between the two teams. The Angels plated five runs in the first inning by batting around against Giants starting pitcher [Russ Ortiz](/wiki/Russ_Ortiz \"Russ Ortiz\"). [David Eckstein](/wiki/David_Eckstein \"David Eckstein\") singled to lead off and scored on [Darin Erstad](/wiki/Darin_Erstad \"Darin Erstad\")'s double. After [Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon \"Tim Salmon\") singled, [Garret Anderson](/wiki/Garret_Anderson \"Garret Anderson\")'s RBI single made it 2–0 Angels. After [Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus \"Troy Glaus\") flew out, consecutive RBI singles by [Brad Fullmer](/wiki/Brad_Fullmer \"Brad Fullmer\") and [Scott Spiezio](/wiki/Scott_Spiezio \"Scott Spiezio\") made it 4–0 Angels. Fullmer stole home plate for the Angels' fifth run of the inning.", "In the second inning, however, [Kevin Appier](/wiki/Kevin_Appier \"Kevin Appier\") surrendered most of the lead by allowing a three\\-run homer to Sanders followed by a shot to David Bell. The Angels answered with a two\\-run home run from veteran Tim Salmon to make it 7–4 in the Angels' favor. Ortiz would not finish the inning and was relieved by [Chad Zerbe](/wiki/Chad_Zerbe \"Chad Zerbe\"), who provided four innings of relief.", "Appier did not last much longer than Ortiz, as he was pulled in the third and replaced by [John Lackey](/wiki/John_Lackey \"John Lackey\"), the Angels scheduled starter for Game 4, after surrendering a lead\\-off home run to [Jeff Kent](/wiki/Jeff_Kent \"Jeff Kent\"). Lackey temporarily quieted the Giants' offense but ran into trouble in the fifth inning, allowing a double and intentional walk. [Ben Weber](/wiki/Ben_Weber_%28baseball%29 \"Ben Weber (baseball)\") relieved him but allowed a single to [Benito Santiago](/wiki/Benito_Santiago \"Benito Santiago\") to load the bases, then a two\\-run single to [J. T. Snow](/wiki/J._T._Snow \"J. T. Snow\") that tied the game. After [Reggie Sanders](/wiki/Reggie_Sanders \"Reggie Sanders\") struck out, consecutive RBI singles by [David Bell](/wiki/David_Bell_%28baseball%29 \"David Bell (baseball)\") and [Shawon Dunston](/wiki/Shawon_Dunston \"Shawon Dunston\") gave the Giants a 9–7 lead.", "The Angels turned to 20\\-year\\-old rookie reliever [Francisco Rodriguez](/wiki/Francisco_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28Venezuelan_pitcher%29 \"Francisco Rodríguez (Venezuelan pitcher)\"), who answered by shutting down the Giants offense for the next three innings. He retired nine batters in a row on 25 pitches (22 were strikes). Meanwhile, the Angels chipped away at their deficit. In the bottom of the fifth, Glaus and Fullmer hit back\\-to\\-back leadoff singles before the former scored on Spezio's sacrifice fly. Next inning, Erstad doubled with two outs. Zerbe was relieved by [Jay Witasick](/wiki/Jay_Witasick \"Jay Witasick\"), who walked [Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon \"Tim Salmon\"). [Aaron Fultz](/wiki/Aaron_Fultz \"Aaron Fultz\") relieved Witasick and allowed an RBI single to Anderson to tie the game, but Salmon was thrown out at third to end the inning.", "Salmon drilled a two\\-run home run with two outs in the eighth inning off of [Félix Rodríguez](/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28baseball%29 \"Félix Rodríguez (baseball)\"), giving Anaheim an 11–9 lead. Closer Troy Percival retired the first two batters in the ninth, and, after allowing a mammoth shot from Bonds that landed halfway up the right field bleachers, retired [Benito Santiago](/wiki/Benito_Santiago \"Benito Santiago\") to even the series.\nBonds became the first player since [Ted Simmons](/wiki/Ted_Simmons \"Ted Simmons\") in the [1982 World Series](/wiki/1982_World_Series \"1982 World Series\") to hit a home run in his first two World Series games, joining Simmons, [Dusty Rhodes](/wiki/Dusty_Rhodes_%28outfielder%29 \"Dusty Rhodes (outfielder)\") in the [1954 World Series](/wiki/1954_World_Series \"1954 World Series\") and [Jimmie Foxx](/wiki/Jimmie_Foxx \"Jimmie Foxx\") in the [1929 World Series](/wiki/1929_World_Series \"1929 World Series\"). The feat would later be duplicated by [Craig Monroe](/wiki/Craig_Monroe \"Craig Monroe\") of the Tigers in the [2006 World Series](/wiki/2006_World_Series \"2006 World Series\").", "Giants pitchers failed to strike out a batter for the entire game, the first time this had happened in the World Series since Game 7 of the [1960 World Series](/wiki/1960_World_Series \"1960 World Series\"); as of 2021 it remains the last time a team has not recorded a strikeout in a World Series game.\nThe Angels won despite giving up four home runs to the Giants, compared to two by the Angels.\n[thumb\\|[Ramón Ortiz](/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Ortiz \"Ramón Ortiz\") started and won Game 3 for the Angels.](/wiki/File:Ram%C3%B3n_Ortiz_on_April_11%2C_2006.jpg \"Ramón Ortiz on April 11, 2006.jpg\")", "### Game 3", "{{Linescore\\|\n\\|Date\\=October 22, 2002\n\\|Time\\=5:27{{nbsp}}pm (PDT)\n\\|Location\\=\\[\\[Pacific Bell Park]] in San Francisco, \\[\\[California]]\n\\|Road\\='''Anaheim'''\\|RoadAbr\\=ANA\n\\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=0\\|R3\\=4\\|R4\\=4\\|R5\\=0\\|R6\\=1\\|R7\\=0\\|R8\\=1\\|R9\\=0\\|RR\\=10\\|RH\\=16\\|RE\\=0\n\\|Home\\=San Francisco\\|HomeAbr\\=SF\n\\|H1\\=1\\|H2\\=0\\|H3\\=0\\|H4\\=0\\|H5\\=3\\|H6\\=0\\|H7\\=0\\|H8\\=0\\|H9\\=0\\|HR\\=4\\|HH\\=6\\|HE\\=2\n\\|RSP\\=\\|HSP\\=\n\\|WP\\=\\[\\[Ramón Ortiz]] (1–0\\)\\|LP\\=\\[\\[Liván Hernández]] (0–1\\)\\|SV\\=\n\\|RoadHR\\=\\|HomeHR\\=\\[\\[Rich Aurilia]] (1\\), \\[\\[Barry Bonds]] (3\\)\n\\|BoxURL\\=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2002/B10220SFN2002\\.htm\n\\|Other\\={{convert\\|57\\|F\\|C}}, Mostly Cloudy}}", "Anaheim won 10–4 in the first World Series game at Pacific Bell Park (now [Oracle Park](/wiki/Oracle_Park \"Oracle Park\")). The Angels batted around twice without a home run in either of their four\\-run innings. They became the first team in World Series history to bat around in consecutive innings. Barry Bonds hit another home run, becoming the first player to homer in his first three World Series games.", "The Giants struck first on [Benito Santiago](/wiki/Benito_Santiago \"Benito Santiago\")'s based\\-loaded groundout in the first off of [Ramón Ortiz](/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Ortiz \"Ramón Ortiz\"), but Giants starter [Liván Hernández](/wiki/Liv%C3%A1n_Hern%C3%A1ndez \"Liván Hernández\") walked [David Eckstein](/wiki/David_Eckstein \"David Eckstein\") to lead off the third and allowed a subsequent double to [Darin Erstad](/wiki/Darin_Erstad \"Darin Erstad\"). An error on [Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon \"Tim Salmon\")'s groundball allowed Eckstein to score. After [Garret Anderson](/wiki/Garret_Anderson \"Garret Anderson\") flew out, [Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus \"Troy Glaus\") hit an RBI single and [Scott Spiezio](/wiki/Scott_Spiezio \"Scott Spiezio\") followed with a two\\-run triple. Next inning, Anderson's RBI groundout with runners on second and third chased Hernandez. [Jay Witasick](/wiki/Jay_Witasick \"Jay Witasick\") entered in relief and walked Glaus before allowing RBI singles to Spiezio, [Adam Kennedy](/wiki/Adam_Kennedy \"Adam Kennedy\") and [Bengie Molina](/wiki/Bengie_Molina \"Bengie Molina\"), which increased Anaheim's lead to 8–1\\. [Rich Aurilia](/wiki/Rich_Aurilia \"Rich Aurilia\") hit a one\\-out home run in the fifth for the Giants. After [Jeff Kent](/wiki/Jeff_Kent \"Jeff Kent\") singled, Bonds's home run made it 8–4, but the Giants did not score after that. The Angels added to their lead on Eckstein's RBI single in the sixth off of [Aaron Fultz](/wiki/Aaron_Fultz \"Aaron Fultz\") and Erstad's bases\\-loaded fielder's choice in the eighth off of [Scott Eyre](/wiki/Scott_Eyre \"Scott Eyre\").", "Giants public address announcer [Renel Brooks\\-Moon](/wiki/Renel_Brooks-Moon \"Renel Brooks-Moon\") is recognized by the [Baseball Hall of Fame](/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame \"Baseball Hall of Fame\") as the first female announcer of a championship game in any professional sport for her role in the 2002 World Series. Her scorecard from Game 3 is on display in the [National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum](/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\") in [Cooperstown, New York](/wiki/Cooperstown%2C_New_York \"Cooperstown, New York\"). Until 2014, this game was the Giants' only World Series loss at home since [Pacific Bell Park](/wiki/Pacific_Bell_Park \"Pacific Bell Park\") opened in 2000\\. They proceeded to win the final two games in this series, then won four straight home games in their next two World Series appearances in [2010](/wiki/2010_World_Series \"2010 World Series\") and [2012](/wiki/2012_World_Series \"2012 World Series\") until finally losing at home in Game 3 in [2014](/wiki/2014_World_Series \"2014 World Series\").\n[thumb\\|[David Bell](/wiki/David_Bell_%28baseball%29 \"David Bell (baseball)\") hit the game\\-winning RBI single for the Giants in the eighth inning of Game 4\\.](/wiki/File:David_Bell.jpg \"David Bell.jpg\")", "### Game 4", "{{Linescore\\|\n\\|Date\\=October 23, 2002\n\\|Time\\=5:35{{nbsp}}pm (PDT)\n\\|Location\\=Pacific Bell Park in San Francisco, California\n\\|Road\\=Anaheim\\|RoadAbr\\=ANA\n\\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=1\\|R3\\=2\\|R4\\=0\\|R5\\=0\\|R6\\=0\\|R7\\=0\\|R8\\=0\\|R9\\=0\\|RR\\=3\\|RH\\=10\\|RE\\=1\n\\|Home\\='''San Francisco'''\\|HomeAbr\\=SF\n\\|H1\\=0\\|H2\\=0\\|H3\\=0\\|H4\\=0\\|H5\\=3\\|H6\\=0\\|H7\\=0\\|H8\\=1\\|H9\\=X\\|HR\\=4\\|HH\\=12\\|HE\\=1\n\\|RSP\\=\\|HSP\\=\n\\|WP\\=\\[\\[Tim Worrell]] (1–0\\)\\|LP\\=\\[\\[Francisco Rodríguez (Venezuelan pitcher)\\|Francisco Rodríguez]] (1–1\\)\\|SV\\=\\[\\[Robb Nen]] (2\\)\n\\|RoadHR\\=\\[\\[Troy Glaus]] (3\\)\\|HomeHR\\=\n\\|BoxURL\\=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2002/B10230SFN2002\\.htm\n\\|Other\\={{convert\\|55\\|F\\|C}}, Overcast}}", "The Angels struck first in the second on [David Eckstein](/wiki/David_Eckstein \"David Eckstein\")'s bases\\-loaded sacrifice fly, then made it 3–0 next inning on [Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus \"Troy Glaus\")'s two\\-run home run off of starter [Kirk Rueter](/wiki/Kirk_Rueter \"Kirk Rueter\"). In the bottom of the fifth, however, Angels starter [John Lackey](/wiki/John_Lackey \"John Lackey\") allowed three consecutive leadoff singles, the last of which by [Rich Aurilia](/wiki/Rich_Aurilia \"Rich Aurilia\") scoring Rueter. [Jeff Kent](/wiki/Jeff_Kent \"Jeff Kent\")'s sacrifice fly cut the Angels' lead to 3–2 and [NLCS](/wiki/2002_National_League_Championship_Series \"2002 National League Championship Series\") MVP [Benito Santiago](/wiki/Benito_Santiago \"Benito Santiago\") tied the game with a single in after the Angels walked Barry Bonds with a runner on second and two outs. David Bell put the Giants ahead with an RBI single in the bottom of the eighth off of [Francisco Rodriguez](/wiki/Francisco_Rodriguez_%28baseball%2C_born_1982%29 \"Francisco Rodriguez (baseball, born 1982)\"). The run was unearned, due to Anaheim catcher [Bengie Molina](/wiki/Bengie_Molina \"Bengie Molina\")'s passed ball during the previous at\\-bat, allowing [J. T. Snow](/wiki/J._T._Snow \"J. T. Snow\") to move to second. [Tim Worrell](/wiki/Tim_Worrell \"Tim Worrell\") got the win for the Giants. San Francisco scored a 4–3 victory to tie the series and ensured a return trip to Anaheim.\n[thumb\\|[Jeff Kent](/wiki/Jeff_Kent \"Jeff Kent\") hit two home runs in the Giants' Game 5 win.](/wiki/File:Jeff_Kent%2C_baseball_player.jpg \"Jeff Kent, baseball player.jpg\")", "### Game 5", "{{Linescore\\|\n\\|Date\\=October 24, 2002\n\\|Time\\=5:22{{nbsp}}pm (PDT)\n\\|Location\\=Pacific Bell Park in San Francisco, California\n\\|Road\\=Anaheim\\|RoadAbr\\=ANA\n\\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=0\\|R3\\=0\\|R4\\=0\\|R5\\=3\\|R6\\=1\\|R7\\=0\\|R8\\=0\\|R9\\=0\\|RR\\=4\\|RH\\=10\\|RE\\=2\n\\|Home\\='''San Francisco'''\\|HomeAbr\\=SF\n\\|H1\\=3\\|H2\\=3\\|H3\\=0\\|H4\\=0\\|H5\\=0\\|H6\\=2\\|H7\\=4\\|H8\\=4\\|H9\\=X\\|HR\\=16\\|HH\\=16\\|HE\\=0\n\\|RSP\\=\\|HSP\\=\n\\|WP\\=\\[\\[Chad Zerbe]] (1–0\\)\\|LP\\=\\[\\[Jarrod Washburn]] (0–2\\)\\|SV\\=\n\\|RoadHR\\=\\|HomeHR\\=\\[\\[Jeff Kent]] 2 (3\\), \\[\\[Rich Aurilia]] (2\\)\n\\|BoxURL\\=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2002/B10240SFN2002\\.htm\n\\|Other\\={{convert\\|59\\|F\\|C}}, Mostly Cloudy}}", "San Francisco took a 16–4 blowout win in a game in which the Angels never led. The most well\\-known moment in this game occurred in the bottom of the seventh when Giants first baseman [J. T. Snow](/wiki/J._T._Snow \"J. T. Snow\") scored off a [Kenny Lofton](/wiki/Kenny_Lofton \"Kenny Lofton\") triple. Three\\-year\\-old [batboy](/wiki/Batboy \"Batboy\") [Darren](/wiki/Darren_Baker_%28baseball%29 \"Darren Baker (baseball)\"), son of Giants manager [Dusty Baker](/wiki/Dusty_Baker \"Dusty Baker\"), ran to home plate to collect Lofton's bat before the play was completed and was quickly lifted by the jacket by Snow with one hand as he crossed the plate, with [David Bell](/wiki/David_Bell_%28baseball%29 \"David Bell (baseball)\") close on his heels. Had Snow not acted quickly, Darren could have been seriously injured in a play at home plate.", "Giants' second\\-baseman Jeff Kent hit two home runs to break out of a slump (hitting his first home run since Game 2\\), driving in four runs.", "In the bottom of the first, [Barry Bonds](/wiki/Barry_Bonds \"Barry Bonds\")'s double off of [Jarrod Washburn](/wiki/Jarrod_Washburn \"Jarrod Washburn\") with runners on first and second gave the Giants an early lead. [Benito Santiago](/wiki/Benito_Santiago \"Benito Santiago\")'s sacrifice fly, followed by three consecutive walks made it 3–0 Giants. Next inning, Benito's bases\\-loaded single scored two and [Reggie Sanders](/wiki/Reggie_Sanders \"Reggie Sanders\")'s sacrifice fly scored another. [Orlando Palmeiro](/wiki/Orlando_Palmeiro \"Orlando Palmeiro\") doubled to lead off the top of the fifth, moved to third on [David Eckstein](/wiki/David_Eckstein \"David Eckstein\")'s single and scored on [Darin Erstad](/wiki/Darin_Erstad \"Darin Erstad\")'s sacrifice fly. After [Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon \"Tim Salmon\") singled, a wild pitch by starter [Jason Schmidt](/wiki/Jason_Schmidt \"Jason Schmidt\") allowed Eckstein to score. After [Garret Anderson](/wiki/Garret_Anderson \"Garret Anderson\") struck out, [Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus \"Troy Glaus\")'s RBI double cut the Giants' lead to 6–3\\. The Angels cut it to 6–4 next inning off of [Chad Zerbe](/wiki/Chad_Zerbe \"Chad Zerbe\") on Eckstein's groundout with runners on second and third, but did not score again. Kent's two\\-run home run in the bottom half off of [Ben Weber](/wiki/Ben_Weber_%28baseball%29 \"Ben Weber (baseball)\") widened the Giants' lead to 8–4\\. Next inning, [Kenny Lofton](/wiki/Kenny_Lofton \"Kenny Lofton\")'s two\\-run triple made it 10\\-4 Giants. [Scot Shields](/wiki/Scot_Shields \"Scot Shields\") relieved Weber and after Aurilia struck out, Kent's second home run of the game made it 12–4 Giants. Next inning, Shields allowed consecutive one\\-out singles to [J. T. Snow](/wiki/J._T._Snow \"J. T. Snow\") and [David Bell](/wiki/David_Bell_%28baseball%29 \"David Bell (baseball)\"), then an error on [Tsuyoshi Shinjo](/wiki/Tsuyoshi_Shinjo \"Tsuyoshi Shinjo\")'s ground ball made it 13–4 Giants. After Lofton grounded out, Aurilia capped the scoring with a three\\-run home run. [Scott Eyre](/wiki/Scott_Eyre \"Scott Eyre\") retired the Angels in order in the ninth as the Giants were one win away from a World Series title. [Chad Zerbe](/wiki/Chad_Zerbe \"Chad Zerbe\") earned the win for the Giants.", "This game shares one peculiar record with Game 2 of the [1960 World Series](/wiki/1960_World_Series%23Game_2 \"1960 World Series#Game 2\"). The two games share the World Series record for most runs scored by a game winning team who ultimately went on to lose the series.\n[thumb\\|[Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus \"Troy Glaus\")'s two\\-RBI double in the eighth inning of Game 6 capped off a dramatic come\\-from\\-behind victory for the Angels.](/wiki/File:Troy_Glaus_%281423308439%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Troy Glaus (1423308439) (cropped).jpg\")", "### Game 6", "{{Linescore\\|\n\\|Date\\=October 26, 2002\n\\|Time\\=4:58{{nbsp}}pm (PDT)\n\\|Location\\=Edison International Field in Anaheim, California\n\\|Road\\=San Francisco\\|RoadAbr\\=SF\n\\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=0\\|R3\\=0\\|R4\\=0\\|R5\\=3\\|R6\\=1\\|R7\\=1\\|R8\\=0\\|R9\\=0\\|RR\\=5\\|RH\\=8\\|RE\\=1\n\\|Home\\='''Anaheim'''\\|HomeAbr\\=ANA\n\\|H1\\=0\\|H2\\=0\\|H3\\=0\\|H4\\=0\\|H5\\=0\\|H6\\=0\\|H7\\=3\\|H8\\=3\\|H9\\=X\\|HR\\=6\\|HH\\=10\\|HE\\=1\n\\|RSP\\=\\|HSP\\=\n\\|WP\\=\\[\\[Brendan Donnelly]] (1–0\\)\\|LP\\=\\[\\[Tim Worrell]] (1–1\\)\\|SV\\=\\[\\[Troy Percival]] (2\\)\n\\|RoadHR\\=\\[\\[Shawon Dunston]] (1\\), \\[\\[Barry Bonds]] (4\\)\\|HomeHR\\=\\[\\[Scott Spiezio]] (1\\), \\[\\[Darin Erstad]] (1\\)\n\\|BoxURL\\=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2002/B10260ANA2002\\.htm\n\\|Other\\={{convert\\|61\\|F\\|C}}, Mostly Clear}}", "The turning point in the Series came in Game 6\\. Following the top of the seventh inning, the Giants led 5–0 but then proceeded to surrender three runs in the bottom of the inning and another three runs in the bottom of the eighth inning and lost the game 6–5\\.", "The game was scoreless through the first four innings. In the top of the fifth, San Francisco took the lead. [David Bell](/wiki/David_Bell_%28baseball%29 \"David Bell (baseball)\") singled with one out, then [Shawon Dunston](/wiki/Shawon_Dunston \"Shawon Dunston\")'s home run made it 2–0 Giants. After [Kenny Lofton](/wiki/Kenny_Lofton \"Kenny Lofton\") doubled, [Francisco Rodríguez](/wiki/Francisco_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28Venezuelan_pitcher%29 \"Francisco Rodríguez (Venezuelan pitcher)\") relieved [Kevin Appier](/wiki/Kevin_Appier \"Kevin Appier\"). Lofton stole third and scored on a wild pitch. In the top of the sixth, Barry Bonds homered off Rodriguez to make it 4–0, and the Giants added another run in the top of the seventh when Lofton singled and stole second and was driven in by a single by [Jeff Kent](/wiki/Jeff_Kent \"Jeff Kent\").", "Leading 5–0 with one out in the bottom of the seventh inning, eight outs away from the Giants' first World Series title since [moving](/wiki/Relocation_of_professional_sports_teams \"Relocation of professional sports teams\") to San Francisco in 1958, Giants manager [Dusty Baker](/wiki/Dusty_Baker \"Dusty Baker\") pulled starting pitcher [Russ Ortiz](/wiki/Russ_Ortiz \"Russ Ortiz\"), who had shut out the Angels during the game, for setup man [Félix Rodríguez](/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28baseball%29 \"Félix Rodríguez (baseball)\") after Ortiz gave up consecutive singles to third baseman [Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus \"Troy Glaus\") and designated hitter [Brad Fullmer](/wiki/Brad_Fullmer \"Brad Fullmer\"). In a move noted in later years, Baker gave Ortiz the game ball as he sent him back to the dugout, as Ortiz wanted a souvenir ball (contrary to some belief, the Angels did not see the move in real time).[NBC Sports](https://www.nbcsports.com/bayarea/giants/what-if-dusty-baker-never-handed-russ-ortiz-ball-2002-world-series) During the pitching change the [Rally Monkey](/wiki/Rally_Monkey \"Rally Monkey\") came on the [JumboTron](/wiki/JumboTron \"JumboTron\"), sending 45,037 Angels fans into a frenzy.", "Angels first baseman [Scott Spiezio](/wiki/Scott_Spiezio \"Scott Spiezio\") then fouled off pitch after pitch before finally hitting a three\\-run home run that barely cleared the wall in right field. Ortiz would be charged with two runs and a no\\-decision, his second of the series. The rally continued in the eighth inning, as Angels center fielder [Darin Erstad](/wiki/Darin_Erstad \"Darin Erstad\") hit a leadoff line\\-drive home run, followed by consecutive singles by [Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon \"Tim Salmon\") and [Garret Anderson](/wiki/Garret_Anderson \"Garret Anderson\"). When Bonds misplayed Anderson's shallow left field bloop single, [Chone Figgins](/wiki/Chone_Figgins \"Chone Figgins\") (who had pinch\\-run for Salmon) and Anderson took third and second base, respectively. With no outs, two runners in scoring position and now only a 5–4 lead, Baker brought in closer [Robb Nen](/wiki/Robb_Nen \"Robb Nen\") to pitch to Glaus, hoping that Nen could induce a strikeout that might yet preserve the Giants' slim lead; prior to that game, he was seven of seven in postseason saves that year despite dealing with a shoulder injury. However, Glaus slugged a double to the left\\-center field [gap](/wiki/Glossary_of_baseball_%28G%29%23gap \"Glossary of baseball (G)#gap\") over Bonds' head to drive in the tying and go\\-ahead runs and giving Nen a blown save. Nen managed to keep Glaus from scoring before leaving the game, which ended up being his final appearance as a major league player.", "In the ninth inning, Angels closer [Troy Percival](/wiki/Troy_Percival \"Troy Percival\") struck out [Tom Goodwin](/wiki/Tom_Goodwin \"Tom Goodwin\"), induced a foul popout from Lofton, and struck out [Rich Aurilia](/wiki/Rich_Aurilia \"Rich Aurilia\") to preserve the 6–5 victory in front of the jubilant home crowd. The comeback from a five\\-run deficit was the largest in World Series history for an elimination game. No other team overcame a five\\-run deficit to win a World Series game until Game 1 of the [2022 World Series](/wiki/2022_World_Series \"2022 World Series\"), when the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies \"Philadelphia Phillies\") did so against the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros \"Houston Astros\"). That Astros team, like the Giants, was managed by Dusty Baker.", "This game ranked number 2 as [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\")'s Game of the Year in 2002\\.", "[thumb\\|[Garret Anderson](/wiki/Garret_Anderson \"Garret Anderson\")'s bases\\-loaded double in the third inning gave the Angels a 3\\-run lead that they never relinquished.](/wiki/File:Garret_Anderson_%281429577930%29.jpg \"Garret Anderson (1429577930).jpg\")", "### Game 7", "{{Linescore\\|\n\\|Date\\=October 27, 2002\n\\|Time\\=5:02{{nbsp}}pm (PST)\n\\|Location\\=Edison International Field in Anaheim, California\n\\|Road\\=San Francisco\\|RoadAbr\\=SF\n\\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=1\\|R3\\=0\\|R4\\=0\\|R5\\=0\\|R6\\=0\\|R7\\=0\\|R8\\=0\\|R9\\=0\\|RR\\=1\\|RH\\=6\\|RE\\=0\n\\|Home\\='''Anaheim'''\\|HomeAbr\\=ANA\n\\|H1\\=0\\|H2\\=1\\|H3\\=3\\|H4\\=0\\|H5\\=0\\|H6\\=0\\|H7\\=0\\|H8\\=0\\|H9\\=X\\|HR\\=4\\|HH\\=5\\|HE\\=0\n\\|RSP\\=\\|HSP\\=\n\\|WP\\=\\[\\[John Lackey]] (1–0\\)\\|LP\\=\\[\\[Liván Hernández]] (0–2\\)\\|SV\\=\\[\\[Troy Percival]] (3\\)\n\\|RoadHR\\=\\|HomeHR\\=\n\\|BoxURL\\=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2002/B10270ANA2002\\.htm\n\\|Other\\={{convert\\|63\\|F\\|C}}, Mostly clear}}", "Game 7 proved to be somewhat anticlimactic after the drama of Game 6\\. The Giants scored the first run in the top of the second inning when [Reggie Sanders](/wiki/Reggie_Sanders \"Reggie Sanders\") hit a sacrifice fly to score [Benito Santiago](/wiki/Benito_Santiago \"Benito Santiago\") from third (after back\\-to\\-back singles from Santiago and J.T. Snow), but the Angels responded with a run\\-scoring double from catcher [Bengie Molina](/wiki/Bengie_Molina \"Bengie Molina\") that scored [Scott Spiezio](/wiki/Scott_Spiezio \"Scott Spiezio\") from first after he had walked with two outs. In the bottom of the third, [David Eckstein](/wiki/David_Eckstein \"David Eckstein\") and [Darin Erstad](/wiki/Darin_Erstad \"Darin Erstad\") led off with back\\-to\\-back singles and [Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon \"Tim Salmon\") was hit in his hand by a pitch to load the bases with no outs (Salmon would later leave the game due to the injury, being replaced by [Alex Ochoa](/wiki/Alex_Ochoa \"Alex Ochoa\")). Left fielder [Garret Anderson](/wiki/Garret_Anderson \"Garret Anderson\") then hit a bases\\-clearing three\\-run double to push the Angels to a 4–1 lead and gave San Francisco starter [Liván Hernández](/wiki/Liv%C3%A1n_Hern%C3%A1ndez \"Liván Hernández\") the loss. Hernández was yanked after walking [Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus \"Troy Glaus\") to put two on, but [Chad Zerbe](/wiki/Chad_Zerbe \"Chad Zerbe\") got out of the nightmarish inning. Zerbe, [Kirk Rueter](/wiki/Kirk_Rueter \"Kirk Rueter\"), and [Tim Worrell](/wiki/Tim_Worrell \"Tim Worrell\") held the Angels scoreless for the rest of the game, allowing only one hit, but it was not enough. Rookie starting pitcher [John Lackey](/wiki/John_Lackey \"John Lackey\") maintained that lead through five innings, and turned the game over to the strong Angels bullpen. In the ninth inning, closer [Troy Percival](/wiki/Troy_Percival \"Troy Percival\") provided some tense moments. J.T. Snow led off with a single and was forced out at second by [Tom Goodwin](/wiki/Tom_Goodwin \"Tom Goodwin\"). Goodwin then stole second as [David Bell](/wiki/David_Bell \"David Bell\") walked, putting two men on with only one out and the tying run at the plate. But [Tsuyoshi Shinjo](/wiki/Tsuyoshi_Shinjo \"Tsuyoshi Shinjo\")—the first Japanese\\-born player in a World Series game—struck out swinging, and [Kenny Lofton](/wiki/Kenny_Lofton \"Kenny Lofton\"), also representing the tying run, flied out to [Darin Erstad](/wiki/Darin_Erstad \"Darin Erstad\") in right\\-center field to end the Series. The Angels won Game 7, 4–1, to claim their franchise's first and only World Series championship to date. John Lackey became the first rookie pitcher to win a World Series Game 7 since 1909\\. In Game 7, three rookie pitchers ([John Lackey](/wiki/John_Lackey \"John Lackey\"), [Brendan Donnelly](/wiki/Brendan_Donnelly \"Brendan Donnelly\"), and [Francisco Rodríguez](/wiki/Francisco_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28Venezuelan_pitcher%29 \"Francisco Rodríguez (Venezuelan pitcher)\")) combined to throw eight innings while only giving up one run combined.", "The Angels won the World Series despite scoring fewer runs (41\\) than the Giants (44\\). The Angels lost the first game in all three rounds of the playoffs ([Division Series](/wiki/Division_Series \"Division Series\"), [League Championship Series](/wiki/League_Championship_Series \"League Championship Series\"), and [World Series](/wiki/World_Series \"World Series\")), yet rebounded to win each time. They were the first, and to date only, team to do this since the new postseason format was created in 1994\\.", "Until [2017](/wiki/2017_World_Series \"2017 World Series\"), this was the last time a franchise would win its first World Series title. It was also the second year in a row that the feat had been accomplished; in 2001, the Diamondbacks beat the Yankees in just their fourth year of existence. Also in those two years, both teams won the World Series in just their first appearance, which did not happen again until [2019](/wiki/2019_World_Series \"2019 World Series\"), when the Washington Nationals would accomplish the feat.", "The Angels became the first American League (AL) champion team not representing the AL East Division to win the World Series since the Minnesota Twins in [1991](/wiki/1991_World_Series \"1991 World Series\"). The Angels were also the first American League Wild Card winner to win the World Series. With this win the Angels got rid of the supposed curse on their head stemming from [Anaheim Stadium](/wiki/Anaheim_Stadium \"Anaheim Stadium\") being built on an ancient Indian burial ground.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://sabr.org/research/witches\\-hexes\\-and\\-plain\\-bad\\-luck\\-reputed\\-curse\\-los\\-angeles\\-angels\\-anaheim\\|title\\=Of Witches, Hexes, and Plain Bad Luck: The Reputed Curse of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim – Society for American Baseball Research\\|access\\-date\\=October 26, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=June 14, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614194411/https://sabr.org/research/witches\\-hexes\\-and\\-plain\\-bad\\-luck\\-reputed\\-curse\\-los\\-angeles\\-angels\\-anaheim\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "This was Dusty Baker's final game as manager of the Giants, as he left to become manager of the Chicago Cubs in the offseason.", "" ]
### Game 2 {{Linescore\| \|Date\=October 20, 2002 \|Time\=5:04{{nbsp}}pm (PDT) \|Location\=Edison International Field in Anaheim, California \|Road\=San Francisco\|RoadAbr\=SF \|R1\=0\|R2\=4\|R3\=1\|R4\=0\|R5\=4\|R6\=0\|R7\=0\|R8\=0\|R9\=1\|RR\=10\|RH\=12\|RE\=1 \|Home\='''Anaheim'''\|HomeAbr\=ANA \|H1\=5\|H2\=2\|H3\=0\|H4\=0\|H5\=1\|H6\=1\|H7\=0\|H8\=2\|H9\=X\|HR\=11\|HH\=16\|HE\=1 \|RSP\=\|HSP\= \|WP\=\[\[Francisco Rodríguez (Venezuelan pitcher)\|Francisco Rodríguez]] (1–0\)\|LP\=\[\[Félix Rodríguez (baseball)\|Félix Rodríguez]] (0–1\)\|SV\=\[\[Troy Percival]] (1\) \|RoadHR\=\[\[Reggie Sanders]] (2\), \[\[David Bell (baseball)\|David Bell]] (1\), \[\[Jeff Kent]] (1\), \[\[Barry Bonds]] (2\)\|HomeHR\=\[\[Tim Salmon]] 2 (2\) \|BoxURL\=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2002/B10200ANA2002\.htm \|Other\={{convert\|60\|F\|C}}, Overcast}} Game 2 was a slugfest that saw the lead fluctuate wildly between the two teams. The Angels plated five runs in the first inning by batting around against Giants starting pitcher [Russ Ortiz](/wiki/Russ_Ortiz "Russ Ortiz"). [David Eckstein](/wiki/David_Eckstein "David Eckstein") singled to lead off and scored on [Darin Erstad](/wiki/Darin_Erstad "Darin Erstad")'s double. After [Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon "Tim Salmon") singled, [Garret Anderson](/wiki/Garret_Anderson "Garret Anderson")'s RBI single made it 2–0 Angels. After [Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus "Troy Glaus") flew out, consecutive RBI singles by [Brad Fullmer](/wiki/Brad_Fullmer "Brad Fullmer") and [Scott Spiezio](/wiki/Scott_Spiezio "Scott Spiezio") made it 4–0 Angels. Fullmer stole home plate for the Angels' fifth run of the inning. In the second inning, however, [Kevin Appier](/wiki/Kevin_Appier "Kevin Appier") surrendered most of the lead by allowing a three\-run homer to Sanders followed by a shot to David Bell. The Angels answered with a two\-run home run from veteran Tim Salmon to make it 7–4 in the Angels' favor. Ortiz would not finish the inning and was relieved by [Chad Zerbe](/wiki/Chad_Zerbe "Chad Zerbe"), who provided four innings of relief. Appier did not last much longer than Ortiz, as he was pulled in the third and replaced by [John Lackey](/wiki/John_Lackey "John Lackey"), the Angels scheduled starter for Game 4, after surrendering a lead\-off home run to [Jeff Kent](/wiki/Jeff_Kent "Jeff Kent"). Lackey temporarily quieted the Giants' offense but ran into trouble in the fifth inning, allowing a double and intentional walk. [Ben Weber](/wiki/Ben_Weber_%28baseball%29 "Ben Weber (baseball)") relieved him but allowed a single to [Benito Santiago](/wiki/Benito_Santiago "Benito Santiago") to load the bases, then a two\-run single to [J. T. Snow](/wiki/J._T._Snow "J. T. Snow") that tied the game. After [Reggie Sanders](/wiki/Reggie_Sanders "Reggie Sanders") struck out, consecutive RBI singles by [David Bell](/wiki/David_Bell_%28baseball%29 "David Bell (baseball)") and [Shawon Dunston](/wiki/Shawon_Dunston "Shawon Dunston") gave the Giants a 9–7 lead. The Angels turned to 20\-year\-old rookie reliever [Francisco Rodriguez](/wiki/Francisco_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28Venezuelan_pitcher%29 "Francisco Rodríguez (Venezuelan pitcher)"), who answered by shutting down the Giants offense for the next three innings. He retired nine batters in a row on 25 pitches (22 were strikes). Meanwhile, the Angels chipped away at their deficit. In the bottom of the fifth, Glaus and Fullmer hit back\-to\-back leadoff singles before the former scored on Spezio's sacrifice fly. Next inning, Erstad doubled with two outs. Zerbe was relieved by [Jay Witasick](/wiki/Jay_Witasick "Jay Witasick"), who walked [Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon "Tim Salmon"). [Aaron Fultz](/wiki/Aaron_Fultz "Aaron Fultz") relieved Witasick and allowed an RBI single to Anderson to tie the game, but Salmon was thrown out at third to end the inning. Salmon drilled a two\-run home run with two outs in the eighth inning off of [Félix Rodríguez](/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28baseball%29 "Félix Rodríguez (baseball)"), giving Anaheim an 11–9 lead. Closer Troy Percival retired the first two batters in the ninth, and, after allowing a mammoth shot from Bonds that landed halfway up the right field bleachers, retired [Benito Santiago](/wiki/Benito_Santiago "Benito Santiago") to even the series. Bonds became the first player since [Ted Simmons](/wiki/Ted_Simmons "Ted Simmons") in the [1982 World Series](/wiki/1982_World_Series "1982 World Series") to hit a home run in his first two World Series games, joining Simmons, [Dusty Rhodes](/wiki/Dusty_Rhodes_%28outfielder%29 "Dusty Rhodes (outfielder)") in the [1954 World Series](/wiki/1954_World_Series "1954 World Series") and [Jimmie Foxx](/wiki/Jimmie_Foxx "Jimmie Foxx") in the [1929 World Series](/wiki/1929_World_Series "1929 World Series"). The feat would later be duplicated by [Craig Monroe](/wiki/Craig_Monroe "Craig Monroe") of the Tigers in the [2006 World Series](/wiki/2006_World_Series "2006 World Series"). Giants pitchers failed to strike out a batter for the entire game, the first time this had happened in the World Series since Game 7 of the [1960 World Series](/wiki/1960_World_Series "1960 World Series"); as of 2021 it remains the last time a team has not recorded a strikeout in a World Series game. The Angels won despite giving up four home runs to the Giants, compared to two by the Angels. [thumb\|[Ramón Ortiz](/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Ortiz "Ramón Ortiz") started and won Game 3 for the Angels.](/wiki/File:Ram%C3%B3n_Ortiz_on_April_11%2C_2006.jpg "Ramón Ortiz on April 11, 2006.jpg")
[ "### Game 2", "{{Linescore\\|\n\\|Date\\=October 20, 2002\n\\|Time\\=5:04{{nbsp}}pm (PDT)\n\\|Location\\=Edison International Field in Anaheim, California\n\\|Road\\=San Francisco\\|RoadAbr\\=SF\n\\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=4\\|R3\\=1\\|R4\\=0\\|R5\\=4\\|R6\\=0\\|R7\\=0\\|R8\\=0\\|R9\\=1\\|RR\\=10\\|RH\\=12\\|RE\\=1\n\\|Home\\='''Anaheim'''\\|HomeAbr\\=ANA\n\\|H1\\=5\\|H2\\=2\\|H3\\=0\\|H4\\=0\\|H5\\=1\\|H6\\=1\\|H7\\=0\\|H8\\=2\\|H9\\=X\\|HR\\=11\\|HH\\=16\\|HE\\=1\n\\|RSP\\=\\|HSP\\=\n\\|WP\\=\\[\\[Francisco Rodríguez (Venezuelan pitcher)\\|Francisco Rodríguez]] (1–0\\)\\|LP\\=\\[\\[Félix Rodríguez (baseball)\\|Félix Rodríguez]] (0–1\\)\\|SV\\=\\[\\[Troy Percival]] (1\\)\n\\|RoadHR\\=\\[\\[Reggie Sanders]] (2\\), \\[\\[David Bell (baseball)\\|David Bell]] (1\\), \\[\\[Jeff Kent]] (1\\), \\[\\[Barry Bonds]] (2\\)\\|HomeHR\\=\\[\\[Tim Salmon]] 2 (2\\)\n\\|BoxURL\\=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2002/B10200ANA2002\\.htm\n\\|Other\\={{convert\\|60\\|F\\|C}}, Overcast}}", "Game 2 was a slugfest that saw the lead fluctuate wildly between the two teams. The Angels plated five runs in the first inning by batting around against Giants starting pitcher [Russ Ortiz](/wiki/Russ_Ortiz \"Russ Ortiz\"). [David Eckstein](/wiki/David_Eckstein \"David Eckstein\") singled to lead off and scored on [Darin Erstad](/wiki/Darin_Erstad \"Darin Erstad\")'s double. After [Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon \"Tim Salmon\") singled, [Garret Anderson](/wiki/Garret_Anderson \"Garret Anderson\")'s RBI single made it 2–0 Angels. After [Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus \"Troy Glaus\") flew out, consecutive RBI singles by [Brad Fullmer](/wiki/Brad_Fullmer \"Brad Fullmer\") and [Scott Spiezio](/wiki/Scott_Spiezio \"Scott Spiezio\") made it 4–0 Angels. Fullmer stole home plate for the Angels' fifth run of the inning.", "In the second inning, however, [Kevin Appier](/wiki/Kevin_Appier \"Kevin Appier\") surrendered most of the lead by allowing a three\\-run homer to Sanders followed by a shot to David Bell. The Angels answered with a two\\-run home run from veteran Tim Salmon to make it 7–4 in the Angels' favor. Ortiz would not finish the inning and was relieved by [Chad Zerbe](/wiki/Chad_Zerbe \"Chad Zerbe\"), who provided four innings of relief.", "Appier did not last much longer than Ortiz, as he was pulled in the third and replaced by [John Lackey](/wiki/John_Lackey \"John Lackey\"), the Angels scheduled starter for Game 4, after surrendering a lead\\-off home run to [Jeff Kent](/wiki/Jeff_Kent \"Jeff Kent\"). Lackey temporarily quieted the Giants' offense but ran into trouble in the fifth inning, allowing a double and intentional walk. [Ben Weber](/wiki/Ben_Weber_%28baseball%29 \"Ben Weber (baseball)\") relieved him but allowed a single to [Benito Santiago](/wiki/Benito_Santiago \"Benito Santiago\") to load the bases, then a two\\-run single to [J. T. Snow](/wiki/J._T._Snow \"J. T. Snow\") that tied the game. After [Reggie Sanders](/wiki/Reggie_Sanders \"Reggie Sanders\") struck out, consecutive RBI singles by [David Bell](/wiki/David_Bell_%28baseball%29 \"David Bell (baseball)\") and [Shawon Dunston](/wiki/Shawon_Dunston \"Shawon Dunston\") gave the Giants a 9–7 lead.", "The Angels turned to 20\\-year\\-old rookie reliever [Francisco Rodriguez](/wiki/Francisco_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28Venezuelan_pitcher%29 \"Francisco Rodríguez (Venezuelan pitcher)\"), who answered by shutting down the Giants offense for the next three innings. He retired nine batters in a row on 25 pitches (22 were strikes). Meanwhile, the Angels chipped away at their deficit. In the bottom of the fifth, Glaus and Fullmer hit back\\-to\\-back leadoff singles before the former scored on Spezio's sacrifice fly. Next inning, Erstad doubled with two outs. Zerbe was relieved by [Jay Witasick](/wiki/Jay_Witasick \"Jay Witasick\"), who walked [Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon \"Tim Salmon\"). [Aaron Fultz](/wiki/Aaron_Fultz \"Aaron Fultz\") relieved Witasick and allowed an RBI single to Anderson to tie the game, but Salmon was thrown out at third to end the inning.", "Salmon drilled a two\\-run home run with two outs in the eighth inning off of [Félix Rodríguez](/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28baseball%29 \"Félix Rodríguez (baseball)\"), giving Anaheim an 11–9 lead. Closer Troy Percival retired the first two batters in the ninth, and, after allowing a mammoth shot from Bonds that landed halfway up the right field bleachers, retired [Benito Santiago](/wiki/Benito_Santiago \"Benito Santiago\") to even the series.\nBonds became the first player since [Ted Simmons](/wiki/Ted_Simmons \"Ted Simmons\") in the [1982 World Series](/wiki/1982_World_Series \"1982 World Series\") to hit a home run in his first two World Series games, joining Simmons, [Dusty Rhodes](/wiki/Dusty_Rhodes_%28outfielder%29 \"Dusty Rhodes (outfielder)\") in the [1954 World Series](/wiki/1954_World_Series \"1954 World Series\") and [Jimmie Foxx](/wiki/Jimmie_Foxx \"Jimmie Foxx\") in the [1929 World Series](/wiki/1929_World_Series \"1929 World Series\"). The feat would later be duplicated by [Craig Monroe](/wiki/Craig_Monroe \"Craig Monroe\") of the Tigers in the [2006 World Series](/wiki/2006_World_Series \"2006 World Series\").", "Giants pitchers failed to strike out a batter for the entire game, the first time this had happened in the World Series since Game 7 of the [1960 World Series](/wiki/1960_World_Series \"1960 World Series\"); as of 2021 it remains the last time a team has not recorded a strikeout in a World Series game.\nThe Angels won despite giving up four home runs to the Giants, compared to two by the Angels.\n[thumb\\|[Ramón Ortiz](/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Ortiz \"Ramón Ortiz\") started and won Game 3 for the Angels.](/wiki/File:Ram%C3%B3n_Ortiz_on_April_11%2C_2006.jpg \"Ramón Ortiz on April 11, 2006.jpg\")", "" ]
### Game 6 {{Linescore\| \|Date\=October 26, 2002 \|Time\=4:58{{nbsp}}pm (PDT) \|Location\=Edison International Field in Anaheim, California \|Road\=San Francisco\|RoadAbr\=SF \|R1\=0\|R2\=0\|R3\=0\|R4\=0\|R5\=3\|R6\=1\|R7\=1\|R8\=0\|R9\=0\|RR\=5\|RH\=8\|RE\=1 \|Home\='''Anaheim'''\|HomeAbr\=ANA \|H1\=0\|H2\=0\|H3\=0\|H4\=0\|H5\=0\|H6\=0\|H7\=3\|H8\=3\|H9\=X\|HR\=6\|HH\=10\|HE\=1 \|RSP\=\|HSP\= \|WP\=\[\[Brendan Donnelly]] (1–0\)\|LP\=\[\[Tim Worrell]] (1–1\)\|SV\=\[\[Troy Percival]] (2\) \|RoadHR\=\[\[Shawon Dunston]] (1\), \[\[Barry Bonds]] (4\)\|HomeHR\=\[\[Scott Spiezio]] (1\), \[\[Darin Erstad]] (1\) \|BoxURL\=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2002/B10260ANA2002\.htm \|Other\={{convert\|61\|F\|C}}, Mostly Clear}} The turning point in the Series came in Game 6\. Following the top of the seventh inning, the Giants led 5–0 but then proceeded to surrender three runs in the bottom of the inning and another three runs in the bottom of the eighth inning and lost the game 6–5\. The game was scoreless through the first four innings. In the top of the fifth, San Francisco took the lead. [David Bell](/wiki/David_Bell_%28baseball%29 "David Bell (baseball)") singled with one out, then [Shawon Dunston](/wiki/Shawon_Dunston "Shawon Dunston")'s home run made it 2–0 Giants. After [Kenny Lofton](/wiki/Kenny_Lofton "Kenny Lofton") doubled, [Francisco Rodríguez](/wiki/Francisco_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28Venezuelan_pitcher%29 "Francisco Rodríguez (Venezuelan pitcher)") relieved [Kevin Appier](/wiki/Kevin_Appier "Kevin Appier"). Lofton stole third and scored on a wild pitch. In the top of the sixth, Barry Bonds homered off Rodriguez to make it 4–0, and the Giants added another run in the top of the seventh when Lofton singled and stole second and was driven in by a single by [Jeff Kent](/wiki/Jeff_Kent "Jeff Kent"). Leading 5–0 with one out in the bottom of the seventh inning, eight outs away from the Giants' first World Series title since [moving](/wiki/Relocation_of_professional_sports_teams "Relocation of professional sports teams") to San Francisco in 1958, Giants manager [Dusty Baker](/wiki/Dusty_Baker "Dusty Baker") pulled starting pitcher [Russ Ortiz](/wiki/Russ_Ortiz "Russ Ortiz"), who had shut out the Angels during the game, for setup man [Félix Rodríguez](/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28baseball%29 "Félix Rodríguez (baseball)") after Ortiz gave up consecutive singles to third baseman [Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus "Troy Glaus") and designated hitter [Brad Fullmer](/wiki/Brad_Fullmer "Brad Fullmer"). In a move noted in later years, Baker gave Ortiz the game ball as he sent him back to the dugout, as Ortiz wanted a souvenir ball (contrary to some belief, the Angels did not see the move in real time).[NBC Sports](https://www.nbcsports.com/bayarea/giants/what-if-dusty-baker-never-handed-russ-ortiz-ball-2002-world-series) During the pitching change the [Rally Monkey](/wiki/Rally_Monkey "Rally Monkey") came on the [JumboTron](/wiki/JumboTron "JumboTron"), sending 45,037 Angels fans into a frenzy. Angels first baseman [Scott Spiezio](/wiki/Scott_Spiezio "Scott Spiezio") then fouled off pitch after pitch before finally hitting a three\-run home run that barely cleared the wall in right field. Ortiz would be charged with two runs and a no\-decision, his second of the series. The rally continued in the eighth inning, as Angels center fielder [Darin Erstad](/wiki/Darin_Erstad "Darin Erstad") hit a leadoff line\-drive home run, followed by consecutive singles by [Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon "Tim Salmon") and [Garret Anderson](/wiki/Garret_Anderson "Garret Anderson"). When Bonds misplayed Anderson's shallow left field bloop single, [Chone Figgins](/wiki/Chone_Figgins "Chone Figgins") (who had pinch\-run for Salmon) and Anderson took third and second base, respectively. With no outs, two runners in scoring position and now only a 5–4 lead, Baker brought in closer [Robb Nen](/wiki/Robb_Nen "Robb Nen") to pitch to Glaus, hoping that Nen could induce a strikeout that might yet preserve the Giants' slim lead; prior to that game, he was seven of seven in postseason saves that year despite dealing with a shoulder injury. However, Glaus slugged a double to the left\-center field [gap](/wiki/Glossary_of_baseball_%28G%29%23gap "Glossary of baseball (G)#gap") over Bonds' head to drive in the tying and go\-ahead runs and giving Nen a blown save. Nen managed to keep Glaus from scoring before leaving the game, which ended up being his final appearance as a major league player. In the ninth inning, Angels closer [Troy Percival](/wiki/Troy_Percival "Troy Percival") struck out [Tom Goodwin](/wiki/Tom_Goodwin "Tom Goodwin"), induced a foul popout from Lofton, and struck out [Rich Aurilia](/wiki/Rich_Aurilia "Rich Aurilia") to preserve the 6–5 victory in front of the jubilant home crowd. The comeback from a five\-run deficit was the largest in World Series history for an elimination game. No other team overcame a five\-run deficit to win a World Series game until Game 1 of the [2022 World Series](/wiki/2022_World_Series "2022 World Series"), when the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies "Philadelphia Phillies") did so against the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros "Houston Astros"). That Astros team, like the Giants, was managed by Dusty Baker. This game ranked number 2 as [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN")'s Game of the Year in 2002\. [thumb\|[Garret Anderson](/wiki/Garret_Anderson "Garret Anderson")'s bases\-loaded double in the third inning gave the Angels a 3\-run lead that they never relinquished.](/wiki/File:Garret_Anderson_%281429577930%29.jpg "Garret Anderson (1429577930).jpg")
[ "### Game 6", "{{Linescore\\|\n\\|Date\\=October 26, 2002\n\\|Time\\=4:58{{nbsp}}pm (PDT)\n\\|Location\\=Edison International Field in Anaheim, California\n\\|Road\\=San Francisco\\|RoadAbr\\=SF\n\\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=0\\|R3\\=0\\|R4\\=0\\|R5\\=3\\|R6\\=1\\|R7\\=1\\|R8\\=0\\|R9\\=0\\|RR\\=5\\|RH\\=8\\|RE\\=1\n\\|Home\\='''Anaheim'''\\|HomeAbr\\=ANA\n\\|H1\\=0\\|H2\\=0\\|H3\\=0\\|H4\\=0\\|H5\\=0\\|H6\\=0\\|H7\\=3\\|H8\\=3\\|H9\\=X\\|HR\\=6\\|HH\\=10\\|HE\\=1\n\\|RSP\\=\\|HSP\\=\n\\|WP\\=\\[\\[Brendan Donnelly]] (1–0\\)\\|LP\\=\\[\\[Tim Worrell]] (1–1\\)\\|SV\\=\\[\\[Troy Percival]] (2\\)\n\\|RoadHR\\=\\[\\[Shawon Dunston]] (1\\), \\[\\[Barry Bonds]] (4\\)\\|HomeHR\\=\\[\\[Scott Spiezio]] (1\\), \\[\\[Darin Erstad]] (1\\)\n\\|BoxURL\\=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2002/B10260ANA2002\\.htm\n\\|Other\\={{convert\\|61\\|F\\|C}}, Mostly Clear}}", "The turning point in the Series came in Game 6\\. Following the top of the seventh inning, the Giants led 5–0 but then proceeded to surrender three runs in the bottom of the inning and another three runs in the bottom of the eighth inning and lost the game 6–5\\.", "The game was scoreless through the first four innings. In the top of the fifth, San Francisco took the lead. [David Bell](/wiki/David_Bell_%28baseball%29 \"David Bell (baseball)\") singled with one out, then [Shawon Dunston](/wiki/Shawon_Dunston \"Shawon Dunston\")'s home run made it 2–0 Giants. After [Kenny Lofton](/wiki/Kenny_Lofton \"Kenny Lofton\") doubled, [Francisco Rodríguez](/wiki/Francisco_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28Venezuelan_pitcher%29 \"Francisco Rodríguez (Venezuelan pitcher)\") relieved [Kevin Appier](/wiki/Kevin_Appier \"Kevin Appier\"). Lofton stole third and scored on a wild pitch. In the top of the sixth, Barry Bonds homered off Rodriguez to make it 4–0, and the Giants added another run in the top of the seventh when Lofton singled and stole second and was driven in by a single by [Jeff Kent](/wiki/Jeff_Kent \"Jeff Kent\").", "Leading 5–0 with one out in the bottom of the seventh inning, eight outs away from the Giants' first World Series title since [moving](/wiki/Relocation_of_professional_sports_teams \"Relocation of professional sports teams\") to San Francisco in 1958, Giants manager [Dusty Baker](/wiki/Dusty_Baker \"Dusty Baker\") pulled starting pitcher [Russ Ortiz](/wiki/Russ_Ortiz \"Russ Ortiz\"), who had shut out the Angels during the game, for setup man [Félix Rodríguez](/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28baseball%29 \"Félix Rodríguez (baseball)\") after Ortiz gave up consecutive singles to third baseman [Troy Glaus](/wiki/Troy_Glaus \"Troy Glaus\") and designated hitter [Brad Fullmer](/wiki/Brad_Fullmer \"Brad Fullmer\"). In a move noted in later years, Baker gave Ortiz the game ball as he sent him back to the dugout, as Ortiz wanted a souvenir ball (contrary to some belief, the Angels did not see the move in real time).[NBC Sports](https://www.nbcsports.com/bayarea/giants/what-if-dusty-baker-never-handed-russ-ortiz-ball-2002-world-series) During the pitching change the [Rally Monkey](/wiki/Rally_Monkey \"Rally Monkey\") came on the [JumboTron](/wiki/JumboTron \"JumboTron\"), sending 45,037 Angels fans into a frenzy.", "Angels first baseman [Scott Spiezio](/wiki/Scott_Spiezio \"Scott Spiezio\") then fouled off pitch after pitch before finally hitting a three\\-run home run that barely cleared the wall in right field. Ortiz would be charged with two runs and a no\\-decision, his second of the series. The rally continued in the eighth inning, as Angels center fielder [Darin Erstad](/wiki/Darin_Erstad \"Darin Erstad\") hit a leadoff line\\-drive home run, followed by consecutive singles by [Tim Salmon](/wiki/Tim_Salmon \"Tim Salmon\") and [Garret Anderson](/wiki/Garret_Anderson \"Garret Anderson\"). When Bonds misplayed Anderson's shallow left field bloop single, [Chone Figgins](/wiki/Chone_Figgins \"Chone Figgins\") (who had pinch\\-run for Salmon) and Anderson took third and second base, respectively. With no outs, two runners in scoring position and now only a 5–4 lead, Baker brought in closer [Robb Nen](/wiki/Robb_Nen \"Robb Nen\") to pitch to Glaus, hoping that Nen could induce a strikeout that might yet preserve the Giants' slim lead; prior to that game, he was seven of seven in postseason saves that year despite dealing with a shoulder injury. However, Glaus slugged a double to the left\\-center field [gap](/wiki/Glossary_of_baseball_%28G%29%23gap \"Glossary of baseball (G)#gap\") over Bonds' head to drive in the tying and go\\-ahead runs and giving Nen a blown save. Nen managed to keep Glaus from scoring before leaving the game, which ended up being his final appearance as a major league player.", "In the ninth inning, Angels closer [Troy Percival](/wiki/Troy_Percival \"Troy Percival\") struck out [Tom Goodwin](/wiki/Tom_Goodwin \"Tom Goodwin\"), induced a foul popout from Lofton, and struck out [Rich Aurilia](/wiki/Rich_Aurilia \"Rich Aurilia\") to preserve the 6–5 victory in front of the jubilant home crowd. The comeback from a five\\-run deficit was the largest in World Series history for an elimination game. No other team overcame a five\\-run deficit to win a World Series game until Game 1 of the [2022 World Series](/wiki/2022_World_Series \"2022 World Series\"), when the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies \"Philadelphia Phillies\") did so against the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros \"Houston Astros\"). That Astros team, like the Giants, was managed by Dusty Baker.", "This game ranked number 2 as [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\")'s Game of the Year in 2002\\.", "[thumb\\|[Garret Anderson](/wiki/Garret_Anderson \"Garret Anderson\")'s bases\\-loaded double in the third inning gave the Angels a 3\\-run lead that they never relinquished.](/wiki/File:Garret_Anderson_%281429577930%29.jpg \"Garret Anderson (1429577930).jpg\")", "" ]
Impact and aftermath -------------------- [thumb\|right\|Victorious Angels players being honored at the [White House Rose Garden](/wiki/White_House_Rose_Garden "White House Rose Garden") by President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush").](/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_Congratulates_Anaheim_Angels.jpg "President George W. Bush Congratulates Anaheim Angels.jpg") The Angels and the Giants combined to log 85 runs over the course of the series, the largest combined run total for both teams in World Series history. This remains the most recent World Series that was played entirely within one state. There would not be another postseason match\-up between two California teams until the [2020 National League Division Series](/wiki/2020_National_League_Division_Series "2020 National League Division Series") between the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/2020_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season "2020 Los Angeles Dodgers season") and [San Diego Padres](/wiki/2020_San_Diego_Padres_season "2020 San Diego Padres season"), which took place at neutral site ([Globe Life Field](/wiki/Globe_Life_Field "Globe Life Field") in Arlington, Texas) due to the [COVID\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") outbreak. This was the last World Series where home\-field advantage alternated between the National and American Leagues each year. As a result of the tie in the [2002 All\-Star Game](/wiki/2002_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game "2002 Major League Baseball All-Star Game"), beginning in 2003 home\-field advantage in the World Series was controversially granted to the league that won the All\-Star Game. That practice ended after the [2016 Series](/wiki/2016_World_Series "2016 World Series"); beginning in 2017, the team with the better regular season record will enjoy home field advantage, the same format used in the [National Basketball Association](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association "National Basketball Association")'s [Finals](/wiki/NBA_Finals "NBA Finals") and [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League "National Hockey League")'s [Stanley Cup Finals](/wiki/Stanley_Cup_Finals "Stanley Cup Finals"). Following the Darren Baker incident in game 5, MLB changed their rules requiring batboys and batgirls be at least 14 years old.{{cite news \| last \= Peter \| first \= Josh \| date \= April 5, 2023 \| title \= 'Batboys are going to be a big deal:' MLB's new rules put pressure on baseball's quiet helpers \| url \= https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2023/04/05/mlb\-new\-rules\-pitch\-clock\-game\-time\-bat\-boys\-girls/11565339002/\#:\~:text\=After%20Dusty%20Baker's%20three%2Dyear,batgirls%20be%20at%20least%2014\. \| work \= \[\[USA Today]] \| location \= \| access\-date \= August 29, 2023 \| quote \= After Dusty Baker's three\-year\-old Darren narrowly avoided disaster in the 2002 World Series, MLB began requiring that all batboys and batgirls be at least 14\. }}{{cite news \| last \= \| first \= \| date \= December 17, 2002 \| title \= Minimum Age On Bat Boys Will Rise \| url \= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/minimum\-age\-on\-bat\-boys\-will\-rise/ \| work \= \[\[CBS News]] and \[\[Associated Press]] \| location \= \| access\-date \= August 29, 2023 \| quote \= Commissioner Bud Selig will issue an edict next month requiring bat boys to be at least 14 years old. That comes in response to the near\-accident at home plate in the World Series involving Darren Baker, the 3\-year\-old son of former San Francisco Giants manager Dusty Baker. }} This is currently the earliest World Series in which no personnel from either team have been elected to the [National Baseball Hall of Fame](/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame "National Baseball Hall of Fame"). ### Angels Just before the start of the 2003 season, [the Walt Disney Company](/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company "The Walt Disney Company") sold the Angels for $180 million to businessman [Arte Moreno](/wiki/Arte_Moreno "Arte Moreno"). Nevertheless, the 2002 World Series win began the most successful era in Angels franchise history, making six postseason appearances from 2002 to 2009\. Before 2002, they had been to the postseason three times in franchise history ([1979](/wiki/1979_American_League_Championship_Series "1979 American League Championship Series"), [1982](/wiki/1982_American_League_Championship_Series "1982 American League Championship Series"), and [1986](/wiki/1986_American_League_Championship_Series "1986 American League Championship Series")). They advanced to the ALCS in [2005](/wiki/2005_American_League_Championship_Series "2005 American League Championship Series") and [2009](/wiki/2009_American_League_Championship_Series "2009 American League Championship Series"), but lost those series respectively to the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/2005_Chicago_White_Sox_season "2005 Chicago White Sox season") and [New York Yankees](/wiki/2009_New_York_Yankees_season "2009 New York Yankees season"), each while en route to their own World Series championship. The Angels were the most recent team to win the championship in its first World Series appearance until the [Washington Nationals](/wiki/2019_Washington_Nationals_season "2019 Washington Nationals season") accomplished the feat in {{wsy\|2019}}; between 2002 and 2019, all first\-time World Series participants would lose—the [Houston Astros](/wiki/2005_Houston_Astros_season "2005 Houston Astros season") in {{wsy\|2005}}, [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/2007_Colorado_Rockies_season "2007 Colorado Rockies season") in {{wsy\|2007}}, [Tampa Bay Rays](/wiki/2008_Tampa_Bay_Rays_season "2008 Tampa Bay Rays season") in {{wsy\|2008}}, and [Texas Rangers](/wiki/2010_Texas_Rangers_season "2010 Texas Rangers season") in {{wsy\|2010}}. The 2002 Series run would be the highpoint of the Angels run with Mike Scioscia as manager. From 2002 to 2009, the Angels would make the playoffs six times. They advanced to the American League Championship Series two further times (2005, 2009\), losing twice. After one further appearance in 2014, the Angels fired Scioscia in 2018\. The Angels would sparingly use the [Rally Monkey](/wiki/Rally_Monkey "Rally Monkey") mascot after the 2002 World Series and unofficially retired it after the 2009 postseason.{{cite web \|title\=15 years ago, the Angels' Rally Monkey was born with some help from Ace Ventura \|url\=https://www.mlb.com/cut4/15\-years\-ago\-angels\-rally\-monkey\-was\-born/c\-128832446 \|website\=MLB.com \|date\=June 6, 2015 \|access\-date\=21 January 2021 \|language\=en}} Both [David Eckstein](/wiki/David_Eckstein "David Eckstein") and [Scott Spiezio](/wiki/Scott_Spiezio "Scott Spiezio") later played for the {{wsy\|2006}} [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/2006_St._Louis_Cardinals_season "2006 St. Louis Cardinals season") world championship team. Eckstein and Spiezio played alongside [Yadier Molina](/wiki/Yadier_Molina "Yadier Molina"), younger brother of [Bengie](/wiki/Bengie_Molina "Bengie Molina") and [José Molina](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Molina_%28baseball%29 "José Molina (baseball)"), on the Cardinals. José later won a second World Series title with the {{wsy\|2009}} Yankees, while [John Lackey](/wiki/John_Lackey "John Lackey") added two World Series rings with the {{wsy\|2013}} [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/2013_Boston_Red_Sox_season "2013 Boston Red Sox season") and {{wsy\|2016}} [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/2016_Chicago_Cubs_season "2016 Chicago Cubs season"). ### Giants Game 7 of the series was Dusty Baker's final game as manager of the Giants, as he left in the offseason to take the same position with the Cubs due to disagreements with ownership. Game 7 was also [Jeff Kent](/wiki/Jeff_Kent "Jeff Kent")'s last game in San Francisco, as he signed a free\-agent contract to play for the Houston Astros during the off\-season. The departure of manager Baker, a season\-long feud with [Barry Bonds](/wiki/Barry_Bonds "Barry Bonds") and a desire to be closer to his family's Texas ranch factored into Kent's eventual decision to leave the Giants.{{cite web \|last1\=Ratto \|first1\=Ray \|title\=If nothing else, Giants' duo are great theater \|url\=https://www.sfgate.com/sports/article/If\-nothing\-else\-Giants\-duo\-are\-great\-theater\-2826236\.php \|website\=SFGATE \|access\-date\=3 August 2022 \|date\=28 June 2002}}{{cite web \|last\=Newman \|first\=Ross \|title\=Kent Departs the Giants to Sign Deal With Astros \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2002\-dec\-19\-sp\-baseball19\-story.html \|website\=Los Angeles Times \|access\-date\=3 August 2022 \|date\=19 December 2002}} He retired as the all\-time leader in home runs as a [second baseman](/wiki/Second_baseman "Second baseman").{{cite web \|title\=All time home run leaders at each position \|url\=https://www.mlb.com/amp/news/all\-time\-home\-run\-leaders\-at\-each\-position.html \|website\=www.mlb.com}} The 2000 MVP would be inducted into the [San Francisco Giants Wall of Fame](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants_Wall_of_Fame "San Francisco Giants Wall of Fame") in 2009\. The Giants would return to the postseason the following season under new manager [Felipe Alou](/wiki/Felipe_Alou "Felipe Alou") with a 100 win season (the first time in ten years), but they would lose in the [NLDS](/wiki/2003_National_League_Division_Series "2003 National League Division Series") to the [Florida Marlins](/wiki/2003_Florida_Marlins_season "2003 Florida Marlins season"), a Wild Card team that later won the World Series championship. After a second\-place finish in 2004, the Giants had losing seasons for the next four years, and they replaced Alou with [Bruce Bochy](/wiki/Bruce_Bochy "Bruce Bochy") in 2007\. After losing 90 games in 2008, the Giants won 88 games for a surprising third\-place finish in 2009\. Building on their 2009 season, the Giants returned to the postseason in 2010 as a Divisional Winner team, defeating the Braves in the [NLDS](/wiki/2010_National_League_Division_Series "2010 National League Division Series"), and the Phillies in the [NLCS](/wiki/2010_National_League_Championship_Series "2010 National League Championship Series") en route to the World Series, where they defeated the Rangers in five games, earning the long\-awaited championship they could not reach in 2002\. In 2012, after fighting back from down two games to none in the NLDS against the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/2012_Cincinnati_Reds_season "2012 Cincinnati Reds season") (led by Baker) and down three games to one against the defending World Series Champions, the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/2012_St._Louis_Cardinals_season "2012 St. Louis Cardinals season") in the NLCS, they swept the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/2012_Detroit_Tigers_season "2012 Detroit Tigers season") for their second World Series Championship in three years. In 2014, the Giants added their third title in five seasons by defeating the [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/2014_Kansas_City_Royals_season "2014 Kansas City Royals season") in seven games. Of the players from the 2002 Giants (excluding previous World Series champions [Liván Hernández](/wiki/Liv%C3%A1n_Hern%C3%A1ndez "Liván Hernández"), [Robb Nen](/wiki/Robb_Nen "Robb Nen") and [Reggie Sanders](/wiki/Reggie_Sanders "Reggie Sanders")), only [Scott Eyre](/wiki/Scott_Eyre "Scott Eyre") and [Pedro Feliz](/wiki/Pedro_Feliz "Pedro Feliz") went on to win a World Series ring with another team. Eyre and Feliz became teammates on the 2008 [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/2008_Philadelphia_Phillies_season "2008 Philadelphia Phillies season") world championship team. By the time San Francisco won their first World Series in 2010, there were no members of the 2002 squad still on that team. #### Barry Bonds In terms of personal accolades, [Barry Bonds](/wiki/Barry_Bonds "Barry Bonds") would break [Hank Aaron's all\-time homerun record](/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_home_run_leaders "List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders") in 2007\. Bonds also won two more [National League MVPs](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Most_Valuable_Player_Award "Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award") in 2003 and 2004, extending his record for most MVP Awards to seven. Bonds would enter free agency at the end of the 2007 season for the first time since coming over from Pittsburgh to San Francisco in 1993, but there were no teams interested in signing him. Bonds would not play another major league game after the 2007 season. He retired as one of the greatest players in MLB history to never to win a championship, along with [Ted Williams](/wiki/Ted_Williams "Ted Williams") and [Ty Cobb](/wiki/Ty_Cobb "Ty Cobb").{{Cite web \|title\=Best Players in MLB History to Never Win a World Series \|url\=https://www.mlb.com/news/best\-players\-in\-mlb\-history\-to\-never\-win\-a\-world\-series/c\-40041796 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-13 \|website\=MLB.com \|date\=October 25, 2012 \|language\=en}} Bonds' last few seasons and his post\-playing career would be mired due to [performance enhancing drugs](/wiki/Performance_enhancing_drugs "Performance enhancing drugs") allegations.{{Cite news \|last\=Kakutani \|first\=Michiko \|date\=2006\-03\-28 \|title\=Game of Shadows: Barry Bonds, BALCO and the Steroids Scandal that Rocked Professional Sports \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/28/arts/game\-of\-shadows\-barry\-bonds\-balco\-and\-the\-steroids\-scandal\-that\-rocked.html \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-13 \|issn\=0362\-4331}}{{Cite web \|date\=2007\-11\-16 \|title\=Bonds steroids timeline \|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/news/story?id\=3113127 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-13 \|website\=ESPN.com \|language\=en}} The only way Bonds could make the [National Baseball Hall of Fame](/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum "National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum") would be through the [Veterans Committee](/wiki/Veterans_Committee "Veterans Committee"), as he lost out to [David Ortiz](/wiki/David_Ortiz "David Ortiz") in the [2022 ballot](/wiki/2022_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_balloting "2022 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"), his 10th and final one. This was met with negative reaction from some fans, as fans complained that Ortiz had made the Hall of Fame, despite testing positive for PEDs in 2003, whilst Bonds never tested positive for any PEDs.{{Cite web \|last\=Lacques \|first\=Gabe \|title\=David Ortiz elected into baseball's Hall of Fame; Barry Bonds, Roger Clemens denied in final year on ballot \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/hallfame/2022/01/25/david\-ortiz\-elected\-baseball\-hall\-of\-fame/9213368002/ \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-13 \|website\=USA TODAY \|language\=en\-US}} #### Dusty Baker [Dusty Baker](/wiki/Dusty_Baker "Dusty Baker") received great fan ire for his decision to pull [Russ Ortiz](/wiki/Russ_Ortiz "Russ Ortiz") in Game 6 with a 5–0 lead and just a few more outs away from clinching San Francisco's first World Series in the city.{{cite web \|title\=What if Dusty Baker never handed Russ Ortiz ball in 2002 World Series? \|url\=https://www.nbcsports.com/bayarea/giants/what\-if\-dusty\-baker\-never\-handed\-russ\-ortiz\-ball\-2002\-world\-series \|website\=RSN \|date\=June 25, 2020 \|language\=en}}{{cite web \|title\=SF Giants: Three of the biggest heartbreaks of past 20 years \|url\=https://aroundthefoghorn.com/2020/05/18/sf\-giants\-heartbreaks/4/ \|website\=Around the Foghorn \|date\=18 May 2020}}{{cite web \|last1\=Kennedy \|first1\=Steven \|title\=Dusty Baker and the 20th anniversary of game 6 \|url\=https://www.mccoveychronicles.com/2022/10/26/23420264/mlb\-world\-series\-dusty\-baker\-san\-francisco\-giants\-game\-6\-2002\-russ\-ortiz \|website\=McCovey Chronicles \|language\=en \|date\=26 October 2022}} Baker would serve as the manager for the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs "Chicago Cubs") in 2003 after mutually parting ways in San Francisco after the World Series. As with the Giants, he would help break a postseason drought, as he led them to a series victory in the [2003 National League Division Series](/wiki/2003_National_League_Division_Series "2003 National League Division Series") over Atlanta, the first postseason series victory in 95 years for Chicago. However, they would lose in the [2003 National League Championship Series](/wiki/2003_National_League_Championship_Series "2003 National League Championship Series") to the Florida Marlins when they were five outs from clinching a pennant in Game 6\. This was the first of a long line of postseason futility for Baker, who went to the postseason five further times in his next eleven seasons as a manager but failed to win a single series. In 2020, he was hired to manage the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros "Houston Astros"). He broke his postseason drought with the team by winning in the Wild Card Series that year (2020\) and then returned to the [World Series](/wiki/2021_World_Series "2021 World Series") the following year (where they ultimately lost to [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves "Atlanta Braves") in six games) after winning the [2021 American League Championship Series](/wiki/2021_American_League_Championship_Series "2021 American League Championship Series"). In [2022](/wiki/2022_World_Series "2022 World Series"), he finally won a World championship on his third try, defeating [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies "Philadelphia Phillies") in six games to set a new mark of being the manager with the most regular season victories (2,093\) before winning their first championship. Russ Ortiz, the pitcher who nearly won Baker a world championship 20 years prior, congratulated Baker on his first championship as a manager on [Instagram](/wiki/Instagram "Instagram").{{cite web \|last1\=Ortiz \|first1\=Russ \|title\=Russ Ortiz on Instagram: "So happy for Dusty. I always root for that man. He is now a World Champion manager. Congrats to the Astros as well." \|url\=https://www.instagram.com/reel/CkmsQ\-lAAzs/?ig\_rid\=3d447241\-f101\-4011\-8500\-965ffc605651 \|website\=Instagram \|language\=en}}
[ "Impact and aftermath\n--------------------", "[thumb\\|right\\|Victorious Angels players being honored at the [White House Rose Garden](/wiki/White_House_Rose_Garden \"White House Rose Garden\") by President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\").](/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_Congratulates_Anaheim_Angels.jpg \"President George W. Bush Congratulates Anaheim Angels.jpg\")", "The Angels and the Giants combined to log 85 runs over the course of the series, the largest combined run total for both teams in World Series history. This remains the most recent World Series that was played entirely within one state. There would not be another postseason match\\-up between two California teams until the [2020 National League Division Series](/wiki/2020_National_League_Division_Series \"2020 National League Division Series\") between the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/2020_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season \"2020 Los Angeles Dodgers season\") and [San Diego Padres](/wiki/2020_San_Diego_Padres_season \"2020 San Diego Padres season\"), which took place at neutral site ([Globe Life Field](/wiki/Globe_Life_Field \"Globe Life Field\") in Arlington, Texas) due to the [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") outbreak.", "This was the last World Series where home\\-field advantage alternated between the National and American Leagues each year. As a result of the tie in the [2002 All\\-Star Game](/wiki/2002_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game \"2002 Major League Baseball All-Star Game\"), beginning in 2003 home\\-field advantage in the World Series was controversially granted to the league that won the All\\-Star Game. That practice ended after the [2016 Series](/wiki/2016_World_Series \"2016 World Series\"); beginning in 2017, the team with the better regular season record will enjoy home field advantage, the same format used in the [National Basketball Association](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association \"National Basketball Association\")'s [Finals](/wiki/NBA_Finals \"NBA Finals\") and [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\")'s [Stanley Cup Finals](/wiki/Stanley_Cup_Finals \"Stanley Cup Finals\").", "Following the Darren Baker incident in game 5, MLB changed their rules requiring batboys and batgirls be at least 14 years old.{{cite news\n\\| last \\= Peter\n\\| first \\= Josh\n\\| date \\= April 5, 2023\n\\| title \\= 'Batboys are going to be a big deal:' MLB's new rules put pressure on baseball's quiet helpers\n\\| url \\= https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2023/04/05/mlb\\-new\\-rules\\-pitch\\-clock\\-game\\-time\\-bat\\-boys\\-girls/11565339002/\\#:\\~:text\\=After%20Dusty%20Baker's%20three%2Dyear,batgirls%20be%20at%20least%2014\\.\n\\| work \\= \\[\\[USA Today]]\n\\| location \\= \n\\| access\\-date \\= August 29, 2023\n\\| quote \\= After Dusty Baker's three\\-year\\-old Darren narrowly avoided disaster in the 2002 World Series, MLB began requiring that all batboys and batgirls be at least 14\\.\n}}{{cite news\n\\| last \\= \n\\| first \\= \n\\| date \\= December 17, 2002\n\\| title \\= Minimum Age On Bat Boys Will Rise\n\\| url \\= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/minimum\\-age\\-on\\-bat\\-boys\\-will\\-rise/\n\\| work \\= \\[\\[CBS News]] and \\[\\[Associated Press]]\n\\| location \\= \n\\| access\\-date \\= August 29, 2023\n\\| quote \\= Commissioner Bud Selig will issue an edict next month requiring bat boys to be at least 14 years old. That comes in response to the near\\-accident at home plate in the World Series involving Darren Baker, the 3\\-year\\-old son of former San Francisco Giants manager Dusty Baker.\n}}", "This is currently the earliest World Series in which no personnel from either team have been elected to the [National Baseball Hall of Fame](/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame \"National Baseball Hall of Fame\").", "### Angels", "Just before the start of the 2003 season, [the Walt Disney Company](/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company \"The Walt Disney Company\") sold the Angels for $180 million to businessman [Arte Moreno](/wiki/Arte_Moreno \"Arte Moreno\"). Nevertheless, the 2002 World Series win began the most successful era in Angels franchise history, making six postseason appearances from 2002 to 2009\\. Before 2002, they had been to the postseason three times in franchise history ([1979](/wiki/1979_American_League_Championship_Series \"1979 American League Championship Series\"), [1982](/wiki/1982_American_League_Championship_Series \"1982 American League Championship Series\"), and [1986](/wiki/1986_American_League_Championship_Series \"1986 American League Championship Series\")). They advanced to the ALCS in [2005](/wiki/2005_American_League_Championship_Series \"2005 American League Championship Series\") and [2009](/wiki/2009_American_League_Championship_Series \"2009 American League Championship Series\"), but lost those series respectively to the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/2005_Chicago_White_Sox_season \"2005 Chicago White Sox season\") and [New York Yankees](/wiki/2009_New_York_Yankees_season \"2009 New York Yankees season\"), each while en route to their own World Series championship. The Angels were the most recent team to win the championship in its first World Series appearance until the [Washington Nationals](/wiki/2019_Washington_Nationals_season \"2019 Washington Nationals season\") accomplished the feat in {{wsy\\|2019}}; between 2002 and 2019, all first\\-time World Series participants would lose—the [Houston Astros](/wiki/2005_Houston_Astros_season \"2005 Houston Astros season\") in {{wsy\\|2005}}, [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/2007_Colorado_Rockies_season \"2007 Colorado Rockies season\") in {{wsy\\|2007}}, [Tampa Bay Rays](/wiki/2008_Tampa_Bay_Rays_season \"2008 Tampa Bay Rays season\") in {{wsy\\|2008}}, and [Texas Rangers](/wiki/2010_Texas_Rangers_season \"2010 Texas Rangers season\") in {{wsy\\|2010}}.", "The 2002 Series run would be the highpoint of the Angels run with Mike Scioscia as manager. From 2002 to 2009, the Angels would make the playoffs six times. They advanced to the American League Championship Series two further times (2005, 2009\\), losing twice. After one further appearance in 2014, the Angels fired Scioscia in 2018\\.", "The Angels would sparingly use the [Rally Monkey](/wiki/Rally_Monkey \"Rally Monkey\") mascot after the 2002 World Series and unofficially retired it after the 2009 postseason.{{cite web \\|title\\=15 years ago, the Angels' Rally Monkey was born with some help from Ace Ventura \\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/cut4/15\\-years\\-ago\\-angels\\-rally\\-monkey\\-was\\-born/c\\-128832446 \\|website\\=MLB.com \\|date\\=June 6, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=21 January 2021 \\|language\\=en}}", "Both [David Eckstein](/wiki/David_Eckstein \"David Eckstein\") and [Scott Spiezio](/wiki/Scott_Spiezio \"Scott Spiezio\") later played for the {{wsy\\|2006}} [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/2006_St._Louis_Cardinals_season \"2006 St. Louis Cardinals season\") world championship team. Eckstein and Spiezio played alongside [Yadier Molina](/wiki/Yadier_Molina \"Yadier Molina\"), younger brother of [Bengie](/wiki/Bengie_Molina \"Bengie Molina\") and [José Molina](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Molina_%28baseball%29 \"José Molina (baseball)\"), on the Cardinals. José later won a second World Series title with the {{wsy\\|2009}} Yankees, while [John Lackey](/wiki/John_Lackey \"John Lackey\") added two World Series rings with the {{wsy\\|2013}} [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/2013_Boston_Red_Sox_season \"2013 Boston Red Sox season\") and {{wsy\\|2016}} [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/2016_Chicago_Cubs_season \"2016 Chicago Cubs season\").", "### Giants", "Game 7 of the series was Dusty Baker's final game as manager of the Giants, as he left in the offseason to take the same position with the Cubs due to disagreements with ownership. Game 7 was also [Jeff Kent](/wiki/Jeff_Kent \"Jeff Kent\")'s last game in San Francisco, as he signed a free\\-agent contract to play for the Houston Astros during the off\\-season. The departure of manager Baker, a season\\-long feud with [Barry Bonds](/wiki/Barry_Bonds \"Barry Bonds\") and a desire to be closer to his family's Texas ranch factored into Kent's eventual decision to leave the Giants.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Ratto \\|first1\\=Ray \\|title\\=If nothing else, Giants' duo are great theater \\|url\\=https://www.sfgate.com/sports/article/If\\-nothing\\-else\\-Giants\\-duo\\-are\\-great\\-theater\\-2826236\\.php \\|website\\=SFGATE \\|access\\-date\\=3 August 2022 \\|date\\=28 June 2002}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Newman \\|first\\=Ross \\|title\\=Kent Departs the Giants to Sign Deal With Astros \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2002\\-dec\\-19\\-sp\\-baseball19\\-story.html \\|website\\=Los Angeles Times \\|access\\-date\\=3 August 2022 \\|date\\=19 December 2002}} He retired as the all\\-time leader in home runs as a [second baseman](/wiki/Second_baseman \"Second baseman\").{{cite web \\|title\\=All time home run leaders at each position \\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/amp/news/all\\-time\\-home\\-run\\-leaders\\-at\\-each\\-position.html \\|website\\=www.mlb.com}} The 2000 MVP would be inducted into the [San Francisco Giants Wall of Fame](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants_Wall_of_Fame \"San Francisco Giants Wall of Fame\") in 2009\\.", "The Giants would return to the postseason the following season under new manager [Felipe Alou](/wiki/Felipe_Alou \"Felipe Alou\") with a 100 win season (the first time in ten years), but they would lose in the [NLDS](/wiki/2003_National_League_Division_Series \"2003 National League Division Series\") to the [Florida Marlins](/wiki/2003_Florida_Marlins_season \"2003 Florida Marlins season\"), a Wild Card team that later won the World Series championship. After a second\\-place finish in 2004, the Giants had losing seasons for the next four years, and they replaced Alou with [Bruce Bochy](/wiki/Bruce_Bochy \"Bruce Bochy\") in 2007\\. After losing 90 games in 2008, the Giants won 88 games for a surprising third\\-place finish in 2009\\. Building on their 2009 season, the Giants returned to the postseason in 2010 as a Divisional Winner team, defeating the Braves in the [NLDS](/wiki/2010_National_League_Division_Series \"2010 National League Division Series\"), and the Phillies in the [NLCS](/wiki/2010_National_League_Championship_Series \"2010 National League Championship Series\") en route to the World Series, where they defeated the Rangers in five games, earning the long\\-awaited championship they could not reach in 2002\\. In 2012, after fighting back from down two games to none in the NLDS against the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/2012_Cincinnati_Reds_season \"2012 Cincinnati Reds season\") (led by Baker) and down three games to one against the defending World Series Champions, the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/2012_St._Louis_Cardinals_season \"2012 St. Louis Cardinals season\") in the NLCS, they swept the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/2012_Detroit_Tigers_season \"2012 Detroit Tigers season\") for their second World Series Championship in three years. In 2014, the Giants added their third title in five seasons by defeating the [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/2014_Kansas_City_Royals_season \"2014 Kansas City Royals season\") in seven games.", "Of the players from the 2002 Giants (excluding previous World Series champions [Liván Hernández](/wiki/Liv%C3%A1n_Hern%C3%A1ndez \"Liván Hernández\"), [Robb Nen](/wiki/Robb_Nen \"Robb Nen\") and [Reggie Sanders](/wiki/Reggie_Sanders \"Reggie Sanders\")), only [Scott Eyre](/wiki/Scott_Eyre \"Scott Eyre\") and [Pedro Feliz](/wiki/Pedro_Feliz \"Pedro Feliz\") went on to win a World Series ring with another team. Eyre and Feliz became teammates on the 2008 [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/2008_Philadelphia_Phillies_season \"2008 Philadelphia Phillies season\") world championship team. By the time San Francisco won their first World Series in 2010, there were no members of the 2002 squad still on that team.", "#### Barry Bonds", "In terms of personal accolades, [Barry Bonds](/wiki/Barry_Bonds \"Barry Bonds\") would break [Hank Aaron's all\\-time homerun record](/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_home_run_leaders \"List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders\") in 2007\\. Bonds also won two more [National League MVPs](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Most_Valuable_Player_Award \"Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award\") in 2003 and 2004, extending his record for most MVP Awards to seven. Bonds would enter free agency at the end of the 2007 season for the first time since coming over from Pittsburgh to San Francisco in 1993, but there were no teams interested in signing him. Bonds would not play another major league game after the 2007 season. He retired as one of the greatest players in MLB history to never to win a championship, along with [Ted Williams](/wiki/Ted_Williams \"Ted Williams\") and [Ty Cobb](/wiki/Ty_Cobb \"Ty Cobb\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Best Players in MLB History to Never Win a World Series \\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/news/best\\-players\\-in\\-mlb\\-history\\-to\\-never\\-win\\-a\\-world\\-series/c\\-40041796 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-13 \\|website\\=MLB.com \\|date\\=October 25, 2012 \\|language\\=en}}", "Bonds' last few seasons and his post\\-playing career would be mired due to [performance enhancing drugs](/wiki/Performance_enhancing_drugs \"Performance enhancing drugs\") allegations.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Kakutani \\|first\\=Michiko \\|date\\=2006\\-03\\-28 \\|title\\=Game of Shadows: Barry Bonds, BALCO and the Steroids Scandal that Rocked Professional Sports \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/28/arts/game\\-of\\-shadows\\-barry\\-bonds\\-balco\\-and\\-the\\-steroids\\-scandal\\-that\\-rocked.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-13 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2007\\-11\\-16 \\|title\\=Bonds steroids timeline \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/news/story?id\\=3113127 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-13 \\|website\\=ESPN.com \\|language\\=en}} The only way Bonds could make the [National Baseball Hall of Fame](/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\") would be through the [Veterans Committee](/wiki/Veterans_Committee \"Veterans Committee\"), as he lost out to [David Ortiz](/wiki/David_Ortiz \"David Ortiz\") in the [2022 ballot](/wiki/2022_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_balloting \"2022 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"), his 10th and final one. This was met with negative reaction from some fans, as fans complained that Ortiz had made the Hall of Fame, despite testing positive for PEDs in 2003, whilst Bonds never tested positive for any PEDs.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Lacques \\|first\\=Gabe \\|title\\=David Ortiz elected into baseball's Hall of Fame; Barry Bonds, Roger Clemens denied in final year on ballot \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/hallfame/2022/01/25/david\\-ortiz\\-elected\\-baseball\\-hall\\-of\\-fame/9213368002/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-13 \\|website\\=USA TODAY \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "#### Dusty Baker", "[Dusty Baker](/wiki/Dusty_Baker \"Dusty Baker\") received great fan ire for his decision to pull [Russ Ortiz](/wiki/Russ_Ortiz \"Russ Ortiz\") in Game 6 with a 5–0 lead and just a few more outs away from clinching San Francisco's first World Series in the city.{{cite web \\|title\\=What if Dusty Baker never handed Russ Ortiz ball in 2002 World Series? \\|url\\=https://www.nbcsports.com/bayarea/giants/what\\-if\\-dusty\\-baker\\-never\\-handed\\-russ\\-ortiz\\-ball\\-2002\\-world\\-series \\|website\\=RSN \\|date\\=June 25, 2020 \\|language\\=en}}{{cite web \\|title\\=SF Giants: Three of the biggest heartbreaks of past 20 years \\|url\\=https://aroundthefoghorn.com/2020/05/18/sf\\-giants\\-heartbreaks/4/ \\|website\\=Around the Foghorn \\|date\\=18 May 2020}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Kennedy \\|first1\\=Steven \\|title\\=Dusty Baker and the 20th anniversary of game 6 \\|url\\=https://www.mccoveychronicles.com/2022/10/26/23420264/mlb\\-world\\-series\\-dusty\\-baker\\-san\\-francisco\\-giants\\-game\\-6\\-2002\\-russ\\-ortiz \\|website\\=McCovey Chronicles \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=26 October 2022}}", "Baker would serve as the manager for the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs \"Chicago Cubs\") in 2003 after mutually parting ways in San Francisco after the World Series. As with the Giants, he would help break a postseason drought, as he led them to a series victory in the [2003 National League Division Series](/wiki/2003_National_League_Division_Series \"2003 National League Division Series\") over Atlanta, the first postseason series victory in 95 years for Chicago. However, they would lose in the [2003 National League Championship Series](/wiki/2003_National_League_Championship_Series \"2003 National League Championship Series\") to the Florida Marlins when they were five outs from clinching a pennant in Game 6\\. This was the first of a long line of postseason futility for Baker, who went to the postseason five further times in his next eleven seasons as a manager but failed to win a single series. In 2020, he was hired to manage the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros \"Houston Astros\"). He broke his postseason drought with the team by winning in the Wild Card Series that year (2020\\) and then returned to the [World Series](/wiki/2021_World_Series \"2021 World Series\") the following year (where they ultimately lost to [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves \"Atlanta Braves\") in six games) after winning the [2021 American League Championship Series](/wiki/2021_American_League_Championship_Series \"2021 American League Championship Series\"). In [2022](/wiki/2022_World_Series \"2022 World Series\"), he finally won a World championship on his third try, defeating [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies \"Philadelphia Phillies\") in six games to set a new mark of being the manager with the most regular season victories (2,093\\) before winning their first championship. Russ Ortiz, the pitcher who nearly won Baker a world championship 20 years prior, congratulated Baker on his first championship as a manager on [Instagram](/wiki/Instagram \"Instagram\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Ortiz \\|first1\\=Russ \\|title\\=Russ Ortiz on Instagram: \"So happy for Dusty. I always root for that man. He is now a World Champion manager. Congrats to the Astros as well.\" \\|url\\=https://www.instagram.com/reel/CkmsQ\\-lAAzs/?ig\\_rid\\=3d447241\\-f101\\-4011\\-8500\\-965ffc605651 \\|website\\=Instagram \\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
By jurisdiction --------------- ### Canada The Statute of Frauds recites that it was enacted for the ". . . prevention of many fraudulent practices which are commonly endeavored to be upheld by perjury . . .". The mischief arising from claimants asserting oral agreements was to be avoided by requiring that certain contracts be evidenced by "some memorandum or note thereof . . . in writing and signed by the party to be charged therewith . . .". Contracts respecting land "created by livery and seisen only or by parole" would not be enforced absent such a writing.{{Cite book \|url\=https://archive.org/details/realpropertylaw00fowlgoog \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/realpropertylaw00fowlgoog/page/n871 802] \|quote\=statute of frauds seisen livery. \|title\=The Real Property Law of the State of New York: Being Chapter Fifty of the Consolidated Laws (passed February 17, 1909 ; Chapter 52, Laws of 1909\) and All the Amendments Thereto \|last\=Fowler \|first\=Robert Ludlow \|publisher\=Baker, Voorhis \& Company \|year\=1909 \|location\=New York \|language\=en}}{{Citation needed\|reason\=The citation provided, while otherwise on point, relates to New York law while this section is about Canadian law\|date\=May 2019}} It quickly became apparent to the common law judges that the Statute might itself become an instrument of fraud (or at least injustice) if it was strictly enforced with respect to contracts that were wholly or partly performed.{{cite web \|title\=Hill v. Nova Scotia (Attorney General) (1997\) \|url\=http://beta.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/1997/1997canlii401/1997canlii401\.html \|website\=CanLII \|publisher\=lexum\|access\-date\=4 September 2017}} The courts developed the concept of "part performance" as an exception. If a contract concerning land was partly performed, that could displace the need for a note or memorandum in writing signed by the party to be charged. It was one thing to create an exception that displaced the need for a memorandum in writing, but something else to completely nullify the Statute's operation. The thrust of the Statute was that contracts concerning land could not be proved by parol evidence alone. Thus, part performance might be an exception, but it could not, in effect, mean that the underlying contract could be proven by parol evidence. In developing the "part performance" exception, a balancing of the competing considerations was required. An important factor in the case law became that the part performance must be "unequivocally" related to the alleged contract.Deglman v Guaranty Trust Co. of Canada and Constantineau, \[1954] S.C.R. 725 [https://scc\-csc.lexum.com/scc\-csc/scc\-csc/en/item/2738/index.do](https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2738/index.do) ### Ireland The Statute of Frauds, sub\-titled "An Act for Prevention of Frauds and Perjuries", was passed in 1695 in Ireland.{{cite web \|title\=Statute of Frauds 1695 \- An Act for Prevention of Frauds and Perjuries \|url\=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1695/act/12/enacted/en/html \|website\=eISB \|publisher\=Government of Ireland\|access\-date\=4 September 2017}} The statute took effect "from and after the feast day of the [nativity of St. John Baptist](/wiki/Nativity_of_John_the_Baptist "Nativity of John the Baptist") \[24 June], which shall be in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred ninety\-six", and is one of the few pre\-Independence laws that survived the [Statute Law Revision (Pre\-1922\) Act 2005](/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_%28Pre-1922%29_Act_2005 "Statute Law Revision (Pre-1922) Act 2005") and the [Statute Law Revision Act 2007](/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_2007 "Statute Law Revision Act 2007"). It remains largely in force today. Some effects of the law have been softened by equity, for example the requirement that all contracts for sale of land be evidenced in writing can be circumvented by reliance on the doctrine of part performance. ### United Kingdom #### England and Wales {{See also\|Formalities in English law}} {{Infobox UK legislation \| short\_title \= Mercantile Law Amendment Act 1856 \| type \= Act \| parliament \= Parliament of the United Kingdom \| long\_title \= An Act to amend the Laws of England and Ireland affecting Trade and Commerce. \| year \= 1856 \| citation \= \[\[19 \& 20 Vict.]] c. 97 \| introduced\_commons \= \| introduced\_lords \= \| territorial\_extent \= \| royal\_assent \= 29 July 1856 \| commencement \= \| expiry\_date \= \| repeal\_date \= \| amends \= \| replaces \= \| amendments \= \| repealing\_legislation \= \| related\_legislation \= \| status \= amended \| legislation\_history \= \| theyworkforyou \= \| millbankhansard \= \| original\_text \= \| revised\_text \= \| use\_new\_UK\-LEG \= yes \| UK\-LEG\_title \= Mercantile Law Amendment Act 1856 \| collapsed \= yes }} The [Statute of Frauds](/wiki/Statute_of_Frauds "Statute of Frauds"), dating from 1677,{{efn\|This \[\[short title]] was given by the \[\[Short Titles Act 1896]]. It is written here as printed in "The Public General Acts, 1896", HMSO, 1896\.}} was largely repealed in England and Wales by the [Law Reform (Enforcement of Contracts) Act 1954](/wiki/Law_Reform_%28Enforcement_of_Contracts%29_Act_1954 "Law Reform (Enforcement of Contracts) Act 1954") ([2 \& 3 Eliz. 2](/wiki/2_%26_3_Eliz._2 "2 & 3 Eliz. 2"). c. 34\). The only provision of it extant is part of Section 4{{cite web \|title\=Statute of Frauds (1677\), Sec. IV \|url\=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Cha2/29/3/section/IV \|website\=legislation.gov.uk \|publisher\=The National Archives\|access\-date\=4 September 2017}} which means that contracts of guarantee ([surety](/wiki/Surety "Surety") for another's debt) are unenforceable unless evidenced in writing. This requirement is clarified by section 3 of the Mercantile Law Amendment Act 1856 ([19 \& 20 Vict.](/wiki/19_%26_20_Vict. "19 & 20 Vict.") c. 97\),{{cite web \|title\=Mercantile Law Amendment Act 1856, Sec. 3 \|url\=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/19\-20/97/section/3 \|website\=legislation.gov.uk \|publisher\=The National Archives\|access\-date\=4 September 2017}} dated 29 July 1856, which provides that the [consideration](/wiki/Consideration_%28law%29 "Consideration (law)") for the guarantee need not appear in writing or require any necessary inference from a written document. Section 6{{cite web \|title\=Statute of Frauds Amendment Act 1828, Sec. 6 \|url\=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo4/9/14/section/6 \|website\=legislation.gov.uk \|publisher\=The National Archive\|access\-date\=4 September 2017}} of the [Statute of Frauds Amendment Act 1828](/wiki/Statute_of_Frauds_Amendment_Act_1828 "Statute of Frauds Amendment Act 1828"){{efn\|This \[\[short title]] was given by the \[\[Short Titles Act 1896]]}} ([9 Geo. 4](/wiki/9_Geo._4 "9 Geo. 4"). c .14\) (commonly known as **[Lord Tenterden](/wiki/Charles_Abbott%2C_1st_Baron_Tenterden "Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden")'s Act**)Clerk and Lindsell on Torts, 16th Edition, 1989, Sweet and Maxwell, paragraph 18\-41, at page 1036 was enacted to prevent Section 4 being circumvented by bringing an action against a verbal guarantor for the [tort of deceit](/wiki/Tort_of_deceit "Tort of deceit") (the tort in *Freeman v. Palsey*).(1789\) 3[TR](/wiki/Term_Reports "Term Reports") 51 A common summary of the law is "a verbal guarantee (for a debt) isn't worth the paper it is written on".{{cn\|date\=April 2022}} Provisions in section 4 as to formalities for contracts for the sale of land were repealed by Schedule 7 to the [Law of Property Act 1925](/wiki/Law_of_Property_Act_1925 "Law of Property Act 1925") ([15 \& 16 Geo. 5](/wiki/15_%26_16_Geo._5 "15 & 16 Geo. 5"). c. 20\), however the requirement that contracts for the sale of land be evidenced in writing was maintained by section 40 of that Act,{{cite web \|title\=Law of Property Act 1925, Sec. 40 \|url\=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/15\-16/20/section/40/enacted \|website\=legislation.gov.uk \|publisher\=National Archive\|access\-date\=4 September 2017}} subsequently replaced by section 2 of the [Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989](/wiki/Law_of_Property_%28Miscellaneous_Provisions%29_Act_1989 "Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989") (c. 34\).{{cite web \|title\=Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989, Sec. 2 \|url\=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1989/34/section/2 \|website\=legislation.co.uk \|publisher\=The National Archive\|access\-date\=4 September 2017}} #### Scotland Section 6 of the [Mercantile Law Amendment Act Scotland 1856](/wiki/Mercantile_Law_Amendment_Act_Scotland_1856 "Mercantile Law Amendment Act Scotland 1856"){{cite web \|title\=Mercantile Law Amendment Act Scotland 1856, c. 60, s. VI \|url\=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/19\-20/60/section/VI/enacted \|website\=Legislation.gov.uk \|publisher\=The National Archives}} was derived from those parts of section 4 of the Statute of Frauds (1677\) which relate to contracts of guarantee and from section 6 of the [Statute of Frauds Amendment Act 1828](/wiki/Statute_of_Frauds_Amendment_Act_1828 "Statute of Frauds Amendment Act 1828"). It was repealed on 1 August 1995{{cite web \|title\=Mercantile Law Amendment Act Scotland 1856 \|url\=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/19\-20/60/section/6 \|website\=legislation.gov.uk \|publisher\=The National Archive\|access\-date\=4 September 2017}}{{cite web \|title\=Requirements of Writing (Scotland) Act 1995 \|url\=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1995/7/section/15 \|website\=legislation.gov.uk \|publisher\=The National Archive\|access\-date\=4 September 2017}} by the [Requirements of Writing (Scotland) Act 1995](/wiki/Requirements_of_Writing_%28Scotland%29_Act_1995 "Requirements of Writing (Scotland) Act 1995"), sections 14(2\){{cite web \|title\=Requirements of Writing (Scotland) Act 1995, Sec. 14 \|url\=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1995/7/section/14 \|website\=legislation.gov.uk \|publisher\=The National Archive\|access\-date\=4 September 2017}} and Schedule 5{{cite web \|title\=Requirements of Writing (Scotland) Act 1995, Schedule 5 \|url\=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1995/7/schedule/5 \|website\=legislation.gov.uk \|publisher\=The National Archive\|access\-date\=4 September 2017}} (with ss. 9(3\)(5\)(7\), 13, 14(3\)). ### United States In the United States, for contracts for the sale of goods that fall under the [Uniform Commercial Code](/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code "Uniform Commercial Code"), additional exceptions may apply: * **Admission** of the existence of a contract by the defendant under oath.U.C.C. 2\-201(3\)(b) However, the contract would only exist for the quantity of goods that were admitted.{{cite book \|last1\=Mann \|first1\=Richard A. \|last2\=Roberts \|first2\=Barry S. \|date\=2015 \|title\=Business Law and the Regulation of Business \|edition\=12th \|publisher\=Cengage Learning \|location\=Boston, MA \|isbn\=978\-1\-305\-50955\-9 \|lccn\=2015949710}} For instance, if the contract was for 100 televisions but the seller admitted in court that it was for 70 televisions, then the contract would exist only for 70 televisions and not the original 100\. * **Merchant confirmation rule**. If one [merchant](/wiki/Merchant "Merchant") sends a writing sufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds to another merchant and the receiving merchant has reason to know of the contents of the sent confirmation and does not object to the confirmation within 10 days, the confirmation is good to satisfy the statute as to both parties, even if the confirmation was not signed by the party to be charged.U.C.C. 2\-201(2\) * The goods were **specially manufactured** for the buyer and the seller either 1\) began manufacturing them, or 2\) entered into a third party contract for their manufacture, and the manufacturer cannot without undue burden sell the goods to another person in the seller's ordinary course of business: for example, T\-shirts with a Little League baseball team logo or wall\-to\-wall carpeting for an odd\-sized room.U.C.C. 2\-201(3\)(a) #### State laws Every state has a statute that requires certain types of contracts to be in writing and signed by the party to be charged. The most common requirements are for contracts that involve the sale or transfer of land, and contracts that cannot be completed within one year.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/statute\_of\_frauds \|title\=Statute of frauds \|author\=LII Staff \|date\=6 August 2007}} When the statute of frauds applies, a typical statute requires that the writing commemorating the agreement identify the contracting parties, recite the subject matter of the contract so that it is reasonably identifiable, and include the important terms and conditions of agreement. The statute of frauds in various states comes in three types: 1. Those that follow the English statute and provide that "no action shall be brought" on the contract or the contract "shall not be enforced", e.g. the [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona_Revised_Statutes "Arizona Revised Statutes") statute in Title 44\.Arizona State Legislature, [44\-101\. Statute of frauds](https://www.azleg.gov/ars/44/00101.htm), accessed 31 October 2022 2. Those that declare contracts "void".3 Williston, Contracts §§526, 527 (3d ed. Jager 1960\) 3. Those that make the contract "voidable" at the affected party's election.{{efn\|e.g. Tex. Gov't Code Sec. 82\.065 (a)(b) (contingent fee contract for legal services. http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/GV/htm/GV.82\.htm\#82\.065}} ##### Colorado Colorado has a number of different statutes of frauds applicable to different areas of law.Porter, J. (2017\), [Statutes of Frauds in Colorado](https://www.jdporterlaw.com/285-2/statutes-frauds-colorado/), *J.D. Porter, LLC*, accessed 31 October 2022 ##### Texas In addition to the statute of frauds as conventionally defined,{{efn\|The Statute of Frauds generally renders a contract that falls within its purview unenforceable unless an exception applies. TEX. BUS. \& COM. CODE § 26\.01(a).}} the State of Texas has two rules that govern the litigation process, each of which also has the character of a statute of frauds. One is a rule of general applicability and requires agreements between counsel (or a party, if self\-represented) to be in writing to be enforceable. Tex. R. Civ. P. 11\.{{efn\|Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 11 provides as follows: Unless otherwise provided in these rules, no agreement between attorneys or parties touching any suit pending will be enforced unless it be in writing, signed and filed with the papers as part of the record, or unless it be made in open court and entered of record. http://www.txcourts.gov/media/1435952/trcp\-all\-updated\-with\-amendments\-effective\-january\-1\-2018\.pdf}} Agreements under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 11 are called "Rule 11 Agreements" and may either concern settlement or any procedural aspect, such as an agreement regarding scheduling, continuances of trial settings, or discovery matters. The rule has existed since 1840 and has contained the filing requirement since 1877\.See Kennedy v. Hyde, 682 S.W.2d 525, 526 (Tex.1984\) (tracing the history of Rule 11\); Birdwell v. Cox, 18 Tex. 535, 537 (1857\) (providing rationale for in\-writing requirement). The number designation can cause confusion to non\-Texas attorneys because the federal rule 11 is the sanctions rule, whose state\-court counterpart has the number designation 13 under the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure (TRCP). The other rule that is in the nature of a statute of frauds governs fee agreements with clients when the attorney is to be compensated based on the outcome of the case. The Texas Government Code requires that "\[a] contingent fee contract for legal services must be in writing and signed by the attorney and client." TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 82\.065(a).{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/GV/htm/GV.82\.htm\#82\.065\|title \= Government Code Chapter 82\. Licensing of Attorneys}} The classic example is a contingent fee contract in a personal injury case that provides for the claimant's lawyer to receive a certain percentage of the settlement amount (or of the amount awarded by judgment) net of litigation costs, with the percentages typically staggered and increasing based on whether a settlement was obtained before lawsuit is filed, after a lawsuit was filed but before trial, or whether a judgment favorable to the client was obtained through trial. The other scenario is a contingency fee contract based on cost savings achieved (for a client who is a defendant sued for a money judgment) or based on other specified litigation objectives. In those cases, the client will not recover any money from his opponent in the lawsuit, and will have to pay his attorney from his or her own funds in accordance with the terms of the agreement, once the matter is concluded favorably. When the client does not pay, some attorneys then sue the client on the contingency fee contract, or in quantum meruit in the alternative. See, e.g., Shamoun \& Norman, LLP v. Hill, 483 S.W.3d 767 (Tex. App.\-Dallas 2016\), reversed on other grounds by Hill v. Shamoun \& Norman, LLP, No. 16\-0107 (Tex. April 13, 2018\).{{cite web\| url \= http://www.txcourts.gov/media/1441370/160107\.pdf\| title \= NO. 16\-0107}} The attorney\-vs\-client fee\-dispute issue generally does not arise in personal injury cases because the settlement funds from the settling party or judgment\-debtor are disbursed through the attorney of the party entitled to them, net of costs and the contingency fee component. #### Uniform Commercial Code In addition to general statutes of frauds, under Article 2 of the [Uniform Commercial Code](/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code "Uniform Commercial Code") (UCC), every state except Louisiana has adopted an additional statute of frauds that relates to the sale of goods. Pursuant to the UCC, contracts for the sale of [goods](/wiki/Good_%28economics%29 "Good (economics)") where the price equals $500 or more fall under the statute of frauds, with the exceptions for professional merchants performing their normal business transactions, and for any custom\-made items designed for one specific buyer.{{UCC\|2\|201}} The application of the statute of frauds to dealings between [merchants](/wiki/Merchant "Merchant") has been modified by provisions of the UCC. There is a "catch\-all" provision in the UCC for [personal property](/wiki/Personal_property "Personal property") not covered by any other specific law,{{UCC\|1\|206}} stating that a contract for the sale of such property where the purchase price exceeds $500 is not enforceable unless memorialized by a signed writing. The most recent UCC revision increases the triggering point for the UCC Statute of Frauds to $5,000, but states have been slow to amend their versions of the statute to increase the trigger point. For purposes of the UCC, a defendant who admits the existence of the contract in his pleadings, under oath in a [deposition](/wiki/Deposition_%28law%29 "Deposition (law)") or affidavit, or at trial, may not use the statute of frauds as a defense. However, a statute of frauds defense may still be available under a state's general statute. With respect to [securities](/wiki/Security_%28finance%29 "Security (finance)") transactions, the Uniform Commercial Code has abrogated the statute of frauds.{{UCC\|8\|319}} The drafters of the most recent revision commented that "with the increasing use of electronic means of communication, the statute of frauds is unsuited to the realities of the securities business."
[ "By jurisdiction\n---------------", "### Canada", "The Statute of Frauds recites that it was enacted for the \". . . prevention of many fraudulent practices which are commonly endeavored to be upheld by perjury . . .\". The mischief arising from claimants asserting oral agreements was to be avoided by requiring that certain contracts be evidenced by \"some memorandum or note thereof . . . in writing and signed by the party to be charged therewith . . .\". Contracts respecting land \"created by livery and seisen only or by parole\" would not be enforced absent such a writing.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/realpropertylaw00fowlgoog \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/realpropertylaw00fowlgoog/page/n871 802] \\|quote\\=statute of frauds seisen livery. \\|title\\=The Real Property Law of the State of New York: Being Chapter Fifty of the Consolidated Laws (passed February 17, 1909 ; Chapter 52, Laws of 1909\\) and All the Amendments Thereto \\|last\\=Fowler \\|first\\=Robert Ludlow \\|publisher\\=Baker, Voorhis \\& Company \\|year\\=1909 \\|location\\=New York \\|language\\=en}}{{Citation needed\\|reason\\=The citation provided, while otherwise on point, relates to New York law while this section is about Canadian law\\|date\\=May 2019}}", "It quickly became apparent to the common law judges that the Statute might itself become an instrument of fraud (or at least injustice) if it was strictly enforced with respect to contracts that were wholly or partly performed.{{cite web \\|title\\=Hill v. Nova Scotia (Attorney General) (1997\\) \\|url\\=http://beta.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/1997/1997canlii401/1997canlii401\\.html \\|website\\=CanLII \\|publisher\\=lexum\\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2017}}", "The courts developed the concept of \"part performance\" as an exception. If a contract concerning land was partly performed, that could displace the need for a note or memorandum in writing signed by the party to be charged.", "It was one thing to create an exception that displaced the need for a memorandum in writing, but something else to completely nullify the Statute's operation. The thrust of the Statute was that contracts concerning land could not be proved by parol evidence alone. Thus, part performance might be an exception, but it could not, in effect, mean that the underlying contract could be proven by parol evidence. In developing the \"part performance\" exception, a balancing of the competing considerations was required. An important factor in the case law became that the part performance must be \"unequivocally\" related to the alleged contract.Deglman v Guaranty Trust Co. of Canada and Constantineau, \\[1954] S.C.R. 725 [https://scc\\-csc.lexum.com/scc\\-csc/scc\\-csc/en/item/2738/index.do](https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2738/index.do)", "### Ireland", "The Statute of Frauds, sub\\-titled \"An Act for Prevention of Frauds and Perjuries\", was passed in 1695 in Ireland.{{cite web \\|title\\=Statute of Frauds 1695 \\- An Act for Prevention of Frauds and Perjuries \\|url\\=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1695/act/12/enacted/en/html \\|website\\=eISB \\|publisher\\=Government of Ireland\\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2017}} The statute took effect \"from and after the feast day of the [nativity of St. John Baptist](/wiki/Nativity_of_John_the_Baptist \"Nativity of John the Baptist\") \\[24 June], which shall be in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred ninety\\-six\", and is one of the few pre\\-Independence laws that survived the [Statute Law Revision (Pre\\-1922\\) Act 2005](/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_%28Pre-1922%29_Act_2005 \"Statute Law Revision (Pre-1922) Act 2005\") and the [Statute Law Revision Act 2007](/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_2007 \"Statute Law Revision Act 2007\"). It remains largely in force today.", "Some effects of the law have been softened by equity, for example the requirement that all contracts for sale of land be evidenced in writing can be circumvented by reliance on the doctrine of part performance.", "### United Kingdom", "#### England and Wales", "{{See also\\|Formalities in English law}}\n{{Infobox UK legislation\n\\| short\\_title \\= Mercantile Law Amendment Act 1856\n\\| type \\= Act\n\\| parliament \\= Parliament of the United Kingdom\n\\| long\\_title \\= An Act to amend the Laws of England and Ireland affecting Trade and Commerce.\n\\| year \\= 1856\n\\| citation \\= \\[\\[19 \\& 20 Vict.]] c. 97\n\\| introduced\\_commons \\= \n\\| introduced\\_lords \\= \n\\| territorial\\_extent \\= \n\\| royal\\_assent \\= 29 July 1856\n\\| commencement \\= \n\\| expiry\\_date \\= \n\\| repeal\\_date \\= \n\\| amends \\= \n\\| replaces \\= \n\\| amendments \\= \n\\| repealing\\_legislation \\= \n\\| related\\_legislation \\= \n\\| status \\= amended\n\\| legislation\\_history \\= \n\\| theyworkforyou \\= \n\\| millbankhansard \\= \n\\| original\\_text \\= \n\\| revised\\_text \\= \n\\| use\\_new\\_UK\\-LEG \\= yes\n\\| UK\\-LEG\\_title \\= Mercantile Law Amendment Act 1856\n\\| collapsed \\= yes\n}}\nThe [Statute of Frauds](/wiki/Statute_of_Frauds \"Statute of Frauds\"), dating from 1677,{{efn\\|This \\[\\[short title]] was given by the \\[\\[Short Titles Act 1896]]. It is written here as printed in \"The Public General Acts, 1896\", HMSO, 1896\\.}} was largely repealed in England and Wales by the [Law Reform (Enforcement of Contracts) Act 1954](/wiki/Law_Reform_%28Enforcement_of_Contracts%29_Act_1954 \"Law Reform (Enforcement of Contracts) Act 1954\") ([2 \\& 3 Eliz. 2](/wiki/2_%26_3_Eliz._2 \"2 & 3 Eliz. 2\"). c. 34\\). The only provision of it extant is part of Section 4{{cite web \\|title\\=Statute of Frauds (1677\\), Sec. IV \\|url\\=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Cha2/29/3/section/IV \\|website\\=legislation.gov.uk \\|publisher\\=The National Archives\\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2017}} which means that contracts of guarantee ([surety](/wiki/Surety \"Surety\") for another's debt) are unenforceable unless evidenced in writing. This requirement is clarified by section 3 of the Mercantile Law Amendment Act 1856 ([19 \\& 20 Vict.](/wiki/19_%26_20_Vict. \"19 & 20 Vict.\") c. 97\\),{{cite web \\|title\\=Mercantile Law Amendment Act 1856, Sec. 3 \\|url\\=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/19\\-20/97/section/3 \\|website\\=legislation.gov.uk \\|publisher\\=The National Archives\\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2017}} dated 29 July 1856, which provides that the [consideration](/wiki/Consideration_%28law%29 \"Consideration (law)\") for the guarantee need not appear in writing or require any necessary inference from a written document.", "Section 6{{cite web \\|title\\=Statute of Frauds Amendment Act 1828, Sec. 6 \\|url\\=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo4/9/14/section/6 \\|website\\=legislation.gov.uk \\|publisher\\=The National Archive\\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2017}} of the [Statute of Frauds Amendment Act 1828](/wiki/Statute_of_Frauds_Amendment_Act_1828 \"Statute of Frauds Amendment Act 1828\"){{efn\\|This \\[\\[short title]] was given by the \\[\\[Short Titles Act 1896]]}} ([9 Geo. 4](/wiki/9_Geo._4 \"9 Geo. 4\"). c .14\\) (commonly known as **[Lord Tenterden](/wiki/Charles_Abbott%2C_1st_Baron_Tenterden \"Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden\")'s Act**)Clerk and Lindsell on Torts, 16th Edition, 1989, Sweet and Maxwell, paragraph 18\\-41, at page 1036 was enacted to prevent Section 4 being circumvented by bringing an action against a verbal guarantor for the [tort of deceit](/wiki/Tort_of_deceit \"Tort of deceit\") (the tort in *Freeman v. Palsey*).(1789\\) 3[TR](/wiki/Term_Reports \"Term Reports\") 51 A common summary of the law is \"a verbal guarantee (for a debt) isn't worth the paper it is written on\".{{cn\\|date\\=April 2022}}", "Provisions in section 4 as to formalities for contracts for the sale of land were repealed by Schedule 7 to the [Law of Property Act 1925](/wiki/Law_of_Property_Act_1925 \"Law of Property Act 1925\") ([15 \\& 16 Geo. 5](/wiki/15_%26_16_Geo._5 \"15 & 16 Geo. 5\"). c. 20\\), however the requirement that contracts for the sale of land be evidenced in writing was maintained by section 40 of that Act,{{cite web \\|title\\=Law of Property Act 1925, Sec. 40 \\|url\\=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/15\\-16/20/section/40/enacted \\|website\\=legislation.gov.uk \\|publisher\\=National Archive\\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2017}} subsequently replaced by section 2 of the [Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989](/wiki/Law_of_Property_%28Miscellaneous_Provisions%29_Act_1989 \"Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989\") (c. 34\\).{{cite web \\|title\\=Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989, Sec. 2 \\|url\\=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1989/34/section/2 \\|website\\=legislation.co.uk \\|publisher\\=The National Archive\\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2017}}", "#### Scotland", "Section 6 of the [Mercantile Law Amendment Act Scotland 1856](/wiki/Mercantile_Law_Amendment_Act_Scotland_1856 \"Mercantile Law Amendment Act Scotland 1856\"){{cite web \\|title\\=Mercantile Law Amendment Act Scotland 1856, c. 60, s. VI \\|url\\=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/19\\-20/60/section/VI/enacted \\|website\\=Legislation.gov.uk \\|publisher\\=The National Archives}} was derived from those parts of section 4 of the Statute of Frauds (1677\\) which relate to contracts of guarantee and from section 6 of the [Statute of Frauds Amendment Act 1828](/wiki/Statute_of_Frauds_Amendment_Act_1828 \"Statute of Frauds Amendment Act 1828\").", "It was repealed on 1 August 1995{{cite web \\|title\\=Mercantile Law Amendment Act Scotland 1856 \\|url\\=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/19\\-20/60/section/6 \\|website\\=legislation.gov.uk \\|publisher\\=The National Archive\\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2017}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Requirements of Writing (Scotland) Act 1995 \\|url\\=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1995/7/section/15 \\|website\\=legislation.gov.uk \\|publisher\\=The National Archive\\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2017}} by the [Requirements of Writing (Scotland) Act 1995](/wiki/Requirements_of_Writing_%28Scotland%29_Act_1995 \"Requirements of Writing (Scotland) Act 1995\"), sections 14(2\\){{cite web \\|title\\=Requirements of Writing (Scotland) Act 1995, Sec. 14 \\|url\\=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1995/7/section/14 \\|website\\=legislation.gov.uk \\|publisher\\=The National Archive\\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2017}} and Schedule 5{{cite web \\|title\\=Requirements of Writing (Scotland) Act 1995, Schedule 5 \\|url\\=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1995/7/schedule/5 \\|website\\=legislation.gov.uk \\|publisher\\=The National Archive\\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2017}} (with ss. 9(3\\)(5\\)(7\\), 13, 14(3\\)).", "### United States", "In the United States, for contracts for the sale of goods that fall under the [Uniform Commercial Code](/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code \"Uniform Commercial Code\"), additional exceptions may apply:\n* **Admission** of the existence of a contract by the defendant under oath.U.C.C. 2\\-201(3\\)(b) However, the contract would only exist for the quantity of goods that were admitted.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Mann \\|first1\\=Richard A. \\|last2\\=Roberts \\|first2\\=Barry S. \\|date\\=2015 \\|title\\=Business Law and the Regulation of Business \\|edition\\=12th \\|publisher\\=Cengage Learning \\|location\\=Boston, MA \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-305\\-50955\\-9 \\|lccn\\=2015949710}} For instance, if the contract was for 100 televisions but the seller admitted in court that it was for 70 televisions, then the contract would exist only for 70 televisions and not the original 100\\.\n* **Merchant confirmation rule**. If one [merchant](/wiki/Merchant \"Merchant\") sends a writing sufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds to another merchant and the receiving merchant has reason to know of the contents of the sent confirmation and does not object to the confirmation within 10 days, the confirmation is good to satisfy the statute as to both parties, even if the confirmation was not signed by the party to be charged.U.C.C. 2\\-201(2\\)\n* The goods were **specially manufactured** for the buyer and the seller either 1\\) began manufacturing them, or 2\\) entered into a third party contract for their manufacture, and the manufacturer cannot without undue burden sell the goods to another person in the seller's ordinary course of business: for example, T\\-shirts with a Little League baseball team logo or wall\\-to\\-wall carpeting for an odd\\-sized room.U.C.C. 2\\-201(3\\)(a)", "#### State laws", "Every state has a statute that requires certain types of contracts to be in writing and signed by the party to be charged. The most common requirements are for contracts that involve the sale or transfer of land, and contracts that cannot be completed within one year.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/statute\\_of\\_frauds \\|title\\=Statute of frauds \\|author\\=LII Staff \\|date\\=6 August 2007}} When the statute of frauds applies, a typical statute requires that the writing commemorating the agreement identify the contracting parties, recite the subject matter of the contract so that it is reasonably identifiable, and include the important terms and conditions of agreement.", "The statute of frauds in various states comes in three types:\n1. Those that follow the English statute and provide that \"no action shall be brought\" on the contract or the contract \"shall not be enforced\", e.g. the [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona_Revised_Statutes \"Arizona Revised Statutes\") statute in Title 44\\.Arizona State Legislature, [44\\-101\\. Statute of frauds](https://www.azleg.gov/ars/44/00101.htm), accessed 31 October 2022\n2. Those that declare contracts \"void\".3 Williston, Contracts §§526, 527 (3d ed. Jager 1960\\)\n3. Those that make the contract \"voidable\" at the affected party's election.{{efn\\|e.g. Tex. Gov't Code Sec. 82\\.065 (a)(b) (contingent fee contract for legal services. http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/GV/htm/GV.82\\.htm\\#82\\.065}}", "##### Colorado", "Colorado has a number of different statutes of frauds applicable to different areas of law.Porter, J. (2017\\), [Statutes of Frauds in Colorado](https://www.jdporterlaw.com/285-2/statutes-frauds-colorado/), *J.D. Porter, LLC*, accessed 31 October 2022", "##### Texas", "In addition to the statute of frauds as conventionally defined,{{efn\\|The Statute of Frauds generally renders a contract that falls within its purview unenforceable unless an exception applies. TEX. BUS. \\& COM. CODE § 26\\.01(a).}} the State of Texas has two rules that govern the litigation process, each of which also has the character of a statute of frauds. One is a rule of general applicability and requires agreements between counsel (or a party, if self\\-represented) to be in writing to be enforceable. Tex. R. Civ. P. 11\\.{{efn\\|Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 11 provides as follows: Unless otherwise provided in these rules, no agreement between attorneys or parties touching any suit pending will be enforced unless it be in writing, signed and filed with the papers as part of the record, or unless it be made in open court and entered of record. http://www.txcourts.gov/media/1435952/trcp\\-all\\-updated\\-with\\-amendments\\-effective\\-january\\-1\\-2018\\.pdf}}", "Agreements under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 11 are called \"Rule 11 Agreements\" and may either concern settlement or any procedural aspect, such as an agreement regarding scheduling, continuances of trial settings, or discovery matters. The rule has existed since 1840 and has contained the filing requirement since 1877\\.See Kennedy v. Hyde, 682 S.W.2d 525, 526 (Tex.1984\\) (tracing the history of Rule 11\\); Birdwell v. Cox, 18 Tex. 535, 537 (1857\\) (providing rationale for in\\-writing requirement). The number designation can cause confusion to non\\-Texas attorneys because the federal rule 11 is the sanctions rule, whose state\\-court counterpart has the number designation 13 under the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure (TRCP).", "The other rule that is in the nature of a statute of frauds governs fee agreements with clients when the attorney is to be compensated based on the outcome of the case. The Texas Government Code requires that \"\\[a] contingent fee contract for legal services must be in writing and signed by the attorney and client.\" TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 82\\.065(a).{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/GV/htm/GV.82\\.htm\\#82\\.065\\|title \\= Government Code Chapter 82\\. Licensing of Attorneys}}", "The classic example is a contingent fee contract in a personal injury case that provides for the claimant's lawyer to receive a certain percentage of the settlement amount (or of the amount awarded by judgment) net of litigation costs, with the percentages typically staggered and increasing based on whether a settlement was obtained before lawsuit is filed, after a lawsuit was filed but before trial, or whether a judgment favorable to the client was obtained through trial. The other scenario is a contingency fee contract based on cost savings achieved (for a client who is a defendant sued for a money judgment) or based on other specified litigation objectives. In those cases, the client will not recover any money from his opponent in the lawsuit, and will have to pay his attorney from his or her own funds in accordance with the terms of the agreement, once the matter is concluded favorably. When the client does not pay, some attorneys then sue the client on the contingency fee contract, or in quantum meruit in the alternative. See, e.g., Shamoun \\& Norman, LLP v. Hill, 483 S.W.3d 767 (Tex. App.\\-Dallas 2016\\), reversed on other grounds by Hill v. Shamoun \\& Norman, LLP, No. 16\\-0107 (Tex. April 13, 2018\\).{{cite web\\| url \\= http://www.txcourts.gov/media/1441370/160107\\.pdf\\| title \\= NO. 16\\-0107}} The attorney\\-vs\\-client fee\\-dispute issue generally does not arise in personal injury cases because the settlement funds from the settling party or judgment\\-debtor are disbursed through the attorney of the party entitled to them, net of costs and the contingency fee component.", "#### Uniform Commercial Code", "In addition to general statutes of frauds, under Article 2 of the [Uniform Commercial Code](/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code \"Uniform Commercial Code\") (UCC), every state except Louisiana has adopted an additional statute of frauds that relates to the sale of goods. Pursuant to the UCC, contracts for the sale of [goods](/wiki/Good_%28economics%29 \"Good (economics)\") where the price equals $500 or more fall under the statute of frauds, with the exceptions for professional merchants performing their normal business transactions, and for any custom\\-made items designed for one specific buyer.{{UCC\\|2\\|201}}", "The application of the statute of frauds to dealings between [merchants](/wiki/Merchant \"Merchant\") has been modified by provisions of the UCC. There is a \"catch\\-all\" provision in the UCC for [personal property](/wiki/Personal_property \"Personal property\") not covered by any other specific law,{{UCC\\|1\\|206}} stating that a contract for the sale of such property where the purchase price exceeds $500 is not enforceable unless memorialized by a signed writing. The most recent UCC revision increases the triggering point for the UCC Statute of Frauds to $5,000, but states have been slow to amend their versions of the statute to increase the trigger point.", "For purposes of the UCC, a defendant who admits the existence of the contract in his pleadings, under oath in a [deposition](/wiki/Deposition_%28law%29 \"Deposition (law)\") or affidavit, or at trial, may not use the statute of frauds as a defense. However, a statute of frauds defense may still be available under a state's general statute.", "With respect to [securities](/wiki/Security_%28finance%29 \"Security (finance)\") transactions, the Uniform Commercial Code has abrogated the statute of frauds.{{UCC\\|8\\|319}} The drafters of the most recent revision commented that \"with the increasing use of electronic means of communication, the statute of frauds is unsuited to the realities of the securities business.\"", "" ]
### United States In the United States, for contracts for the sale of goods that fall under the [Uniform Commercial Code](/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code "Uniform Commercial Code"), additional exceptions may apply: * **Admission** of the existence of a contract by the defendant under oath.U.C.C. 2\-201(3\)(b) However, the contract would only exist for the quantity of goods that were admitted.{{cite book \|last1\=Mann \|first1\=Richard A. \|last2\=Roberts \|first2\=Barry S. \|date\=2015 \|title\=Business Law and the Regulation of Business \|edition\=12th \|publisher\=Cengage Learning \|location\=Boston, MA \|isbn\=978\-1\-305\-50955\-9 \|lccn\=2015949710}} For instance, if the contract was for 100 televisions but the seller admitted in court that it was for 70 televisions, then the contract would exist only for 70 televisions and not the original 100\. * **Merchant confirmation rule**. If one [merchant](/wiki/Merchant "Merchant") sends a writing sufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds to another merchant and the receiving merchant has reason to know of the contents of the sent confirmation and does not object to the confirmation within 10 days, the confirmation is good to satisfy the statute as to both parties, even if the confirmation was not signed by the party to be charged.U.C.C. 2\-201(2\) * The goods were **specially manufactured** for the buyer and the seller either 1\) began manufacturing them, or 2\) entered into a third party contract for their manufacture, and the manufacturer cannot without undue burden sell the goods to another person in the seller's ordinary course of business: for example, T\-shirts with a Little League baseball team logo or wall\-to\-wall carpeting for an odd\-sized room.U.C.C. 2\-201(3\)(a) #### State laws Every state has a statute that requires certain types of contracts to be in writing and signed by the party to be charged. The most common requirements are for contracts that involve the sale or transfer of land, and contracts that cannot be completed within one year.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/statute\_of\_frauds \|title\=Statute of frauds \|author\=LII Staff \|date\=6 August 2007}} When the statute of frauds applies, a typical statute requires that the writing commemorating the agreement identify the contracting parties, recite the subject matter of the contract so that it is reasonably identifiable, and include the important terms and conditions of agreement. The statute of frauds in various states comes in three types: 1. Those that follow the English statute and provide that "no action shall be brought" on the contract or the contract "shall not be enforced", e.g. the [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona_Revised_Statutes "Arizona Revised Statutes") statute in Title 44\.Arizona State Legislature, [44\-101\. Statute of frauds](https://www.azleg.gov/ars/44/00101.htm), accessed 31 October 2022 2. Those that declare contracts "void".3 Williston, Contracts §§526, 527 (3d ed. Jager 1960\) 3. Those that make the contract "voidable" at the affected party's election.{{efn\|e.g. Tex. Gov't Code Sec. 82\.065 (a)(b) (contingent fee contract for legal services. http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/GV/htm/GV.82\.htm\#82\.065}} ##### Colorado Colorado has a number of different statutes of frauds applicable to different areas of law.Porter, J. (2017\), [Statutes of Frauds in Colorado](https://www.jdporterlaw.com/285-2/statutes-frauds-colorado/), *J.D. Porter, LLC*, accessed 31 October 2022 ##### Texas In addition to the statute of frauds as conventionally defined,{{efn\|The Statute of Frauds generally renders a contract that falls within its purview unenforceable unless an exception applies. TEX. BUS. \& COM. CODE § 26\.01(a).}} the State of Texas has two rules that govern the litigation process, each of which also has the character of a statute of frauds. One is a rule of general applicability and requires agreements between counsel (or a party, if self\-represented) to be in writing to be enforceable. Tex. R. Civ. P. 11\.{{efn\|Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 11 provides as follows: Unless otherwise provided in these rules, no agreement between attorneys or parties touching any suit pending will be enforced unless it be in writing, signed and filed with the papers as part of the record, or unless it be made in open court and entered of record. http://www.txcourts.gov/media/1435952/trcp\-all\-updated\-with\-amendments\-effective\-january\-1\-2018\.pdf}} Agreements under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 11 are called "Rule 11 Agreements" and may either concern settlement or any procedural aspect, such as an agreement regarding scheduling, continuances of trial settings, or discovery matters. The rule has existed since 1840 and has contained the filing requirement since 1877\.See Kennedy v. Hyde, 682 S.W.2d 525, 526 (Tex.1984\) (tracing the history of Rule 11\); Birdwell v. Cox, 18 Tex. 535, 537 (1857\) (providing rationale for in\-writing requirement). The number designation can cause confusion to non\-Texas attorneys because the federal rule 11 is the sanctions rule, whose state\-court counterpart has the number designation 13 under the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure (TRCP). The other rule that is in the nature of a statute of frauds governs fee agreements with clients when the attorney is to be compensated based on the outcome of the case. The Texas Government Code requires that "\[a] contingent fee contract for legal services must be in writing and signed by the attorney and client." TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 82\.065(a).{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/GV/htm/GV.82\.htm\#82\.065\|title \= Government Code Chapter 82\. Licensing of Attorneys}} The classic example is a contingent fee contract in a personal injury case that provides for the claimant's lawyer to receive a certain percentage of the settlement amount (or of the amount awarded by judgment) net of litigation costs, with the percentages typically staggered and increasing based on whether a settlement was obtained before lawsuit is filed, after a lawsuit was filed but before trial, or whether a judgment favorable to the client was obtained through trial. The other scenario is a contingency fee contract based on cost savings achieved (for a client who is a defendant sued for a money judgment) or based on other specified litigation objectives. In those cases, the client will not recover any money from his opponent in the lawsuit, and will have to pay his attorney from his or her own funds in accordance with the terms of the agreement, once the matter is concluded favorably. When the client does not pay, some attorneys then sue the client on the contingency fee contract, or in quantum meruit in the alternative. See, e.g., Shamoun \& Norman, LLP v. Hill, 483 S.W.3d 767 (Tex. App.\-Dallas 2016\), reversed on other grounds by Hill v. Shamoun \& Norman, LLP, No. 16\-0107 (Tex. April 13, 2018\).{{cite web\| url \= http://www.txcourts.gov/media/1441370/160107\.pdf\| title \= NO. 16\-0107}} The attorney\-vs\-client fee\-dispute issue generally does not arise in personal injury cases because the settlement funds from the settling party or judgment\-debtor are disbursed through the attorney of the party entitled to them, net of costs and the contingency fee component. #### Uniform Commercial Code In addition to general statutes of frauds, under Article 2 of the [Uniform Commercial Code](/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code "Uniform Commercial Code") (UCC), every state except Louisiana has adopted an additional statute of frauds that relates to the sale of goods. Pursuant to the UCC, contracts for the sale of [goods](/wiki/Good_%28economics%29 "Good (economics)") where the price equals $500 or more fall under the statute of frauds, with the exceptions for professional merchants performing their normal business transactions, and for any custom\-made items designed for one specific buyer.{{UCC\|2\|201}} The application of the statute of frauds to dealings between [merchants](/wiki/Merchant "Merchant") has been modified by provisions of the UCC. There is a "catch\-all" provision in the UCC for [personal property](/wiki/Personal_property "Personal property") not covered by any other specific law,{{UCC\|1\|206}} stating that a contract for the sale of such property where the purchase price exceeds $500 is not enforceable unless memorialized by a signed writing. The most recent UCC revision increases the triggering point for the UCC Statute of Frauds to $5,000, but states have been slow to amend their versions of the statute to increase the trigger point. For purposes of the UCC, a defendant who admits the existence of the contract in his pleadings, under oath in a [deposition](/wiki/Deposition_%28law%29 "Deposition (law)") or affidavit, or at trial, may not use the statute of frauds as a defense. However, a statute of frauds defense may still be available under a state's general statute. With respect to [securities](/wiki/Security_%28finance%29 "Security (finance)") transactions, the Uniform Commercial Code has abrogated the statute of frauds.{{UCC\|8\|319}} The drafters of the most recent revision commented that "with the increasing use of electronic means of communication, the statute of frauds is unsuited to the realities of the securities business."
[ "### United States", "In the United States, for contracts for the sale of goods that fall under the [Uniform Commercial Code](/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code \"Uniform Commercial Code\"), additional exceptions may apply:\n* **Admission** of the existence of a contract by the defendant under oath.U.C.C. 2\\-201(3\\)(b) However, the contract would only exist for the quantity of goods that were admitted.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Mann \\|first1\\=Richard A. \\|last2\\=Roberts \\|first2\\=Barry S. \\|date\\=2015 \\|title\\=Business Law and the Regulation of Business \\|edition\\=12th \\|publisher\\=Cengage Learning \\|location\\=Boston, MA \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-305\\-50955\\-9 \\|lccn\\=2015949710}} For instance, if the contract was for 100 televisions but the seller admitted in court that it was for 70 televisions, then the contract would exist only for 70 televisions and not the original 100\\.\n* **Merchant confirmation rule**. If one [merchant](/wiki/Merchant \"Merchant\") sends a writing sufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds to another merchant and the receiving merchant has reason to know of the contents of the sent confirmation and does not object to the confirmation within 10 days, the confirmation is good to satisfy the statute as to both parties, even if the confirmation was not signed by the party to be charged.U.C.C. 2\\-201(2\\)\n* The goods were **specially manufactured** for the buyer and the seller either 1\\) began manufacturing them, or 2\\) entered into a third party contract for their manufacture, and the manufacturer cannot without undue burden sell the goods to another person in the seller's ordinary course of business: for example, T\\-shirts with a Little League baseball team logo or wall\\-to\\-wall carpeting for an odd\\-sized room.U.C.C. 2\\-201(3\\)(a)", "#### State laws", "Every state has a statute that requires certain types of contracts to be in writing and signed by the party to be charged. The most common requirements are for contracts that involve the sale or transfer of land, and contracts that cannot be completed within one year.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/statute\\_of\\_frauds \\|title\\=Statute of frauds \\|author\\=LII Staff \\|date\\=6 August 2007}} When the statute of frauds applies, a typical statute requires that the writing commemorating the agreement identify the contracting parties, recite the subject matter of the contract so that it is reasonably identifiable, and include the important terms and conditions of agreement.", "The statute of frauds in various states comes in three types:\n1. Those that follow the English statute and provide that \"no action shall be brought\" on the contract or the contract \"shall not be enforced\", e.g. the [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona_Revised_Statutes \"Arizona Revised Statutes\") statute in Title 44\\.Arizona State Legislature, [44\\-101\\. Statute of frauds](https://www.azleg.gov/ars/44/00101.htm), accessed 31 October 2022\n2. Those that declare contracts \"void\".3 Williston, Contracts §§526, 527 (3d ed. Jager 1960\\)\n3. Those that make the contract \"voidable\" at the affected party's election.{{efn\\|e.g. Tex. Gov't Code Sec. 82\\.065 (a)(b) (contingent fee contract for legal services. http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/GV/htm/GV.82\\.htm\\#82\\.065}}", "##### Colorado", "Colorado has a number of different statutes of frauds applicable to different areas of law.Porter, J. (2017\\), [Statutes of Frauds in Colorado](https://www.jdporterlaw.com/285-2/statutes-frauds-colorado/), *J.D. Porter, LLC*, accessed 31 October 2022", "##### Texas", "In addition to the statute of frauds as conventionally defined,{{efn\\|The Statute of Frauds generally renders a contract that falls within its purview unenforceable unless an exception applies. TEX. BUS. \\& COM. CODE § 26\\.01(a).}} the State of Texas has two rules that govern the litigation process, each of which also has the character of a statute of frauds. One is a rule of general applicability and requires agreements between counsel (or a party, if self\\-represented) to be in writing to be enforceable. Tex. R. Civ. P. 11\\.{{efn\\|Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 11 provides as follows: Unless otherwise provided in these rules, no agreement between attorneys or parties touching any suit pending will be enforced unless it be in writing, signed and filed with the papers as part of the record, or unless it be made in open court and entered of record. http://www.txcourts.gov/media/1435952/trcp\\-all\\-updated\\-with\\-amendments\\-effective\\-january\\-1\\-2018\\.pdf}}", "Agreements under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 11 are called \"Rule 11 Agreements\" and may either concern settlement or any procedural aspect, such as an agreement regarding scheduling, continuances of trial settings, or discovery matters. The rule has existed since 1840 and has contained the filing requirement since 1877\\.See Kennedy v. Hyde, 682 S.W.2d 525, 526 (Tex.1984\\) (tracing the history of Rule 11\\); Birdwell v. Cox, 18 Tex. 535, 537 (1857\\) (providing rationale for in\\-writing requirement). The number designation can cause confusion to non\\-Texas attorneys because the federal rule 11 is the sanctions rule, whose state\\-court counterpart has the number designation 13 under the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure (TRCP).", "The other rule that is in the nature of a statute of frauds governs fee agreements with clients when the attorney is to be compensated based on the outcome of the case. The Texas Government Code requires that \"\\[a] contingent fee contract for legal services must be in writing and signed by the attorney and client.\" TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 82\\.065(a).{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/GV/htm/GV.82\\.htm\\#82\\.065\\|title \\= Government Code Chapter 82\\. Licensing of Attorneys}}", "The classic example is a contingent fee contract in a personal injury case that provides for the claimant's lawyer to receive a certain percentage of the settlement amount (or of the amount awarded by judgment) net of litigation costs, with the percentages typically staggered and increasing based on whether a settlement was obtained before lawsuit is filed, after a lawsuit was filed but before trial, or whether a judgment favorable to the client was obtained through trial. The other scenario is a contingency fee contract based on cost savings achieved (for a client who is a defendant sued for a money judgment) or based on other specified litigation objectives. In those cases, the client will not recover any money from his opponent in the lawsuit, and will have to pay his attorney from his or her own funds in accordance with the terms of the agreement, once the matter is concluded favorably. When the client does not pay, some attorneys then sue the client on the contingency fee contract, or in quantum meruit in the alternative. See, e.g., Shamoun \\& Norman, LLP v. Hill, 483 S.W.3d 767 (Tex. App.\\-Dallas 2016\\), reversed on other grounds by Hill v. Shamoun \\& Norman, LLP, No. 16\\-0107 (Tex. April 13, 2018\\).{{cite web\\| url \\= http://www.txcourts.gov/media/1441370/160107\\.pdf\\| title \\= NO. 16\\-0107}} The attorney\\-vs\\-client fee\\-dispute issue generally does not arise in personal injury cases because the settlement funds from the settling party or judgment\\-debtor are disbursed through the attorney of the party entitled to them, net of costs and the contingency fee component.", "#### Uniform Commercial Code", "In addition to general statutes of frauds, under Article 2 of the [Uniform Commercial Code](/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code \"Uniform Commercial Code\") (UCC), every state except Louisiana has adopted an additional statute of frauds that relates to the sale of goods. Pursuant to the UCC, contracts for the sale of [goods](/wiki/Good_%28economics%29 \"Good (economics)\") where the price equals $500 or more fall under the statute of frauds, with the exceptions for professional merchants performing their normal business transactions, and for any custom\\-made items designed for one specific buyer.{{UCC\\|2\\|201}}", "The application of the statute of frauds to dealings between [merchants](/wiki/Merchant \"Merchant\") has been modified by provisions of the UCC. There is a \"catch\\-all\" provision in the UCC for [personal property](/wiki/Personal_property \"Personal property\") not covered by any other specific law,{{UCC\\|1\\|206}} stating that a contract for the sale of such property where the purchase price exceeds $500 is not enforceable unless memorialized by a signed writing. The most recent UCC revision increases the triggering point for the UCC Statute of Frauds to $5,000, but states have been slow to amend their versions of the statute to increase the trigger point.", "For purposes of the UCC, a defendant who admits the existence of the contract in his pleadings, under oath in a [deposition](/wiki/Deposition_%28law%29 \"Deposition (law)\") or affidavit, or at trial, may not use the statute of frauds as a defense. However, a statute of frauds defense may still be available under a state's general statute.", "With respect to [securities](/wiki/Security_%28finance%29 \"Security (finance)\") transactions, the Uniform Commercial Code has abrogated the statute of frauds.{{UCC\\|8\\|319}} The drafters of the most recent revision commented that \"with the increasing use of electronic means of communication, the statute of frauds is unsuited to the realities of the securities business.\"", "" ]
Celebration ----------- Nowadays it is celebrated in *Parque González Hontoria* ([Jerez](/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera "Jerez de la Frontera")). It is always celebrated in the second week of May and before [El Rocío](/wiki/Pilgrimation_to_El_Roc%C3%ADo "Pilgrimation to El Rocío"). The fair of Jerez since its origins is celebrated around the horse, still maintaining the contests of hooks and coachmen, activities of harassment and demolition with brave bulls, morphological contests of horses and other activities related to the equine world. [thumb\|right\|200px\|Feria at night.](/wiki/Image:FeriaCaballo2007-Noche.jpg "FeriaCaballo2007-Noche.jpg") The Feria is divided in two parts: one is a kind of small village, with streets that have bars and restaurants at both sides (these restaurants are called *Casetas*). The other is a *Theme Park*/*carnival* style area where kids and adults can have fun on different rides such as [roller coasters](/wiki/Roller_coasters "Roller coasters"), [bumper cars](/wiki/Bumper_cars "Bumper cars") etc... At the *Feria de Jerez* all the casetas are public, so anyone can walk into any one and enjoy the food, drinks, and dancing. This is one of the main features that differentiates it from the [Seville Fair](/wiki/Seville_Fair "Seville Fair") as most of the "casetas" there are private and therefore only card holding members are allowed in, except horses. In the casetas, throughout the day and night, people will usually be found drinking [fino](/wiki/Fino "Fino") [sherry](/wiki/Sherry "Sherry"), and in more recent years a new trend is to mix the [fino](/wiki/Fino "Fino") with lemonade and ice cubes creating a cocktail commonly known as Rebujito. At night time there is a sort of "roof" of pretty decorative lights lighting the "village" area, which allows the party to last all the way until dawn.
[ "Celebration\n-----------", "Nowadays it is celebrated in *Parque González Hontoria* ([Jerez](/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera \"Jerez de la Frontera\")). It is always celebrated in the second week of May and before [El Rocío](/wiki/Pilgrimation_to_El_Roc%C3%ADo \"Pilgrimation to El Rocío\").", "The fair of Jerez since its origins is celebrated around the horse, still maintaining the contests of hooks and coachmen, activities of harassment and demolition with brave bulls, morphological contests of horses and other activities related to the equine world. \n[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Feria at night.](/wiki/Image:FeriaCaballo2007-Noche.jpg \"FeriaCaballo2007-Noche.jpg\")", "The Feria is divided in two parts: one is a kind of small village, with streets that have bars and restaurants at both sides (these restaurants are called *Casetas*). The other is a *Theme Park*/*carnival* style area where kids and adults can have fun on different rides such as [roller coasters](/wiki/Roller_coasters \"Roller coasters\"), [bumper cars](/wiki/Bumper_cars \"Bumper cars\") etc...", "At the *Feria de Jerez* all the casetas are public, so anyone can walk into any one and enjoy the food, drinks, and dancing. This is one of the main features that differentiates it from the [Seville Fair](/wiki/Seville_Fair \"Seville Fair\") as most of the \"casetas\" there are private and therefore only card holding members are allowed in, except horses.", "In the casetas, throughout the day and night, people will usually be found drinking [fino](/wiki/Fino \"Fino\") [sherry](/wiki/Sherry \"Sherry\"), and in more recent years a new trend is to mix the [fino](/wiki/Fino \"Fino\") with lemonade and ice cubes creating a cocktail commonly known as Rebujito.", "At night time there is a sort of \"roof\" of pretty decorative lights lighting the \"village\" area, which allows the party to last all the way until dawn.", "" ]
History ------- ### 14th century: the town's new urban core In 1308, [King Denis](/wiki/Denis_of_Portugal "Denis of Portugal") wrote a charter in which he gave his royal land in Varzim to 54 local families. The inhabitants would have to create a "*Póvoa*", a new settlement in Varzim, bordered to the south by the primitive Roman and Early Medieval core of the Town of Varzim, which was controlled by [knights](/wiki/Knight "Knight") under a feudal structure. King Denis also encouraged the creation of free fairs all around the kingdom. In time, the Praça became the site of the free fair and the location for the public butchery. It was a wide area bordered by the Town Hall (from the 15th century) and the Madre Deus Chapel (prior to 1521\). The early Town Hall governed the municipality from the Praça from the first half of the 16th century and probably much earlier.{{cite book \| author \= Amorim, Sandra Araújo \| title \= Vencer o Mar, Ganhar a Terra \| publisher \= Na Linha do horizonte \- Biblioteca Poveira CMPV \| year \= 2004}} The building was probably built in the 15th century and originally had an arcade structure.[Edifício dos antigos Paços do Concelho da Póvoa de Varzim](http://www.igespar.pt/pt/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/71022)\- IGESPAR ### 16th century: the impact of the Age of Discovery [thumb\|Madre de Deus Chapel.](/wiki/File:Capela_Madre_Deus_antiga.jpg "Capela Madre Deus antiga.jpg") In the 16th century, single storey houses dominated the town's landscape, but there are indications of multiple floored habitations, with curved lintels and sculpted exterior facades. This more advanced architecture is associated with rich gentlemen who had made their fortunes through seafaring. These included Amador Alvares, explorer of the route to India, and navigators Pedro Fernandes, Diogo Pyz de São Pedro, Lourenço Dias and others. This bourgeoisie was the owner of most of the real estate around the square which the population saw as the urban area. The Madre Deus Chapel was built, possibly before 1521, by nobleman João Gomes Gaio, father of the knight João Martins Gaio, related with the maritime trade of [Vila do Conde](/wiki/Vila_do_Conde "Vila do Conde"). He lived in Póvoa civic center because there he could easily recruit men.As Procissões na Póvoa de Varzim (1900–1950\). Volume 1 \- Deolinda Carneiro, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto. 2006 This noble and influential family provided great benefits to Póvoa during that period. Madre Deus Chapel was an important building, popular amongst the common people due to its central location in the town and even more popular than the first church, the ancient Senhora de Varzim Church, located in [Dores Square](/wiki/Largo_das_Dores "Largo das Dores") in the old town. [thumb\|left\|House of António Cardia. Pilot\-major of the Portuguese Armada during the defense of [Bahia](/wiki/Bahia "Bahia") in 1624\. Cardia also established the local Holy Week Celebrations in 1687\.](/wiki/File:Casa_Antonio_Cardia_Povoa_Varzim.JPG "Casa Antonio Cardia Povoa Varzim.JPG") Due to its central location and position of safety, unlike the main church, the ordinary judge of the town, councilmen and people asked the archbishop of Braga in 1544 for "*a license to place the Holy Sacrament in the [sacrarium](/wiki/Sacrarium "Sacrarium")*". This was granted and lead to the establishment of the [Corpus Christi Procession](/wiki/Corpus_Christi_%28feast%29 "Corpus Christi (feast)") in the town. Since 1591, the clergymen of the parishes of [Beiriz](/wiki/Beiriz "Beiriz"), [Amorim](/wiki/Amorim%2C_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim "Amorim, Póvoa de Varzim"), [Terroso](/wiki/Terroso "Terroso") and [Estela](/wiki/Estela_%28P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim%29 "Estela (Póvoa de Varzim)") were obliged to participate in this. Their number was augmented from 1625 by priests from [Laundos](/wiki/Laundos "Laundos"), [Navais](/wiki/Navais "Navais") and [Argivai](/wiki/Argivai "Argivai"), causing protests by [Vila do Conde](/wiki/Vila_do_Conde "Vila do Conde") in 1637 concerning the growing importance that Póvoa was getting in the region. Those surrounding parishes were integrated by the civil administration into the Municipality of Póvoa de Varzim after the liberal reforms of 1836\. João Martins Gaio and his wife, Maria Afonso, were the chapel administrators. They and their son, Jorge Martins Gaio, were authorized to be buried in the chapel "*with the coat of arms carved in rock, by authorization of the archbishop of Braga venerated Sir Barthelomeu dos Martires, given during the visit to the Town of [Esposende](/wiki/Esposende "Esposende") in January 13th, 1560\.*" The area between the Madre Deus Chapel and the Town Hall, referred to as a "square of this town" in 1596, was the true civic center, coming close to the role that a square played in a medieval city, where a cathedral or church dominated, the market took place and where the most important buildings of the city were built. The building of the Town Hall supplied the square with arches that were used as protection from the sun or rain, in this way it was the hub of public life. The local prison was also located on the Town Hall's ground floor. Several streets reached the Praça, these linked the urban core with the suburbs and were used by travelers from neighboring cities and towns, such as [Barcelos](/wiki/Barcelos%2C_Portugal "Barcelos, Portugal"), [Braga](/wiki/Braga "Braga"), [Guimarães](/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es "Guimarães"), and [Vila do Conde](/wiki/Vila_do_Conde "Vila do Conde"). Thus, with this conjugation of religious, administrative and commercial factors the Praça was a busy place. ### 18th\-century developments The Town Hall was rebuilt in 1713, when the Praça still had a wide square. Lieutenant Francisco Felix da Veiga Leal said in 1758 "*Póvoa de Varzim has a very good town hall with the town's coat of arms painted on the ceiling of the hearing room. These same coat of arms are used in its senate standard ... and on the outside wall the Royal coat of arms are located. And this house is formed over six arches with its casing, and below it the bars of the two prison cells.*" On February 18, 1743, the building of the new First Church of Póvoa de Varzim near the town hall was started, revealing the alliance between the Povoan Town Hall and the [Archdiocese of Braga](/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Braga "Archdiocese of Braga"). This was useful in the territorial disputes that the town had with the [House of Bragança](/wiki/House_of_Bragan%C3%A7a "House of Bragança"), specifically its Town of [Barcelos](/wiki/Barcelos%2C_Portugal "Barcelos, Portugal"). The Town Hall was part of the First Church Commission and developed efforts for the maintenance and enlargement of the old first church, the Church of Santa Maria de Varzim, as well as for the construction of the new one. It enjoyed special privileges granted by the Braga archbishops: the judge of the Town Hall was also judge of the church. In 1610, these privileges had already become entrenched in tradition and were respected, even if they were against the orders (*Capítulos*) emanating from the archdiocese. The new church opened to the public on January 6, 1757\. It was of a large size and high artistic value for such a small, but growing, community. With the new church, the parochial community expanded to include nearby parishes such as Terroso and Amorim, where there were only very small chapels. After the building of the new church, the Praça became quadrangular in shape and was diminished in size, not only because of the church but also due to other buildings that had been constructed. ### The 1791 Royal Provision and decline By the end of the 18th century, it was apparent that the Town Hall, which was also a judiciary court and a prison, was too small for the expanding town. With the Royal Provision, made by Queen Mary I in 1791, the [Praça Nova](/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_do_Almada "Praça do Almada") (the "New Square") was created with a larger town hall. The old town hall was given new functions and its style was modified with time. By the late 19th century, the Madre Deus chapel was demolished for street enlargement.{{Cite book \| author \= Baptista de Lima, João \| title \= Póvoa de Varzim \- Monografia e Materiais para a sua história \| publisher \= Na Linha do horizonte \- Biblioteca Poveira CMPV \| year \= 2008}} The importance of the Praça as the civic, economic and political center started to be broken down after the 1791 Royal Provision which restructured the urban arrangement of Póvoa de Varzim and relocated the municipal powers to the new square.
[ "History\n-------", "### 14th century: the town's new urban core", "In 1308, [King Denis](/wiki/Denis_of_Portugal \"Denis of Portugal\") wrote a charter in which he gave his royal land in Varzim to 54 local families. The inhabitants would have to create a \"*Póvoa*\", a new settlement in Varzim, bordered to the south by the primitive Roman and Early Medieval core of the Town of Varzim, which was controlled by [knights](/wiki/Knight \"Knight\") under a feudal structure. King Denis also encouraged the creation of free fairs all around the kingdom. In time, the Praça became the site of the free fair and the location for the public butchery. It was a wide area bordered by the Town Hall (from the 15th century) and the Madre Deus Chapel (prior to 1521\\).", "The early Town Hall governed the municipality from the Praça from the first half of the 16th century and probably much earlier.{{cite book \\| author \\= Amorim, Sandra Araújo \\| title \\= Vencer o Mar, Ganhar a Terra \\| publisher \\= Na Linha do horizonte \\- Biblioteca Poveira CMPV \\| year \\= 2004}} The building was probably built in the 15th century and originally had an arcade structure.[Edifício dos antigos Paços do Concelho da Póvoa de Varzim](http://www.igespar.pt/pt/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/71022)\\- IGESPAR", "### 16th century: the impact of the Age of Discovery", "[thumb\\|Madre de Deus Chapel.](/wiki/File:Capela_Madre_Deus_antiga.jpg \"Capela Madre Deus antiga.jpg\")\nIn the 16th century, single storey houses dominated the town's landscape, but there are indications of multiple floored habitations, with curved lintels and sculpted exterior facades. This more advanced architecture is associated with rich gentlemen who had made their fortunes through seafaring. These included Amador Alvares, explorer of the route to India, and navigators Pedro Fernandes, Diogo Pyz de São Pedro, Lourenço Dias and others. This bourgeoisie was the owner of most of the real estate around the square which the population saw as the urban area.", "The Madre Deus Chapel was built, possibly before 1521, by nobleman João Gomes Gaio, father of the knight João Martins Gaio, related with the maritime trade of [Vila do Conde](/wiki/Vila_do_Conde \"Vila do Conde\"). He lived in Póvoa civic center because there he could easily recruit men.As Procissões na Póvoa de Varzim (1900–1950\\). Volume 1 \\- Deolinda Carneiro, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto. 2006 This noble and influential family provided great benefits to Póvoa during that period. Madre Deus Chapel was an important building, popular amongst the common people due to its central location in the town and even more popular than the first church, the ancient Senhora de Varzim Church, located in [Dores Square](/wiki/Largo_das_Dores \"Largo das Dores\") in the old town.", "[thumb\\|left\\|House of António Cardia. Pilot\\-major of the Portuguese Armada during the defense of [Bahia](/wiki/Bahia \"Bahia\") in 1624\\. Cardia also established the local Holy Week Celebrations in 1687\\.](/wiki/File:Casa_Antonio_Cardia_Povoa_Varzim.JPG \"Casa Antonio Cardia Povoa Varzim.JPG\")\nDue to its central location and position of safety, unlike the main church, the ordinary judge of the town, councilmen and people asked the archbishop of Braga in 1544 for \"*a license to place the Holy Sacrament in the [sacrarium](/wiki/Sacrarium \"Sacrarium\")*\". This was granted and lead to the establishment of the [Corpus Christi Procession](/wiki/Corpus_Christi_%28feast%29 \"Corpus Christi (feast)\") in the town. Since 1591, the clergymen of the parishes of [Beiriz](/wiki/Beiriz \"Beiriz\"), [Amorim](/wiki/Amorim%2C_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim \"Amorim, Póvoa de Varzim\"), [Terroso](/wiki/Terroso \"Terroso\") and [Estela](/wiki/Estela_%28P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim%29 \"Estela (Póvoa de Varzim)\") were obliged to participate in this. Their number was augmented from 1625 by priests from [Laundos](/wiki/Laundos \"Laundos\"), [Navais](/wiki/Navais \"Navais\") and [Argivai](/wiki/Argivai \"Argivai\"), causing protests by [Vila do Conde](/wiki/Vila_do_Conde \"Vila do Conde\") in 1637 concerning the growing importance that Póvoa was getting in the region.", "Those surrounding parishes were integrated by the civil administration into the Municipality of Póvoa de Varzim after the liberal reforms of 1836\\. João Martins Gaio and his wife, Maria Afonso, were the chapel administrators. They and their son, Jorge Martins Gaio, were authorized to be buried in the chapel \"*with the coat of arms carved in rock, by authorization of the archbishop of Braga venerated Sir Barthelomeu dos Martires, given during the visit to the Town of [Esposende](/wiki/Esposende \"Esposende\") in January 13th, 1560\\.*\"", "The area between the Madre Deus Chapel and the Town Hall, referred to as a \"square of this town\" in 1596, was the true civic center, coming close to the role that a square played in a medieval city, where a cathedral or church dominated, the market took place and where the most important buildings of the city were built. The building of the Town Hall supplied the square with arches that were used as protection from the sun or rain, in this way it was the hub of public life. The local prison was also located on the Town Hall's ground floor.", "Several streets reached the Praça, these linked the urban core with the suburbs and were used by travelers from neighboring cities and towns, such as [Barcelos](/wiki/Barcelos%2C_Portugal \"Barcelos, Portugal\"), [Braga](/wiki/Braga \"Braga\"), [Guimarães](/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es \"Guimarães\"), and [Vila do Conde](/wiki/Vila_do_Conde \"Vila do Conde\"). Thus, with this conjugation of religious, administrative and commercial factors the Praça was a busy place.", "### 18th\\-century developments", "The Town Hall was rebuilt in 1713, when the Praça still had a wide square. Lieutenant Francisco Felix da Veiga Leal said in 1758 \"*Póvoa de Varzim has a very good town hall with the town's coat of arms painted on the ceiling of the hearing room. These same coat of arms are used in its senate standard ... and on the outside wall the Royal coat of arms are located. And this house is formed over six arches with its casing, and below it the bars of the two prison cells.*\"", "On February 18, 1743, the building of the new First Church of Póvoa de Varzim near the town hall was started, revealing the alliance between the Povoan Town Hall and the [Archdiocese of Braga](/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Braga \"Archdiocese of Braga\"). This was useful in the territorial disputes that the town had with the [House of Bragança](/wiki/House_of_Bragan%C3%A7a \"House of Bragança\"), specifically its Town of [Barcelos](/wiki/Barcelos%2C_Portugal \"Barcelos, Portugal\"). The Town Hall was part of the First Church Commission and developed efforts for the maintenance and enlargement of the old first church, the Church of Santa Maria de Varzim, as well as for the construction of the new one. It enjoyed special privileges granted by the Braga archbishops: the judge of the Town Hall was also judge of the church. In 1610, these privileges had already become entrenched in tradition and were respected, even if they were against the orders (*Capítulos*) emanating from the archdiocese.", "The new church opened to the public on January 6, 1757\\. It was of a large size and high artistic value for such a small, but growing, community. With the new church, the parochial community expanded to include nearby parishes such as Terroso and Amorim, where there were only very small chapels. After the building of the new church, the Praça became quadrangular in shape and was diminished in size, not only because of the church but also due to other buildings that had been constructed.", "### The 1791 Royal Provision and decline", "By the end of the 18th century, it was apparent that the Town Hall, which was also a judiciary court and a prison, was too small for the expanding town. With the Royal Provision, made by Queen Mary I in 1791, the [Praça Nova](/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_do_Almada \"Praça do Almada\") (the \"New Square\") was created with a larger town hall. The old town hall was given new functions and its style was modified with time. By the late 19th century, the Madre Deus chapel was demolished for street enlargement.{{Cite book \\| author \\= Baptista de Lima, João \\| title \\= Póvoa de Varzim \\- Monografia e Materiais para a sua história \\| publisher \\= Na Linha do horizonte \\- Biblioteca Poveira CMPV \\| year \\= 2008}}", "The importance of the Praça as the civic, economic and political center started to be broken down after the 1791 Royal Provision which restructured the urban arrangement of Póvoa de Varzim and relocated the municipal powers to the new square.", "" ]
Judgment -------- Justice [William P. Murphy (judge)](/wiki/William_P._Murphy_%28judge%29 "William P. Murphy (judge)") held that the advertisement constituted an offer, which could not be withdrawn. He described the facts and gave his decision as follows. {{blockquote\|The trial court properly disallowed plaintiff's claim for the value of the fur coats since the value of these articles was speculative and uncertain. The only evidence of value was the advertisement itself to the effect that the coats were "Worth to $100\.00," how much less being speculative especially in view of the price for which they were offered for sale. With reference to the offer of the defendant on April 13, 1956, to sell the "1 Black Lapin Stole ... worth $139\.50" the trial court held that the value of this article was established and granted judgment in favor of the plaintiff for that amount less the $1 quoted purchase price. The defendant contends that a newspaper advertisement offering items of merchandise for sale at a named price is a "unilateral offer" which may be withdrawn without notice. He relies upon authorities which hold that, where an advertiser publishes in a newspaper that he has a certain quantity or quality of goods which he wants to dispose of at certain prices and on certain terms, such advertisements are not offers which become contracts as soon as any person to whose notice they may come signifies his acceptance by notifying the other that he will take a certain quantity of them. Such advertisements have been construed as an invitation for an offer of sale on the terms stated, which offer, when received, may be accepted or rejected and which therefore does not become a contract of sale until accepted by the seller; and until a contract has been so made, the seller may modify or revoke such prices or terms. ''\[\[Montgomery Ward \& Co. v. Johnson]]'', 95 N.E. 290 (Mass. 1911\); ''\[\[Nickel v. Theresa Farmers Co\-op. Ass'n]]'', 20 N.W.2d 117 (Wis. 1945\); ''\[\[Lovett v. Frederick Loeser \& Co.]]'', 207 N.Y.S. 753 (N.Y. Mun. Ct. 1924\); ''\[\[Schenectady Stove Co. v. Holbrook]]'', 4 N.E. 4 (N.Y. 1885\); ''\[\[Georgian Co. v. Bloom]]'', 108 S.E. 813 (Ga. Ct. App. 1921\); ''\[\[Craft v. Elder \& Johnson Co.]]'', 38 N.E.2d 416 (Ohio Ct. App. 1941\). The defendant relies principally on ''\[\[Craft v. Elder \& Johnston Co.]]'', supra. In that case, the court discussed the legal effect of an advertisement offering for sale, as a one\-day special, an electric sewing machine at a named price. The view was expressed that the advertisement was "not an offer made to any specific person but was made to the public generally. Thereby it would be properly designated as a unilateral offer and not being supported by any consideration could be withdrawn at will and without notice." It is true that such an offer may be withdrawn before acceptance. Since all offers are by their nature unilateral because they are necessarily made by one party or on one side in the negotiation of a contract, the distinction made in that decision between a unilateral offer and a unilateral contract is not clear. On the facts before us we are concerned with whether the advertisement constituted an offer, and, if so, whether the plaintiff's conduct constituted an acceptance. There are numerous authorities which hold that a particular advertisement in a newspaper or circular letter relating to a sale of articles may be construed by the court as constituting an offer, acceptance of which would complete a contract. ''\[\[J.E. Pinkham Lumber Co. v. C.W. Griffin \& Co.]]'', 102 So. 689 (Ala. 1925\); ''\[\[Seymour v. Armstrong \& Kassebaum]]'', 64 P. 612 (Kan. 1901\); ''\[\[Payne v. Lautz Bros. \& Co.]]'', 166 N.Y.S. 844 (N.Y. City Ct. 1916\), aff'd, 168 N.Y.S. 369 (N.Y. Sup. Ct.), aff'd, 171 N.Y.S. 1094 (N.Y. App. Div. 1918\); ''\[\[Arnold v. Phillips]]'', 1 Ohio Dec. Reprint 195 (Ohio Ct. Common Pl. 1846\); ''\[\[Oliver v. Henley]]'', 21 S.W.2d 576 (Tex. Civ. App. 1929\). The test of whether a binding obligation may originate in advertisements addressed to the general public is "whether the facts show that some performance was promised in positive terms in return for something requested." 1 WILLISTON, CONTRACTS § 27 (Rev. ed. 1936\). The authorities above cited emphasize that, where the offer is clear, definite, and explicit, and leaves nothing open for negotiation, it constitutes an offer, acceptance of which will complete the contract. The most recent case on the subject is ''\[\[Johnson v. Capital City Ford Co.]]'', 85 So. 2d 75 (La. Ct. App. 1955\), in which the court pointed out that a newspaper advertisement relating to the purchase and sale of automobiles may constitute an offer, acceptance of which will consummate a contract and create an obligation in the offeror to perform according to the terms of the published offer. Whether in any individual instance a newspaper advertisement is an offer rather than an invitation to make an offer depends on the legal intention of the parties and the surrounding circumstances. We are of the view on the facts before us that the offer by the defendant of the sale of the Lapin fur was clear, definite, and explicit, and left nothing open for negotiation. The plaintiff having successfully managed to be the first one to appear at the seller's place of business to be served, as requested by the advertisement, and having offered the stated purchase price of the article, he was entitled to performance on the part of the defendant. We think the trial court was correct in holding that there was in the conduct of the parties a sufficient mutuality of obligation to constitute a contract of sale. The defendant contends that the offer was modified by a "house rule" to the effect that only women were qualified to receive the bargains advertised. The advertisement contained no such restriction. This objection may be disposed of briefly by stating that, while an advertiser has the right at any time before acceptance to modify his offer, he does not have the right, after acceptance, to impose new or arbitrary conditions not contained in the published offer. ''\[\[Payne v. Lautz Bros. \& Co.]]'', 166 N.Y.S. 844, 848 (N.Y. City Ct. 1916\); ''\[\[Mooney v. Daily News Co.]]'', 133 N.W. 573 (Minn. 1911\).}}
[ "Judgment\n--------", "Justice [William P. Murphy (judge)](/wiki/William_P._Murphy_%28judge%29 \"William P. Murphy (judge)\") held that the advertisement constituted an offer, which could not be withdrawn. He described the facts and gave his decision as follows.", "{{blockquote\\|The trial court properly disallowed plaintiff's claim for the value of the fur coats since the value of these articles was speculative and uncertain. The only evidence of value was the advertisement itself to the effect that the coats were \"Worth to $100\\.00,\" how much less being speculative especially in view of the price for which they were offered for sale. With reference to the offer of the defendant on April 13, 1956, to sell the \"1 Black Lapin Stole ... worth $139\\.50\" the trial court held that the value of this article was established and granted judgment in favor of the plaintiff for that amount less the $1 quoted purchase price.", "The defendant contends that a newspaper advertisement offering items of merchandise for sale at a named price is a \"unilateral offer\" which may be withdrawn without notice. He relies upon authorities which hold that, where an advertiser publishes in a newspaper that he has a certain quantity or quality of goods which he wants to dispose of at certain prices and on certain terms, such advertisements are not offers which become contracts as soon as any person to whose notice they may come signifies his acceptance by notifying the other that he will take a certain quantity of them. Such advertisements have been construed as an invitation for an offer of sale on the terms stated, which offer, when received, may be accepted or rejected and which therefore does not become a contract of sale until accepted by the seller; and until a contract has been so made, the seller may modify or revoke such prices or terms. ''\\[\\[Montgomery Ward \\& Co. v. Johnson]]'', 95 N.E. 290 (Mass. 1911\\); ''\\[\\[Nickel v. Theresa Farmers Co\\-op. Ass'n]]'', 20 N.W.2d 117 (Wis. 1945\\); ''\\[\\[Lovett v. Frederick Loeser \\& Co.]]'', 207 N.Y.S. 753 (N.Y. Mun. Ct. 1924\\); ''\\[\\[Schenectady Stove Co. v. Holbrook]]'', 4 N.E. 4 (N.Y. 1885\\); ''\\[\\[Georgian Co. v. Bloom]]'', 108 S.E. 813 (Ga. Ct. App. 1921\\); ''\\[\\[Craft v. Elder \\& Johnson Co.]]'', 38 N.E.2d 416 (Ohio Ct. App. 1941\\).", "The defendant relies principally on ''\\[\\[Craft v. Elder \\& Johnston Co.]]'', supra. In that case, the court discussed the legal effect of an advertisement offering for sale, as a one\\-day special, an electric sewing machine at a named price. The view was expressed that the advertisement was \"not an offer made to any specific person but was made to the public generally. Thereby it would be properly designated as a unilateral offer and not being supported by any consideration could be withdrawn at will and without notice.\" It is true that such an offer may be withdrawn before acceptance. Since all offers are by their nature unilateral because they are necessarily made by one party or on one side in the negotiation of a contract, the distinction made in that decision between a unilateral offer and a unilateral contract is not clear. On the facts before us we are concerned with whether the advertisement constituted an offer, and, if so, whether the plaintiff's conduct constituted an acceptance.", "There are numerous authorities which hold that a particular advertisement in a newspaper or circular letter relating to a sale of articles may be construed by the court as constituting an offer, acceptance of which would complete a contract. ''\\[\\[J.E. Pinkham Lumber Co. v. C.W. Griffin \\& Co.]]'', 102 So. 689 (Ala. 1925\\); ''\\[\\[Seymour v. Armstrong \\& Kassebaum]]'', 64 P. 612 (Kan. 1901\\); ''\\[\\[Payne v. Lautz Bros. \\& Co.]]'', 166 N.Y.S. 844 (N.Y. City Ct. 1916\\), aff'd, 168 N.Y.S. 369 (N.Y. Sup. Ct.), aff'd, 171 N.Y.S. 1094 (N.Y. App. Div. 1918\\); ''\\[\\[Arnold v. Phillips]]'', 1 Ohio Dec. Reprint 195 (Ohio Ct. Common Pl. 1846\\); ''\\[\\[Oliver v. Henley]]'', 21 S.W.2d 576 (Tex. Civ. App. 1929\\). The test of whether a binding obligation may originate in advertisements addressed to the general public is \"whether the facts show that some performance was promised in positive terms in return for something requested.\" 1 WILLISTON, CONTRACTS § 27 (Rev. ed. 1936\\).", "The authorities above cited emphasize that, where the offer is clear, definite, and explicit, and leaves nothing open for negotiation, it constitutes an offer, acceptance of which will complete the contract. The most recent case on the subject is ''\\[\\[Johnson v. Capital City Ford Co.]]'', 85 So. 2d 75 (La. Ct. App. 1955\\), in which the court pointed out that a newspaper advertisement relating to the purchase and sale of automobiles may constitute an offer, acceptance of which will consummate a contract and create an obligation in the offeror to perform according to the terms of the published offer.", "Whether in any individual instance a newspaper advertisement is an offer rather than an invitation to make an offer depends on the legal intention of the parties and the surrounding circumstances. We are of the view on the facts before us that the offer by the defendant of the sale of the Lapin fur was clear, definite, and explicit, and left nothing open for negotiation. The plaintiff having successfully managed to be the first one to appear at the seller's place of business to be served, as requested by the advertisement, and having offered the stated purchase price of the article, he was entitled to performance on the part of the defendant. We think the trial court was correct in holding that there was in the conduct of the parties a sufficient mutuality of obligation to constitute a contract of sale.", "The defendant contends that the offer was modified by a \"house rule\" to the effect that only women were qualified to receive the bargains advertised. The advertisement contained no such restriction. This objection may be disposed of briefly by stating that, while an advertiser has the right at any time before acceptance to modify his offer, he does not have the right, after acceptance, to impose new or arbitrary conditions not contained in the published offer. ''\\[\\[Payne v. Lautz Bros. \\& Co.]]'', 166 N.Y.S. 844, 848 (N.Y. City Ct. 1916\\); ''\\[\\[Mooney v. Daily News Co.]]'', 133 N.W. 573 (Minn. 1911\\).}}", "" ]
Plot ---- {{Long plot\|reason\=Over a thousand words\|date\=October 2020}} Twelve\-year\-old Michael, nicknamed "Fresh", stops at a woman's apartment to pick up dime bags of heroin before he goes to school. Next, he visits another apartment where several women and one man, Herbie, are measuring and cutting bricks of heroin. Fresh meets up with another of his boss Esteban's employees to count the drugs. Fresh arrives late at school, where he is scolded by his teacher. At recess, Fresh and his best friend, Chuckie, watch the girls' cheerleading team, and Fresh talks to one of the girls, Rosie. After school, he goes to his grandmother's house where his aunt and eleven cousins live. The next day, Jake, one of the lookouts, threatens to kill Kermit, who didn't show up to pay the $50 he owes. Fresh seeks out Corky — his boss as well as Jake's — in order to get paid and demands more money since the lookouts make $50, while his pay is $100 for selling the drugs. Corky agrees. Fresh takes the subway to Washington Square to play chess for cash with a man who is undefeated while his father Sam, a skilled chess player, watches. After winning, Fresh plays his father but loses. Fresh visits Chuckie, who proposes to enter their dog, Roscoe, in a dogfight to earn cash and urges Fresh to get him a job with Esteban. Fresh leaves him to visit Esteban, who is annoyed that Fresh is selling crack for other drug dealers. Fresh leaves Esteban to go to where his sister Nichole works. He bumps into James, Nichole's drug\-dealing boyfriend. Fresh warns Nichole that Esteban is interested in her. Fresh goes to watch a neighborhood basketball game, where Jake shows jealousy towards a smaller kid, Curtis. During the game, Curtis wins, and Jake kills him. Rosie is struck in the neck by a stray bullet and dies. The police arrive, demanding information that Fresh refuses to provide. The next day, Fresh plays chess with his father Sam again and loses but puts his father’s king in "check" for the first time. Later, Chuckie and Fresh arrive at the dogfight. Their dog Roscoe wins. Chuckie wants to enter him into another fight but Fresh stops him, agreeing to get him a job with Esteban. They go to Esteban's apartment where Esteban and Nichole are finishing having sex. Unimpressed with Chuckie, Esteban dismisses him and tells Fresh that he plans to groom him to be his protege and wants him to work for him only. Meanwhile, Corky has had the police's attention since Jake's shooting. Fresh takes his savings to a cocaine source, Hector (Anthony Ruiz), under the pretense of being the runner for Corky. Hector refuses to hand over the drugs to Fresh. Fresh threatens him and offers him all of his savings. Hector takes the cash and tells Fresh where to pick up the drugs. Fresh says that the police have wire\-tapped Corky's phone numbers and tells Hector not to call Corky. After school, Chuckie and Fresh buy science textbooks to hide the drugs. They go to an abandoned house where Fresh is replacing their heroin stash with Hector's cocaine, while Chuckie keeps a lookout thinking he's just there to hide it. When they are leaving, three armed men arrive and kill Chuckie. Fresh is questioned by the police but is let go. Back at home, Fresh's aunt tells him that she cannot risk the lives of her eleven other children for him and informs him that he will be sent to a group home. At school, Fresh's friends blame him for Chuckie's death and now truly alone, Fresh kills Roscoe. When he goes outside, Jake forces him into the car with the three assailants, revealing that Jake was behind the ambush on the kids. They bring Fresh to Corky, who is upset with Chuckie's bragging about moving cocaine for Esteban \- the same drugs that Corky is selling \- and that Esteban is encroaching on his product. The drugs that Jake and the assailants took from Chuckie's bag reveal that both Fresh and Chuckie were carrying crack cocaine. Fresh lies, stating that he was being forced to sell for Jake. Corky's henchmen turn on Jake and his friend, Red. Fresh insists that Jake and Red were planning to oust Corky and he was only saying that he was selling for Esteban as protection. Fresh tells them to call Hector, who will reveal the truth. Corky calls Hector, who expresses concern over Corky's phone being wire\-tapped, as Fresh told Hector. Corky then kills Red and Jake and asks who else is involved. Fresh names James. Fresh then goes to Esteban's warehouse and tells him that Corky's crew had jumped him and that Corky is planning to sell heroin. He tells Esteban that Corky's distributor is James and the two are planning to meet that night. He adds that Nichole is seeing James secretly because James is plotting with Corky to kill Esteban. Corky and his men arrive at James' place and storm in while Esteban, Fresh, and two other men wait in Esteban's car. Inside, Esteban's crew kills James, Corky, and Corky's men. Afterward, they drive to Esteban's place, and Esteban sees that Nichole is there. He tells his henchmen to take Fresh home. Fresh makes them stop the car and leaves. He runs into a convenience store and makes a phone call. He then shows up at Esteban's apartment. Esteban lets him stay because he wants to confront Fresh for telling Nichole that he found her father in Staten Island and for urging her to leave for a rehabilitation center. Angry, Esteban demands to know what else Fresh is hiding. The police arrive, and as Esteban answers the door, Fresh hides something under the bed. The police officer is Sgt. Perez, responding to a call about a domestic dispute, presumably the call Fresh made before he visited Esteban. Fresh tells Perez that Esteban is a drug dealer who killed James, Corky, and several others that night, and his sister is scared to speak up since he is threatening her. Perez checks under the bed and finds Esteban's gun, which he removed from the car after the shooting earlier, and the drugs Fresh planted. The police take Esteban away. Perez promises [witness protection](/wiki/Witness_protection "Witness protection") for Fresh and his sister. The movie concludes with Fresh meeting his father again to play chess. His father berates him for being late, then looks up and sees Fresh sobbing.
[ "Plot\n----", "{{Long plot\\|reason\\=Over a thousand words\\|date\\=October 2020}}\nTwelve\\-year\\-old Michael, nicknamed \"Fresh\", stops at a woman's apartment to pick up dime bags of heroin before he goes to school. Next, he visits another apartment where several women and one man, Herbie, are measuring and cutting bricks of heroin. Fresh meets up with another of his boss Esteban's employees to count the drugs.", "Fresh arrives late at school, where he is scolded by his teacher. At recess, Fresh and his best friend, Chuckie, watch the girls' cheerleading team, and Fresh talks to one of the girls, Rosie. After school, he goes to his grandmother's house where his aunt and eleven cousins live.", "The next day, Jake, one of the lookouts, threatens to kill Kermit, who didn't show up to pay the $50 he owes. Fresh seeks out Corky — his boss as well as Jake's — in order to get paid and demands more money since the lookouts make $50, while his pay is $100 for selling the drugs. Corky agrees.", "Fresh takes the subway to Washington Square to play chess for cash with a man who is undefeated while his father Sam, a skilled chess player, watches. After winning, Fresh plays his father but loses. Fresh visits Chuckie, who proposes to enter their dog, Roscoe, in a dogfight to earn cash and urges Fresh to get him a job with Esteban. Fresh leaves him to visit Esteban, who is annoyed that Fresh is selling crack for other drug dealers. Fresh leaves Esteban to go to where his sister Nichole works. He bumps into James, Nichole's drug\\-dealing boyfriend. Fresh warns Nichole that Esteban is interested in her.", "Fresh goes to watch a neighborhood basketball game, where Jake shows jealousy towards a smaller kid, Curtis. During the game, Curtis wins, and Jake kills him. Rosie is struck in the neck by a stray bullet and dies. The police arrive, demanding information that Fresh refuses to provide.", "The next day, Fresh plays chess with his father Sam again and loses but puts his father’s king in \"check\" for the first time. Later, Chuckie and Fresh arrive at the dogfight. Their dog Roscoe wins. Chuckie wants to enter him into another fight but Fresh stops him, agreeing to get him a job with Esteban. They go to Esteban's apartment where Esteban and Nichole are finishing having sex. Unimpressed with Chuckie, Esteban dismisses him and tells Fresh that he plans to groom him to be his protege and wants him to work for him only.", "Meanwhile, Corky has had the police's attention since Jake's shooting. Fresh takes his savings to a cocaine source, Hector (Anthony Ruiz), under the pretense of being the runner for Corky. Hector refuses to hand over the drugs to Fresh. Fresh threatens him and offers him all of his savings. Hector takes the cash and tells Fresh where to pick up the drugs. Fresh says that the police have wire\\-tapped Corky's phone numbers and tells Hector not to call Corky.", "After school, Chuckie and Fresh buy science textbooks to hide the drugs. They go to an abandoned house where Fresh is replacing their heroin stash with Hector's cocaine, while Chuckie keeps a lookout thinking he's just there to hide it. When they are leaving, three armed men arrive and kill Chuckie. Fresh is questioned by the police but is let go.", "Back at home, Fresh's aunt tells him that she cannot risk the lives of her eleven other children for him and informs him that he will be sent to a group home. At school, Fresh's friends blame him for Chuckie's death and now truly alone, Fresh kills Roscoe. When he goes outside, Jake forces him into the car with the three assailants, revealing that Jake was behind the ambush on the kids. They bring Fresh to Corky, who is upset with Chuckie's bragging about moving cocaine for Esteban \\- the same drugs that Corky is selling \\- and that Esteban is encroaching on his product. The drugs that Jake and the assailants took from Chuckie's bag reveal that both Fresh and Chuckie were carrying crack cocaine.", "Fresh lies, stating that he was being forced to sell for Jake. Corky's henchmen turn on Jake and his friend, Red. Fresh insists that Jake and Red were planning to oust Corky and he was only saying that he was selling for Esteban as protection. Fresh tells them to call Hector, who will reveal the truth. Corky calls Hector, who expresses concern over Corky's phone being wire\\-tapped, as Fresh told Hector. Corky then kills Red and Jake and asks who else is involved. Fresh names James.", "Fresh then goes to Esteban's warehouse and tells him that Corky's crew had jumped him and that Corky is planning to sell heroin. He tells Esteban that Corky's distributor is James and the two are planning to meet that night. He adds that Nichole is seeing James secretly because James is plotting with Corky to kill Esteban. Corky and his men arrive at James' place and storm in while Esteban, Fresh, and two other men wait in Esteban's car. Inside, Esteban's crew kills James, Corky, and Corky's men.", "Afterward, they drive to Esteban's place, and Esteban sees that Nichole is there. He tells his henchmen to take Fresh home. Fresh makes them stop the car and leaves. He runs into a convenience store and makes a phone call. He then shows up at Esteban's apartment. Esteban lets him stay because he wants to confront Fresh for telling Nichole that he found her father in Staten Island and for urging her to leave for a rehabilitation center.", "Angry, Esteban demands to know what else Fresh is hiding. The police arrive, and as Esteban answers the door, Fresh hides something under the bed. The police officer is Sgt. Perez, responding to a call about a domestic dispute, presumably the call Fresh made before he visited Esteban. Fresh tells Perez that Esteban is a drug dealer who killed James, Corky, and several others that night, and his sister is scared to speak up since he is threatening her. Perez checks under the bed and finds Esteban's gun, which he removed from the car after the shooting earlier, and the drugs Fresh planted. The police take Esteban away. Perez promises [witness protection](/wiki/Witness_protection \"Witness protection\") for Fresh and his sister.", "The movie concludes with Fresh meeting his father again to play chess. His father berates him for being late, then looks up and sees Fresh sobbing.", "" ]
Events ------ On August 7, Furrow bought a used red Chevrolet van in [Tacoma, Washington](/wiki/Tacoma%2C_Washington "Tacoma, Washington") and loaded it with five [rifles](/wiki/Rifle "Rifle"), two pistols, 6,000 rounds of ammunition and a flak jacket. Furrow considered attacking three Jewish institutions: the [Skirball Cultural Center](/wiki/Skirball_Cultural_Center "Skirball Cultural Center"), the [American Jewish University](/wiki/American_Jewish_University "American Jewish University") and the [Simon Wiesenthal Center](/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center "Simon Wiesenthal Center")'s Museum of Tolerance, but the presence of armed guards deterred him."The Kids Got In The Way: All the warning signs were there, but still Buford Furrow got his hands on guns and went on a rampage." *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)")*. 154\.8\. August 23, 1999\. p24\."A Visitor from the Dark Side: The accused L.A. gunner drove into town on a high of delusion and self\-destruction." *[Newsweek](/wiki/Newsweek "Newsweek")*. 134\.9\. August 23, 1999\. p32\. Furrow proceeded to drive again from [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28U.S._state%29 "Washington (U.S. state)") to the [San Fernando Valley](/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley "San Fernando Valley") with the stated purpose of "killing Jews". Three days later, Furrow pulled off the freeway into the Granada Hills area of Los Angeles and made his way to the North Valley Jewish Community Center just before 11 a.m. There were about 250 children playing outside,"Suspect in L.A. Shootings Surrenders in Las Vegas \-\- He may be charged in second gun attack." *[The Seattle Times](/wiki/The_Seattle_Times "The Seattle Times")*. August 11, 1999\. pA1\. when Furrow walked into the lobby carrying an [Uzi](/wiki/Uzi "Uzi")\-type [submachine\-gun](/wiki/Submachine-gun "Submachine-gun")."Separatist in fed court." *[United Press International](/wiki/United_Press_International "United Press International")*. August 31, 1999\. He opened fire, spraying bullets from right to left, leaving smoke and more than 70 casings on the ground, leaving a receptionist, a camp counselor and three boys wounded. Furrow fled the scene in his van. Twenty minutes later, he carjacked a woman's Toyota at gunpoint, left the van behind, and then dumped the Toyota at a Chatsworth motel.: "Manhunt; Police on suspect's trail after children are gunned down in school." *[Birmingham Evening Mail](/wiki/Birmingham_Mail "Birmingham Mail")*. August 11, 1999\. p13\. The shootings ended with the death of USPS postal worker Joseph Santos Ileto (born March 19, 1960\) in [Chatsworth](/wiki/Chatsworth%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California "Chatsworth, Los Angeles, California"), a few miles away from the center. Ileto had just delivered mail to a home and was returning to his postal truck when Furrow asked Ileto to mail a letter for him. As Ileto agreed, Furrow pulled out a [Glock](/wiki/Glock "Glock") [9mm](/wiki/9mm "9mm") handgunWeinstein, Henry. "Slain Postman's Mother Can Sue Weapon Makers." *Los Angeles Times* May 29, 2004: B1\. and shot Ileto nine times. Later, he would confess that he murdered Ileto because he thought Ileto was Latino or Asian (Ileto was [Filipino American](/wiki/Filipino_American "Filipino American")), because Ileto was a federal employee.[The Asian Pacific American Legal Center of Southern California](http://apalc.org/iletoevent/iletomurder.php). Retrieved August 3, 2006\. {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051218175134/http://apalc.org/iletoevent/iletomurder.php \|date\=December 18, 2005 }}"Joined Against Hate Crimes Families of Victims Speak Out About Gun Violence". *Daily News*. August 11, 2004\. pN4\.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/US/9908/12/california.shooting.03//\|date\=August 12, 1999\|title\=L.A. shooting suspect charged with hate crimes \|publisher\=CNN}} Police found Furrow's abandoned van, where they discovered a cache of ammunition, rifle magazines, [bulletproof vests](/wiki/Bulletproof_vest "Bulletproof vest"), homemade explosives, a Ranger Handbook, and freeze\-dried food. Two books by [Richard Kelly Hoskins](/wiki/Richard_Kelly_Hoskins "Richard Kelly Hoskins"), a Lynchburg, Virginia, leader of the [Christian Identity](/wiki/Christian_Identity "Christian Identity") movement were also found; a copy of the book *War Cycles, Peace Cycles*, and *Vigilantes of Christendom: The Story of the [Phineas Priesthood](/wiki/Phineas_Priesthood "Phineas Priesthood")*, a book which according to the [Anti\-Defamation League](/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League "Anti-Defamation League") justifies [antisemitic](/wiki/Antisemitism "Antisemitism") and [racist](/wiki/Racism "Racism") acts of violence.Seper, Jerry. (August 13, 1999\). "Close eye kept on U.S. hate groups: Monitors had large file on suspect." *[The Washington Times](/wiki/The_Washington_Times "The Washington Times")*. p12\. Furrow fled 275\-miles in an $800 taxi ride from [Los Angeles, California](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California "Los Angeles, California") to [Las Vegas, Nevada](/wiki/Las_Vegas%2C_Nevada "Las Vegas, Nevada"), ending the manhunt by walking into an FBI office to confess, saying "You're looking for me, I killed the kids in Los Angeles." Furrow also stated that he wanted his shooting to be "a wakeup call to America to kill Jews.""Shooting suspect gives up White supremacist held in L.A. attack." *[The Florida Times\-Union](/wiki/The_Florida_Times-Union "The Florida Times-Union")*. August 11, 1999\. pA\-1\.
[ "Events\n------", "On August 7, Furrow bought a used red Chevrolet van in [Tacoma, Washington](/wiki/Tacoma%2C_Washington \"Tacoma, Washington\") and loaded it with five [rifles](/wiki/Rifle \"Rifle\"), two pistols, 6,000 rounds of ammunition and a flak jacket. Furrow considered attacking three Jewish institutions: the [Skirball Cultural Center](/wiki/Skirball_Cultural_Center \"Skirball Cultural Center\"), the [American Jewish University](/wiki/American_Jewish_University \"American Jewish University\") and the [Simon Wiesenthal Center](/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center \"Simon Wiesenthal Center\")'s Museum of Tolerance, but the presence of armed guards deterred him.\"The Kids Got In The Way: All the warning signs were there, but still Buford Furrow got his hands on guns and went on a rampage.\" *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")*. 154\\.8\\. August 23, 1999\\. p24\\.\"A Visitor from the Dark Side: The accused L.A. gunner drove into town on a high of delusion and self\\-destruction.\" *[Newsweek](/wiki/Newsweek \"Newsweek\")*. 134\\.9\\. August 23, 1999\\. p32\\.", "Furrow proceeded to drive again from [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28U.S._state%29 \"Washington (U.S. state)\") to the [San Fernando Valley](/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley \"San Fernando Valley\") with the stated purpose of \"killing Jews\". Three days later, Furrow pulled off the freeway into the Granada Hills area of Los Angeles and made his way to the North Valley Jewish Community Center just before 11 a.m. There were about 250 children playing outside,\"Suspect in L.A. Shootings Surrenders in Las Vegas \\-\\- He may be charged in second gun attack.\" *[The Seattle Times](/wiki/The_Seattle_Times \"The Seattle Times\")*. August 11, 1999\\. pA1\\. when Furrow walked into the lobby carrying an [Uzi](/wiki/Uzi \"Uzi\")\\-type [submachine\\-gun](/wiki/Submachine-gun \"Submachine-gun\").\"Separatist in fed court.\" *[United Press International](/wiki/United_Press_International \"United Press International\")*. August 31, 1999\\. He opened fire, spraying bullets from right to left, leaving smoke and more than 70 casings on the ground, leaving a receptionist, a camp counselor and three boys wounded.", "Furrow fled the scene in his van. Twenty minutes later, he carjacked a woman's Toyota at gunpoint, left the van behind, and then dumped the Toyota at a Chatsworth motel.: \"Manhunt; Police on suspect's trail after children are gunned down in school.\" *[Birmingham Evening Mail](/wiki/Birmingham_Mail \"Birmingham Mail\")*. August 11, 1999\\. p13\\.", "The shootings ended with the death of USPS postal worker Joseph Santos Ileto (born March 19, 1960\\) in [Chatsworth](/wiki/Chatsworth%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Chatsworth, Los Angeles, California\"), a few miles away from the center. Ileto had just delivered mail to a home and was returning to his postal truck when Furrow asked Ileto to mail a letter for him. As Ileto agreed, Furrow pulled out a [Glock](/wiki/Glock \"Glock\") [9mm](/wiki/9mm \"9mm\") handgunWeinstein, Henry. \"Slain Postman's Mother Can Sue Weapon Makers.\" *Los Angeles Times* May 29, 2004: B1\\. and shot Ileto nine times. Later, he would confess that he murdered Ileto because he thought Ileto was Latino or Asian (Ileto was [Filipino American](/wiki/Filipino_American \"Filipino American\")), because Ileto was a federal employee.[The Asian Pacific American Legal Center of Southern California](http://apalc.org/iletoevent/iletomurder.php). Retrieved August 3, 2006\\. {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051218175134/http://apalc.org/iletoevent/iletomurder.php \\|date\\=December 18, 2005 }}\"Joined Against Hate Crimes Families of Victims Speak Out About Gun Violence\". *Daily News*. August 11, 2004\\. pN4\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/US/9908/12/california.shooting.03//\\|date\\=August 12, 1999\\|title\\=L.A. shooting suspect charged with hate crimes \\|publisher\\=CNN}}", "Police found Furrow's abandoned van, where they discovered a cache of ammunition, rifle magazines, [bulletproof vests](/wiki/Bulletproof_vest \"Bulletproof vest\"), homemade explosives, a Ranger Handbook, and freeze\\-dried food. Two books by [Richard Kelly Hoskins](/wiki/Richard_Kelly_Hoskins \"Richard Kelly Hoskins\"), a Lynchburg, Virginia, leader of the [Christian Identity](/wiki/Christian_Identity \"Christian Identity\") movement were also found; a copy of the book *War Cycles, Peace Cycles*, and *Vigilantes of Christendom: The Story of the [Phineas Priesthood](/wiki/Phineas_Priesthood \"Phineas Priesthood\")*, a book which according to the [Anti\\-Defamation League](/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League \"Anti-Defamation League\") justifies [antisemitic](/wiki/Antisemitism \"Antisemitism\") and [racist](/wiki/Racism \"Racism\") acts of violence.Seper, Jerry. (August 13, 1999\\). \"Close eye kept on U.S. hate groups: Monitors had large file on suspect.\" *[The Washington Times](/wiki/The_Washington_Times \"The Washington Times\")*. p12\\.", "Furrow fled 275\\-miles in an $800 taxi ride from [Los Angeles, California](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Los Angeles, California\") to [Las Vegas, Nevada](/wiki/Las_Vegas%2C_Nevada \"Las Vegas, Nevada\"), ending the manhunt by walking into an FBI office to confess, saying \"You're looking for me, I killed the kids in Los Angeles.\" Furrow also stated that he wanted his shooting to be \"a wakeup call to America to kill Jews.\"\"Shooting suspect gives up White supremacist held in L.A. attack.\" *[The Florida Times\\-Union](/wiki/The_Florida_Times-Union \"The Florida Times-Union\")*. August 11, 1999\\. pA\\-1\\.", "" ]
Career ------ ### 1938–1949: Early career Brooks wrote sports for the *[Philadelphia Record](/wiki/Philadelphia_Record "Philadelphia Record")* and later joined the staff of the *Atlantic City Press\-Union.* He moved to New York to work for the *[World\-Telegram](/wiki/New_York_World-Telegram "New York World-Telegram");* shortly afterward he took a job with radio station [WNEW](/wiki/WBBR "WBBR") for a larger paycheck. As a newsman for the station, he reported and read stories on the air and provided commentary. Brooks also began writing plays in 1938 and tried directing for Long Island's Mill Pond Theater in 1940\. A falling out with his theater colleagues that summer led him to drive to Los Angeles on a whim, hoping to find work in the film industry. He also may have been trying to escape a marriage; a legal document indicates he was married at least part of the time he lived in New York. He did not find film work but was hired by the NBC affiliate to write original stories and read them for a daily fifteen\-minute broadcast called *Sidestreet Vignettes.* His marriage, in 1941, to [Jeanne Kelly](/wiki/Jean_Brooks "Jean Brooks"), an actress at [Universal Studios](/wiki/Universal_Studios "Universal Studios"), may have helped to open the door to writing for the studio. He contributed dialogue to a few films and wrote two screenplays for the popular actress [Maria Montez](/wiki/Maria_Montez "Maria Montez"), known as the "Queen of Technicolor." With no prospect of moving into more prestigious productions, he quit Universal and joined the [U.S. Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps") in 1943 during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").[Richard Brooks, Director: Life Events](https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/23128%7C129666/Richard-Brooks/#life-events) [Turner Classic Movies](/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies "Turner Classic Movies"). Retrieved November 2, 2023\. Brooks never served overseas during the war, instead working in the Marine Corps film unit at Quantico, Virginia, and at times at Camp Pendleton, California. In his two years in uniform he learned more about the basics of filmmaking, including writing and editing documentaries. He also found time to write a novel, *The Brick Foxhole,* a searing portrait of some stateside soldiers who were tainted by religious and racial bigotry, and opposed to homosexuals. In 1944 he divorced his wife, then known in films as Jean Brooks. Later he said he had been a self\-centered husband and unsuitable for what she needed. His book was published in 1945 to favorable reviews. It was adapted as the film *[Crossfire](/wiki/Crossfire_%28film%29 "Crossfire (film)")* (1947\) with the homosexual element removed. It was the first major Hollywood film to deal with [anti\-Semitism](/wiki/Anti-Semitism "Anti-Semitism"), receiving an Oscar nomination. The novel drew the attention of independent producer [Mark Hellinger](/wiki/Mark_Hellinger "Mark Hellinger"), who hired Brooks as a screenwriter after he left the Marines. Working for Hellinger brought Brooks back to the film industry and led to a long friendship with actor [Humphrey Bogart](/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart "Humphrey Bogart"), a close friend of the producer. Brooks provided an uncredited screen story for *[The Killers](/wiki/The_Killers_%281946_film%29 "The Killers (1946 film)")* (1946\), which introduced actor [Burt Lancaster](/wiki/Burt_Lancaster "Burt Lancaster"). He wrote the scripts for two other Hellinger films, notably *[Brute Force](/wiki/Brute_Force_%281947_film%29 "Brute Force (1947 film)")* (1947\), also starring Lancaster. After Hellinger died suddenly in 1947, Brooks wrote screenplays for three [Warner Brothers](/wiki/Warner_Brothers "Warner Brothers") films, including *[Key Largo](/wiki/Key_Largo_%28film%29 "Key Largo (film)")* (1948\), starring Bogart and wife [Lauren Bacall](/wiki/Lauren_Bacall "Lauren Bacall") and directed and co\-written by [John Huston](/wiki/John_Huston "John Huston"), another Brooks mentor. Huston and Brooks had both worked together previously in the uncredited rewrite for *The Killers*, and Huston would be the only co\-writer Brooks ever had. While filming *Key Largo*, Huston allowed Brooks to be on the *Key Largo* set during shooting, so that he could learn more about directing a Hollywood film. Brooks wrote two more novels shortly after the war, *The Boiling Point* (1948\) and *The Producer* (1951\), a thinly disguised portrait of Mark Hellinger. It may also have contained autobiographical elements about Brooks. In 1946 he married again, to Harriette Levin, who had no apparent connection to the film industry. Their marriage lasted until 1957, when she sought a default divorce. ### 1950–1959: Breakthrough at MGM [thumb\|right\|Richard Brooks on set at MGM studios, 1950s](/wiki/File:Richard_Brooks_on_set_set_at_MGM_Studios_in_the_50%27s.jpg "Richard Brooks on set set at MGM Studios in the 50's.jpg") Success as a screenwriter with Hellinger and Warner Brothers led Brooks to a contract with [MGM](/wiki/MGM "MGM") and the promise of a chance to direct. He wrote two screenplays for the studio before he was given the opportunity. His first film as writer and director, *[Crisis](/wiki/Crisis_%281950_film%29 "Crisis (1950 film)")* (1950\), starred [Cary Grant](/wiki/Cary_Grant "Cary Grant") as a brain surgeon forced to save the life of a South American dictator, played by [José Ferrer](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrer "José Ferrer"). His second film, *[The Light Touch](/wiki/The_Light_Touch "The Light Touch")* (1951\), an art\-theft [caper film](/wiki/Heist_film "Heist film") starring [Stewart Granger](/wiki/Stewart_Granger "Stewart Granger"), was shot in Italy. Brooks recounted useful advice he received just before his directorial debut from cinematographer [Karl Freund](/wiki/Karl_Freund "Karl Freund") while speaking at the [American Film Institute](/wiki/American_Film_Institute "American Film Institute"). Freund gave Brooks reels of 16mm film, calling them "Lesson Number One." When Brooks watched the reels at home, he saw that they were pornography. The next day, Freund explained: "I produced them. My pictures, 1922\. Many times you will be wondering, do you put the camera here, or up here, or down here? Maybe you make the scene a little bigger, or a little smaller. Lesson Number One. Get to the fucking point."Basinger, Jeanine \& Wasson, Sam, Hollywood: The Oral History, Harper, 2022, pg 332\-333 Brooks came into his own when he directed an original screenplay, *[Deadline – U.S.A.](/wiki/Deadline_%E2%80%93_U.S.A. "Deadline – U.S.A.")* (1952\), for [20th Century\-Fox](/wiki/20th_Century-Fox "20th Century-Fox"), starring his friend Humphrey Bogart. Based on the closing of the *[New York World](/wiki/New_York_World "New York World")*, the film was part [gangster picture](/wiki/Gangster_film "Gangster film"), part newspaper drama. At its core was an issue Brooks cared about: the consolidation of the newspaper industry and its effect on the diversity of voices in the press. The film remains one of the more highly regarded dramas about American newspapers. Brooks directed four more films before achieving an unqualified hit with *[Blackboard Jungle](/wiki/Blackboard_Jungle "Blackboard Jungle")* (1955\) starring [Glenn Ford](/wiki/Glenn_Ford "Glenn Ford"). Based on a best\-seller by [Evan Hunter](/wiki/Evan_Hunter "Evan Hunter"), the film was shocking for its time in its presentation of juvenile delinquency. It also offered a career\-making supporting role for a young black actor, [Sidney Poitier](/wiki/Sidney_Poitier "Sidney Poitier"), and early roles for actors [Vic Morrow](/wiki/Vic_Morrow "Vic Morrow"), [Jamie Farr](/wiki/Jamie_Farr "Jamie Farr") and [Paul Mazursky](/wiki/Paul_Mazursky "Paul Mazursky"). Brooks chose to begin and end the film with the song "[Rock Around the Clock](/wiki/Rock_Around_the_Clock "Rock Around the Clock")", bringing [rock 'n' roll](/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_roll "Rock 'n' roll") to a major Hollywood production for the first time and sparking a No. 1 hit for [Bill Haley and the Comets](/wiki/Bill_Haley_and_the_Comets "Bill Haley and the Comets"). *Blackboard Jungle* was nominated for an Oscar for its screenplay, and was MGM's top moneymaker that year. In 1955, Brooks was one of four American [auteur](/wiki/Auteur "Auteur") filmmakers named as "rebels" by the French magazine *[Cahiers du Cinéma](/wiki/Cahiers_du_Cin%C3%A9ma "Cahiers du Cinéma").*{{cite journal\|last\=Thomson\|first\=David\|title\=Iconoclast/Robert Aldrich: Going for Broke\|journal\=DGA Quarterly\|year\=2010\|issue\=Spring\|pages\=56\|url\=http://www.dga.org/Craft/DGAQ/All\-Articles/1001\-Spring\-2010/Profile\-Robert\-Aldrich.aspx\|access\-date\=July 15, 2013}} Box\-office success was what gave the writer/director more freedom at MGM, but Brooks also recognized that he would never have complete control of his films while under contract. He determined to avoid writing original screenplays and focused on adaptations of best\-sellers or classic novels. He later noted that adapting a novel gave him a head start on developing the story structure required for a screenplay. He spent the rest of the decade at MGM, where his most notable film was an adaptation of [Tennessee Williams](/wiki/Tennessee_Williams "Tennessee Williams")'s sexually charged play *[Cat on a Hot Tin Roof](/wiki/Cat_on_a_Hot_Tin_Roof_%281958_film%29 "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958 film)")* (1958\). A huge hit for MGM – it drew more money and a larger audience than any other film Brooks ever directed – the film was a high point in the career of [Elizabeth Taylor](/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor "Elizabeth Taylor") and made a star of [Paul Newman](/wiki/Paul_Newman "Paul Newman"). It brought Brooks his first Oscar nomination for directing and the first Best Picture nomination in his directorial career. ### 1960–1985: Work post\-MGM [thumb\|left\|Brooks and Peter O'Toole on *[Lord Jim](/wiki/Lord_Jim_%281965_film%29 "Lord Jim (1965 film)")* (1965\) set in Cambodia](/wiki/File:Richard_Brooks_Peter_O%27Toole_Lord_Jim.jpg "Richard Brooks Peter O'Toole Lord Jim.jpg") Brooks spent the last third of his film career working in relative independence. In 1958, he signed a non\-exclusive, seven\-year writer\-director deal with [Columbia Pictures](/wiki/Columbia_Pictures "Columbia Pictures") that was to earn him over $1 million.{{cite magazine\|title\=Inside Stuff – Pictures\|magazine\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|date\=November 26, 1958\|page\=18\|url\=http://www.archive.org/stream/variety212\-1958\-11\#page/n245/mode/1up\|access\-date\=July 7, 2019\|via\=\[\[Archive.org]]}} He followed the success of *Cat on a Hot Tin Roof* with an independent production for [United Artists](/wiki/United_Artists "United Artists") of *[Elmer Gantry](/wiki/Elmer_Gantry_%28film%29 "Elmer Gantry (film)")* (1960\), based on the novel by [Sinclair Lewis](/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis "Sinclair Lewis"). The story of a phony preacher, played by [Burt Lancaster](/wiki/Burt_Lancaster "Burt Lancaster"), and a sincere revivalist, played by [Jean Simmons](/wiki/Jean_Simmons "Jean Simmons"), was edgy for the time. As it had for *Blackboard Jungle* and *Cat on a Hot Tin Roof*, controversy accompanied the film's release and helped bring people to theaters. The movie received five Academy Award nominations, including one for best picture, and won Oscars for Brooks' screenplay,{{cite book\|title\=501 Movie Directors\|editor\-first\=Steven Jay\|editor\-last\=Schneider\|publisher\=Cassell Illustrated\|location\=London\|year\=2007\|page\=196\|isbn\=9781844035731\|oclc\=1347156402}} Lancaster as lead actor and for [Shirley Jones](/wiki/Shirley_Jones "Shirley Jones") as supporting actress. Brooks adapted and directed another Tennessee Williams play, *[Sweet Bird of Youth](/wiki/Sweet_Bird_of_Youth_%281962_film%29 "Sweet Bird of Youth (1962 film)")* (1962\). [Ed Begley](/wiki/Ed_Begley "Ed Begley") won a Best Supporting Oscar for his role in the film. While popular and well\-received critically, the MGM production did not duplicate the success of the previous Williams film. A dream project followed, an adaptation for Columbia Pictures of [Joseph Conrad](/wiki/Joseph_Conrad "Joseph Conrad")'s *[Lord Jim](/wiki/Lord_Jim_%281965_film%29 "Lord Jim (1965 film)")* (1965\), but the lavish film proved to be a misfire at the box office and with most critics. Brooks had spent years writing the script and planning the most expensive project of his career. He had assembled a stellar cast led by [Peter O'Toole](/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole "Peter O'Toole"), [Eli Wallach](/wiki/Eli_Wallach "Eli Wallach"), [Jack Hawkins](/wiki/Jack_Hawkins "Jack Hawkins"), [Paul Lukas](/wiki/Paul_Lukas "Paul Lukas"), and [James Mason](/wiki/James_Mason "James Mason"). While beautifully photographed in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia by [Freddie Young](/wiki/Freddie_Young "Freddie Young") and scored by [Bronisław Kaper](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Kaper "Bronisław Kaper"), *Lord Jim* did not find the audience that had made [David Lean](/wiki/David_Lean "David Lean")'s epics *[Lawrence of Arabia](/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_%28film%29 "Lawrence of Arabia (film)")* and *[Doctor Zhivago](/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago_%28film%29 "Doctor Zhivago (film)")* such notable hits of the 1960s. To recover professionally from the failure of *Lord Jim,* Brooks surprised Hollywood by choosing to adapt a minor western novel about a wealthy husband who hires mercenaries to rescue his kidnapped wife from Mexican bandits. Brooks worked quickly and within a year released *[The Professionals](/wiki/The_Professionals_%281966_film%29 "The Professionals (1966 film)")* (1966\), which became Columbia's biggest hit that year. The slick crowd\-pleaser starred Burt Lancaster, [Lee Marvin](/wiki/Lee_Marvin "Lee Marvin"), [Robert Ryan](/wiki/Robert_Ryan "Robert Ryan") and [Woody Strode](/wiki/Woody_Strode "Woody Strode") as "the professionals" with [Jack Palance](/wiki/Jack_Palance "Jack Palance") as the bandit leader and [Claudia Cardinale](/wiki/Claudia_Cardinale "Claudia Cardinale") as the kidnapped wife. The film received Oscar nominations for Brooks' screenplay and direction, and for [Conrad Hall](/wiki/Conrad_Hall "Conrad Hall")'s cinematography. It has been lauded as one of the most entertaining westerns ever filmed. [thumb\|right\|Writer [Truman Capote](/wiki/Truman_Capote "Truman Capote") and Brooks in 1968](/wiki/File:Aankomst_schrijver_Truman_Capote_%28links%29_en_regisseur_Richard_Brooks_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-1634.jpg "Aankomst schrijver Truman Capote (links) en regisseur Richard Brooks op Schiphol, Bestanddeelnr 921-1634.jpg") Brooks landed the property of the decade when author [Truman Capote](/wiki/Truman_Capote "Truman Capote") selected him to adapt his best\-selling book *[In Cold Blood](/wiki/In_Cold_Blood "In Cold Blood")*. Once again rejecting the methodical pace that had slowed him with other productions, Brooks worked quickly to adapt the "nonfiction novel," as Capote called it. As a reporter, Brooks also conducted his own research into the murders of four members of a Kansas farm family and the lives of the two drifters responsible for the crime. Brooks rejected Columbia's suggestion that he hire stars to play the killers and instead cast two relative unknowns, [Scott Wilson](/wiki/Scott_Wilson_%28actor%29 "Scott Wilson (actor)") and [Robert Blake](/wiki/Robert_Blake_%28actor%29 "Robert Blake (actor)"). He resisted the studio on another point, shooting the film in black and white rather than color because he thought it was a more frightening medium. He used locations where the events occurred, including the house where the family had been killed. *[In Cold Blood](/wiki/In_Cold_Blood_%28film%29 "In Cold Blood (film)")* had a documentary style and was considered among the films of the mid\-1960s that ushered in a more mature Hollywood style. Brooks received double Oscar nominations; cinematographer [Conrad Hall](/wiki/Conrad_Hall "Conrad Hall") and composer [Quincy Jones](/wiki/Quincy_Jones "Quincy Jones") also were nominated. *The Professionals* and *In Cold Blood* marked the apex of Brooks' career. In the two decades that followed, he wrote and directed just six more films. Of note was *[The Happy Ending](/wiki/The_Happy_Ending "The Happy Ending")* (1969\). From his original screenplay about a woman dealing with disappointments in her marriage and her life, it was the kind of low\-key personal film more likely to come from Europe than an American director. The film earned an Oscar nomination for star Jean Simmons. (Her own marriage to Brooks ended in divorce in 1980\.) In 1972 Brooks was hired by [Columbia Pictures](/wiki/Columbia_Pictures "Columbia Pictures") to direct *[First Blood](/wiki/First_Blood "First Blood"),* with [Bette Davis](/wiki/Bette_Davis "Bette Davis") to be cast as a psychiatrist and either [Lee Marvin](/wiki/Lee_Marvin "Lee Marvin") or [Burt Lancaster](/wiki/Burt_Lancaster "Burt Lancaster") to be cast as [Sheriff Will Teasle](/wiki/Sheriff_Will_Teasle "Sheriff Will Teasle"). Brooks intended the film to be a commentary on the perceptions of [veterans](/wiki/Veteran "Veteran") from both [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") and the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"). He also intended to make Teasle a more sympathetic character, who at the end of the film would have ordered his men to drop their guns to try to reason with [John Rambo](/wiki/John_Rambo "John Rambo") before Rambo was shot by unknown gunman. The film was cancelled because the Vietnam War had not ended, and the rights were sold to [Warner Bros. Pictures](/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures "Warner Bros. Pictures").Broeske, Pat H. (November 25, 1985\). "The Curious Evolution of John Rambo: How He Hacked His Way Through the Jungles of Hollywood". *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")*. Los Angeles. p. AB32\. *[Bite the Bullet](/wiki/Bite_the_Bullet_%28film%29 "Bite the Bullet (film)")* (1975\) was Brooks' return to the western. He based his original screenplay on the endurance horse races popular at the turn of the century. In 1977, he released another controversial film, an adaptation of [Judith Rossner](/wiki/Judith_Rossner "Judith Rossner")'s 1975 novel *[Looking for Mr. Goodbar](/wiki/Looking_for_Mr._Goodbar_%28film%29 "Looking for Mr. Goodbar (film)").* *Goodbar* starred [Diane Keaton](/wiki/Diane_Keaton "Diane Keaton") as a Catholic school teacher who searches for sexual satisfaction in singles bars. Brooks made the film on a tight budget, and its frank treatment of sex and its horrific storyline brought praise and condemnation and sold tickets. He ended his career with *[Wrong Is Right](/wiki/Wrong_Is_Right "Wrong Is Right")* (1982\), a satire about the news media and world unrest starring [Sean Connery](/wiki/Sean_Connery "Sean Connery"),{{cite web\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|title\='WRONG IS RIGHT,' GLOBE\-HOPPING THRILLER\|author\-link\=Vincent Canby\|author\=Canby, Vincent\|date\=April 16, 1982\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/16/movies/wrong\-is\-right\-globe\-hopping\-thriller.html}} and a gambling addiction film with [Ryan O'Neal](/wiki/Ryan_O%27Neal "Ryan O'Neal") and [Catherine Hicks](/wiki/Catherine_Hicks "Catherine Hicks") in *[Fever Pitch](/wiki/Fever_Pitch_%281985_film%29 "Fever Pitch (1985 film)")* (1985\). *Fever Pitch* featured a story about a renowned Los Angeles sportswriter who becomes a sports gambling addict. Brooks himself had been a sportswriter when a young man. Both movies were critical and commercial failures. Brooks tried developing other projects in the last years of his life. He suffered from heart ailments and a stroke before dying at his home in 1992 at the age of 79\.
[ "Career\n------", "### 1938–1949: Early career", "Brooks wrote sports for the *[Philadelphia Record](/wiki/Philadelphia_Record \"Philadelphia Record\")* and later joined the staff of the *Atlantic City Press\\-Union.* He moved to New York to work for the *[World\\-Telegram](/wiki/New_York_World-Telegram \"New York World-Telegram\");* shortly afterward he took a job with radio station [WNEW](/wiki/WBBR \"WBBR\") for a larger paycheck. As a newsman for the station, he reported and read stories on the air and provided commentary. Brooks also began writing plays in 1938 and tried directing for Long Island's Mill Pond Theater in 1940\\. A falling out with his theater colleagues that summer led him to drive to Los Angeles on a whim, hoping to find work in the film industry. He also may have been trying to escape a marriage; a legal document indicates he was married at least part of the time he lived in New York.", "He did not find film work but was hired by the NBC affiliate to write original stories and read them for a daily fifteen\\-minute broadcast called *Sidestreet Vignettes.* His marriage, in 1941, to [Jeanne Kelly](/wiki/Jean_Brooks \"Jean Brooks\"), an actress at [Universal Studios](/wiki/Universal_Studios \"Universal Studios\"), may have helped to open the door to writing for the studio. He contributed dialogue to a few films and wrote two screenplays for the popular actress [Maria Montez](/wiki/Maria_Montez \"Maria Montez\"), known as the \"Queen of Technicolor.\" With no prospect of moving into more prestigious productions, he quit Universal and joined the [U.S. Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\") in 1943 during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").[Richard Brooks, Director: Life Events](https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/23128%7C129666/Richard-Brooks/#life-events) [Turner Classic Movies](/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies \"Turner Classic Movies\"). Retrieved November 2, 2023\\.", "Brooks never served overseas during the war, instead working in the Marine Corps film unit at Quantico, Virginia, and at times at Camp Pendleton, California. In his two years in uniform he learned more about the basics of filmmaking, including writing and editing documentaries. He also found time to write a novel, *The Brick Foxhole,* a searing portrait of some stateside soldiers who were tainted by religious and racial bigotry, and opposed to homosexuals. In 1944 he divorced his wife, then known in films as Jean Brooks. Later he said he had been a self\\-centered husband and unsuitable for what she needed.", "His book was published in 1945 to favorable reviews. It was adapted as the film *[Crossfire](/wiki/Crossfire_%28film%29 \"Crossfire (film)\")* (1947\\) with the homosexual element removed. It was the first major Hollywood film to deal with [anti\\-Semitism](/wiki/Anti-Semitism \"Anti-Semitism\"), receiving an Oscar nomination. The novel drew the attention of independent producer [Mark Hellinger](/wiki/Mark_Hellinger \"Mark Hellinger\"), who hired Brooks as a screenwriter after he left the Marines.", "Working for Hellinger brought Brooks back to the film industry and led to a long friendship with actor [Humphrey Bogart](/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart \"Humphrey Bogart\"), a close friend of the producer. Brooks provided an uncredited screen story for *[The Killers](/wiki/The_Killers_%281946_film%29 \"The Killers (1946 film)\")* (1946\\), which introduced actor [Burt Lancaster](/wiki/Burt_Lancaster \"Burt Lancaster\"). He wrote the scripts for two other Hellinger films, notably *[Brute Force](/wiki/Brute_Force_%281947_film%29 \"Brute Force (1947 film)\")* (1947\\), also starring Lancaster. After Hellinger died suddenly in 1947, Brooks wrote screenplays for three [Warner Brothers](/wiki/Warner_Brothers \"Warner Brothers\") films, including *[Key Largo](/wiki/Key_Largo_%28film%29 \"Key Largo (film)\")* (1948\\), starring Bogart and wife [Lauren Bacall](/wiki/Lauren_Bacall \"Lauren Bacall\") and directed and co\\-written by [John Huston](/wiki/John_Huston \"John Huston\"), another Brooks mentor. Huston and Brooks had both worked together previously in the uncredited rewrite for *The Killers*, and Huston would be the only co\\-writer Brooks ever had. While filming *Key Largo*, Huston allowed Brooks to be on the *Key Largo* set during shooting, so that he could learn more about directing a Hollywood film.", "Brooks wrote two more novels shortly after the war, *The Boiling Point* (1948\\) and *The Producer* (1951\\), a thinly disguised portrait of Mark Hellinger. It may also have contained autobiographical elements about Brooks. In 1946 he married again, to Harriette Levin, who had no apparent connection to the film industry. Their marriage lasted until 1957, when she sought a default divorce.", "### 1950–1959: Breakthrough at MGM", "[thumb\\|right\\|Richard Brooks on set at MGM studios, 1950s](/wiki/File:Richard_Brooks_on_set_set_at_MGM_Studios_in_the_50%27s.jpg \"Richard Brooks on set set at MGM Studios in the 50's.jpg\")\nSuccess as a screenwriter with Hellinger and Warner Brothers led Brooks to a contract with [MGM](/wiki/MGM \"MGM\") and the promise of a chance to direct. He wrote two screenplays for the studio before he was given the opportunity. His first film as writer and director, *[Crisis](/wiki/Crisis_%281950_film%29 \"Crisis (1950 film)\")* (1950\\), starred [Cary Grant](/wiki/Cary_Grant \"Cary Grant\") as a brain surgeon forced to save the life of a South American dictator, played by [José Ferrer](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrer \"José Ferrer\"). His second film, *[The Light Touch](/wiki/The_Light_Touch \"The Light Touch\")* (1951\\), an art\\-theft [caper film](/wiki/Heist_film \"Heist film\") starring [Stewart Granger](/wiki/Stewart_Granger \"Stewart Granger\"), was shot in Italy. Brooks recounted useful advice he received just before his directorial debut from cinematographer [Karl Freund](/wiki/Karl_Freund \"Karl Freund\") while speaking at the [American Film Institute](/wiki/American_Film_Institute \"American Film Institute\"). Freund gave Brooks reels of 16mm film, calling them \"Lesson Number One.\" When Brooks watched the reels at home, he saw that they were pornography. The next day, Freund explained: \"I produced them. My pictures, 1922\\. Many times you will be wondering, do you put the camera here, or up here, or down here? Maybe you make the scene a little bigger, or a little smaller. Lesson Number One. Get to the fucking point.\"Basinger, Jeanine \\& Wasson, Sam, Hollywood: The Oral History, Harper, 2022, pg 332\\-333", "Brooks came into his own when he directed an original screenplay, *[Deadline – U.S.A.](/wiki/Deadline_%E2%80%93_U.S.A. \"Deadline – U.S.A.\")* (1952\\), for [20th Century\\-Fox](/wiki/20th_Century-Fox \"20th Century-Fox\"), starring his friend Humphrey Bogart. Based on the closing of the *[New York World](/wiki/New_York_World \"New York World\")*, the film was part [gangster picture](/wiki/Gangster_film \"Gangster film\"), part newspaper drama. At its core was an issue Brooks cared about: the consolidation of the newspaper industry and its effect on the diversity of voices in the press. The film remains one of the more highly regarded dramas about American newspapers. Brooks directed four more films before achieving an unqualified hit with *[Blackboard Jungle](/wiki/Blackboard_Jungle \"Blackboard Jungle\")* (1955\\) starring [Glenn Ford](/wiki/Glenn_Ford \"Glenn Ford\"). Based on a best\\-seller by [Evan Hunter](/wiki/Evan_Hunter \"Evan Hunter\"), the film was shocking for its time in its presentation of juvenile delinquency. It also offered a career\\-making supporting role for a young black actor, [Sidney Poitier](/wiki/Sidney_Poitier \"Sidney Poitier\"), and early roles for actors [Vic Morrow](/wiki/Vic_Morrow \"Vic Morrow\"), [Jamie Farr](/wiki/Jamie_Farr \"Jamie Farr\") and [Paul Mazursky](/wiki/Paul_Mazursky \"Paul Mazursky\"). Brooks chose to begin and end the film with the song \"[Rock Around the Clock](/wiki/Rock_Around_the_Clock \"Rock Around the Clock\")\", bringing [rock 'n' roll](/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_roll \"Rock 'n' roll\") to a major Hollywood production for the first time and sparking a No. 1 hit for [Bill Haley and the Comets](/wiki/Bill_Haley_and_the_Comets \"Bill Haley and the Comets\"). *Blackboard Jungle* was nominated for an Oscar for its screenplay, and was MGM's top moneymaker that year.", "In 1955, Brooks was one of four American [auteur](/wiki/Auteur \"Auteur\") filmmakers named as \"rebels\" by the French magazine *[Cahiers du Cinéma](/wiki/Cahiers_du_Cin%C3%A9ma \"Cahiers du Cinéma\").*{{cite journal\\|last\\=Thomson\\|first\\=David\\|title\\=Iconoclast/Robert Aldrich: Going for Broke\\|journal\\=DGA Quarterly\\|year\\=2010\\|issue\\=Spring\\|pages\\=56\\|url\\=http://www.dga.org/Craft/DGAQ/All\\-Articles/1001\\-Spring\\-2010/Profile\\-Robert\\-Aldrich.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=July 15, 2013}} Box\\-office success was what gave the writer/director more freedom at MGM, but Brooks also recognized that he would never have complete control of his films while under contract. He determined to avoid writing original screenplays and focused on adaptations of best\\-sellers or classic novels. He later noted that adapting a novel gave him a head start on developing the story structure required for a screenplay. He spent the rest of the decade at MGM, where his most notable film was an adaptation of [Tennessee Williams](/wiki/Tennessee_Williams \"Tennessee Williams\")'s sexually charged play *[Cat on a Hot Tin Roof](/wiki/Cat_on_a_Hot_Tin_Roof_%281958_film%29 \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958 film)\")* (1958\\). A huge hit for MGM – it drew more money and a larger audience than any other film Brooks ever directed – the film was a high point in the career of [Elizabeth Taylor](/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor \"Elizabeth Taylor\") and made a star of [Paul Newman](/wiki/Paul_Newman \"Paul Newman\"). It brought Brooks his first Oscar nomination for directing and the first Best Picture nomination in his directorial career.", "### 1960–1985: Work post\\-MGM", "[thumb\\|left\\|Brooks and Peter O'Toole on *[Lord Jim](/wiki/Lord_Jim_%281965_film%29 \"Lord Jim (1965 film)\")* (1965\\) set in Cambodia](/wiki/File:Richard_Brooks_Peter_O%27Toole_Lord_Jim.jpg \"Richard Brooks Peter O'Toole Lord Jim.jpg\")\nBrooks spent the last third of his film career working in relative independence. In 1958, he signed a non\\-exclusive, seven\\-year writer\\-director deal with [Columbia Pictures](/wiki/Columbia_Pictures \"Columbia Pictures\") that was to earn him over $1 million.{{cite magazine\\|title\\=Inside Stuff – Pictures\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\|date\\=November 26, 1958\\|page\\=18\\|url\\=http://www.archive.org/stream/variety212\\-1958\\-11\\#page/n245/mode/1up\\|access\\-date\\=July 7, 2019\\|via\\=\\[\\[Archive.org]]}} He followed the success of *Cat on a Hot Tin Roof* with an independent production for [United Artists](/wiki/United_Artists \"United Artists\") of *[Elmer Gantry](/wiki/Elmer_Gantry_%28film%29 \"Elmer Gantry (film)\")* (1960\\), based on the novel by [Sinclair Lewis](/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis \"Sinclair Lewis\"). The story of a phony preacher, played by [Burt Lancaster](/wiki/Burt_Lancaster \"Burt Lancaster\"), and a sincere revivalist, played by [Jean Simmons](/wiki/Jean_Simmons \"Jean Simmons\"), was edgy for the time. As it had for *Blackboard Jungle* and *Cat on a Hot Tin Roof*, controversy accompanied the film's release and helped bring people to theaters. The movie received five Academy Award nominations, including one for best picture, and won Oscars for Brooks' screenplay,{{cite book\\|title\\=501 Movie Directors\\|editor\\-first\\=Steven Jay\\|editor\\-last\\=Schneider\\|publisher\\=Cassell Illustrated\\|location\\=London\\|year\\=2007\\|page\\=196\\|isbn\\=9781844035731\\|oclc\\=1347156402}} Lancaster as lead actor and for [Shirley Jones](/wiki/Shirley_Jones \"Shirley Jones\") as supporting actress.", "Brooks adapted and directed another Tennessee Williams play, *[Sweet Bird of Youth](/wiki/Sweet_Bird_of_Youth_%281962_film%29 \"Sweet Bird of Youth (1962 film)\")* (1962\\). [Ed Begley](/wiki/Ed_Begley \"Ed Begley\") won a Best Supporting Oscar for his role in the film. While popular and well\\-received critically, the MGM production did not duplicate the success of the previous Williams film. A dream project followed, an adaptation for Columbia Pictures of [Joseph Conrad](/wiki/Joseph_Conrad \"Joseph Conrad\")'s *[Lord Jim](/wiki/Lord_Jim_%281965_film%29 \"Lord Jim (1965 film)\")* (1965\\), but the lavish film proved to be a misfire at the box office and with most critics. Brooks had spent years writing the script and planning the most expensive project of his career. He had assembled a stellar cast led by [Peter O'Toole](/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole \"Peter O'Toole\"), [Eli Wallach](/wiki/Eli_Wallach \"Eli Wallach\"), [Jack Hawkins](/wiki/Jack_Hawkins \"Jack Hawkins\"), [Paul Lukas](/wiki/Paul_Lukas \"Paul Lukas\"), and [James Mason](/wiki/James_Mason \"James Mason\"). While beautifully photographed in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia by [Freddie Young](/wiki/Freddie_Young \"Freddie Young\") and scored by [Bronisław Kaper](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Kaper \"Bronisław Kaper\"), *Lord Jim* did not find the audience that had made [David Lean](/wiki/David_Lean \"David Lean\")'s epics *[Lawrence of Arabia](/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_%28film%29 \"Lawrence of Arabia (film)\")* and *[Doctor Zhivago](/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago_%28film%29 \"Doctor Zhivago (film)\")* such notable hits of the 1960s.", "To recover professionally from the failure of *Lord Jim,* Brooks surprised Hollywood by choosing to adapt a minor western novel about a wealthy husband who hires mercenaries to rescue his kidnapped wife from Mexican bandits. Brooks worked quickly and within a year released *[The Professionals](/wiki/The_Professionals_%281966_film%29 \"The Professionals (1966 film)\")* (1966\\), which became Columbia's biggest hit that year. The slick crowd\\-pleaser starred Burt Lancaster, [Lee Marvin](/wiki/Lee_Marvin \"Lee Marvin\"), [Robert Ryan](/wiki/Robert_Ryan \"Robert Ryan\") and [Woody Strode](/wiki/Woody_Strode \"Woody Strode\") as \"the professionals\" with [Jack Palance](/wiki/Jack_Palance \"Jack Palance\") as the bandit leader and [Claudia Cardinale](/wiki/Claudia_Cardinale \"Claudia Cardinale\") as the kidnapped wife. The film received Oscar nominations for Brooks' screenplay and direction, and for [Conrad Hall](/wiki/Conrad_Hall \"Conrad Hall\")'s cinematography. It has been lauded as one of the most entertaining westerns ever filmed.", "[thumb\\|right\\|Writer [Truman Capote](/wiki/Truman_Capote \"Truman Capote\") and Brooks in 1968](/wiki/File:Aankomst_schrijver_Truman_Capote_%28links%29_en_regisseur_Richard_Brooks_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-1634.jpg \"Aankomst schrijver Truman Capote (links) en regisseur Richard Brooks op Schiphol, Bestanddeelnr 921-1634.jpg\") \nBrooks landed the property of the decade when author [Truman Capote](/wiki/Truman_Capote \"Truman Capote\") selected him to adapt his best\\-selling book *[In Cold Blood](/wiki/In_Cold_Blood \"In Cold Blood\")*. Once again rejecting the methodical pace that had slowed him with other productions, Brooks worked quickly to adapt the \"nonfiction novel,\" as Capote called it. As a reporter, Brooks also conducted his own research into the murders of four members of a Kansas farm family and the lives of the two drifters responsible for the crime. Brooks rejected Columbia's suggestion that he hire stars to play the killers and instead cast two relative unknowns, [Scott Wilson](/wiki/Scott_Wilson_%28actor%29 \"Scott Wilson (actor)\") and [Robert Blake](/wiki/Robert_Blake_%28actor%29 \"Robert Blake (actor)\"). He resisted the studio on another point, shooting the film in black and white rather than color because he thought it was a more frightening medium. He used locations where the events occurred, including the house where the family had been killed. *[In Cold Blood](/wiki/In_Cold_Blood_%28film%29 \"In Cold Blood (film)\")* had a documentary style and was considered among the films of the mid\\-1960s that ushered in a more mature Hollywood style. Brooks received double Oscar nominations; cinematographer [Conrad Hall](/wiki/Conrad_Hall \"Conrad Hall\") and composer [Quincy Jones](/wiki/Quincy_Jones \"Quincy Jones\") also were nominated.", "*The Professionals* and *In Cold Blood* marked the apex of Brooks' career. In the two decades that followed, he wrote and directed just six more films. Of note was *[The Happy Ending](/wiki/The_Happy_Ending \"The Happy Ending\")* (1969\\). From his original screenplay about a woman dealing with disappointments in her marriage and her life, it was the kind of low\\-key personal film more likely to come from Europe than an American director. The film earned an Oscar nomination for star Jean Simmons. (Her own marriage to Brooks ended in divorce in 1980\\.) In 1972 Brooks was hired by [Columbia Pictures](/wiki/Columbia_Pictures \"Columbia Pictures\") to direct *[First Blood](/wiki/First_Blood \"First Blood\"),* with [Bette Davis](/wiki/Bette_Davis \"Bette Davis\") to be cast as a psychiatrist and either [Lee Marvin](/wiki/Lee_Marvin \"Lee Marvin\") or [Burt Lancaster](/wiki/Burt_Lancaster \"Burt Lancaster\") to be cast as [Sheriff Will Teasle](/wiki/Sheriff_Will_Teasle \"Sheriff Will Teasle\"). Brooks intended the film to be a commentary on the perceptions of [veterans](/wiki/Veteran \"Veteran\") from both [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") and the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\"). He also intended to make Teasle a more sympathetic character, who at the end of the film would have ordered his men to drop their guns to try to reason with [John Rambo](/wiki/John_Rambo \"John Rambo\") before Rambo was shot by unknown gunman. The film was cancelled because the Vietnam War had not ended, and the rights were sold to [Warner Bros. Pictures](/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures \"Warner Bros. Pictures\").Broeske, Pat H. (November 25, 1985\\). \"The Curious Evolution of John Rambo: How He Hacked His Way Through the Jungles of Hollywood\". *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Los Angeles. p. AB32\\.", "*[Bite the Bullet](/wiki/Bite_the_Bullet_%28film%29 \"Bite the Bullet (film)\")* (1975\\) was Brooks' return to the western. He based his original screenplay on the endurance horse races popular at the turn of the century. In 1977, he released another controversial film, an adaptation of [Judith Rossner](/wiki/Judith_Rossner \"Judith Rossner\")'s 1975 novel *[Looking for Mr. Goodbar](/wiki/Looking_for_Mr._Goodbar_%28film%29 \"Looking for Mr. Goodbar (film)\").* *Goodbar* starred [Diane Keaton](/wiki/Diane_Keaton \"Diane Keaton\") as a Catholic school teacher who searches for sexual satisfaction in singles bars. Brooks made the film on a tight budget, and its frank treatment of sex and its horrific storyline brought praise and condemnation and sold tickets. He ended his career with *[Wrong Is Right](/wiki/Wrong_Is_Right \"Wrong Is Right\")* (1982\\), a satire about the news media and world unrest starring [Sean Connery](/wiki/Sean_Connery \"Sean Connery\"),{{cite web\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|title\\='WRONG IS RIGHT,' GLOBE\\-HOPPING THRILLER\\|author\\-link\\=Vincent Canby\\|author\\=Canby, Vincent\\|date\\=April 16, 1982\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/16/movies/wrong\\-is\\-right\\-globe\\-hopping\\-thriller.html}} and a gambling addiction film with [Ryan O'Neal](/wiki/Ryan_O%27Neal \"Ryan O'Neal\") and [Catherine Hicks](/wiki/Catherine_Hicks \"Catherine Hicks\") in *[Fever Pitch](/wiki/Fever_Pitch_%281985_film%29 \"Fever Pitch (1985 film)\")* (1985\\). *Fever Pitch* featured a story about a renowned Los Angeles sportswriter who becomes a sports gambling addict. Brooks himself had been a sportswriter when a young man. Both movies were critical and commercial failures. Brooks tried developing other projects in the last years of his life. He suffered from heart ailments and a stroke before dying at his home in 1992 at the age of 79\\.", "" ]
### 1938–1949: Early career Brooks wrote sports for the *[Philadelphia Record](/wiki/Philadelphia_Record "Philadelphia Record")* and later joined the staff of the *Atlantic City Press\-Union.* He moved to New York to work for the *[World\-Telegram](/wiki/New_York_World-Telegram "New York World-Telegram");* shortly afterward he took a job with radio station [WNEW](/wiki/WBBR "WBBR") for a larger paycheck. As a newsman for the station, he reported and read stories on the air and provided commentary. Brooks also began writing plays in 1938 and tried directing for Long Island's Mill Pond Theater in 1940\. A falling out with his theater colleagues that summer led him to drive to Los Angeles on a whim, hoping to find work in the film industry. He also may have been trying to escape a marriage; a legal document indicates he was married at least part of the time he lived in New York. He did not find film work but was hired by the NBC affiliate to write original stories and read them for a daily fifteen\-minute broadcast called *Sidestreet Vignettes.* His marriage, in 1941, to [Jeanne Kelly](/wiki/Jean_Brooks "Jean Brooks"), an actress at [Universal Studios](/wiki/Universal_Studios "Universal Studios"), may have helped to open the door to writing for the studio. He contributed dialogue to a few films and wrote two screenplays for the popular actress [Maria Montez](/wiki/Maria_Montez "Maria Montez"), known as the "Queen of Technicolor." With no prospect of moving into more prestigious productions, he quit Universal and joined the [U.S. Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps") in 1943 during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").[Richard Brooks, Director: Life Events](https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/23128%7C129666/Richard-Brooks/#life-events) [Turner Classic Movies](/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies "Turner Classic Movies"). Retrieved November 2, 2023\. Brooks never served overseas during the war, instead working in the Marine Corps film unit at Quantico, Virginia, and at times at Camp Pendleton, California. In his two years in uniform he learned more about the basics of filmmaking, including writing and editing documentaries. He also found time to write a novel, *The Brick Foxhole,* a searing portrait of some stateside soldiers who were tainted by religious and racial bigotry, and opposed to homosexuals. In 1944 he divorced his wife, then known in films as Jean Brooks. Later he said he had been a self\-centered husband and unsuitable for what she needed. His book was published in 1945 to favorable reviews. It was adapted as the film *[Crossfire](/wiki/Crossfire_%28film%29 "Crossfire (film)")* (1947\) with the homosexual element removed. It was the first major Hollywood film to deal with [anti\-Semitism](/wiki/Anti-Semitism "Anti-Semitism"), receiving an Oscar nomination. The novel drew the attention of independent producer [Mark Hellinger](/wiki/Mark_Hellinger "Mark Hellinger"), who hired Brooks as a screenwriter after he left the Marines. Working for Hellinger brought Brooks back to the film industry and led to a long friendship with actor [Humphrey Bogart](/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart "Humphrey Bogart"), a close friend of the producer. Brooks provided an uncredited screen story for *[The Killers](/wiki/The_Killers_%281946_film%29 "The Killers (1946 film)")* (1946\), which introduced actor [Burt Lancaster](/wiki/Burt_Lancaster "Burt Lancaster"). He wrote the scripts for two other Hellinger films, notably *[Brute Force](/wiki/Brute_Force_%281947_film%29 "Brute Force (1947 film)")* (1947\), also starring Lancaster. After Hellinger died suddenly in 1947, Brooks wrote screenplays for three [Warner Brothers](/wiki/Warner_Brothers "Warner Brothers") films, including *[Key Largo](/wiki/Key_Largo_%28film%29 "Key Largo (film)")* (1948\), starring Bogart and wife [Lauren Bacall](/wiki/Lauren_Bacall "Lauren Bacall") and directed and co\-written by [John Huston](/wiki/John_Huston "John Huston"), another Brooks mentor. Huston and Brooks had both worked together previously in the uncredited rewrite for *The Killers*, and Huston would be the only co\-writer Brooks ever had. While filming *Key Largo*, Huston allowed Brooks to be on the *Key Largo* set during shooting, so that he could learn more about directing a Hollywood film. Brooks wrote two more novels shortly after the war, *The Boiling Point* (1948\) and *The Producer* (1951\), a thinly disguised portrait of Mark Hellinger. It may also have contained autobiographical elements about Brooks. In 1946 he married again, to Harriette Levin, who had no apparent connection to the film industry. Their marriage lasted until 1957, when she sought a default divorce.
[ "### 1938–1949: Early career", "Brooks wrote sports for the *[Philadelphia Record](/wiki/Philadelphia_Record \"Philadelphia Record\")* and later joined the staff of the *Atlantic City Press\\-Union.* He moved to New York to work for the *[World\\-Telegram](/wiki/New_York_World-Telegram \"New York World-Telegram\");* shortly afterward he took a job with radio station [WNEW](/wiki/WBBR \"WBBR\") for a larger paycheck. As a newsman for the station, he reported and read stories on the air and provided commentary. Brooks also began writing plays in 1938 and tried directing for Long Island's Mill Pond Theater in 1940\\. A falling out with his theater colleagues that summer led him to drive to Los Angeles on a whim, hoping to find work in the film industry. He also may have been trying to escape a marriage; a legal document indicates he was married at least part of the time he lived in New York.", "He did not find film work but was hired by the NBC affiliate to write original stories and read them for a daily fifteen\\-minute broadcast called *Sidestreet Vignettes.* His marriage, in 1941, to [Jeanne Kelly](/wiki/Jean_Brooks \"Jean Brooks\"), an actress at [Universal Studios](/wiki/Universal_Studios \"Universal Studios\"), may have helped to open the door to writing for the studio. He contributed dialogue to a few films and wrote two screenplays for the popular actress [Maria Montez](/wiki/Maria_Montez \"Maria Montez\"), known as the \"Queen of Technicolor.\" With no prospect of moving into more prestigious productions, he quit Universal and joined the [U.S. Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\") in 1943 during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").[Richard Brooks, Director: Life Events](https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/23128%7C129666/Richard-Brooks/#life-events) [Turner Classic Movies](/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies \"Turner Classic Movies\"). Retrieved November 2, 2023\\.", "Brooks never served overseas during the war, instead working in the Marine Corps film unit at Quantico, Virginia, and at times at Camp Pendleton, California. In his two years in uniform he learned more about the basics of filmmaking, including writing and editing documentaries. He also found time to write a novel, *The Brick Foxhole,* a searing portrait of some stateside soldiers who were tainted by religious and racial bigotry, and opposed to homosexuals. In 1944 he divorced his wife, then known in films as Jean Brooks. Later he said he had been a self\\-centered husband and unsuitable for what she needed.", "His book was published in 1945 to favorable reviews. It was adapted as the film *[Crossfire](/wiki/Crossfire_%28film%29 \"Crossfire (film)\")* (1947\\) with the homosexual element removed. It was the first major Hollywood film to deal with [anti\\-Semitism](/wiki/Anti-Semitism \"Anti-Semitism\"), receiving an Oscar nomination. The novel drew the attention of independent producer [Mark Hellinger](/wiki/Mark_Hellinger \"Mark Hellinger\"), who hired Brooks as a screenwriter after he left the Marines.", "Working for Hellinger brought Brooks back to the film industry and led to a long friendship with actor [Humphrey Bogart](/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart \"Humphrey Bogart\"), a close friend of the producer. Brooks provided an uncredited screen story for *[The Killers](/wiki/The_Killers_%281946_film%29 \"The Killers (1946 film)\")* (1946\\), which introduced actor [Burt Lancaster](/wiki/Burt_Lancaster \"Burt Lancaster\"). He wrote the scripts for two other Hellinger films, notably *[Brute Force](/wiki/Brute_Force_%281947_film%29 \"Brute Force (1947 film)\")* (1947\\), also starring Lancaster. After Hellinger died suddenly in 1947, Brooks wrote screenplays for three [Warner Brothers](/wiki/Warner_Brothers \"Warner Brothers\") films, including *[Key Largo](/wiki/Key_Largo_%28film%29 \"Key Largo (film)\")* (1948\\), starring Bogart and wife [Lauren Bacall](/wiki/Lauren_Bacall \"Lauren Bacall\") and directed and co\\-written by [John Huston](/wiki/John_Huston \"John Huston\"), another Brooks mentor. Huston and Brooks had both worked together previously in the uncredited rewrite for *The Killers*, and Huston would be the only co\\-writer Brooks ever had. While filming *Key Largo*, Huston allowed Brooks to be on the *Key Largo* set during shooting, so that he could learn more about directing a Hollywood film.", "Brooks wrote two more novels shortly after the war, *The Boiling Point* (1948\\) and *The Producer* (1951\\), a thinly disguised portrait of Mark Hellinger. It may also have contained autobiographical elements about Brooks. In 1946 he married again, to Harriette Levin, who had no apparent connection to the film industry. Their marriage lasted until 1957, when she sought a default divorce.", "" ]
Career ------ Mason played college hockey at [Providence College](/wiki/Providence_College "Providence College") in [Hockey East](/wiki/Hockey_East "Hockey East"). In his senior season Mason earned three awards at the teams annual awards banquet. Mason, who was captain of the 2004\-05 team, earned the Ron Wilson Best Defensive Player Award, the Friar Award and Plus/Minus Award. He led the team with a plus/minus rating of \+9, marking the second time in his four years at Providence that he was first on the squad in that category. Mason also earned the award in his freshman season as well as receiving the Reverend Herman Schneider Award, which is given to the most valuable freshman. After four years at [Providence College](/wiki/Providence_College "Providence College"), Mason attended [NHL](/wiki/NHL "NHL") training camp with the [Pittsburgh Penguins](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins "Pittsburgh Penguins"). He then began his professional hockey career with [Hermes](/wiki/Hermes "Hermes") in the Finnish second division before returning to North America and signing with the [ECHL](/wiki/ECHL "ECHL")'s [Augusta Lynx](/wiki/Augusta_Lynx "Augusta Lynx") in 2005\. The next season, he signed with the [Long Beach Ice Dogs](/wiki/Long_Beach_Ice_Dogs "Long Beach Ice Dogs") and was the team's highest scoring defenseman, scoring 11 goals and 31 assists for 42 points in what was a difficult season for the Ice Dogs as they finished bottom of the Pacific Division. Mason then spent the next two seasons playing for the [Gwinnett Gladiators](/wiki/Gwinnett_Gladiators "Gwinnett Gladiators"). In his second season in 2008\-09, Mason scored 14 goals and 22 assists for 36 points and was the team's top scoring defenseman. His 14 goals ranked second amongst ECHL defenseman. In 2009\-10, Mason split the season with the [Kalamazoo Wings](/wiki/Kalamazoo_Wings "Kalamazoo Wings") and in the [German](/wiki/Germany "Germany") [2nd Bundesliga](/wiki/2nd_Bundesliga_%28ice_hockey%29 "2nd Bundesliga (ice hockey)") for the [Heilbronner Falken](/wiki/Heilbronner_Falken "Heilbronner Falken"). In 2010, Mason signed with the [Belfast Giants](/wiki/Belfast_Giants "Belfast Giants") of the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom")'s [Elite Ice Hockey League](/wiki/Elite_Ice_Hockey_League "Elite Ice Hockey League"). In 2011\-12 Mason led the EIHL in Defenseman scoring with 19 goals and 41 assists for 60 points. Mason earned a First Team All\-Star selection as well as being named the MVP Defenseman for the EIHL. The Giants won the Elite League title in 2011\-12\. Mason joined [Lillehammer IK](/wiki/Lillehammer_IK "Lillehammer IK") in the Norwegian [GET\-ligaen](/wiki/GET-ligaen "GET-ligaen") for the 2012–13, but played just ten games before returning to the Giants for the remainder of the season and won the EIHL Championship for the second time with the Giants in 2013\-14\. In 2014\-15 Mason tied for the team goal scoring lead amongst defenseman with 7 and was also voted the team's Best Defenseman. He remained with the Giants until his retirement after the 2017\-18 season, during which the Giants won the Challenge Cup. Mason ranks first all time in points by a Giants Defenceman and 6th overall for points scored in Giants history.
[ "Career\n------", "Mason played college hockey at [Providence College](/wiki/Providence_College \"Providence College\") in [Hockey East](/wiki/Hockey_East \"Hockey East\"). In his senior season Mason earned three awards at the teams annual awards banquet. Mason, who was captain of the 2004\\-05 team, earned the Ron Wilson Best Defensive Player Award, the Friar Award and Plus/Minus Award. He led the team with a plus/minus rating of \\+9, marking the second time in his four years at Providence that he was first on the squad in that category. Mason also earned the award in his freshman season as well as receiving the Reverend Herman Schneider Award, which is given to the most valuable freshman.", "After four years at [Providence College](/wiki/Providence_College \"Providence College\"), Mason attended [NHL](/wiki/NHL \"NHL\") training camp with the [Pittsburgh Penguins](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins \"Pittsburgh Penguins\"). He then began his professional hockey career with [Hermes](/wiki/Hermes \"Hermes\") in the Finnish second division before returning to North America and signing with the [ECHL](/wiki/ECHL \"ECHL\")'s [Augusta Lynx](/wiki/Augusta_Lynx \"Augusta Lynx\") in 2005\\. The next season, he signed with the [Long Beach Ice Dogs](/wiki/Long_Beach_Ice_Dogs \"Long Beach Ice Dogs\") and was the team's highest scoring defenseman, scoring 11 goals and 31 assists for 42 points in what was a difficult season for the Ice Dogs as they finished bottom of the Pacific Division. Mason then spent the next two seasons playing for the [Gwinnett Gladiators](/wiki/Gwinnett_Gladiators \"Gwinnett Gladiators\"). In his second season in 2008\\-09, Mason scored 14 goals and 22 assists for 36 points and was the team's top scoring defenseman. His 14 goals ranked second amongst ECHL defenseman.", "In 2009\\-10, Mason split the season with the [Kalamazoo Wings](/wiki/Kalamazoo_Wings \"Kalamazoo Wings\") and in the [German](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") [2nd Bundesliga](/wiki/2nd_Bundesliga_%28ice_hockey%29 \"2nd Bundesliga (ice hockey)\") for the [Heilbronner Falken](/wiki/Heilbronner_Falken \"Heilbronner Falken\"). In 2010, Mason signed with the [Belfast Giants](/wiki/Belfast_Giants \"Belfast Giants\") of the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\")'s [Elite Ice Hockey League](/wiki/Elite_Ice_Hockey_League \"Elite Ice Hockey League\"). In 2011\\-12 Mason led the EIHL in Defenseman scoring with 19 goals and 41 assists for 60 points. Mason earned a First Team All\\-Star selection as well as being named the MVP Defenseman for the EIHL. The Giants won the Elite League title in 2011\\-12\\.", "Mason joined [Lillehammer IK](/wiki/Lillehammer_IK \"Lillehammer IK\") in the Norwegian [GET\\-ligaen](/wiki/GET-ligaen \"GET-ligaen\") for the 2012–13, but played just ten games before returning to the Giants for the remainder of the season and won the EIHL Championship for the second time with the Giants in 2013\\-14\\. In 2014\\-15 Mason tied for the team goal scoring lead amongst defenseman with 7 and was also voted the team's Best Defenseman. He remained with the Giants until his retirement after the 2017\\-18 season, during which the Giants won the Challenge Cup.", "Mason ranks first all time in points by a Giants Defenceman and 6th overall for points scored in Giants history.", "" ]
Movies and TV ------------- In 1946, with Bud Pollard, Adams co\-produced the [Astor Pictures](/wiki/Astor_Pictures "Astor Pictures") [race film](/wiki/Race_film "Race film") *[Beware!](/wiki/Beware_%28film%29 "Beware (film)")*, starring [Louis Jordan](/wiki/Louis_Jordan "Louis Jordan"). In 1947, Adams left Chicago for Los Angeles, for health reasons. He resigned from Mercury Records and moved with wife Lucy and their children, Helen and Richard. Adams soon became the booking agent for singer [Kay Starr](/wiki/Kay_Starr "Kay Starr"). Adams was hired in 1950 by [Lew Wasserman](/wiki/Lew_Wasserman "Lew Wasserman") to join [MCA](/wiki/MCA_Inc. "MCA Inc."), where he remained for 20 years. He began by booking for television and appearances in Las Vegas such stars as Jane Russell, [Dinah Shore](/wiki/Dinah_Shore "Dinah Shore"), Phil Harris, Jack Carson, and Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis. Booking talent for local TV in Los Angeles led to assignments in network TV. Adams worked closely with [Ralph Edwards](/wiki/Ralph_Edwards "Ralph Edwards") ("The Ralph Edwards Show") in developing a creative packaging arrangement with NBC whereby the host talent—Edwards—formed a corporation and licensed a particular show with the network for a predetermined figure and paid the producer, director, and star guests, as well as all of the "below\-the\-line" or backstage personnel himself. The virtue of packaging lay in the creative control retained by the host and in tax advantages afforded corporations. Adams' chief responsibility for MCA became the packaging of new programs and negotiation of their contracts. In 1957 he went to Europe to create MCA's international TV division. He signed stand\-up comic Bob Newhart, booked him into clubs, and soon sold "The Bob Newhart Show" to NBC. The show ran for only one year but won a Peabody Award and an Emmy nomination.
[ "Movies and TV\n-------------", "In 1946, with Bud Pollard, Adams co\\-produced the [Astor Pictures](/wiki/Astor_Pictures \"Astor Pictures\") [race film](/wiki/Race_film \"Race film\") *[Beware!](/wiki/Beware_%28film%29 \"Beware (film)\")*, starring [Louis Jordan](/wiki/Louis_Jordan \"Louis Jordan\").", "In 1947, Adams left Chicago for Los Angeles, for health reasons. He resigned from Mercury Records and moved with wife Lucy and their children, Helen and Richard. Adams soon became the booking agent for singer [Kay Starr](/wiki/Kay_Starr \"Kay Starr\").", "Adams was hired in 1950 by [Lew Wasserman](/wiki/Lew_Wasserman \"Lew Wasserman\") to join [MCA](/wiki/MCA_Inc. \"MCA Inc.\"), where he remained for 20 years. He began by booking for television and appearances in Las Vegas such stars as Jane Russell, [Dinah Shore](/wiki/Dinah_Shore \"Dinah Shore\"), Phil Harris, Jack Carson, and Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis.", "Booking talent for local TV in Los Angeles led to assignments in network TV. Adams worked closely with [Ralph Edwards](/wiki/Ralph_Edwards \"Ralph Edwards\") (\"The Ralph Edwards Show\") in developing a creative packaging arrangement with NBC whereby the host talent—Edwards—formed a corporation and licensed a particular show with the network for a predetermined figure and paid the producer, director, and star guests, as well as all of the \"below\\-the\\-line\" or backstage personnel himself. The virtue of packaging lay in the creative control retained by the host and in tax advantages afforded corporations.", "Adams' chief responsibility for MCA became the packaging of new programs and negotiation of their contracts. In 1957 he went to Europe to create MCA's international TV division. He signed stand\\-up comic Bob Newhart, booked him into clubs, and soon sold \"The Bob Newhart Show\" to NBC. The show ran for only one year but won a Peabody Award and an Emmy nomination.", "" ]
Golden years at MCA ------------------- The 1960s was the decade of greatest creative energy and achievement in Adams' career. He became the MCA agent for [Jack Benny](/wiki/Jack_Benny "Jack Benny"), [Rosemary Clooney](/wiki/Rosemary_Clooney "Rosemary Clooney"), Eddie Fisher, [Dinah Shore](/wiki/Dinah_Shore "Dinah Shore"), [Bud Yorkin](/wiki/Bud_Yorkin "Bud Yorkin") and [Norman Lear](/wiki/Norman_Lear "Norman Lear"), [Andy Williams](/wiki/Andy_Williams "Andy Williams"), [Dorothy Dandridge](/wiki/Dorothy_Dandridge "Dorothy Dandridge"), Canadian comedians [Wayne and Shuster](/wiki/Wayne_and_Shuster "Wayne and Shuster"), [Charles Laughton](/wiki/Charles_Laughton "Charles Laughton"), and [Alfred Hitchcock](/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock "Alfred Hitchcock"). He convinced [Marlene Dietrich](/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich "Marlene Dietrich") to star in a [revue](/wiki/Revue "Revue") that would cross the country in 16 weeks. He negotiated MCA's contract to represent the new American Football League and in 1963 helped long\-time MCA colleague [David A. ("Sonny") Werblin](/wiki/Sonny_Werblin "Sonny Werblin") acquire the [New York Titans](/wiki/History_of_the_New_York_Jets "History of the New York Jets") franchise of the [AFL](/wiki/American_Football_League "American Football League") from former announcer [Harry Wismer](/wiki/Harry_Wismer "Harry Wismer"). Werblin changed the team name to the [New York Jets](/wiki/New_York_Jets "New York Jets"), two years later drafted [Joe Namath](/wiki/Joe_Namath "Joe Namath") out of the [University of Alabama](/wiki/University_of_Alabama "University of Alabama"), and the Jets were on their way to the Super Bowl. A lifelong sports fan, Adams one day was attracted by the sight of a golfer on TV who seemed to be a natural showman. Working through pioneer sports agent and attorney Mark McCormack, Adams signed [Arnold Palmer](/wiki/Arnold_Palmer "Arnold Palmer") and [Jack Nicklaus](/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus "Jack Nicklaus") for a weekly one\-hour nationally broadcast *Challenge Golf* show. In 1962, after MCA purchased [Decca Records](/wiki/Decca_Records "Decca Records"), which owned [Universal Pictures](/wiki/Universal_Pictures "Universal Pictures"), he left the talent agency business for film and television production and distribution. Wasserman asked Adams, now an MCA vice\-president, to streamline the film studio's 30 distribution offices around the world in the interest of economy. Adams visited each of the domestic and foreign offices and successfully reduced the number of offices to eight. Adams negotiated the purchase of [Leeds Music](/wiki/Leeds_Music "Leeds Music"), and established a new MCA music company, UNI Records. UNI Records signed [The Who](/wiki/The_Who "The Who"), [Neil Diamond](/wiki/Neil_Diamond "Neil Diamond"), [Elton John](/wiki/Elton_John "Elton John"), and [Olivia Newton\-John](/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John "Olivia Newton-John") to recording contracts. In England, under MCA's Decca label, Adams and MCA colleague Brian Brolly signed [Andrew Lloyd Webber](/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber "Andrew Lloyd Webber") and [Tim Rice](/wiki/Tim_Rice "Tim Rice") to record the score of their early hit *[Jesus Christ Superstar](/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar "Jesus Christ Superstar")*. Adams convinced [Ethel Merman](/wiki/Ethel_Merman "Ethel Merman"), [Danny Kaye](/wiki/Danny_Kaye "Danny Kaye"), [Gene Kelly](/wiki/Gene_Kelly "Gene Kelly"), and [Fred Astaire](/wiki/Fred_Astaire "Fred Astaire") each to appear in television specials. *[An Evening with Fred Astaire](/wiki/An_Evening_with_Fred_Astaire "An Evening with Fred Astaire")* (1958\) won nine [Emmy Awards](/wiki/Emmy_Award "Emmy Award"). In October 1969, Adams, by now executive vice\-president of MCA and second in company earnings only to Wasserman, found himself at the center of an internal power struggle within the company. [Lew Wasserman](/wiki/Lew_Wasserman "Lew Wasserman") urged "voluntary retirement", the magnate's euphemism for dismissal. Adams' 20\-year career with MCA ended formally in early 1971\.
[ "Golden years at MCA\n-------------------", "The 1960s was the decade of greatest creative energy and achievement in Adams' career. He became the MCA agent for [Jack Benny](/wiki/Jack_Benny \"Jack Benny\"), [Rosemary Clooney](/wiki/Rosemary_Clooney \"Rosemary Clooney\"), Eddie Fisher, [Dinah Shore](/wiki/Dinah_Shore \"Dinah Shore\"), [Bud Yorkin](/wiki/Bud_Yorkin \"Bud Yorkin\") and [Norman Lear](/wiki/Norman_Lear \"Norman Lear\"), [Andy Williams](/wiki/Andy_Williams \"Andy Williams\"), [Dorothy Dandridge](/wiki/Dorothy_Dandridge \"Dorothy Dandridge\"), Canadian comedians [Wayne and Shuster](/wiki/Wayne_and_Shuster \"Wayne and Shuster\"), [Charles Laughton](/wiki/Charles_Laughton \"Charles Laughton\"), and [Alfred Hitchcock](/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock \"Alfred Hitchcock\"). He convinced [Marlene Dietrich](/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich \"Marlene Dietrich\") to star in a [revue](/wiki/Revue \"Revue\") that would cross the country in 16 weeks.", "He negotiated MCA's contract to represent the new American Football League and in 1963 helped long\\-time MCA colleague [David A. (\"Sonny\") Werblin](/wiki/Sonny_Werblin \"Sonny Werblin\") acquire the [New York Titans](/wiki/History_of_the_New_York_Jets \"History of the New York Jets\") franchise of the [AFL](/wiki/American_Football_League \"American Football League\") from former announcer [Harry Wismer](/wiki/Harry_Wismer \"Harry Wismer\"). Werblin changed the team name to the [New York Jets](/wiki/New_York_Jets \"New York Jets\"), two years later drafted [Joe Namath](/wiki/Joe_Namath \"Joe Namath\") out of the [University of Alabama](/wiki/University_of_Alabama \"University of Alabama\"), and the Jets were on their way to the Super Bowl. A lifelong sports fan, Adams one day was attracted by the sight of a golfer on TV who seemed to be a natural showman. Working through pioneer sports agent and attorney Mark McCormack, Adams signed [Arnold Palmer](/wiki/Arnold_Palmer \"Arnold Palmer\") and [Jack Nicklaus](/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus \"Jack Nicklaus\") for a weekly one\\-hour nationally broadcast *Challenge Golf* show.", "In 1962, after MCA purchased [Decca Records](/wiki/Decca_Records \"Decca Records\"), which owned [Universal Pictures](/wiki/Universal_Pictures \"Universal Pictures\"), he left the talent agency business for film and television production and distribution. Wasserman asked Adams, now an MCA vice\\-president, to streamline the film studio's 30 distribution offices around the world in the interest of economy. Adams visited each of the domestic and foreign offices and successfully reduced the number of offices to eight.", "Adams negotiated the purchase of [Leeds Music](/wiki/Leeds_Music \"Leeds Music\"), and established a new MCA music company, UNI Records. UNI Records signed [The Who](/wiki/The_Who \"The Who\"), [Neil Diamond](/wiki/Neil_Diamond \"Neil Diamond\"), [Elton John](/wiki/Elton_John \"Elton John\"), and [Olivia Newton\\-John](/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John \"Olivia Newton-John\") to recording contracts. In England, under MCA's Decca label, Adams and MCA colleague Brian Brolly signed [Andrew Lloyd Webber](/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber \"Andrew Lloyd Webber\") and [Tim Rice](/wiki/Tim_Rice \"Tim Rice\") to record the score of their early hit *[Jesus Christ Superstar](/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar \"Jesus Christ Superstar\")*.", "Adams convinced [Ethel Merman](/wiki/Ethel_Merman \"Ethel Merman\"), [Danny Kaye](/wiki/Danny_Kaye \"Danny Kaye\"), [Gene Kelly](/wiki/Gene_Kelly \"Gene Kelly\"), and [Fred Astaire](/wiki/Fred_Astaire \"Fred Astaire\") each to appear in television specials. *[An Evening with Fred Astaire](/wiki/An_Evening_with_Fred_Astaire \"An Evening with Fred Astaire\")* (1958\\) won nine [Emmy Awards](/wiki/Emmy_Award \"Emmy Award\").", "In October 1969, Adams, by now executive vice\\-president of MCA and second in company earnings only to Wasserman, found himself at the center of an internal power struggle within the company. [Lew Wasserman](/wiki/Lew_Wasserman \"Lew Wasserman\") urged \"voluntary retirement\", the magnate's euphemism for dismissal. Adams' 20\\-year career with MCA ended formally in early 1971\\.", "" ]
Recording Studio Sessions ------------------------- ### The Dave Fanning Sessions The Dave Fanning Sessions consist of recording studio sessions made available to young aspiring bands and artists. These sessions were subsequently played on [The Dave Fanning Show](/wiki/The_Dave_Fanning_Show "The Dave Fanning Show") on Irish\-based radio [RTÉ 2FM](/wiki/RT%C3%89_2FM "RTÉ 2FM"). #### The 1991 Dave Fanning Session Produced by Jim Lockhart and engineered by Phil Cook, the 1991 session was recorded at RTÉ's Studio 8 on March 9, 1991\.The Dave Fanning Sessions Archive.["The Cranberries (9\.3\.1991\)"](http://fanningsessions.wordpress.com/2010/05/23/the-cranberries-9-3-1991/), Retrieved on 2011\-05\-22\. On May 19, 2010, RTÉ 2FM radio host [Dan Hegarty](/wiki/Dan_Hegarty "Dan Hegarty") played three tracks ("Dreams", "Uncertain", Reason") from the 1991 Dave Fanning Session, nearly 20 years after their first broadcast.RTÉ 2fm.["Playlist \- Wednesday, May 19 (9pm to Midnight)"](http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan_hegarty/2010/05/playlist---wednesday-may-19.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007062608/http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan\_hegarty/2010/05/playlist\-\-\-wednesday\-may\-19\.html \|date\=2011\-10\-07 }}. Retrieved on 2011\-05\-22\. Hegarty aired "Reason" again a year later on March 17, 2011,RTÉ 2fm.["Dan's Playlist \- Thursday, March 17"](http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan_hegarty/2011/03/dans-playlist---thursday-march-17.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007062526/http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan\_hegarty/2011/03/dans\-playlist\-\-\-thursday\-march\-17\.html \|date\=2011\-10\-07 }}, Retrieved on 2011\-05\-22\. then "Dreams" on September 7, 2011 during a show broadcast from Limerick.RTÉ 2fm. ["Dan's Playlist \- Wednesday, September 7 (9\.30pm to Midnight) Live from Limerick"](http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan_hegarty/2011/09/dans-playlist---wednesday-september-7-930pm-to-midnight-live-from-limerick.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324090810/http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan\_hegarty/2011/09/dans\-playlist\-\-\-wednesday\-september\-7\-930pm\-to\-midnight\-live\-from\-limerick.html \|date\=2012\-03\-24 }}. Retrieved on September 26, 2011\. The complete session was broadcast again on October 18, 2011 on Dan Hegarty's show.RTÉ 2fm. [Dan's Playlist \- Tuesday, October 18\.](http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan_hegarty/2011/10/dans-playlist---tuesday-october-18.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814222548/http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan\_hegarty/2011/10/dans\-playlist\-\-\-tuesday\-october\-18\.html \|date\=2012\-08\-14 }} Retrieved on 2011\-10\-21\. **Track list** * "Dreams" (4:02\) * "Uncertain" (3:20\) * "Reason" (1:50\) * "Put Me Down" (2:44\) #### The 1993 Dave Fanning Session In 1993,The Dave Fanning Sessions Archive.["The Cranberries (1993 Interview)"](http://fanningsessions.wordpress.com/2011/04/22/the-cranberries-1993-interview/) Retrieved on 2011\-05\-22\. the band recorded another Fanning Session. During an interview at RTÉ 2FM, Fergal indicated that the band was recording a new version of "Wanted" from their debut album, *[Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We?](/wiki/Everybody_Else_Is_Doing_It%2C_So_Why_Can%27t_We%3F "Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We?")* and three new songs ("False", "Like You Used To" and "The Icicle Melts"). Up to this date, "False" and "Like You Used To" remain commercially unreleased, while "The Icicle Melts" was re\-recorded and released a year later on the band's second album, *[No Need to Argue](/wiki/No_Need_to_Argue "No Need to Argue")*. The complete session was broadcast again on 7 December 2011 on Dan Hegarty's *Alternative to Sleep* show (RTÉ 2FM).RTÉ 2FM. [Dan's Playlist \- Wednesday, December 7](http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan_hegarty/2011/12/dans-playlist---wednesday-december-7.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406093330/http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan\_hegarty/2011/12/dans\-playlist\-\-\-wednesday\-december\-7\.html \|date\=2012\-04\-06 }}. Retrieved on 2011\-12\-08\. **Track list** * "The Icicle Melts" (3:04\) * "Wanted" (1:58\) * "Like You Used To" (2:27\) * "False" (2:22\) It is unclear if another Dave Fanning Session took place, since information about the Cranberries’ Fanning Sessions remains scarce and sometimes contradictory in the fan community. In 2002, Zombieguide webmaster, Alex Kraus, received CD\-Rs from the Cranberries’ drummer, [Fergal Lawler](/wiki/Fergal_Lawler "Fergal Lawler"), which contained some tracks identified as being from a 1990 Dave Fanning Session.Kraus, Alex.["Exclusive: Full "Watercircle" \& Xeric Records Demo Downloads"](http://www.zombieguide.com/news/2002/04/09/exclusive-full-watercircle-xeric-records-demo-downloads/), Zombieguide.com, April 9, 2002\. Retrieved on 2011\-05\-23\. Since some of the information from those CD\-Rs are now known to be inaccurate (e.g., the four 1991 Fanning Session tracks are identified as "Xeric Demos"), we cannot confirm the existence of a 1990 Dave Fanning Session. It possible that the information on those CD\-R tracks was mixed up sometime between the original tape recording in the early 1990s and the CD transfer, a decade later. ### The John Peel Session The Cranberries worked on a studio session for the [John Peel](/wiki/John_Peel "John Peel") show on [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 "BBC Radio 1"). The session, produced by Dale Griffin and engineered by Nick Gomm, was recorded at Maida Vale 4 on January 16, 1992 and broadcast a month later, on February 16\.BBC Radio 1\. ["Keeping it Peel: The John Peel Sessions"](http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/johnpeel/sessions/1990s/1992/Jan16thecranberries/), Retrieved on 2011\-05\-23\. It featured four songs that were later re\-recorded for the band's first album. The four tracks were broadcast again on the April 24, 1992 show. Recordings of the John Peel Session appeared on an unauthorized bootleg CD entitled *Be With You*.{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2011}} **Track list** * "Waltzing Back" (3:27\) * "Linger" (3:20\) * "Wanted" (2:05\) (identified as "Want") * "I Will Always" (2:36\) ### The BBC Radio 1 Evening Session The Cranberries recorded a BBC Radio 1 Evening Session, which was broadcast on September 26, 1994\. The recording session was produced by James Birtwistle. "I Can't Be With You" and "Empty" from that session were included on the "[I Can't Be With You](/wiki/I_Can%27t_Be_With_You "I Can't Be With You")" single while "Zombie" was released on a promo cassette with British magazine Vox.Discogs.["The Cranberries, I Can't Be With You"](http://www.discogs.com/Cranberries-I-Cant-Be-With-You/release/378362). Retrieved on 2011\-06\-02\.Discogs. [The Radio 1FM Sessions Vol 2](http://www.discogs.com/Various-The-Radio-1FM-Sessions-Vol-2/release/785638). Retrieved on 2011\-10\-22 It is unclear if other tracks were recorded during that session. {{Citation needed\|date\=June 2011}} **Track list** * "I Can't Be With You" * "Empty" * "Zombie"
[ "Recording Studio Sessions\n-------------------------", "### The Dave Fanning Sessions", "The Dave Fanning Sessions consist of recording studio sessions made available to young aspiring bands and artists. These sessions were subsequently played on [The Dave Fanning Show](/wiki/The_Dave_Fanning_Show \"The Dave Fanning Show\") on Irish\\-based radio [RTÉ 2FM](/wiki/RT%C3%89_2FM \"RTÉ 2FM\").", "#### The 1991 Dave Fanning Session", "Produced by Jim Lockhart and engineered by Phil Cook, the 1991 session was recorded at RTÉ's Studio 8 on March 9, 1991\\.The Dave Fanning Sessions Archive.[\"The Cranberries (9\\.3\\.1991\\)\"](http://fanningsessions.wordpress.com/2010/05/23/the-cranberries-9-3-1991/), Retrieved on 2011\\-05\\-22\\.", "On May 19, 2010, RTÉ 2FM radio host [Dan Hegarty](/wiki/Dan_Hegarty \"Dan Hegarty\") played three tracks (\"Dreams\", \"Uncertain\", Reason\") from the 1991 Dave Fanning Session, nearly 20 years after their first broadcast.RTÉ 2fm.[\"Playlist \\- Wednesday, May 19 (9pm to Midnight)\"](http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan_hegarty/2010/05/playlist---wednesday-may-19.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007062608/http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan\\_hegarty/2010/05/playlist\\-\\-\\-wednesday\\-may\\-19\\.html \\|date\\=2011\\-10\\-07 }}. Retrieved on 2011\\-05\\-22\\. Hegarty aired \"Reason\" again a year later on March 17, 2011,RTÉ 2fm.[\"Dan's Playlist \\- Thursday, March 17\"](http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan_hegarty/2011/03/dans-playlist---thursday-march-17.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007062526/http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan\\_hegarty/2011/03/dans\\-playlist\\-\\-\\-thursday\\-march\\-17\\.html \\|date\\=2011\\-10\\-07 }}, Retrieved on 2011\\-05\\-22\\. then \"Dreams\" on September 7, 2011 during a show broadcast from Limerick.RTÉ 2fm. [\"Dan's Playlist \\- Wednesday, September 7 (9\\.30pm to Midnight) Live from Limerick\"](http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan_hegarty/2011/09/dans-playlist---wednesday-september-7-930pm-to-midnight-live-from-limerick.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324090810/http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan\\_hegarty/2011/09/dans\\-playlist\\-\\-\\-wednesday\\-september\\-7\\-930pm\\-to\\-midnight\\-live\\-from\\-limerick.html \\|date\\=2012\\-03\\-24 }}. Retrieved on September 26, 2011\\.", "The complete session was broadcast again on October 18, 2011 on Dan Hegarty's show.RTÉ 2fm. [Dan's Playlist \\- Tuesday, October 18\\.](http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan_hegarty/2011/10/dans-playlist---tuesday-october-18.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814222548/http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan\\_hegarty/2011/10/dans\\-playlist\\-\\-\\-tuesday\\-october\\-18\\.html \\|date\\=2012\\-08\\-14 }} Retrieved on 2011\\-10\\-21\\.", "**Track list**\n* \"Dreams\" (4:02\\)\n* \"Uncertain\" (3:20\\)\n* \"Reason\" (1:50\\)\n* \"Put Me Down\" (2:44\\)", "#### The 1993 Dave Fanning Session", "In 1993,The Dave Fanning Sessions Archive.[\"The Cranberries (1993 Interview)\"](http://fanningsessions.wordpress.com/2011/04/22/the-cranberries-1993-interview/) Retrieved on 2011\\-05\\-22\\. the band recorded another Fanning Session. During an interview at RTÉ 2FM, Fergal indicated that the band was recording a new version of \"Wanted\" from their debut album, *[Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We?](/wiki/Everybody_Else_Is_Doing_It%2C_So_Why_Can%27t_We%3F \"Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We?\")* and three new songs (\"False\", \"Like You Used To\" and \"The Icicle Melts\"). Up to this date, \"False\" and \"Like You Used To\" remain commercially unreleased, while \"The Icicle Melts\" was re\\-recorded and released a year later on the band's second album, *[No Need to Argue](/wiki/No_Need_to_Argue \"No Need to Argue\")*.\nThe complete session was broadcast again on 7 December 2011 on Dan Hegarty's *Alternative to Sleep* show (RTÉ 2FM).RTÉ 2FM. [Dan's Playlist \\- Wednesday, December 7](http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan_hegarty/2011/12/dans-playlist---wednesday-december-7.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406093330/http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan\\_hegarty/2011/12/dans\\-playlist\\-\\-\\-wednesday\\-december\\-7\\.html \\|date\\=2012\\-04\\-06 }}. Retrieved on 2011\\-12\\-08\\.", "**Track list**\n* \"The Icicle Melts\" (3:04\\)\n* \"Wanted\" (1:58\\)\n* \"Like You Used To\" (2:27\\)\n* \"False\" (2:22\\)", "It is unclear if another Dave Fanning Session took place, since information about the Cranberries’ Fanning Sessions remains scarce and sometimes contradictory in the fan community. In 2002, Zombieguide webmaster, Alex Kraus, received CD\\-Rs from the Cranberries’ drummer, [Fergal Lawler](/wiki/Fergal_Lawler \"Fergal Lawler\"), which contained some tracks identified as being from a 1990 Dave Fanning Session.Kraus, Alex.[\"Exclusive: Full \"Watercircle\" \\& Xeric Records Demo Downloads\"](http://www.zombieguide.com/news/2002/04/09/exclusive-full-watercircle-xeric-records-demo-downloads/), Zombieguide.com, April 9, 2002\\. Retrieved on 2011\\-05\\-23\\. Since some of the information from those CD\\-Rs are now known to be inaccurate (e.g., the four 1991 Fanning Session tracks are identified as \"Xeric Demos\"), we cannot confirm the existence of a 1990 Dave Fanning Session. It possible that the information on those CD\\-R tracks was mixed up sometime between the original tape recording in the early 1990s and the CD transfer, a decade later.", "### The John Peel Session", "The Cranberries worked on a studio session for the [John Peel](/wiki/John_Peel \"John Peel\") show on [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 \"BBC Radio 1\"). The session, produced by Dale Griffin and engineered by Nick Gomm, was recorded at Maida Vale 4 on January 16, 1992 and broadcast a month later, on February 16\\.BBC Radio 1\\. [\"Keeping it Peel: The John Peel Sessions\"](http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/johnpeel/sessions/1990s/1992/Jan16thecranberries/), Retrieved on 2011\\-05\\-23\\. It featured four songs that were later re\\-recorded for the band's first album. The four tracks were broadcast again on the April 24, 1992 show. Recordings of the John Peel Session appeared on an unauthorized bootleg CD entitled *Be With You*.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2011}}", "**Track list**\n* \"Waltzing Back\" (3:27\\)\n* \"Linger\" (3:20\\)\n* \"Wanted\" (2:05\\) (identified as \"Want\")\n* \"I Will Always\" (2:36\\)", "### The BBC Radio 1 Evening Session", "The Cranberries recorded a BBC Radio 1 Evening Session, which was broadcast on September 26, 1994\\. The recording session was produced by James Birtwistle. \"I Can't Be With You\" and \"Empty\" from that session were included on the \"[I Can't Be With You](/wiki/I_Can%27t_Be_With_You \"I Can't Be With You\")\" single while \"Zombie\" was released on a promo cassette with British magazine Vox.Discogs.[\"The Cranberries, I Can't Be With You\"](http://www.discogs.com/Cranberries-I-Cant-Be-With-You/release/378362). Retrieved on 2011\\-06\\-02\\.Discogs. [The Radio 1FM Sessions Vol 2](http://www.discogs.com/Various-The-Radio-1FM-Sessions-Vol-2/release/785638). Retrieved on 2011\\-10\\-22 It is unclear if other tracks were recorded during that session. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2011}}", "**Track list**\n* \"I Can't Be With You\"\n* \"Empty\"\n* \"Zombie\"", "" ]
### The Dave Fanning Sessions The Dave Fanning Sessions consist of recording studio sessions made available to young aspiring bands and artists. These sessions were subsequently played on [The Dave Fanning Show](/wiki/The_Dave_Fanning_Show "The Dave Fanning Show") on Irish\-based radio [RTÉ 2FM](/wiki/RT%C3%89_2FM "RTÉ 2FM"). #### The 1991 Dave Fanning Session Produced by Jim Lockhart and engineered by Phil Cook, the 1991 session was recorded at RTÉ's Studio 8 on March 9, 1991\.The Dave Fanning Sessions Archive.["The Cranberries (9\.3\.1991\)"](http://fanningsessions.wordpress.com/2010/05/23/the-cranberries-9-3-1991/), Retrieved on 2011\-05\-22\. On May 19, 2010, RTÉ 2FM radio host [Dan Hegarty](/wiki/Dan_Hegarty "Dan Hegarty") played three tracks ("Dreams", "Uncertain", Reason") from the 1991 Dave Fanning Session, nearly 20 years after their first broadcast.RTÉ 2fm.["Playlist \- Wednesday, May 19 (9pm to Midnight)"](http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan_hegarty/2010/05/playlist---wednesday-may-19.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007062608/http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan\_hegarty/2010/05/playlist\-\-\-wednesday\-may\-19\.html \|date\=2011\-10\-07 }}. Retrieved on 2011\-05\-22\. Hegarty aired "Reason" again a year later on March 17, 2011,RTÉ 2fm.["Dan's Playlist \- Thursday, March 17"](http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan_hegarty/2011/03/dans-playlist---thursday-march-17.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007062526/http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan\_hegarty/2011/03/dans\-playlist\-\-\-thursday\-march\-17\.html \|date\=2011\-10\-07 }}, Retrieved on 2011\-05\-22\. then "Dreams" on September 7, 2011 during a show broadcast from Limerick.RTÉ 2fm. ["Dan's Playlist \- Wednesday, September 7 (9\.30pm to Midnight) Live from Limerick"](http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan_hegarty/2011/09/dans-playlist---wednesday-september-7-930pm-to-midnight-live-from-limerick.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324090810/http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan\_hegarty/2011/09/dans\-playlist\-\-\-wednesday\-september\-7\-930pm\-to\-midnight\-live\-from\-limerick.html \|date\=2012\-03\-24 }}. Retrieved on September 26, 2011\. The complete session was broadcast again on October 18, 2011 on Dan Hegarty's show.RTÉ 2fm. [Dan's Playlist \- Tuesday, October 18\.](http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan_hegarty/2011/10/dans-playlist---tuesday-october-18.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814222548/http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan\_hegarty/2011/10/dans\-playlist\-\-\-tuesday\-october\-18\.html \|date\=2012\-08\-14 }} Retrieved on 2011\-10\-21\. **Track list** * "Dreams" (4:02\) * "Uncertain" (3:20\) * "Reason" (1:50\) * "Put Me Down" (2:44\) #### The 1993 Dave Fanning Session In 1993,The Dave Fanning Sessions Archive.["The Cranberries (1993 Interview)"](http://fanningsessions.wordpress.com/2011/04/22/the-cranberries-1993-interview/) Retrieved on 2011\-05\-22\. the band recorded another Fanning Session. During an interview at RTÉ 2FM, Fergal indicated that the band was recording a new version of "Wanted" from their debut album, *[Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We?](/wiki/Everybody_Else_Is_Doing_It%2C_So_Why_Can%27t_We%3F "Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We?")* and three new songs ("False", "Like You Used To" and "The Icicle Melts"). Up to this date, "False" and "Like You Used To" remain commercially unreleased, while "The Icicle Melts" was re\-recorded and released a year later on the band's second album, *[No Need to Argue](/wiki/No_Need_to_Argue "No Need to Argue")*. The complete session was broadcast again on 7 December 2011 on Dan Hegarty's *Alternative to Sleep* show (RTÉ 2FM).RTÉ 2FM. [Dan's Playlist \- Wednesday, December 7](http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan_hegarty/2011/12/dans-playlist---wednesday-december-7.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406093330/http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan\_hegarty/2011/12/dans\-playlist\-\-\-wednesday\-december\-7\.html \|date\=2012\-04\-06 }}. Retrieved on 2011\-12\-08\. **Track list** * "The Icicle Melts" (3:04\) * "Wanted" (1:58\) * "Like You Used To" (2:27\) * "False" (2:22\) It is unclear if another Dave Fanning Session took place, since information about the Cranberries’ Fanning Sessions remains scarce and sometimes contradictory in the fan community. In 2002, Zombieguide webmaster, Alex Kraus, received CD\-Rs from the Cranberries’ drummer, [Fergal Lawler](/wiki/Fergal_Lawler "Fergal Lawler"), which contained some tracks identified as being from a 1990 Dave Fanning Session.Kraus, Alex.["Exclusive: Full "Watercircle" \& Xeric Records Demo Downloads"](http://www.zombieguide.com/news/2002/04/09/exclusive-full-watercircle-xeric-records-demo-downloads/), Zombieguide.com, April 9, 2002\. Retrieved on 2011\-05\-23\. Since some of the information from those CD\-Rs are now known to be inaccurate (e.g., the four 1991 Fanning Session tracks are identified as "Xeric Demos"), we cannot confirm the existence of a 1990 Dave Fanning Session. It possible that the information on those CD\-R tracks was mixed up sometime between the original tape recording in the early 1990s and the CD transfer, a decade later.
[ "### The Dave Fanning Sessions", "The Dave Fanning Sessions consist of recording studio sessions made available to young aspiring bands and artists. These sessions were subsequently played on [The Dave Fanning Show](/wiki/The_Dave_Fanning_Show \"The Dave Fanning Show\") on Irish\\-based radio [RTÉ 2FM](/wiki/RT%C3%89_2FM \"RTÉ 2FM\").", "#### The 1991 Dave Fanning Session", "Produced by Jim Lockhart and engineered by Phil Cook, the 1991 session was recorded at RTÉ's Studio 8 on March 9, 1991\\.The Dave Fanning Sessions Archive.[\"The Cranberries (9\\.3\\.1991\\)\"](http://fanningsessions.wordpress.com/2010/05/23/the-cranberries-9-3-1991/), Retrieved on 2011\\-05\\-22\\.", "On May 19, 2010, RTÉ 2FM radio host [Dan Hegarty](/wiki/Dan_Hegarty \"Dan Hegarty\") played three tracks (\"Dreams\", \"Uncertain\", Reason\") from the 1991 Dave Fanning Session, nearly 20 years after their first broadcast.RTÉ 2fm.[\"Playlist \\- Wednesday, May 19 (9pm to Midnight)\"](http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan_hegarty/2010/05/playlist---wednesday-may-19.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007062608/http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan\\_hegarty/2010/05/playlist\\-\\-\\-wednesday\\-may\\-19\\.html \\|date\\=2011\\-10\\-07 }}. Retrieved on 2011\\-05\\-22\\. Hegarty aired \"Reason\" again a year later on March 17, 2011,RTÉ 2fm.[\"Dan's Playlist \\- Thursday, March 17\"](http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan_hegarty/2011/03/dans-playlist---thursday-march-17.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007062526/http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan\\_hegarty/2011/03/dans\\-playlist\\-\\-\\-thursday\\-march\\-17\\.html \\|date\\=2011\\-10\\-07 }}, Retrieved on 2011\\-05\\-22\\. then \"Dreams\" on September 7, 2011 during a show broadcast from Limerick.RTÉ 2fm. [\"Dan's Playlist \\- Wednesday, September 7 (9\\.30pm to Midnight) Live from Limerick\"](http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan_hegarty/2011/09/dans-playlist---wednesday-september-7-930pm-to-midnight-live-from-limerick.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324090810/http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan\\_hegarty/2011/09/dans\\-playlist\\-\\-\\-wednesday\\-september\\-7\\-930pm\\-to\\-midnight\\-live\\-from\\-limerick.html \\|date\\=2012\\-03\\-24 }}. Retrieved on September 26, 2011\\.", "The complete session was broadcast again on October 18, 2011 on Dan Hegarty's show.RTÉ 2fm. [Dan's Playlist \\- Tuesday, October 18\\.](http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan_hegarty/2011/10/dans-playlist---tuesday-october-18.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814222548/http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan\\_hegarty/2011/10/dans\\-playlist\\-\\-\\-tuesday\\-october\\-18\\.html \\|date\\=2012\\-08\\-14 }} Retrieved on 2011\\-10\\-21\\.", "**Track list**\n* \"Dreams\" (4:02\\)\n* \"Uncertain\" (3:20\\)\n* \"Reason\" (1:50\\)\n* \"Put Me Down\" (2:44\\)", "#### The 1993 Dave Fanning Session", "In 1993,The Dave Fanning Sessions Archive.[\"The Cranberries (1993 Interview)\"](http://fanningsessions.wordpress.com/2011/04/22/the-cranberries-1993-interview/) Retrieved on 2011\\-05\\-22\\. the band recorded another Fanning Session. During an interview at RTÉ 2FM, Fergal indicated that the band was recording a new version of \"Wanted\" from their debut album, *[Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We?](/wiki/Everybody_Else_Is_Doing_It%2C_So_Why_Can%27t_We%3F \"Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We?\")* and three new songs (\"False\", \"Like You Used To\" and \"The Icicle Melts\"). Up to this date, \"False\" and \"Like You Used To\" remain commercially unreleased, while \"The Icicle Melts\" was re\\-recorded and released a year later on the band's second album, *[No Need to Argue](/wiki/No_Need_to_Argue \"No Need to Argue\")*.\nThe complete session was broadcast again on 7 December 2011 on Dan Hegarty's *Alternative to Sleep* show (RTÉ 2FM).RTÉ 2FM. [Dan's Playlist \\- Wednesday, December 7](http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan_hegarty/2011/12/dans-playlist---wednesday-december-7.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406093330/http://2fm.rte.ie/blogs/dan\\_hegarty/2011/12/dans\\-playlist\\-\\-\\-wednesday\\-december\\-7\\.html \\|date\\=2012\\-04\\-06 }}. Retrieved on 2011\\-12\\-08\\.", "**Track list**\n* \"The Icicle Melts\" (3:04\\)\n* \"Wanted\" (1:58\\)\n* \"Like You Used To\" (2:27\\)\n* \"False\" (2:22\\)", "It is unclear if another Dave Fanning Session took place, since information about the Cranberries’ Fanning Sessions remains scarce and sometimes contradictory in the fan community. In 2002, Zombieguide webmaster, Alex Kraus, received CD\\-Rs from the Cranberries’ drummer, [Fergal Lawler](/wiki/Fergal_Lawler \"Fergal Lawler\"), which contained some tracks identified as being from a 1990 Dave Fanning Session.Kraus, Alex.[\"Exclusive: Full \"Watercircle\" \\& Xeric Records Demo Downloads\"](http://www.zombieguide.com/news/2002/04/09/exclusive-full-watercircle-xeric-records-demo-downloads/), Zombieguide.com, April 9, 2002\\. Retrieved on 2011\\-05\\-23\\. Since some of the information from those CD\\-Rs are now known to be inaccurate (e.g., the four 1991 Fanning Session tracks are identified as \"Xeric Demos\"), we cannot confirm the existence of a 1990 Dave Fanning Session. It possible that the information on those CD\\-R tracks was mixed up sometime between the original tape recording in the early 1990s and the CD transfer, a decade later.", "" ]
Live Studio Sessions -------------------- ### The 2 Meter Session On May 23, 1993, The Cranberries recorded an acoustic performance for the 2 Meter Sessions in the Netherlands.2 Meter Sessies. [2 Meter Sessies archief](http://www.2metersessies.nl/archiefpagina/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114050406/http://www.2metersessies.nl/archiefpagina/ \|date\=2011\-11\-14 }}. Retrieved on 2011\-11\-26\. This session was performed live without an audience. **Track list** * "Linger" * "Wanted" * "Away" (identified as "Turn Away") * "Sunday" * "I Will Always" * "I Can't Be With You" ### The Morning Becomes Eclectic Session On the day of their Los Angeles debut, the band was invited at [KCRW](/wiki/KCRW "KCRW")'s [Morning Becomes Eclectic](/wiki/Morning_Becomes_Eclectic "Morning Becomes Eclectic") radio show on July 15, 1993KCRW. Rare on Air, volume 2 booklet. 1995\. for an interview with host [Chris Douridas](/wiki/Chris_Douridas "Chris Douridas") and a live acoustic performance. The acoustic version of Sunday from that performance was included on the KCRW 1995 compilation *Rare on Air, volume 2*.KCRW.com.["KCRW CDs"](http://www.kcrw.com/music/kcrw-cds/cd_rareonair2) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512154011/http://www.kcrw.com/music/kcrw\-cds/cd\_rareonair2 \|date\=2011\-05\-12 }}. Retrieved on 2011\-05\-23\. The interview and performance are available in streaming mode on the radio's website.KCRW.com [The Cranberries, Morning Becomes Eclectic](http://www.kcrw.com/media-player/mediaPlayer2.html?type=audio&id=mb930415the_cranberries). Retrieved on 2011\-11\-20 **Track list** * "Linger" * "False" * "Sunday" * "I Will Always" ### The On The Edge Session In 1993, The Cranberries recorded a live acoustic performance in Los Angeles for the On the Edge show on the Westwood One radio network. "How", "Away" and "Linger" were broadcast on the week of September 11, 1993 along with two short interview segments.On The Edge, CD \#93\-37, Westwood One. Week of September 11, 1993\. The complete performance was aired during the week of June 4, 1994, without the interview segments.On The Edge, CD \#94\-24, Westwood One. Week of June 4, 1994\. **Track list** * "False" * "Away" (identified as "I Pray") * "Linger" * "How" ### The 1999 BBC Radio 1 Session On March 24, 1999,Fergal Lawler's Diary entries. [March 22nd 1999](http://www.the-cranberries.ru/eng/let1999.htm). The diary entries were first posted on the cranberries.ie, which was closed after the band went into hiatus. Retrieved on 2011\-11\-24\. The Cranberries gave a three\-song performance at BBC Radio 1, before the release of their fourth album *[Bury The Hatchet](/wiki/Bury_the_Hatchet_%28album%29 "Bury the Hatchet (album)")* on the Mid Morning Show with [Simon Mayo](/wiki/Simon_Mayo "Simon Mayo"). It was the first time the band played "Animal Instinct" and Elvis Presley's "In The Ghetto". **Track list** * "Animal Instinct" * "Ode to my Family" * "In The Ghetto" ### The Studio C Sessions On August 16, 2001, The Cranberries gave a two\-song acoustic performance at the Studio C of Boulder (Colorado) radio station [KBCO – World Class Rock](/wiki/KBCO "KBCO"), to promote the upcoming release of *[Wake Up and Smell the Coffee](/wiki/Wake_Up_and_Smell_the_Coffee "Wake Up and Smell the Coffee")*.KBCO.com [The Cranberries: August 2001](http://www.kbco.com/player/?mid=21482383). Retrieved on 2011\-10\-13\. A similar performance was broadcast on Minneapolis\-based radio station [KTCZ – Cities 97](/wiki/KTCZ-FM "KTCZ-FM") on August 20, 2001\. Both performances of "Analyse" were featured on locally\-sold charity compilations *KBCO Studio C, Volume 13* and *[Cities 97 Sampler](/wiki/Cities_97_Sampler "Cities 97 Sampler") Volume 13*.KBCO.com [KBCO Studio C \- Volume 13](http://www.kbco.com/pages/studioc_cds.html?feed=105538&article=7719546) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415122956/http://www.kbco.com/pages/studioc\_cds.html?feed\=105538\&article\=7719546 \|date\=2012\-04\-15 }}. Retrieved on 2011\-10\-13\.Cities 97 Website. [Cities 97 Sampler Volume 13\.](http://www.cities97.com/pages/sampler/Volume13.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206133746/http://www.cities97\.com/pages/sampler/Volume13\.html \|date\=2012\-02\-06 }} Retrieved on 2011\-10\-03\. The two stations are part of the [Clear Channel Communications](/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications "Clear Channel Communications") group. **Track list**Zombieguide.com [Minneapolis Show Review, Setlist](http://www.zombieguide.com/news/2001/08/21/minneapolis-show-review-setlist/). August 21, 2001\. Retrieved on 2011\-10\-30 * Linger * Never Grow Old (Cities 97 only) * Analyse ### The RTÉ 2fm Session On September 6, 2002 Irish radio RTÉ 2fm broadcast a live and acoustic session with The Cranberries to promote the release of their greatest hits compilation, *[Stars: The Best of 1992–2002](/wiki/Stars:The_Best_of_1992%E2%80%932002 "The Best of 1992–2002")*. The band discussed each song with radio host Gerry Ryan before performing it. **Track list** * "Dying in the Sun" * "Ode to my Family" * "Linger" * "Free To Decide" * "Chocolate Brown" * "Stars" * "Zombie" * "Animal Instinct"
[ "Live Studio Sessions\n--------------------", "### The 2 Meter Session", "On May 23, 1993, The Cranberries recorded an acoustic performance for the 2 Meter Sessions in the Netherlands.2 Meter Sessies. [2 Meter Sessies archief](http://www.2metersessies.nl/archiefpagina/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114050406/http://www.2metersessies.nl/archiefpagina/ \\|date\\=2011\\-11\\-14 }}. Retrieved on 2011\\-11\\-26\\. This session was performed live without an audience.", "**Track list**\n* \"Linger\"\n* \"Wanted\"\n* \"Away\" (identified as \"Turn Away\")\n* \"Sunday\"\n* \"I Will Always\"\n* \"I Can't Be With You\"", "### The Morning Becomes Eclectic Session", "On the day of their Los Angeles debut, the band was invited at [KCRW](/wiki/KCRW \"KCRW\")'s [Morning Becomes Eclectic](/wiki/Morning_Becomes_Eclectic \"Morning Becomes Eclectic\") radio show on July 15, 1993KCRW. Rare on Air, volume 2 booklet. 1995\\. for an interview with host [Chris Douridas](/wiki/Chris_Douridas \"Chris Douridas\") and a live acoustic performance. The acoustic version of Sunday from that performance was included on the KCRW 1995 compilation *Rare on Air, volume 2*.KCRW.com.[\"KCRW CDs\"](http://www.kcrw.com/music/kcrw-cds/cd_rareonair2) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512154011/http://www.kcrw.com/music/kcrw\\-cds/cd\\_rareonair2 \\|date\\=2011\\-05\\-12 }}. Retrieved on 2011\\-05\\-23\\. The interview and performance are available in streaming mode on the radio's website.KCRW.com [The Cranberries, Morning Becomes Eclectic](http://www.kcrw.com/media-player/mediaPlayer2.html?type=audio&id=mb930415the_cranberries). Retrieved on 2011\\-11\\-20", "**Track list**\n* \"Linger\"\n* \"False\"\n* \"Sunday\"\n* \"I Will Always\"", "### The On The Edge Session", "In 1993, The Cranberries recorded a live acoustic performance in Los Angeles for the On the Edge show on the Westwood One radio network. \"How\", \"Away\" and \"Linger\" were broadcast on the week of September 11, 1993 along with two short interview segments.On The Edge, CD \\#93\\-37, Westwood One. Week of September 11, 1993\\. The complete performance was aired during the week of June 4, 1994, without the interview segments.On The Edge, CD \\#94\\-24, Westwood One. Week of June 4, 1994\\.", "**Track list**\n* \"False\"\n* \"Away\" (identified as \"I Pray\")\n* \"Linger\"\n* \"How\"", "### The 1999 BBC Radio 1 Session", "On March 24, 1999,Fergal Lawler's Diary entries. [March 22nd 1999](http://www.the-cranberries.ru/eng/let1999.htm). The diary entries were first posted on the cranberries.ie, which was closed after the band went into hiatus. Retrieved on 2011\\-11\\-24\\. The Cranberries gave a three\\-song performance at BBC Radio 1, before the release of their fourth album *[Bury The Hatchet](/wiki/Bury_the_Hatchet_%28album%29 \"Bury the Hatchet (album)\")* on the Mid Morning Show with [Simon Mayo](/wiki/Simon_Mayo \"Simon Mayo\"). It was the first time the band played \"Animal Instinct\" and Elvis Presley's \"In The Ghetto\".", "**Track list**\n* \"Animal Instinct\"\n* \"Ode to my Family\"\n* \"In The Ghetto\"", "### The Studio C Sessions", "On August 16, 2001, The Cranberries gave a two\\-song acoustic performance at the Studio C of Boulder (Colorado) radio station [KBCO – World Class Rock](/wiki/KBCO \"KBCO\"), to promote the upcoming release of *[Wake Up and Smell the Coffee](/wiki/Wake_Up_and_Smell_the_Coffee \"Wake Up and Smell the Coffee\")*.KBCO.com [The Cranberries: August 2001](http://www.kbco.com/player/?mid=21482383). Retrieved on 2011\\-10\\-13\\. A similar performance was broadcast on Minneapolis\\-based radio station [KTCZ – Cities 97](/wiki/KTCZ-FM \"KTCZ-FM\") on August 20, 2001\\. Both performances of \"Analyse\" were featured on locally\\-sold charity compilations *KBCO Studio C, Volume 13* and *[Cities 97 Sampler](/wiki/Cities_97_Sampler \"Cities 97 Sampler\") Volume 13*.KBCO.com [KBCO Studio C \\- Volume 13](http://www.kbco.com/pages/studioc_cds.html?feed=105538&article=7719546) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415122956/http://www.kbco.com/pages/studioc\\_cds.html?feed\\=105538\\&article\\=7719546 \\|date\\=2012\\-04\\-15 }}. Retrieved on 2011\\-10\\-13\\.Cities 97 Website. [Cities 97 Sampler Volume 13\\.](http://www.cities97.com/pages/sampler/Volume13.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206133746/http://www.cities97\\.com/pages/sampler/Volume13\\.html \\|date\\=2012\\-02\\-06 }} Retrieved on 2011\\-10\\-03\\. The two stations are part of the [Clear Channel Communications](/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications \"Clear Channel Communications\") group.", "**Track list**Zombieguide.com [Minneapolis Show Review, Setlist](http://www.zombieguide.com/news/2001/08/21/minneapolis-show-review-setlist/). August 21, 2001\\. Retrieved on 2011\\-10\\-30\n* Linger\n* Never Grow Old (Cities 97 only)\n* Analyse", "### The RTÉ 2fm Session", "On September 6, 2002 Irish radio RTÉ 2fm broadcast a live and acoustic session with The Cranberries to promote the release of their greatest hits compilation, *[Stars: The Best of 1992–2002](/wiki/Stars:The_Best_of_1992%E2%80%932002 \"The Best of 1992–2002\")*. The band discussed each song with radio host Gerry Ryan before performing it.", "**Track list**\n* \"Dying in the Sun\"\n* \"Ode to my Family\"\n* \"Linger\"\n* \"Free To Decide\"\n* \"Chocolate Brown\"\n* \"Stars\"\n* \"Zombie\"\n* \"Animal Instinct\"", "" ]
Live audience sessions ---------------------- ### The Black Session On May 3, 1993, the band performed a live set for the *C'est Lenoir* show on [France Inter](/wiki/France_Inter "France Inter") in Paris (France).Discogs.["The Black Sessions: The Cranberries"](http://www.discogs.com/Cranberries-The-Black-Sessions/release/2372671). Retrieved on 2011\-06\-02\. The [Black Sessions](/wiki/Black_Sessions "Black Sessions") were recorded in front of an audience. **Track list** * "Pretty" * "Sunday" * "The Icicle Melts" * "Linger" * "Not Sorry" * "Waltzing Back" * "Dreams" * "I Can't Be With You" * "Zombie" * "Liar" * "False" * "Still Can't" ### The WNNX Session On August 19, 1994, the band recorded a live acoustic performance in front of an audience for the [WNNX](/wiki/WNNX "WNNX") radio station in Atlanta, Georgia. The recording was featured on the unauthorized bootleg CD entitled *Strange Fruits*.Discogs.["Strange Fruits"](http://www.discogs.com/Cranberries-Strange-Fruits/release/2077861). Retrieved 2011\-05\-23\. **Track list** * "Sunday" * "Zombie" * "Wanted" * "Linger" * "Dreaming My Dreams" ### The 40 Principales Acoustic Session On January 31, 1995, The Cranberries recorded a live acoustic performance in front of an audience at Los 40 Principales in Madrid, Spain. Three tracks from that session (I'm Still Remembering", "Dreaming My Dreams, "Zombie") were featured on several "[When You're Gone](/wiki/When_You%27re_Gone_%28Cranberries_song%29 "When You're Gone (Cranberries song)")" CD singles. **Track list** * "I'm Still Remembering" * "Dreaming My Dreams" * "Ode to my Family" * "Empty" * "Zombie" ### MTV Unplugged On February 14, 1995, The Cranberries recorded a live acoustic performance in front of an audience at the [Brooklyn Academy of Music](/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music "Brooklyn Academy of Music") in New York City for the [MTV Unplugged](/wiki/MTV_Unplugged "MTV Unplugged") series.{{cite news \|last\=Greene\|first\=Andy\|date\=15 January 2018\|title\=Flashback: The Cranberries Perform 'Zombie' on MTV Unplugged\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/flashback\-the\-cranberries\-perform\-zombie\-on\-mtv\-unplugged\-253555/\|url\-status\=live\|work\=Rolling Stone\|archiveurl\=https://archive.today/20201120164851/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/flashback\-the\-cranberries\-perform\-zombie\-on\-mtv\-unplugged\-253555/\|archivedate\=20 November 2020\|accessdate\=20 November 2020}}{{cite news \|last\=Peacock\|first\=Tim\|date\=14 August 2020\|title\=Listen To The Cranberries' 'Yesterday's Gone' From 'No Need To Argue' Reissue\|url\=https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/cranberries\-yesterdays\-gone\-argue\-reissue/\|url\-status\=live\|work\=uDiscoverMusic\|archiveurl\=https://archive.today/20201120164304/https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/cranberries\-yesterdays\-gone\-argue\-reissue/\|archivedate\=20 November 2020\|accessdate\=20 November 2020}} During that performance with a strings ensemble (Electra Strings), the band played nine songs, from which three were unreleased material at that time. While "Free to Decide" and "I'm Still Remembering" were later included on the band's third album *[To the Faithful Departed](/wiki/To_the_Faithful_Departed "To the Faithful Departed")*, "Yesterday's Gone" remains unreleased in a studio format. The MTV Unplugged version of "Zombie" appeared on the band's "[When You're Gone](/wiki/When_You%27re_Gone_%28Cranberries_song%29 "When You're Gone (Cranberries song)")" North American Maxi single and the one of "Yesterday's Gone", on the *[Beneath the Skin – Live in Paris](/wiki/Beneath_the_Skin_%E2%80%93_Live_in_Paris "Beneath the Skin – Live in Paris")* DVD. The show aired for the first time on April 18, 1995\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.thetvdb.com/series/mtv\-unplugged/episodes/178366 \|title\=The Cranberries \|date\=n.d. \|website\=\[\[TheTVDB]] \|accessdate\=20 November 2020 \|url\-status\=live \|archiveurl\=https://archive.today/20201120162316/https://www.thetvdb.com/series/mtv\-unplugged/episodes/178366 \|archivedate\=20 November 2020 \|type\=database}} **Track list** * "Dreaming My Dreams" * "Ode to My Family" * "Linger" * "Free to Decide" * "I'm Still Remembering" * "Empty" * "Zombie" * "Yesterday's Gone" * "No Need to Argue" ### The Musique Plus Session On 6 May 1999, The Cranberries recorded a live performance in the [Musique Plus](/wiki/Musique_Plus "Musique Plus") studios in Montreal (Canada). The one and a half hour show was hosted by VJs Pierre Landry and Elsie Martins, who interviewed the band and asked questions from the audience. **Track list** * "Animal Instinct" * "Promises" * "Ode to My Family" * "Linger" * "You and Me" * "I Can't Be With You" * "Zombie" * "Dreams" ### Hard Rock Live On May 15, 1999, The Cranberries recorded a live electric performance at [The Joint](/wiki/The_Joint_%28music_venue%29 "The Joint (music venue)") in Las Vegas for the series *Hard Rock Live* on American music channel [VH1](/wiki/VH1 "VH1"). **Track list** * "Promises" * "Linger" * "Delilah" * "Zombie" ### Sessions at West 54th The Cranberries were featured on a *[Sessions at West 54th](/wiki/Sessions_at_West_54th "Sessions at West 54th")* episode on May 14, 2000\.TV Guide. Sessions at West 54th Episodes on PBS.[Episode Detail: Cranberries; Moby \- Sessions at West 54th.](http://www.tvguide.com/detail/tv-show.aspx?tvobjectid=204314&more=ucepisodelist&episodeid=2481488) Retrieved on 2011\-09\-19\. The show was taped in New York City and featured a short interview with lead singer [Dolores O'Riordan](/wiki/Dolores_O%27Riordan "Dolores O'Riordan"). **Track list** * "Linger" * "Desperate Andy" * "Promises" * "Zombie" * "Dreams" ### Live from the Lounge On August 13, 2001, The Cranberries were guests at the *Live from the Lounge* show, hosted by [Ryan Seacrest](/wiki/Ryan_Seacrest "Ryan Seacrest") on L.A.\-based radio station [Star 98\.7](/wiki/Star_98.7 "Star 98.7"), two months before the release of their fifth album *[Wake Up and Smell the Coffee](/wiki/Wake_Up_and_Smell_the_Coffee "Wake Up and Smell the Coffee")*. This one\-hour show, which was also broadcast live on Internet, featured an extended interview with the band as well as questions from fans. **Track list** * "Dreams" * "Analyse" * "Linger" * "Every Morning" * "Free to Decide" * "Never Grow Old" * "Time Is Ticking Out" ### MTV Asia Session On 13 August 2002, The Cranberries recorded a MTV Asia Session in Singapore during their Asian tour. **Track list** * "Ode to My Family" * "Dreams" * "Analyse" * "Zombie" * "Stars" * "Salvation"
[ "Live audience sessions\n----------------------", "### The Black Session", "On May 3, 1993, the band performed a live set for the *C'est Lenoir* show on [France Inter](/wiki/France_Inter \"France Inter\") in Paris (France).Discogs.[\"The Black Sessions: The Cranberries\"](http://www.discogs.com/Cranberries-The-Black-Sessions/release/2372671). Retrieved on 2011\\-06\\-02\\. The [Black Sessions](/wiki/Black_Sessions \"Black Sessions\") were recorded in front of an audience.", "**Track list**\n* \"Pretty\"\n* \"Sunday\"\n* \"The Icicle Melts\"\n* \"Linger\"\n* \"Not Sorry\"\n* \"Waltzing Back\"\n* \"Dreams\"\n* \"I Can't Be With You\"\n* \"Zombie\"\n* \"Liar\"\n* \"False\"\n* \"Still Can't\"", "### The WNNX Session", "On August 19, 1994, the band recorded a live acoustic performance in front of an audience for the [WNNX](/wiki/WNNX \"WNNX\") radio station in Atlanta, Georgia. The recording was featured on the unauthorized bootleg CD entitled *Strange Fruits*.Discogs.[\"Strange Fruits\"](http://www.discogs.com/Cranberries-Strange-Fruits/release/2077861). Retrieved 2011\\-05\\-23\\.", "**Track list**\n* \"Sunday\"\n* \"Zombie\"\n* \"Wanted\"\n* \"Linger\"\n* \"Dreaming My Dreams\"", "### The 40 Principales Acoustic Session", "On January 31, 1995, The Cranberries recorded a live acoustic performance in front of an audience at Los 40 Principales in Madrid, Spain. Three tracks from that session (I'm Still Remembering\", \"Dreaming My Dreams, \"Zombie\") were featured on several \"[When You're Gone](/wiki/When_You%27re_Gone_%28Cranberries_song%29 \"When You're Gone (Cranberries song)\")\" CD singles.", "**Track list**\n* \"I'm Still Remembering\"\n* \"Dreaming My Dreams\"\n* \"Ode to my Family\"\n* \"Empty\"\n* \"Zombie\"", "### MTV Unplugged", "On February 14, 1995, The Cranberries recorded a live acoustic performance in front of an audience at the [Brooklyn Academy of Music](/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music \"Brooklyn Academy of Music\") in New York\nCity for the [MTV Unplugged](/wiki/MTV_Unplugged \"MTV Unplugged\") series.{{cite news \\|last\\=Greene\\|first\\=Andy\\|date\\=15 January 2018\\|title\\=Flashback: The Cranberries Perform 'Zombie' on MTV Unplugged\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/flashback\\-the\\-cranberries\\-perform\\-zombie\\-on\\-mtv\\-unplugged\\-253555/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|work\\=Rolling Stone\\|archiveurl\\=https://archive.today/20201120164851/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/flashback\\-the\\-cranberries\\-perform\\-zombie\\-on\\-mtv\\-unplugged\\-253555/\\|archivedate\\=20 November 2020\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2020}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Peacock\\|first\\=Tim\\|date\\=14 August 2020\\|title\\=Listen To The Cranberries' 'Yesterday's Gone' From 'No Need To Argue' Reissue\\|url\\=https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/cranberries\\-yesterdays\\-gone\\-argue\\-reissue/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|work\\=uDiscoverMusic\\|archiveurl\\=https://archive.today/20201120164304/https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/cranberries\\-yesterdays\\-gone\\-argue\\-reissue/\\|archivedate\\=20 November 2020\\|accessdate\\=20 November 2020}} During that performance with a strings ensemble (Electra Strings), the band played nine songs, from which three were unreleased material at that time. While \"Free to Decide\" and \"I'm Still Remembering\" were later included on the band's third album *[To the Faithful Departed](/wiki/To_the_Faithful_Departed \"To the Faithful Departed\")*, \"Yesterday's Gone\" remains unreleased in a studio format. The MTV Unplugged version of \"Zombie\" appeared on the band's \"[When You're Gone](/wiki/When_You%27re_Gone_%28Cranberries_song%29 \"When You're Gone (Cranberries song)\")\" North American Maxi single and the one of \"Yesterday's Gone\", on the *[Beneath the Skin – Live in Paris](/wiki/Beneath_the_Skin_%E2%80%93_Live_in_Paris \"Beneath the Skin – Live in Paris\")* DVD. The show aired for the first time on April 18, 1995\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.thetvdb.com/series/mtv\\-unplugged/episodes/178366 \\|title\\=The Cranberries \\|date\\=n.d. \\|website\\=\\[\\[TheTVDB]] \\|accessdate\\=20 November 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archiveurl\\=https://archive.today/20201120162316/https://www.thetvdb.com/series/mtv\\-unplugged/episodes/178366 \\|archivedate\\=20 November 2020 \\|type\\=database}}", "**Track list**\n* \"Dreaming My Dreams\"\n* \"Ode to My Family\"\n* \"Linger\"\n* \"Free to Decide\"\n* \"I'm Still Remembering\"\n* \"Empty\"\n* \"Zombie\"\n* \"Yesterday's Gone\"\n* \"No Need to Argue\"", "### The Musique Plus Session", "On 6 May 1999, The Cranberries recorded a live performance in the [Musique Plus](/wiki/Musique_Plus \"Musique Plus\") studios in Montreal (Canada). The one and a half hour show was hosted by VJs Pierre Landry and Elsie Martins, who interviewed the band and asked questions from the audience.", "**Track list**\n* \"Animal Instinct\"\n* \"Promises\"\n* \"Ode to My Family\"\n* \"Linger\"\n* \"You and Me\"\n* \"I Can't Be With You\"\n* \"Zombie\"\n* \"Dreams\"", "### Hard Rock Live", "On May 15, 1999, The Cranberries recorded a live electric performance at [The Joint](/wiki/The_Joint_%28music_venue%29 \"The Joint (music venue)\") in Las Vegas for the series *Hard Rock Live* on American music channel [VH1](/wiki/VH1 \"VH1\").", "**Track list**\n* \"Promises\"\n* \"Linger\"\n* \"Delilah\"\n* \"Zombie\"", "### Sessions at West 54th", "The Cranberries were featured on a *[Sessions at West 54th](/wiki/Sessions_at_West_54th \"Sessions at West 54th\")* episode on May 14, 2000\\.TV Guide. Sessions at West 54th Episodes on PBS.[Episode Detail: Cranberries; Moby \\- Sessions at West 54th.](http://www.tvguide.com/detail/tv-show.aspx?tvobjectid=204314&more=ucepisodelist&episodeid=2481488) Retrieved on 2011\\-09\\-19\\. The show was taped in New York City and featured a short interview with lead singer [Dolores O'Riordan](/wiki/Dolores_O%27Riordan \"Dolores O'Riordan\").", "**Track list**\n* \"Linger\"\n* \"Desperate Andy\"\n* \"Promises\"\n* \"Zombie\"\n* \"Dreams\"", "### Live from the Lounge", "On August 13, 2001, The Cranberries were guests at the *Live from the Lounge* show, hosted by [Ryan Seacrest](/wiki/Ryan_Seacrest \"Ryan Seacrest\") on L.A.\\-based radio station [Star 98\\.7](/wiki/Star_98.7 \"Star 98.7\"), two months before the release of their fifth album *[Wake Up and Smell the Coffee](/wiki/Wake_Up_and_Smell_the_Coffee \"Wake Up and Smell the Coffee\")*. This one\\-hour show, which was also broadcast live on Internet, featured an extended interview with the band as well as questions from fans.", "**Track list**\n* \"Dreams\"\n* \"Analyse\"\n* \"Linger\"\n* \"Every Morning\"\n* \"Free to Decide\"\n* \"Never Grow Old\"\n* \"Time Is Ticking Out\"", "### MTV Asia Session", "On 13 August 2002, The Cranberries recorded a MTV Asia Session in Singapore during their Asian tour.", "**Track list**\n* \"Ode to My Family\"\n* \"Dreams\"\n* \"Analyse\"\n* \"Zombie\"\n* \"Stars\"\n* \"Salvation\"", "" ]
History ------- ### 1947 to 1971 At the time of independence in August 1947, the country inherited a divided ([east](/wiki/East_Pakistan "East Pakistan") and [west](/wiki/West_Pakistan "West Pakistan")) postal system established by the British. The new system started operating under the modified Post Office Act no VI of 1898\.50 Year of Pakistan, Volume I Summary, FBS, Statistics Division, GoP, Islamabad 1998 Pg 155 The post office was part of the joint Department of Posts and Telegraph of the Ministry of Communications. Though the Office of the Postmaster General became operational at [Lahore](/wiki/Lahore "Lahore") from 15 August 1947, the newly formed government was too preoccupied with establishing itself, therefore British Indian stamps continued to be used without an [overprint](/wiki/Overprint "Overprint") as was the practice in other countries.{{cite book \| last \= Zahedi \| first \= Mahbub Jamal \| title \= Fifty years of Pakistan stamps \| publisher \= Sanaa Publications \| year \= 1997 \| location \= Karachi \| page \= 15 }} On 1 October 1947, the government released its first stamps, being from the 1940s British India series of [King George VI](/wiki/King_George_VI "King George VI") stamps overprinted with the word *Pakistan*.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\) p. 9 Known as the Nasik Overprints, after the place near [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai"), India, where they were overprinted, this set consists of 19 stamps.*The Most Comprehensive Colour Catalogue Pakistan Postage Stamps 2006–2007 11th edition*, M. I. Choudhary, Lahore, Pakistan, 2006 P.21 These Nasik overprints were also used in some Gulf states, both officially and unofficial. At the time of [independence](/wiki/Partition_of_India "Partition of India"), the postal system of some of these areas was run from Karachi, and therefore, they became the responsibility of the new government.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\) p. 214 Officially these stamps were used in [Muscat and Oman](/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman "Muscat and Oman") and its protectorate of [Gwadar](/wiki/Gwadar "Gwadar") (on Pakistan's Baluchistan coast) and [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai "Dubai"). Muscat used these stamps for a period of only 3 months from 29 December 1947 to 31 March 1948\. Gwadar used this issue and various other commemorative ones until 1958\. Dubai used these stamps from October 1947 until the end of March 1948\. In November 1947, Pakistan joined the [Universal Postal Union](/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union "Universal Postal Union") as its 89th member.50 Year of Pakistan, Volume I Summary, FBS, Statistics Division, GoP, Islamabad 1998 Pgs 155 Nine months later on 9 July 1948, the government released its first commemorative set for the country's first anniversary which consisted of 4 stamps. The stamps were inscribed "15 August 1947" because of the prevailing confusing as to which date was Pakistan's actual date of independence.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, Fifty years of Pakistan stamps, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\) p. 17 It was not until early 1949, that this confusion was cleared by declaring 14 August as independence day. The first day cancellation for this issue was the country's first special pictorial postmark.{{cite book \| last \= Billoo \| first \= Dr. Munaf \| title \= Special Postmarks of Pakistan 1947–2001 \| publisher \= self published \| year \= 2002 \| location \= Karachi \| page \= 109 }} 14 August 1948 saw the released of the first definitive set consisting of 20 stamps. This set depicted scales of justice (3\); [crescent](/wiki/Crescent "Crescent") and star (3\); Lloyd's Barrage (now [Sukkur Barrage](/wiki/Sukkur_Barrage "Sukkur Barrage"))(3\); [Karachi Port Trust](/wiki/Karachi_Port_Trust "Karachi Port Trust") building (5\); Salimullah Hostel, [Dacca University](/wiki/University_of_Dhaka "University of Dhaka") (now in [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh"))(3\) and the [Khyber Pass](/wiki/Khyber_Pass "Khyber Pass") (3\). These were withdrawn from sale on 1 January 1961\.*The Most Comprehensive Colour Catalogue Pakistan Postage Stamps 2006–2007* 11th edition, M. I. Choudhary, Lahore, Pakistan, 2006 P.26 The centenary of Scinde Dawks was commemorated in 1952 with the release of a set of two stamps. These depicted the actual stamps plus advances in transportation since their release. The authorities have to date issued only four [booklets](/wiki/Postage_stamp_booklet "Postage stamp booklet"), with the only regular issue, released in 1956\.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\) p. 166\. Released on 23 March 1956, the first booklet was also the only time a private company, in this case Atco Industries, makers of Alladin [battery](/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29 "Battery (electricity)") cells, had sponsored a booklet.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\) p. 169\. It contained 24 stamps of two denominations, 6 pies and 1 ½anna, from the 7th anniversary set of 1954\. Each pane was separated by interleaving of butter paper. The booklet was priced at Rs. 1/8 and 10,000 booklets were printed. #### Currency change In 1961, the government decided to introduce decimal currency into the country. This necessitated the surcharging of stamps to reflect this change. Six stamps were chosen from various issues and overprinted with the following denominations: 1 paisa, 2 paisas, 3 paisas, 7 paisas, 13 paisas (2 designs). Their printing was divided between two local printers, both based in Karachi: [Pakistan Security Printing Corporation](/wiki/Pakistan_Security_Printing_Corporation "Pakistan Security Printing Corporation") (PSPC) and Time Press, Karachi. Times Press used many plates for printing which resulted in varieties and shifts. Service stamps with decimal surcharges were also printed by the same printers. Forgeries in this issue exist in such numbers that they make the average person think that there are more errors and varieties than in fact.Khalid Malik, *The Decimal Surcharges of Pakistan A New Perspective* in Pakistan 2003 souvenir, Karachi, Pakistan, 2003 P.11 In the 2 paisas Service stamps, errors including service on front and surcharge on gum side are forgeries.*The Decimal Surcharges of Pakistan A New Perspective* in Pakistan 2003 souvenir, Karachi, Pakistan, 2003 P.12 #### Independent Department In July 1962, the government bifurcated the old department50 Year of Pakistan, Volume I Summary, FBS, Statistics Division, GoP, Islamabad 1998 Pg 156 and independently placed the postal service under the Ministry of Communications. To speed up the sorting of mail, during the 1960s, the post office installed five Thrisell Electro Magnetic Sorting Machines in Karachi and Lahore.Perveiz A. Gill, *Mechanization and Automation in Pakistan Post Office*, published in PakPost vol 1 no 2, July–December 1991 pg 18 However, during the 1980s their use was stopped. ### 1972 to date 1972 was the beginning of a new period in the country's postal history with the [eastern wing](/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh") lost in the 1971 War. However, the post office continued to use three languages on stamps until the end of the year. From August 1986, a number of special services were introduced within the country. These included Air Express (Airex) (2 August 1986\);Sultan Ahmed, A critical look at the special services, published in PakPost, no 1, vol 1, January – June 1991, pg 51 Urgent Mail Service (UMS) (1 January 1987\);50 Year of Pakistan, Volume I Summary, FBS, Statistics Division, GoP, Islamabad 1998 Pg 157 local packet and parcel service or Local Express Delivery (LES) (22 April 1987\); International Speed Post (ISP) (1 September 1986\) and Postal Giro Service (15 March 1988\) In January 1988, 5\-digit postcodes were introduce in the countryPerveiz A. Gill, *Measures to improve service in Karachi*. Published in PakPost no. 1, vol. 1 January – June 1991 pg 35 to facilitate delivery. On 14 August 1990, the government released its largest set on pioneers of freedom. Designed by [Saeed Akhtar](/wiki/Saeed_Akhtar "Saeed Akhtar") it was released in three sheets of nine stamps. To improve and expedite the transmission and delivery of international mail, a new office was constructed in Islamabad which started working in December 1990\.Malik, Mohammad Arshad, *Islamabad International Mail Office*. Published in PakPost no. 1, vol. 1 January – June 1991 pg46 This helped to reduce pressure on the office in Karachi. From 1991, Express Mail was sub contracted at Karachi. #### Pakistan Postal Services Corporation Between 1 August 1992 and 6 July 1996, the post office was separated from the Ministry and made an independent corporation.50 Year of Pakistan, Volume I Summary, FBS, Statistics Division, GoP, Islamabad 1998 Pgs 157–158 It was during this period that philately was first commercialised. #### Pakistan Post In 2001, the government raises basic inland postage rates from Rs. 2 to Rs. 4\. In 2002, Pakistan Postal Services Management Board was created. #### Ministry of Postal Services On 3 November 2008, the department was placed under the postal division of the newly created Ministry of Postal Services.{{cite book \|url\=http://www.privatisation.gov.pk/Year%20Book/Year\-Book\-07\-2008\-Final.pdf \|title\=Year\-Book\-2007\-08 \|publisher\=Government of Pakistan, Privatisation Division \|location\=Islamabad \|date\=May 2008 \|access\-date\=2 April 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215170813/http://www.privatisation.gov.pk/Year%20Book/Year\-Book\-07\-2008\-Final.pdf \|archive\-date\=15 February 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }} [Senator](/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan "Senate of Pakistan") [Israr Ullah Zehri](/wiki/Israr_Ullah_Zehri "Israr Ullah Zehri") was appointed its first minister. The first stamp issued under the new ministry was released on 10 December 2008, to honour the awarding of UN Human Rights Award to Benazir Bhutto.[2008 issues](http://www.pakistanphilately.com/2008.htm) Pakistan Philately. Retrieved 6 August 2010\. In November 2009, the government again raised minimum postage by 100% to Rs. 8\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.pakpost.gov.pk/domestic/domestic.html \|title\=Pakistan Post domestic rates \|work\=Pakistan Post \|date\=2 November 2009 \|access\-date\=2 April 2010}} To improve services, the Post Office has implemented a plan to establish 100 express centres throughout the country by June 2010\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn\-content\-library/dawn/the\-newspaper/national/pakistan\-post\-to\-open\-seven\-express\-centres\-629 \|title\=Pakistan Post to open seven express centres \|work\=Dawn \|date\=6 December 2009 \|access\-date\=3 April 2010}} These will includes centres at Hyderabad, Islamabad (1\) Karachi, Lahore (6\),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page\=2009\\11\\16\\story\_16\-11\-2009\_pg13\_4 \|title\=Pakistan Post to open 100 express centres \|work\=Daily Times \|date\=16 November 2009 \|access\-date\=3 April 2010}} Multan, Peshawar, Quetta, Rawalpindi (6\) and Sukkur and provide a number of services under one roof.
[ "History\n-------", "### 1947 to 1971", "At the time of independence in August 1947, the country inherited a divided ([east](/wiki/East_Pakistan \"East Pakistan\") and [west](/wiki/West_Pakistan \"West Pakistan\")) postal system established by the British. The new system started operating under the modified Post Office Act no VI of 1898\\.50 Year of Pakistan, Volume I Summary, FBS, Statistics Division, GoP, Islamabad 1998 Pg 155 The post office was part of the joint Department of Posts and Telegraph of the Ministry of Communications. Though the Office of the Postmaster General became operational at [Lahore](/wiki/Lahore \"Lahore\") from 15 August 1947, the newly formed government was too preoccupied with establishing itself, therefore British Indian stamps continued to be used without an [overprint](/wiki/Overprint \"Overprint\") as was the practice in other countries.{{cite book \\| last \\= Zahedi \\| first \\= Mahbub Jamal \\| title \\= Fifty years of Pakistan stamps \\| publisher \\= Sanaa Publications \\| year \\= 1997 \\| location \\= Karachi \\| page \\= 15 }}", "On 1 October 1947, the government released its first stamps, being from the 1940s British India series of [King George VI](/wiki/King_George_VI \"King George VI\") stamps overprinted with the word *Pakistan*.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\\) p. 9 Known as the Nasik Overprints, after the place near [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai \"Mumbai\"), India, where they were overprinted, this set consists of 19 stamps.*The Most Comprehensive Colour Catalogue Pakistan Postage Stamps 2006–2007 11th edition*, M. I. Choudhary, Lahore, Pakistan, 2006 P.21 \nThese Nasik overprints were also used in some Gulf states, both officially and unofficial. At the time of [independence](/wiki/Partition_of_India \"Partition of India\"), the postal system of some of these areas was run from Karachi, and therefore, they became the responsibility of the new government.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\\) p. 214 Officially these stamps were used in [Muscat and Oman](/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman \"Muscat and Oman\") and its protectorate of [Gwadar](/wiki/Gwadar \"Gwadar\") (on Pakistan's Baluchistan coast) and [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai \"Dubai\"). Muscat used these stamps for a period of only 3 months from 29 December 1947 to 31 March 1948\\. Gwadar used this issue and various other commemorative ones until 1958\\. Dubai used these stamps from October 1947 until the end of March 1948\\.", "In November 1947, Pakistan joined the [Universal Postal Union](/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union \"Universal Postal Union\") as its 89th member.50 Year of Pakistan, Volume I Summary, FBS, Statistics Division, GoP, Islamabad 1998 Pgs 155 Nine months later on 9 July 1948, the government released its first commemorative set for the country's first anniversary which consisted of 4 stamps. The stamps were inscribed \"15 August 1947\" because of the prevailing confusing as to which date was Pakistan's actual date of independence.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, Fifty years of Pakistan stamps, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\\) p. 17 It was not until early 1949, that this confusion was cleared by declaring 14 August as independence day. The first day cancellation for this issue was the country's first special pictorial postmark.{{cite book \\| last \\= Billoo \\| first \\= Dr. Munaf \\| title \\= Special Postmarks of Pakistan 1947–2001 \\| publisher \\= self published \\| year \\= 2002 \\| location \\= Karachi \\| page \\= 109 }}", "14 August 1948 saw the released of the first definitive set consisting of 20 stamps. This set depicted scales of justice (3\\); [crescent](/wiki/Crescent \"Crescent\") and star (3\\); Lloyd's Barrage (now [Sukkur Barrage](/wiki/Sukkur_Barrage \"Sukkur Barrage\"))(3\\); [Karachi Port Trust](/wiki/Karachi_Port_Trust \"Karachi Port Trust\") building (5\\); Salimullah Hostel, [Dacca University](/wiki/University_of_Dhaka \"University of Dhaka\") (now in [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\"))(3\\) and the [Khyber Pass](/wiki/Khyber_Pass \"Khyber Pass\") (3\\). These were withdrawn from sale on 1 January 1961\\.*The Most Comprehensive Colour Catalogue Pakistan Postage Stamps 2006–2007* 11th edition, M. I. Choudhary, Lahore, Pakistan, 2006 P.26", "The centenary of Scinde Dawks was commemorated in 1952 with the release of a set of two stamps. These depicted the actual stamps plus advances in transportation since their release.", "The authorities have to date issued only four [booklets](/wiki/Postage_stamp_booklet \"Postage stamp booklet\"), with the only regular issue, released in 1956\\.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\\) p. 166\\. Released on 23 March 1956, the first booklet was also the only time a private company, in this case Atco Industries, makers of Alladin [battery](/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29 \"Battery (electricity)\") cells, had sponsored a booklet.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\\) p. 169\\. It contained 24 stamps of two denominations, 6 pies and 1 ½anna, from the 7th anniversary set of 1954\\. Each pane was separated by interleaving of butter paper. The booklet was priced at Rs. 1/8 and 10,000 booklets were printed.", "#### Currency change", "In 1961, the government decided to introduce decimal currency into the country. This necessitated the surcharging of stamps to reflect this change. Six stamps were chosen from various issues and overprinted with the following denominations: 1 paisa, 2 paisas, 3 paisas, 7 paisas, 13 paisas (2 designs). Their printing was divided between two local printers, both based in Karachi: [Pakistan Security Printing Corporation](/wiki/Pakistan_Security_Printing_Corporation \"Pakistan Security Printing Corporation\") (PSPC) and Time Press, Karachi. Times Press used many plates for printing which resulted in varieties and shifts. Service stamps with decimal surcharges were also printed by the same printers. Forgeries in this issue exist in such numbers that they make the average person think that there are more errors and varieties than in fact.Khalid Malik, *The Decimal Surcharges of Pakistan A New Perspective* in Pakistan 2003 souvenir, Karachi, Pakistan, 2003 P.11 In the 2 paisas Service stamps, errors including service on front and surcharge on gum side are forgeries.*The Decimal Surcharges of Pakistan A New Perspective* in Pakistan 2003 souvenir, Karachi, Pakistan, 2003 P.12", "#### Independent Department", "In July 1962, the government bifurcated the old department50 Year of Pakistan, Volume I Summary, FBS, Statistics Division, GoP, Islamabad 1998 Pg 156 and independently placed the postal service under the Ministry of Communications.", "To speed up the sorting of mail, during the 1960s, the post office installed five Thrisell Electro Magnetic Sorting Machines in Karachi and Lahore.Perveiz A. Gill, *Mechanization and Automation in Pakistan Post Office*, published in PakPost vol 1 no 2, July–December 1991 pg 18 However, during the 1980s their use was stopped.", "### 1972 to date", "1972 was the beginning of a new period in the country's postal history with the [eastern wing](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\") lost in the 1971 War. However, the post office continued to use three languages on stamps until the end of the year.", "From August 1986, a number of special services were introduced within the country. These included Air Express (Airex) (2 August 1986\\);Sultan Ahmed, A critical look at the special services, published in PakPost, no 1, vol 1, January – June 1991, pg 51 Urgent Mail Service (UMS) (1 January 1987\\);50 Year of Pakistan, Volume I Summary, FBS, Statistics Division, GoP, Islamabad 1998 Pg 157 local packet and parcel service or Local Express Delivery (LES) (22 April 1987\\); International Speed Post (ISP) (1 September 1986\\) and Postal Giro Service (15 March 1988\\)", "In January 1988, 5\\-digit postcodes were introduce in the countryPerveiz A. Gill, *Measures to improve service in Karachi*. Published in PakPost no. 1, vol. 1 January – June 1991 pg 35 to facilitate delivery.", "On 14 August 1990, the government released its largest set on pioneers of freedom. Designed by [Saeed Akhtar](/wiki/Saeed_Akhtar \"Saeed Akhtar\") it was released in three sheets of nine stamps.", "To improve and expedite the transmission and delivery of international mail, a new office was constructed in Islamabad which started working in December 1990\\.Malik, Mohammad Arshad, *Islamabad International Mail Office*. Published in PakPost no. 1, vol. 1 January – June 1991 pg46 This helped to reduce pressure on the office in Karachi.", "From 1991, Express Mail was sub contracted at Karachi.", "#### Pakistan Postal Services Corporation", "Between 1 August 1992 and 6 July 1996, the post office was separated from the Ministry and made an independent corporation.50 Year of Pakistan, Volume I Summary, FBS, Statistics Division, GoP, Islamabad 1998 Pgs 157–158 It was during this period that philately was first commercialised.", "#### Pakistan Post", "In 2001, the government raises basic inland postage rates from Rs. 2 to Rs. 4\\.", "In 2002, Pakistan Postal Services Management Board was created.", "#### Ministry of Postal Services", "On 3 November 2008, the department was placed under the postal division of the newly created Ministry of Postal Services.{{cite book \\|url\\=http://www.privatisation.gov.pk/Year%20Book/Year\\-Book\\-07\\-2008\\-Final.pdf \\|title\\=Year\\-Book\\-2007\\-08 \\|publisher\\=Government of Pakistan, Privatisation Division \\|location\\=Islamabad \\|date\\=May 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=2 April 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215170813/http://www.privatisation.gov.pk/Year%20Book/Year\\-Book\\-07\\-2008\\-Final.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=15 February 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} [Senator](/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan \"Senate of Pakistan\") [Israr Ullah Zehri](/wiki/Israr_Ullah_Zehri \"Israr Ullah Zehri\") was appointed its first minister.", "The first stamp issued under the new ministry was released on 10 December 2008, to honour the awarding of UN Human Rights Award to Benazir Bhutto.[2008 issues](http://www.pakistanphilately.com/2008.htm) Pakistan Philately. Retrieved 6 August 2010\\.", "In November 2009, the government again raised minimum postage by 100% to Rs. 8\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pakpost.gov.pk/domestic/domestic.html \\|title\\=Pakistan Post domestic rates \\|work\\=Pakistan Post \\|date\\=2 November 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=2 April 2010}} To improve services, the Post Office has implemented a plan to establish 100 express centres throughout the country by June 2010\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn\\-content\\-library/dawn/the\\-newspaper/national/pakistan\\-post\\-to\\-open\\-seven\\-express\\-centres\\-629 \\|title\\=Pakistan Post to open seven express centres \\|work\\=Dawn \\|date\\=6 December 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2010}} These will includes centres at Hyderabad, Islamabad (1\\) Karachi, Lahore (6\\),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page\\=2009\\\\11\\\\16\\\\story\\_16\\-11\\-2009\\_pg13\\_4 \\|title\\=Pakistan Post to open 100 express centres \\|work\\=Daily Times \\|date\\=16 November 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2010}} Multan, Peshawar, Quetta, Rawalpindi (6\\) and Sukkur and provide a number of services under one roof.", "" ]
### 1947 to 1971 At the time of independence in August 1947, the country inherited a divided ([east](/wiki/East_Pakistan "East Pakistan") and [west](/wiki/West_Pakistan "West Pakistan")) postal system established by the British. The new system started operating under the modified Post Office Act no VI of 1898\.50 Year of Pakistan, Volume I Summary, FBS, Statistics Division, GoP, Islamabad 1998 Pg 155 The post office was part of the joint Department of Posts and Telegraph of the Ministry of Communications. Though the Office of the Postmaster General became operational at [Lahore](/wiki/Lahore "Lahore") from 15 August 1947, the newly formed government was too preoccupied with establishing itself, therefore British Indian stamps continued to be used without an [overprint](/wiki/Overprint "Overprint") as was the practice in other countries.{{cite book \| last \= Zahedi \| first \= Mahbub Jamal \| title \= Fifty years of Pakistan stamps \| publisher \= Sanaa Publications \| year \= 1997 \| location \= Karachi \| page \= 15 }} On 1 October 1947, the government released its first stamps, being from the 1940s British India series of [King George VI](/wiki/King_George_VI "King George VI") stamps overprinted with the word *Pakistan*.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\) p. 9 Known as the Nasik Overprints, after the place near [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai"), India, where they were overprinted, this set consists of 19 stamps.*The Most Comprehensive Colour Catalogue Pakistan Postage Stamps 2006–2007 11th edition*, M. I. Choudhary, Lahore, Pakistan, 2006 P.21 These Nasik overprints were also used in some Gulf states, both officially and unofficial. At the time of [independence](/wiki/Partition_of_India "Partition of India"), the postal system of some of these areas was run from Karachi, and therefore, they became the responsibility of the new government.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\) p. 214 Officially these stamps were used in [Muscat and Oman](/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman "Muscat and Oman") and its protectorate of [Gwadar](/wiki/Gwadar "Gwadar") (on Pakistan's Baluchistan coast) and [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai "Dubai"). Muscat used these stamps for a period of only 3 months from 29 December 1947 to 31 March 1948\. Gwadar used this issue and various other commemorative ones until 1958\. Dubai used these stamps from October 1947 until the end of March 1948\. In November 1947, Pakistan joined the [Universal Postal Union](/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union "Universal Postal Union") as its 89th member.50 Year of Pakistan, Volume I Summary, FBS, Statistics Division, GoP, Islamabad 1998 Pgs 155 Nine months later on 9 July 1948, the government released its first commemorative set for the country's first anniversary which consisted of 4 stamps. The stamps were inscribed "15 August 1947" because of the prevailing confusing as to which date was Pakistan's actual date of independence.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, Fifty years of Pakistan stamps, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\) p. 17 It was not until early 1949, that this confusion was cleared by declaring 14 August as independence day. The first day cancellation for this issue was the country's first special pictorial postmark.{{cite book \| last \= Billoo \| first \= Dr. Munaf \| title \= Special Postmarks of Pakistan 1947–2001 \| publisher \= self published \| year \= 2002 \| location \= Karachi \| page \= 109 }} 14 August 1948 saw the released of the first definitive set consisting of 20 stamps. This set depicted scales of justice (3\); [crescent](/wiki/Crescent "Crescent") and star (3\); Lloyd's Barrage (now [Sukkur Barrage](/wiki/Sukkur_Barrage "Sukkur Barrage"))(3\); [Karachi Port Trust](/wiki/Karachi_Port_Trust "Karachi Port Trust") building (5\); Salimullah Hostel, [Dacca University](/wiki/University_of_Dhaka "University of Dhaka") (now in [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh"))(3\) and the [Khyber Pass](/wiki/Khyber_Pass "Khyber Pass") (3\). These were withdrawn from sale on 1 January 1961\.*The Most Comprehensive Colour Catalogue Pakistan Postage Stamps 2006–2007* 11th edition, M. I. Choudhary, Lahore, Pakistan, 2006 P.26 The centenary of Scinde Dawks was commemorated in 1952 with the release of a set of two stamps. These depicted the actual stamps plus advances in transportation since their release. The authorities have to date issued only four [booklets](/wiki/Postage_stamp_booklet "Postage stamp booklet"), with the only regular issue, released in 1956\.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\) p. 166\. Released on 23 March 1956, the first booklet was also the only time a private company, in this case Atco Industries, makers of Alladin [battery](/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29 "Battery (electricity)") cells, had sponsored a booklet.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\) p. 169\. It contained 24 stamps of two denominations, 6 pies and 1 ½anna, from the 7th anniversary set of 1954\. Each pane was separated by interleaving of butter paper. The booklet was priced at Rs. 1/8 and 10,000 booklets were printed. #### Currency change In 1961, the government decided to introduce decimal currency into the country. This necessitated the surcharging of stamps to reflect this change. Six stamps were chosen from various issues and overprinted with the following denominations: 1 paisa, 2 paisas, 3 paisas, 7 paisas, 13 paisas (2 designs). Their printing was divided between two local printers, both based in Karachi: [Pakistan Security Printing Corporation](/wiki/Pakistan_Security_Printing_Corporation "Pakistan Security Printing Corporation") (PSPC) and Time Press, Karachi. Times Press used many plates for printing which resulted in varieties and shifts. Service stamps with decimal surcharges were also printed by the same printers. Forgeries in this issue exist in such numbers that they make the average person think that there are more errors and varieties than in fact.Khalid Malik, *The Decimal Surcharges of Pakistan A New Perspective* in Pakistan 2003 souvenir, Karachi, Pakistan, 2003 P.11 In the 2 paisas Service stamps, errors including service on front and surcharge on gum side are forgeries.*The Decimal Surcharges of Pakistan A New Perspective* in Pakistan 2003 souvenir, Karachi, Pakistan, 2003 P.12 #### Independent Department In July 1962, the government bifurcated the old department50 Year of Pakistan, Volume I Summary, FBS, Statistics Division, GoP, Islamabad 1998 Pg 156 and independently placed the postal service under the Ministry of Communications. To speed up the sorting of mail, during the 1960s, the post office installed five Thrisell Electro Magnetic Sorting Machines in Karachi and Lahore.Perveiz A. Gill, *Mechanization and Automation in Pakistan Post Office*, published in PakPost vol 1 no 2, July–December 1991 pg 18 However, during the 1980s their use was stopped.
[ "### 1947 to 1971", "At the time of independence in August 1947, the country inherited a divided ([east](/wiki/East_Pakistan \"East Pakistan\") and [west](/wiki/West_Pakistan \"West Pakistan\")) postal system established by the British. The new system started operating under the modified Post Office Act no VI of 1898\\.50 Year of Pakistan, Volume I Summary, FBS, Statistics Division, GoP, Islamabad 1998 Pg 155 The post office was part of the joint Department of Posts and Telegraph of the Ministry of Communications. Though the Office of the Postmaster General became operational at [Lahore](/wiki/Lahore \"Lahore\") from 15 August 1947, the newly formed government was too preoccupied with establishing itself, therefore British Indian stamps continued to be used without an [overprint](/wiki/Overprint \"Overprint\") as was the practice in other countries.{{cite book \\| last \\= Zahedi \\| first \\= Mahbub Jamal \\| title \\= Fifty years of Pakistan stamps \\| publisher \\= Sanaa Publications \\| year \\= 1997 \\| location \\= Karachi \\| page \\= 15 }}", "On 1 October 1947, the government released its first stamps, being from the 1940s British India series of [King George VI](/wiki/King_George_VI \"King George VI\") stamps overprinted with the word *Pakistan*.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\\) p. 9 Known as the Nasik Overprints, after the place near [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai \"Mumbai\"), India, where they were overprinted, this set consists of 19 stamps.*The Most Comprehensive Colour Catalogue Pakistan Postage Stamps 2006–2007 11th edition*, M. I. Choudhary, Lahore, Pakistan, 2006 P.21 \nThese Nasik overprints were also used in some Gulf states, both officially and unofficial. At the time of [independence](/wiki/Partition_of_India \"Partition of India\"), the postal system of some of these areas was run from Karachi, and therefore, they became the responsibility of the new government.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\\) p. 214 Officially these stamps were used in [Muscat and Oman](/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman \"Muscat and Oman\") and its protectorate of [Gwadar](/wiki/Gwadar \"Gwadar\") (on Pakistan's Baluchistan coast) and [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai \"Dubai\"). Muscat used these stamps for a period of only 3 months from 29 December 1947 to 31 March 1948\\. Gwadar used this issue and various other commemorative ones until 1958\\. Dubai used these stamps from October 1947 until the end of March 1948\\.", "In November 1947, Pakistan joined the [Universal Postal Union](/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union \"Universal Postal Union\") as its 89th member.50 Year of Pakistan, Volume I Summary, FBS, Statistics Division, GoP, Islamabad 1998 Pgs 155 Nine months later on 9 July 1948, the government released its first commemorative set for the country's first anniversary which consisted of 4 stamps. The stamps were inscribed \"15 August 1947\" because of the prevailing confusing as to which date was Pakistan's actual date of independence.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, Fifty years of Pakistan stamps, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\\) p. 17 It was not until early 1949, that this confusion was cleared by declaring 14 August as independence day. The first day cancellation for this issue was the country's first special pictorial postmark.{{cite book \\| last \\= Billoo \\| first \\= Dr. Munaf \\| title \\= Special Postmarks of Pakistan 1947–2001 \\| publisher \\= self published \\| year \\= 2002 \\| location \\= Karachi \\| page \\= 109 }}", "14 August 1948 saw the released of the first definitive set consisting of 20 stamps. This set depicted scales of justice (3\\); [crescent](/wiki/Crescent \"Crescent\") and star (3\\); Lloyd's Barrage (now [Sukkur Barrage](/wiki/Sukkur_Barrage \"Sukkur Barrage\"))(3\\); [Karachi Port Trust](/wiki/Karachi_Port_Trust \"Karachi Port Trust\") building (5\\); Salimullah Hostel, [Dacca University](/wiki/University_of_Dhaka \"University of Dhaka\") (now in [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\"))(3\\) and the [Khyber Pass](/wiki/Khyber_Pass \"Khyber Pass\") (3\\). These were withdrawn from sale on 1 January 1961\\.*The Most Comprehensive Colour Catalogue Pakistan Postage Stamps 2006–2007* 11th edition, M. I. Choudhary, Lahore, Pakistan, 2006 P.26", "The centenary of Scinde Dawks was commemorated in 1952 with the release of a set of two stamps. These depicted the actual stamps plus advances in transportation since their release.", "The authorities have to date issued only four [booklets](/wiki/Postage_stamp_booklet \"Postage stamp booklet\"), with the only regular issue, released in 1956\\.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\\) p. 166\\. Released on 23 March 1956, the first booklet was also the only time a private company, in this case Atco Industries, makers of Alladin [battery](/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29 \"Battery (electricity)\") cells, had sponsored a booklet.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\\) p. 169\\. It contained 24 stamps of two denominations, 6 pies and 1 ½anna, from the 7th anniversary set of 1954\\. Each pane was separated by interleaving of butter paper. The booklet was priced at Rs. 1/8 and 10,000 booklets were printed.", "#### Currency change", "In 1961, the government decided to introduce decimal currency into the country. This necessitated the surcharging of stamps to reflect this change. Six stamps were chosen from various issues and overprinted with the following denominations: 1 paisa, 2 paisas, 3 paisas, 7 paisas, 13 paisas (2 designs). Their printing was divided between two local printers, both based in Karachi: [Pakistan Security Printing Corporation](/wiki/Pakistan_Security_Printing_Corporation \"Pakistan Security Printing Corporation\") (PSPC) and Time Press, Karachi. Times Press used many plates for printing which resulted in varieties and shifts. Service stamps with decimal surcharges were also printed by the same printers. Forgeries in this issue exist in such numbers that they make the average person think that there are more errors and varieties than in fact.Khalid Malik, *The Decimal Surcharges of Pakistan A New Perspective* in Pakistan 2003 souvenir, Karachi, Pakistan, 2003 P.11 In the 2 paisas Service stamps, errors including service on front and surcharge on gum side are forgeries.*The Decimal Surcharges of Pakistan A New Perspective* in Pakistan 2003 souvenir, Karachi, Pakistan, 2003 P.12", "#### Independent Department", "In July 1962, the government bifurcated the old department50 Year of Pakistan, Volume I Summary, FBS, Statistics Division, GoP, Islamabad 1998 Pg 156 and independently placed the postal service under the Ministry of Communications.", "To speed up the sorting of mail, during the 1960s, the post office installed five Thrisell Electro Magnetic Sorting Machines in Karachi and Lahore.Perveiz A. Gill, *Mechanization and Automation in Pakistan Post Office*, published in PakPost vol 1 no 2, July–December 1991 pg 18 However, during the 1980s their use was stopped.", "" ]
### 1972 to date 1972 was the beginning of a new period in the country's postal history with the [eastern wing](/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh") lost in the 1971 War. However, the post office continued to use three languages on stamps until the end of the year. From August 1986, a number of special services were introduced within the country. These included Air Express (Airex) (2 August 1986\);Sultan Ahmed, A critical look at the special services, published in PakPost, no 1, vol 1, January – June 1991, pg 51 Urgent Mail Service (UMS) (1 January 1987\);50 Year of Pakistan, Volume I Summary, FBS, Statistics Division, GoP, Islamabad 1998 Pg 157 local packet and parcel service or Local Express Delivery (LES) (22 April 1987\); International Speed Post (ISP) (1 September 1986\) and Postal Giro Service (15 March 1988\) In January 1988, 5\-digit postcodes were introduce in the countryPerveiz A. Gill, *Measures to improve service in Karachi*. Published in PakPost no. 1, vol. 1 January – June 1991 pg 35 to facilitate delivery. On 14 August 1990, the government released its largest set on pioneers of freedom. Designed by [Saeed Akhtar](/wiki/Saeed_Akhtar "Saeed Akhtar") it was released in three sheets of nine stamps. To improve and expedite the transmission and delivery of international mail, a new office was constructed in Islamabad which started working in December 1990\.Malik, Mohammad Arshad, *Islamabad International Mail Office*. Published in PakPost no. 1, vol. 1 January – June 1991 pg46 This helped to reduce pressure on the office in Karachi. From 1991, Express Mail was sub contracted at Karachi. #### Pakistan Postal Services Corporation Between 1 August 1992 and 6 July 1996, the post office was separated from the Ministry and made an independent corporation.50 Year of Pakistan, Volume I Summary, FBS, Statistics Division, GoP, Islamabad 1998 Pgs 157–158 It was during this period that philately was first commercialised. #### Pakistan Post In 2001, the government raises basic inland postage rates from Rs. 2 to Rs. 4\. In 2002, Pakistan Postal Services Management Board was created. #### Ministry of Postal Services On 3 November 2008, the department was placed under the postal division of the newly created Ministry of Postal Services.{{cite book \|url\=http://www.privatisation.gov.pk/Year%20Book/Year\-Book\-07\-2008\-Final.pdf \|title\=Year\-Book\-2007\-08 \|publisher\=Government of Pakistan, Privatisation Division \|location\=Islamabad \|date\=May 2008 \|access\-date\=2 April 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215170813/http://www.privatisation.gov.pk/Year%20Book/Year\-Book\-07\-2008\-Final.pdf \|archive\-date\=15 February 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }} [Senator](/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan "Senate of Pakistan") [Israr Ullah Zehri](/wiki/Israr_Ullah_Zehri "Israr Ullah Zehri") was appointed its first minister. The first stamp issued under the new ministry was released on 10 December 2008, to honour the awarding of UN Human Rights Award to Benazir Bhutto.[2008 issues](http://www.pakistanphilately.com/2008.htm) Pakistan Philately. Retrieved 6 August 2010\. In November 2009, the government again raised minimum postage by 100% to Rs. 8\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.pakpost.gov.pk/domestic/domestic.html \|title\=Pakistan Post domestic rates \|work\=Pakistan Post \|date\=2 November 2009 \|access\-date\=2 April 2010}} To improve services, the Post Office has implemented a plan to establish 100 express centres throughout the country by June 2010\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn\-content\-library/dawn/the\-newspaper/national/pakistan\-post\-to\-open\-seven\-express\-centres\-629 \|title\=Pakistan Post to open seven express centres \|work\=Dawn \|date\=6 December 2009 \|access\-date\=3 April 2010}} These will includes centres at Hyderabad, Islamabad (1\) Karachi, Lahore (6\),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page\=2009\\11\\16\\story\_16\-11\-2009\_pg13\_4 \|title\=Pakistan Post to open 100 express centres \|work\=Daily Times \|date\=16 November 2009 \|access\-date\=3 April 2010}} Multan, Peshawar, Quetta, Rawalpindi (6\) and Sukkur and provide a number of services under one roof.
[ "### 1972 to date", "1972 was the beginning of a new period in the country's postal history with the [eastern wing](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\") lost in the 1971 War. However, the post office continued to use three languages on stamps until the end of the year.", "From August 1986, a number of special services were introduced within the country. These included Air Express (Airex) (2 August 1986\\);Sultan Ahmed, A critical look at the special services, published in PakPost, no 1, vol 1, January – June 1991, pg 51 Urgent Mail Service (UMS) (1 January 1987\\);50 Year of Pakistan, Volume I Summary, FBS, Statistics Division, GoP, Islamabad 1998 Pg 157 local packet and parcel service or Local Express Delivery (LES) (22 April 1987\\); International Speed Post (ISP) (1 September 1986\\) and Postal Giro Service (15 March 1988\\)", "In January 1988, 5\\-digit postcodes were introduce in the countryPerveiz A. Gill, *Measures to improve service in Karachi*. Published in PakPost no. 1, vol. 1 January – June 1991 pg 35 to facilitate delivery.", "On 14 August 1990, the government released its largest set on pioneers of freedom. Designed by [Saeed Akhtar](/wiki/Saeed_Akhtar \"Saeed Akhtar\") it was released in three sheets of nine stamps.", "To improve and expedite the transmission and delivery of international mail, a new office was constructed in Islamabad which started working in December 1990\\.Malik, Mohammad Arshad, *Islamabad International Mail Office*. Published in PakPost no. 1, vol. 1 January – June 1991 pg46 This helped to reduce pressure on the office in Karachi.", "From 1991, Express Mail was sub contracted at Karachi.", "#### Pakistan Postal Services Corporation", "Between 1 August 1992 and 6 July 1996, the post office was separated from the Ministry and made an independent corporation.50 Year of Pakistan, Volume I Summary, FBS, Statistics Division, GoP, Islamabad 1998 Pgs 157–158 It was during this period that philately was first commercialised.", "#### Pakistan Post", "In 2001, the government raises basic inland postage rates from Rs. 2 to Rs. 4\\.", "In 2002, Pakistan Postal Services Management Board was created.", "#### Ministry of Postal Services", "On 3 November 2008, the department was placed under the postal division of the newly created Ministry of Postal Services.{{cite book \\|url\\=http://www.privatisation.gov.pk/Year%20Book/Year\\-Book\\-07\\-2008\\-Final.pdf \\|title\\=Year\\-Book\\-2007\\-08 \\|publisher\\=Government of Pakistan, Privatisation Division \\|location\\=Islamabad \\|date\\=May 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=2 April 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215170813/http://www.privatisation.gov.pk/Year%20Book/Year\\-Book\\-07\\-2008\\-Final.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=15 February 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} [Senator](/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan \"Senate of Pakistan\") [Israr Ullah Zehri](/wiki/Israr_Ullah_Zehri \"Israr Ullah Zehri\") was appointed its first minister.", "The first stamp issued under the new ministry was released on 10 December 2008, to honour the awarding of UN Human Rights Award to Benazir Bhutto.[2008 issues](http://www.pakistanphilately.com/2008.htm) Pakistan Philately. Retrieved 6 August 2010\\.", "In November 2009, the government again raised minimum postage by 100% to Rs. 8\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pakpost.gov.pk/domestic/domestic.html \\|title\\=Pakistan Post domestic rates \\|work\\=Pakistan Post \\|date\\=2 November 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=2 April 2010}} To improve services, the Post Office has implemented a plan to establish 100 express centres throughout the country by June 2010\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn\\-content\\-library/dawn/the\\-newspaper/national/pakistan\\-post\\-to\\-open\\-seven\\-express\\-centres\\-629 \\|title\\=Pakistan Post to open seven express centres \\|work\\=Dawn \\|date\\=6 December 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2010}} These will includes centres at Hyderabad, Islamabad (1\\) Karachi, Lahore (6\\),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page\\=2009\\\\11\\\\16\\\\story\\_16\\-11\\-2009\\_pg13\\_4 \\|title\\=Pakistan Post to open 100 express centres \\|work\\=Daily Times \\|date\\=16 November 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2010}} Multan, Peshawar, Quetta, Rawalpindi (6\\) and Sukkur and provide a number of services under one roof.", "" ]
Postage Stamps -------------- ### Nasik Overprints On 1 October 1947, the government released its first stamps, being from the 1940s British India series of [King George VI](/wiki/King_George_VI "King George VI") stamps overprinted with the word *Pakistan*. Known as the Nasik Overprints, after the place near [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai"), India, where they were overprinted, this set consists of 19 stamps. ### Definitives [thumb\|right\|Two 1948–1952 stamps of Pakistan](/wiki/File:Pakistan1948-1952.jpg "Pakistan1948-1952.jpg") Over the last 60 years, 17 [definitive](/wiki/Definitive_stamp "Definitive stamp") or regular series have been issued. The first series was issued on 14 August 1948 and consisted of 20 stamps. These stamps featured scales of justice (3\); crescent and star (3\); Lloyd's Barrage (now [Sukkur barrage](/wiki/Sukkur_barrage "Sukkur barrage"))(3\); [Karachi Port Trust](/wiki/Karachi_Port_Trust "Karachi Port Trust") building (5\); Salimullah Hostel, [Dacca University](/wiki/University_of_Dhaka "University of Dhaka") (3\) and the [Khyber Pass](/wiki/Khyber_Pass "Khyber Pass") (3\). Mian Mahmood Alam Suharwardy gave 2 designs for this set: scale of justice and star and crescent.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\) p. 183 These along with the 1949 redrawn series, were withdrawn from sale on 1 January 1961\. The 1951, 1954, 1955 and 1956 Independence Anniversary issues were all basically definitive series. During this time, these stamps featured the [Badshahi Mosque](/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque "Badshahi Mosque") and [Jahangir](/wiki/Jahangir "Jahangir")'s Tomb in [Lahore](/wiki/Lahore "Lahore"); the [Kaghan Valley](/wiki/Kaghan_Valley "Kaghan Valley") and the mountains around [Gilgit](/wiki/Gilgit "Gilgit"); tea gardens, jute fields and [Karnaphuli](/wiki/Karnaphuli "Karnaphuli") Paper Mill in [East Pakistan](/wiki/East_Pakistan "East Pakistan") (now Bangladesh) and a textile mill, cotton fields and a Sui Gas Plant in [West Pakistan](/wiki/West_Pakistan "West Pakistan"). The 1957, 1958 and 1960 Republic Day (23 March) issues were also definitives.*The Most Comprehensive Colour Catalogue Pakistan Postage Stamps 2006–2007* 11th edition, M. I. Choudhary, Lahore, Pakistan, 2006 P.32 Since then 10 further series have been issued, with the latest in 1998\. The 1978 series was printed with both gum Arabic and PVA gum,*The Most Comprehensive Colour Catalogue Pakistan Postage Stamps 2006–2007* 11th edition, M. I. Choudhary, Lahore, Pakistan, 2006 P.80 though the PVA issue had only 17 stamps compared to 18 for gum Arabic.*The Most Comprehensive Colour Catalogue Pakistan Postage Stamps 2006–2007* 11th edition, M. I. Choudhary, Lahore, Pakistan, 2006 P.83 These stamps featured the [Minar\-e\-Pakistan](/wiki/Minar-e-Pakistan "Minar-e-Pakistan") (3\); tractors (9 Gum Arabic, 8 Gum PVA) and [Makli tombs](/wiki/Makli_Hill "Makli Hill") (6\). Of the last four series, three in 1989, 1994 and 1998, feature different portraits of the [Quaid](/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah "Mohammad Ali Jinnah"). The fourth in 1995 featured a geometric design. ### First commemorative issue The first [commemorative issue](/wiki/Commemorative_stamp "Commemorative stamp") was released in July 1948 for the country's first anniversary. Three of the four stamps depicted places from West Pakistan while the fourth stamp depicted a motif. The places were: Constituent Assembly Building, Karachi (1 ½ annas), [Karachi airport](/wiki/Karachi_airport "Karachi airport") (2 ½ annas) and [Lahore Fort](/wiki/Lahore_Fort "Lahore Fort") (3 annas). The stamps were inscribed "15th August 1947" because of the prevailing confusing as to which date was Pakistan's actual date of independence. It was not until early 1949, that this confusion was cleared by declaring 14 August as independence day. The artist, [A.R. Chughtai](/wiki/Abdul_Rehman_Chughtai "Abdul Rehman Chughtai") was also amongst Pakistan's first stamp designers having designed the Re 1 motif stamp. The other stamps were designed by Rashiduddin (1 ½ anna and 3 anna) and M. Latif 2 ½ anna). This set was printed in London by [Thomas De La Rue Company](/wiki/Thomas_De_La_Rue_Company "Thomas De La Rue Company") as the country did not have its own printing press. ### Decimal Surcharges In 1961, the government decided to introduce decimal coinage into the country. This necessitated the surcharging of stamps to reflect this change. Six stamps were chosen from various issues as follows: * 1 paisa on 1 ½ anna stamp from the 7th Anniversary of independence set released on 14 August 1954\. It depicted [Jahangir](/wiki/Jahangir "Jahangir")'s Tomb in Lahore. * 2 paisas on 3 pie stamp from the first regular series crescent and star facing north east released on 14 August 1948\. Scales of Justice were depicted on this stamp. * 3 paisas on 6 pies stamp from the Jammu and Kashmir definitive set released on 23 March 1960\. Stamp depicted a map of Pakistan. * 7 paisas on 1 anna stamp\\ from the 7th Anniversary of independence set released on 14 August 1954\. The Badshahi Mosque, Lahore stamp was chosen from this series. * 13 paisas on 2 anna stamp from the 9th Anniversary of independence set released on 14 August 1956\. Stamp showed a crescent and star. * 13 paisas on 2 anna stamp from the Jammu and Kashmir definitive set released on 23 March 1960\. Stamp depicted a map of Pakistan with Jammu and Kashmir's status as not yet determined. The printing of these stamps was divided between two printers: Pakistan Security Printing Corporation (PSPC) and Time Press, Karachi. The former printed the 2 paisa, 3 paisa and 13 paisa stamps while the later did the 1 paisa, 7 paisa and 13 paisa stamps. In the printing the Times Press used as many as 34 plates; 17 for 1 paisa (ordinary and service), 14 for 7 paisas and 3 plates for 13 paisas. The PSPC used single plates for each denomination, therefore resulting in only minor varieties and shifts. Service stamps with decimal surcharges were also printed by the same printers. However, these are scarcer than ordinary stamps. Forgeries in this issue exist in such numbers that they make the average person think that there are more errors and varieties than in fact. In the 2 paisas Service stamps, errors including service on front and surcharge on gum side are forgeries. In the 3 paisa and 13 paisa stamps, spelling errors such as "3PASIA" or 13 "PAIS" which are even listed in Stanley Gibbons are forgeries.Khalid Malik, *The Decimal Surcharges of Pakistan A New Perspective* in Pakistan 2003 souvenir, Karachi, Pakistan, 2003 P.13 In the 7 paisa there are a number of known forgeries including extra sharp letters with the 'S' slightly broader. The 13 paisa is one issue in which the existence of forgeries is very difficult because of the existence of variable stages of wear. ### Themes and series [thumb\|A stupa in [Taxila](/wiki/Taxila "Taxila") depicted on stamp](/wiki/File:PAK_-_1963_Taxila_stupa_-_Archaeological_Series.jpg "PAK - 1963 Taxila stupa - Archaeological Series.jpg") Over the years, the [postal authorities](/wiki/Postal_authority "Postal authority") have portrayed, commemorated and honoured various personalities, national and international organisations and events, the country's flora and fauna, its cultural and historical heritage as well as the country's development. Other themes include health, educational institutions, religion, sports and defence. Though it has now become very common to portray a human face on stamps, for the initial 17 years this was not the case. Mr. M. H. Zuberi, a retired CSP officer, tried to get the president's approval to issue stamps with the Quaid's portrait in 1964\. This was however, rejected on the grounds that the people might not accept them.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\) p. 212 He however, persevered and it paid off when the first locally designed issue to carry a human face, a set of three stamps, was released to pay homage to the country's armed forces after the [War of 1965](/wiki/War_of_1965 "War of 1965").*The Most Comprehensive Colour Catalogue Pakistan Postage Stamps 2006–2007* 11th edition, M. I. Choudhary, Lahore, Pakistan, 2006 P.48 The first incumbent head of state or government portrayed was General [Ayub Khan](/wiki/Ayub_Khan_%28Field_Marshal%29 "Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)") on the 1966 stamps for the new capital of [Islamabad](/wiki/Islamabad "Islamabad").Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\) p. 27 The Quaid was first pictured on his 90th birth anniversary in 1966\. Earlier issues carried motifs and wordings or his mausoleum. Since then numerous stamps have been issued carrying his portrait including his 50 death anniversary in 1998 and 125 years of his birth in 2001\. Since the 1960s, the government has featured a large number of both local and foreign personalities including [Allama Mohammad Iqbal](/wiki/Allama_Mohammad_Iqbal "Allama Mohammad Iqbal"), [Mirza Ghalib](/wiki/Ghalib "Ghalib"), [Kemal Atatürk](/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk "Kemal Atatürk"), [Shah of Iran](/wiki/Shah_of_Iran "Shah of Iran"), [Maria Montessori](/wiki/Maria_Montessori "Maria Montessori"), [Hakim Saeed](/wiki/Hakim_Saeed "Hakim Saeed"), [Liaquat Ali Khan](/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan "Liaquat Ali Khan"), [Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan](/wiki/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan "Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan"), [Tipu Sultan](/wiki/Tipu_Sultan "Tipu Sultan") and [Abdus Salam](/wiki/Abdus_Salam "Abdus Salam"). The largest set ever issued consisted of 27 stamps and depicted pioneers of Pakistan's freedom movement (1990\). For a complete list of personalities on Pakistani stamps, please see this [list](/wiki/List_of_people_on_stamps_of_Pakistan "List of people on stamps of Pakistan"). Over the years, various series have been periodically issued. There is no set basis for their issuance and these are released at the discretion of the authorities. Current series include Men of Letters and Medicinal Plants of Pakistan. Other series have included Fruits of Pakistan, Handicrafts, Moenjodaro, Poets of Pakistan and Wildlife. ### Gold stamp In 1976, the authorities issued a gold stamp for the birth centenary of [Mohammad Ali Jinnah](/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah "Mohammad Ali Jinnah"). Each stamp carried 25 mg of 23/24 carat gold and was valued at Rs. 10\.[Mahbub Jamal Zahedi](/wiki/Mahbub_Jamal_Zahedi "Mahbub Jamal Zahedi"), *Fifty years of Pakistan Stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\) p. 49 These stamps were printed by Cartor S.A., France using a special [silk screen](/wiki/Silk_screen "Silk screen") printing process known as serigraphy. It was the first time that this process was used to make a stamp. A sheetlet with stamp impression and a description of the event at the bottom was also released. The 500 copies printed were distributed to guests and dignitaries. ### Errors, Varieties, Forgeries and Overprints There were two famous "errors" during the 1960s. The 1961 definitive was initially released with the name of the country wrongly spelt in Bengali i.e. "Shakistan" instead of Pakistan. The error was corrected and new stamps released. In 1968, the government printed stamps commemorating the Bengali poet Kazi Nazrul Islam. However, the birth year was out by a hundred years: 1989 instead of 1889\. Although these stamps were not issued, a few of them did find their way into the market.Popular's Pakistan Postage Stamps Catalogue, 6th edition, Popular Enterprises, Lahore 2006 P.86 Forgeries exist in the decimal surcharge stamps of 1961\. For the 10th Anniversary of the United Nations, Pakistan Post overprinted two stamps, one each from the 7th (1 ½ anna) and 8th (12 anna) Anniversary issues, with the words, *Tenth Anniversary United Nations 24\.10\.55* in blue. Varieties of different kinds exist in many different issues. Watermark variations are common. For example, in the 1994, definitive series, inverted watermark (Rs. 5, Rs. 10, Rs. 12 and Rs. 15\) and watermark sideways (Rs. 10, Rs. 15 and Rs. 20\) are known.A. I. Siddiqi, *Quaid\-i\-Azam Mohamamd Ali Jinnah \& Pakistan Postage Stamps, regular series 1994*, Karachi, Pakistan 2003 exhibition souvenir, (2003\) p.37 ### Withdrawn and Not released Issues In 1976, the post offices designed a stamps to coincide with the opening of the [Shah Faisal Mosque](/wiki/Faisal_Mosque "Faisal Mosque") in Islamabad. However this issue was not officially released but did manage to find its way onto the market. In 2007, it issued{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.dawn.com/2007/09/22/local17\.htm \|title\=KARACHI: Stamp to commemorate ECO meeting \|date\=22 September 2007 \|access\-date\=8 December 2008}} and later withdrew a stamp to commemorate the 1st Anniversary of the 3rd meeting of the ECO Postal Authorities held in Turkey.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.pakistanphilately.com/main.htm \|title\=Pakistan Philately \|publisher\=Pakistan Philately \|access\-date\=8 December 2008}} The stamp was withdrawn because the name of the country had not been printed on it. ### Joint issues Twice during the 1960s and then yearly in the 1970s, Pakistan released [joint issues](/wiki/Joint_issue%23Pakistan "Joint issue#Pakistan") with Turkey and Iran to commemorate the [Regional Cooperation for Development](/wiki/Regional_Cooperation_for_Development "Regional Cooperation for Development") (RCD). The stamps depicted various aspects from the three nations including paintings, landscapes, personalities, handicrafts and mosques. Between 1977 and 1994, the country released 5 joint issues with [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") for the Indonesia Pakistan Economic and Cultural Cooperation (IPECC) Organisation. In 1995, it issued a stamp with Turkey for the holding of the conference of women parliamentarians. And in 1997, Jalal al din [Rumi](/wiki/Rumi "Rumi") and Allama [Muhammad Iqbal](/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal "Muhammad Iqbal") were honoured with Iran. On the political front, in 2002 it teamed up with [Kyrgyzstan](/wiki/Kyrgyzstan "Kyrgyzstan") to release a stamp on the 10th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the two countries, and in 2004, Eurasia Postal Union (2001\) members: [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan "Azerbaijan"), The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Pakistan and Turkey jointly issued stamps on the [Silk Route](/wiki/Silk_Route "Silk Route").[Pakistan Post](http://www.pakpost.gov.pk/philately/stamps2004/silk_road.html) ### Souvenir sheets The first souvenir sheet was issued for [Universal Postal Union](/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union "Universal Postal Union") Day on 9 October 1971\.*The Most Comprehensive Colour Catalogue Pakistan Postage Stamps 2006–2007 11th edition*, M. I. Choudhary, Lahore, Pakistan, 2006 P.61 It was an imperforate sheet valued at 70p. There were no leaflets or first day covers released and 10,000 sheets were printed. Over the years, other sheets have been released and include both perforated and imperforate sheets. These include the 2,500th anniversary of the Iranian Monarchy (1971\), the Quaid's 50th death anniversary (1998\) and the 50th anniversary of the first ascent of K\-2 (2004\). In 2005, Pakistan Post issued a souvenir sheet to raise money for the 2005 [earthquake](/wiki/2005_Kashmir_earthquake "2005 Kashmir earthquake") victims. There were 8 stamps of Rs. 4, though the sheet was valued at Rs. 100\. The entire amount was meant for the President's Fund. However, the souvenir sheet was also valid for postage but for Rs. 32 only. This sheet has not be given a number by the post office but catalogues list it as an issue. A similar issue was released in 2009 for raising funds for the prime minister's relief fund for [Swat](/wiki/Swat%2C_Pakistan "Swat, Pakistan") refugees. Like 2005, this issue was also sold for Rs. 100/\- but it contained postage stamps worth Rs. 40/\- only. 2008 saw the release of three souvenir sheets: the first on 29th martyrdom anniversary of [Zulfikar Ali Bhutto](/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto") in April with the slain leader's daughter, [Benazir Bhutto](/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto "Benazir Bhutto"), who was assassination in December 2007\. The second on the birthday celebrations of Benazir Bhutto and the third on her death anniversary. ### Booklets Pakistan has to date issued only four booklets, the only regular issue, was released in 1956\. The other three were issued for stamp exhibitions in the 1990s. Released on 23 March 1956, the first booklet was also the only time a private company, in this case Atco Industries, makers of Alladin battery cells, had sponsored a booklet. It contained 24 stamps of two denominations, 6 pies and 1 ½anna, from the 7th anniversary set of 1954\. Each pane was separated by interleaving of butter paper. The booklet was priced at Rs. 1/8\. 10,000 booklets were printed. The second booklet, with a released quantity of between 500 and 600, was only sold during the National Seminar on Philately held in Multan in 1992\. It consisted of 2 denominations from the Mohammad Ali Jinnah 1989 definitive series overprinted in light grey with "National Seminar on Philately Multan 1992". Watermarked [paper](/wiki/Postage_stamp_paper "Postage stamp paper") was used and it was printed using lithography for the frames and recess for the centre. PVA gum was used with perforation at 13C. The price was Rs. 20 even though the stamps were valued at only Rs. 18\. The third booklet, for a stamp exhibition in Peshawar, was released in a quantity of 8,500\. It was sold through the philatelic bureau across the country. This exhibition was organised by the Peshawar Stamp Society. Released on 20 January 1993, three values from the forts definitive issue were used and 18 stamps each were printed. The price was Rs. 30, Rs. 3 more than the value inside. There was no watermark and perforation was 11C. Both PVA and Gum Arabica were used. The fourth and last booklet was released on 1 February 1994\.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\) p. 170\. It used the Re.1 stamp depicting Wazir Mansion, the birthplace of Mohammad Ali Jinnah. Though 10,000 booklets were printed, because of defects many were return and therefore the actual numbers sold is considerably lower. ### Languages When stamps were initially issued, the name of the country was in two languages i.e. English and [Urdu](/wiki/Urdu "Urdu"). [Bengali](/wiki/Bengali_language "Bengali language"), which was the first language for more than half the population, was not depicted on stamps until 1956\.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan Stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\) p. 10 The first set aptly commemorated the first session of the National Assembly in the eastern wing. From then until 1973 when Pakistan officially recognised [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh"), three languages were depicted on the country's stamps. After 1973, it reverted to using Urdu and English again. ### First Day Covers Though Pakistan started issuing first day postmarks with its first stamps, this was not the case with covers. Earlier, collectors made their own covers and took them to the post office to be stamped. This however, changed in 1961 when official ones were released. Before, that only one official FDC was released on the occasion of the centenary of the Scinde Dawk issue. ### Annual and special folders Earlier, annual folders containing the entire year's issues were prepared and sold throughout the country to promote philately. However, in recent times this practise has been discontinued. In 1989, Pakistan Post issued a special folder during INDIA89\. It consisted of a single sheet of 5 stamp designs from the Los Angeles Olympics.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\) p. 171\. The cover depicted the Post's logo and the inscription, "Olympics Los Angeles Commemorative Postage Stamps." A quantity of 250 folders were sold at their face value of Rs. 150\. These were later traded at Rs. 2000/\-.
[ "Postage Stamps\n--------------", "### Nasik Overprints", "On 1 October 1947, the government released its first stamps, being from the 1940s British India series of [King George VI](/wiki/King_George_VI \"King George VI\") stamps overprinted with the word *Pakistan*. Known as the Nasik Overprints, after the place near [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai \"Mumbai\"), India, where they were overprinted, this set consists of 19 stamps.", "### Definitives", "[thumb\\|right\\|Two 1948–1952 stamps of Pakistan](/wiki/File:Pakistan1948-1952.jpg \"Pakistan1948-1952.jpg\")\nOver the last 60 years, 17 [definitive](/wiki/Definitive_stamp \"Definitive stamp\") or regular series have been issued. The first series was issued on 14 August 1948 and consisted of 20 stamps. These stamps featured scales of justice (3\\); crescent and star (3\\); Lloyd's Barrage (now [Sukkur barrage](/wiki/Sukkur_barrage \"Sukkur barrage\"))(3\\); [Karachi Port Trust](/wiki/Karachi_Port_Trust \"Karachi Port Trust\") building (5\\); Salimullah Hostel, [Dacca University](/wiki/University_of_Dhaka \"University of Dhaka\") (3\\) and the [Khyber Pass](/wiki/Khyber_Pass \"Khyber Pass\") (3\\). Mian Mahmood Alam Suharwardy gave 2 designs for this set: scale of justice and star and crescent.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\\) p. 183 These along with the 1949 redrawn series, were withdrawn from sale on 1 January 1961\\.", "The 1951, 1954, 1955 and 1956 Independence Anniversary issues were all basically definitive series. During this time, these stamps featured the [Badshahi Mosque](/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque \"Badshahi Mosque\") and [Jahangir](/wiki/Jahangir \"Jahangir\")'s Tomb in [Lahore](/wiki/Lahore \"Lahore\"); the [Kaghan Valley](/wiki/Kaghan_Valley \"Kaghan Valley\") and the mountains around [Gilgit](/wiki/Gilgit \"Gilgit\"); tea gardens, jute fields and [Karnaphuli](/wiki/Karnaphuli \"Karnaphuli\") Paper Mill in [East Pakistan](/wiki/East_Pakistan \"East Pakistan\") (now Bangladesh) and a textile mill, cotton fields and a Sui Gas Plant in [West Pakistan](/wiki/West_Pakistan \"West Pakistan\").", "The 1957, 1958 and 1960 Republic Day (23 March) issues were also definitives.*The Most Comprehensive Colour Catalogue Pakistan Postage Stamps 2006–2007* 11th edition, M. I. Choudhary, Lahore, Pakistan, 2006 P.32 Since then 10 further series have been issued, with the latest in 1998\\. The 1978 series was printed with both gum Arabic and PVA gum,*The Most Comprehensive Colour Catalogue Pakistan Postage Stamps 2006–2007* 11th edition, M. I. Choudhary, Lahore, Pakistan, 2006 P.80 though the PVA issue had only 17 stamps compared to 18 for gum Arabic.*The Most Comprehensive Colour Catalogue Pakistan Postage Stamps 2006–2007* 11th edition, M. I. Choudhary, Lahore, Pakistan, 2006 P.83 These stamps featured the [Minar\\-e\\-Pakistan](/wiki/Minar-e-Pakistan \"Minar-e-Pakistan\") (3\\); tractors (9 Gum Arabic, 8 Gum PVA) and [Makli tombs](/wiki/Makli_Hill \"Makli Hill\") (6\\). Of the last four series, three in 1989, 1994 and 1998, feature different portraits of the [Quaid](/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah \"Mohammad Ali Jinnah\"). The fourth in 1995 featured a geometric design.", "### First commemorative issue", "The first [commemorative issue](/wiki/Commemorative_stamp \"Commemorative stamp\") was released in July 1948 for the country's first anniversary. Three of the four stamps depicted places from West Pakistan while the fourth stamp depicted a motif. The places were: Constituent Assembly Building, Karachi (1 ½ annas), [Karachi airport](/wiki/Karachi_airport \"Karachi airport\") (2 ½ annas) and [Lahore Fort](/wiki/Lahore_Fort \"Lahore Fort\") (3 annas). The stamps were inscribed \"15th August 1947\" because of the prevailing confusing as to which date was Pakistan's actual date of independence. It was not until early 1949, that this confusion was cleared by declaring 14 August as independence day. The artist, [A.R. Chughtai](/wiki/Abdul_Rehman_Chughtai \"Abdul Rehman Chughtai\") was also amongst Pakistan's first stamp designers having designed the Re 1 motif stamp. The other stamps were designed by Rashiduddin (1 ½ anna and 3 anna) and M. Latif 2 ½ anna). This set was printed in London by [Thomas De La Rue Company](/wiki/Thomas_De_La_Rue_Company \"Thomas De La Rue Company\") as the country did not have its own printing press.", "### Decimal Surcharges", "In 1961, the government decided to introduce decimal coinage into the country. This necessitated the surcharging of stamps to reflect this change. Six stamps were chosen from various issues as follows:\n* 1 paisa on 1 ½ anna stamp from the 7th Anniversary of independence set released on 14 August 1954\\. It depicted [Jahangir](/wiki/Jahangir \"Jahangir\")'s Tomb in Lahore.\n* 2 paisas on 3 pie stamp from the first regular series crescent and star facing north east released on 14 August 1948\\. Scales of Justice were depicted on this stamp.\n* 3 paisas on 6 pies stamp from the Jammu and Kashmir definitive set released on 23 March 1960\\. Stamp depicted a map of Pakistan.\n* 7 paisas on 1 anna stamp\\\\ from the 7th Anniversary of independence set released on 14 August 1954\\. The Badshahi Mosque, Lahore stamp was chosen from this series.\n* 13 paisas on 2 anna stamp from the 9th Anniversary of independence set released on 14 August 1956\\. Stamp showed a crescent and star.\n* 13 paisas on 2 anna stamp from the Jammu and Kashmir definitive set released on 23 March 1960\\. Stamp depicted a map of Pakistan with Jammu and Kashmir's status as not yet determined.", "The printing of these stamps was divided between two printers: Pakistan Security Printing Corporation (PSPC) and Time Press, Karachi. The former printed the 2 paisa, 3 paisa and 13 paisa stamps while the later did the 1 paisa, 7 paisa and 13 paisa stamps.", "In the printing the Times Press used as many as 34 plates; 17 for 1 paisa (ordinary and service), 14 for 7 paisas and 3 plates for 13 paisas. The PSPC used single plates for each denomination, therefore resulting in only minor varieties and shifts.", "Service stamps with decimal surcharges were also printed by the same printers. However, these are scarcer than ordinary stamps.", "Forgeries in this issue exist in such numbers that they make the average person think that there are more errors and varieties than in fact. In the 2 paisas Service stamps, errors including service on front and surcharge on gum side are forgeries.", "In the 3 paisa and 13 paisa stamps, spelling errors such as \"3PASIA\" or 13 \"PAIS\" which are even listed in Stanley Gibbons are forgeries.Khalid Malik, *The Decimal Surcharges of Pakistan A New Perspective* in Pakistan 2003 souvenir, Karachi, Pakistan, 2003 P.13 In the 7 paisa there are a number of known forgeries including extra sharp letters with the 'S' slightly broader. The 13 paisa is one issue in which the existence of forgeries is very difficult because of the existence of variable stages of wear.", "### Themes and series", "[thumb\\|A stupa in [Taxila](/wiki/Taxila \"Taxila\") depicted on stamp](/wiki/File:PAK_-_1963_Taxila_stupa_-_Archaeological_Series.jpg \"PAK - 1963 Taxila stupa - Archaeological Series.jpg\")\nOver the years, the [postal authorities](/wiki/Postal_authority \"Postal authority\") have portrayed, commemorated and honoured various personalities, national and international organisations and events, the country's flora and fauna, its cultural and historical heritage as well as the country's development. Other themes include health, educational institutions, religion, sports and defence.", "Though it has now become very common to portray a human face on stamps, for the initial 17 years this was not the case. Mr. M. H. Zuberi, a retired CSP officer, tried to get the president's approval to issue stamps with the Quaid's portrait in 1964\\. This was however, rejected on the grounds that the people might not accept them.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\\) p. 212 He however, persevered and it paid off when the first locally designed issue to carry a human face, a set of three stamps, was released to pay homage to the country's armed forces after the [War of 1965](/wiki/War_of_1965 \"War of 1965\").*The Most Comprehensive Colour Catalogue Pakistan Postage Stamps 2006–2007* 11th edition, M. I. Choudhary, Lahore, Pakistan, 2006 P.48 The first incumbent head of state or government portrayed was General [Ayub Khan](/wiki/Ayub_Khan_%28Field_Marshal%29 \"Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)\") on the 1966 stamps for the new capital of [Islamabad](/wiki/Islamabad \"Islamabad\").Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\\) p. 27", "The Quaid was first pictured on his 90th birth anniversary in 1966\\. Earlier issues carried motifs and wordings or his mausoleum. Since then numerous stamps have been issued carrying his portrait including his 50 death anniversary in 1998 and 125 years of his birth in 2001\\.", "Since the 1960s, the government has featured a large number of both local and foreign personalities including [Allama Mohammad Iqbal](/wiki/Allama_Mohammad_Iqbal \"Allama Mohammad Iqbal\"), [Mirza Ghalib](/wiki/Ghalib \"Ghalib\"), [Kemal Atatürk](/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk \"Kemal Atatürk\"), [Shah of Iran](/wiki/Shah_of_Iran \"Shah of Iran\"), [Maria Montessori](/wiki/Maria_Montessori \"Maria Montessori\"), [Hakim Saeed](/wiki/Hakim_Saeed \"Hakim Saeed\"), [Liaquat Ali Khan](/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan \"Liaquat Ali Khan\"), [Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan](/wiki/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan \"Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan\"), [Tipu Sultan](/wiki/Tipu_Sultan \"Tipu Sultan\") and [Abdus Salam](/wiki/Abdus_Salam \"Abdus Salam\"). The largest set ever issued consisted of 27 stamps and depicted pioneers of Pakistan's freedom movement (1990\\). For a complete list of personalities on Pakistani stamps, please see this [list](/wiki/List_of_people_on_stamps_of_Pakistan \"List of people on stamps of Pakistan\").", "Over the years, various series have been periodically issued. There is no set basis for their issuance and these are released at the discretion of the authorities. Current series include Men of Letters and Medicinal Plants of Pakistan. Other series have included Fruits of Pakistan, Handicrafts, Moenjodaro, Poets of Pakistan and Wildlife.", "### Gold stamp", "In 1976, the authorities issued a gold stamp for the birth centenary of [Mohammad Ali Jinnah](/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah \"Mohammad Ali Jinnah\"). Each stamp carried 25 mg of 23/24 carat gold and was valued at Rs. 10\\.[Mahbub Jamal Zahedi](/wiki/Mahbub_Jamal_Zahedi \"Mahbub Jamal Zahedi\"), *Fifty years of Pakistan Stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\\) p. 49 These stamps were printed by Cartor S.A., France using a special [silk screen](/wiki/Silk_screen \"Silk screen\") printing process known as serigraphy. It was the first time that this process was used to make a stamp. A sheetlet with stamp impression and a description of the event at the bottom was also released. The 500 copies printed were distributed to guests and dignitaries.", "### Errors, Varieties, Forgeries and Overprints", "There were two famous \"errors\" during the 1960s. The 1961 definitive was initially released with the name of the country wrongly spelt in Bengali i.e. \"Shakistan\" instead of Pakistan. The error was corrected and new stamps released. In 1968, the government printed stamps commemorating the Bengali poet Kazi Nazrul Islam. However, the birth year was out by a hundred years: 1989 instead of 1889\\. Although these stamps were not issued, a few of them did find their way into the market.Popular's Pakistan Postage Stamps Catalogue, 6th edition, Popular Enterprises, Lahore 2006 P.86", "Forgeries exist in the decimal surcharge stamps of 1961\\.", "For the 10th Anniversary of the United Nations, Pakistan Post overprinted two stamps, one each from the 7th (1 ½ anna) and 8th (12 anna) Anniversary issues, with the words, *Tenth Anniversary United Nations 24\\.10\\.55* in blue.", "Varieties of different kinds exist in many different issues. Watermark variations are common. For example, in the 1994, definitive series, inverted watermark (Rs. 5, Rs. 10, Rs. 12 and Rs. 15\\) and watermark sideways (Rs. 10, Rs. 15 and Rs. 20\\) are known.A. I. Siddiqi, *Quaid\\-i\\-Azam Mohamamd Ali Jinnah \\& Pakistan Postage Stamps, regular series 1994*, Karachi, Pakistan 2003 exhibition souvenir, (2003\\) p.37", "### Withdrawn and Not released Issues", "In 1976, the post offices designed a stamps to coincide with the opening of the [Shah Faisal Mosque](/wiki/Faisal_Mosque \"Faisal Mosque\") in Islamabad. However this issue was not officially released but did manage to find its way onto the market.", "In 2007, it issued{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dawn.com/2007/09/22/local17\\.htm \\|title\\=KARACHI: Stamp to commemorate ECO meeting \\|date\\=22 September 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2008}} and later withdrew a stamp to commemorate the 1st Anniversary of the 3rd meeting of the ECO Postal Authorities held in Turkey.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pakistanphilately.com/main.htm \\|title\\=Pakistan Philately \\|publisher\\=Pakistan Philately \\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2008}} The stamp was withdrawn because the name of the country had not been printed on it.", "### Joint issues", "Twice during the 1960s and then yearly in the 1970s, Pakistan released [joint issues](/wiki/Joint_issue%23Pakistan \"Joint issue#Pakistan\") with Turkey and Iran to commemorate the [Regional Cooperation for Development](/wiki/Regional_Cooperation_for_Development \"Regional Cooperation for Development\") (RCD). The stamps depicted various aspects from the three nations including paintings, landscapes, personalities, handicrafts and mosques. Between 1977 and 1994, the country released 5 joint issues with [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\") for the Indonesia Pakistan Economic and Cultural Cooperation (IPECC) Organisation. In 1995, it issued a stamp with Turkey for the holding of the conference of women parliamentarians. And in 1997, Jalal al din [Rumi](/wiki/Rumi \"Rumi\") and Allama [Muhammad Iqbal](/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal \"Muhammad Iqbal\") were honoured with Iran.", "On the political front, in 2002 it teamed up with [Kyrgyzstan](/wiki/Kyrgyzstan \"Kyrgyzstan\") to release a stamp on the 10th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the two countries, and in 2004, Eurasia Postal Union (2001\\) members: [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Azerbaijan \"Azerbaijan\"), The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Pakistan and Turkey jointly issued stamps on the [Silk Route](/wiki/Silk_Route \"Silk Route\").[Pakistan Post](http://www.pakpost.gov.pk/philately/stamps2004/silk_road.html)", "### Souvenir sheets", "The first souvenir sheet was issued for [Universal Postal Union](/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union \"Universal Postal Union\") Day on 9 October 1971\\.*The Most Comprehensive Colour Catalogue Pakistan Postage Stamps 2006–2007 11th edition*, M. I. Choudhary, Lahore, Pakistan, 2006 P.61 It was an imperforate sheet valued at 70p. There were no leaflets or first day covers released and 10,000 sheets were printed.", "Over the years, other sheets have been released and include both perforated and imperforate sheets. These include the 2,500th anniversary of the Iranian Monarchy (1971\\), the Quaid's 50th death anniversary (1998\\) and the 50th anniversary of the first ascent of K\\-2 (2004\\).", "In 2005, Pakistan Post issued a souvenir sheet to raise money for the 2005 [earthquake](/wiki/2005_Kashmir_earthquake \"2005 Kashmir earthquake\") victims. There were 8 stamps of Rs. 4, though the sheet was valued at Rs. 100\\. The entire amount was meant for the President's Fund. However, the souvenir sheet was also valid for postage but for Rs. 32 only. This sheet has not be given a number by the post office but catalogues list it as an issue. A similar issue was released in 2009 for raising funds for the prime minister's relief fund for [Swat](/wiki/Swat%2C_Pakistan \"Swat, Pakistan\") refugees. Like 2005, this issue was also sold for Rs. 100/\\- but it contained postage stamps worth Rs. 40/\\- only.", "2008 saw the release of three souvenir sheets: the first on 29th martyrdom anniversary of [Zulfikar Ali Bhutto](/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto \"Zulfikar Ali Bhutto\") in April with the slain leader's daughter, [Benazir Bhutto](/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto \"Benazir Bhutto\"), who was assassination in December 2007\\. The second on the birthday celebrations of Benazir Bhutto and the third on her death anniversary.", "### Booklets", "Pakistan has to date issued only four booklets, the only regular issue, was released in 1956\\. The other three were issued for stamp exhibitions in the 1990s. Released on 23 March 1956, the first booklet was also the only time a private company, in this case Atco Industries, makers of Alladin battery cells, had sponsored a booklet. It contained 24 stamps of two denominations, 6 pies and 1 ½anna, from the 7th anniversary set of 1954\\. Each pane was separated by interleaving of butter paper. The booklet was priced at Rs. 1/8\\. 10,000 booklets were printed.", "The second booklet, with a released quantity of between 500 and 600, was only sold during the National Seminar on Philately held in Multan in 1992\\. It consisted of 2 denominations from the Mohammad Ali Jinnah 1989 definitive series overprinted in light grey with \"National Seminar on Philately Multan 1992\". Watermarked [paper](/wiki/Postage_stamp_paper \"Postage stamp paper\") was used and it was printed using lithography for the frames and recess for the centre. PVA gum was used with perforation at 13C. The price was Rs. 20 even though the stamps were valued at only Rs. 18\\.", "The third booklet, for a stamp exhibition in Peshawar, was released in a quantity of 8,500\\. It was sold through the philatelic bureau across the country. This exhibition was organised by the Peshawar Stamp Society. Released on 20 January 1993, three values from the forts definitive issue were used and 18 stamps each were printed. The price was Rs. 30, Rs. 3 more than the value inside. There was no watermark and perforation was 11C. Both PVA and Gum Arabica were used.", "The fourth and last booklet was released on 1 February 1994\\.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\\) p. 170\\. It used the Re.1 stamp depicting Wazir Mansion, the birthplace of Mohammad Ali Jinnah. Though 10,000 booklets were printed, because of defects many were return and therefore the actual numbers sold is considerably lower.", "### Languages", "When stamps were initially issued, the name of the country was in two languages i.e. English and [Urdu](/wiki/Urdu \"Urdu\"). [Bengali](/wiki/Bengali_language \"Bengali language\"), which was the first language for more than half the population, was not depicted on stamps until 1956\\.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan Stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\\) p. 10 The first set aptly commemorated the first session of the National Assembly in the eastern wing. From then until 1973 when Pakistan officially recognised [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\"), three languages were depicted on the country's stamps. After 1973, it reverted to using Urdu and English again.", "### First Day Covers", "Though Pakistan started issuing first day postmarks with its first stamps, this was not the case with covers. Earlier, collectors made their own covers and took them to the post office to be stamped. This however, changed in 1961 when official ones were released. Before, that only one official FDC was released on the occasion of the centenary of the Scinde Dawk issue.", "### Annual and special folders", "Earlier, annual folders containing the entire year's issues were prepared and sold throughout the country to promote philately. However, in recent times this practise has been discontinued.", "In 1989, Pakistan Post issued a special folder during INDIA89\\. It consisted of a single sheet of 5 stamp designs from the Los Angeles Olympics.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\\) p. 171\\. The cover depicted the Post's logo and the inscription, \"Olympics Los Angeles Commemorative Postage Stamps.\" A quantity of 250 folders were sold at their face value of Rs. 150\\. These were later traded at Rs. 2000/\\-.", "" ]
### Decimal Surcharges In 1961, the government decided to introduce decimal coinage into the country. This necessitated the surcharging of stamps to reflect this change. Six stamps were chosen from various issues as follows: * 1 paisa on 1 ½ anna stamp from the 7th Anniversary of independence set released on 14 August 1954\. It depicted [Jahangir](/wiki/Jahangir "Jahangir")'s Tomb in Lahore. * 2 paisas on 3 pie stamp from the first regular series crescent and star facing north east released on 14 August 1948\. Scales of Justice were depicted on this stamp. * 3 paisas on 6 pies stamp from the Jammu and Kashmir definitive set released on 23 March 1960\. Stamp depicted a map of Pakistan. * 7 paisas on 1 anna stamp\\ from the 7th Anniversary of independence set released on 14 August 1954\. The Badshahi Mosque, Lahore stamp was chosen from this series. * 13 paisas on 2 anna stamp from the 9th Anniversary of independence set released on 14 August 1956\. Stamp showed a crescent and star. * 13 paisas on 2 anna stamp from the Jammu and Kashmir definitive set released on 23 March 1960\. Stamp depicted a map of Pakistan with Jammu and Kashmir's status as not yet determined. The printing of these stamps was divided between two printers: Pakistan Security Printing Corporation (PSPC) and Time Press, Karachi. The former printed the 2 paisa, 3 paisa and 13 paisa stamps while the later did the 1 paisa, 7 paisa and 13 paisa stamps. In the printing the Times Press used as many as 34 plates; 17 for 1 paisa (ordinary and service), 14 for 7 paisas and 3 plates for 13 paisas. The PSPC used single plates for each denomination, therefore resulting in only minor varieties and shifts. Service stamps with decimal surcharges were also printed by the same printers. However, these are scarcer than ordinary stamps. Forgeries in this issue exist in such numbers that they make the average person think that there are more errors and varieties than in fact. In the 2 paisas Service stamps, errors including service on front and surcharge on gum side are forgeries. In the 3 paisa and 13 paisa stamps, spelling errors such as "3PASIA" or 13 "PAIS" which are even listed in Stanley Gibbons are forgeries.Khalid Malik, *The Decimal Surcharges of Pakistan A New Perspective* in Pakistan 2003 souvenir, Karachi, Pakistan, 2003 P.13 In the 7 paisa there are a number of known forgeries including extra sharp letters with the 'S' slightly broader. The 13 paisa is one issue in which the existence of forgeries is very difficult because of the existence of variable stages of wear.
[ "### Decimal Surcharges", "In 1961, the government decided to introduce decimal coinage into the country. This necessitated the surcharging of stamps to reflect this change. Six stamps were chosen from various issues as follows:\n* 1 paisa on 1 ½ anna stamp from the 7th Anniversary of independence set released on 14 August 1954\\. It depicted [Jahangir](/wiki/Jahangir \"Jahangir\")'s Tomb in Lahore.\n* 2 paisas on 3 pie stamp from the first regular series crescent and star facing north east released on 14 August 1948\\. Scales of Justice were depicted on this stamp.\n* 3 paisas on 6 pies stamp from the Jammu and Kashmir definitive set released on 23 March 1960\\. Stamp depicted a map of Pakistan.\n* 7 paisas on 1 anna stamp\\\\ from the 7th Anniversary of independence set released on 14 August 1954\\. The Badshahi Mosque, Lahore stamp was chosen from this series.\n* 13 paisas on 2 anna stamp from the 9th Anniversary of independence set released on 14 August 1956\\. Stamp showed a crescent and star.\n* 13 paisas on 2 anna stamp from the Jammu and Kashmir definitive set released on 23 March 1960\\. Stamp depicted a map of Pakistan with Jammu and Kashmir's status as not yet determined.", "The printing of these stamps was divided between two printers: Pakistan Security Printing Corporation (PSPC) and Time Press, Karachi. The former printed the 2 paisa, 3 paisa and 13 paisa stamps while the later did the 1 paisa, 7 paisa and 13 paisa stamps.", "In the printing the Times Press used as many as 34 plates; 17 for 1 paisa (ordinary and service), 14 for 7 paisas and 3 plates for 13 paisas. The PSPC used single plates for each denomination, therefore resulting in only minor varieties and shifts.", "Service stamps with decimal surcharges were also printed by the same printers. However, these are scarcer than ordinary stamps.", "Forgeries in this issue exist in such numbers that they make the average person think that there are more errors and varieties than in fact. In the 2 paisas Service stamps, errors including service on front and surcharge on gum side are forgeries.", "In the 3 paisa and 13 paisa stamps, spelling errors such as \"3PASIA\" or 13 \"PAIS\" which are even listed in Stanley Gibbons are forgeries.Khalid Malik, *The Decimal Surcharges of Pakistan A New Perspective* in Pakistan 2003 souvenir, Karachi, Pakistan, 2003 P.13 In the 7 paisa there are a number of known forgeries including extra sharp letters with the 'S' slightly broader. The 13 paisa is one issue in which the existence of forgeries is very difficult because of the existence of variable stages of wear.", "" ]
Printing -------- [thumb\|right\|Three 1948 Pakistani stamps showing the Khyber Pass](/wiki/File:Pakistan_Khyber_Pass_stamps.jpg "Pakistan Khyber Pass stamps.jpg") ### Designers and stamp design Three people, A.R. chughtai, Rashiduddin and Muhammad Latif, have the honour of designing the first commemorative set issued in July 1948\. Since then, numerous other people have designed stamps for the country, including some well\-known artists. These artists include [Saeed Akhtar](/wiki/Saeed_Akhtar "Saeed Akhtar"), [Bashir Mirza](/wiki/Bashir_Mirza "Bashir Mirza"), [Askari Mian Irani](/wiki/Askari_Mian_Irani "Askari Mian Irani"), [Jimmy Engineer](/wiki/Jimmy_Engineer "Jimmy Engineer") and [Zahoor ul Akhlaq](/wiki/Zahoor_ul_Akhlaq "Zahoor ul Akhlaq"). Others designers were Nighat Saeed, [Saleem Uddin Ghori](/wiki/Saleem_Uddin_Ghori "Saleem Uddin Ghori"), [Zahid Shah](/wiki/Zahid_Shah_%28stamp_deigner%29 "Zahid Shah (stamp deigner)"), Talat Sultana and [A. J. McCoy](/wiki/A._J._McCoy "A. J. McCoy"). A famous Pakistani designer is [Adil Salahuddin](/wiki/Adil_Salahuddin "Adil Salahuddin"), who in his capacity as the official designer for almost 40 years, designed over 350 stamps for his country.*NCA and Stamp Design*, Exhibition Souvenir, Lahore, 2000, p.8 Most of the stamps designed are by local designers. However, photographs have been also used for stamps as in the Louis Pasteur issue (1995\) and the 1993, Siberian Crane issue. Some organisations linked to a stamp issue, supply their own design. These have included the [Family Planning Association of Pakistan](/wiki/Family_Planning_Association_of_Pakistan "Family Planning Association of Pakistan"), [Kinnaird College for Women](/wiki/Kinnaird_College_for_Women "Kinnaird College for Women"), Lahore, [Muslim Commercial Bank](/wiki/Muslim_Commercial_Bank "Muslim Commercial Bank") and [UNICEF](/wiki/UNICEF "UNICEF") Pakistan. For the 1987 [Air Force](/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force "Pakistan Air Force") Day set, a painting by Sq. Ldr Masood was used to design the final stamps. [Faiz Ahmed Faiz](/wiki/Faiz_Ahmed_Faiz "Faiz Ahmed Faiz")'s stamp in 1997 was designed using a photograph. On 23 July 2024, Pakistan issued its first AI assisted stamps designed by Abu Obaidah Ayyaz and Hasnain Mahmud. The issue made Pakistan only the second country in Asia to issue AI assisted stamps after the UAE. Abu Obaidah Ayyaz is also the youngest Pakistani postage stamps designer. ### Gum and paper From 1968 until about 2003 paper manufactured at Pakistan Security Printing Press, Karachi was used to print the stamps.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\) p. 185\. The ink used was also manufactured at the same place. Near the end of the 2003, paper manufactured by Tullis Russell Coaters, UK started being used, and it continued for the next year. At the beginning of 2005, paper imported from Shanghai Kailum Paper (Group) Co Ltd, China was used until mid\-2006 except for a couple of issues. Since then paper manufactured at the Security Press, Karachi is used. ### Process Pakistan Security Printing Press uses three processes in the production of stamps. These are: recess, [photogravure](/wiki/Photogravure "Photogravure") and [lithography](/wiki/Lithography "Lithography"). Definitive stamps of high and medium face values are printed using the recess method as are special stamps.*Collection of Pakistan Postage Stamps 1992 \& 1993*, Islamabad, Pakistan Postal Services Corporation p. 4 However, a time frame of 10 to 12 months has to be given for its production. Special stamps which involve a large variety of colours are printed using the photogravure method. Simpler designed stamps, both commemorative and definitive are printed using lithography. ### Watermarks Watermarked paper was first used in the 1963 definitive issue for the Chota Sona Masjid.The Most Comprehensive Colour Catalogue Pakistan Postage Stamps 2006–2007 11th edition, M. I. Choudhary, Lahore, Pakistan, 2006 P.13 The watermark consisted of a crescent and star. Since 1993, it has also been occasionally used for commemorative issues. Besides normal watermarks, reversed, inverted and reversed inverted watermarks are also found on stamps. ### Printing press Due to the lack of a local press, Pakistan's initial stamps were printed by Thomas De La Rue in London. In 1949, the Pakistan Security Printing Corporation was set up in [Malir](/wiki/Malir "Malir") Halt, Karachi.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\) p. 182 The first set printed entirely by this press was the 1954 Seventh Anniversary issue.*Pakistan Postage Stamps*, Karachi, Director General, Pakistan Post Office. (1969\) p. 11 Since then until mid\-2003, it printed most of the stamps issued within the country. In 2003, from the Year of Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah issue, stamps were printed by Pakistan Post Office Foundation Press (Security Division), Karachi. However, this changeover did not last long and in 2006 the printing was reverted to the earlier printer. Other foreign printers of Pakistani stamps have been [Cartor](/wiki/Cartor "Cartor"), Paris, France; [Courvoisier](/wiki/Courvoisier "Courvoisier"), Switzerland; Harrisons, London and [Secura](/wiki/Secura "Secura"), Singapore.
[ "Printing\n--------", "[thumb\\|right\\|Three 1948 Pakistani stamps showing the Khyber Pass](/wiki/File:Pakistan_Khyber_Pass_stamps.jpg \"Pakistan Khyber Pass stamps.jpg\")", "### Designers and stamp design", "Three people, A.R. chughtai, Rashiduddin and Muhammad Latif, have the honour of designing the first commemorative set issued in July 1948\\. Since then, numerous other people have designed stamps for the country, including some well\\-known artists. These artists include [Saeed Akhtar](/wiki/Saeed_Akhtar \"Saeed Akhtar\"), [Bashir Mirza](/wiki/Bashir_Mirza \"Bashir Mirza\"), [Askari Mian Irani](/wiki/Askari_Mian_Irani \"Askari Mian Irani\"), [Jimmy Engineer](/wiki/Jimmy_Engineer \"Jimmy Engineer\") and [Zahoor ul Akhlaq](/wiki/Zahoor_ul_Akhlaq \"Zahoor ul Akhlaq\"). Others designers were Nighat Saeed, [Saleem Uddin Ghori](/wiki/Saleem_Uddin_Ghori \"Saleem Uddin Ghori\"), [Zahid Shah](/wiki/Zahid_Shah_%28stamp_deigner%29 \"Zahid Shah (stamp deigner)\"), Talat Sultana and [A. J. McCoy](/wiki/A._J._McCoy \"A. J. McCoy\"). A famous Pakistani designer is [Adil Salahuddin](/wiki/Adil_Salahuddin \"Adil Salahuddin\"), who in his capacity as the official designer for almost 40 years, designed over 350 stamps for his country.*NCA and Stamp Design*, Exhibition Souvenir, Lahore, 2000, p.8", "Most of the stamps designed are by local designers. However, photographs have been also used for stamps as in the Louis Pasteur issue (1995\\) and the 1993, Siberian Crane issue. Some organisations linked to a stamp issue, supply their own design. These have included the [Family Planning Association of Pakistan](/wiki/Family_Planning_Association_of_Pakistan \"Family Planning Association of Pakistan\"), [Kinnaird College for Women](/wiki/Kinnaird_College_for_Women \"Kinnaird College for Women\"), Lahore, [Muslim Commercial Bank](/wiki/Muslim_Commercial_Bank \"Muslim Commercial Bank\") and [UNICEF](/wiki/UNICEF \"UNICEF\") Pakistan. For the 1987 [Air Force](/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force \"Pakistan Air Force\") Day set, a painting by Sq. Ldr Masood was used to design the final stamps. [Faiz Ahmed Faiz](/wiki/Faiz_Ahmed_Faiz \"Faiz Ahmed Faiz\")'s stamp in 1997 was designed using a photograph.", "On 23 July 2024, Pakistan issued its first AI assisted stamps designed by Abu Obaidah Ayyaz and Hasnain Mahmud. The issue made Pakistan only the second country in Asia to issue AI assisted stamps after the UAE. Abu Obaidah Ayyaz is also the youngest Pakistani postage stamps designer.", "### Gum and paper", "From 1968 until about 2003 paper manufactured at Pakistan Security Printing Press, Karachi was used to print the stamps.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\\) p. 185\\. The ink used was also manufactured at the same place. Near the end of the 2003, paper manufactured by Tullis Russell Coaters, UK started being used, and it continued for the next year. At the beginning of 2005, paper imported from Shanghai Kailum Paper (Group) Co Ltd, China was used until mid\\-2006 except for a couple of issues. Since then paper manufactured at the Security Press, Karachi is used.", "### Process", "Pakistan Security Printing Press uses three processes in the production of stamps. These are: recess, [photogravure](/wiki/Photogravure \"Photogravure\") and [lithography](/wiki/Lithography \"Lithography\"). Definitive stamps of high and medium face values are printed using the recess method as are special stamps.*Collection of Pakistan Postage Stamps 1992 \\& 1993*, Islamabad, Pakistan Postal Services Corporation p. 4 However, a time frame of 10 to 12 months has to be given for its production. Special stamps which involve a large variety of colours are printed using the photogravure method. Simpler designed stamps, both commemorative and definitive are printed using lithography.", "### Watermarks", "Watermarked paper was first used in the 1963 definitive issue for the Chota Sona Masjid.The Most Comprehensive Colour Catalogue Pakistan Postage Stamps 2006–2007 11th edition, M. I. Choudhary, Lahore, Pakistan, 2006 P.13 The watermark consisted of a crescent and star. Since 1993, it has also been occasionally used for commemorative issues. Besides normal watermarks, reversed, inverted and reversed inverted watermarks are also found on stamps.", "### Printing press", "Due to the lack of a local press, Pakistan's initial stamps were printed by Thomas De La Rue in London. In 1949, the Pakistan Security Printing Corporation was set up in [Malir](/wiki/Malir \"Malir\") Halt, Karachi.Mahbub Jamal Zahedi, *Fifty years of Pakistan stamps*, Karachi, Sanaa Publications (1997\\) p. 182 The first set printed entirely by this press was the 1954 Seventh Anniversary issue.*Pakistan Postage Stamps*, Karachi, Director General, Pakistan Post Office. (1969\\) p. 11 Since then until mid\\-2003, it printed most of the stamps issued within the country. In 2003, from the Year of Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah issue, stamps were printed by Pakistan Post Office Foundation Press (Security Division), Karachi. However, this changeover did not last long and in 2006 the printing was reverted to the earlier printer. Other foreign printers of Pakistani stamps have been [Cartor](/wiki/Cartor \"Cartor\"), Paris, France; [Courvoisier](/wiki/Courvoisier \"Courvoisier\"), Switzerland; Harrisons, London and [Secura](/wiki/Secura \"Secura\"), Singapore.", "" ]
Postal stationery ----------------- Besides stamps and souvenir sheets, the Post Office also prints [postal stationery](/wiki/Postal_stationery "Postal stationery"). These include pre\-stamped envelopes, [aerogrammes](/wiki/Aerogram "Aerogram"), postal cards, urgent mail service envelopes and registered envelopes. ### Pre\-stamped envelopes [right\|thumb\|Prestamped envelope depicts Bab\-e\-Khyber (2010\)](/wiki/File:Pakistan_ps_2010_bab_e_khyber.jpg "Pakistan ps 2010 bab e khyber.jpg") These types of envelopes are mostly used for domestic postage.Alem Sandal, *Inland Pictorial Envelopes*, Karachi, Pakistan 2003 Exhibition Souvenir, (2003\) pps. 21–23 Until 1978, a simple design and size introduced by the British in the 1890s, was used. In 2001, new larger, 4\-colour litho offset envelopes were issued. These provided both, the Post Office and commercial companies, an avenue for advertising. The first envelope was issued on 1 August 2001 and featured the Quaid's Ziarat Residency as the stamp impression. The reverse showed the [Mazar\-e\-Quaid](/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid "Mazar-e-Quaid"), [Badshahi Mosque](/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque "Badshahi Mosque"), Shah [Faisal Mosque](/wiki/Faisal_Mosque "Faisal Mosque") and the [Northern Areas](/wiki/Northern_Areas "Northern Areas"). It also gave the tourism department's website and the slogan "Visit Pakistan." Later that year, three envelopes featuring [Habib Bank AG Zurich](/wiki/Habib_Bank_AG_Zurich "Habib Bank AG Zurich") were released with an additional one in April 2002\. On all, the stamp impression was the bank's logo with an enlarged emblem on the left side. However, the writing above this emblem was different on each envelope including *Pachas key lakh* (a 100,000 from 50\) and "A tradition of service" on one and small symbols to highlight the bank's services on another. A month later, another bank, this time [Muslim Commercial Bank](/wiki/Muslim_Commercial_Bank "Muslim Commercial Bank") (MCB), had five envelopes printed with the Quaid's Ziarat residency as their stamp impression. These envelopes also promoted the services of the bank including its rupee travellers cheques and 24‑hour banking via ATMs. An error was noticed in the next envelope issued in June 2002\. This envelope was smaller in size (200mm × 92mm) and also featured four landmarks of the country, but the name of the fort in Lahore was given as "Red Fort." This error was corrected quickly and new envelopes with the correct text were released in July. This reduction in size was not to last, for in October 2002, it was enlarged to 222mm × 96mm with the released of an envelope showing the national flag on top of buildings. A rarity exists in this envelope with the flags closed as opposed to unfurled later on. Besides, the two banks in 2001, two oil companies: Pakistan State Oil (PSO) and Pak Arab Refinery Company (PARCO), have also had envelopes released with their advertisements. The housing scheme, Bahria Town, has also advertised on these envelopes in 2005\. Since then, other designs include Sir [Syed Ahmed Khan](/wiki/Syed_Ahmed_Khan "Syed Ahmed Khan"), Mohtarma [Fatima Jinnah](/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah "Fatima Jinnah") year (2003\), 50th anniversary of the first ascent of K\-2 (2004\) and reconstruction of earthquake ravaged areas (2005\). Normally, these envelopes are provided at the cost of postage, however, some such as the Golden Jubilee of Pakistan Resolution envelope (1990\) carry additional stationery charges of 25 paisas. ### Post Office Service Envelopes In recent years special envelopes have been printed for some of the Post Office's various services. These include a Rs. 12 light blue envelope for Urgent Mail Service and a yellow Rs. 25 Airex envelope. The latter features, some of the country's famous landmarks. Both envelopes carry a stationery charge of Re. 1\. ### Aerogrammes/Air Letters Pakistan had issued five different types of aerogrammes and air letters. These are for: public use, official use, armed forces/army use, prisoners of war and formulae aerogrammes. The first Pakistani air letter was a Nasik "Pakistan" overprint of a 6 anna British India, King George VI 1946 issue.F. Aleem Sundal, *Postal Stationery of Pakistan*, Karachi, (1996\) p. 104 Since then, these have been issued in various shapes and keeping up with increasing postal rates. The languages used on them are Bengali, Urdu and English. The late 1960s saw the introduction of pictorial aerogrammes. The front sides of these were printed with a view of [Moenjodaro](/wiki/Moenjodaro "Moenjodaro") (Rs. 2\) and a gate of Lahore Fort (Rs. 0\.50\). The 1971 war saw the release of two special aerogrammes. The first one released for general use depicted a hand behind a barbwire to symbolise the POWs being held in India. The second one was released with reduced rates to be used for sending mail to the POWs. In 1982, two special aerogrammes were released. They were overprints in gold on the Rs. 2 ones, and issued to commemorate the International Stamp Exhibition, Philexfrance and Intentional Stamp Fair, Riccione, Italy. In 1990, to commemorate the golden jubilee of the Pakistan Resolution passed in Lahore (1940\), the Post Office used a special aerogramme depicting Quaid\-e\-Azam, Mohammad Ali Jinnah. Three aerogrammes were released to be used for the armed forces. Two were identical except for the watermark. The same message "for use by the armed forces" in Urdu was slightly larger in one. ### Postal cards [thumb\|1961 Pakistan [postal stationery](/wiki/Postal_stationery "Postal stationery") postcard with a pre\-printed 5 piasa stamp](/wiki/File:Pakistan_postcard_with_pre-printed_stamp.jpg "Pakistan postcard with pre-printed stamp.jpg") The first pictorial postal cards were released on 10 August 1967\. Featuring four designs showing Buddha, a small industry, a boat scene from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and a dam in West Pakistan. These 30 paisa cards had a flying dove silhouette.*Pakistan Postage Stamps 1967–70*, Karachi, Pakistan Post Office, Government of Pakistan p. 2 About 8 months later in May 1967, a second set of 4 cards was released. In 2001, the Post Office teamed up with the organisers of the SAF Games, which were scheduled for that year in Islamabad, to produce Rs. 10 postcards. Besides being valid for postage, these cards entitled the buyer to be entered into a lucky draw. In 2009, the government reissued the current Re 1 Lahore Fort postcard with a Re. 1 postal stationery charge.
[ "Postal stationery\n-----------------", "Besides stamps and souvenir sheets, the Post Office also prints [postal stationery](/wiki/Postal_stationery \"Postal stationery\"). These include pre\\-stamped envelopes, [aerogrammes](/wiki/Aerogram \"Aerogram\"), postal cards, urgent mail service envelopes and registered envelopes.", "### Pre\\-stamped envelopes", "[right\\|thumb\\|Prestamped envelope depicts Bab\\-e\\-Khyber (2010\\)](/wiki/File:Pakistan_ps_2010_bab_e_khyber.jpg \"Pakistan ps 2010 bab e khyber.jpg\")\nThese types of envelopes are mostly used for domestic postage.Alem Sandal, *Inland Pictorial Envelopes*, Karachi, Pakistan 2003 Exhibition Souvenir, (2003\\) pps. 21–23 Until 1978, a simple design and size introduced by the British in the 1890s, was used. In 2001, new larger, 4\\-colour litho offset envelopes were issued. These provided both, the Post Office and commercial companies, an avenue for advertising. The first envelope was issued on 1 August 2001 and featured the Quaid's Ziarat Residency as the stamp impression. The reverse showed the [Mazar\\-e\\-Quaid](/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid \"Mazar-e-Quaid\"), [Badshahi Mosque](/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque \"Badshahi Mosque\"), Shah [Faisal Mosque](/wiki/Faisal_Mosque \"Faisal Mosque\") and the [Northern Areas](/wiki/Northern_Areas \"Northern Areas\"). It also gave the tourism department's website and the slogan \"Visit Pakistan.\"", "Later that year, three envelopes featuring [Habib Bank AG Zurich](/wiki/Habib_Bank_AG_Zurich \"Habib Bank AG Zurich\") were released with an additional one in April 2002\\. On all, the stamp impression was the bank's logo with an enlarged emblem on the left side. However, the writing above this emblem was different on each envelope including *Pachas key lakh* (a 100,000 from 50\\) and \"A tradition of service\" on one and small symbols to highlight the bank's services on another.", "A month later, another bank, this time [Muslim Commercial Bank](/wiki/Muslim_Commercial_Bank \"Muslim Commercial Bank\") (MCB), had five envelopes printed with the Quaid's Ziarat residency as their stamp impression. These envelopes also promoted the services of the bank including its rupee travellers cheques and 24‑hour banking via ATMs.", "An error was noticed in the next envelope issued in June 2002\\. This envelope was smaller in size (200mm × 92mm) and also featured four landmarks of the country, but the name of the fort in Lahore was given as \"Red Fort.\" This error was corrected quickly and new envelopes with the correct text were released in July. This reduction in size was not to last, for in October 2002, it was enlarged to 222mm × 96mm with the released of an envelope showing the national flag on top of buildings. A rarity exists in this envelope with the flags closed as opposed to unfurled later on.", "Besides, the two banks in 2001, two oil companies: Pakistan State Oil (PSO) and Pak Arab Refinery Company (PARCO), have also had envelopes released with their advertisements. The housing scheme, Bahria Town, has also advertised on these envelopes in 2005\\. Since then, other designs include Sir [Syed Ahmed Khan](/wiki/Syed_Ahmed_Khan \"Syed Ahmed Khan\"), Mohtarma [Fatima Jinnah](/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah \"Fatima Jinnah\") year (2003\\), 50th anniversary of the first ascent of K\\-2 (2004\\) and reconstruction of earthquake ravaged areas (2005\\). Normally, these envelopes are provided at the cost of postage, however, some such as the Golden Jubilee of Pakistan Resolution envelope (1990\\) carry additional stationery charges of 25 paisas.", "### Post Office Service Envelopes", "In recent years special envelopes have been printed for some of the Post Office's various services. These include a Rs. 12 light blue envelope for Urgent Mail Service and a yellow Rs. 25 Airex envelope. The latter features, some of the country's famous landmarks. Both envelopes carry a stationery charge of Re. 1\\.", "### Aerogrammes/Air Letters", "Pakistan had issued five different types of aerogrammes and air letters. These are for: public use, official use, armed forces/army use, prisoners of war and formulae aerogrammes. The first Pakistani air letter was a Nasik \"Pakistan\" overprint of a 6 anna British India, King George VI 1946 issue.F. Aleem Sundal, *Postal Stationery of Pakistan*, Karachi, (1996\\) p. 104 Since then, these have been issued in various shapes and keeping up with increasing postal rates. The languages used on them are Bengali, Urdu and English. The late 1960s saw the introduction of pictorial aerogrammes. The front sides of these were printed with a view of [Moenjodaro](/wiki/Moenjodaro \"Moenjodaro\") (Rs. 2\\) and a gate of Lahore Fort (Rs. 0\\.50\\).", "The 1971 war saw the release of two special aerogrammes. The first one released for general use depicted a hand behind a barbwire to symbolise the POWs being held in India. The second one was released with reduced rates to be used for sending mail to the POWs. In 1982, two special aerogrammes were released. They were overprints in gold on the Rs. 2 ones, and issued to commemorate the International Stamp Exhibition, Philexfrance and Intentional Stamp Fair, Riccione, Italy. In 1990, to commemorate the golden jubilee of the Pakistan Resolution passed in Lahore (1940\\), the Post Office used a special aerogramme depicting Quaid\\-e\\-Azam, Mohammad Ali Jinnah.", "Three aerogrammes were released to be used for the armed forces. Two were identical except for the watermark. The same message \"for use by the armed forces\" in Urdu was slightly larger in one.", "### Postal cards", "[thumb\\|1961 Pakistan [postal stationery](/wiki/Postal_stationery \"Postal stationery\") postcard with a pre\\-printed 5 piasa stamp](/wiki/File:Pakistan_postcard_with_pre-printed_stamp.jpg \"Pakistan postcard with pre-printed stamp.jpg\")\nThe first pictorial postal cards were released on 10 August 1967\\. Featuring four designs showing Buddha, a small industry, a boat scene from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and a dam in West Pakistan. These 30 paisa cards had a flying dove silhouette.*Pakistan Postage Stamps 1967–70*, Karachi, Pakistan Post Office, Government of Pakistan p. 2 About 8 months later in May 1967, a second set of 4 cards was released. In 2001, the Post Office teamed up with the organisers of the SAF Games, which were scheduled for that year in Islamabad, to produce Rs. 10 postcards. Besides being valid for postage, these cards entitled the buyer to be entered into a lucky draw. In 2009, the government reissued the current Re 1 Lahore Fort postcard with a Re. 1 postal stationery charge.", "" ]
History ------- ### Past Bilbao La Vieja is the oldest neighbourhood of [Bilbao](/wiki/Bilbao "Bilbao"), being older than even the medieval urban district ([Casco Viejo](/wiki/Zazpikaleak "Zazpikaleak")), founded in 1300\. The development of **Bilbao la Vieja** was closely linked to that of the [Miribilla](/wiki/Miribilla "Miribilla") mines, on the top of the Miribilla mountain behind the old neighborhood. Recently redeveloped as a newly built neighborhood. Bilbao La Vieja was traditionally where the majority of the miners resided. It was some of the first land used as an expansion of the medieval city was undertaken in the 18th and 19th centuries and became a fashionable neighborhood by the end of the 19th century. ### Today Due to its strategic location within the city of Bilbao and the end of the minery days years ago, **Bilbao la Vieja** is getting through a deep [gentrification](/wiki/Gentrification "Gentrification") process. Under the municipal government's new initiatives the neighborhood is redeveloping, with a number of new businesses and subsidies aimed at urban renewal and attracting the young to the area. This initiative has been largely very fruitful thus far. Many new shops and young entrepreneurs are setting up shop. The neighborhood is also home to a growing immigrant population, making it one of the most vibrant communities in Bilbao.
[ "History\n-------", "### Past", "Bilbao La Vieja is the oldest neighbourhood of [Bilbao](/wiki/Bilbao \"Bilbao\"), being older than even the medieval urban district ([Casco Viejo](/wiki/Zazpikaleak \"Zazpikaleak\")), founded in 1300\\.", "The development of **Bilbao la Vieja** was closely linked to that of the [Miribilla](/wiki/Miribilla \"Miribilla\") mines, on the top of the Miribilla mountain behind the old neighborhood. Recently redeveloped as a newly built neighborhood. Bilbao La Vieja was traditionally where the majority of the miners resided. It was some of the first land used as an expansion of the medieval city was undertaken in the 18th and 19th centuries and became a fashionable neighborhood by the end of the 19th century.", "### Today", "Due to its strategic location within the city of Bilbao and the end of the minery days years ago, **Bilbao la Vieja** is getting through a deep [gentrification](/wiki/Gentrification \"Gentrification\") process.", "Under the municipal government's new initiatives the neighborhood is redeveloping, with a number of new businesses and subsidies aimed at urban renewal and attracting the young to the area. This initiative has been largely very fruitful thus far. Many new shops and young entrepreneurs are setting up shop.", "The neighborhood is also home to a growing immigrant population, making it one of the most vibrant communities in Bilbao.", "" ]
Overview -------- Manfred Clynes' work combines music and science, more particularly, [neurophysiology](/wiki/Neurophysiology "Neurophysiology") and [neuroscience](/wiki/Neuroscience "Neuroscience"). Clynes' musical achievements embrace performance and interpretation, exploring and clarifying the function of time forms in the expression of music—and of emotions generally—in connection with brain function in its electrical manifestations. As a concert pianist, he has recorded versions of [Bach](/wiki/Bach "Bach")’s [Goldberg Variations](/wiki/Goldberg_Variations "Goldberg Variations") and of [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven "Beethoven")’s [Diabelli Variations](/wiki/Diabelli_Variations "Diabelli Variations"). As an inventor, his inventions (about 40 patents) include, besides the CAT computer for electrical brain research, the online auto\- and cross\-correlator, and inventions in the field of [ultrasound](/wiki/Ultrasound "Ultrasound") (Clynes invented color ultrasound.) as well as telemetering, data recording, and [wind energy](/wiki/Wind_energy "Wind energy"). The creative process of computer realizations of classical music with SuperConductor is based on his discoveries of fundamental principles of musicality. Clynes was the subject of a front page article in *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*, September 21, 1991\. ### Emotion shapes, biologic primacy laws Clynes concentrated on what he saw as the natural and unalterable interlocking of the [central nervous system](/wiki/Central_nervous_system "Central nervous system") with basic expressive time forms, and on the innate power of those forms to generate specific basic emotions. He recognized that we are all familiar with this interlocking in our experiences of [laughter](/wiki/Laughter "Laughter") and of [yawning](/wiki/Yawning "Yawning"), although its scientific importance had been largely swept under the carpet by a [Skinnerian](/wiki/B._F._Skinner "B. F. Skinner") bias and still largely is. According to Clynes's experimental research{{cite journal \|last\=Clynes \|first\=Manfred \|date\=1973 \|title\=Sentics: biocybernetics of emotion communication \|journal\=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences \|volume\=220 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=57–88 \|doi\=10\.1111/j.1749\-6632\.1973\.tb40248\.x \|pmid\=4516056 \|bibcode\=1973NYASA.220\...57C \|s2cid\=37643925 \|issn\=0077\-8923}}Clynes, M., Sentics: The Touch of Emotions, 250 pp, Doubleday/Anchor, New York, 1977\.Clynes, M., Generalised emotion, its production, and sentic cycle therapy, in Emotions and Psychopathology, M.Clynes and J. Panksepp, eds., pp. 107–170, Plenum Press, New York, 1988\. these time forms (“sentic forms”), as embodied in the [central nervous system](/wiki/Central_nervous_system "Central nervous system"), are primary to the varied modes in which they find expression, such as sound, touch, and gesture. Clynes was able to prove this by systematically deriving sounds from subjects’ expressions of emotions through touch, and then playing those sounds to hearers culturally remote from the original subjects. In one trial, for example, [Aborigines](/wiki/Australian_Aborigines "Australian Aborigines") in Central Australia were able to correctly identify the specific emotional qualities of sounds derived from the touch of white urban Americans.{{cite journal \|last1\=Heraz \|first1\=Alicia \|last2\=Clynes \|first2\=Manfred \|date\=2018 \|title\=Recognition of Emotions Conveyed by Touch Through Force\-Sensitive Screens: Observational Study of Humans and Machine Learning Techniques \|journal\=JMIR Mental Health \|volume\=5 \|issue\=3 \|page\=e10104 \|doi\=10\.2196/10104 \|issn\=2368\-7959 \|pmc\=6137281 \|pmid\=30166276 \|doi\-access\=free}} (This experiment was featured on Nova, What Is Music? in 1988\). Clynes found in this a confirmation of the existence of biologically fixed, universal, primary dynamic forms that determine expressions of emotion that give rise to much of the experience within human societies. In 2018, he co\-authored a publication with Dr Alicia Heraz in the Journal of Internet Medical Research that demonstrate similar emotional patterns on mobile phones with force sensitivity.{{cite journal \|last1\=Heraz \|first1\=Alicia \|last2\=Clynes \|first2\=Manfred \|date\=2018 \|title\=Recognition of Emotions Conveyed by Touch Through Force\-Sensitive Screens: Observational Study of Humans and Machine Learning Techniques \|journal\=JMIR Mental Health \|volume\=5 \|issue\=3 \|page\=e10104 \|doi\=10\.2196/10104 \|issn\=2368\-7959 \|pmc\=6137281 \|pmid\=30166276 \|doi\-access\=free}} Some of these dynamic forms appear to be shared by those animals that have time consciousnesses at a similar rate to humans; hence the intuition of pet owners that their dog or cat understands tone of voice and the emotional form of touch. Anger, love, and grief, for example, according to Clynes, have clearly different dynamic expressive forms. Importantly, a cardinal property of this inherent biologic communication language, in Clynes’ findings, is that the more closely an expression follows the precise dynamic form, the more powerful is the generation of the corresponding emotion, in both the person expressing and in the perceiver of the expression. Hence, presumably, such phenomena as charisma (in persons whose performance of emotional expressions closely follows the universal form). His experience with [Pablo Casals](/wiki/Pablo_Casals "Pablo Casals") confirmed for Clynes the importance of this faithfulness to the natural dynamic form in generating emotionally significant meaning in musical performance. ### Sentic cycles Drawing on these findings, Clynes also developed an application—a simple touch art form—in which, without music, subjects expressed, through repeated finger pressure, a sequence of emotions timed according to the natural requirements of the sentic forms. The 25\-minute sequence, called the Sentic Cycle, comprises: no\-emotion, anger, hate, grief, love, sexual desire, joy, and reverence. Subjects reported experiencing calmness and energy. Many also evidenced progress in the alleviation of depression, and, to some degree, tobacco and alcohol [addictions](/wiki/Substance_dependence "Substance dependence"), as a result of repeated application of this process.Clynes, M., Essentic form\-aspects of control, function and measurement Proceedings of the 21st annual Conference of Engineering in Medicine and Biology. Houston, Texas. November 1968\. Thousands of people have by now experienced sentic cycles, some for years, some even decades. In the 1980s especially, Clynes taught various groups to conduct Sentic Cycles on their own. Nowadays, the Sentic Cycle kit is available on the Internet. Early work developing sentic cycles in the 1970s had convinced Clynes also that it is easy with it for most people to proceed from experiencing one emotion to another quite rapidly. After three or four minutes of one emotion, a person tended to be being satiated with the current emotion. The ready switching to the next emotion with quite fresh experience pointed to the existence of specific receptors in the brain, he suggested, that become satiated with particular [neurohormones](/wiki/Neurohormones "Neurohormones"); this was later confirmed by the identification of a number of such receptors. This finding links well with the historic tendency of composers to vary emotions every 4 minutes or so in their compositions. The human need for variety is based on brain receptor properties. As anyone who has seen more than three [Charlie Chaplin](/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin "Charlie Chaplin") movies in a row can testify, [laughter](/wiki/Laughter "Laughter"), too, palls after prolonged exposure, and it seems to be for the same reason. Clynes also studied laughter, "nature's arrow from appearance to reality". In (nonderisive) laughter, according to Clynes, a small element of disorder is suddenly understood to be only apparently disordered, within an actual, larger, order. He then predicted the existence of soundless laughter, in which the sound production is replaced by tactile pressure at the same temporal pattern. In studies at UCSD the mean repetitions of the "ha's" was found to be approximately 5\.18 per second.Clynes, M., The communication of emotion: theory of sentics, in Emotion: Theory, Research and Experience, Vol. 1 Theories of Emotion, R. Plutchik, H. Kellerman (eds.), pp. 271–300, Academic Press, New York, 1980\. Clynes further hypothesized that couples with unmatched speeds of laughter might not be as readily compatible as those whose laughter was harmoniously coordinated. Clynes enthusiastically published his realization that love, joy, and reverence were always there to be experienced, capable of being generated through precise expression and accessible by simple means, due to the connection to their biologic roots. Music had always been a special means for this, but now, with this touch artform, it was universally accessible. By this means, even negative emotions, such as grief anger, could be enjoyed in a compassionate non\-destructive framework. In the 1970s and in the 1980s Clynes had started to write poems, a few of which had found their way into his book *Sentics*. Later, [Marvin Minsky](/wiki/Marvin_Minsky "Marvin Minsky") quoted from them in his book *The Society of Mind*. In the late 1980s and in the 1990s he wrote his 12 Animal Poems.[Dr. Manfred Clynes](http://senticcycles.org/clynes/page16.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113184701/http://senticcycles.org/clynes/page16\.html \|date\=November 13, 2007 }} Boundaries of Compassion is a substantial set of poems growing out of his experience in Germany while doing experimental work at the Luedenscheid hospital in the summer of 1985, poems in regard to what Germans call "the [Jewish Question](/wiki/Jewish_Question "Jewish Question")."[Farewell to Australia \< Boundaries of Compassion](http://senticcycles.org/clynes_boundaries/page1.html) ### Cyborg (cybernetic organism) Clynes is credited with developing and coining the term [cyborg](/wiki/Cyborg "Cyborg"), which refers to beings with both biological and artificial parts. In other words, [cyborgs](/wiki/Cyborg "Cyborg") are beings whose abilities have been enhanced due to the presence and advancement of technology. The term [cyborg](/wiki/Cyborg "Cyborg") has become an important concept to [technoself](/wiki/Technoself "Technoself") studies; an interdisciplinary domain of scholarly research dealing with all aspects of human identity in a technological society focusing on the changing nature of relationships between the human and technology.
[ "Overview\n--------", "Manfred Clynes' work combines music and science, more particularly, [neurophysiology](/wiki/Neurophysiology \"Neurophysiology\") and [neuroscience](/wiki/Neuroscience \"Neuroscience\"). Clynes' musical achievements embrace performance and interpretation, exploring and clarifying the function of time forms in the expression of music—and of emotions generally—in connection with brain function in its electrical manifestations. As a concert pianist, he has recorded versions of [Bach](/wiki/Bach \"Bach\")’s [Goldberg Variations](/wiki/Goldberg_Variations \"Goldberg Variations\") and of [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven \"Beethoven\")’s [Diabelli Variations](/wiki/Diabelli_Variations \"Diabelli Variations\"). As an inventor, his inventions (about 40 patents) include, besides the CAT computer for electrical brain research, the online auto\\- and cross\\-correlator, and inventions in the field of [ultrasound](/wiki/Ultrasound \"Ultrasound\") (Clynes invented color ultrasound.) as well as telemetering, data recording, and [wind energy](/wiki/Wind_energy \"Wind energy\"). The creative process of computer realizations of classical music with SuperConductor is based on his discoveries of fundamental principles of musicality. Clynes was the subject of a front page article in *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")*, September 21, 1991\\.", "### Emotion shapes, biologic primacy laws", "Clynes concentrated on what he saw as the natural and unalterable interlocking of the [central nervous system](/wiki/Central_nervous_system \"Central nervous system\") with basic expressive time forms, and on the innate power of those forms to generate specific basic emotions. He recognized that we are all familiar with this interlocking in our experiences of [laughter](/wiki/Laughter \"Laughter\") and of [yawning](/wiki/Yawning \"Yawning\"), although its scientific importance had been largely swept under the carpet by a [Skinnerian](/wiki/B._F._Skinner \"B. F. Skinner\") bias and still largely is. According to Clynes's experimental research{{cite journal \\|last\\=Clynes \\|first\\=Manfred \\|date\\=1973 \\|title\\=Sentics: biocybernetics of emotion communication \\|journal\\=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences \\|volume\\=220 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=57–88 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1749\\-6632\\.1973\\.tb40248\\.x \\|pmid\\=4516056 \\|bibcode\\=1973NYASA.220\\...57C \\|s2cid\\=37643925 \\|issn\\=0077\\-8923}}Clynes, M., Sentics: The Touch of Emotions, 250 pp, Doubleday/Anchor, New York, 1977\\.Clynes, M., Generalised emotion, its production, and sentic cycle therapy, in Emotions and Psychopathology, M.Clynes and J. Panksepp, eds., pp. 107–170, Plenum Press, New York, 1988\\. these time forms (“sentic forms”), as embodied in the [central nervous system](/wiki/Central_nervous_system \"Central nervous system\"), are primary to the varied modes in which they find expression, such as sound, touch, and gesture. Clynes was able to prove this by systematically deriving sounds from subjects’ expressions of emotions through touch, and then playing those sounds to hearers culturally remote from the original subjects. In one trial, for example, [Aborigines](/wiki/Australian_Aborigines \"Australian Aborigines\") in Central Australia were able to correctly identify the specific emotional qualities of sounds derived from the touch of white urban Americans.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Heraz \\|first1\\=Alicia \\|last2\\=Clynes \\|first2\\=Manfred \\|date\\=2018 \\|title\\=Recognition of Emotions Conveyed by Touch Through Force\\-Sensitive Screens: Observational Study of Humans and Machine Learning Techniques \\|journal\\=JMIR Mental Health \\|volume\\=5 \\|issue\\=3 \\|page\\=e10104 \\|doi\\=10\\.2196/10104 \\|issn\\=2368\\-7959 \\|pmc\\=6137281 \\|pmid\\=30166276 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}} (This experiment was featured on Nova, What Is Music? in 1988\\). Clynes found in this a confirmation of the existence of biologically fixed, universal, primary dynamic forms that determine expressions of emotion that give rise to much of the experience within human societies. In 2018, he co\\-authored a publication with Dr Alicia Heraz in the Journal of Internet Medical Research that demonstrate similar emotional patterns on mobile phones with force sensitivity.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Heraz \\|first1\\=Alicia \\|last2\\=Clynes \\|first2\\=Manfred \\|date\\=2018 \\|title\\=Recognition of Emotions Conveyed by Touch Through Force\\-Sensitive Screens: Observational Study of Humans and Machine Learning Techniques \\|journal\\=JMIR Mental Health \\|volume\\=5 \\|issue\\=3 \\|page\\=e10104 \\|doi\\=10\\.2196/10104 \\|issn\\=2368\\-7959 \\|pmc\\=6137281 \\|pmid\\=30166276 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}", "Some of these dynamic forms appear to be shared by those animals that have time consciousnesses at a similar rate to humans; hence the intuition of pet owners that their dog or cat understands tone of voice and the emotional form of touch. Anger, love, and grief, for example, according to Clynes, have clearly different dynamic expressive forms. Importantly, a cardinal property of this inherent biologic communication language, in Clynes’ findings, is that the more closely an expression follows the precise dynamic form, the more powerful is the generation of the corresponding emotion, in both the person expressing and in the perceiver of the expression. Hence, presumably, such phenomena as charisma (in persons whose performance of emotional expressions closely follows the universal form). His experience with [Pablo Casals](/wiki/Pablo_Casals \"Pablo Casals\") confirmed for Clynes the importance of this faithfulness to the natural dynamic form in generating emotionally significant meaning in musical performance.", "### Sentic cycles", "Drawing on these findings, Clynes also developed an application—a simple touch art form—in which, without music, subjects expressed, through repeated finger pressure, a sequence of emotions timed according to the natural requirements of the sentic forms. The 25\\-minute sequence, called the Sentic Cycle, comprises: no\\-emotion, anger, hate, grief, love, sexual desire, joy, and reverence. Subjects reported experiencing calmness and energy. Many also evidenced progress in the alleviation of depression, and, to some degree, tobacco and alcohol [addictions](/wiki/Substance_dependence \"Substance dependence\"), as a result of repeated application of this process.Clynes, M., Essentic form\\-aspects of control, function and measurement Proceedings of the 21st annual Conference of Engineering in Medicine and Biology. Houston, Texas. November 1968\\. Thousands of people have by now experienced sentic cycles, some for years, some even decades. In the 1980s especially, Clynes taught various groups to conduct Sentic Cycles on their own. Nowadays, the Sentic Cycle kit is available on the Internet.", "Early work developing sentic cycles in the 1970s had convinced Clynes also that it is easy with it for most people to proceed from experiencing one emotion to another quite rapidly. After three or four minutes of one emotion, a person tended to be being satiated with the current emotion. The ready switching to the next emotion with quite fresh experience pointed to the existence of specific receptors in the brain, he suggested, that become satiated with particular [neurohormones](/wiki/Neurohormones \"Neurohormones\"); this was later confirmed by the identification of a number of such receptors.\nThis finding links well with the historic tendency of composers to vary emotions every 4 minutes or so in their compositions. The human need for variety is based on brain receptor properties. As anyone who has seen more than three [Charlie Chaplin](/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin \"Charlie Chaplin\") movies in a row can testify, [laughter](/wiki/Laughter \"Laughter\"), too, palls after prolonged exposure, and it seems to be for the same reason.\nClynes also studied laughter, \"nature's arrow from appearance to reality\". In (nonderisive) laughter, according to Clynes, a small element of disorder is suddenly understood to be only apparently disordered, within an actual, larger, order. He then predicted the existence of soundless laughter, in which the sound production is replaced by tactile pressure at the same temporal pattern. In studies at UCSD the mean repetitions of the \"ha's\" was found to be approximately 5\\.18 per second.Clynes, M., The communication of emotion: theory of sentics, in Emotion: Theory, Research and Experience, Vol. 1 Theories of Emotion, R. Plutchik, H. Kellerman (eds.), pp. 271–300, Academic Press, New York, 1980\\. Clynes further hypothesized that couples with unmatched speeds of laughter might not be as readily compatible as those whose laughter was harmoniously coordinated.", "Clynes enthusiastically published his realization that love, joy, and reverence were always there to be experienced, capable of being generated through precise expression and accessible by simple means, due to the connection to their biologic roots. Music had always been a special means for this, but now, with this touch artform, it was universally accessible. By this means, even negative emotions, such as grief anger, could be enjoyed in a compassionate non\\-destructive framework.", "In the 1970s and in the 1980s Clynes had started to write poems, a few of which had found their way into his book *Sentics*. Later, [Marvin Minsky](/wiki/Marvin_Minsky \"Marvin Minsky\") quoted from them in his book *The Society of Mind*. In the late 1980s and in the 1990s he wrote his 12 Animal Poems.[Dr. Manfred Clynes](http://senticcycles.org/clynes/page16.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113184701/http://senticcycles.org/clynes/page16\\.html \\|date\\=November 13, 2007 }} Boundaries of Compassion is a substantial set of poems growing out of his experience in Germany while doing experimental work at the Luedenscheid hospital in the summer of 1985, poems in regard to what Germans call \"the [Jewish Question](/wiki/Jewish_Question \"Jewish Question\").\"[Farewell to Australia \\< Boundaries of Compassion](http://senticcycles.org/clynes_boundaries/page1.html)", "### Cyborg (cybernetic organism)", "Clynes is credited with developing and coining the term [cyborg](/wiki/Cyborg \"Cyborg\"), which refers to beings with both biological and artificial parts. In other words, [cyborgs](/wiki/Cyborg \"Cyborg\") are beings whose abilities have been enhanced due to the presence and advancement of technology. The term [cyborg](/wiki/Cyborg \"Cyborg\") has become an important concept to [technoself](/wiki/Technoself \"Technoself\") studies; an interdisciplinary domain of scholarly research dealing with all aspects of human identity in a technological society focusing on the changing nature of relationships between the human and technology.", "" ]
Biography and career -------------------- ### Education and influences #### Early invention of inertial guidance at age 15 Manfred Clynes was born on August 14, 1925, in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria "Austria"), the son of Olga and Marcel Clynes.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=TXkZAQAAIAAJ\&q\=%22Dr\+Marcel\+Clynes\+(d\+1965,\+family\+arrived\+1938\)\+and\+Olga\+Clynes\+(d\+1979,\+family\+arrived\+1930\);%22\|title\=Debrett's Handbook of Australia and New Zealand\|year\=1984\|publisher\=Debrett's Peerage \|isbn\=9780949137005}} His family was Jewish.[http://www.rebprotocol.net/senmanfredclynes2\.pdf](http://www.rebprotocol.net/senmanfredclynes2.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\|date\=March 2022}} His parents emigrated to [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne"), in September 1938 to escape [Nazism](/wiki/Nazism "Nazism"). In Australia, at fifteen, in his last year at high school, having newly learned [calculus](/wiki/Calculus "Calculus"), he invented the inertial guidance method for aircraft using [piezoelectric](/wiki/Piezoelectric "Piezoelectric") [crystals](/wiki/Crystals "Crystals") and repeated [electronic](/wiki/Electronics "Electronics") [integration](/wiki/wikt:Integration "Integration"), but Australian authorities denied that it would work. In fact, the same system Clynes had invented was later used with great success, during the last part of the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"). The detailed descriptions of this invention as written by the fifteen\-year\-old Clynes are rigorous; it was the first of his many inventions to come that worked. (Clynes' earlier attempt, at the age of thirteen, to create a [perpetual motion](/wiki/Perpetual_motion "Perpetual motion") device was naturally a failure). In 1946 Clynes graduated from the [University of Melbourne](/wiki/University_of_Melbourne "University of Melbourne") having studied both engineering science and music. Around this time he also had lessons with the Polish virtuoso [Ignaz Friedman](/wiki/Ignaz_Friedman "Ignaz Friedman"), then resident in Sydney. Having seen Friedman play in concert several times, Clynes approached him by letter and was accepted sight unseen. He hitchhiked from Melbourne as he could not afford the train fare, let alone the fee charged by Friedman.Allan Evans, *Ignaz Friedman: Romantic Master Pianist*, p. 322 His musical talent was recognized by a series of awards, concerto performances and prizes, one of which provided a three\-year graduate fellowship to the [Juilliard School](/wiki/Juilliard_School "Juilliard School"). At Juilliard, he was a piano student of [Olga Samaroff](/wiki/Olga_Samaroff "Olga Samaroff") and [Sascha Gorodnitzki](/wiki/Sascha_Gorodnitzki "Sascha Gorodnitzki"). He received his [MS](/wiki/Master_of_Science "Master of Science") degree from Juilliard in 1949, after having performed [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven "Beethoven")'s Piano Concerto No. 1 at the [Tanglewood Music Festival](/wiki/Tanglewood_Music_Festival "Tanglewood Music Festival") (in 1948\) then under the direction of [Serge Koussevitzky](/wiki/Serge_Koussevitzky "Serge Koussevitzky") in a performance of which the pianist Gerson Yessin, who was present, recently recalled as "monumental." \[Yessin: "Manfred played beautifully, outstandingly"]. After graduating from Juilliard (It gave no doctorates then), Clynes retreated to a small log cabin at six thousand feet altitude in the solitude of [Wrightwood, California](/wiki/Wrightwood%2C_California "Wrightwood, California"). There he learned Bach's [Goldberg Variations](/wiki/Goldberg_Variations "Goldberg Variations") and other works. He performed them for the first time in October 1949, in Ojai, at [Jiddu Krishnamurti](/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti "Jiddu Krishnamurti")'s school, and, in 1950, along with other works, in all the capital cities of Australia, to great acclaim. He soon became regarded as one of Australia's outstanding pianists. In 1952 he was invited to [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") as a graduate student in the music department, and issued a [green card](/wiki/Permanent_residence_%28United_States%29 "Permanent residence (United States)"), to pursue his studies in the Psychology of Music, with a [Fulbright](/wiki/Fulbright "Fulbright") and Smith\-Mundt Award. There he became aware of the work of G. Becking, who in 1928 had published a sensitive, if nonscientific, study of distinctive motor patterns associated in following the music of individual composers. It was this work that led, in the late 1960s, to Clynes' scientific sentographic studies of what he termed composers' pulses, as their motor manifestation, in which [Pablo Casals](/wiki/Pablo_Casals "Pablo Casals") and [Rudolf Serkin](/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin "Rudolf Serkin") were to be his first subjects.Tedeschi, Bob. ["How Would Great Composers Play It? Some Clues"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E6D61430F931A15751C0A9669C8B63), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, February 22, 2000\. Retrieved January 2, 2008\. Young Clynes had a personal letter of introduction to [Albert Einstein](/wiki/Albert_Einstein "Albert Einstein") from an elderly lady in Australia, with whom, in her youth, Einstein had exchanged poems. Soon Einstein invited him repeatedly to dinner at his home, and a friendship sprang up between the two men. Clynes played for Einstein on his fine Bechstein piano, especially [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven "Beethoven"), [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart "Mozart") and [Schubert](/wiki/Schubert "Schubert"). He loved Clynes' playing of Mozart and Schubert, calling Clynes "a blessed artist" ("Ein begnadeter Künstler") In May 1953 Einstein wrote Clynes a personal letter by hand to help him in his forthcoming European tour. [thumb\|left\|250px\|Letter from Einstein](/wiki/File:Einstein_Letter.jpg "Einstein Letter.jpg") (Translation of Einstein's letter, dated Princeton, May 18, 1953: "Dear Mr. Clynes, I am truly grateful to you for the great enjoyment that your piano playing has given me. Your performance combines a clear insight into the inner structure of the work of art with a rare spontaneity and freshness of conception. With all the secure mastery of your instrument, your technique never supplants the artistic content, as unfortunately so often is the case in our time. I am convinced that you will find the appreciation to which your achievement entitles you. With friendly greetings yours, A. Einstein.") #### Concert tours in 1953 Goldberg Variations In 1953, helped by the letter from Einstein, Clynes toured Europe with great critical success, playing the [Goldberg Variations](/wiki/Goldberg_Variations "Goldberg Variations"). The tour ended with a solo concert before an audience of 2500 at London's [Royal Festival Hall](/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall "Royal Festival Hall"), which had just been built.[\< Dr. Manfred Clynes](http://senticcycles.org/clynes/page18.html) ### Inventions and scientific discoveries In 1954, to provide for his parents and to raise funds necessary to underwrite his musical career, Clynes, on the basis of his scientific training, took a job working with a new [analog computer](/wiki/Analog_computer "Analog computer"), a device about which, at the time, both he and his interviewer were ignorant. In short order, however, Clynes mastered that computer, and then within a year created a new analytic method of stabilizing [dynamical systems](/wiki/Dynamical_system "Dynamical system"), which he published as a paper in the [IEEE Transactions](/wiki/IEEE_Transactions "IEEE Transactions").{{Cite journal \|doi \= 10\.1109/TAI.1956\.6367116\|title \= Simple analytic method for linear feedback system dynamics\|journal \= Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Part II: Applications and Industry\|volume \= 74\|issue \= 6\|pages \= 377–383\|year \= 1956\|last1 \= Clynes\|first1 \= M. E.\|s2cid \= 51657556}} Bogue, the company he was working for, doubled his salary, after a year, unasked. "Only in America!" was Clynes' reaction. (He became a citizen in 1960\.) In 1955, at Clynes' suggestion, Bogue employed his father, then aged 72, from Australia, as a naval architect; the elder Clynes had not been permitted to work in his profession in Australia, because he was not British\-born. For a time Clynes father and son went to work together every morning (to Clynes’ rejoicing). As the result of a chance meeting, in 1956, Dr [Nathan S. Kline](/wiki/Nathan_S._Kline "Nathan S. Kline"), Director of the Research Center of Rockland State Hospital, a large mental hospital, offered Clynes a substantial research job at the Center, where he in 1956 became ‘Chief Research Scientist’. Kline was to become the recipient of two Lasker Awards, and had built up that research center to formidable renown. (It is now called the Nathan S. Kline Psychiatric Center.) #### CAT computer An autodidact in physiology, Clynes applied dynamic systems analysis to the [homeostatic](/wiki/Homeostatic "Homeostatic") and other control processes of the body so successfully in the next three years, that he received a series of awards, including, for the best paper published in 1960 – Clynes' *annus mirabilis* (miracle year), the [IRE W.R.G. Baker Award](/wiki/IRE_W.R.G._Baker_Award "IRE W.R.G. Baker Award") (1961\).{{cite web \|url\=http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/awards\_search\_july\_2010\.pdf \|title\=IEEELevel Awards, see under section IEEE Prize Paper Awards \|publisher\=IEEE \|date\=July 2010 \|access\-date\=November 19, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629162341/http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/awards\_search\_july\_2010\.pdf \|archive\-date\=June 29, 2011 }} In 1960 he invented the CAT computer (Computer of Average Transients) a $10,000 portable computer permitting the extraction of responses from ongoing electric activity—the needle in the haystack. The CAT quickly came into use in research labs all over the world, marketed by Technical Measurements Corp., advancing the study of the electric activity of the brain (enabling, for example, the clinical detection of [deafness](/wiki/Deafness "Deafness") in newborns). In this way, Clynes made his fortune by age 37\. #### URS law Also in 1960, he discovered a biologic law, "Unidirectional Rate Sensitivity," the subject, in 1967, of a two\-day symposium held by the New York Academy of Science.{{cite journal \|last\=Clynes \|first\=Manfred \|date\=1961 \|title\=Unidirectional rate sensitivity: a biocybernetic law of reflex and humoral systems as physiologic channels of control and communication \|journal\=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences \|volume\=92 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=946–969 \|doi\=10\.1111/j.1749\-6632\.1961\.tb40968\.x \|pmid\=13694164 \|s2cid\=43480519 \|issn\=0077\-8923}} This law, related to biologic communication channels of control and information, is basically the consequence of the fact, realized by Clynes, that [molecules](/wiki/Molecules "Molecules") can only arrive in positive numbers, unlike engineering electric signals, which can be positive or negative. This fact imposes radical limitations on the methods of control that [biology](/wiki/Biology "Biology") can use. It cannot, for example, simply cancel a signal by sending a signal of opposite polarity, since there is no simple opposite polarity. To cancel, a second channel involving other, different molecules (chemicals) is required. This law explains, among other things, why the sensations of hot and cold need to operate through two separate sensing channels in the body, why we do not actively sense the disappearance of a smell, and why we continue to feel shocked after a near\-miss accident.[thumb\|right\|250px\|1967 NY Times article on Clynes](/wiki/File:NYT3.jpg "NYT3.jpg") Also in 1960, in collaboration with [Nathan S. Kline](/wiki/Nathan_S._Kline "Nathan S. Kline"), Clynes published the [cyborg](/wiki/Cyborg "Cyborg") concept, and its corollary, participant evolution. "Cyborg" became a household word and was misapplied, much to the dismay of Clynes, in films such as *[Terminator](/wiki/The_Terminator "The Terminator")*. Cyborgology is now a field taught at numerous universities. In 1964 the [University of Melbourne](/wiki/University_of_Melbourne "University of Melbourne") awarded Clynes the degree of D.Sc, a degree superior to PhD and rarely given by British universities. ### Towards synthesis of scientific and musical work [thumb\|left\|250px\|1960 NY Times article on ClynesAlready](/wiki/File:NYT1.jpg "NYT1.jpg") in 1960 The New York Times had noted Clynes' remarkable double\-stranded gifts. In 1965 he began to offer concerts at his newly acquired home on the Hudson, which had a real pipe organ in the living room, and {{convert\|5\|acre\|ha}} of land. With the financial stability resulting from his scientific discoveries, it became possible for Clynes to return to music. An ardent admirer of the great master musician [Pablo Casals](/wiki/Pablo_Casals "Pablo Casals") since early childhood, Clynes now attended all Casals' master classes, many with his family. In 1966, Clynes played both the [Diabelli Variations](/wiki/Diabelli_Variations "Diabelli Variations") of [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven "Beethoven") and [Bach](/wiki/Bach "Bach")'s [Goldberg Variations](/wiki/Goldberg_Variations "Goldberg Variations") for Casals, and was invited to join Casals in [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico") for several months to take part in his music and to accompany some of the master classes at the Casals home in Santurce. Clynes considered this contact with [Casals](/wiki/Casals "Casals") to be a fulfilment of his most cherished lifelong dream. Casals exceeded his expectations in every way, and Clynes considered his friendship with Casals to have been the highpoint of his life. As no one else, Casals had, by Clynes' estimation an immediate contact with the profound in music. After his return to New York City, Clynes performed Beethoven's Fourth Piano Concerto and also gave several concerts at his mansion for invited audiences that included [Erich Fromm](/wiki/Erich_Fromm "Erich Fromm"). #### Color and the brain With his new CAT computer, Clynes studied the relation of color processing in the brain and the dynamics to sound, and, jointly with M.Kohn, to color of the pupil of the eye. He showed that brain electrical responses to the color red from previous black produced similar patterns from several distinct brain sites, for all subjects. Other colors produced their own distinct patterns. These results from 1965 went a long way to help dispel the [Skinnerian](/wiki/B._F._Skinner "B. F. Skinner") notion of tabula rasa. By 1968 he was able to show that it was possible to distinguish which of 100 different objects a person was looking at from his electrical brain responses alone, with repeated presentations. In other experiments in 1969 he described what he called the R\-M function (from Rest to Motion) detectable at the apex of the brain for various modalities of stimulation, showing how two sets of unidirectionally rate sensitive (URS) channels in series could produce an effect corresponding to the mental concepts Rest and Motion. What could three URS channel sets do in combination? He never found out. But here were the beginnings of the embodiments of mental concepts in a wordless manner—a way of representing intuitive concepts to the brain wordlessly. ### The brain as an output device His work until around 1967 had been concerned with the brain as an input device i.e. for perception; now he began to study it as an [output](/wiki/Output_%28computing%29 "Output (computing)") device. He turned first to the question of the characteristic pulse in the music of various composers, which had been on his mind since his Princeton years. In 1967 Clynes designed an instrument he called the sentograph to measure the motoric pulse. The experiments required outstanding musicians to "conduct" music on a pressure\-sensitive finger rest, as they were thinking the music without sound. [Rudolf Serkin](/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin "Rudolf Serkin") and [Pablo Casals](/wiki/Pablo_Casals "Pablo Casals") were his first subjects. Soon it became apparent that the ‘pulse shapes’ for [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven "Beethoven"), [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart "Mozart"), [Schubert](/wiki/Schubert "Schubert"), and [Mendelssohn](/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn "Felix Mendelssohn") were consistently different from each another, but similar across their different pieces (when normalized according to selection of similar tempo). Encouraged by these positive findings relating outputs to specific inner states of the brain, first presented at a [Smithsonian](/wiki/Smithsonian "Smithsonian") Conference in 1968 at Santa Inez, Clynes then proceeded to measure the expressive form of specific emotions in a similar way, by having subjects generate them by repeatedly expressing them on the finger rest, thus finding specific signatures for the emotions, which he called sentic forms. As in the case of composers' pulses, the form associated with each emotion consistently appeared for that emotion and was distinct from the forms of other emotions. In 1972 Clynes, whose work had long been supported by [NIH](/wiki/NIH "NIH") Grants, received a grant from the Wenner Gren Foundation in Sweden, allowing him to collect data in Central Mexico, Japan, and [Bali](/wiki/Bali "Bali"), using the sentograph to investigate emotional expression cross\-culturally. Though considerably more limited in scope than the nature of that inquiry would demand, the data were largely confirmatory of Clynes' theories of universal biologically determined time forms for each emotion. At the invitation of the NY Academy of Sciences, Clynes wrote an extensive monograph on his findings and theories to date, which the Academy published in 1973\.Clynes, M., Sentography: dynamic forms of communication of emotion and qualities, computers in Biology \& Medicine, Vol, 3: 119–130, 1973\. That same year he accepted a visiting professorship in the music department of the [University of California at San Diego](/wiki/University_of_California_at_San_Diego "University of California at San Diego"), where he completed his book Sentics, the Touch of Emotion, which he had begun in 1972\. In it he summarized the theories and findings on sentics, and outlined hopes for the future that his work contained. In 1970 and 1971, the [American Association for the Advancement of Science](/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science "American Association for the Advancement of Science") held two symposia on Sentics. Since the sentic cycles suddenly helped individuals feel better without drugs, Clynes' work was now deemed contrary to the line of research sponsored at the Rockland State Research Center, headed by [Nathan Kline](/wiki/Nathan_Kline "Nathan Kline"), whose supporters were the major drug companies. As a result, Clynes was unable to continue the work at that facility. In his new environment, there was no laboratory in which to amass new data. Although dismissed by the NY Times, Sentics was lauded extravagantly in other publications. (The book is considered a classic today). It was read in manuscript with great approval and excitement by several authorities: Yehudi Menuhin volunteered a foreword, itself a remarkable document, welcoming Clynes "as a brother." Rex Hobcroft, the director of the New South Wales State Conservatory in Sydney, the foremost musical institution in Australia, compared it to Beethoven's Opus 111, the last of Beethoven's [sonatas](/wiki/Sonata "Sonata") and held to be his most profound work. (Hobcroft's endorsement appears on the jacket.) [Maharishi Mahesh Yogi](/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi "Maharishi Mahesh Yogi")'s resident psychiatrist, Dr. H. Bloomfield joined in. During his three years at [UCSD](/wiki/UCSD "UCSD"), in [La Jolla](/wiki/La_Jolla "La Jolla"), Clynes gave a concert at Brubecker Hall, playing the Beethoven [Diabelli Variations](/wiki/Diabelli_Variations "Diabelli Variations"), as well as a first performance of a group of 5 songs he composed, called "Sentone Songs," employing the remarkable vocal range of Linda Vickerman who performed them. The songs, in his own avant garde style, contained many varied syllables but no known words of any language. He did studies of laughter at the brain Institute of [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA "UCLA") at that time, unsuccessfully attempting to measure the electric counterpart in the brain of the moment that initiates laughter. He was the first to discover, in studying voice recognition in 1975 that a speaker's identity, though unimpeded by changes in speed (tempo), was masked by transposition of as little as a semitone in pitch.Clynes, M., Speaker recognition by the central nervous system, Society for Neuroscience, Abstract, New Orleans, November 1975\. This seemed to indicate that [perfect pitch](/wiki/Perfect_pitch "Perfect pitch") was involved far more universally than thought possible. He began work on a book on laughter, which, however, was only two\-thirds completed. In 1977 Rex Hobcroft, director of Sydney's [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales "New South Wales") State Conservatory, who had praised Clynes' Sentics, offered Clynes a substantial position at the Conservatory initially connected with the International Piano Competition held at the time in Sydney. Accordingly, Clynes moved to Sydney in what proved to be the beginning of ten fruitful years of research and music making. In 1978 Clynes gave performances of both the [Goldberg Variations](/wiki/Goldberg_Variations "Goldberg Variations") and the [Diabelli](/wiki/Diabelli "Diabelli"), as well as works of [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart "Mozart"), at the Verbruggen Hall in Sydney. These performances were recorded live and are today regarded as unsurpassed. From a concertizing point of view, there were unusual difficulties: Clynes' two big\-city performances had not been preceded by the usual shake\-down cruise of smaller venues: Clynes had only one chance to get it right—and did. Hobcroft and the government of New South Wales provided Clynes with a Music Research Center and staff at the Conservatory for his work, supplied be the state of NSW Ministry of Education. The staff were mostly enthusiasts of Clynes' work from the United States. #### Predictive amplitude shaping in music The following year 1980, at the occasion of the 10th International Congress on [Acoustics](/wiki/Acoustics "Acoustics") in Sydney, Clynes and his staff presented no fewer than four papers. With the aid of his new DEC PDP 23 computer and associated [oscillator](/wiki/Oscillator "Oscillator") gear, he discovered the principle of Predictive Amplitude Shaping (a precise rule for how the shaping of each note is influenced by what note is next and when it will occur) applicable to music in general, a result he presented at an international conference in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm") at their invitation.Clynes, M., Expressive Microstructure in Music, linked to Living Qualities in Studies of Music Performance, J. Sundberg (ed.), Publication of Royal Swedish Academy of Music No. 39, pp, 76–181\. Stockholm. Encouraged by the enthusiastic reception of this work in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm"), Clynes, on his return to Sydney, now made the major leap to discern how a composer's unique pulse is manifest in each note. It had been known (Leopold Mozart, [C.P.E. Bach](/wiki/C.P.E._Bach "C.P.E. Bach")) that in the work of many composers of the "classic" period, a group of, say, four notes, when notated equally, were not meant to be played equally. The leap was in treating the four durations and loudnesses not as separate entities, but as a group, an interconnected organism, a ‘face’ in which each component played a unique role, but all combined together to form a gestalt. To find this gestalt, and how it worked organically in the music, he intuited a specific combined [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude "Amplitude") and timing "warp," so that each such group has a configuration—a [gestalt](/wiki/Gestalt_psychology "Gestalt psychology")—that is characteristic of the particular composer. (Now there was also a link to the motoric pulse, previously identified, which had contained no information about single notes but gave a motoric identity to the output of the brain in conducting music of a particular composer). The identification of composers' pulse, and its use in interpreting classical works via computer, was later extended by Clynes, according to his knowledge and experience with dynamic forms, to comprise several levels of time structure. Shortly after this, in 1983–84 Clynes, with the programming help of N. Nettheim, found a method of allowing computers to design [vibrato](/wiki/Vibrato "Vibrato") suitable for each note, depending on the musical structure, also sometimes anticipating next events. Further, all these principles could be easily generically adjusted for the requirements of each musical piece. Of course, a work's interpretation was not robotically created: the computer needed to get adjustments to correspond to the concept of the interpreter. The computer did not replace the human sensitivity, it empowered it instead. When Clynes' longtime close friend and supporter [Hephzibah Menuhin](/wiki/Hephzibah_Menuhin "Hephzibah Menuhin") had launched his book *Sentics* in 1978 in Australia, small symptoms of her developing throat cancer had made their first appearance. Ms. [Menuhin](/wiki/Menuhin "Menuhin") died in 1981, and Clynes gave a memorial concert for her in the Verbruggen Hall, of the last three [sonatas](/wiki/Sonata "Sonata") of [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven "Beethoven"), Op 109, 110, and 111\. He had learned Beethoven's Opus 110 especially for that occasion, never having performed it before. Intensive practice resulted in his losing an exquisite living place in Vaucluse and his subsequent relocation to an apartment in Point Piper, an adjacent suburb in Sydney. In 1982, Clynes undertook further extensive studies on the nature of the expression of emotions through touch. Subjects were touched on the palm of the hand, from behind a screen, with specific emotional expressions, to discover whether they could identify the emotion. In fact, they could. Clynes and Walker extended this work in a research trip to central Australia, to the Yuendumu Reservation, to test if [Aborigines](/wiki/Australian_aborigines "Australian aborigines") would recognize emotions expressed by touch of white urban dwellers when transformed into sounds that conserved the dynamic shape of the touch. The test was highly positive: the Aborigines did in fact successfully identify the emotions expressed by the touch, of white urban subjects, from which were produced (through a simple transformation, preserving the dynamic shape) the sounds they heard. The American television program *Nova* reenacted this experiment in 1986, effectively linking the expression of emotions through touch to musical expression, using Beethoven's [Eroica](/wiki/Symphony_No._3_%28Beethoven%29 "Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)") Funeral March to exemplify grief, and a Haydn [sonata](/wiki/Sonata "Sonata") for joy. In 1986, Clynes gave his (or anyone's) first classical concert played entirely by computer, according to the three principles he had discovered, to a full house in a free concert at the Joseph Post Hall of the Sydney Conservatory. As a result of the application of those principles, the music, ranging from Bach to Beethoven to Robert Schumann and Felix Mendelssohn was musically expressive and meaningful, even though all sounds, except for the piano, were produced by computer\-controlled [oscillators](/wiki/Oscillators "Oscillators"), and so did not represent familiar instruments—the real time expressive modification of the canonical orchestral sounds remained elusive until 1993\. In 1986, the Fairlight Company, a maker of top\-of\-the\-line synthesizers in the hundred thousand dollar range, immediately opted to license what they called "the best [sequencer](/wiki/Music_sequencer "Music sequencer") in the world." Clynes, at that time, did not even know what a sequencer was. Fairlight started paying [royalties](/wiki/Royalties "Royalties") on the patent; however, not long afterwards, the company went bankrupt, having lost government subsidies through a change of government, before bringing the product to market. Reaching retirement age in Sydney, Clynes left to be professorial associate in the psychology department at [Melbourne University](/wiki/Melbourne_University "Melbourne University") and became Sugden Fellow at Queen's College, which he had attended as an undergraduate. He stayed for three years. During that time he found an [analytic equation](/wiki/Analytic_equation "Analytic equation") for an egg, incorporating [fractals](/wiki/Fractal "Fractal"), which also provided, with some modification of the equation, beautiful shapes of flowers and of vases. He also performed as pianist, in a Sunday series at [Queens College](/wiki/Queens_College "Queens College"), twelve of the Beethoven sonatas, lecturing to the Physics Department on Time, (starting with a poem beginning, "What time is it?") and to the Medical Faculty on the biologic nature of dynamic expressive forms. #### Composers' pulses Also during this period, Clynes undertook a large statistical study with various groups of the perception of composer's pulse. In the study, Clynes played four different pieces by computer, by each of four different composers (sixteen in all), with what his studies had determined to be the composer's own pulse and three times the same with a ‘wrong’ composer's pulse, to see which one subjects actually preferred. There were four groups of subjects: internationally well\-known pianists, [Juilliard](/wiki/Juilliard "Juilliard") graduate students, students at the [Manhattan School of Music](/wiki/Manhattan_School_of_Music "Manhattan School of Music"), and college students at the [University of Melbourne](/wiki/University_of_Melbourne "University of Melbourne"), altogether some 150 subjects. The results, published in the journal *Cognition*,Clynes, M., Microstructural Musical Linguistics: composer's pulses are liked best by the best musicians, COGNITION, International Journal of Cognitive Science, 1995, vol. 55, pp. 269–310\. showed that the "correct" pulse was preferred in all groups; more pronouncedly so the higher the musical standing of the subjects. (Among the ‘famous pianist subjects’ were friends of Clynes, [Vladimir Ashkenazy](/wiki/Vladimir_Ashkenazy "Vladimir Ashkenazy") and [Paul Badura\-Skoda](/wiki/Paul_Badura-Skoda "Paul Badura-Skoda").) Clynes returned to the United States in 1991 and settled in [Sonoma, California](/wiki/Sonoma%2C_California "Sonoma, California"). Not long after his return he was featured in a large front\-page article of *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*, an outgrowth of his invitation to a Canadian meeting on music. This highly favorable article opened many doors. Two vice presidents from [Hewlett Packard](/wiki/Hewlett_Packard "Hewlett Packard") flew separately to Clynes' home to learn about his findings. When they arrived, Clynes played versions of the same [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart "Mozart") [sonata](/wiki/Sonata "Sonata") K 330 by six famous artists, including [Vladimir Horowitz](/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz "Vladimir Horowitz"), [Alicia de Larrocha](/wiki/Alicia_de_Larrocha "Alicia de Larrocha"), [Claudio Arrau](/wiki/Claudio_Arrau "Claudio Arrau"), and [Mitsuko Uchida](/wiki/Mitsuko_Uchida "Mitsuko Uchida"), and included the computer performance at a random position among them. The visitors from HP not only could not identify the computer version, but they rated it second best of the seven. ([MIDI](/wiki/MIDI "MIDI") versions were considered too musically crude to be included). As a result, Clynes received a development contract that would for the first time enable the expressive implementation of real instrumental sounds other than the piano, using a workstation made available to him by HP, a $40,000 computer, which was, at 150 [MHz](/wiki/Hertz "Hertz"), barely fast enough to do this. Clynes enlisted his gifted son Darius as software engineer on the HP team to help make it possible. Nine months later, a critical demonstration took place to show that the principles Clynes had discovered would work well with real instruments, not just with [oscillators](/wiki/Oscillator "Oscillator"), to enable music played with meaningful phrasing and expression.Riordan, Teresa. ["Patents"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7D81731F93BA25757C0A962958260), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, April 18, 1994\. Retrieved January 2, 2008\. "Dr. Clynes, whose algorithms are being developed commercially in cooperation with Hewlett\-Packard, said his technology would allow a musician to instruct a computer to play a given score with certain phrasings as well as changes in volume, tempo, timbre and rhythm." Clynes and the assembled HP researchers first heard the sound of flute, violin, and cello from the HP workstation performing a [Haydn](/wiki/Haydn "Haydn") trio expressively in real time over the loudspeakers of the vast halls of the HP Research Building. The inanities of MIDI had been conquered. Once Clynes had successfully developed a [real\-time](/wiki/Real-time_computing "Real-time computing") implementation of his principles for musical interpretation via computer, using [UNIX](/wiki/UNIX "UNIX"), HP gave Clynes' company, Microsound, Intl, a second development contract to bring this capacity into the burgeoning world of personal computers (PCs), which, in 1994, functioned at 60 [MHz](/wiki/Hertz "Hertz"). A French division of HP, then in charge of PC development, supported this enthusiastically. Clynes was fortunate to obtain the help of Steve Sweet, a [programmer](/wiki/Programmer "Programmer"), to carry out the conversion. However, soon thereafter, HP transferred the PC work to a new division in the United States whose director favored popular music. #### SuperConductor Henceforth, with the help of Steve Sweet, Clynes developed the software program, called SuperConductor himself. By 1996 they had a fully working version, incorporating all the new principles, with which they interpreted, first, all the [Brandenburg Concertos](/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos "Brandenburg Concertos") of [Bach](/wiki/Bach "Bach"), and then all of [Bach](/wiki/Bach "Bach")'s solo violin and cello works and the last six quartets of [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven "Beethoven"). All these works were recorded on CDs. Clynes further expanded SuperConductor's capacity for real life expressive interpretation of music with a fourth principle he called "Self\-tuning Expressive Intonation," which unfixes the [equal temperament](/wiki/Equal_temperament "Equal temperament") tuning and permits the sharpening of the leading tone and other modifications of the sort executed by fine players of stringed instruments and other instruments whose intonation is actively controlled in the playing; now even a piano could exhibit this technique—by means of a laptop computer and synthesizer. Since it is a melodic tuning, depending on intervals, no [transposition](/wiki/Transposition_%28music%29 "Transposition (music)") was required. The same interval going up received a different small pitch increment from that interval going down. Moreover, similarly to known use in tones like the leading tone, Clynes found it appropriate to provide quite small, specific increments to all melodic intervals, 24 in all (twelve up and twelve different ones down). A new patent \[US 6,924,426] was granted in 2006\. This now made it possible for all computers and synthesizers to benefit from expressive intonation, a non\-static, dynamic tuning, in which the same note has a slightly different pitch depending on the melodic structure (the demise of [equal temperament](/wiki/Equal_temperament "Equal temperament")). After a four\-year absence in [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand "Thailand"), Steve Sweet returned to Sonoma and resumed his development work with Clynes, incorporating the new functionality into SuperConductor II. (ref to mp3s on the webpage of SuperConductor) With SuperConductor, Clynes performed Beethoven's [Emperor Concerto](/wiki/Emperor_Concerto "Emperor Concerto") at [MIT](/wiki/MIT "MIT")'s Kresge Auditorium in 1999 to the astonishment and wonder and thunderous applause of over two thousand people.Wright, Sarah H. ["Pair of Media Lab events showcase toys and inventions"](http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1999/media-1027.html), [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology") press release, dated October 27, 1999\. Retrieved January 2, 2008\. In 2006, using Self\-tuning Expressive Intonation, he performed the Schubert [Unfinished Symphony](/wiki/Unfinished_Symphony "Unfinished Symphony") and Beethoven's [Eroica](/wiki/Symphony_No._3_%28Beethoven%29 "Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)") Symphony at the [University of Vienna](/wiki/University_of_Vienna "University of Vienna") in the Kleine Konzertsaal. It became Clynes' aim gradually to make music better than had ever been possible before: to empower the computer in an enterprise of historic proportions to incrementally improve, and increase in profundity, the musical interpretations of great works of our music heritage. With computers, this work of increasing musical perfection could span years, decades, and even centuries. Clynes has also kept up his own playing of the piano. In 2002, he gave a very substantial concert program (of which a videotape exists){{where?\|date\=April 2020}} as a memorial for a prominent resident of Sonoma. The program included including [Liszt](/wiki/Liszt "Liszt")’s Sixth Hungarian Rhapsody, [Campanella](/wiki/La_Campanella "La Campanella") and [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven "Beethoven")’s Waldstein Sonata as well as several major works of [Chopin](/wiki/Chopin "Chopin"). In 2007, at the age of 82, Clynes has developed new exercises for piano playing away from the piano, which may permit the improvement of piano technique even for octogenarians. In 2007 he applied for three new patents related to SuperConductor, to enhance computer interpretation of music, through: (1\) increased mathematical subtlety of note shaping and resulting timbre variations, as earlier, dependent on musical structure, resulting in (2\) ‘instant rehearseless conducting’, and (3\) importation of note\-specific vibrato and shaping from SuperConductor into [MIDI](/wiki/MIDI "MIDI") files. \[patent numbers when available] Clynes married in 1951, divorced in 1972 and has three children and eight grandchildren. He died in West Nyack, New York in January 2020, at the age of 94\.[Manfred Edward Clynes](https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/spring-valley-ny/manfred-clynes-9005153)
[ "Biography and career\n--------------------", "### Education and influences", "#### Early invention of inertial guidance at age 15", "Manfred Clynes was born on August 14, 1925, in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\"), the son of Olga and Marcel Clynes.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=TXkZAQAAIAAJ\\&q\\=%22Dr\\+Marcel\\+Clynes\\+(d\\+1965,\\+family\\+arrived\\+1938\\)\\+and\\+Olga\\+Clynes\\+(d\\+1979,\\+family\\+arrived\\+1930\\);%22\\|title\\=Debrett's Handbook of Australia and New Zealand\\|year\\=1984\\|publisher\\=Debrett's Peerage \\|isbn\\=9780949137005}} His family was Jewish.[http://www.rebprotocol.net/senmanfredclynes2\\.pdf](http://www.rebprotocol.net/senmanfredclynes2.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\\|date\\=March 2022}} His parents emigrated to [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\"), in September 1938 to escape [Nazism](/wiki/Nazism \"Nazism\"). In Australia, at fifteen, in his last year at high school, having newly learned [calculus](/wiki/Calculus \"Calculus\"), he invented the inertial guidance method for aircraft using [piezoelectric](/wiki/Piezoelectric \"Piezoelectric\") [crystals](/wiki/Crystals \"Crystals\") and repeated [electronic](/wiki/Electronics \"Electronics\") [integration](/wiki/wikt:Integration \"Integration\"), but Australian authorities denied that it would work. In fact, the same system Clynes had invented was later used with great success, during the last part of the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"). The detailed descriptions of this invention as written by the fifteen\\-year\\-old Clynes are rigorous; it was the first of his many inventions to come that worked. (Clynes' earlier attempt, at the age of thirteen, to create a [perpetual motion](/wiki/Perpetual_motion \"Perpetual motion\") device was naturally a failure). In 1946 Clynes graduated from the [University of Melbourne](/wiki/University_of_Melbourne \"University of Melbourne\") having studied both engineering science and music.", "Around this time he also had lessons with the Polish virtuoso [Ignaz Friedman](/wiki/Ignaz_Friedman \"Ignaz Friedman\"), then resident in Sydney. Having seen Friedman play in concert several times, Clynes approached him by letter and was accepted sight unseen. He hitchhiked from Melbourne as he could not afford the train fare, let alone the fee charged by Friedman.Allan Evans, *Ignaz Friedman: Romantic Master Pianist*, p. 322 His musical talent was recognized by a series of awards, concerto performances and prizes, one of which provided a three\\-year graduate fellowship to the [Juilliard School](/wiki/Juilliard_School \"Juilliard School\"). At Juilliard, he was a piano student of [Olga Samaroff](/wiki/Olga_Samaroff \"Olga Samaroff\") and [Sascha Gorodnitzki](/wiki/Sascha_Gorodnitzki \"Sascha Gorodnitzki\").", "He received his [MS](/wiki/Master_of_Science \"Master of Science\") degree from Juilliard in 1949, after having performed [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven \"Beethoven\")'s Piano Concerto No. 1 at the [Tanglewood Music Festival](/wiki/Tanglewood_Music_Festival \"Tanglewood Music Festival\") (in 1948\\) then under the direction of [Serge Koussevitzky](/wiki/Serge_Koussevitzky \"Serge Koussevitzky\") in a performance of which the pianist Gerson Yessin, who was present, recently recalled as \"monumental.\" \\[Yessin: \"Manfred played beautifully, outstandingly\"]. After graduating from Juilliard (It gave no doctorates then), Clynes retreated to a small log cabin at six thousand feet altitude in the solitude of [Wrightwood, California](/wiki/Wrightwood%2C_California \"Wrightwood, California\"). There he learned Bach's [Goldberg Variations](/wiki/Goldberg_Variations \"Goldberg Variations\") and other works. He performed them for the first time in October 1949, in Ojai, at [Jiddu Krishnamurti](/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti \"Jiddu Krishnamurti\")'s school, and, in 1950, along with other works, in all the capital cities of Australia, to great acclaim. He soon became regarded as one of Australia's outstanding pianists.", "In 1952 he was invited to [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University \"Princeton University\") as a graduate student in the music department, and issued a [green card](/wiki/Permanent_residence_%28United_States%29 \"Permanent residence (United States)\"), to pursue his studies in the Psychology of Music, with a [Fulbright](/wiki/Fulbright \"Fulbright\") and Smith\\-Mundt Award. There he became aware of the work of G. Becking, who in 1928 had published a sensitive, if nonscientific, study of distinctive motor patterns associated in following the music of individual composers. It was this work that led, in the late 1960s, to Clynes' scientific sentographic studies of what he termed composers' pulses, as their motor manifestation, in which [Pablo Casals](/wiki/Pablo_Casals \"Pablo Casals\") and [Rudolf Serkin](/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin \"Rudolf Serkin\") were to be his first subjects.Tedeschi, Bob. [\"How Would Great Composers Play It? Some Clues\"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E6D61430F931A15751C0A9669C8B63), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, February 22, 2000\\. Retrieved January 2, 2008\\.", "Young Clynes had a personal letter of introduction to [Albert Einstein](/wiki/Albert_Einstein \"Albert Einstein\") from an elderly lady in Australia, with whom, in her youth, Einstein had exchanged poems. Soon Einstein invited him repeatedly to dinner at his home, and a friendship sprang up between the two men. Clynes played for Einstein on his fine Bechstein piano, especially [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven \"Beethoven\"), [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart \"Mozart\") and [Schubert](/wiki/Schubert \"Schubert\"). He loved Clynes' playing of Mozart and Schubert, calling Clynes \"a blessed artist\" (\"Ein begnadeter Künstler\") In May 1953 Einstein wrote Clynes a personal letter by hand to help him in his forthcoming European tour.", "[thumb\\|left\\|250px\\|Letter from Einstein](/wiki/File:Einstein_Letter.jpg \"Einstein Letter.jpg\")\n(Translation of Einstein's letter, dated Princeton, May 18, 1953: \"Dear Mr. Clynes, I am truly grateful to you for the great enjoyment that your piano playing has given me. Your performance combines a clear insight into the inner structure of the work of art with a rare spontaneity and freshness of conception. With all the secure mastery of your instrument, your technique never supplants the artistic content, as unfortunately so often is the case in our time. I am convinced that you will find the appreciation to which your achievement entitles you. With friendly greetings yours, A. Einstein.\")", "#### Concert tours in 1953 Goldberg Variations", "In 1953, helped by the letter from Einstein, Clynes toured Europe with great critical success, playing the [Goldberg Variations](/wiki/Goldberg_Variations \"Goldberg Variations\"). The tour ended with a solo concert before an audience of 2500 at London's [Royal Festival Hall](/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall \"Royal Festival Hall\"), which had just been built.[\\< Dr. Manfred Clynes](http://senticcycles.org/clynes/page18.html)", "### Inventions and scientific discoveries", "In 1954, to provide for his parents and to raise funds necessary to underwrite his musical career, Clynes, on the basis of his scientific training, took a job working with a new [analog computer](/wiki/Analog_computer \"Analog computer\"), a device about which, at the time, both he and his interviewer were ignorant. In short order, however, Clynes mastered that computer, and then within a year created a new analytic method of stabilizing [dynamical systems](/wiki/Dynamical_system \"Dynamical system\"), which he published as a paper in the [IEEE Transactions](/wiki/IEEE_Transactions \"IEEE Transactions\").{{Cite journal \\|doi \\= 10\\.1109/TAI.1956\\.6367116\\|title \\= Simple analytic method for linear feedback system dynamics\\|journal \\= Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Part II: Applications and Industry\\|volume \\= 74\\|issue \\= 6\\|pages \\= 377–383\\|year \\= 1956\\|last1 \\= Clynes\\|first1 \\= M. E.\\|s2cid \\= 51657556}}\nBogue, the company he was working for, doubled his salary, after a year, unasked. \"Only in America!\" was Clynes' reaction. (He became a citizen in 1960\\.)", "In 1955, at Clynes' suggestion, Bogue employed his father, then aged 72, from Australia, as a naval architect; the elder Clynes had not been permitted to work in his profession in Australia, because he was not British\\-born. For a time Clynes father and son went to work together every morning (to Clynes’ rejoicing).", "As the result of a chance meeting, in 1956, Dr [Nathan S. Kline](/wiki/Nathan_S._Kline \"Nathan S. Kline\"), Director of the Research Center of Rockland State Hospital, a large mental hospital, offered Clynes a substantial research job at the Center, where he in 1956 became ‘Chief Research Scientist’. Kline was to become the recipient of two Lasker Awards, and had built up that research center to formidable renown. (It is now called the Nathan S. Kline Psychiatric Center.)", "#### CAT computer", "An autodidact in physiology, Clynes applied dynamic systems analysis to the [homeostatic](/wiki/Homeostatic \"Homeostatic\") and other control processes of the body so successfully in the next three years, that he received a series of awards, including, for the best paper published in 1960 – Clynes' *annus mirabilis* (miracle year), the [IRE W.R.G. Baker Award](/wiki/IRE_W.R.G._Baker_Award \"IRE W.R.G. Baker Award\") (1961\\).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/awards\\_search\\_july\\_2010\\.pdf \\|title\\=IEEELevel Awards, see under section IEEE Prize Paper Awards \\|publisher\\=IEEE \\|date\\=July 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=November 19, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629162341/http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/awards\\_search\\_july\\_2010\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=June 29, 2011 }} In 1960 he invented the CAT computer (Computer of Average Transients) a $10,000 portable computer permitting the extraction of responses from ongoing electric activity—the needle in the haystack. The CAT quickly came into use in research labs all over the world, marketed by Technical Measurements Corp., advancing the study of the electric activity of the brain (enabling, for example, the clinical detection of [deafness](/wiki/Deafness \"Deafness\") in newborns). In this way, Clynes made his fortune by age 37\\.", "#### URS law", "Also in 1960, he discovered a biologic law, \"Unidirectional Rate Sensitivity,\" the subject, in 1967, of a two\\-day symposium held by the New York Academy of Science.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Clynes \\|first\\=Manfred \\|date\\=1961 \\|title\\=Unidirectional rate sensitivity: a biocybernetic law of reflex and humoral systems as physiologic channels of control and communication \\|journal\\=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences \\|volume\\=92 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=946–969 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1749\\-6632\\.1961\\.tb40968\\.x \\|pmid\\=13694164 \\|s2cid\\=43480519 \\|issn\\=0077\\-8923}} This law, related to biologic communication channels of control and information, is basically the consequence of the fact, realized by Clynes, that [molecules](/wiki/Molecules \"Molecules\") can only arrive in positive numbers, unlike engineering electric signals, which can be positive or negative. This fact imposes radical limitations on the methods of control that [biology](/wiki/Biology \"Biology\") can use. It cannot, for example, simply cancel a signal by sending a signal of opposite polarity, since there is no simple opposite polarity. To cancel, a second channel involving other, different molecules (chemicals) is required. This law explains, among other things, why the sensations of hot and cold need to operate through two separate sensing channels in the body, why we do not actively sense the disappearance of a smell, and why we continue to feel shocked after a near\\-miss accident.[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|1967 NY Times article on Clynes](/wiki/File:NYT3.jpg \"NYT3.jpg\")", "Also in 1960, in collaboration with [Nathan S. Kline](/wiki/Nathan_S._Kline \"Nathan S. Kline\"), Clynes published the [cyborg](/wiki/Cyborg \"Cyborg\") concept, and its corollary, participant evolution. \"Cyborg\" became a household word and was misapplied, much to the dismay of Clynes, in films such as *[Terminator](/wiki/The_Terminator \"The Terminator\")*. Cyborgology is now a field taught at numerous universities. In 1964 the [University of Melbourne](/wiki/University_of_Melbourne \"University of Melbourne\") awarded Clynes the degree of D.Sc, a degree superior to PhD and rarely given by British universities.", "### Towards synthesis of scientific and musical work", "[thumb\\|left\\|250px\\|1960 NY Times article on ClynesAlready](/wiki/File:NYT1.jpg \"NYT1.jpg\") in 1960 The New York Times had noted Clynes' remarkable double\\-stranded gifts. In 1965 he began to offer concerts at his newly acquired home on the Hudson, which had a real pipe organ in the living room, and {{convert\\|5\\|acre\\|ha}} of land. With the financial stability resulting from his scientific discoveries, it became possible for Clynes to return to music. An ardent admirer of the great master musician [Pablo Casals](/wiki/Pablo_Casals \"Pablo Casals\") since early childhood, Clynes now attended all Casals' master classes, many with his family.", "In 1966, Clynes played both the [Diabelli Variations](/wiki/Diabelli_Variations \"Diabelli Variations\") of [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven \"Beethoven\") and [Bach](/wiki/Bach \"Bach\")'s [Goldberg Variations](/wiki/Goldberg_Variations \"Goldberg Variations\") for Casals, and was invited to join Casals in [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico \"Puerto Rico\") for several months to take part in his music and to accompany some of the master classes at the Casals home in Santurce. Clynes considered this contact with [Casals](/wiki/Casals \"Casals\") to be a fulfilment of his most cherished lifelong dream. Casals exceeded his expectations in every way, and Clynes considered his friendship with Casals to have been the highpoint of his life. As no one else, Casals had, by Clynes' estimation an immediate contact with the profound in music. After his return to New York City, Clynes performed Beethoven's Fourth Piano Concerto and also gave several concerts at his mansion for invited audiences that included [Erich Fromm](/wiki/Erich_Fromm \"Erich Fromm\").", "#### Color and the brain", "With his new CAT computer, Clynes studied the relation of color processing in the brain and the dynamics to sound, and, jointly with M.Kohn, to color of the pupil of the eye. He showed that brain electrical responses to the color red from previous black produced similar patterns from several distinct brain sites, for all subjects. Other colors produced their own distinct patterns. These results from 1965 went a long way to help dispel the [Skinnerian](/wiki/B._F._Skinner \"B. F. Skinner\") notion of tabula rasa. By 1968 he was able to show that it was possible to distinguish which of 100 different objects a person was looking at from his electrical brain responses alone, with repeated presentations. In other experiments in 1969 he described what he called the R\\-M function (from Rest to Motion) detectable at the apex of the brain for various modalities of stimulation, showing how two sets of unidirectionally rate sensitive (URS) channels in series could produce an effect corresponding to the mental concepts Rest and Motion.\nWhat could three URS channel sets do in combination? He never found out.\nBut here were the beginnings of the embodiments of mental concepts in a wordless manner—a way of representing intuitive concepts to the brain wordlessly.", "### The brain as an output device", "His work until around 1967 had been concerned with the brain as an input device i.e. for perception; now he began to study it as an [output](/wiki/Output_%28computing%29 \"Output (computing)\") device.\nHe turned first to the question of the characteristic pulse in the music of various composers, which had been on his mind since his Princeton years. In 1967 Clynes designed an instrument he called the sentograph to measure the motoric pulse. The experiments required outstanding musicians to \"conduct\" music on a pressure\\-sensitive finger rest, as they were thinking the music without sound. [Rudolf Serkin](/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin \"Rudolf Serkin\") and [Pablo Casals](/wiki/Pablo_Casals \"Pablo Casals\") were his first subjects.\nSoon it became apparent that the ‘pulse shapes’ for [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven \"Beethoven\"), [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart \"Mozart\"), [Schubert](/wiki/Schubert \"Schubert\"), and [Mendelssohn](/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn \"Felix Mendelssohn\") were consistently different from each another, but similar across their different pieces (when normalized according to selection of similar tempo).\nEncouraged by these positive findings relating outputs to specific inner states of the brain, first presented at a [Smithsonian](/wiki/Smithsonian \"Smithsonian\") Conference in 1968 at Santa Inez, Clynes then proceeded to measure the expressive form of specific emotions in a similar way, by having subjects generate them by repeatedly expressing them on the finger rest, thus finding specific signatures for the emotions, which he called sentic forms. As in the case of composers' pulses, the form associated with each emotion consistently appeared for that emotion and was distinct from the forms of other emotions.", "In 1972 Clynes, whose work had long been supported by [NIH](/wiki/NIH \"NIH\") Grants, received a grant from the Wenner Gren Foundation in Sweden, allowing him to collect data in Central Mexico, Japan, and [Bali](/wiki/Bali \"Bali\"), using the sentograph to investigate emotional expression cross\\-culturally. Though considerably more limited in scope than the nature of that inquiry would demand, the data were largely confirmatory of Clynes' theories of universal biologically determined time forms for each emotion. At the invitation of the NY Academy of Sciences, Clynes wrote an extensive monograph on his findings and theories to date, which the Academy published in 1973\\.Clynes, M., Sentography: dynamic forms of communication of emotion and qualities, computers in Biology \\& Medicine, Vol, 3: 119–130, 1973\\.", "That same year he accepted a visiting professorship in the music department of the [University of California at San Diego](/wiki/University_of_California_at_San_Diego \"University of California at San Diego\"), where he completed his book Sentics, the Touch of Emotion, which he had begun in 1972\\. In it he summarized the theories and findings on sentics, and outlined hopes for the future that his work contained. In 1970 and 1971, the [American Association for the Advancement of Science](/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science \"American Association for the Advancement of Science\") held two symposia on Sentics.", "Since the sentic cycles suddenly helped individuals feel better without drugs, Clynes' work was now deemed contrary to the line of research sponsored at the Rockland State Research Center, headed by [Nathan Kline](/wiki/Nathan_Kline \"Nathan Kline\"), whose supporters were the major drug companies. As a result, Clynes was unable to continue the work at that facility. In his new environment, there was no laboratory in which to amass new data. Although dismissed by the NY Times, Sentics was lauded extravagantly in other publications. (The book is considered a classic today). It was read in manuscript with great approval and excitement by several authorities: Yehudi Menuhin volunteered a foreword, itself a remarkable document, welcoming Clynes \"as a brother.\" Rex Hobcroft, the director of the New South Wales State Conservatory in Sydney, the foremost musical institution in Australia, compared it to Beethoven's Opus 111, the last of Beethoven's [sonatas](/wiki/Sonata \"Sonata\") and held to be his most profound work. (Hobcroft's endorsement appears on the jacket.) [Maharishi Mahesh Yogi](/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi \"Maharishi Mahesh Yogi\")'s resident psychiatrist, Dr. H. Bloomfield joined in.", "During his three years at [UCSD](/wiki/UCSD \"UCSD\"), in [La Jolla](/wiki/La_Jolla \"La Jolla\"), Clynes gave a concert at Brubecker Hall, playing the Beethoven [Diabelli Variations](/wiki/Diabelli_Variations \"Diabelli Variations\"), as well as a first performance of a group of 5 songs he composed, called \"Sentone Songs,\" employing the remarkable vocal range of Linda Vickerman who performed them. The songs, in his own avant garde style, contained many varied syllables but no known words of any language.", "He did studies of laughter at the brain Institute of [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA \"UCLA\") at that time, unsuccessfully attempting to measure the electric counterpart in the brain of the moment that initiates laughter. He was the first to discover, in studying voice recognition in 1975 that a speaker's identity, though unimpeded by changes in speed (tempo), was masked by transposition of as little as a semitone in pitch.Clynes, M., Speaker recognition by the central nervous system, Society for Neuroscience, Abstract, New Orleans, November 1975\\. This seemed to indicate that [perfect pitch](/wiki/Perfect_pitch \"Perfect pitch\") was involved far more universally than thought possible. He began work on a book on laughter, which, however, was only two\\-thirds completed.", "In 1977 Rex Hobcroft, director of Sydney's [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\") State Conservatory, who had praised Clynes' Sentics, offered Clynes a substantial position at the Conservatory initially connected with the International Piano Competition held at the time in Sydney. Accordingly, Clynes moved to Sydney in what proved to be the beginning of ten fruitful years of research and music making. In 1978 Clynes gave performances of both the [Goldberg Variations](/wiki/Goldberg_Variations \"Goldberg Variations\") and the [Diabelli](/wiki/Diabelli \"Diabelli\"), as well as works of [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart \"Mozart\"), at the Verbruggen Hall in Sydney. These performances were recorded live and are today regarded as unsurpassed. From a concertizing point of view, there were unusual difficulties: Clynes' two big\\-city performances had not been preceded by the usual shake\\-down cruise of smaller venues: Clynes had only one chance to get it right—and did.", "Hobcroft and the government of New South Wales provided Clynes with a Music Research Center and staff at the Conservatory for his work, supplied be the state of NSW Ministry of Education. The staff were mostly enthusiasts of Clynes' work from the United States.", "#### Predictive amplitude shaping in music", "The following year 1980, at the occasion of the 10th International Congress on [Acoustics](/wiki/Acoustics \"Acoustics\") in Sydney, Clynes and his staff presented no fewer than four papers. With the aid of his new DEC PDP 23 computer and associated [oscillator](/wiki/Oscillator \"Oscillator\") gear, he discovered the principle of Predictive Amplitude Shaping (a precise rule for how the shaping of each note is influenced by what note is next and when it will occur) applicable to music in general, a result he presented at an international conference in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\") at their invitation.Clynes, M., Expressive Microstructure in Music, linked to Living Qualities in Studies of Music Performance, J. Sundberg (ed.), Publication of Royal Swedish Academy of Music No. 39, pp, 76–181\\. Stockholm.", "Encouraged by the enthusiastic reception of this work in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\"), Clynes, on his return to Sydney, now made the major leap to discern how a composer's unique pulse is manifest in each note. It had been known (Leopold Mozart, [C.P.E. Bach](/wiki/C.P.E._Bach \"C.P.E. Bach\")) that in the work of many composers of the \"classic\" period, a group of, say, four notes, when notated equally, were not meant to be played equally. The leap was in treating the four durations and loudnesses not as separate entities, but as a group, an interconnected organism, a ‘face’ in which each component played a unique role, but all combined together to form a gestalt. To find this gestalt, and how it worked organically in the music, he intuited a specific combined [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude \"Amplitude\") and timing \"warp,\" so that each such group has a configuration—a [gestalt](/wiki/Gestalt_psychology \"Gestalt psychology\")—that is characteristic of the particular composer. (Now there was also a link to the motoric pulse, previously identified, which had contained no information about single notes but gave a motoric identity to the output of the brain in conducting music of a particular composer).", "The identification of composers' pulse, and its use in interpreting classical works via computer, was later extended by Clynes, according to his knowledge and experience with dynamic forms, to comprise several levels of time structure.", "Shortly after this, in 1983–84 Clynes, with the programming help of N. Nettheim, found a method of allowing computers to design [vibrato](/wiki/Vibrato \"Vibrato\") suitable for each note, depending on the musical structure, also sometimes anticipating next events.", "Further, all these principles could be easily generically adjusted for the requirements of each musical piece. Of course, a work's interpretation was not robotically created: the computer needed to get adjustments to correspond to the concept of the interpreter. The computer did not replace the human sensitivity, it empowered it instead.", "When Clynes' longtime close friend and supporter [Hephzibah Menuhin](/wiki/Hephzibah_Menuhin \"Hephzibah Menuhin\") had launched his book *Sentics* in 1978 in Australia, small symptoms of her developing throat cancer had made their first appearance. Ms. [Menuhin](/wiki/Menuhin \"Menuhin\") died in 1981, and Clynes gave a memorial concert for her in the Verbruggen Hall, of the last three [sonatas](/wiki/Sonata \"Sonata\") of [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven \"Beethoven\"), Op 109, 110, and 111\\. He had learned Beethoven's Opus 110 especially for that occasion, never having performed it before. Intensive practice resulted in his losing an exquisite living place in Vaucluse and his subsequent relocation to an apartment in Point Piper, an adjacent suburb in Sydney.", "In 1982, Clynes undertook further extensive studies on the nature of the expression of emotions through touch. Subjects were touched on the palm of the hand, from behind a screen, with specific emotional expressions, to discover whether they could identify the emotion. In fact, they could. Clynes and Walker extended this work in a research trip to central Australia, to the Yuendumu Reservation, to test if [Aborigines](/wiki/Australian_aborigines \"Australian aborigines\") would recognize emotions expressed by touch of white urban dwellers when transformed into sounds that conserved the dynamic shape of the touch.", "The test was highly positive: the Aborigines did in fact successfully identify the emotions expressed by the touch, of white urban subjects, from which were produced (through a simple transformation, preserving the dynamic shape) the sounds they heard. The American television program *Nova* reenacted this experiment in 1986, effectively linking the expression of emotions through touch to musical expression, using Beethoven's [Eroica](/wiki/Symphony_No._3_%28Beethoven%29 \"Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)\") Funeral March to exemplify grief, and a Haydn [sonata](/wiki/Sonata \"Sonata\") for joy.", "In 1986, Clynes gave his (or anyone's) first classical concert played entirely by computer, according to the three principles he had discovered, to a full house in a free concert at the Joseph Post Hall of the Sydney Conservatory. As a result of the application of those principles, the music, ranging from Bach to Beethoven to Robert Schumann and Felix Mendelssohn was musically expressive and meaningful, even though all sounds, except for the piano, were produced by computer\\-controlled [oscillators](/wiki/Oscillators \"Oscillators\"), and so did not represent familiar instruments—the real time expressive modification of the canonical orchestral sounds remained elusive until 1993\\.", "In 1986, the Fairlight Company, a maker of top\\-of\\-the\\-line synthesizers in the hundred thousand dollar range, immediately opted to license what they called \"the best [sequencer](/wiki/Music_sequencer \"Music sequencer\") in the world.\" Clynes, at that time, did not even know what a sequencer was. Fairlight started paying [royalties](/wiki/Royalties \"Royalties\") on the patent; however, not long afterwards, the company went bankrupt, having lost government subsidies through a change of government, before bringing the product to market.", "Reaching retirement age in Sydney, Clynes left to be professorial associate in the psychology department at [Melbourne University](/wiki/Melbourne_University \"Melbourne University\") and became Sugden Fellow at Queen's College, which he had attended as an undergraduate.", "He stayed for three years. During that time he found an [analytic equation](/wiki/Analytic_equation \"Analytic equation\") for an egg, incorporating [fractals](/wiki/Fractal \"Fractal\"), which also provided, with some modification of the equation, beautiful shapes of flowers and of vases. He also performed as pianist, in a Sunday series at [Queens College](/wiki/Queens_College \"Queens College\"), twelve of the Beethoven sonatas, lecturing to the Physics Department on Time, (starting with a poem beginning, \"What time is it?\") and to the Medical Faculty on the biologic nature of dynamic expressive forms.", "#### Composers' pulses", "Also during this period, Clynes undertook a large statistical study with various groups of the perception of composer's pulse. In the study, Clynes played four different pieces by computer, by each of four different composers (sixteen in all), with what his studies had determined to be the composer's own pulse and three times the same with a ‘wrong’ composer's pulse, to see which one subjects actually preferred. There were four groups of subjects: internationally well\\-known pianists, [Juilliard](/wiki/Juilliard \"Juilliard\") graduate students, students at the [Manhattan School of Music](/wiki/Manhattan_School_of_Music \"Manhattan School of Music\"), and college students at the [University of Melbourne](/wiki/University_of_Melbourne \"University of Melbourne\"), altogether some 150 subjects. The results, published in the journal *Cognition*,Clynes, M., Microstructural Musical Linguistics: composer's pulses are liked best by the best musicians, COGNITION, International Journal of Cognitive Science, 1995, vol. 55, pp. 269–310\\. showed that the \"correct\" pulse was preferred in all groups; more pronouncedly so the higher the musical standing of the subjects. (Among the ‘famous pianist subjects’ were friends of Clynes, [Vladimir Ashkenazy](/wiki/Vladimir_Ashkenazy \"Vladimir Ashkenazy\") and [Paul Badura\\-Skoda](/wiki/Paul_Badura-Skoda \"Paul Badura-Skoda\").)", "Clynes returned to the United States in 1991 and settled in [Sonoma, California](/wiki/Sonoma%2C_California \"Sonoma, California\"). Not long after his return he was featured in a large front\\-page article of *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")*, an outgrowth of his invitation to a Canadian meeting on music. This highly favorable article opened many doors. Two vice presidents from [Hewlett Packard](/wiki/Hewlett_Packard \"Hewlett Packard\") flew separately to Clynes' home to learn about his findings. When they arrived, Clynes played versions of the same [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart \"Mozart\") [sonata](/wiki/Sonata \"Sonata\") K 330 by six famous artists, including [Vladimir Horowitz](/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz \"Vladimir Horowitz\"), [Alicia de Larrocha](/wiki/Alicia_de_Larrocha \"Alicia de Larrocha\"), [Claudio Arrau](/wiki/Claudio_Arrau \"Claudio Arrau\"), and [Mitsuko Uchida](/wiki/Mitsuko_Uchida \"Mitsuko Uchida\"), and included the computer performance at a random position among them. The visitors from HP not only could not identify the computer version, but they rated it second best of the seven. ([MIDI](/wiki/MIDI \"MIDI\") versions were considered too musically crude to be included).", "As a result, Clynes received a development contract that would for the first time enable the expressive implementation of real instrumental sounds other than the piano, using a workstation made available to him by HP, a $40,000 computer, which was, at 150 [MHz](/wiki/Hertz \"Hertz\"), barely fast enough to do this. Clynes enlisted his gifted son Darius as software engineer on the HP team to help make it possible. Nine months later, a critical demonstration took place to show that the principles Clynes had discovered would work well with real instruments, not just with [oscillators](/wiki/Oscillator \"Oscillator\"), to enable music played with meaningful phrasing and expression.Riordan, Teresa. [\"Patents\"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7D81731F93BA25757C0A962958260), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, April 18, 1994\\. Retrieved January 2, 2008\\. \"Dr. Clynes, whose algorithms are being developed commercially in cooperation with Hewlett\\-Packard, said his technology would allow a musician to instruct a computer to play a given score with certain phrasings as well as changes in volume, tempo, timbre and rhythm.\" Clynes and the assembled HP researchers first heard the sound of flute, violin, and cello from the HP workstation performing a [Haydn](/wiki/Haydn \"Haydn\") trio expressively in real time over the loudspeakers of the vast halls of the HP Research Building. The inanities of MIDI had been conquered.", "Once Clynes had successfully developed a [real\\-time](/wiki/Real-time_computing \"Real-time computing\") implementation of his principles for musical interpretation via computer, using [UNIX](/wiki/UNIX \"UNIX\"), HP gave Clynes' company, Microsound, Intl, a second development contract to bring this capacity into the burgeoning world of personal computers (PCs), which, in 1994, functioned at 60 [MHz](/wiki/Hertz \"Hertz\"). A French division of HP, then in charge of PC development, supported this enthusiastically. Clynes was fortunate to obtain the help of Steve Sweet, a [programmer](/wiki/Programmer \"Programmer\"), to carry out the conversion. However, soon thereafter, HP transferred the PC work to a new division in the United States whose director favored popular music.", "#### SuperConductor", "Henceforth, with the help of Steve Sweet, Clynes developed the software program, called SuperConductor himself. By 1996 they had a fully working version, incorporating all the new principles, with which they interpreted, first, all the [Brandenburg Concertos](/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos \"Brandenburg Concertos\") of [Bach](/wiki/Bach \"Bach\"), and then all of [Bach](/wiki/Bach \"Bach\")'s solo violin and cello works and the last six quartets of [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven \"Beethoven\"). All these works were recorded on CDs.", "Clynes further expanded SuperConductor's capacity for real life expressive interpretation of music with a fourth principle he called \"Self\\-tuning Expressive Intonation,\" which unfixes the [equal temperament](/wiki/Equal_temperament \"Equal temperament\") tuning and permits the sharpening of the leading tone and other modifications of the sort executed by fine players of stringed instruments and other instruments whose intonation is actively controlled in the playing; now even a piano could exhibit this technique—by means of a laptop computer and synthesizer. Since it is a melodic tuning, depending on intervals, no [transposition](/wiki/Transposition_%28music%29 \"Transposition (music)\") was required. The same interval going up received a different small pitch increment from that interval going down. Moreover, similarly to known use in tones like the leading tone, Clynes found it appropriate to provide quite small, specific increments to all melodic intervals, 24 in all (twelve up and twelve different ones down). A new patent \\[US 6,924,426] was granted in 2006\\. This now made it possible for all computers and synthesizers to benefit from expressive intonation, a non\\-static, dynamic tuning, in which the same note has a slightly different pitch depending on the melodic structure (the demise of [equal temperament](/wiki/Equal_temperament \"Equal temperament\")).", "After a four\\-year absence in [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand \"Thailand\"), Steve Sweet returned to Sonoma and resumed his development work with Clynes, incorporating the new functionality into SuperConductor II. (ref to mp3s on the webpage of SuperConductor)", "With SuperConductor, Clynes performed Beethoven's [Emperor Concerto](/wiki/Emperor_Concerto \"Emperor Concerto\") at [MIT](/wiki/MIT \"MIT\")'s Kresge Auditorium in 1999 to the astonishment and wonder and thunderous applause of over two thousand people.Wright, Sarah H. [\"Pair of Media Lab events showcase toys and inventions\"](http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1999/media-1027.html), [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology \"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\") press release, dated October 27, 1999\\. Retrieved January 2, 2008\\. In 2006, using Self\\-tuning Expressive Intonation, he performed the Schubert [Unfinished Symphony](/wiki/Unfinished_Symphony \"Unfinished Symphony\") and Beethoven's [Eroica](/wiki/Symphony_No._3_%28Beethoven%29 \"Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)\") Symphony at the [University of Vienna](/wiki/University_of_Vienna \"University of Vienna\") in the Kleine Konzertsaal.", "It became Clynes' aim gradually to make music better than had ever been possible before: to empower the computer in an enterprise of historic proportions to incrementally improve, and increase in profundity, the musical interpretations of great works of our music heritage. With computers, this work of increasing musical perfection could span years, decades, and even centuries.", "Clynes has also kept up his own playing of the piano. In 2002, he gave a very substantial concert program (of which a videotape exists){{where?\\|date\\=April 2020}} as a memorial for a prominent resident of Sonoma. The program included including [Liszt](/wiki/Liszt \"Liszt\")’s Sixth Hungarian Rhapsody, [Campanella](/wiki/La_Campanella \"La Campanella\") and [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven \"Beethoven\")’s Waldstein Sonata as well as several major works of [Chopin](/wiki/Chopin \"Chopin\"). In 2007, at the age of 82, Clynes has developed new exercises for piano playing away from the piano, which may permit the improvement of piano technique even for octogenarians. In 2007 he applied for three new patents related to SuperConductor, to enhance computer interpretation of music, through: (1\\) increased mathematical subtlety of note shaping and resulting timbre variations, as earlier, dependent on musical structure, resulting in (2\\) ‘instant rehearseless conducting’, and (3\\) importation of note\\-specific vibrato and shaping from SuperConductor into [MIDI](/wiki/MIDI \"MIDI\") files. \\[patent numbers when available]", "Clynes married in 1951, divorced in 1972 and has three children and eight grandchildren. He died in West Nyack, New York in January 2020, at the age of 94\\.[Manfred Edward Clynes](https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/spring-valley-ny/manfred-clynes-9005153)", "" ]
### Education and influences #### Early invention of inertial guidance at age 15 Manfred Clynes was born on August 14, 1925, in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria "Austria"), the son of Olga and Marcel Clynes.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=TXkZAQAAIAAJ\&q\=%22Dr\+Marcel\+Clynes\+(d\+1965,\+family\+arrived\+1938\)\+and\+Olga\+Clynes\+(d\+1979,\+family\+arrived\+1930\);%22\|title\=Debrett's Handbook of Australia and New Zealand\|year\=1984\|publisher\=Debrett's Peerage \|isbn\=9780949137005}} His family was Jewish.[http://www.rebprotocol.net/senmanfredclynes2\.pdf](http://www.rebprotocol.net/senmanfredclynes2.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\|date\=March 2022}} His parents emigrated to [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne"), in September 1938 to escape [Nazism](/wiki/Nazism "Nazism"). In Australia, at fifteen, in his last year at high school, having newly learned [calculus](/wiki/Calculus "Calculus"), he invented the inertial guidance method for aircraft using [piezoelectric](/wiki/Piezoelectric "Piezoelectric") [crystals](/wiki/Crystals "Crystals") and repeated [electronic](/wiki/Electronics "Electronics") [integration](/wiki/wikt:Integration "Integration"), but Australian authorities denied that it would work. In fact, the same system Clynes had invented was later used with great success, during the last part of the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"). The detailed descriptions of this invention as written by the fifteen\-year\-old Clynes are rigorous; it was the first of his many inventions to come that worked. (Clynes' earlier attempt, at the age of thirteen, to create a [perpetual motion](/wiki/Perpetual_motion "Perpetual motion") device was naturally a failure). In 1946 Clynes graduated from the [University of Melbourne](/wiki/University_of_Melbourne "University of Melbourne") having studied both engineering science and music. Around this time he also had lessons with the Polish virtuoso [Ignaz Friedman](/wiki/Ignaz_Friedman "Ignaz Friedman"), then resident in Sydney. Having seen Friedman play in concert several times, Clynes approached him by letter and was accepted sight unseen. He hitchhiked from Melbourne as he could not afford the train fare, let alone the fee charged by Friedman.Allan Evans, *Ignaz Friedman: Romantic Master Pianist*, p. 322 His musical talent was recognized by a series of awards, concerto performances and prizes, one of which provided a three\-year graduate fellowship to the [Juilliard School](/wiki/Juilliard_School "Juilliard School"). At Juilliard, he was a piano student of [Olga Samaroff](/wiki/Olga_Samaroff "Olga Samaroff") and [Sascha Gorodnitzki](/wiki/Sascha_Gorodnitzki "Sascha Gorodnitzki"). He received his [MS](/wiki/Master_of_Science "Master of Science") degree from Juilliard in 1949, after having performed [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven "Beethoven")'s Piano Concerto No. 1 at the [Tanglewood Music Festival](/wiki/Tanglewood_Music_Festival "Tanglewood Music Festival") (in 1948\) then under the direction of [Serge Koussevitzky](/wiki/Serge_Koussevitzky "Serge Koussevitzky") in a performance of which the pianist Gerson Yessin, who was present, recently recalled as "monumental." \[Yessin: "Manfred played beautifully, outstandingly"]. After graduating from Juilliard (It gave no doctorates then), Clynes retreated to a small log cabin at six thousand feet altitude in the solitude of [Wrightwood, California](/wiki/Wrightwood%2C_California "Wrightwood, California"). There he learned Bach's [Goldberg Variations](/wiki/Goldberg_Variations "Goldberg Variations") and other works. He performed them for the first time in October 1949, in Ojai, at [Jiddu Krishnamurti](/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti "Jiddu Krishnamurti")'s school, and, in 1950, along with other works, in all the capital cities of Australia, to great acclaim. He soon became regarded as one of Australia's outstanding pianists. In 1952 he was invited to [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") as a graduate student in the music department, and issued a [green card](/wiki/Permanent_residence_%28United_States%29 "Permanent residence (United States)"), to pursue his studies in the Psychology of Music, with a [Fulbright](/wiki/Fulbright "Fulbright") and Smith\-Mundt Award. There he became aware of the work of G. Becking, who in 1928 had published a sensitive, if nonscientific, study of distinctive motor patterns associated in following the music of individual composers. It was this work that led, in the late 1960s, to Clynes' scientific sentographic studies of what he termed composers' pulses, as their motor manifestation, in which [Pablo Casals](/wiki/Pablo_Casals "Pablo Casals") and [Rudolf Serkin](/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin "Rudolf Serkin") were to be his first subjects.Tedeschi, Bob. ["How Would Great Composers Play It? Some Clues"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E6D61430F931A15751C0A9669C8B63), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, February 22, 2000\. Retrieved January 2, 2008\. Young Clynes had a personal letter of introduction to [Albert Einstein](/wiki/Albert_Einstein "Albert Einstein") from an elderly lady in Australia, with whom, in her youth, Einstein had exchanged poems. Soon Einstein invited him repeatedly to dinner at his home, and a friendship sprang up between the two men. Clynes played for Einstein on his fine Bechstein piano, especially [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven "Beethoven"), [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart "Mozart") and [Schubert](/wiki/Schubert "Schubert"). He loved Clynes' playing of Mozart and Schubert, calling Clynes "a blessed artist" ("Ein begnadeter Künstler") In May 1953 Einstein wrote Clynes a personal letter by hand to help him in his forthcoming European tour. [thumb\|left\|250px\|Letter from Einstein](/wiki/File:Einstein_Letter.jpg "Einstein Letter.jpg") (Translation of Einstein's letter, dated Princeton, May 18, 1953: "Dear Mr. Clynes, I am truly grateful to you for the great enjoyment that your piano playing has given me. Your performance combines a clear insight into the inner structure of the work of art with a rare spontaneity and freshness of conception. With all the secure mastery of your instrument, your technique never supplants the artistic content, as unfortunately so often is the case in our time. I am convinced that you will find the appreciation to which your achievement entitles you. With friendly greetings yours, A. Einstein.") #### Concert tours in 1953 Goldberg Variations In 1953, helped by the letter from Einstein, Clynes toured Europe with great critical success, playing the [Goldberg Variations](/wiki/Goldberg_Variations "Goldberg Variations"). The tour ended with a solo concert before an audience of 2500 at London's [Royal Festival Hall](/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall "Royal Festival Hall"), which had just been built.[\< Dr. Manfred Clynes](http://senticcycles.org/clynes/page18.html)
[ "### Education and influences", "#### Early invention of inertial guidance at age 15", "Manfred Clynes was born on August 14, 1925, in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\"), the son of Olga and Marcel Clynes.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=TXkZAQAAIAAJ\\&q\\=%22Dr\\+Marcel\\+Clynes\\+(d\\+1965,\\+family\\+arrived\\+1938\\)\\+and\\+Olga\\+Clynes\\+(d\\+1979,\\+family\\+arrived\\+1930\\);%22\\|title\\=Debrett's Handbook of Australia and New Zealand\\|year\\=1984\\|publisher\\=Debrett's Peerage \\|isbn\\=9780949137005}} His family was Jewish.[http://www.rebprotocol.net/senmanfredclynes2\\.pdf](http://www.rebprotocol.net/senmanfredclynes2.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\\|date\\=March 2022}} His parents emigrated to [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\"), in September 1938 to escape [Nazism](/wiki/Nazism \"Nazism\"). In Australia, at fifteen, in his last year at high school, having newly learned [calculus](/wiki/Calculus \"Calculus\"), he invented the inertial guidance method for aircraft using [piezoelectric](/wiki/Piezoelectric \"Piezoelectric\") [crystals](/wiki/Crystals \"Crystals\") and repeated [electronic](/wiki/Electronics \"Electronics\") [integration](/wiki/wikt:Integration \"Integration\"), but Australian authorities denied that it would work. In fact, the same system Clynes had invented was later used with great success, during the last part of the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"). The detailed descriptions of this invention as written by the fifteen\\-year\\-old Clynes are rigorous; it was the first of his many inventions to come that worked. (Clynes' earlier attempt, at the age of thirteen, to create a [perpetual motion](/wiki/Perpetual_motion \"Perpetual motion\") device was naturally a failure). In 1946 Clynes graduated from the [University of Melbourne](/wiki/University_of_Melbourne \"University of Melbourne\") having studied both engineering science and music.", "Around this time he also had lessons with the Polish virtuoso [Ignaz Friedman](/wiki/Ignaz_Friedman \"Ignaz Friedman\"), then resident in Sydney. Having seen Friedman play in concert several times, Clynes approached him by letter and was accepted sight unseen. He hitchhiked from Melbourne as he could not afford the train fare, let alone the fee charged by Friedman.Allan Evans, *Ignaz Friedman: Romantic Master Pianist*, p. 322 His musical talent was recognized by a series of awards, concerto performances and prizes, one of which provided a three\\-year graduate fellowship to the [Juilliard School](/wiki/Juilliard_School \"Juilliard School\"). At Juilliard, he was a piano student of [Olga Samaroff](/wiki/Olga_Samaroff \"Olga Samaroff\") and [Sascha Gorodnitzki](/wiki/Sascha_Gorodnitzki \"Sascha Gorodnitzki\").", "He received his [MS](/wiki/Master_of_Science \"Master of Science\") degree from Juilliard in 1949, after having performed [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven \"Beethoven\")'s Piano Concerto No. 1 at the [Tanglewood Music Festival](/wiki/Tanglewood_Music_Festival \"Tanglewood Music Festival\") (in 1948\\) then under the direction of [Serge Koussevitzky](/wiki/Serge_Koussevitzky \"Serge Koussevitzky\") in a performance of which the pianist Gerson Yessin, who was present, recently recalled as \"monumental.\" \\[Yessin: \"Manfred played beautifully, outstandingly\"]. After graduating from Juilliard (It gave no doctorates then), Clynes retreated to a small log cabin at six thousand feet altitude in the solitude of [Wrightwood, California](/wiki/Wrightwood%2C_California \"Wrightwood, California\"). There he learned Bach's [Goldberg Variations](/wiki/Goldberg_Variations \"Goldberg Variations\") and other works. He performed them for the first time in October 1949, in Ojai, at [Jiddu Krishnamurti](/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti \"Jiddu Krishnamurti\")'s school, and, in 1950, along with other works, in all the capital cities of Australia, to great acclaim. He soon became regarded as one of Australia's outstanding pianists.", "In 1952 he was invited to [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University \"Princeton University\") as a graduate student in the music department, and issued a [green card](/wiki/Permanent_residence_%28United_States%29 \"Permanent residence (United States)\"), to pursue his studies in the Psychology of Music, with a [Fulbright](/wiki/Fulbright \"Fulbright\") and Smith\\-Mundt Award. There he became aware of the work of G. Becking, who in 1928 had published a sensitive, if nonscientific, study of distinctive motor patterns associated in following the music of individual composers. It was this work that led, in the late 1960s, to Clynes' scientific sentographic studies of what he termed composers' pulses, as their motor manifestation, in which [Pablo Casals](/wiki/Pablo_Casals \"Pablo Casals\") and [Rudolf Serkin](/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin \"Rudolf Serkin\") were to be his first subjects.Tedeschi, Bob. [\"How Would Great Composers Play It? Some Clues\"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E6D61430F931A15751C0A9669C8B63), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, February 22, 2000\\. Retrieved January 2, 2008\\.", "Young Clynes had a personal letter of introduction to [Albert Einstein](/wiki/Albert_Einstein \"Albert Einstein\") from an elderly lady in Australia, with whom, in her youth, Einstein had exchanged poems. Soon Einstein invited him repeatedly to dinner at his home, and a friendship sprang up between the two men. Clynes played for Einstein on his fine Bechstein piano, especially [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven \"Beethoven\"), [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart \"Mozart\") and [Schubert](/wiki/Schubert \"Schubert\"). He loved Clynes' playing of Mozart and Schubert, calling Clynes \"a blessed artist\" (\"Ein begnadeter Künstler\") In May 1953 Einstein wrote Clynes a personal letter by hand to help him in his forthcoming European tour.", "[thumb\\|left\\|250px\\|Letter from Einstein](/wiki/File:Einstein_Letter.jpg \"Einstein Letter.jpg\")\n(Translation of Einstein's letter, dated Princeton, May 18, 1953: \"Dear Mr. Clynes, I am truly grateful to you for the great enjoyment that your piano playing has given me. Your performance combines a clear insight into the inner structure of the work of art with a rare spontaneity and freshness of conception. With all the secure mastery of your instrument, your technique never supplants the artistic content, as unfortunately so often is the case in our time. I am convinced that you will find the appreciation to which your achievement entitles you. With friendly greetings yours, A. Einstein.\")", "#### Concert tours in 1953 Goldberg Variations", "In 1953, helped by the letter from Einstein, Clynes toured Europe with great critical success, playing the [Goldberg Variations](/wiki/Goldberg_Variations \"Goldberg Variations\"). The tour ended with a solo concert before an audience of 2500 at London's [Royal Festival Hall](/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall \"Royal Festival Hall\"), which had just been built.[\\< Dr. Manfred Clynes](http://senticcycles.org/clynes/page18.html)", "" ]
#### Early invention of inertial guidance at age 15 Manfred Clynes was born on August 14, 1925, in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria "Austria"), the son of Olga and Marcel Clynes.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=TXkZAQAAIAAJ\&q\=%22Dr\+Marcel\+Clynes\+(d\+1965,\+family\+arrived\+1938\)\+and\+Olga\+Clynes\+(d\+1979,\+family\+arrived\+1930\);%22\|title\=Debrett's Handbook of Australia and New Zealand\|year\=1984\|publisher\=Debrett's Peerage \|isbn\=9780949137005}} His family was Jewish.[http://www.rebprotocol.net/senmanfredclynes2\.pdf](http://www.rebprotocol.net/senmanfredclynes2.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\|date\=March 2022}} His parents emigrated to [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne"), in September 1938 to escape [Nazism](/wiki/Nazism "Nazism"). In Australia, at fifteen, in his last year at high school, having newly learned [calculus](/wiki/Calculus "Calculus"), he invented the inertial guidance method for aircraft using [piezoelectric](/wiki/Piezoelectric "Piezoelectric") [crystals](/wiki/Crystals "Crystals") and repeated [electronic](/wiki/Electronics "Electronics") [integration](/wiki/wikt:Integration "Integration"), but Australian authorities denied that it would work. In fact, the same system Clynes had invented was later used with great success, during the last part of the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"). The detailed descriptions of this invention as written by the fifteen\-year\-old Clynes are rigorous; it was the first of his many inventions to come that worked. (Clynes' earlier attempt, at the age of thirteen, to create a [perpetual motion](/wiki/Perpetual_motion "Perpetual motion") device was naturally a failure). In 1946 Clynes graduated from the [University of Melbourne](/wiki/University_of_Melbourne "University of Melbourne") having studied both engineering science and music. Around this time he also had lessons with the Polish virtuoso [Ignaz Friedman](/wiki/Ignaz_Friedman "Ignaz Friedman"), then resident in Sydney. Having seen Friedman play in concert several times, Clynes approached him by letter and was accepted sight unseen. He hitchhiked from Melbourne as he could not afford the train fare, let alone the fee charged by Friedman.Allan Evans, *Ignaz Friedman: Romantic Master Pianist*, p. 322 His musical talent was recognized by a series of awards, concerto performances and prizes, one of which provided a three\-year graduate fellowship to the [Juilliard School](/wiki/Juilliard_School "Juilliard School"). At Juilliard, he was a piano student of [Olga Samaroff](/wiki/Olga_Samaroff "Olga Samaroff") and [Sascha Gorodnitzki](/wiki/Sascha_Gorodnitzki "Sascha Gorodnitzki"). He received his [MS](/wiki/Master_of_Science "Master of Science") degree from Juilliard in 1949, after having performed [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven "Beethoven")'s Piano Concerto No. 1 at the [Tanglewood Music Festival](/wiki/Tanglewood_Music_Festival "Tanglewood Music Festival") (in 1948\) then under the direction of [Serge Koussevitzky](/wiki/Serge_Koussevitzky "Serge Koussevitzky") in a performance of which the pianist Gerson Yessin, who was present, recently recalled as "monumental." \[Yessin: "Manfred played beautifully, outstandingly"]. After graduating from Juilliard (It gave no doctorates then), Clynes retreated to a small log cabin at six thousand feet altitude in the solitude of [Wrightwood, California](/wiki/Wrightwood%2C_California "Wrightwood, California"). There he learned Bach's [Goldberg Variations](/wiki/Goldberg_Variations "Goldberg Variations") and other works. He performed them for the first time in October 1949, in Ojai, at [Jiddu Krishnamurti](/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti "Jiddu Krishnamurti")'s school, and, in 1950, along with other works, in all the capital cities of Australia, to great acclaim. He soon became regarded as one of Australia's outstanding pianists. In 1952 he was invited to [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") as a graduate student in the music department, and issued a [green card](/wiki/Permanent_residence_%28United_States%29 "Permanent residence (United States)"), to pursue his studies in the Psychology of Music, with a [Fulbright](/wiki/Fulbright "Fulbright") and Smith\-Mundt Award. There he became aware of the work of G. Becking, who in 1928 had published a sensitive, if nonscientific, study of distinctive motor patterns associated in following the music of individual composers. It was this work that led, in the late 1960s, to Clynes' scientific sentographic studies of what he termed composers' pulses, as their motor manifestation, in which [Pablo Casals](/wiki/Pablo_Casals "Pablo Casals") and [Rudolf Serkin](/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin "Rudolf Serkin") were to be his first subjects.Tedeschi, Bob. ["How Would Great Composers Play It? Some Clues"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E6D61430F931A15751C0A9669C8B63), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, February 22, 2000\. Retrieved January 2, 2008\. Young Clynes had a personal letter of introduction to [Albert Einstein](/wiki/Albert_Einstein "Albert Einstein") from an elderly lady in Australia, with whom, in her youth, Einstein had exchanged poems. Soon Einstein invited him repeatedly to dinner at his home, and a friendship sprang up between the two men. Clynes played for Einstein on his fine Bechstein piano, especially [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven "Beethoven"), [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart "Mozart") and [Schubert](/wiki/Schubert "Schubert"). He loved Clynes' playing of Mozart and Schubert, calling Clynes "a blessed artist" ("Ein begnadeter Künstler") In May 1953 Einstein wrote Clynes a personal letter by hand to help him in his forthcoming European tour. [thumb\|left\|250px\|Letter from Einstein](/wiki/File:Einstein_Letter.jpg "Einstein Letter.jpg") (Translation of Einstein's letter, dated Princeton, May 18, 1953: "Dear Mr. Clynes, I am truly grateful to you for the great enjoyment that your piano playing has given me. Your performance combines a clear insight into the inner structure of the work of art with a rare spontaneity and freshness of conception. With all the secure mastery of your instrument, your technique never supplants the artistic content, as unfortunately so often is the case in our time. I am convinced that you will find the appreciation to which your achievement entitles you. With friendly greetings yours, A. Einstein.")
[ "#### Early invention of inertial guidance at age 15", "Manfred Clynes was born on August 14, 1925, in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\"), the son of Olga and Marcel Clynes.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=TXkZAQAAIAAJ\\&q\\=%22Dr\\+Marcel\\+Clynes\\+(d\\+1965,\\+family\\+arrived\\+1938\\)\\+and\\+Olga\\+Clynes\\+(d\\+1979,\\+family\\+arrived\\+1930\\);%22\\|title\\=Debrett's Handbook of Australia and New Zealand\\|year\\=1984\\|publisher\\=Debrett's Peerage \\|isbn\\=9780949137005}} His family was Jewish.[http://www.rebprotocol.net/senmanfredclynes2\\.pdf](http://www.rebprotocol.net/senmanfredclynes2.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\\|date\\=March 2022}} His parents emigrated to [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\"), in September 1938 to escape [Nazism](/wiki/Nazism \"Nazism\"). In Australia, at fifteen, in his last year at high school, having newly learned [calculus](/wiki/Calculus \"Calculus\"), he invented the inertial guidance method for aircraft using [piezoelectric](/wiki/Piezoelectric \"Piezoelectric\") [crystals](/wiki/Crystals \"Crystals\") and repeated [electronic](/wiki/Electronics \"Electronics\") [integration](/wiki/wikt:Integration \"Integration\"), but Australian authorities denied that it would work. In fact, the same system Clynes had invented was later used with great success, during the last part of the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"). The detailed descriptions of this invention as written by the fifteen\\-year\\-old Clynes are rigorous; it was the first of his many inventions to come that worked. (Clynes' earlier attempt, at the age of thirteen, to create a [perpetual motion](/wiki/Perpetual_motion \"Perpetual motion\") device was naturally a failure). In 1946 Clynes graduated from the [University of Melbourne](/wiki/University_of_Melbourne \"University of Melbourne\") having studied both engineering science and music.", "Around this time he also had lessons with the Polish virtuoso [Ignaz Friedman](/wiki/Ignaz_Friedman \"Ignaz Friedman\"), then resident in Sydney. Having seen Friedman play in concert several times, Clynes approached him by letter and was accepted sight unseen. He hitchhiked from Melbourne as he could not afford the train fare, let alone the fee charged by Friedman.Allan Evans, *Ignaz Friedman: Romantic Master Pianist*, p. 322 His musical talent was recognized by a series of awards, concerto performances and prizes, one of which provided a three\\-year graduate fellowship to the [Juilliard School](/wiki/Juilliard_School \"Juilliard School\"). At Juilliard, he was a piano student of [Olga Samaroff](/wiki/Olga_Samaroff \"Olga Samaroff\") and [Sascha Gorodnitzki](/wiki/Sascha_Gorodnitzki \"Sascha Gorodnitzki\").", "He received his [MS](/wiki/Master_of_Science \"Master of Science\") degree from Juilliard in 1949, after having performed [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven \"Beethoven\")'s Piano Concerto No. 1 at the [Tanglewood Music Festival](/wiki/Tanglewood_Music_Festival \"Tanglewood Music Festival\") (in 1948\\) then under the direction of [Serge Koussevitzky](/wiki/Serge_Koussevitzky \"Serge Koussevitzky\") in a performance of which the pianist Gerson Yessin, who was present, recently recalled as \"monumental.\" \\[Yessin: \"Manfred played beautifully, outstandingly\"]. After graduating from Juilliard (It gave no doctorates then), Clynes retreated to a small log cabin at six thousand feet altitude in the solitude of [Wrightwood, California](/wiki/Wrightwood%2C_California \"Wrightwood, California\"). There he learned Bach's [Goldberg Variations](/wiki/Goldberg_Variations \"Goldberg Variations\") and other works. He performed them for the first time in October 1949, in Ojai, at [Jiddu Krishnamurti](/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti \"Jiddu Krishnamurti\")'s school, and, in 1950, along with other works, in all the capital cities of Australia, to great acclaim. He soon became regarded as one of Australia's outstanding pianists.", "In 1952 he was invited to [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University \"Princeton University\") as a graduate student in the music department, and issued a [green card](/wiki/Permanent_residence_%28United_States%29 \"Permanent residence (United States)\"), to pursue his studies in the Psychology of Music, with a [Fulbright](/wiki/Fulbright \"Fulbright\") and Smith\\-Mundt Award. There he became aware of the work of G. Becking, who in 1928 had published a sensitive, if nonscientific, study of distinctive motor patterns associated in following the music of individual composers. It was this work that led, in the late 1960s, to Clynes' scientific sentographic studies of what he termed composers' pulses, as their motor manifestation, in which [Pablo Casals](/wiki/Pablo_Casals \"Pablo Casals\") and [Rudolf Serkin](/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin \"Rudolf Serkin\") were to be his first subjects.Tedeschi, Bob. [\"How Would Great Composers Play It? Some Clues\"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E6D61430F931A15751C0A9669C8B63), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, February 22, 2000\\. Retrieved January 2, 2008\\.", "Young Clynes had a personal letter of introduction to [Albert Einstein](/wiki/Albert_Einstein \"Albert Einstein\") from an elderly lady in Australia, with whom, in her youth, Einstein had exchanged poems. Soon Einstein invited him repeatedly to dinner at his home, and a friendship sprang up between the two men. Clynes played for Einstein on his fine Bechstein piano, especially [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven \"Beethoven\"), [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart \"Mozart\") and [Schubert](/wiki/Schubert \"Schubert\"). He loved Clynes' playing of Mozart and Schubert, calling Clynes \"a blessed artist\" (\"Ein begnadeter Künstler\") In May 1953 Einstein wrote Clynes a personal letter by hand to help him in his forthcoming European tour.", "[thumb\\|left\\|250px\\|Letter from Einstein](/wiki/File:Einstein_Letter.jpg \"Einstein Letter.jpg\")\n(Translation of Einstein's letter, dated Princeton, May 18, 1953: \"Dear Mr. Clynes, I am truly grateful to you for the great enjoyment that your piano playing has given me. Your performance combines a clear insight into the inner structure of the work of art with a rare spontaneity and freshness of conception. With all the secure mastery of your instrument, your technique never supplants the artistic content, as unfortunately so often is the case in our time. I am convinced that you will find the appreciation to which your achievement entitles you. With friendly greetings yours, A. Einstein.\")", "" ]
### The brain as an output device His work until around 1967 had been concerned with the brain as an input device i.e. for perception; now he began to study it as an [output](/wiki/Output_%28computing%29 "Output (computing)") device. He turned first to the question of the characteristic pulse in the music of various composers, which had been on his mind since his Princeton years. In 1967 Clynes designed an instrument he called the sentograph to measure the motoric pulse. The experiments required outstanding musicians to "conduct" music on a pressure\-sensitive finger rest, as they were thinking the music without sound. [Rudolf Serkin](/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin "Rudolf Serkin") and [Pablo Casals](/wiki/Pablo_Casals "Pablo Casals") were his first subjects. Soon it became apparent that the ‘pulse shapes’ for [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven "Beethoven"), [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart "Mozart"), [Schubert](/wiki/Schubert "Schubert"), and [Mendelssohn](/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn "Felix Mendelssohn") were consistently different from each another, but similar across their different pieces (when normalized according to selection of similar tempo). Encouraged by these positive findings relating outputs to specific inner states of the brain, first presented at a [Smithsonian](/wiki/Smithsonian "Smithsonian") Conference in 1968 at Santa Inez, Clynes then proceeded to measure the expressive form of specific emotions in a similar way, by having subjects generate them by repeatedly expressing them on the finger rest, thus finding specific signatures for the emotions, which he called sentic forms. As in the case of composers' pulses, the form associated with each emotion consistently appeared for that emotion and was distinct from the forms of other emotions. In 1972 Clynes, whose work had long been supported by [NIH](/wiki/NIH "NIH") Grants, received a grant from the Wenner Gren Foundation in Sweden, allowing him to collect data in Central Mexico, Japan, and [Bali](/wiki/Bali "Bali"), using the sentograph to investigate emotional expression cross\-culturally. Though considerably more limited in scope than the nature of that inquiry would demand, the data were largely confirmatory of Clynes' theories of universal biologically determined time forms for each emotion. At the invitation of the NY Academy of Sciences, Clynes wrote an extensive monograph on his findings and theories to date, which the Academy published in 1973\.Clynes, M., Sentography: dynamic forms of communication of emotion and qualities, computers in Biology \& Medicine, Vol, 3: 119–130, 1973\. That same year he accepted a visiting professorship in the music department of the [University of California at San Diego](/wiki/University_of_California_at_San_Diego "University of California at San Diego"), where he completed his book Sentics, the Touch of Emotion, which he had begun in 1972\. In it he summarized the theories and findings on sentics, and outlined hopes for the future that his work contained. In 1970 and 1971, the [American Association for the Advancement of Science](/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science "American Association for the Advancement of Science") held two symposia on Sentics. Since the sentic cycles suddenly helped individuals feel better without drugs, Clynes' work was now deemed contrary to the line of research sponsored at the Rockland State Research Center, headed by [Nathan Kline](/wiki/Nathan_Kline "Nathan Kline"), whose supporters were the major drug companies. As a result, Clynes was unable to continue the work at that facility. In his new environment, there was no laboratory in which to amass new data. Although dismissed by the NY Times, Sentics was lauded extravagantly in other publications. (The book is considered a classic today). It was read in manuscript with great approval and excitement by several authorities: Yehudi Menuhin volunteered a foreword, itself a remarkable document, welcoming Clynes "as a brother." Rex Hobcroft, the director of the New South Wales State Conservatory in Sydney, the foremost musical institution in Australia, compared it to Beethoven's Opus 111, the last of Beethoven's [sonatas](/wiki/Sonata "Sonata") and held to be his most profound work. (Hobcroft's endorsement appears on the jacket.) [Maharishi Mahesh Yogi](/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi "Maharishi Mahesh Yogi")'s resident psychiatrist, Dr. H. Bloomfield joined in. During his three years at [UCSD](/wiki/UCSD "UCSD"), in [La Jolla](/wiki/La_Jolla "La Jolla"), Clynes gave a concert at Brubecker Hall, playing the Beethoven [Diabelli Variations](/wiki/Diabelli_Variations "Diabelli Variations"), as well as a first performance of a group of 5 songs he composed, called "Sentone Songs," employing the remarkable vocal range of Linda Vickerman who performed them. The songs, in his own avant garde style, contained many varied syllables but no known words of any language. He did studies of laughter at the brain Institute of [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA "UCLA") at that time, unsuccessfully attempting to measure the electric counterpart in the brain of the moment that initiates laughter. He was the first to discover, in studying voice recognition in 1975 that a speaker's identity, though unimpeded by changes in speed (tempo), was masked by transposition of as little as a semitone in pitch.Clynes, M., Speaker recognition by the central nervous system, Society for Neuroscience, Abstract, New Orleans, November 1975\. This seemed to indicate that [perfect pitch](/wiki/Perfect_pitch "Perfect pitch") was involved far more universally than thought possible. He began work on a book on laughter, which, however, was only two\-thirds completed. In 1977 Rex Hobcroft, director of Sydney's [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales "New South Wales") State Conservatory, who had praised Clynes' Sentics, offered Clynes a substantial position at the Conservatory initially connected with the International Piano Competition held at the time in Sydney. Accordingly, Clynes moved to Sydney in what proved to be the beginning of ten fruitful years of research and music making. In 1978 Clynes gave performances of both the [Goldberg Variations](/wiki/Goldberg_Variations "Goldberg Variations") and the [Diabelli](/wiki/Diabelli "Diabelli"), as well as works of [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart "Mozart"), at the Verbruggen Hall in Sydney. These performances were recorded live and are today regarded as unsurpassed. From a concertizing point of view, there were unusual difficulties: Clynes' two big\-city performances had not been preceded by the usual shake\-down cruise of smaller venues: Clynes had only one chance to get it right—and did. Hobcroft and the government of New South Wales provided Clynes with a Music Research Center and staff at the Conservatory for his work, supplied be the state of NSW Ministry of Education. The staff were mostly enthusiasts of Clynes' work from the United States. #### Predictive amplitude shaping in music The following year 1980, at the occasion of the 10th International Congress on [Acoustics](/wiki/Acoustics "Acoustics") in Sydney, Clynes and his staff presented no fewer than four papers. With the aid of his new DEC PDP 23 computer and associated [oscillator](/wiki/Oscillator "Oscillator") gear, he discovered the principle of Predictive Amplitude Shaping (a precise rule for how the shaping of each note is influenced by what note is next and when it will occur) applicable to music in general, a result he presented at an international conference in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm") at their invitation.Clynes, M., Expressive Microstructure in Music, linked to Living Qualities in Studies of Music Performance, J. Sundberg (ed.), Publication of Royal Swedish Academy of Music No. 39, pp, 76–181\. Stockholm. Encouraged by the enthusiastic reception of this work in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm"), Clynes, on his return to Sydney, now made the major leap to discern how a composer's unique pulse is manifest in each note. It had been known (Leopold Mozart, [C.P.E. Bach](/wiki/C.P.E._Bach "C.P.E. Bach")) that in the work of many composers of the "classic" period, a group of, say, four notes, when notated equally, were not meant to be played equally. The leap was in treating the four durations and loudnesses not as separate entities, but as a group, an interconnected organism, a ‘face’ in which each component played a unique role, but all combined together to form a gestalt. To find this gestalt, and how it worked organically in the music, he intuited a specific combined [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude "Amplitude") and timing "warp," so that each such group has a configuration—a [gestalt](/wiki/Gestalt_psychology "Gestalt psychology")—that is characteristic of the particular composer. (Now there was also a link to the motoric pulse, previously identified, which had contained no information about single notes but gave a motoric identity to the output of the brain in conducting music of a particular composer). The identification of composers' pulse, and its use in interpreting classical works via computer, was later extended by Clynes, according to his knowledge and experience with dynamic forms, to comprise several levels of time structure. Shortly after this, in 1983–84 Clynes, with the programming help of N. Nettheim, found a method of allowing computers to design [vibrato](/wiki/Vibrato "Vibrato") suitable for each note, depending on the musical structure, also sometimes anticipating next events. Further, all these principles could be easily generically adjusted for the requirements of each musical piece. Of course, a work's interpretation was not robotically created: the computer needed to get adjustments to correspond to the concept of the interpreter. The computer did not replace the human sensitivity, it empowered it instead. When Clynes' longtime close friend and supporter [Hephzibah Menuhin](/wiki/Hephzibah_Menuhin "Hephzibah Menuhin") had launched his book *Sentics* in 1978 in Australia, small symptoms of her developing throat cancer had made their first appearance. Ms. [Menuhin](/wiki/Menuhin "Menuhin") died in 1981, and Clynes gave a memorial concert for her in the Verbruggen Hall, of the last three [sonatas](/wiki/Sonata "Sonata") of [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven "Beethoven"), Op 109, 110, and 111\. He had learned Beethoven's Opus 110 especially for that occasion, never having performed it before. Intensive practice resulted in his losing an exquisite living place in Vaucluse and his subsequent relocation to an apartment in Point Piper, an adjacent suburb in Sydney. In 1982, Clynes undertook further extensive studies on the nature of the expression of emotions through touch. Subjects were touched on the palm of the hand, from behind a screen, with specific emotional expressions, to discover whether they could identify the emotion. In fact, they could. Clynes and Walker extended this work in a research trip to central Australia, to the Yuendumu Reservation, to test if [Aborigines](/wiki/Australian_aborigines "Australian aborigines") would recognize emotions expressed by touch of white urban dwellers when transformed into sounds that conserved the dynamic shape of the touch. The test was highly positive: the Aborigines did in fact successfully identify the emotions expressed by the touch, of white urban subjects, from which were produced (through a simple transformation, preserving the dynamic shape) the sounds they heard. The American television program *Nova* reenacted this experiment in 1986, effectively linking the expression of emotions through touch to musical expression, using Beethoven's [Eroica](/wiki/Symphony_No._3_%28Beethoven%29 "Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)") Funeral March to exemplify grief, and a Haydn [sonata](/wiki/Sonata "Sonata") for joy. In 1986, Clynes gave his (or anyone's) first classical concert played entirely by computer, according to the three principles he had discovered, to a full house in a free concert at the Joseph Post Hall of the Sydney Conservatory. As a result of the application of those principles, the music, ranging from Bach to Beethoven to Robert Schumann and Felix Mendelssohn was musically expressive and meaningful, even though all sounds, except for the piano, were produced by computer\-controlled [oscillators](/wiki/Oscillators "Oscillators"), and so did not represent familiar instruments—the real time expressive modification of the canonical orchestral sounds remained elusive until 1993\. In 1986, the Fairlight Company, a maker of top\-of\-the\-line synthesizers in the hundred thousand dollar range, immediately opted to license what they called "the best [sequencer](/wiki/Music_sequencer "Music sequencer") in the world." Clynes, at that time, did not even know what a sequencer was. Fairlight started paying [royalties](/wiki/Royalties "Royalties") on the patent; however, not long afterwards, the company went bankrupt, having lost government subsidies through a change of government, before bringing the product to market. Reaching retirement age in Sydney, Clynes left to be professorial associate in the psychology department at [Melbourne University](/wiki/Melbourne_University "Melbourne University") and became Sugden Fellow at Queen's College, which he had attended as an undergraduate. He stayed for three years. During that time he found an [analytic equation](/wiki/Analytic_equation "Analytic equation") for an egg, incorporating [fractals](/wiki/Fractal "Fractal"), which also provided, with some modification of the equation, beautiful shapes of flowers and of vases. He also performed as pianist, in a Sunday series at [Queens College](/wiki/Queens_College "Queens College"), twelve of the Beethoven sonatas, lecturing to the Physics Department on Time, (starting with a poem beginning, "What time is it?") and to the Medical Faculty on the biologic nature of dynamic expressive forms. #### Composers' pulses Also during this period, Clynes undertook a large statistical study with various groups of the perception of composer's pulse. In the study, Clynes played four different pieces by computer, by each of four different composers (sixteen in all), with what his studies had determined to be the composer's own pulse and three times the same with a ‘wrong’ composer's pulse, to see which one subjects actually preferred. There were four groups of subjects: internationally well\-known pianists, [Juilliard](/wiki/Juilliard "Juilliard") graduate students, students at the [Manhattan School of Music](/wiki/Manhattan_School_of_Music "Manhattan School of Music"), and college students at the [University of Melbourne](/wiki/University_of_Melbourne "University of Melbourne"), altogether some 150 subjects. The results, published in the journal *Cognition*,Clynes, M., Microstructural Musical Linguistics: composer's pulses are liked best by the best musicians, COGNITION, International Journal of Cognitive Science, 1995, vol. 55, pp. 269–310\. showed that the "correct" pulse was preferred in all groups; more pronouncedly so the higher the musical standing of the subjects. (Among the ‘famous pianist subjects’ were friends of Clynes, [Vladimir Ashkenazy](/wiki/Vladimir_Ashkenazy "Vladimir Ashkenazy") and [Paul Badura\-Skoda](/wiki/Paul_Badura-Skoda "Paul Badura-Skoda").) Clynes returned to the United States in 1991 and settled in [Sonoma, California](/wiki/Sonoma%2C_California "Sonoma, California"). Not long after his return he was featured in a large front\-page article of *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*, an outgrowth of his invitation to a Canadian meeting on music. This highly favorable article opened many doors. Two vice presidents from [Hewlett Packard](/wiki/Hewlett_Packard "Hewlett Packard") flew separately to Clynes' home to learn about his findings. When they arrived, Clynes played versions of the same [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart "Mozart") [sonata](/wiki/Sonata "Sonata") K 330 by six famous artists, including [Vladimir Horowitz](/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz "Vladimir Horowitz"), [Alicia de Larrocha](/wiki/Alicia_de_Larrocha "Alicia de Larrocha"), [Claudio Arrau](/wiki/Claudio_Arrau "Claudio Arrau"), and [Mitsuko Uchida](/wiki/Mitsuko_Uchida "Mitsuko Uchida"), and included the computer performance at a random position among them. The visitors from HP not only could not identify the computer version, but they rated it second best of the seven. ([MIDI](/wiki/MIDI "MIDI") versions were considered too musically crude to be included). As a result, Clynes received a development contract that would for the first time enable the expressive implementation of real instrumental sounds other than the piano, using a workstation made available to him by HP, a $40,000 computer, which was, at 150 [MHz](/wiki/Hertz "Hertz"), barely fast enough to do this. Clynes enlisted his gifted son Darius as software engineer on the HP team to help make it possible. Nine months later, a critical demonstration took place to show that the principles Clynes had discovered would work well with real instruments, not just with [oscillators](/wiki/Oscillator "Oscillator"), to enable music played with meaningful phrasing and expression.Riordan, Teresa. ["Patents"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7D81731F93BA25757C0A962958260), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, April 18, 1994\. Retrieved January 2, 2008\. "Dr. Clynes, whose algorithms are being developed commercially in cooperation with Hewlett\-Packard, said his technology would allow a musician to instruct a computer to play a given score with certain phrasings as well as changes in volume, tempo, timbre and rhythm." Clynes and the assembled HP researchers first heard the sound of flute, violin, and cello from the HP workstation performing a [Haydn](/wiki/Haydn "Haydn") trio expressively in real time over the loudspeakers of the vast halls of the HP Research Building. The inanities of MIDI had been conquered. Once Clynes had successfully developed a [real\-time](/wiki/Real-time_computing "Real-time computing") implementation of his principles for musical interpretation via computer, using [UNIX](/wiki/UNIX "UNIX"), HP gave Clynes' company, Microsound, Intl, a second development contract to bring this capacity into the burgeoning world of personal computers (PCs), which, in 1994, functioned at 60 [MHz](/wiki/Hertz "Hertz"). A French division of HP, then in charge of PC development, supported this enthusiastically. Clynes was fortunate to obtain the help of Steve Sweet, a [programmer](/wiki/Programmer "Programmer"), to carry out the conversion. However, soon thereafter, HP transferred the PC work to a new division in the United States whose director favored popular music. #### SuperConductor Henceforth, with the help of Steve Sweet, Clynes developed the software program, called SuperConductor himself. By 1996 they had a fully working version, incorporating all the new principles, with which they interpreted, first, all the [Brandenburg Concertos](/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos "Brandenburg Concertos") of [Bach](/wiki/Bach "Bach"), and then all of [Bach](/wiki/Bach "Bach")'s solo violin and cello works and the last six quartets of [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven "Beethoven"). All these works were recorded on CDs. Clynes further expanded SuperConductor's capacity for real life expressive interpretation of music with a fourth principle he called "Self\-tuning Expressive Intonation," which unfixes the [equal temperament](/wiki/Equal_temperament "Equal temperament") tuning and permits the sharpening of the leading tone and other modifications of the sort executed by fine players of stringed instruments and other instruments whose intonation is actively controlled in the playing; now even a piano could exhibit this technique—by means of a laptop computer and synthesizer. Since it is a melodic tuning, depending on intervals, no [transposition](/wiki/Transposition_%28music%29 "Transposition (music)") was required. The same interval going up received a different small pitch increment from that interval going down. Moreover, similarly to known use in tones like the leading tone, Clynes found it appropriate to provide quite small, specific increments to all melodic intervals, 24 in all (twelve up and twelve different ones down). A new patent \[US 6,924,426] was granted in 2006\. This now made it possible for all computers and synthesizers to benefit from expressive intonation, a non\-static, dynamic tuning, in which the same note has a slightly different pitch depending on the melodic structure (the demise of [equal temperament](/wiki/Equal_temperament "Equal temperament")). After a four\-year absence in [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand "Thailand"), Steve Sweet returned to Sonoma and resumed his development work with Clynes, incorporating the new functionality into SuperConductor II. (ref to mp3s on the webpage of SuperConductor) With SuperConductor, Clynes performed Beethoven's [Emperor Concerto](/wiki/Emperor_Concerto "Emperor Concerto") at [MIT](/wiki/MIT "MIT")'s Kresge Auditorium in 1999 to the astonishment and wonder and thunderous applause of over two thousand people.Wright, Sarah H. ["Pair of Media Lab events showcase toys and inventions"](http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1999/media-1027.html), [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology") press release, dated October 27, 1999\. Retrieved January 2, 2008\. In 2006, using Self\-tuning Expressive Intonation, he performed the Schubert [Unfinished Symphony](/wiki/Unfinished_Symphony "Unfinished Symphony") and Beethoven's [Eroica](/wiki/Symphony_No._3_%28Beethoven%29 "Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)") Symphony at the [University of Vienna](/wiki/University_of_Vienna "University of Vienna") in the Kleine Konzertsaal. It became Clynes' aim gradually to make music better than had ever been possible before: to empower the computer in an enterprise of historic proportions to incrementally improve, and increase in profundity, the musical interpretations of great works of our music heritage. With computers, this work of increasing musical perfection could span years, decades, and even centuries. Clynes has also kept up his own playing of the piano. In 2002, he gave a very substantial concert program (of which a videotape exists){{where?\|date\=April 2020}} as a memorial for a prominent resident of Sonoma. The program included including [Liszt](/wiki/Liszt "Liszt")’s Sixth Hungarian Rhapsody, [Campanella](/wiki/La_Campanella "La Campanella") and [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven "Beethoven")’s Waldstein Sonata as well as several major works of [Chopin](/wiki/Chopin "Chopin"). In 2007, at the age of 82, Clynes has developed new exercises for piano playing away from the piano, which may permit the improvement of piano technique even for octogenarians. In 2007 he applied for three new patents related to SuperConductor, to enhance computer interpretation of music, through: (1\) increased mathematical subtlety of note shaping and resulting timbre variations, as earlier, dependent on musical structure, resulting in (2\) ‘instant rehearseless conducting’, and (3\) importation of note\-specific vibrato and shaping from SuperConductor into [MIDI](/wiki/MIDI "MIDI") files. \[patent numbers when available] Clynes married in 1951, divorced in 1972 and has three children and eight grandchildren. He died in West Nyack, New York in January 2020, at the age of 94\.[Manfred Edward Clynes](https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/spring-valley-ny/manfred-clynes-9005153)
[ "### The brain as an output device", "His work until around 1967 had been concerned with the brain as an input device i.e. for perception; now he began to study it as an [output](/wiki/Output_%28computing%29 \"Output (computing)\") device.\nHe turned first to the question of the characteristic pulse in the music of various composers, which had been on his mind since his Princeton years. In 1967 Clynes designed an instrument he called the sentograph to measure the motoric pulse. The experiments required outstanding musicians to \"conduct\" music on a pressure\\-sensitive finger rest, as they were thinking the music without sound. [Rudolf Serkin](/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin \"Rudolf Serkin\") and [Pablo Casals](/wiki/Pablo_Casals \"Pablo Casals\") were his first subjects.\nSoon it became apparent that the ‘pulse shapes’ for [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven \"Beethoven\"), [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart \"Mozart\"), [Schubert](/wiki/Schubert \"Schubert\"), and [Mendelssohn](/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn \"Felix Mendelssohn\") were consistently different from each another, but similar across their different pieces (when normalized according to selection of similar tempo).\nEncouraged by these positive findings relating outputs to specific inner states of the brain, first presented at a [Smithsonian](/wiki/Smithsonian \"Smithsonian\") Conference in 1968 at Santa Inez, Clynes then proceeded to measure the expressive form of specific emotions in a similar way, by having subjects generate them by repeatedly expressing them on the finger rest, thus finding specific signatures for the emotions, which he called sentic forms. As in the case of composers' pulses, the form associated with each emotion consistently appeared for that emotion and was distinct from the forms of other emotions.", "In 1972 Clynes, whose work had long been supported by [NIH](/wiki/NIH \"NIH\") Grants, received a grant from the Wenner Gren Foundation in Sweden, allowing him to collect data in Central Mexico, Japan, and [Bali](/wiki/Bali \"Bali\"), using the sentograph to investigate emotional expression cross\\-culturally. Though considerably more limited in scope than the nature of that inquiry would demand, the data were largely confirmatory of Clynes' theories of universal biologically determined time forms for each emotion. At the invitation of the NY Academy of Sciences, Clynes wrote an extensive monograph on his findings and theories to date, which the Academy published in 1973\\.Clynes, M., Sentography: dynamic forms of communication of emotion and qualities, computers in Biology \\& Medicine, Vol, 3: 119–130, 1973\\.", "That same year he accepted a visiting professorship in the music department of the [University of California at San Diego](/wiki/University_of_California_at_San_Diego \"University of California at San Diego\"), where he completed his book Sentics, the Touch of Emotion, which he had begun in 1972\\. In it he summarized the theories and findings on sentics, and outlined hopes for the future that his work contained. In 1970 and 1971, the [American Association for the Advancement of Science](/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science \"American Association for the Advancement of Science\") held two symposia on Sentics.", "Since the sentic cycles suddenly helped individuals feel better without drugs, Clynes' work was now deemed contrary to the line of research sponsored at the Rockland State Research Center, headed by [Nathan Kline](/wiki/Nathan_Kline \"Nathan Kline\"), whose supporters were the major drug companies. As a result, Clynes was unable to continue the work at that facility. In his new environment, there was no laboratory in which to amass new data. Although dismissed by the NY Times, Sentics was lauded extravagantly in other publications. (The book is considered a classic today). It was read in manuscript with great approval and excitement by several authorities: Yehudi Menuhin volunteered a foreword, itself a remarkable document, welcoming Clynes \"as a brother.\" Rex Hobcroft, the director of the New South Wales State Conservatory in Sydney, the foremost musical institution in Australia, compared it to Beethoven's Opus 111, the last of Beethoven's [sonatas](/wiki/Sonata \"Sonata\") and held to be his most profound work. (Hobcroft's endorsement appears on the jacket.) [Maharishi Mahesh Yogi](/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi \"Maharishi Mahesh Yogi\")'s resident psychiatrist, Dr. H. Bloomfield joined in.", "During his three years at [UCSD](/wiki/UCSD \"UCSD\"), in [La Jolla](/wiki/La_Jolla \"La Jolla\"), Clynes gave a concert at Brubecker Hall, playing the Beethoven [Diabelli Variations](/wiki/Diabelli_Variations \"Diabelli Variations\"), as well as a first performance of a group of 5 songs he composed, called \"Sentone Songs,\" employing the remarkable vocal range of Linda Vickerman who performed them. The songs, in his own avant garde style, contained many varied syllables but no known words of any language.", "He did studies of laughter at the brain Institute of [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA \"UCLA\") at that time, unsuccessfully attempting to measure the electric counterpart in the brain of the moment that initiates laughter. He was the first to discover, in studying voice recognition in 1975 that a speaker's identity, though unimpeded by changes in speed (tempo), was masked by transposition of as little as a semitone in pitch.Clynes, M., Speaker recognition by the central nervous system, Society for Neuroscience, Abstract, New Orleans, November 1975\\. This seemed to indicate that [perfect pitch](/wiki/Perfect_pitch \"Perfect pitch\") was involved far more universally than thought possible. He began work on a book on laughter, which, however, was only two\\-thirds completed.", "In 1977 Rex Hobcroft, director of Sydney's [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\") State Conservatory, who had praised Clynes' Sentics, offered Clynes a substantial position at the Conservatory initially connected with the International Piano Competition held at the time in Sydney. Accordingly, Clynes moved to Sydney in what proved to be the beginning of ten fruitful years of research and music making. In 1978 Clynes gave performances of both the [Goldberg Variations](/wiki/Goldberg_Variations \"Goldberg Variations\") and the [Diabelli](/wiki/Diabelli \"Diabelli\"), as well as works of [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart \"Mozart\"), at the Verbruggen Hall in Sydney. These performances were recorded live and are today regarded as unsurpassed. From a concertizing point of view, there were unusual difficulties: Clynes' two big\\-city performances had not been preceded by the usual shake\\-down cruise of smaller venues: Clynes had only one chance to get it right—and did.", "Hobcroft and the government of New South Wales provided Clynes with a Music Research Center and staff at the Conservatory for his work, supplied be the state of NSW Ministry of Education. The staff were mostly enthusiasts of Clynes' work from the United States.", "#### Predictive amplitude shaping in music", "The following year 1980, at the occasion of the 10th International Congress on [Acoustics](/wiki/Acoustics \"Acoustics\") in Sydney, Clynes and his staff presented no fewer than four papers. With the aid of his new DEC PDP 23 computer and associated [oscillator](/wiki/Oscillator \"Oscillator\") gear, he discovered the principle of Predictive Amplitude Shaping (a precise rule for how the shaping of each note is influenced by what note is next and when it will occur) applicable to music in general, a result he presented at an international conference in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\") at their invitation.Clynes, M., Expressive Microstructure in Music, linked to Living Qualities in Studies of Music Performance, J. Sundberg (ed.), Publication of Royal Swedish Academy of Music No. 39, pp, 76–181\\. Stockholm.", "Encouraged by the enthusiastic reception of this work in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\"), Clynes, on his return to Sydney, now made the major leap to discern how a composer's unique pulse is manifest in each note. It had been known (Leopold Mozart, [C.P.E. Bach](/wiki/C.P.E._Bach \"C.P.E. Bach\")) that in the work of many composers of the \"classic\" period, a group of, say, four notes, when notated equally, were not meant to be played equally. The leap was in treating the four durations and loudnesses not as separate entities, but as a group, an interconnected organism, a ‘face’ in which each component played a unique role, but all combined together to form a gestalt. To find this gestalt, and how it worked organically in the music, he intuited a specific combined [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude \"Amplitude\") and timing \"warp,\" so that each such group has a configuration—a [gestalt](/wiki/Gestalt_psychology \"Gestalt psychology\")—that is characteristic of the particular composer. (Now there was also a link to the motoric pulse, previously identified, which had contained no information about single notes but gave a motoric identity to the output of the brain in conducting music of a particular composer).", "The identification of composers' pulse, and its use in interpreting classical works via computer, was later extended by Clynes, according to his knowledge and experience with dynamic forms, to comprise several levels of time structure.", "Shortly after this, in 1983–84 Clynes, with the programming help of N. Nettheim, found a method of allowing computers to design [vibrato](/wiki/Vibrato \"Vibrato\") suitable for each note, depending on the musical structure, also sometimes anticipating next events.", "Further, all these principles could be easily generically adjusted for the requirements of each musical piece. Of course, a work's interpretation was not robotically created: the computer needed to get adjustments to correspond to the concept of the interpreter. The computer did not replace the human sensitivity, it empowered it instead.", "When Clynes' longtime close friend and supporter [Hephzibah Menuhin](/wiki/Hephzibah_Menuhin \"Hephzibah Menuhin\") had launched his book *Sentics* in 1978 in Australia, small symptoms of her developing throat cancer had made their first appearance. Ms. [Menuhin](/wiki/Menuhin \"Menuhin\") died in 1981, and Clynes gave a memorial concert for her in the Verbruggen Hall, of the last three [sonatas](/wiki/Sonata \"Sonata\") of [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven \"Beethoven\"), Op 109, 110, and 111\\. He had learned Beethoven's Opus 110 especially for that occasion, never having performed it before. Intensive practice resulted in his losing an exquisite living place in Vaucluse and his subsequent relocation to an apartment in Point Piper, an adjacent suburb in Sydney.", "In 1982, Clynes undertook further extensive studies on the nature of the expression of emotions through touch. Subjects were touched on the palm of the hand, from behind a screen, with specific emotional expressions, to discover whether they could identify the emotion. In fact, they could. Clynes and Walker extended this work in a research trip to central Australia, to the Yuendumu Reservation, to test if [Aborigines](/wiki/Australian_aborigines \"Australian aborigines\") would recognize emotions expressed by touch of white urban dwellers when transformed into sounds that conserved the dynamic shape of the touch.", "The test was highly positive: the Aborigines did in fact successfully identify the emotions expressed by the touch, of white urban subjects, from which were produced (through a simple transformation, preserving the dynamic shape) the sounds they heard. The American television program *Nova* reenacted this experiment in 1986, effectively linking the expression of emotions through touch to musical expression, using Beethoven's [Eroica](/wiki/Symphony_No._3_%28Beethoven%29 \"Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)\") Funeral March to exemplify grief, and a Haydn [sonata](/wiki/Sonata \"Sonata\") for joy.", "In 1986, Clynes gave his (or anyone's) first classical concert played entirely by computer, according to the three principles he had discovered, to a full house in a free concert at the Joseph Post Hall of the Sydney Conservatory. As a result of the application of those principles, the music, ranging from Bach to Beethoven to Robert Schumann and Felix Mendelssohn was musically expressive and meaningful, even though all sounds, except for the piano, were produced by computer\\-controlled [oscillators](/wiki/Oscillators \"Oscillators\"), and so did not represent familiar instruments—the real time expressive modification of the canonical orchestral sounds remained elusive until 1993\\.", "In 1986, the Fairlight Company, a maker of top\\-of\\-the\\-line synthesizers in the hundred thousand dollar range, immediately opted to license what they called \"the best [sequencer](/wiki/Music_sequencer \"Music sequencer\") in the world.\" Clynes, at that time, did not even know what a sequencer was. Fairlight started paying [royalties](/wiki/Royalties \"Royalties\") on the patent; however, not long afterwards, the company went bankrupt, having lost government subsidies through a change of government, before bringing the product to market.", "Reaching retirement age in Sydney, Clynes left to be professorial associate in the psychology department at [Melbourne University](/wiki/Melbourne_University \"Melbourne University\") and became Sugden Fellow at Queen's College, which he had attended as an undergraduate.", "He stayed for three years. During that time he found an [analytic equation](/wiki/Analytic_equation \"Analytic equation\") for an egg, incorporating [fractals](/wiki/Fractal \"Fractal\"), which also provided, with some modification of the equation, beautiful shapes of flowers and of vases. He also performed as pianist, in a Sunday series at [Queens College](/wiki/Queens_College \"Queens College\"), twelve of the Beethoven sonatas, lecturing to the Physics Department on Time, (starting with a poem beginning, \"What time is it?\") and to the Medical Faculty on the biologic nature of dynamic expressive forms.", "#### Composers' pulses", "Also during this period, Clynes undertook a large statistical study with various groups of the perception of composer's pulse. In the study, Clynes played four different pieces by computer, by each of four different composers (sixteen in all), with what his studies had determined to be the composer's own pulse and three times the same with a ‘wrong’ composer's pulse, to see which one subjects actually preferred. There were four groups of subjects: internationally well\\-known pianists, [Juilliard](/wiki/Juilliard \"Juilliard\") graduate students, students at the [Manhattan School of Music](/wiki/Manhattan_School_of_Music \"Manhattan School of Music\"), and college students at the [University of Melbourne](/wiki/University_of_Melbourne \"University of Melbourne\"), altogether some 150 subjects. The results, published in the journal *Cognition*,Clynes, M., Microstructural Musical Linguistics: composer's pulses are liked best by the best musicians, COGNITION, International Journal of Cognitive Science, 1995, vol. 55, pp. 269–310\\. showed that the \"correct\" pulse was preferred in all groups; more pronouncedly so the higher the musical standing of the subjects. (Among the ‘famous pianist subjects’ were friends of Clynes, [Vladimir Ashkenazy](/wiki/Vladimir_Ashkenazy \"Vladimir Ashkenazy\") and [Paul Badura\\-Skoda](/wiki/Paul_Badura-Skoda \"Paul Badura-Skoda\").)", "Clynes returned to the United States in 1991 and settled in [Sonoma, California](/wiki/Sonoma%2C_California \"Sonoma, California\"). Not long after his return he was featured in a large front\\-page article of *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")*, an outgrowth of his invitation to a Canadian meeting on music. This highly favorable article opened many doors. Two vice presidents from [Hewlett Packard](/wiki/Hewlett_Packard \"Hewlett Packard\") flew separately to Clynes' home to learn about his findings. When they arrived, Clynes played versions of the same [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart \"Mozart\") [sonata](/wiki/Sonata \"Sonata\") K 330 by six famous artists, including [Vladimir Horowitz](/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz \"Vladimir Horowitz\"), [Alicia de Larrocha](/wiki/Alicia_de_Larrocha \"Alicia de Larrocha\"), [Claudio Arrau](/wiki/Claudio_Arrau \"Claudio Arrau\"), and [Mitsuko Uchida](/wiki/Mitsuko_Uchida \"Mitsuko Uchida\"), and included the computer performance at a random position among them. The visitors from HP not only could not identify the computer version, but they rated it second best of the seven. ([MIDI](/wiki/MIDI \"MIDI\") versions were considered too musically crude to be included).", "As a result, Clynes received a development contract that would for the first time enable the expressive implementation of real instrumental sounds other than the piano, using a workstation made available to him by HP, a $40,000 computer, which was, at 150 [MHz](/wiki/Hertz \"Hertz\"), barely fast enough to do this. Clynes enlisted his gifted son Darius as software engineer on the HP team to help make it possible. Nine months later, a critical demonstration took place to show that the principles Clynes had discovered would work well with real instruments, not just with [oscillators](/wiki/Oscillator \"Oscillator\"), to enable music played with meaningful phrasing and expression.Riordan, Teresa. [\"Patents\"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7D81731F93BA25757C0A962958260), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, April 18, 1994\\. Retrieved January 2, 2008\\. \"Dr. Clynes, whose algorithms are being developed commercially in cooperation with Hewlett\\-Packard, said his technology would allow a musician to instruct a computer to play a given score with certain phrasings as well as changes in volume, tempo, timbre and rhythm.\" Clynes and the assembled HP researchers first heard the sound of flute, violin, and cello from the HP workstation performing a [Haydn](/wiki/Haydn \"Haydn\") trio expressively in real time over the loudspeakers of the vast halls of the HP Research Building. The inanities of MIDI had been conquered.", "Once Clynes had successfully developed a [real\\-time](/wiki/Real-time_computing \"Real-time computing\") implementation of his principles for musical interpretation via computer, using [UNIX](/wiki/UNIX \"UNIX\"), HP gave Clynes' company, Microsound, Intl, a second development contract to bring this capacity into the burgeoning world of personal computers (PCs), which, in 1994, functioned at 60 [MHz](/wiki/Hertz \"Hertz\"). A French division of HP, then in charge of PC development, supported this enthusiastically. Clynes was fortunate to obtain the help of Steve Sweet, a [programmer](/wiki/Programmer \"Programmer\"), to carry out the conversion. However, soon thereafter, HP transferred the PC work to a new division in the United States whose director favored popular music.", "#### SuperConductor", "Henceforth, with the help of Steve Sweet, Clynes developed the software program, called SuperConductor himself. By 1996 they had a fully working version, incorporating all the new principles, with which they interpreted, first, all the [Brandenburg Concertos](/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos \"Brandenburg Concertos\") of [Bach](/wiki/Bach \"Bach\"), and then all of [Bach](/wiki/Bach \"Bach\")'s solo violin and cello works and the last six quartets of [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven \"Beethoven\"). All these works were recorded on CDs.", "Clynes further expanded SuperConductor's capacity for real life expressive interpretation of music with a fourth principle he called \"Self\\-tuning Expressive Intonation,\" which unfixes the [equal temperament](/wiki/Equal_temperament \"Equal temperament\") tuning and permits the sharpening of the leading tone and other modifications of the sort executed by fine players of stringed instruments and other instruments whose intonation is actively controlled in the playing; now even a piano could exhibit this technique—by means of a laptop computer and synthesizer. Since it is a melodic tuning, depending on intervals, no [transposition](/wiki/Transposition_%28music%29 \"Transposition (music)\") was required. The same interval going up received a different small pitch increment from that interval going down. Moreover, similarly to known use in tones like the leading tone, Clynes found it appropriate to provide quite small, specific increments to all melodic intervals, 24 in all (twelve up and twelve different ones down). A new patent \\[US 6,924,426] was granted in 2006\\. This now made it possible for all computers and synthesizers to benefit from expressive intonation, a non\\-static, dynamic tuning, in which the same note has a slightly different pitch depending on the melodic structure (the demise of [equal temperament](/wiki/Equal_temperament \"Equal temperament\")).", "After a four\\-year absence in [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand \"Thailand\"), Steve Sweet returned to Sonoma and resumed his development work with Clynes, incorporating the new functionality into SuperConductor II. (ref to mp3s on the webpage of SuperConductor)", "With SuperConductor, Clynes performed Beethoven's [Emperor Concerto](/wiki/Emperor_Concerto \"Emperor Concerto\") at [MIT](/wiki/MIT \"MIT\")'s Kresge Auditorium in 1999 to the astonishment and wonder and thunderous applause of over two thousand people.Wright, Sarah H. [\"Pair of Media Lab events showcase toys and inventions\"](http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1999/media-1027.html), [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology \"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\") press release, dated October 27, 1999\\. Retrieved January 2, 2008\\. In 2006, using Self\\-tuning Expressive Intonation, he performed the Schubert [Unfinished Symphony](/wiki/Unfinished_Symphony \"Unfinished Symphony\") and Beethoven's [Eroica](/wiki/Symphony_No._3_%28Beethoven%29 \"Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)\") Symphony at the [University of Vienna](/wiki/University_of_Vienna \"University of Vienna\") in the Kleine Konzertsaal.", "It became Clynes' aim gradually to make music better than had ever been possible before: to empower the computer in an enterprise of historic proportions to incrementally improve, and increase in profundity, the musical interpretations of great works of our music heritage. With computers, this work of increasing musical perfection could span years, decades, and even centuries.", "Clynes has also kept up his own playing of the piano. In 2002, he gave a very substantial concert program (of which a videotape exists){{where?\\|date\\=April 2020}} as a memorial for a prominent resident of Sonoma. The program included including [Liszt](/wiki/Liszt \"Liszt\")’s Sixth Hungarian Rhapsody, [Campanella](/wiki/La_Campanella \"La Campanella\") and [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven \"Beethoven\")’s Waldstein Sonata as well as several major works of [Chopin](/wiki/Chopin \"Chopin\"). In 2007, at the age of 82, Clynes has developed new exercises for piano playing away from the piano, which may permit the improvement of piano technique even for octogenarians. In 2007 he applied for three new patents related to SuperConductor, to enhance computer interpretation of music, through: (1\\) increased mathematical subtlety of note shaping and resulting timbre variations, as earlier, dependent on musical structure, resulting in (2\\) ‘instant rehearseless conducting’, and (3\\) importation of note\\-specific vibrato and shaping from SuperConductor into [MIDI](/wiki/MIDI \"MIDI\") files. \\[patent numbers when available]", "Clynes married in 1951, divorced in 1972 and has three children and eight grandchildren. He died in West Nyack, New York in January 2020, at the age of 94\\.[Manfred Edward Clynes](https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/spring-valley-ny/manfred-clynes-9005153)", "" ]
#### Predictive amplitude shaping in music The following year 1980, at the occasion of the 10th International Congress on [Acoustics](/wiki/Acoustics "Acoustics") in Sydney, Clynes and his staff presented no fewer than four papers. With the aid of his new DEC PDP 23 computer and associated [oscillator](/wiki/Oscillator "Oscillator") gear, he discovered the principle of Predictive Amplitude Shaping (a precise rule for how the shaping of each note is influenced by what note is next and when it will occur) applicable to music in general, a result he presented at an international conference in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm") at their invitation.Clynes, M., Expressive Microstructure in Music, linked to Living Qualities in Studies of Music Performance, J. Sundberg (ed.), Publication of Royal Swedish Academy of Music No. 39, pp, 76–181\. Stockholm. Encouraged by the enthusiastic reception of this work in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm"), Clynes, on his return to Sydney, now made the major leap to discern how a composer's unique pulse is manifest in each note. It had been known (Leopold Mozart, [C.P.E. Bach](/wiki/C.P.E._Bach "C.P.E. Bach")) that in the work of many composers of the "classic" period, a group of, say, four notes, when notated equally, were not meant to be played equally. The leap was in treating the four durations and loudnesses not as separate entities, but as a group, an interconnected organism, a ‘face’ in which each component played a unique role, but all combined together to form a gestalt. To find this gestalt, and how it worked organically in the music, he intuited a specific combined [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude "Amplitude") and timing "warp," so that each such group has a configuration—a [gestalt](/wiki/Gestalt_psychology "Gestalt psychology")—that is characteristic of the particular composer. (Now there was also a link to the motoric pulse, previously identified, which had contained no information about single notes but gave a motoric identity to the output of the brain in conducting music of a particular composer). The identification of composers' pulse, and its use in interpreting classical works via computer, was later extended by Clynes, according to his knowledge and experience with dynamic forms, to comprise several levels of time structure. Shortly after this, in 1983–84 Clynes, with the programming help of N. Nettheim, found a method of allowing computers to design [vibrato](/wiki/Vibrato "Vibrato") suitable for each note, depending on the musical structure, also sometimes anticipating next events. Further, all these principles could be easily generically adjusted for the requirements of each musical piece. Of course, a work's interpretation was not robotically created: the computer needed to get adjustments to correspond to the concept of the interpreter. The computer did not replace the human sensitivity, it empowered it instead. When Clynes' longtime close friend and supporter [Hephzibah Menuhin](/wiki/Hephzibah_Menuhin "Hephzibah Menuhin") had launched his book *Sentics* in 1978 in Australia, small symptoms of her developing throat cancer had made their first appearance. Ms. [Menuhin](/wiki/Menuhin "Menuhin") died in 1981, and Clynes gave a memorial concert for her in the Verbruggen Hall, of the last three [sonatas](/wiki/Sonata "Sonata") of [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven "Beethoven"), Op 109, 110, and 111\. He had learned Beethoven's Opus 110 especially for that occasion, never having performed it before. Intensive practice resulted in his losing an exquisite living place in Vaucluse and his subsequent relocation to an apartment in Point Piper, an adjacent suburb in Sydney. In 1982, Clynes undertook further extensive studies on the nature of the expression of emotions through touch. Subjects were touched on the palm of the hand, from behind a screen, with specific emotional expressions, to discover whether they could identify the emotion. In fact, they could. Clynes and Walker extended this work in a research trip to central Australia, to the Yuendumu Reservation, to test if [Aborigines](/wiki/Australian_aborigines "Australian aborigines") would recognize emotions expressed by touch of white urban dwellers when transformed into sounds that conserved the dynamic shape of the touch. The test was highly positive: the Aborigines did in fact successfully identify the emotions expressed by the touch, of white urban subjects, from which were produced (through a simple transformation, preserving the dynamic shape) the sounds they heard. The American television program *Nova* reenacted this experiment in 1986, effectively linking the expression of emotions through touch to musical expression, using Beethoven's [Eroica](/wiki/Symphony_No._3_%28Beethoven%29 "Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)") Funeral March to exemplify grief, and a Haydn [sonata](/wiki/Sonata "Sonata") for joy. In 1986, Clynes gave his (or anyone's) first classical concert played entirely by computer, according to the three principles he had discovered, to a full house in a free concert at the Joseph Post Hall of the Sydney Conservatory. As a result of the application of those principles, the music, ranging from Bach to Beethoven to Robert Schumann and Felix Mendelssohn was musically expressive and meaningful, even though all sounds, except for the piano, were produced by computer\-controlled [oscillators](/wiki/Oscillators "Oscillators"), and so did not represent familiar instruments—the real time expressive modification of the canonical orchestral sounds remained elusive until 1993\. In 1986, the Fairlight Company, a maker of top\-of\-the\-line synthesizers in the hundred thousand dollar range, immediately opted to license what they called "the best [sequencer](/wiki/Music_sequencer "Music sequencer") in the world." Clynes, at that time, did not even know what a sequencer was. Fairlight started paying [royalties](/wiki/Royalties "Royalties") on the patent; however, not long afterwards, the company went bankrupt, having lost government subsidies through a change of government, before bringing the product to market. Reaching retirement age in Sydney, Clynes left to be professorial associate in the psychology department at [Melbourne University](/wiki/Melbourne_University "Melbourne University") and became Sugden Fellow at Queen's College, which he had attended as an undergraduate. He stayed for three years. During that time he found an [analytic equation](/wiki/Analytic_equation "Analytic equation") for an egg, incorporating [fractals](/wiki/Fractal "Fractal"), which also provided, with some modification of the equation, beautiful shapes of flowers and of vases. He also performed as pianist, in a Sunday series at [Queens College](/wiki/Queens_College "Queens College"), twelve of the Beethoven sonatas, lecturing to the Physics Department on Time, (starting with a poem beginning, "What time is it?") and to the Medical Faculty on the biologic nature of dynamic expressive forms.
[ "#### Predictive amplitude shaping in music", "The following year 1980, at the occasion of the 10th International Congress on [Acoustics](/wiki/Acoustics \"Acoustics\") in Sydney, Clynes and his staff presented no fewer than four papers. With the aid of his new DEC PDP 23 computer and associated [oscillator](/wiki/Oscillator \"Oscillator\") gear, he discovered the principle of Predictive Amplitude Shaping (a precise rule for how the shaping of each note is influenced by what note is next and when it will occur) applicable to music in general, a result he presented at an international conference in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\") at their invitation.Clynes, M., Expressive Microstructure in Music, linked to Living Qualities in Studies of Music Performance, J. Sundberg (ed.), Publication of Royal Swedish Academy of Music No. 39, pp, 76–181\\. Stockholm.", "Encouraged by the enthusiastic reception of this work in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\"), Clynes, on his return to Sydney, now made the major leap to discern how a composer's unique pulse is manifest in each note. It had been known (Leopold Mozart, [C.P.E. Bach](/wiki/C.P.E._Bach \"C.P.E. Bach\")) that in the work of many composers of the \"classic\" period, a group of, say, four notes, when notated equally, were not meant to be played equally. The leap was in treating the four durations and loudnesses not as separate entities, but as a group, an interconnected organism, a ‘face’ in which each component played a unique role, but all combined together to form a gestalt. To find this gestalt, and how it worked organically in the music, he intuited a specific combined [amplitude](/wiki/Amplitude \"Amplitude\") and timing \"warp,\" so that each such group has a configuration—a [gestalt](/wiki/Gestalt_psychology \"Gestalt psychology\")—that is characteristic of the particular composer. (Now there was also a link to the motoric pulse, previously identified, which had contained no information about single notes but gave a motoric identity to the output of the brain in conducting music of a particular composer).", "The identification of composers' pulse, and its use in interpreting classical works via computer, was later extended by Clynes, according to his knowledge and experience with dynamic forms, to comprise several levels of time structure.", "Shortly after this, in 1983–84 Clynes, with the programming help of N. Nettheim, found a method of allowing computers to design [vibrato](/wiki/Vibrato \"Vibrato\") suitable for each note, depending on the musical structure, also sometimes anticipating next events.", "Further, all these principles could be easily generically adjusted for the requirements of each musical piece. Of course, a work's interpretation was not robotically created: the computer needed to get adjustments to correspond to the concept of the interpreter. The computer did not replace the human sensitivity, it empowered it instead.", "When Clynes' longtime close friend and supporter [Hephzibah Menuhin](/wiki/Hephzibah_Menuhin \"Hephzibah Menuhin\") had launched his book *Sentics* in 1978 in Australia, small symptoms of her developing throat cancer had made their first appearance. Ms. [Menuhin](/wiki/Menuhin \"Menuhin\") died in 1981, and Clynes gave a memorial concert for her in the Verbruggen Hall, of the last three [sonatas](/wiki/Sonata \"Sonata\") of [Beethoven](/wiki/Beethoven \"Beethoven\"), Op 109, 110, and 111\\. He had learned Beethoven's Opus 110 especially for that occasion, never having performed it before. Intensive practice resulted in his losing an exquisite living place in Vaucluse and his subsequent relocation to an apartment in Point Piper, an adjacent suburb in Sydney.", "In 1982, Clynes undertook further extensive studies on the nature of the expression of emotions through touch. Subjects were touched on the palm of the hand, from behind a screen, with specific emotional expressions, to discover whether they could identify the emotion. In fact, they could. Clynes and Walker extended this work in a research trip to central Australia, to the Yuendumu Reservation, to test if [Aborigines](/wiki/Australian_aborigines \"Australian aborigines\") would recognize emotions expressed by touch of white urban dwellers when transformed into sounds that conserved the dynamic shape of the touch.", "The test was highly positive: the Aborigines did in fact successfully identify the emotions expressed by the touch, of white urban subjects, from which were produced (through a simple transformation, preserving the dynamic shape) the sounds they heard. The American television program *Nova* reenacted this experiment in 1986, effectively linking the expression of emotions through touch to musical expression, using Beethoven's [Eroica](/wiki/Symphony_No._3_%28Beethoven%29 \"Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)\") Funeral March to exemplify grief, and a Haydn [sonata](/wiki/Sonata \"Sonata\") for joy.", "In 1986, Clynes gave his (or anyone's) first classical concert played entirely by computer, according to the three principles he had discovered, to a full house in a free concert at the Joseph Post Hall of the Sydney Conservatory. As a result of the application of those principles, the music, ranging from Bach to Beethoven to Robert Schumann and Felix Mendelssohn was musically expressive and meaningful, even though all sounds, except for the piano, were produced by computer\\-controlled [oscillators](/wiki/Oscillators \"Oscillators\"), and so did not represent familiar instruments—the real time expressive modification of the canonical orchestral sounds remained elusive until 1993\\.", "In 1986, the Fairlight Company, a maker of top\\-of\\-the\\-line synthesizers in the hundred thousand dollar range, immediately opted to license what they called \"the best [sequencer](/wiki/Music_sequencer \"Music sequencer\") in the world.\" Clynes, at that time, did not even know what a sequencer was. Fairlight started paying [royalties](/wiki/Royalties \"Royalties\") on the patent; however, not long afterwards, the company went bankrupt, having lost government subsidies through a change of government, before bringing the product to market.", "Reaching retirement age in Sydney, Clynes left to be professorial associate in the psychology department at [Melbourne University](/wiki/Melbourne_University \"Melbourne University\") and became Sugden Fellow at Queen's College, which he had attended as an undergraduate.", "He stayed for three years. During that time he found an [analytic equation](/wiki/Analytic_equation \"Analytic equation\") for an egg, incorporating [fractals](/wiki/Fractal \"Fractal\"), which also provided, with some modification of the equation, beautiful shapes of flowers and of vases. He also performed as pianist, in a Sunday series at [Queens College](/wiki/Queens_College \"Queens College\"), twelve of the Beethoven sonatas, lecturing to the Physics Department on Time, (starting with a poem beginning, \"What time is it?\") and to the Medical Faculty on the biologic nature of dynamic expressive forms.", "" ]
Behaviour --------- The parakeet is most often observed foraging, preening, and resting.Ortiz\-Catedral, L. (2009\). "Some observations on the behaviour of the critically endangered orange\-fronted parakeet (*Cyanoramphus malherbi*) on Maud Island, New Zealand". *Notornis* **56**: 165–166 They prefer the upper stratum of forests, but also frequent lower strata more often than *C. auriceps*. ### Diet and feeding The Malherbe's parakeet typically feeds in the canopy of New Zealand beech trees, but will also forage in low vegetation and on the ground. They are typically observed feeding in flocks of mixed species, eating various seeds, beech flowers, buds and invertebrates. During spring, invertebrates become a significant part of their diet, including [leaf roller moth](/wiki/Tortricidae "Tortricidae") and [fungus moth](/wiki/Tineidae "Tineidae") caterpillars, other Lepidoptera, and aphids. They have been observed feeding on herbs and ferns on the ground, including *[Pratia](/wiki/Pratia "Pratia")*, *[Oreomyrrhis colensoi](/wiki/Oreomyrrhis_colensoi "Oreomyrrhis colensoi"), [Parahebe lyallii](/wiki/Parahebe_lyallii "Parahebe lyallii"), [Leptinella maniototo](/wiki/Leptinella_maniototo "Leptinella maniototo")* and *[Blechnum penna\-marina](/wiki/Blechnum_penna-marina "Blechnum penna-marina")*. During mast years, beech seeds become the dominant feature of their diet. The Maud Island population appears to have different dietary preferences to mainland populations, eating more plant species and fewer invertebrates.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Ortiz–Catedral\|first1\=Luis\|last2\=Brunton\|first2\=Dianne H.\|author2\-link\=Dianne Brunton\|year\=2009\|title\=Notes on the diet of the critically endangered orange–fronted parakeet (''Cyanoramphus malherbi'') on Maud Island\|journal\=New Zealand Journal of Zoology\|volume\=36\|issue\=4\|pages\=385–388\|doi\=10\.1080/03014223\.2009\.9651470\|s2cid\=84386036\|issn\=0301\-4223}} ### Breeding Malherbe's parakeets are monogamous and able to nest year round, but peak breeding is between December and April. They primarily nest in natural hollows or cavities of mature beech trees, preferring red beech (*[Fuscospora fusca](/wiki/Fuscospora_fusca "Fuscospora fusca")*). On Maud Island they were found to nest in *[Pinus radiata](/wiki/Pinus_radiata "Pinus radiata")* forests.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Ortiz\-Catedral\|first1\=L.\|last2\=Kearvell\|first2\=J.C.\|last3\=Hauber\|first3\=M.E.\|last4\=Brunton\|first4\=D.H.\|year\=2010\|title\=Breeding biology of the critically endangered Malherbe's parakeet on Maud Island, New Zealand, following the release of captive\-bred individuals\|journal\=Australian Journal of Zoology\|volume\=57\|issue\=6\|pages\=433–439\|doi\=10\.1071/zo09098}} Clutch size is around 7 eggs with an incubation period of 21–26 days. The female exclusively incubates and the male feeds her. Nestlings fledge between 43 and 71 days, but remain dependent for 2–4 weeks. Their breeding is also linked to the production of beech seed during mast years. During seeding events, and other periods where food is plentiful, they are able to produce secondary clutches, with some pairs reportedly breeding up to four times in succession.
[ "Behaviour\n---------", "The parakeet is most often observed foraging, preening, and resting.Ortiz\\-Catedral, L. (2009\\). \"Some observations on the behaviour of the critically endangered orange\\-fronted parakeet (*Cyanoramphus malherbi*) on Maud Island, New Zealand\". *Notornis* **56**: 165–166 They prefer the upper stratum of forests, but also frequent lower strata more often than *C. auriceps*.", "### Diet and feeding", "The Malherbe's parakeet typically feeds in the canopy of New Zealand beech trees, but will also forage in low vegetation and on the ground. They are typically observed feeding in flocks of mixed species, eating various seeds, beech flowers, buds and invertebrates.", "During spring, invertebrates become a significant part of their diet, including [leaf roller moth](/wiki/Tortricidae \"Tortricidae\") and [fungus moth](/wiki/Tineidae \"Tineidae\") caterpillars, other Lepidoptera, and aphids. They have been observed feeding on herbs and ferns on the ground, including *[Pratia](/wiki/Pratia \"Pratia\")*, *[Oreomyrrhis colensoi](/wiki/Oreomyrrhis_colensoi \"Oreomyrrhis colensoi\"), [Parahebe lyallii](/wiki/Parahebe_lyallii \"Parahebe lyallii\"), [Leptinella maniototo](/wiki/Leptinella_maniototo \"Leptinella maniototo\")* and *[Blechnum penna\\-marina](/wiki/Blechnum_penna-marina \"Blechnum penna-marina\")*. During mast years, beech seeds become the dominant feature of their diet.", "The Maud Island population appears to have different dietary preferences to mainland populations, eating more plant species and fewer invertebrates.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Ortiz–Catedral\\|first1\\=Luis\\|last2\\=Brunton\\|first2\\=Dianne H.\\|author2\\-link\\=Dianne Brunton\\|year\\=2009\\|title\\=Notes on the diet of the critically endangered orange–fronted parakeet (''Cyanoramphus malherbi'') on Maud Island\\|journal\\=New Zealand Journal of Zoology\\|volume\\=36\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=385–388\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/03014223\\.2009\\.9651470\\|s2cid\\=84386036\\|issn\\=0301\\-4223}}", "### Breeding", "Malherbe's parakeets are monogamous and able to nest year round, but peak breeding is between December and April. They primarily nest in natural hollows or cavities of mature beech trees, preferring red beech (*[Fuscospora fusca](/wiki/Fuscospora_fusca \"Fuscospora fusca\")*). On Maud Island they were found to nest in *[Pinus radiata](/wiki/Pinus_radiata \"Pinus radiata\")* forests.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Ortiz\\-Catedral\\|first1\\=L.\\|last2\\=Kearvell\\|first2\\=J.C.\\|last3\\=Hauber\\|first3\\=M.E.\\|last4\\=Brunton\\|first4\\=D.H.\\|year\\=2010\\|title\\=Breeding biology of the critically endangered Malherbe's parakeet on Maud Island, New Zealand, following the release of captive\\-bred individuals\\|journal\\=Australian Journal of Zoology\\|volume\\=57\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=433–439\\|doi\\=10\\.1071/zo09098}}", "Clutch size is around 7 eggs with an incubation period of 21–26 days. The female exclusively incubates and the male feeds her. Nestlings fledge between 43 and 71 days, but remain dependent for 2–4 weeks.", "Their breeding is also linked to the production of beech seed during mast years. During seeding events, and other periods where food is plentiful, they are able to produce secondary clutches, with some pairs reportedly breeding up to four times in succession.", "" ]
Status ------ The Malherbe's parakeet was classified as Nationally Endangered by the [New Zealand Department of Conservation](/wiki/Department_of_Conservation_%28New_Zealand%29 "Department of Conservation (New Zealand)") in 2012Robertson, H; Dowding, J; Elliott, G; Hitchmough, R; Miskelly, C; O'Donnell, C; Powlesland, R; Sagar, P; Scofield, R; Taylor, G. (2013\). *Conservation status of New Zealand birds, 2012\.* NZ Threat Classification Series 4\. Department of Conservation and Critically Endangered by the [IUCN](/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature "International Union for Conservation of Nature"). In the 19th century the species was widespread, occurring throughout New Zealand's South Island. The birds were semi\-nomadic, dispersing in search of food when numbers were high. This behaviour has stopped due to low numbers and habitat modification, which also has implications for re\-establishment of the species. Prior to 2000, the parrot's population numbered in the hundreds in the South Island, but fell from 500–700 individuals to an estimated 100–200 by 2004, due to significant increases in rat and stoat populations, in particular a rat plague during 2001\.Elliot, G.P.; Suggate, R. 2007\. *Operation Ark: three year progress report*. Christchurch, Department of Conservation The Hawdon River valley houses the largest population, with 70–200 individuals reported in 2013, but numbers are apparently decreasing. The Poulter valley population also declined in 2013, with approximately 40–80 individuals now occurring in this region. The South Branch Hurunui River valley population is even smaller, as few as 20–40 birds. The world population of this species was estimated to be 290–690 individuals in 2013, with translocated island populations making up 160–420 of these birds. Determining exact numbers of the parakeet is difficult, however, due to their rarity, quiet nature, and similarities to *C. auriceps*. ### Threats The original decline in population was most likely due to [habitat destruction](/wiki/Habitat_destruction "Habitat destruction") and fragmentation by human activity, hunting,Innes, J; Kelly, D; Overton, J; Gilles, C. (2010\). "Predation and other factors currently limiting New Zealand forest birds" *New Zealand Journal of Ecology* **34**: 86–114 and predation from exotic species.{{Cite journal\|last\=O'Donnell\|first\=Colin F. J.\|date\=1 January 1996\|title\=Predators and the decline of New Zealand forest birds: An introduction to the hole‐nesting bird and predator programme\|journal\=New Zealand Journal of Zoology\|volume\=23\|issue\=3\|pages\=213–219\|doi\=10\.1080/03014223\.1996\.9518080\|issn\=0301\-4223\|doi\-access\=free}} Hunting has ceased and their habitat is protected, but [habitat fragmentation](/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation "Habitat fragmentation") may also continue to threaten the Malherbe's parakeet. Malherbe's parakeets evolved in isolation from land mammals, so are especially vulnerable to introduced predators. Their current decline is due to predation from stoats ([*Mustela ermine*](/wiki/Mustela_erminea "Mustela erminea")), rats (*[Rattus](/wiki/Rattus "Rattus")* spp.), and brushtail possums (*[Trichosurus vulpecula](/wiki/Common_brushtail_possum_in_New_Zealand "Common brushtail possum in New Zealand"))* which target eggs and nestlings. One population was reduced by 85% in 2001 due to predator irruption after a beech mast (a season of high production by [southern beech](/wiki/Nothofagus "Nothofagus")). Deer and possums also contribute to the decline of Malherbe's parakeets through forest destruction. Competition for food may also be a factor. Introduced birds, mice, wasps, and rats are considerably reducing invertebrate numbers, which the parakeet relies on during winter and spring. The parakeet is however a food generalist and may compensate with other food sources, as observed on Maud Island. This dietary flexibility is promising for species recovery. [Inbreeding depression](/wiki/Inbreeding_depression "Inbreeding depression") and low genetic diversity may affect the viability of these small populations by reducing their capacity to adapt to threats and diseases.Jamieson, I. (2015\) "Significance of population genetics for managing small natural and reintroduced populations in New Zealand". *New Zealand Journal of Ecology* **39** (1\): 1–18 The specialised nesting habitat of the orange\-fronted parakeet increases its vulnerability to extinction. The reasons for this include: (1\) a single nest opening means that incubating females may be unable to escape from invading predators and will also be killed, (2\) because only females incubate, predation may cause a biased sex ratio, (3\) their relatively long nesting period (when compared to other passerines) increases their vulnerability to predation, and (4\) the chicks tend to be noisy and therefore more attractive to predators. Furthermore, in beech [silviculture](/wiki/Silviculture "Silviculture") the trees are not given enough time to develop adequate hollows before they are harvested, thereby reducing the number of suitable nesting sites in managed beech forests. Introduced [starlings](/wiki/Common_starling "Common starling") may also be outcompeting the parrot for nesting sites.Kearvell, J (2013\). "Interspecific competition for nest sites between common starlings (*Sturnus vulgaris*) and orange\-fronted parakeets (*Cyanoramphus malherbi*) in the Poulter Valley". *Notornis* **60**: 188–190 ### Conservation Malherbe's parakeet is absolutely protected under New Zealand's [Wildlife Act 1953](/wiki/Wildlife_Act_1953 "Wildlife Act 1953").{{cite web \|title\=Wildlife Act 1953 \|url\=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1953/0031/latest/whole.html \|website\=New Zealand Legislation \|publisher\=Parliamentary Counsel Office \|access\-date\=18 January 2022}} The species is also listed under Appendix II of the [Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)](/wiki/CITES "CITES") meaning international export/import (including parts and derivatives) is regulated.{{Cite web\|title\=Appendices {{!}} CITES\|url\=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-14\|website\=cites.org}} Predator management is the main strategy to reverse this species' decline. All three mainland populations come under the "Operation Ark" initiative, which controls stoat, possum and rat populations through integrated pest management, with particular focus on reducing the effect of predator plagues. These pest management strategies have worked with other New Zealand bird species to reduce predation by introduced mammals.O'Donnell, C; Hoare, J. (2012\). "Quantifying the benefits of long\-term integrated pest control for forest bird populations in a New Zealand temperate rainforest". *New Zealand Journal of Ecology* **36** (2\) Individual nest sites are also protected from predators using metal tree\-trunk wraps; this has been a successful programme and only one nest out of 153 has been lost to predators since 2003\. The other major conservation strategy is captive breeding programmes carried out at Peacock Springs by the Isaac Wildlife Trust, with individuals being released on predator\-free islands. Birds are placed in portable aviaries in the forest to acclimatise them before release.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/afternoons/audio/201834525/critter\-of\-the\-week\-the\-karaka\-kakariki\|title\=Critter of the Week: Karaka Kakariki\|last1\=Toki\|first1\=Nicola\|last2\=Mulligan\|first2\=Jesse\|date\=24 February 2017\|website\=RNZ\|access\-date\=24 February 2017}} A total of 45 birds were released between 2005 and 2007 on [Chalky Island](/wiki/Chalky_Island_%28New_Zealand%29 "Chalky Island (New Zealand)"), off the coast of [Fiordland](/wiki/Fiordland "Fiordland"). The local population had increased to 150 individuals in 2009, and 100–200 by 2011, but had declined to 50–150 individuals in 2013\. Sixty\-eight individuals were released on [Maud Island](/wiki/Maud_Island "Maud Island") in the [Marlborough Sounds](/wiki/Marlborough_Sounds "Marlborough Sounds") between 2007 and 2009, but 2013 the island's population consisted of only 10–20 birds. Malherbe's parakeets have also been translocated to [Mayor Island / Tuhua](/wiki/Mayor_Island_/_Tuhua "Mayor Island / Tuhua") in the [Bay of Plenty](/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty "Bay of Plenty") and [Blumine Island](/wiki/Blumine_Island "Blumine Island") in the Marlborough Sounds; estimated population in 2013 were 50–150 and 50–100 birds respectively. These two populations, however, are not as well studied as those on Chalky Island and Maud Island. A population of Malherbe's parakeets has been established at the [Brook Waimārama Sanctuary](https://www.brooksanctuary.org.nz) near Nelson through seven translocations (to March 2023\) totalling 125 birds from several of the other populations.[ENews](https://www.brooksanctuary.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/March-2023.pdf) from Brook Sanctuary, March 2023: 2\.
[ "Status\n------", "The Malherbe's parakeet was classified as Nationally Endangered by the [New Zealand Department of Conservation](/wiki/Department_of_Conservation_%28New_Zealand%29 \"Department of Conservation (New Zealand)\") in 2012Robertson, H; Dowding, J; Elliott, G; Hitchmough, R; Miskelly, C; O'Donnell, C; Powlesland, R; Sagar, P; Scofield, R; Taylor, G. (2013\\). *Conservation status of New Zealand birds, 2012\\.* NZ Threat Classification Series 4\\. Department of Conservation and Critically Endangered by the [IUCN](/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature \"International Union for Conservation of Nature\").", "In the 19th century the species was widespread, occurring throughout New Zealand's South Island. The birds were semi\\-nomadic, dispersing in search of food when numbers were high. This behaviour has stopped due to low numbers and habitat modification, which also has implications for re\\-establishment of the species.", "Prior to 2000, the parrot's population numbered in the hundreds in the South Island, but fell from 500–700 individuals to an estimated 100–200 by 2004, due to significant increases in rat and stoat populations, in particular a rat plague during 2001\\.Elliot, G.P.; Suggate, R. 2007\\. *Operation Ark: three year progress report*. Christchurch, Department of Conservation", "The Hawdon River valley houses the largest population, with 70–200 individuals reported in 2013, but numbers are apparently decreasing. The Poulter valley population also declined in 2013, with approximately 40–80 individuals now occurring in this region. The South Branch Hurunui River valley population is even smaller, as few as 20–40 birds.", "The world population of this species was estimated to be 290–690 individuals in 2013, with translocated island populations making up 160–420 of these birds. Determining exact numbers of the parakeet is difficult, however, due to their rarity, quiet nature, and similarities to *C. auriceps*.", "### Threats", "The original decline in population was most likely due to [habitat destruction](/wiki/Habitat_destruction \"Habitat destruction\") and fragmentation by human activity, hunting,Innes, J; Kelly, D; Overton, J; Gilles, C. (2010\\). \"Predation and other factors currently limiting New Zealand forest birds\" *New Zealand Journal of Ecology* **34**: 86–114 and predation from exotic species.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=O'Donnell\\|first\\=Colin F. J.\\|date\\=1 January 1996\\|title\\=Predators and the decline of New Zealand forest birds: An introduction to the hole‐nesting bird and predator programme\\|journal\\=New Zealand Journal of Zoology\\|volume\\=23\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=213–219\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/03014223\\.1996\\.9518080\\|issn\\=0301\\-4223\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} Hunting has ceased and their habitat is protected, but [habitat fragmentation](/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation \"Habitat fragmentation\") may also continue to threaten the Malherbe's parakeet.", "Malherbe's parakeets evolved in isolation from land mammals, so are especially vulnerable to introduced predators. Their current decline is due to predation from stoats ([*Mustela ermine*](/wiki/Mustela_erminea \"Mustela erminea\")), rats (*[Rattus](/wiki/Rattus \"Rattus\")* spp.), and brushtail possums (*[Trichosurus vulpecula](/wiki/Common_brushtail_possum_in_New_Zealand \"Common brushtail possum in New Zealand\"))* which target eggs and nestlings. One population was reduced by 85% in 2001 due to predator irruption after a beech mast (a season of high production by [southern beech](/wiki/Nothofagus \"Nothofagus\")). Deer and possums also contribute to the decline of Malherbe's parakeets through forest destruction.", "Competition for food may also be a factor. Introduced birds, mice, wasps, and rats are considerably reducing invertebrate numbers, which the parakeet relies on during winter and spring. The parakeet is however a food generalist and may compensate with other food sources, as observed on Maud Island. This dietary flexibility is promising for species recovery.", "[Inbreeding depression](/wiki/Inbreeding_depression \"Inbreeding depression\") and low genetic diversity may affect the viability of these small populations by reducing their capacity to adapt to threats and diseases.Jamieson, I. (2015\\) \"Significance of population genetics for managing small natural and reintroduced populations in New Zealand\". *New Zealand Journal of Ecology* **39** (1\\): 1–18", "The specialised nesting habitat of the orange\\-fronted parakeet increases its vulnerability to extinction. The reasons for this include: (1\\) a single nest opening means that incubating females may be unable to escape from invading predators and will also be killed, (2\\) because only females incubate, predation may cause a biased sex ratio, (3\\) their relatively long nesting period (when compared to other passerines) increases their vulnerability to predation, and (4\\) the chicks tend to be noisy and therefore more attractive to predators. Furthermore, in beech [silviculture](/wiki/Silviculture \"Silviculture\") the trees are not given enough time to develop adequate hollows before they are harvested, thereby reducing the number of suitable nesting sites in managed beech forests. Introduced [starlings](/wiki/Common_starling \"Common starling\") may also be outcompeting the parrot for nesting sites.Kearvell, J (2013\\). \"Interspecific competition for nest sites between common starlings (*Sturnus vulgaris*) and orange\\-fronted parakeets (*Cyanoramphus malherbi*) in the Poulter Valley\". *Notornis* **60**: 188–190", "### Conservation", "Malherbe's parakeet is absolutely protected under New Zealand's [Wildlife Act 1953](/wiki/Wildlife_Act_1953 \"Wildlife Act 1953\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Wildlife Act 1953 \\|url\\=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1953/0031/latest/whole.html \\|website\\=New Zealand Legislation \\|publisher\\=Parliamentary Counsel Office \\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2022}} The species is also listed under Appendix II of the [Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)](/wiki/CITES \"CITES\") meaning international export/import (including parts and derivatives) is regulated.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Appendices {{!}} CITES\\|url\\=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-14\\|website\\=cites.org}}", "Predator management is the main strategy to reverse this species' decline. All three mainland populations come under the \"Operation Ark\" initiative, which controls stoat, possum and rat populations through integrated pest management, with particular focus on reducing the effect of predator plagues. These pest management strategies have worked with other New Zealand bird species to reduce predation by introduced mammals.O'Donnell, C; Hoare, J. (2012\\). \"Quantifying the benefits of long\\-term integrated pest control for forest bird populations in a New Zealand temperate rainforest\". *New Zealand Journal of Ecology* **36** (2\\)", "Individual nest sites are also protected from predators using metal tree\\-trunk wraps; this has been a successful programme and only one nest out of 153 has been lost to predators since 2003\\.", "The other major conservation strategy is captive breeding programmes carried out at Peacock Springs by the Isaac Wildlife Trust, with individuals being released on predator\\-free islands. Birds are placed in portable aviaries in the forest to acclimatise them before release.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/afternoons/audio/201834525/critter\\-of\\-the\\-week\\-the\\-karaka\\-kakariki\\|title\\=Critter of the Week: Karaka Kakariki\\|last1\\=Toki\\|first1\\=Nicola\\|last2\\=Mulligan\\|first2\\=Jesse\\|date\\=24 February 2017\\|website\\=RNZ\\|access\\-date\\=24 February 2017}}", "A total of 45 birds were released between 2005 and 2007 on [Chalky Island](/wiki/Chalky_Island_%28New_Zealand%29 \"Chalky Island (New Zealand)\"), off the coast of [Fiordland](/wiki/Fiordland \"Fiordland\"). The local population had increased to 150 individuals in 2009, and 100–200 by 2011, but had declined to 50–150 individuals in 2013\\.", "Sixty\\-eight individuals were released on [Maud Island](/wiki/Maud_Island \"Maud Island\") in the [Marlborough Sounds](/wiki/Marlborough_Sounds \"Marlborough Sounds\") between 2007 and 2009, but 2013 the island's population consisted of only 10–20 birds.", "Malherbe's parakeets have also been translocated to [Mayor Island / Tuhua](/wiki/Mayor_Island_/_Tuhua \"Mayor Island / Tuhua\") in the [Bay of Plenty](/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty \"Bay of Plenty\") and [Blumine Island](/wiki/Blumine_Island \"Blumine Island\") in the Marlborough Sounds; estimated population in 2013 were 50–150 and 50–100 birds respectively. These two populations, however, are not as well studied as those on Chalky Island and Maud Island.", "A population of Malherbe's parakeets has been established at the [Brook Waimārama Sanctuary](https://www.brooksanctuary.org.nz) near Nelson through seven translocations (to March 2023\\) totalling 125 birds from several of the other populations.[ENews](https://www.brooksanctuary.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/March-2023.pdf) from Brook Sanctuary, March 2023: 2\\.", "" ]
### Conservation Malherbe's parakeet is absolutely protected under New Zealand's [Wildlife Act 1953](/wiki/Wildlife_Act_1953 "Wildlife Act 1953").{{cite web \|title\=Wildlife Act 1953 \|url\=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1953/0031/latest/whole.html \|website\=New Zealand Legislation \|publisher\=Parliamentary Counsel Office \|access\-date\=18 January 2022}} The species is also listed under Appendix II of the [Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)](/wiki/CITES "CITES") meaning international export/import (including parts and derivatives) is regulated.{{Cite web\|title\=Appendices {{!}} CITES\|url\=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-14\|website\=cites.org}} Predator management is the main strategy to reverse this species' decline. All three mainland populations come under the "Operation Ark" initiative, which controls stoat, possum and rat populations through integrated pest management, with particular focus on reducing the effect of predator plagues. These pest management strategies have worked with other New Zealand bird species to reduce predation by introduced mammals.O'Donnell, C; Hoare, J. (2012\). "Quantifying the benefits of long\-term integrated pest control for forest bird populations in a New Zealand temperate rainforest". *New Zealand Journal of Ecology* **36** (2\) Individual nest sites are also protected from predators using metal tree\-trunk wraps; this has been a successful programme and only one nest out of 153 has been lost to predators since 2003\. The other major conservation strategy is captive breeding programmes carried out at Peacock Springs by the Isaac Wildlife Trust, with individuals being released on predator\-free islands. Birds are placed in portable aviaries in the forest to acclimatise them before release.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/afternoons/audio/201834525/critter\-of\-the\-week\-the\-karaka\-kakariki\|title\=Critter of the Week: Karaka Kakariki\|last1\=Toki\|first1\=Nicola\|last2\=Mulligan\|first2\=Jesse\|date\=24 February 2017\|website\=RNZ\|access\-date\=24 February 2017}} A total of 45 birds were released between 2005 and 2007 on [Chalky Island](/wiki/Chalky_Island_%28New_Zealand%29 "Chalky Island (New Zealand)"), off the coast of [Fiordland](/wiki/Fiordland "Fiordland"). The local population had increased to 150 individuals in 2009, and 100–200 by 2011, but had declined to 50–150 individuals in 2013\. Sixty\-eight individuals were released on [Maud Island](/wiki/Maud_Island "Maud Island") in the [Marlborough Sounds](/wiki/Marlborough_Sounds "Marlborough Sounds") between 2007 and 2009, but 2013 the island's population consisted of only 10–20 birds. Malherbe's parakeets have also been translocated to [Mayor Island / Tuhua](/wiki/Mayor_Island_/_Tuhua "Mayor Island / Tuhua") in the [Bay of Plenty](/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty "Bay of Plenty") and [Blumine Island](/wiki/Blumine_Island "Blumine Island") in the Marlborough Sounds; estimated population in 2013 were 50–150 and 50–100 birds respectively. These two populations, however, are not as well studied as those on Chalky Island and Maud Island. A population of Malherbe's parakeets has been established at the [Brook Waimārama Sanctuary](https://www.brooksanctuary.org.nz) near Nelson through seven translocations (to March 2023\) totalling 125 birds from several of the other populations.[ENews](https://www.brooksanctuary.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/March-2023.pdf) from Brook Sanctuary, March 2023: 2\.
[ "### Conservation", "Malherbe's parakeet is absolutely protected under New Zealand's [Wildlife Act 1953](/wiki/Wildlife_Act_1953 \"Wildlife Act 1953\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Wildlife Act 1953 \\|url\\=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1953/0031/latest/whole.html \\|website\\=New Zealand Legislation \\|publisher\\=Parliamentary Counsel Office \\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2022}} The species is also listed under Appendix II of the [Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)](/wiki/CITES \"CITES\") meaning international export/import (including parts and derivatives) is regulated.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Appendices {{!}} CITES\\|url\\=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-14\\|website\\=cites.org}}", "Predator management is the main strategy to reverse this species' decline. All three mainland populations come under the \"Operation Ark\" initiative, which controls stoat, possum and rat populations through integrated pest management, with particular focus on reducing the effect of predator plagues. These pest management strategies have worked with other New Zealand bird species to reduce predation by introduced mammals.O'Donnell, C; Hoare, J. (2012\\). \"Quantifying the benefits of long\\-term integrated pest control for forest bird populations in a New Zealand temperate rainforest\". *New Zealand Journal of Ecology* **36** (2\\)", "Individual nest sites are also protected from predators using metal tree\\-trunk wraps; this has been a successful programme and only one nest out of 153 has been lost to predators since 2003\\.", "The other major conservation strategy is captive breeding programmes carried out at Peacock Springs by the Isaac Wildlife Trust, with individuals being released on predator\\-free islands. Birds are placed in portable aviaries in the forest to acclimatise them before release.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/afternoons/audio/201834525/critter\\-of\\-the\\-week\\-the\\-karaka\\-kakariki\\|title\\=Critter of the Week: Karaka Kakariki\\|last1\\=Toki\\|first1\\=Nicola\\|last2\\=Mulligan\\|first2\\=Jesse\\|date\\=24 February 2017\\|website\\=RNZ\\|access\\-date\\=24 February 2017}}", "A total of 45 birds were released between 2005 and 2007 on [Chalky Island](/wiki/Chalky_Island_%28New_Zealand%29 \"Chalky Island (New Zealand)\"), off the coast of [Fiordland](/wiki/Fiordland \"Fiordland\"). The local population had increased to 150 individuals in 2009, and 100–200 by 2011, but had declined to 50–150 individuals in 2013\\.", "Sixty\\-eight individuals were released on [Maud Island](/wiki/Maud_Island \"Maud Island\") in the [Marlborough Sounds](/wiki/Marlborough_Sounds \"Marlborough Sounds\") between 2007 and 2009, but 2013 the island's population consisted of only 10–20 birds.", "Malherbe's parakeets have also been translocated to [Mayor Island / Tuhua](/wiki/Mayor_Island_/_Tuhua \"Mayor Island / Tuhua\") in the [Bay of Plenty](/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty \"Bay of Plenty\") and [Blumine Island](/wiki/Blumine_Island \"Blumine Island\") in the Marlborough Sounds; estimated population in 2013 were 50–150 and 50–100 birds respectively. These two populations, however, are not as well studied as those on Chalky Island and Maud Island.", "A population of Malherbe's parakeets has been established at the [Brook Waimārama Sanctuary](https://www.brooksanctuary.org.nz) near Nelson through seven translocations (to March 2023\\) totalling 125 birds from several of the other populations.[ENews](https://www.brooksanctuary.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/March-2023.pdf) from Brook Sanctuary, March 2023: 2\\.", "" ]
History ------- ### Earliest inhabitants Corotoman was first inhabited by the Cuttatwomen [Native American](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas "Indigenous peoples of the Americas") [tribe](/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Virginia "Native American tribes in Virginia") several hundred years before the arrival of [English colonists](/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States "Colonial history of the United States") to Lancaster County, Virginia. ### John Carter I John Carter I, the patriarch of the Carter family of Virginia, purchased and settled Corotoman between 1652 and 1653\. Carter developed and improved the lands into a plantation and constructed the first structures on the property before his death in 1669\. Carter's mansion, known as the "Old House", was built in the traditional 17th century hall\-parlor plan with a porch chamber.{{cite book \|title\=Architecture and town planning in colonial North America, Volume 2 \|last\=Kornwolf \|first\=James D. \|author2\=Georgiana Wallis Kornwolf \|year\=2002 \|publisher\=\[\[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \|isbn\=0\-8018\-5986\-7 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=DA9\_v6Ma1a8C \|url\-status\=live \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218020228/https://books.google.com/books?id\=DA9\_v6Ma1a8C \|archivedate\=2017\-12\-18 }} ### John Carter II When his father died in 1670, John Carter Jr. inherited Coromotan, the family's main plantation, as the first son. John Carter Jr. died in 1690, possibly of malaria contracted three years earlier. John Carter Jr.'s will also provided that his brother Robert Carter would receive the mill and other real estate if John's daughter Elizabeth did not have children—and in fact she died of measles in November 1693, shortly after her marriage to the son of Richmond County burgess (and Col.) William Lloyd, and that estate became subject to litigation. ### Robert Carter I [thumb\|Portrait of Robert "King" Carter](/wiki/File:Robert_Carter_I.JPG "Robert Carter I.JPG") Corotoman was then inherited by John Carter Jr.'s brother [Robert Carter I](/wiki/Robert_Carter_I "Robert Carter I") (whose wealth and autocratic business methods led to his becoming known by the nickname "King") in 1690\. Under Robert Carter I's ownership, Corotoman became the center of what developed into a {{convert\|300000\|acre\|km2\|adj\=on}} estate of 48 plantations and farms including places such as Indian Town and Hills Quarters. #### Construction Robert Carter began construction of the large [Georgian](/wiki/Georgian_architecture "Georgian architecture") [mansion](/wiki/Plantation_house_in_the_Southern_United_States "Plantation house in the Southern United States") at Corotoman around 1720\. The mansion was completed in 1725, and introduced a new era for early 18th\-century architecture in Virginia. Corotoman also set the pattern for 18th\-century architectural patronage. The mansion at Corotoman rivaled the other important Colonial mansions of Virginia, and affirmed Robert Carter I's status as the most powerful [planter](/wiki/Planter_%28American_South%29 "Planter (American South)") in the aristocracy of the [Tidewater](/wiki/Tidewater_%28geographic_term%29 "Tidewater (geographic term)") region. Carter's correspondences and diary revealed that the construction of the mansion at Corotoman was a lengthy, complex, and frustrating endeavor. Construction materials for the mansion included paving stones from [England](/wiki/England "England"), [lumber](/wiki/Lumber "Lumber") from his plantation [saw mills](/wiki/Saw_mill "Saw mill") and from neighboring plantations, and [oyster](/wiki/Oyster "Oyster") shells for [mortar](/wiki/Mortar_%28masonry%29 "Mortar (masonry)"). For some of the mansion's windows, Carter used [iron](/wiki/Iron "Iron") [casement](/wiki/Casement_window "Casement window") frames for quarrel glass. To undertake the mansion's construction, Carter imported skilled [indentured servants](/wiki/Indentured_servant "Indentured servant") from England and hired local craftsmen. #### Gardens Carter employed an English gardener, whom he instructed "to bring the yards around the mansion into closer accord with the architectural rhythms of the mansion. Little is currently known of the garden's contents and design. #### Brick House Store At Corotoman, Carter maintained a building known as the "Brick House Store" where he kept imported goods that he sold and bartered to local planters.{{cite book \|title\=Back of the big house: the architecture of plantation slavery \|last\=Vlach \|first\=John Michael \|year\=1993 \|publisher\=\[\[University of North Carolina Press]] \|isbn\=0\-8078\-4412\-8 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=CSayiG018z8C \|url\-status\=live \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218020228/https://books.google.com/books?id\=CSayiG018z8C \|archivedate\=2017\-12\-18 }} In 1730, an inventory of items at the Brick House Store included essential supplies such as [cloths](/wiki/Textile "Textile"), tools, and [gunpowder](/wiki/Gunpowder "Gunpowder") and luxury items such as spices, ivory combs, and brass candlesticks. #### Spinster's House [thumb\|right\|250px\|The "Spinster's House" at Corotoman in the early 20th century.](/wiki/File:Spinsters_house_corotoman_habs_3.png "Spinsters house corotoman habs 3.png") Another supporting structure at Corotoman was known as the "Spinster's House."{{cite web \| url\=http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/va/va0600/va0698/data/va0698\.pdf \| title\=Spinster's House \| accessdate\=2009\-09\-06 \| publisher\=The Library of Congress \| author\=Eugene Bradbury, \[\[Historic American Buildings Survey]] \| url\-status\=dead \| archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605003735/http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/va/va0600/va0698/data/va0698\.pdf \| archivedate\=2011\-06\-05 }} The house was constructed in either the late 17th century or the early 18th century. The "Spinster's House" was a one\-story and a half [frame house](/wiki/Framing_%28construction%29 "Framing (construction)") adorned with a [gabled](/wiki/Gable "Gable") roof with large end chimneys. It lay in ruins for years before finally disappearing around 1930\. Before its disappearance, the "Spinster's House" was the last remaining supporting structure of the original Corotoman plantation. #### Destruction In 1729, four years after "King" Carter's mansion was completed, a fire destroyed it. Carter made little mention of the mansion fire in his diary, but did lament the total destruction of his [wine cellar](/wiki/Wine_cellar "Wine cellar").{{cite book\|title\=Architecture, men, women and money in America, 1600\-1860\|last\=Kennedy\|first\=Roger G.\|year\=1985\|publisher\=\[\[Random House]]\|isbn\=9780394535791 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/architecturemenw0000kenn\|url\-access\=registration}} Carter died three years later and the mansion was not rebuilt. An inventory taken in 1732 after Carter's death implies that after the fire, Carter resided in either the "Old House" or the "Spinster's House" at Corotoman rather than rebuild it because of fiscal difficulties or ill health. In the mid\-19th century, Corotoman and its adjacent lands passed out of the Carter family when they were sold by a granddaughter of Charles Carter. #### Escape of Enslaved Persons During the War of 1812 69 Corotoman slaves fled to British ships anchored in the Chesapeake Bay during the War of 1812\. The flight occurred on two days in April of 1814\. On the 18th, three young enslaved men from Corotoman – Tom Saunders, Ezekiel Loney, and Canada Baton – left with a party of British marines who had come ashore on a nearby estate to carry off provisions. Three days later the British returned at midnight directly to Corotoman, quite certainly led there by the three young men. They left with 66 more slaves, mainly women and children. This was the largest group of slaves to flee to the British from any Virginia estate during the War. [https://christchurch1735\.knack.com/corotomanslaves\#home2/](https://christchurch1735.knack.com/corotomanslaves#home2/) ### Successive ownership A mansion was rebuilt at Corotoman by successive owners, but was destroyed by fire around 1900\. In Spring 2000, the [Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities](/wiki/Association_for_the_Preservation_of_Virginia_Antiquities "Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities") acquired the site of Corotoman.
[ "History\n-------", "### Earliest inhabitants", "Corotoman was first inhabited by the Cuttatwomen [Native American](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas \"Indigenous peoples of the Americas\") [tribe](/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Virginia \"Native American tribes in Virginia\") several hundred years before the arrival of [English colonists](/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States \"Colonial history of the United States\") to Lancaster County, Virginia.", "### John Carter I", "John Carter I, the patriarch of the Carter family of Virginia, purchased and settled Corotoman between 1652 and 1653\\. Carter developed and improved the lands into a plantation and constructed the first structures on the property before his death in 1669\\. Carter's mansion, known as the \"Old House\", was built in the traditional 17th century hall\\-parlor plan with a porch chamber.{{cite book \\|title\\=Architecture and town planning in colonial North America, Volume 2 \\|last\\=Kornwolf \\|first\\=James D. \\|author2\\=Georgiana Wallis Kornwolf \\|year\\=2002 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \\|isbn\\=0\\-8018\\-5986\\-7 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DA9\\_v6Ma1a8C \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218020228/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DA9\\_v6Ma1a8C \\|archivedate\\=2017\\-12\\-18 }}", "### John Carter II", "When his father died in 1670, John Carter Jr. inherited Coromotan, the family's main plantation, as the first son. John Carter Jr. died in 1690, possibly of malaria contracted three years earlier. John Carter Jr.'s will also provided that his brother Robert Carter would receive the mill and other real estate if John's daughter Elizabeth did not have children—and in fact she died of measles in November 1693, shortly after her marriage to the son of Richmond County burgess (and Col.) William Lloyd, and that estate became subject to litigation.", "### Robert Carter I", "[thumb\\|Portrait of Robert \"King\" Carter](/wiki/File:Robert_Carter_I.JPG \"Robert Carter I.JPG\")", "Corotoman was then inherited by John Carter Jr.'s brother [Robert Carter I](/wiki/Robert_Carter_I \"Robert Carter I\") (whose wealth and autocratic business methods led to his becoming known by the nickname \"King\") in 1690\\. Under Robert Carter I's ownership, Corotoman became the center of what developed into a {{convert\\|300000\\|acre\\|km2\\|adj\\=on}} estate of 48 plantations and farms including places such as Indian Town and Hills Quarters.", "#### Construction", "Robert Carter began construction of the large [Georgian](/wiki/Georgian_architecture \"Georgian architecture\") [mansion](/wiki/Plantation_house_in_the_Southern_United_States \"Plantation house in the Southern United States\") at Corotoman around 1720\\. The mansion was completed in 1725, and introduced a new era for early 18th\\-century architecture in Virginia. Corotoman also set the pattern for 18th\\-century architectural patronage. The mansion at Corotoman rivaled the other important Colonial mansions of Virginia, and affirmed Robert Carter I's status as the most powerful [planter](/wiki/Planter_%28American_South%29 \"Planter (American South)\") in the aristocracy of the [Tidewater](/wiki/Tidewater_%28geographic_term%29 \"Tidewater (geographic term)\") region. Carter's correspondences and diary revealed that the construction of the mansion at Corotoman was a lengthy, complex, and frustrating endeavor. Construction materials for the mansion included paving stones from [England](/wiki/England \"England\"), [lumber](/wiki/Lumber \"Lumber\") from his plantation [saw mills](/wiki/Saw_mill \"Saw mill\") and from neighboring plantations, and [oyster](/wiki/Oyster \"Oyster\") shells for [mortar](/wiki/Mortar_%28masonry%29 \"Mortar (masonry)\"). For some of the mansion's windows, Carter used [iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\") [casement](/wiki/Casement_window \"Casement window\") frames for quarrel glass. To undertake the mansion's construction, Carter imported skilled [indentured servants](/wiki/Indentured_servant \"Indentured servant\") from England and hired local craftsmen.", "#### Gardens", "Carter employed an English gardener, whom he instructed \"to bring the yards around the mansion into closer accord with the architectural rhythms of the mansion. Little is currently known of the garden's contents and design.", "#### Brick House Store", "At Corotoman, Carter maintained a building known as the \"Brick House Store\" where he kept imported goods that he sold and bartered to local planters.{{cite book \\|title\\=Back of the big house: the architecture of plantation slavery \\|last\\=Vlach \\|first\\=John Michael \\|year\\=1993 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of North Carolina Press]] \\|isbn\\=0\\-8078\\-4412\\-8 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=CSayiG018z8C \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218020228/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=CSayiG018z8C \\|archivedate\\=2017\\-12\\-18 }} In 1730, an inventory of items at the Brick House Store included essential supplies such as [cloths](/wiki/Textile \"Textile\"), tools, and [gunpowder](/wiki/Gunpowder \"Gunpowder\") and luxury items such as spices, ivory combs, and brass candlesticks.", "#### Spinster's House", "[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|The \"Spinster's House\" at Corotoman in the early 20th century.](/wiki/File:Spinsters_house_corotoman_habs_3.png \"Spinsters house corotoman habs 3.png\")\nAnother supporting structure at Corotoman was known as the \"Spinster's House.\"{{cite web \\| url\\=http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/va/va0600/va0698/data/va0698\\.pdf \\| title\\=Spinster's House \\| accessdate\\=2009\\-09\\-06 \\| publisher\\=The Library of Congress \\| author\\=Eugene Bradbury, \\[\\[Historic American Buildings Survey]] \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605003735/http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/va/va0600/va0698/data/va0698\\.pdf \\| archivedate\\=2011\\-06\\-05 }} The house was constructed in either the late 17th century or the early 18th century. The \"Spinster's House\" was a one\\-story and a half [frame house](/wiki/Framing_%28construction%29 \"Framing (construction)\") adorned with a [gabled](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\") roof with large end chimneys. It lay in ruins for years before finally disappearing around 1930\\. Before its disappearance, the \"Spinster's House\" was the last remaining supporting structure of the original Corotoman plantation.", "#### Destruction", "In 1729, four years after \"King\" Carter's mansion was completed, a fire destroyed it. Carter made little mention of the mansion fire in his diary, but did lament the total destruction of his [wine cellar](/wiki/Wine_cellar \"Wine cellar\").{{cite book\\|title\\=Architecture, men, women and money in America, 1600\\-1860\\|last\\=Kennedy\\|first\\=Roger G.\\|year\\=1985\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Random House]]\\|isbn\\=9780394535791 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/architecturemenw0000kenn\\|url\\-access\\=registration}} Carter died three years later and the mansion was not rebuilt. An inventory taken in 1732 after Carter's death implies that after the fire, Carter resided in either the \"Old House\" or the \"Spinster's House\" at Corotoman rather than rebuild it because of fiscal difficulties or ill health. In the mid\\-19th century, Corotoman and its adjacent lands passed out of the Carter family when they were sold by a granddaughter of Charles Carter.", "#### Escape of Enslaved Persons During the War of 1812", "69 Corotoman slaves fled to British ships anchored in the Chesapeake Bay during the War of 1812\\. The flight occurred on two days in April of 1814\\. On the 18th, three young enslaved men from Corotoman – Tom Saunders, Ezekiel Loney, and Canada Baton – left with a party of British marines who had come ashore on a nearby estate to carry off provisions. Three days later the British returned at midnight directly to Corotoman, quite certainly led there by the three young men. They left with 66 more slaves, mainly women and children. This was the largest group of slaves to flee to the British from any Virginia estate during the War. [https://christchurch1735\\.knack.com/corotomanslaves\\#home2/](https://christchurch1735.knack.com/corotomanslaves#home2/)", "### Successive ownership", "A mansion was rebuilt at Corotoman by successive owners, but was destroyed by fire around 1900\\.", "In Spring 2000, the [Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities](/wiki/Association_for_the_Preservation_of_Virginia_Antiquities \"Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities\") acquired the site of Corotoman.", "" ]
### Robert Carter I [thumb\|Portrait of Robert "King" Carter](/wiki/File:Robert_Carter_I.JPG "Robert Carter I.JPG") Corotoman was then inherited by John Carter Jr.'s brother [Robert Carter I](/wiki/Robert_Carter_I "Robert Carter I") (whose wealth and autocratic business methods led to his becoming known by the nickname "King") in 1690\. Under Robert Carter I's ownership, Corotoman became the center of what developed into a {{convert\|300000\|acre\|km2\|adj\=on}} estate of 48 plantations and farms including places such as Indian Town and Hills Quarters. #### Construction Robert Carter began construction of the large [Georgian](/wiki/Georgian_architecture "Georgian architecture") [mansion](/wiki/Plantation_house_in_the_Southern_United_States "Plantation house in the Southern United States") at Corotoman around 1720\. The mansion was completed in 1725, and introduced a new era for early 18th\-century architecture in Virginia. Corotoman also set the pattern for 18th\-century architectural patronage. The mansion at Corotoman rivaled the other important Colonial mansions of Virginia, and affirmed Robert Carter I's status as the most powerful [planter](/wiki/Planter_%28American_South%29 "Planter (American South)") in the aristocracy of the [Tidewater](/wiki/Tidewater_%28geographic_term%29 "Tidewater (geographic term)") region. Carter's correspondences and diary revealed that the construction of the mansion at Corotoman was a lengthy, complex, and frustrating endeavor. Construction materials for the mansion included paving stones from [England](/wiki/England "England"), [lumber](/wiki/Lumber "Lumber") from his plantation [saw mills](/wiki/Saw_mill "Saw mill") and from neighboring plantations, and [oyster](/wiki/Oyster "Oyster") shells for [mortar](/wiki/Mortar_%28masonry%29 "Mortar (masonry)"). For some of the mansion's windows, Carter used [iron](/wiki/Iron "Iron") [casement](/wiki/Casement_window "Casement window") frames for quarrel glass. To undertake the mansion's construction, Carter imported skilled [indentured servants](/wiki/Indentured_servant "Indentured servant") from England and hired local craftsmen. #### Gardens Carter employed an English gardener, whom he instructed "to bring the yards around the mansion into closer accord with the architectural rhythms of the mansion. Little is currently known of the garden's contents and design. #### Brick House Store At Corotoman, Carter maintained a building known as the "Brick House Store" where he kept imported goods that he sold and bartered to local planters.{{cite book \|title\=Back of the big house: the architecture of plantation slavery \|last\=Vlach \|first\=John Michael \|year\=1993 \|publisher\=\[\[University of North Carolina Press]] \|isbn\=0\-8078\-4412\-8 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=CSayiG018z8C \|url\-status\=live \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218020228/https://books.google.com/books?id\=CSayiG018z8C \|archivedate\=2017\-12\-18 }} In 1730, an inventory of items at the Brick House Store included essential supplies such as [cloths](/wiki/Textile "Textile"), tools, and [gunpowder](/wiki/Gunpowder "Gunpowder") and luxury items such as spices, ivory combs, and brass candlesticks. #### Spinster's House [thumb\|right\|250px\|The "Spinster's House" at Corotoman in the early 20th century.](/wiki/File:Spinsters_house_corotoman_habs_3.png "Spinsters house corotoman habs 3.png") Another supporting structure at Corotoman was known as the "Spinster's House."{{cite web \| url\=http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/va/va0600/va0698/data/va0698\.pdf \| title\=Spinster's House \| accessdate\=2009\-09\-06 \| publisher\=The Library of Congress \| author\=Eugene Bradbury, \[\[Historic American Buildings Survey]] \| url\-status\=dead \| archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605003735/http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/va/va0600/va0698/data/va0698\.pdf \| archivedate\=2011\-06\-05 }} The house was constructed in either the late 17th century or the early 18th century. The "Spinster's House" was a one\-story and a half [frame house](/wiki/Framing_%28construction%29 "Framing (construction)") adorned with a [gabled](/wiki/Gable "Gable") roof with large end chimneys. It lay in ruins for years before finally disappearing around 1930\. Before its disappearance, the "Spinster's House" was the last remaining supporting structure of the original Corotoman plantation. #### Destruction In 1729, four years after "King" Carter's mansion was completed, a fire destroyed it. Carter made little mention of the mansion fire in his diary, but did lament the total destruction of his [wine cellar](/wiki/Wine_cellar "Wine cellar").{{cite book\|title\=Architecture, men, women and money in America, 1600\-1860\|last\=Kennedy\|first\=Roger G.\|year\=1985\|publisher\=\[\[Random House]]\|isbn\=9780394535791 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/architecturemenw0000kenn\|url\-access\=registration}} Carter died three years later and the mansion was not rebuilt. An inventory taken in 1732 after Carter's death implies that after the fire, Carter resided in either the "Old House" or the "Spinster's House" at Corotoman rather than rebuild it because of fiscal difficulties or ill health. In the mid\-19th century, Corotoman and its adjacent lands passed out of the Carter family when they were sold by a granddaughter of Charles Carter. #### Escape of Enslaved Persons During the War of 1812 69 Corotoman slaves fled to British ships anchored in the Chesapeake Bay during the War of 1812\. The flight occurred on two days in April of 1814\. On the 18th, three young enslaved men from Corotoman – Tom Saunders, Ezekiel Loney, and Canada Baton – left with a party of British marines who had come ashore on a nearby estate to carry off provisions. Three days later the British returned at midnight directly to Corotoman, quite certainly led there by the three young men. They left with 66 more slaves, mainly women and children. This was the largest group of slaves to flee to the British from any Virginia estate during the War. [https://christchurch1735\.knack.com/corotomanslaves\#home2/](https://christchurch1735.knack.com/corotomanslaves#home2/)
[ "### Robert Carter I", "[thumb\\|Portrait of Robert \"King\" Carter](/wiki/File:Robert_Carter_I.JPG \"Robert Carter I.JPG\")", "Corotoman was then inherited by John Carter Jr.'s brother [Robert Carter I](/wiki/Robert_Carter_I \"Robert Carter I\") (whose wealth and autocratic business methods led to his becoming known by the nickname \"King\") in 1690\\. Under Robert Carter I's ownership, Corotoman became the center of what developed into a {{convert\\|300000\\|acre\\|km2\\|adj\\=on}} estate of 48 plantations and farms including places such as Indian Town and Hills Quarters.", "#### Construction", "Robert Carter began construction of the large [Georgian](/wiki/Georgian_architecture \"Georgian architecture\") [mansion](/wiki/Plantation_house_in_the_Southern_United_States \"Plantation house in the Southern United States\") at Corotoman around 1720\\. The mansion was completed in 1725, and introduced a new era for early 18th\\-century architecture in Virginia. Corotoman also set the pattern for 18th\\-century architectural patronage. The mansion at Corotoman rivaled the other important Colonial mansions of Virginia, and affirmed Robert Carter I's status as the most powerful [planter](/wiki/Planter_%28American_South%29 \"Planter (American South)\") in the aristocracy of the [Tidewater](/wiki/Tidewater_%28geographic_term%29 \"Tidewater (geographic term)\") region. Carter's correspondences and diary revealed that the construction of the mansion at Corotoman was a lengthy, complex, and frustrating endeavor. Construction materials for the mansion included paving stones from [England](/wiki/England \"England\"), [lumber](/wiki/Lumber \"Lumber\") from his plantation [saw mills](/wiki/Saw_mill \"Saw mill\") and from neighboring plantations, and [oyster](/wiki/Oyster \"Oyster\") shells for [mortar](/wiki/Mortar_%28masonry%29 \"Mortar (masonry)\"). For some of the mansion's windows, Carter used [iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\") [casement](/wiki/Casement_window \"Casement window\") frames for quarrel glass. To undertake the mansion's construction, Carter imported skilled [indentured servants](/wiki/Indentured_servant \"Indentured servant\") from England and hired local craftsmen.", "#### Gardens", "Carter employed an English gardener, whom he instructed \"to bring the yards around the mansion into closer accord with the architectural rhythms of the mansion. Little is currently known of the garden's contents and design.", "#### Brick House Store", "At Corotoman, Carter maintained a building known as the \"Brick House Store\" where he kept imported goods that he sold and bartered to local planters.{{cite book \\|title\\=Back of the big house: the architecture of plantation slavery \\|last\\=Vlach \\|first\\=John Michael \\|year\\=1993 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of North Carolina Press]] \\|isbn\\=0\\-8078\\-4412\\-8 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=CSayiG018z8C \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218020228/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=CSayiG018z8C \\|archivedate\\=2017\\-12\\-18 }} In 1730, an inventory of items at the Brick House Store included essential supplies such as [cloths](/wiki/Textile \"Textile\"), tools, and [gunpowder](/wiki/Gunpowder \"Gunpowder\") and luxury items such as spices, ivory combs, and brass candlesticks.", "#### Spinster's House", "[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|The \"Spinster's House\" at Corotoman in the early 20th century.](/wiki/File:Spinsters_house_corotoman_habs_3.png \"Spinsters house corotoman habs 3.png\")\nAnother supporting structure at Corotoman was known as the \"Spinster's House.\"{{cite web \\| url\\=http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/va/va0600/va0698/data/va0698\\.pdf \\| title\\=Spinster's House \\| accessdate\\=2009\\-09\\-06 \\| publisher\\=The Library of Congress \\| author\\=Eugene Bradbury, \\[\\[Historic American Buildings Survey]] \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605003735/http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/va/va0600/va0698/data/va0698\\.pdf \\| archivedate\\=2011\\-06\\-05 }} The house was constructed in either the late 17th century or the early 18th century. The \"Spinster's House\" was a one\\-story and a half [frame house](/wiki/Framing_%28construction%29 \"Framing (construction)\") adorned with a [gabled](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\") roof with large end chimneys. It lay in ruins for years before finally disappearing around 1930\\. Before its disappearance, the \"Spinster's House\" was the last remaining supporting structure of the original Corotoman plantation.", "#### Destruction", "In 1729, four years after \"King\" Carter's mansion was completed, a fire destroyed it. Carter made little mention of the mansion fire in his diary, but did lament the total destruction of his [wine cellar](/wiki/Wine_cellar \"Wine cellar\").{{cite book\\|title\\=Architecture, men, women and money in America, 1600\\-1860\\|last\\=Kennedy\\|first\\=Roger G.\\|year\\=1985\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Random House]]\\|isbn\\=9780394535791 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/architecturemenw0000kenn\\|url\\-access\\=registration}} Carter died three years later and the mansion was not rebuilt. An inventory taken in 1732 after Carter's death implies that after the fire, Carter resided in either the \"Old House\" or the \"Spinster's House\" at Corotoman rather than rebuild it because of fiscal difficulties or ill health. In the mid\\-19th century, Corotoman and its adjacent lands passed out of the Carter family when they were sold by a granddaughter of Charles Carter.", "#### Escape of Enslaved Persons During the War of 1812", "69 Corotoman slaves fled to British ships anchored in the Chesapeake Bay during the War of 1812\\. The flight occurred on two days in April of 1814\\. On the 18th, three young enslaved men from Corotoman – Tom Saunders, Ezekiel Loney, and Canada Baton – left with a party of British marines who had come ashore on a nearby estate to carry off provisions. Three days later the British returned at midnight directly to Corotoman, quite certainly led there by the three young men. They left with 66 more slaves, mainly women and children. This was the largest group of slaves to flee to the British from any Virginia estate during the War. [https://christchurch1735\\.knack.com/corotomanslaves\\#home2/](https://christchurch1735.knack.com/corotomanslaves#home2/)", "" ]
Biography --------- Hiram A. Tuttle was born in [Barnstead, New Hampshire](/wiki/Barnstead%2C_New_Hampshire "Barnstead, New Hampshire"), on October 16, 1837\. His was raised in [Pittsfield, New Hampshire](/wiki/Pittsfield%2C_New_Hampshire "Pittsfield, New Hampshire"), and educated in the local schools and at Pittsfield Academy. He then began a business career, starting as a clerk in a clothing store and becoming successful in lumber, banking, mercantile enterprises, and railroads. A [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)"), he entered politics in 1860 when he won the election for town clerk, giving the local [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)") its first loss in over 30 years. Tuttle served in the [House of Representatives](/wiki/New_Hampshire_House_of_Representatives "New Hampshire House of Representatives") (1873\-1874\). From 1875 to 1877 he served on the military staff of Governor [Person Colby Cheney](/wiki/Person_Colby_Cheney "Person Colby Cheney") with the rank of Colonel. Tuttle was a member of the [Governor's Council](/wiki/Executive_Council_of_New_Hampshire "Executive Council of New Hampshire") from 1878 to 1881\. In 1888 he was a Delegate to the [Republican National Convention](/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention "1888 Republican National Convention"). In 1888 he was also a candidate for Governor, but lost the Republican nomination to [David H. Goodell](/wiki/David_H._Goodell "David H. Goodell"). In 1890 he was the Republican nominee for Governor. In a three\-way race that included a candidate of the Prohibition Party, Tuttle finished first. The Democratic nominee, Charles H. Amsden finished second, but Tuttle did not have a majority, which meant the election had to be decided by the [New Hampshire General Court](/wiki/New_Hampshire_General_Court "New Hampshire General Court"). The legislature chose Tuttle, and he served a two\-year term, 1891 to 1893\.{{Citation \|last \=Brown \|first \=L.B. \|title \=Biographical Sketches of the Governor, Councillors and Members of the Senate and House of Representatives of the N. H. Legislature, Vol. VI \|page \=3\|publisher\=L.B. Brown \|location \= \[\[Concord, New Hampshire]] \|year\=1891}} During his term the state library in Concord was established, he laid the cornerstone of the main building at the [New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts](/wiki/New_Hampshire_College_of_Agriculture_and_the_Mechanic_Arts "New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts"), and he represented the state at the dedication of the [Bennington Battle Monument](/wiki/Bennington_Battle_Monument "Bennington Battle Monument"). After leaving the governorship Tuttle returned to his business interests. He died in Pittsfield on February 10, 1911, and was buried at Floral Park Cemetery in Pittsfield.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Hiram A. Tuttle was born in [Barnstead, New Hampshire](/wiki/Barnstead%2C_New_Hampshire \"Barnstead, New Hampshire\"), on October 16, 1837\\. His was raised in [Pittsfield, New Hampshire](/wiki/Pittsfield%2C_New_Hampshire \"Pittsfield, New Hampshire\"), and educated in the local schools and at Pittsfield Academy. He then began a business career, starting as a clerk in a clothing store and becoming successful in lumber, banking, mercantile enterprises, and railroads.", "A [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\"), he entered politics in 1860 when he won the election for town clerk, giving the local [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\") its first loss in over 30 years.", "Tuttle served in the [House of Representatives](/wiki/New_Hampshire_House_of_Representatives \"New Hampshire House of Representatives\") (1873\\-1874\\). From 1875 to 1877 he served on the military staff of Governor [Person Colby Cheney](/wiki/Person_Colby_Cheney \"Person Colby Cheney\") with the rank of Colonel. Tuttle was a member of the [Governor's Council](/wiki/Executive_Council_of_New_Hampshire \"Executive Council of New Hampshire\") from 1878 to 1881\\. In 1888 he was a Delegate to the [Republican National Convention](/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention \"1888 Republican National Convention\"). In 1888 he was also a candidate for Governor, but lost the Republican nomination to [David H. Goodell](/wiki/David_H._Goodell \"David H. Goodell\").", "In 1890 he was the Republican nominee for Governor. In a three\\-way race that included a candidate of the Prohibition Party, Tuttle finished first. The Democratic nominee, Charles H. Amsden finished second, but Tuttle did not have a majority, which meant the election had to be decided by the [New Hampshire General Court](/wiki/New_Hampshire_General_Court \"New Hampshire General Court\"). The legislature chose Tuttle, and he served a two\\-year term, 1891 to 1893\\.{{Citation \\|last \\=Brown \\|first \\=L.B. \\|title \\=Biographical Sketches of the Governor, Councillors and Members of the Senate and House of Representatives of the N. H. Legislature, Vol. VI \\|page \\=3\\|publisher\\=L.B. Brown \\|location \\= \\[\\[Concord, New Hampshire]] \\|year\\=1891}} During his term the state library in Concord was established, he laid the cornerstone of the main building at the [New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts](/wiki/New_Hampshire_College_of_Agriculture_and_the_Mechanic_Arts \"New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts\"), and he represented the state at the dedication of the [Bennington Battle Monument](/wiki/Bennington_Battle_Monument \"Bennington Battle Monument\").", "After leaving the governorship Tuttle returned to his business interests. He died in Pittsfield on February 10, 1911, and was buried at Floral Park Cemetery in Pittsfield.", "" ]
Background ---------- Their rivals, who belong to the [Liberal Party](/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28Philippines%29 "Liberal Party (Philippines)"), will not be fielding a candidate for the gubernatorial post. The party's 2013 standard\-bearer [Ayong Maliksi](/wiki/Ayong_Maliksi "Ayong Maliksi") is said to be no longer running as he would instead concentrate on being the chairperson of the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. It initially offered 7th District Representative Abraham "Bambol" Tolentino the party's gubernatorial slot, but talks stopped when the incumbent (Remulla) talked to Maliksi, who in turn promised his former vice governor that his party will not field a candidate for the governorship, thus making Remulla virtually unopposed for his third and final term (his opponent is perennial Cavite candidate Gerbie Berado). Tolentino will instead run for re\-election for his district seat. However, LP considered who among 5th District ([Car](/wiki/Carmona%2C_Cavite "Carmona, Cavite")[Si](/wiki/Silang%2C_Cavite "Silang, Cavite")[GMA](/wiki/General_Mariano_Alvarez%2C_Cavite "General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite")) Representative Roy Loyola or 6th District Representative Luis "Jonjon" Ferrer IV as their vice gubernatorial bet upon consultation, opposing the younger Revilla. 4th District (Dasmariñas) Representative [Elpidio Barzaga](/wiki/Elpidio_Barzaga "Elpidio Barzaga")'s name was under consideration for the vice governorship, but instead filed his candidacy for city mayor, where he will switch positions with his wife, Jennifer Austria\-Barzaga, Pidi will oppose by a 23 year old Jigz Padillo which support Sen. [Grace Poe](/wiki/Grace_Poe "Grace Poe"). In the end, LP will instead field 7th district board member Irene De Padua\-Bencito as its vice gubernatorial candidate. She will be supported by some of Cavite's political clans, among others, the Maliksis, Barzagas and Loyolas. On December 9, 2015, Cavite Governor Jonvic Remulla said he will withdrawing his candidacy for re\-election to pursue post graduate studies. His brother, [Jesus Crispin "Boying" Remulla](/wiki/Jesus_Crispin_Remulla "Jesus Crispin Remulla") will substitute for him.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mb.com.ph/comelec\-confirms\-remullas\-withdrawal\-from\-gubernatorial\-post\-endorsement\-of\-brother/\|publisher\=Manila Bulletin\|title\=Comelec confirms Remulla's withdrawal from gubernatorial post, endorsement of brother\|date\=10 December 2015\|accessdate\=11 December 2015}} Sources also say that Boying Remulla will not support the vice gubernatorial bid of Jolo Revilla and will instead go solo, however Revilla seen on Binay campaign rally in [Cavite City](/wiki/Cavite_City "Cavite City") on February 11, 2016, as Binay will appoint Jonvic as [Department of the Interior and Local Government](/wiki/Department_of_the_Interior_and_Local_Government "Department of the Interior and Local Government") Secretary if Binay become president. On February 27, 2016, Jolo Revilla (and Remulla brothers) endorses Sen. [Bongbong Marcos](/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos "Bongbong Marcos") as their vice\-presidential candidate (although him, he is still remained as a "running mate" of [PRP](/wiki/People%27s_Reform_Party "People's Reform Party")'s presidential candidate Sen. [Miriam Defensor Santiago](/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago "Miriam Defensor Santiago").){{cite news\|url\=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/769388/bongbong\-marcoss\-vp\-bid\-gets\-boost\-from\-cavite\-vice\-gov\-revilla\|title\=Bongbong Marcos's VP bid gets boost from Cavite Vice Gov. Revilla\|publisher\=\[\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]\|date\=February 29, 2016\|accessdate\=February 29, 2016}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/123941\-cavite\-leaders\-support\-bongbong\-marcos\|title\=Cavite's top leaders back Bongbong Marcos\|publisher\=\[\[Rappler]]\|date\=February 29, 2016\|accessdate\=March 1, 2016}} And the Revilla's support [Grace Poe](/wiki/Grace_Poe "Grace Poe") as president.
[ "Background\n----------", "Their rivals, who belong to the [Liberal Party](/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28Philippines%29 \"Liberal Party (Philippines)\"), will not be fielding a candidate for the gubernatorial post. The party's 2013 standard\\-bearer [Ayong Maliksi](/wiki/Ayong_Maliksi \"Ayong Maliksi\") is said to be no longer running as he would instead concentrate on being the chairperson of the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. It initially offered 7th District Representative Abraham \"Bambol\" Tolentino the party's gubernatorial slot, but talks stopped when the incumbent (Remulla) talked to Maliksi, who in turn promised his former vice governor that his party will not field a candidate for the governorship, thus making Remulla virtually unopposed for his third and final term (his opponent is perennial Cavite candidate Gerbie Berado). Tolentino will instead run for re\\-election for his district seat.", "However, LP considered who among 5th District ([Car](/wiki/Carmona%2C_Cavite \"Carmona, Cavite\")[Si](/wiki/Silang%2C_Cavite \"Silang, Cavite\")[GMA](/wiki/General_Mariano_Alvarez%2C_Cavite \"General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite\")) Representative Roy Loyola or 6th District Representative Luis \"Jonjon\" Ferrer IV as their vice gubernatorial bet upon consultation, opposing the younger Revilla. 4th District (Dasmariñas) Representative [Elpidio Barzaga](/wiki/Elpidio_Barzaga \"Elpidio Barzaga\")'s name was under consideration for the vice governorship, but instead filed his candidacy for city mayor, where he will switch positions with his wife, Jennifer Austria\\-Barzaga, Pidi will oppose by a 23 year old Jigz Padillo which support Sen. [Grace Poe](/wiki/Grace_Poe \"Grace Poe\").", "In the end, LP will instead field 7th district board member Irene De Padua\\-Bencito as its vice gubernatorial candidate. She will be supported by some of Cavite's political clans, among others, the Maliksis, Barzagas and Loyolas.", "On December 9, 2015, Cavite Governor Jonvic Remulla said he will withdrawing his candidacy for re\\-election to pursue post graduate studies. His brother, [Jesus Crispin \"Boying\" Remulla](/wiki/Jesus_Crispin_Remulla \"Jesus Crispin Remulla\") will substitute for him.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mb.com.ph/comelec\\-confirms\\-remullas\\-withdrawal\\-from\\-gubernatorial\\-post\\-endorsement\\-of\\-brother/\\|publisher\\=Manila Bulletin\\|title\\=Comelec confirms Remulla's withdrawal from gubernatorial post, endorsement of brother\\|date\\=10 December 2015\\|accessdate\\=11 December 2015}} Sources also say that Boying Remulla will not support the vice gubernatorial bid of Jolo Revilla and will instead go solo, however Revilla seen on Binay campaign rally in [Cavite City](/wiki/Cavite_City \"Cavite City\") on February 11, 2016, as Binay will appoint Jonvic as [Department of the Interior and Local Government](/wiki/Department_of_the_Interior_and_Local_Government \"Department of the Interior and Local Government\") Secretary if Binay become president.", "On February 27, 2016, Jolo Revilla (and Remulla brothers) endorses Sen. [Bongbong Marcos](/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos \"Bongbong Marcos\") as their vice\\-presidential candidate (although him, he is still remained as a \"running mate\" of [PRP](/wiki/People%27s_Reform_Party \"People's Reform Party\")'s presidential candidate Sen. [Miriam Defensor Santiago](/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago \"Miriam Defensor Santiago\").){{cite news\\|url\\=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/769388/bongbong\\-marcoss\\-vp\\-bid\\-gets\\-boost\\-from\\-cavite\\-vice\\-gov\\-revilla\\|title\\=Bongbong Marcos's VP bid gets boost from Cavite Vice Gov. Revilla\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]\\|date\\=February 29, 2016\\|accessdate\\=February 29, 2016}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/123941\\-cavite\\-leaders\\-support\\-bongbong\\-marcos\\|title\\=Cavite's top leaders back Bongbong Marcos\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rappler]]\\|date\\=February 29, 2016\\|accessdate\\=March 1, 2016}} And the Revilla's support [Grace Poe](/wiki/Grace_Poe \"Grace Poe\") as president.", "" ]
Candidates ---------- Incumbents are expressed in italics.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r\=Archives/RegularElections/2016NLE/Candidates/LocalCandidates\|title\=COMELEC 2015 NLE List of Local Candidates for Verification\|accessdate\=January 22, 2016}} ### Governor Incumbent Jonvic Remulla originally intended to run for his third and final term. However, he withdrew his candidacy. His brother, former 7th District Representative Jesus Crispin Remulla, substituted him. {{Election box begin no change \| title\=\[\[Cavite]] gubernatorial election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= \[\[Jesus Crispin Remulla]] \|votes \= 1,069,162 \|percentage \= 94\.16% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Partido Demokratiko Pilipino\-Lakas ng Bayan \|candidate \= Obet Borral \|votes \= 26,285 \|percentage \= 2\.31% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Independent (politician) \|candidate \= Richard Balanzag \|votes \= 22,231 \|percentage \= 1\.96% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Gerbie Ber Ado \|votes \= 17,852 \|percentage \= 1\.57% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 1,135,530 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= United Nationalist Alliance\|UNA }} {{Election box end}} ### Vice\-Governor Vice Governor [Jolo Revilla](/wiki/Jolo_Revilla "Jolo Revilla") ([Lakas–CMD](/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD_%282009%29 "Lakas–CMD (2009)")) ran against 7th District Board Member Irene Bencito, Eddie De Asis \& Severina Saulog. Although listed as an independent, Bencito was supported by the local Liberal and Nacionalista parties. {{Election box begin no change \| title\=\[\[Cavite]] vice\-gubernatorial election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Lakas–CMD (2009\) \|candidate \= ''\[\[Jolo Revilla\|Ramon "Jolo" Revilla III]]'' \|votes \= 938,096 \|percentage \= 81\.67% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Irene Bencito \|votes \= 150,617 \|percentage \= 13\.11% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Independent (politician) \|candidate \= Eddie De Asis \|votes \= 30,968 \|percentage \= 2\.7% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Partido Demokratiko Pilipino\-Lakas ng Bayan \|candidate \= Severina Saulog \|votes \= 28,977 \|percentage \= 2\.52% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 1,148,658 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= Lakas–CMD }} {{Election box end}} ### Congressional Elections #### 1st District Northern Cavite {{Election box begin no change \| title\=2016 Philippine House of Representatives election in \[\[Cavite]] 1st District. }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= ''Francis Abaya'' \|votes \= 114,700 \|percentage \= 86\.5% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Marina Rieta Granados \|votes \= 17,605 \|percentage \= 13\.5% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 132,305 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} #### 2nd District (Bacoor) Incumbent [Lani Mercado\-Revilla](/wiki/Lani_Mercado "Lani Mercado") is running for Mayor of Bacoor. Her brother\-in\-law, incumbent Bacoor Mayor Strike Revilla, is her party's nominee. {{Election box begin no change \| title\=2016 Philippine House of Representatives election in \[\[Cavite]] 2nd District. }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Lakas–CMD (2009\) \|candidate \= \[\[Strike Revilla\|Edwin "Strike" Revilla]] \|votes \= 141,149 \|percentage \= 89\.7% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Mark Orline Buena \|votes \= 16,204 \|percentage \= 10\.3% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 157,353 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= Lakas–CMD }} {{Election box end}} #### 3rd District (Imus) Incumbent Representative Alex Advincula ran unopposed. {{Election box begin no change \| title\=2016 Philippine House of Representatives election in \[\[Cavite]] 3rd District. }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= ''Alex Advincula'' \|votes \= 105,989 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 105,989 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} #### 4th District (Dasmariñas) Incumbent Elpidio Barzaga, Jr. is term\-limited and is running for mayor of Dasmariñas. His wife, incumbent Mayor Jennifer Barzaga, is his party's nominee. {{Election box begin no change \| title\=2016 Philippine House of Representatives election in \[\[Cavite]] 4th District. }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= \[\[Jennifer Barzaga]] \|votes \= 227,022 \|percentage \= 95\.35% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Alen Manzano \|votes \= 11,064 \|percentage \= 4\.65% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 238,086 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= National Unity Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} #### 5th District (Carsigma) Running on his last term under Liberal Party, incumbent Rep. Roy Loyola ran against former Silang Mayor Ruben Madlansacay under [Nacionalista Party](/wiki/Nacionalista_Party "Nacionalista Party"). {{Election box begin no change \| title\=2016 Philippine House of Representatives election in \[\[Cavite]] 5th District. }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Roy Loyola \|votes \= 134,316 \|percentage \= 73\.22% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nacionalista Party \|candidate \= Ruben Madlansacay \|votes \= 49,113 \|percentage \= 26\.77% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 183,429 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} #### 6th District (Cavite Central) Luis "Jon\-Jon" Ferrer IV ran unopposed as district representative. {{Election box begin no change \| title\=2016 Philippine House of Representatives election in \[\[Cavite]] 6th District. }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= ''Luis "Jon\-Jon" Ferrer IV'' \|votes \= 176,777 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 176,777 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= National Unity Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} #### 7th District (Cavite Southwest) Incumbent Congressman Abraham Tolentino ran unopposed. {{Election box begin no change \| title\=2016 Philippine House of Representatives election in \[\[Cavite]] 7th District. }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= ''\[\[Abraham Tolentino]]'' \|votes \= 163,514 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 163,514 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} ### Provincial Board Elections #### First District (Cavite North) * **[City](/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines "Cities of the Philippines")**: [Cavite City](/wiki/Cavite_City "Cavite City") * **[Municipality](/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines "Municipalities of the Philippines")**: [Kawit](/wiki/Kawit "Kawit"), [Noveleta](/wiki/Noveleta "Noveleta"), [Rosario](/wiki/Rosario%2C_Cavite "Rosario, Cavite") {{Election box begin no change\|title\=2016 Provincial Board Election in 1st District of Cavite}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Ryan Enriquez'' \|votes \= 84,074 \|percentage \= 37\.22% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Gilbert Gandia \|votes \= 51,083 \|percentage \= 22\.62% }} \|\-bgcolor\=black \|colspan\=5\| {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Christopher Go \|votes \= 48,713 \|percentage \= 21\.57% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Rebene Carrera \|votes \= 19,361 \|percentage \= 8\.57% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Partido Galing at Puso \|candidate \= Michael Del Rosario \|votes \= 15,877 \|percentage \= 7\.02% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= William Wee Narvaez \|votes \= 6,765 \|percentage \= 3\.00% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 225,873 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box end}} #### Second District (Lone District of Bacoor) * **[City](/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines "Cities of the Philippines")**: [Bacoor](/wiki/Bacoor "Bacoor") Voters of the city elected two board members at\-large, regardless of whether these voters are from Bacoor West or Bacoor East (the city's city council districts). Incumbent board member Edralin "Aba" Gawaran, who was nationally known as one of the right\-hand men of detained Senator [Ramon "Bong" Revilla Jr.](/wiki/Bong_Revilla "Bong Revilla") when he was arrested and taken to jail for corruption charges in 2014 in connection with the [PDAF scam](/wiki/Priority_Development_Assistance_Fund_scam "Priority Development Assistance Fund scam"), will vie for re\-election. His partner for the other slot within Team Revilla was outgoing city councilor Reynaldo Fabian. They were opposed by former three\-term municipal councilor Peter Simon Lara, transport operator and businessperson Neil Ragasa, and Rosalina Francisco. Remulla, the other incumbent board member, is running for mayor. {{Election box begin no change\|title\=2016 Provincial Board Election in 2nd District of Cavite (Lone District of Bacoor)}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Lakas–CMD (2009\) \|candidate \= ''Edralin Gawaran'' \|votes \= 104,468 \|percentage \= 39\.82% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Lakas–CMD (2009\) \|candidate \= Reynaldo Fabian \|votes \= 92,081 \|percentage \= 35\.10% }} \|\-bgcolor\=black \|colspan\=5\| {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nacionalista Party \|candidate \= Honesto Mercado, Jr. \|votes \= 21,855 \|percentage \= 8\.33% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Rosalina Francisco \|votes \= 20,761 \|percentage \= 7\.91% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Cornelio Ragasa \|votes \= 16,001 \|percentage \= 6\.10% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Lucio Alejo IV \|votes \= 7,159 \|percentage \= 2\.73% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 262,325 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box end}} #### Third District (Lone District of Imus) * **[City](/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines "Cities of the Philippines")**: [Imus](/wiki/Imus "Imus") Voters of the city will elect two board members at\-large. Due to the forged alliance between the Liberal Party, United Nationalist Alliance\-Partido Magdalo, and Lakas–CMD, the "ONE IMUS" coalition was launched in October 2015\. Incumbent Larry Boy Nato and former Imus mayor [Homer Saquilayan](/wiki/Homer_Saquilayan "Homer Saquilayan") ran for the district's two board seats under the said coalition. Only the 3rd district has two unopposed candidates for representation in the provincial board.[Pollwatch: Political stalwarts in Cavite unite for peace and progress](http://www.mb.com.ph/pollwatch-political-stalwarts-in-cavite-unite-for-peace-and-progress/) ([Manila Bulletin](/wiki/Manila_Bulletin "Manila Bulletin"))[3 Cavite district representatives running unopposed](http://www.mb.com.ph/3-cavite-district-representatives-running-unopposed/) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121190350/http://www.mb.com.ph/3\-cavite\-district\-representatives\-running\-unopposed/ \|date\=January 21, 2016 }} ([Manila Bulletin](/wiki/Manila_Bulletin "Manila Bulletin")) {{Election box begin no change\|title\=2016 Provincial Board Election in 3rd District of Cavite (Lone District of Imus)}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= ''Larry Boy Nato'' \|votes \= 71,195 \|percentage \= 45\.08% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nacionalista Party \|candidate \= \[\[Homer Saquilayan]] \|votes \= 86,738 \|percentage \= 54\.92% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 157,933 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box end}} #### Fourth District (Lone District of Dasmariñas) * **[City](/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines "Cities of the Philippines")**: [Dasmariñas](/wiki/Dasmari%C3%B1as "Dasmariñas") {{Election box begin no change\|title\=2016 Provincial Board Election in 4th District of Cavite (Lone District of Dasmariñas)}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Valeriano Encabo \|votes \= 159,016 \|percentage \= 47\.56% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Teofilo "Rudy" Lara \|votes \= 155,947 \|percentage \= 46\.64% }} \|\-bgcolor\=black \|colspan\=5\| {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Laut Guimbaanun \|votes \= 19,394 \|percentage \= 5\.80% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 334,357 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box end}} #### Fifth District (Carsigma) * **[Municipality](/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines "Municipalities of the Philippines")**: [Carmona](/wiki/Carmona%2C_Cavite "Carmona, Cavite"), [General Mariano Alvarez](/wiki/General_Mariano_Alvarez%2C_Cavite "General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite"), [Silang](/wiki/Silang%2C_Cavite "Silang, Cavite") {{Election box begin no change\|title\=2016 Provincial Board Election in 5th District of Cavite}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Ivee Jayne Reyes \|votes \= 92,701 \|percentage \= 38\.31% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Marcos Amutan'' \|votes \= 88,824 \|percentage \= 36\.71% }} \|\-bgcolor\=black \|colspan\=5\| {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Domeng Tenedero \|votes \= 60,446 \|percentage \= 24\.98% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 241,971 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box end}} #### Sixth District (Cavite Central) * **[City](/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines "Cities of the Philippines")**: [General Trias](/wiki/General_Trias "General Trias"), [Trece Martires](/wiki/Trece_Martires "Trece Martires") * **[Municipality](/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines "Municipalities of the Philippines")**: [Amadeo](/wiki/Amadeo%2C_Cavite "Amadeo, Cavite"), [Tanza](/wiki/Tanza "Tanza") Current BM Felix Grepo stands to run for reelection this year. {{Election box begin no change\|title\=2016 Provincial Board Election in 6th District of Cavite}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Raymundo Del Rosario \|votes \= 108,509 \|percentage \= 33\.94% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= ''Felix Grepo'' \|votes \= 97,063 \|percentage \= 30\.36% }} \|\-bgcolor\=black \|colspan\=5\| {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Melencio "Jun" De Sagun, Jr. \|votes \= 87,128 \|percentage \= 27\.25% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= People's Reform Party \|candidate \= Dakila Bocalan, Jr. \|votes \= 27,027 \|percentage \= 8\.45% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 319,727 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box end}} #### Seventh District (Cavite Southwest) * **[City](/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines "Cities of the Philippines")**: [Tagaytay](/wiki/Tagaytay "Tagaytay") * **[Municipality](/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines "Municipalities of the Philippines")**: [Alfonso](/wiki/Alfonso%2C_Cavite "Alfonso, Cavite"), [General Emilio Aguinaldo](/wiki/General_Emilio_Aguinaldo%2C_Cavite "General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite"), [Indang](/wiki/Indang%2C_Cavite "Indang, Cavite"), [Magallanes](/wiki/Magallanes%2C_Cavite "Magallanes, Cavite"), [Maragondon](/wiki/Maragondon%2C_Cavite "Maragondon, Cavite"), [Mendez](/wiki/Mendez%2C_Cavite "Mendez, Cavite"), [Naic](/wiki/Naic "Naic"), [Ternate](/wiki/Ternate%2C_Cavite "Ternate, Cavite") {{Election box begin no change\|title\=2016 Provincial Board Election in 7th District of Cavite}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Rainier Ambion \|votes \= 111,662 \|percentage \= 52\.01% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Reinalyne Varias\-Vidallon \|votes \= 75,372 \|percentage \= 35\.11% }} \|\-bgcolor\=black \|colspan\=5\| {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Jasmin Manahan \|votes \= 27,659 \|percentage \= 12\.88% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 214,693 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box end}} ### Mayoral Election #### First District ##### Cavite City Incumbent Mayor Bernardo "Totie" Paredes sought for re\-election for his fifth non\-consecutive term. His opponent was then\-vice mayor Percilito "Penchie" Consigo. They were partners in the 2013 election and were only estranged in the weeks leading to the filing of certificates of candidacy. Meanwhile, City Councilor Denver Chua ran for Vice Mayor under Mayor Paredes' ticket. He ran against barangay captain Obet de Leon under the Liberal Party ticket. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Cavite City]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Bernardo Paredes'' \|votes \= 25,910 \|percentage \= 55\.59% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Percilito Consigo \|votes \= 20,450 \|percentage \= 43\.88% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Partido Galing at Puso \|candidate \= Victor Borromeo \|votes \= 249 \|percentage \= 0\.53% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 46,609 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Cavite City]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Denver Chua'' \|votes \= 34,385 \|percentage \= 80\.49% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Obet de Leon \|votes \= 8,333 \|percentage \= 19\.51% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 42,718 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} ##### Kawit Cousins Paul Plaridel Abaya and Angelo Emilio Aguinaldo are running for mayor. The former is the incumbent vice mayor and brother of Secretary Joseph Emilio Abaya and Representative Francis "Blue" Abaya, while the latter, the perceived preferred candidate of Partido Magdalo in Kawit, is an incumbent councilor and son of third\-term Mayor Reynaldo "Tik" Aguinaldo. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Kawit]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Angelo Emilio Aguinaldo \|votes \=20,269 \|percentage \=57\.09% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change\|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Paul Plaridel Abaya \|votes \=15,230 \|percentage \=42\.91% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=35,499 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing \|winner \=Nationalist People's Coalition \|loser \=Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Kawit]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Armando Bernal \|votes \= 18,335 \|percentage \= 53\.19% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change\|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Alvin Bunag \|votes \= 16,134 \|percentage \= 46\.81% \| }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 34,469 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing \|winner \= United Nationalist Alliance \|loser \= Nationalist People's Coalition }} {{Election box end}} ##### Noveleta Three\-termer outgoing mayor Enrico "Boy" Alvarez has agreed to the request of Governor Jonvic Remulla to field a common candidate for the UNA\-Partido Magdalo Coalition in Noveleta, Cavite. Because of this "One Cavite" project of the governor, Mayor Boy Alvarez endorsed former vice mayor and incumbent provincial board member Dino Reyes Chua to be his successor as mayor of Noveleta. Meanwhile, his younger brother, Noveleta incumbent vice mayor Davey Reyes Chua, is supposedly running for provincial board member to replace his elder brother, who is running for Noveleta mayor. But the governor has committed the party slot for another candidate which made him decide to give way and just run for re\-election as municipal councilor of Noveleta to support the mayoral bid of his brother. The Reyes\-Chua Brothers came from the Reyes Clan of Noveleta. The legacy of the Reyes Clan started with the late Mayor Librado Reyes and Mayor Pepe Reyes (father and son) who both served as Noveleta mayors during the 1950s and 1980s respectively. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Noveleta]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Dino Chua \|votes \= 12,510 \|percentage \= 72\.15% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Dindo Santamaria \|votes \= 4,829 \|percentage \= 27\.85% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 17,339 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Noveleta]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nacionalista Party \|candidate \= Dave Manalo \|votes \= 8,345 \|percentage \= 49\.09% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Dionisio Torres \|votes \= 8,655 \|percentage \= 50\.91% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 17,000 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing \|winner \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|loser \= United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} ##### Rosario Incumbent Mayor Jose "Nonong" Ricafrente is term\-limited and will switch positions with his son, incumbent Vice Mayor Voltaire Ricafrente, who in turn will be opposed by former mayor and incumbent provincial administrator Renato Abutan. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Rosario, Cavite\|Rosario]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Renato Abutan \|votes \= 17,915 \|percentage \= 34\.52% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Voltaire Ricafrente \|votes \= 33,981 \|percentage \= 65\.48% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 51,896 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} Nonong Ricafrente, in turn, will be opposed by his former vice mayor Jose Rozel Hernandez. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Rosario, Cavite\|Rosario]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Jose Rozel Hernandez \|votes \= 14,004 \|percentage \= 27\.66% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Jose Ricafrente, Jr. \|votes \= 36,620 \|percentage \= 72\.34% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 50,624 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} #### Second District ##### Bacoor {{main\|2016 Bacoor local elections}} Incumbent Edwin "Strike" Revilla is already in his third term as mayor of Bacoor; therefore he is disqualified from running for another term for the same position despite Bacoor's change in status as a city in 2012\. He will be running for representative to switch positions with his sister\-in\-law, Lani Mercado\-Revilla. Her opponents are former municipal vice mayor and provincial board member Edwin Malvar and incumbent provincial board member Rolando "Andoy" Remulla. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Bacoor]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Edwin Malvar \|votes \= 21,184 \|percentage \= 12\.07% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Lakas–CMD (2009\) \|candidate \= \[\[Lani Mercado\|Lani Mercado\-Revilla]] \|votes \= 106,964 \|percentage \= 60\.93% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Rolando Remulla \|votes \= 47,399 \|percentage \= 27% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=175,547 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} Incumbent vice mayor Catherine Sariño\-Evaristo will be Representative Mercado\-Revilla's running mate. Her announced opponents are former city Business Permits and Licensing Office head Allen Reyes and former municipal councilor and three\-term provincial board member Cesario "Jun" Del Rosario Jr., who recently is an editor and deputy chief of reporters at [CNN Philippines](/wiki/CNN_Philippines "CNN Philippines"). {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Bacoor]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Cesario Del Rosario, Jr. \|votes \= 25,449 \|percentage \= 15\.86% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Allen Reyes \|votes \= 34,287 \|percentage \= 21\.36% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Lakas–CMD (2009\) \|candidate \= ''Catherine Sariño\-Evaristo'' \|votes \= 100,769 \|percentage \= 62\.78% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=160,505 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} #### Third District ##### Imus Incumbent mayor Emmanuel "Manny" Maliksi is running reelection as a result of an alliance forged between his camp and the camp of his perennial rival, Homer "Saki" Saquilayan, who will instead run for provincial board member. Astillero, a well\-known nuisance candidate, is also running for mayor. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Imus]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= A.A. Astillero (Nuisance) \|votes \= 4,416 \|percentage \= 3\.64 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Lakas–CMD (2009\) \|candidate \= Kiko Herrera \|votes \= 17,558 \|percentage \= 14\.48 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= ''Emmanuel Maliksi'' \|votes \= 99,256 \|percentage \= 81\.88 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=121,230 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Imus]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Ony Cantimbuhan \|votes \= 68,464 \|percentage \= 54\.80 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Shernan Jaro \|votes \= 56,479 \|percentage \= 45\.20 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=124,943 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} #### Fourth District ##### Dasmariñas Incumbent Mayor Jenny Barzaga is term limited and she running in the Congress, her husband Pidi is running, his primary opponents Arnel del Rosario and Jigger "Jigz" Padillo ([Nationalist People's Coalition](/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition "Nationalist People's Coalition")), the two candidates are supporting [Rodrigo Duterte](/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte "Rodrigo Duterte") ([PDP–Laban](/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban "PDP–Laban")) and Sen. [Grace Poe](/wiki/Grace_Poe "Grace Poe") ([Partido Galing at Puso](/wiki/Partido_Galing_at_Puso "Partido Galing at Puso")) respectively. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Dasmariñas]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Elpidio Barzaga, Jr. \|votes \= 212,962 \|percentage \= 91\.70 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nacionalista Party \|candidate \= Amado Beltran \|votes \= 1,824 \|percentage \= 0\.79 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= People's Reform Party \|candidate \= Wilihardo Campos \|votes \= 2,782 \|percentage \= 1\.20 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Partido Demokratiko Pilipino\-Lakas ng Bayan \|candidate \= Arnel Del Rosario \|votes \= 13,310 \|percentage \= 5\.72 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Independent (politician) \|candidate \= Willy Gatus \|votes \= 720 \|percentage \= 0\.31 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Jigz Padillo \|votes \= 658 \|percentage \= 0\.28 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=232,256 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} Incumbent Vice Mayor Valeriano Encabo is term limited and running as board member, his party nominated Board Member Rex Mangubat, his opponent is Councilor Jess Frani. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Dasmariñas]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Jess Frani \|votes \= 101,909 \|percentage \= 45\.26 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Rex Mangubat \|votes \= 123,242 \|percentage \= 54\.74 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=225,151 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} #### Fifth District ##### Carmona Incumbent Mayor Dahlia A. Loyola will running reelection for her last term and is opposed by Rosa Atienza and Jose Carpio. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Carmona, Cavite\|Carmona]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino \|candidate \= Rosa Atienza \|votes \= 408 \|percentage \= 1\.13 % }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Jose Carpio \|votes \= 1,233 \|percentage \= 3\.42 % }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Dahlia Loyola \|votes \= 34,443 \|percentage \= 95\.45 % }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 36,084 \|percentage \= 100\.00 % }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Carmona, Cavite\|Carmona]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Elmer "Itoy" Reyes \|votes \= 27,689 \|percentage \= 85\.86 % }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Lolita Tenedero \|votes \= 4,561 \|percentage \= 14\.14 % }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 32,250 \|percentage \= 100\.00 % }} {{Election box end}} ##### General Mariano Alvarez Incumbent Mayor Walter Echevarria Jr will running reelection and is opposed by incumbent vice mayor Percival "Percy" Cabuhat and former mayor Leonisa Joana "Ona" Virata. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite\|General Mariano Alvarez]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Percy Cabuhat \|votes \= 25,449 \|percentage \= 42\.46 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= ''Walter Echevarria, Jr.'' \|votes \= 28,862 \|percentage \= 48\.15 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino \|candidate \= Ona Virata \|votes \= 5,631 \|percentage \= 9\.39 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=59,942 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite\|General Mariano Alvarez]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino \|candidate \= Ruel Calix \|votes \= 6,423 \|percentage \= 11\.14 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Aisa Gutierrez \|votes \= 23,697 \|percentage \= 41\.13 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Maricel Torres \|votes \= 27,501 \|percentage \= 47\.73 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=57,621 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} ##### Silang {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Silang, Cavite\|Silang]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Partido Galing at Puso \|candidate \= Gie Loyola \|votes \= 1,239 \|percentage \= 1\.39 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Rosalie Loyola \|votes \= 33,510 \|percentage \= 37\.43 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Emilia Lourdes Poblete'' \|votes \= 54,768 \|percentage \= 61\.18 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=89,517 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Silang, Cavite\|Silang]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Aidel Paul Belamide \|votes \= 49,675 \|percentage \= 59\.21 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Aristides Jose Velazco \|votes \= 34,221 \|percentage \= 40\.79 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=83,896 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} #### Sixth District ##### Amadeo {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Amadeo, Cavite\|Amadeo]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Albert Ambagan, Sr. \|votes \= 8,451 \|percentage \= 44\.65 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nacionalista Party \|candidate \= Elpidio Bawalan \|votes \= 2,414 \|percentage \= 12\.75 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= August Bayas \|votes \= 768 \|percentage \= 4\.06 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Benjarde Villanueva'' \|votes \= 7,294 \|percentage \= 38\.54 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=18,927 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Amadeo, Cavite\|Amadeo]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Augusto Bebe, Jr. \|votes \= 1,784 \|percentage \= 9\.88 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Joel Iyaya \|votes \= 6,604 \|percentage \= 36\.57 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nacionalista Party \|candidate \= Rene Tongson \|votes \= 2,316 \|percentage \= 12\.83 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Rading Viado \|votes \= 7,353 \|percentage \= 40\.72 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=18,057 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} ##### General Trias Incumbent [Mayor Antonio "Ony" Ferrer](/wiki/Antonio_Ferrer "Antonio Ferrer") and Vice Mayor Maurito "Morit" Sison were challenged by Annalyn Jubillo and Reynaldo Parin respectively. As with the previous elections, it ended with a landslide victory for both Ferrer and Sison, and marked the first polls in the newly created city since the 2015 referendum. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[General Trias]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= ''Antonio Ferrer'' \|votes \= 70,997 \|percentage \= 94\.23 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Annalyn Jubillo \|votes \= 4,348 \|percentage \= 5\.77 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=75,345 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[General Trias]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Reynaldo Parin \|votes \= 6,902 \|percentage \= 9\.60 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= ''Maurito Sison'' \|votes \= 65,004 \|percentage \= 90\.40 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=71,906 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} ##### Tanza {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Tanza]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Hermogenes Arayata III \|votes \= 40,365 \|percentage \= 49\.65 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Yuri Pacumio \|votes \= 40,942 \|percentage \= 50\.35 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=81,307 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Tanza]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Marcus Ashley Arayata \|votes \= 38,152 \|percentage \= 47\.60 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Partido Demokratiko Pilipino\-Lakas ng Bayan \|candidate \= Joselito Diosana \|votes \= 10,935 \|percentage \= 13\.64 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Alexis Dones \|votes \= 31,070 \|percentage \= 38\.76 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=80,157 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} ##### Trece Martires {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Trece Martires]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Melandres De Sagun \|votes \= 26,052 \|percentage \= 56\.30% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Partido Demokratiko Pilipino\-Lakas ng Bayan \|candidate \= Romeo Montehermoso \|votes \= 16,165 \|percentage \= 35\.00% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Alex Peñalba \|votes \= 4,024 \|percentage \= 8\.70% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=36,141 \|percentage \=100\.00% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Trece Martires]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Remigio Dilag \|votes \= 20,888 \|percentage \= 45\.90% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Alexander Lubigan \|votes \= 24,585 \|percentage \= 54\.10% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=45,673 \|percentage \=100\.00% }} {{Election box end}} #### Seventh District #### Alfonso {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Alfonso, Cavite\|Alfonso]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Raul Rodis \|votes \= 4,630 \|percentage \= 19\.22 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Virgilio Varias'' \|votes \= 19,463 \|percentage \= 80\.78 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=24,093 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Alfonso, Cavite\|Alfonso]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Justiniano De Castro'' \|votes \= 9,538 \|percentage \= 39\.53 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Manolito Credo \|votes \= 2,530 \|percentage \= 10\.49 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Partido Galing at Puso \|candidate \= Randy Salamat \|votes \= 12,060 \|percentage \= 49\.98 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=24,128 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} #### General Emilio Aguinaldo {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite\|General Emilio Aguinaldo]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Danilo Bencito'' \|votes \= 6,039 \|percentage \= 57\.34 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Cesar Glorioso \|votes \= 4,492 \|percentage \= 42\.66 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=10,531 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite\|General Emilio Aguinaldo]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nacionalista Party \|candidate \= ''Louel Golfo'' \|votes \= 6,450 \|percentage \= 63\.17 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Apolonio Villa \|votes \= 3,761 \|percentage \= 36\.83 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=10,211 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} #### Indang {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Indang, Cavite\|Indang]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino \|candidate \= Eleuterio Castillo, Sr. \|votes \= 107 \|percentage \= 0\.32 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Lakas–CMD \|candidate \= Lilibeth Espineli \|votes \= 1,253 \|percentage \= 3\.78 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Pecto Fidel \|votes \= 13,779 \|percentage \= 41\.52 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Virgilio Fidel \|votes \= 9,538 \|percentage \= 28\.74 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Iluminada Silao \|votes \= 4,962 \|percentage \= 14\.95 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Partido Galing at Puso \|candidate \= Jaime Tepora \|votes \= 3,547 \|percentage \= 10\.69 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=33,186 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Indang, Cavite\|Indang]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino \|candidate \= Rafael Herrera, Jr. \|votes \= 3,531 \|percentage \= 11\.06 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Lakas–CMD \|candidate \= Raquel Quiambao \|votes \= 4,944 \|percentage \= 15\.49 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Bayani Rodil \|votes \= 6,311 \|percentage \= 19\.77 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Sammy Rodil \|votes \= 9,209 \|percentage \= 28\.85 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Rey Zafra \|votes \= 7,926 \|percentage \= 24\.83 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=31,921 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} #### Magallanes {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Magallanes, Cavite\|Magallanes]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Delfin Genio \|votes \= 3,160 \|percentage \= 30\.60 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Jasmin Maligaya \|votes \= 7,166 \|percentage \= 69\.40 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=10,326 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Magallanes, Cavite\|Magallanes]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Renato Dimapilis \|votes \= 5,696 \|percentage \= 56\.86 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Edwin Sisante \|votes \= 4,321 \|percentage \= 43\.14 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=10,017 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} ##### Maragondon {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Maragondon, Cavite\|Maragondon]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= ''Reynaldo Rillo'' \|votes \= 12,544 \|percentage \= 59\.82 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Alfredo Bersabe \|votes \= 8,427 \|percentage \= 40\.18 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=20,971 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Maragondon, Cavite\|Maragondon]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Irereo "Pinboy" Angeles'' \|votes \= 12,086 \|percentage \= 60\.79 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Bonn Rillo \|votes \= 7,796 \|percentage \= 39\.21 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=19,882 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} #### Mendez (Mendez\-Nuñez) Incumbent Mayor Eric Vida is running unopposed. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Mendez, Cavite\|Mendez]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Eric Vida'' \|votes \= 12,957 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 12,957 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Mendez, Cavite\|Mendez]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Loida Dimapilis \|votes \= 5,474 \|percentage \= 37\.00 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Francisco Mendoza, Jr.'' \|votes \= 9,321 \|percentage \= 63\.00 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=14,795 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} ##### Naic Incumbent Mayor Junio Dualan is running unopposed. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Naic]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Junio Dualan'' \|votes \= 34,625 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=34,625 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Naic]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Rodrigo Castillo'' \|votes \= 18,893 \|percentage \= 43\.35 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Roger Pangilinan \|votes \= 19,936 \|percentage \= 45\.74 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Partido Demokratiko Pilipino\-Lakas ng Bayan \|candidate \= Joy Unas \|votes \= 4,757 \|percentage \= 10\.91 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=43,586 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} ##### Tagaytay Both incumbent mayor Agnes Delgado\-Tolentino, wife of incumbent 7th District representative Abraham "Bambol" Tolentino and sister\-in\-law of 2016 senatorial candidate [Francis Tolentino](/wiki/Francis_Tolentino "Francis Tolentino"), and running mate city councilor Raymond Ambion will be running unopposed.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mb.com.ph/tagaytay\-mayor\-glides\-freely\-to\-another\-term/\|title\=Tagaytay mayor glides freely to another term\|publisher\=Manila Bulletin\|last\=Giron\|first\=Anthony\|date\=19 November 2015\|accessdate\=30 November 2015}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Tagaytay]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= ''Agnes Delgado\-Tolentino'' \|votes \= 32,583 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=32,583 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Tagaytay]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Raymund Ambion \|votes \= 28,982 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=29,982 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} ##### Ternate {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Ternate, Cavite\|Ternate]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Lamberto Bambao \|votes \= 4,206 \|percentage \= 36\.77 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Gomez Linayao, Jr. \|votes \= 2,612 \|percentage \= 22\.83 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Minio Lindo'' \|votes \= 4,622 \|percentage \= 40\.40 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=11,440 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Ternate, Cavite\|Ternate]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Romel Anit \|votes \= 2,371 \|percentage \= 21\.24 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Salvador Gubio, Jr. \|votes \= 4,817 \|percentage \= 43\.15 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Khalil Soberano \|votes \= 3,975 \|percentage \= 35\.61 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=11,163 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}}
[ "Candidates\n----------", "Incumbents are expressed in italics.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r\\=Archives/RegularElections/2016NLE/Candidates/LocalCandidates\\|title\\=COMELEC 2015 NLE List of Local Candidates for Verification\\|accessdate\\=January 22, 2016}}", "### Governor", "Incumbent Jonvic Remulla originally intended to run for his third and final term. However, he withdrew his candidacy. His brother, former 7th District Representative Jesus Crispin Remulla, substituted him.\n{{Election box begin no change\n\\| title\\=\\[\\[Cavite]] gubernatorial election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Jesus Crispin Remulla]]\n\\|votes \\= 1,069,162\n\\|percentage \\= 94\\.16%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change \n\\|party \\= Partido Demokratiko Pilipino\\-Lakas ng Bayan\n\\|candidate \\= Obet Borral\n\\|votes \\= 26,285\n\\|percentage \\= 2\\.31%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change \n\\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n\\|candidate \\= Richard Balanzag\n\\|votes \\= 22,231\n\\|percentage \\= 1\\.96%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change \n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Gerbie Ber Ado\n\\|votes \\= 17,852\n\\|percentage \\= 1\\.57%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 1,135,530\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= United Nationalist Alliance\\|UNA\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "### Vice\\-Governor", "Vice Governor [Jolo Revilla](/wiki/Jolo_Revilla \"Jolo Revilla\") ([Lakas–CMD](/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD_%282009%29 \"Lakas–CMD (2009)\")) ran against 7th District Board Member Irene Bencito, Eddie De Asis \\& Severina Saulog. Although listed as an independent, Bencito was supported by the local Liberal and Nacionalista parties.\n{{Election box begin no change\n\\| title\\=\\[\\[Cavite]] vice\\-gubernatorial election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \n\\|party \\= Lakas–CMD (2009\\)\n\\|candidate \\= ''\\[\\[Jolo Revilla\\|Ramon \"Jolo\" Revilla III]]''\n\\|votes \\= 938,096\n\\|percentage \\= 81\\.67%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change \n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Irene Bencito\n\\|votes \\= 150,617\n\\|percentage \\= 13\\.11%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change \n\\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n\\|candidate \\= Eddie De Asis\n\\|votes \\= 30,968\n\\|percentage \\= 2\\.7%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change \n\\|party \\= Partido Demokratiko Pilipino\\-Lakas ng Bayan\n\\|candidate \\= Severina Saulog\n\\|votes \\= 28,977\n\\|percentage \\= 2\\.52%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 1,148,658\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= Lakas–CMD\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "### Congressional Elections", "#### 1st District Northern Cavite", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\| title\\=2016 Philippine House of Representatives election in \\[\\[Cavite]] 1st District.\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= ''Francis Abaya''\n\\|votes \\= 114,700\n\\|percentage \\= 86\\.5%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change \n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Marina Rieta Granados\n\\|votes \\= 17,605\n\\|percentage \\= 13\\.5%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 132,305\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### 2nd District (Bacoor)", "Incumbent [Lani Mercado\\-Revilla](/wiki/Lani_Mercado \"Lani Mercado\") is running for Mayor of Bacoor. Her brother\\-in\\-law, incumbent Bacoor Mayor Strike Revilla, is her party's nominee.\n{{Election box begin no change\n\\| title\\=2016 Philippine House of Representatives election in \\[\\[Cavite]] 2nd District.\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \n\\|party \\= Lakas–CMD (2009\\)\n\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Strike Revilla\\|Edwin \"Strike\" Revilla]]\n\\|votes \\= 141,149\n\\|percentage \\= 89\\.7%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change \n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Mark Orline Buena\n\\|votes \\= 16,204\n\\|percentage \\= 10\\.3%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 157,353\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= Lakas–CMD\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### 3rd District (Imus)", "Incumbent Representative Alex Advincula ran unopposed.\n{{Election box begin no change\n\\| title\\=2016 Philippine House of Representatives election in \\[\\[Cavite]] 3rd District.\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= ''Alex Advincula''\n\\|votes \\= 105,989\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 105,989\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### 4th District (Dasmariñas)", "Incumbent Elpidio Barzaga, Jr. is term\\-limited and is running for mayor of Dasmariñas. His wife, incumbent Mayor Jennifer Barzaga, is his party's nominee.\n{{Election box begin no change\n\\| title\\=2016 Philippine House of Representatives election in \\[\\[Cavite]] 4th District.\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Jennifer Barzaga]]\n\\|votes \\= 227,022\n\\|percentage \\= 95\\.35%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change \n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Alen Manzano\n\\|votes \\= 11,064\n\\|percentage \\= 4\\.65%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 238,086\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### 5th District (Carsigma)", "Running on his last term under Liberal Party, incumbent Rep. Roy Loyola ran against former Silang Mayor Ruben Madlansacay under [Nacionalista Party](/wiki/Nacionalista_Party \"Nacionalista Party\").\n{{Election box begin no change\n\\| title\\=2016 Philippine House of Representatives election in \\[\\[Cavite]] 5th District.\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Roy Loyola\n\\|votes \\= 134,316\n\\|percentage \\= 73\\.22%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change \n\\|party \\= Nacionalista Party\n\\|candidate \\= Ruben Madlansacay\n\\|votes \\= 49,113\n\\|percentage \\= 26\\.77%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 183,429\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### 6th District (Cavite Central)", "Luis \"Jon\\-Jon\" Ferrer IV ran unopposed as district representative.\n{{Election box begin no change\n\\| title\\=2016 Philippine House of Representatives election in \\[\\[Cavite]] 6th District.\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= ''Luis \"Jon\\-Jon\" Ferrer IV''\n\\|votes \\= 176,777\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 176,777\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### 7th District (Cavite Southwest)", "Incumbent Congressman Abraham Tolentino ran unopposed.", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\| title\\=2016 Philippine House of Representatives election in \\[\\[Cavite]] 7th District.\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= ''\\[\\[Abraham Tolentino]]''\n\\|votes \\= 163,514\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 163,514\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "### Provincial Board Elections", "#### First District (Cavite North)", "* **[City](/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines \"Cities of the Philippines\")**: [Cavite City](/wiki/Cavite_City \"Cavite City\")\n* **[Municipality](/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines \"Municipalities of the Philippines\")**: [Kawit](/wiki/Kawit \"Kawit\"), [Noveleta](/wiki/Noveleta \"Noveleta\"), [Rosario](/wiki/Rosario%2C_Cavite \"Rosario, Cavite\")", "{{Election box begin no change\\|title\\=2016 Provincial Board Election in 1st District of Cavite}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Ryan Enriquez''\n\\|votes \\= 84,074\n\\|percentage \\= 37\\.22%\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Gilbert Gandia\n\\|votes \\= 51,083\n\\|percentage \\= 22\\.62%\n}}\n\\|\\-bgcolor\\=black\n\\|colspan\\=5\\|\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Christopher Go\n\\|votes \\= 48,713 \n\\|percentage \\= 21\\.57%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Rebene Carrera\n\\|votes \\= 19,361 \n\\|percentage \\= 8\\.57%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Partido Galing at Puso\n\\|candidate \\= Michael Del Rosario\n\\|votes \\= 15,877 \n\\|percentage \\= 7\\.02%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= William Wee Narvaez\n\\|votes \\= 6,765 \n\\|percentage \\= 3\\.00%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 225,873\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Second District (Lone District of Bacoor)", "* **[City](/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines \"Cities of the Philippines\")**: [Bacoor](/wiki/Bacoor \"Bacoor\")", "Voters of the city elected two board members at\\-large, regardless of whether these voters are from Bacoor West or Bacoor East (the city's city council districts). Incumbent board member Edralin \"Aba\" Gawaran, who was nationally known as one of the right\\-hand men of detained Senator [Ramon \"Bong\" Revilla Jr.](/wiki/Bong_Revilla \"Bong Revilla\") when he was arrested and taken to jail for corruption charges in 2014 in connection with the [PDAF scam](/wiki/Priority_Development_Assistance_Fund_scam \"Priority Development Assistance Fund scam\"), will vie for re\\-election. His partner for the other slot within Team Revilla was outgoing city councilor Reynaldo Fabian. They were opposed by former three\\-term municipal councilor Peter Simon Lara, transport operator and businessperson Neil Ragasa, and Rosalina Francisco.", "Remulla, the other incumbent board member, is running for mayor.", "{{Election box begin no change\\|title\\=2016 Provincial Board Election in 2nd District of Cavite (Lone District of Bacoor)}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Lakas–CMD (2009\\)\n\\|candidate \\= ''Edralin Gawaran''\n\\|votes \\= 104,468\n\\|percentage \\= 39\\.82%\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Lakas–CMD (2009\\)\n\\|candidate \\= Reynaldo Fabian\n\\|votes \\= 92,081\n\\|percentage \\= 35\\.10%\n}}\n\\|\\-bgcolor\\=black\n\\|colspan\\=5\\|\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nacionalista Party\n\\|candidate \\= Honesto Mercado, Jr.\n\\|votes \\= 21,855 \n\\|percentage \\= 8\\.33%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Rosalina Francisco\n\\|votes \\= 20,761 \n\\|percentage \\= 7\\.91%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Cornelio Ragasa\n\\|votes \\= 16,001 \n\\|percentage \\= 6\\.10%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Lucio Alejo IV\n\\|votes \\= 7,159 \n\\|percentage \\= 2\\.73%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 262,325\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Third District (Lone District of Imus)", "* **[City](/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines \"Cities of the Philippines\")**: [Imus](/wiki/Imus \"Imus\")", "Voters of the city will elect two board members at\\-large.", "Due to the forged alliance between the Liberal Party, United Nationalist Alliance\\-Partido Magdalo, and Lakas–CMD, the \"ONE IMUS\" coalition was launched in October 2015\\. Incumbent Larry Boy Nato and former Imus mayor [Homer Saquilayan](/wiki/Homer_Saquilayan \"Homer Saquilayan\") ran for the district's two board seats under the said coalition.", "Only the 3rd district has two unopposed candidates for representation in the provincial board.[Pollwatch: Political stalwarts in Cavite unite for peace and progress](http://www.mb.com.ph/pollwatch-political-stalwarts-in-cavite-unite-for-peace-and-progress/) ([Manila Bulletin](/wiki/Manila_Bulletin \"Manila Bulletin\"))[3 Cavite district representatives running unopposed](http://www.mb.com.ph/3-cavite-district-representatives-running-unopposed/) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121190350/http://www.mb.com.ph/3\\-cavite\\-district\\-representatives\\-running\\-unopposed/ \\|date\\=January 21, 2016 }} ([Manila Bulletin](/wiki/Manila_Bulletin \"Manila Bulletin\"))", "{{Election box begin no change\\|title\\=2016 Provincial Board Election in 3rd District of Cavite (Lone District of Imus)}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= ''Larry Boy Nato''\n\\|votes \\= 71,195 \n\\|percentage \\= 45\\.08%\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nacionalista Party\n\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Homer Saquilayan]]\n\\|votes \\= 86,738\n\\|percentage \\= 54\\.92%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 157,933\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Fourth District (Lone District of Dasmariñas)", "* **[City](/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines \"Cities of the Philippines\")**: [Dasmariñas](/wiki/Dasmari%C3%B1as \"Dasmariñas\")", "{{Election box begin no change\\|title\\=2016 Provincial Board Election in 4th District of Cavite (Lone District of Dasmariñas)}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Valeriano Encabo\n\\|votes \\= 159,016 \n\\|percentage \\= 47\\.56%\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Teofilo \"Rudy\" Lara\n\\|votes \\= 155,947 \n\\|percentage \\= 46\\.64%\n}}\n\\|\\-bgcolor\\=black\n\\|colspan\\=5\\|\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Laut Guimbaanun\n\\|votes \\= 19,394 \n\\|percentage \\= 5\\.80%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 334,357\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Fifth District (Carsigma)", "* **[Municipality](/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines \"Municipalities of the Philippines\")**: [Carmona](/wiki/Carmona%2C_Cavite \"Carmona, Cavite\"), [General Mariano Alvarez](/wiki/General_Mariano_Alvarez%2C_Cavite \"General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite\"), [Silang](/wiki/Silang%2C_Cavite \"Silang, Cavite\")", "{{Election box begin no change\\|title\\=2016 Provincial Board Election in 5th District of Cavite}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Ivee Jayne Reyes\n\\|votes \\= 92,701 \n\\|percentage \\= 38\\.31%\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Marcos Amutan''\n\\|votes \\= 88,824\n\\|percentage \\= 36\\.71%\n}}\n\\|\\-bgcolor\\=black\n\\|colspan\\=5\\|\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Domeng Tenedero\n\\|votes \\= 60,446 \n\\|percentage \\= 24\\.98%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 241,971\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Sixth District (Cavite Central)", "* **[City](/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines \"Cities of the Philippines\")**: [General Trias](/wiki/General_Trias \"General Trias\"), [Trece Martires](/wiki/Trece_Martires \"Trece Martires\")\n* **[Municipality](/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines \"Municipalities of the Philippines\")**: [Amadeo](/wiki/Amadeo%2C_Cavite \"Amadeo, Cavite\"), [Tanza](/wiki/Tanza \"Tanza\")", "Current BM Felix Grepo stands to run for reelection this year.", "{{Election box begin no change\\|title\\=2016 Provincial Board Election in 6th District of Cavite}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Raymundo Del Rosario\n\\|votes \\= 108,509 \n\\|percentage \\= 33\\.94%\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= ''Felix Grepo''\n\\|votes \\= 97,063 \n\\|percentage \\= 30\\.36%\n}}\n\\|\\-bgcolor\\=black\n\\|colspan\\=5\\|\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Melencio \"Jun\" De Sagun, Jr.\n\\|votes \\= 87,128 \n\\|percentage \\= 27\\.25%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= People's Reform Party\n\\|candidate \\= Dakila Bocalan, Jr.\n\\|votes \\= 27,027\n\\|percentage \\= 8\\.45%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 319,727\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Seventh District (Cavite Southwest)", "* **[City](/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines \"Cities of the Philippines\")**: [Tagaytay](/wiki/Tagaytay \"Tagaytay\")\n* **[Municipality](/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines \"Municipalities of the Philippines\")**: [Alfonso](/wiki/Alfonso%2C_Cavite \"Alfonso, Cavite\"), [General Emilio Aguinaldo](/wiki/General_Emilio_Aguinaldo%2C_Cavite \"General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite\"), [Indang](/wiki/Indang%2C_Cavite \"Indang, Cavite\"), [Magallanes](/wiki/Magallanes%2C_Cavite \"Magallanes, Cavite\"), [Maragondon](/wiki/Maragondon%2C_Cavite \"Maragondon, Cavite\"), [Mendez](/wiki/Mendez%2C_Cavite \"Mendez, Cavite\"), [Naic](/wiki/Naic \"Naic\"), [Ternate](/wiki/Ternate%2C_Cavite \"Ternate, Cavite\")", "{{Election box begin no change\\|title\\=2016 Provincial Board Election in 7th District of Cavite}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Rainier Ambion\n\\|votes \\= 111,662\n\\|percentage \\= 52\\.01%\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Reinalyne Varias\\-Vidallon\n\\|votes \\= 75,372 \n\\|percentage \\= 35\\.11%\n}}\n\\|\\-bgcolor\\=black\n\\|colspan\\=5\\|\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Jasmin Manahan\n\\|votes \\= 27,659\n\\|percentage \\= 12\\.88%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 214,693\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "### Mayoral Election", "#### First District", "##### Cavite City", "Incumbent Mayor Bernardo \"Totie\" Paredes sought for re\\-election for his fifth non\\-consecutive term. His opponent was then\\-vice mayor Percilito \"Penchie\" Consigo. They were partners in the 2013 election and were only estranged in the weeks leading to the filing of certificates of candidacy. Meanwhile, City Councilor Denver Chua ran for Vice Mayor under Mayor Paredes' ticket. He ran against barangay captain Obet de Leon under the Liberal Party ticket.\n{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Cavite City]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Bernardo Paredes''\n\\|votes \\= 25,910 \n\\|percentage \\= 55\\.59%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Percilito Consigo\n\\|votes \\= 20,450\n\\|percentage \\= 43\\.88%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Partido Galing at Puso\n\\|candidate \\= Victor Borromeo\n\\|votes \\= 249\n\\|percentage \\= 0\\.53%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 46,609\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Cavite City]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Denver Chua''\n\\|votes \\= 34,385\n\\|percentage \\= 80\\.49%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Obet de Leon\n\\|votes \\= 8,333 \n\\|percentage \\= 19\\.51%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 42,718\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### Kawit", "Cousins Paul Plaridel Abaya and Angelo Emilio Aguinaldo are running for mayor. The former is the incumbent vice mayor and brother of Secretary Joseph Emilio Abaya and Representative Francis \"Blue\" Abaya, while the latter, the perceived preferred candidate of Partido Magdalo in Kawit, is an incumbent councilor and son of third\\-term Mayor Reynaldo \"Tik\" Aguinaldo.", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Kawit]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Angelo Emilio Aguinaldo\n\\|votes \\=20,269 \n\\|percentage \\=57\\.09%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Paul Plaridel Abaya\n\\|votes \\=15,230 \n\\|percentage \\=42\\.91% \n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=35,499\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\=Nationalist People's Coalition\n \\|loser \\=Liberal Party (Philippines)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Kawit]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Armando Bernal\n\\|votes \\= 18,335 \n\\|percentage \\= 53\\.19%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Alvin Bunag\n\\|votes \\= 16,134 \n\\|percentage \\= 46\\.81%\n\\|\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 34,469\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n \\|loser \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### Noveleta", "Three\\-termer outgoing mayor Enrico \"Boy\" Alvarez has agreed to the request of Governor Jonvic Remulla to field a common candidate for the UNA\\-Partido Magdalo Coalition in Noveleta, Cavite. Because of this \"One Cavite\" project of the governor, Mayor Boy Alvarez endorsed former vice mayor and incumbent provincial board member Dino Reyes Chua to be his successor as mayor of Noveleta. Meanwhile, his younger brother, Noveleta incumbent vice mayor Davey Reyes Chua, is supposedly running for provincial board member to replace his elder brother, who is running for Noveleta mayor. But the governor has committed the party slot for another candidate which made him decide to give way and just run for re\\-election as municipal councilor of Noveleta to support the mayoral bid of his brother. The Reyes\\-Chua Brothers came from the Reyes Clan of Noveleta. The legacy of the Reyes Clan started with the late Mayor Librado Reyes and Mayor Pepe Reyes (father and son) who both served as Noveleta mayors during the 1950s and 1980s respectively.\n{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Noveleta]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Dino Chua\n\\|votes \\= 12,510\n\\|percentage \\= 72\\.15%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Dindo Santamaria\n\\|votes \\= 4,829 \n\\|percentage \\= 27\\.85%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 17,339\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Noveleta]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nacionalista Party\n\\|candidate \\= Dave Manalo\n\\|votes \\= 8,345 \n\\|percentage \\= 49\\.09%\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Dionisio Torres\n\\|votes \\= 8,655\n\\|percentage \\= 50\\.91%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 17,000\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n \\|loser \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### Rosario", "Incumbent Mayor Jose \"Nonong\" Ricafrente is term\\-limited and will switch positions with his son, incumbent Vice Mayor Voltaire Ricafrente, who in turn will be opposed by former mayor and incumbent provincial administrator Renato Abutan.", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Rosario, Cavite\\|Rosario]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Renato Abutan\n\\|votes \\= 17,915\n\\|percentage \\= 34\\.52%\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Voltaire Ricafrente\n\\|votes \\= 33,981\n\\|percentage \\= 65\\.48%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 51,896\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "Nonong Ricafrente, in turn, will be opposed by his former vice mayor Jose Rozel Hernandez.", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Rosario, Cavite\\|Rosario]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Jose Rozel Hernandez\n\\|votes \\= 14,004\n\\|percentage \\= 27\\.66%\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Jose Ricafrente, Jr.\n\\|votes \\= 36,620\n\\|percentage \\= 72\\.34%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 50,624\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Second District", "##### Bacoor", "{{main\\|2016 Bacoor local elections}}", "Incumbent Edwin \"Strike\" Revilla is already in his third term as mayor of Bacoor; therefore he is disqualified from running for another term for the same position despite Bacoor's change in status as a city in 2012\\. He will be running for representative to switch positions with his sister\\-in\\-law, Lani Mercado\\-Revilla. Her opponents are former municipal vice mayor and provincial board member Edwin Malvar and incumbent provincial board member Rolando \"Andoy\" Remulla.", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Bacoor]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Edwin Malvar\n\\|votes \\= 21,184\n\\|percentage \\= 12\\.07%\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Lakas–CMD (2009\\)\n\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Lani Mercado\\|Lani Mercado\\-Revilla]]\n\\|votes \\= 106,964\n\\|percentage \\= 60\\.93%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Rolando Remulla\n\\|votes \\= 47,399\n\\|percentage \\= 27%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=175,547\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "Incumbent vice mayor Catherine Sariño\\-Evaristo will be Representative Mercado\\-Revilla's running mate. Her announced opponents are former city Business Permits and Licensing Office head Allen Reyes and former municipal councilor and three\\-term provincial board member Cesario \"Jun\" Del Rosario Jr., who recently is an editor and deputy chief of reporters at [CNN Philippines](/wiki/CNN_Philippines \"CNN Philippines\").", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Bacoor]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Cesario Del Rosario, Jr.\n\\|votes \\= 25,449\n\\|percentage \\= 15\\.86%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Allen Reyes\n\\|votes \\= 34,287 \n\\|percentage \\= 21\\.36%\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Lakas–CMD (2009\\)\n\\|candidate \\= ''Catherine Sariño\\-Evaristo''\n\\|votes \\= 100,769\n\\|percentage \\= 62\\.78%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=160,505\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Third District", "##### Imus", "Incumbent mayor Emmanuel \"Manny\" Maliksi is running reelection as a result of an alliance forged between his camp and the camp of his perennial rival, Homer \"Saki\" Saquilayan, who will instead run for provincial board member. Astillero, a well\\-known nuisance candidate, is also running for mayor.", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Imus]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= A.A. Astillero (Nuisance)\n\\|votes \\= 4,416\n\\|percentage \\= 3\\.64\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Lakas–CMD (2009\\)\n\\|candidate \\= Kiko Herrera\n\\|votes \\= 17,558 \n\\|percentage \\= 14\\.48\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= ''Emmanuel Maliksi''\n\\|votes \\= 99,256\n\\|percentage \\= 81\\.88\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=121,230\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Imus]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Ony Cantimbuhan\n\\|votes \\= 68,464\n\\|percentage \\= 54\\.80\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Shernan Jaro\n\\|votes \\= 56,479 \n\\|percentage \\= 45\\.20\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=124,943\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Fourth District", "##### Dasmariñas", "Incumbent Mayor Jenny Barzaga is term limited and she running in the Congress, her husband Pidi is running, his primary opponents Arnel del Rosario and Jigger \"Jigz\" Padillo ([Nationalist People's Coalition](/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition \"Nationalist People's Coalition\")), the two candidates are supporting [Rodrigo Duterte](/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte \"Rodrigo Duterte\") ([PDP–Laban](/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban \"PDP–Laban\")) and Sen. [Grace Poe](/wiki/Grace_Poe \"Grace Poe\") ([Partido Galing at Puso](/wiki/Partido_Galing_at_Puso \"Partido Galing at Puso\")) respectively.", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Dasmariñas]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Elpidio Barzaga, Jr.\n\\|votes \\= 212,962\n\\|percentage \\= 91\\.70\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nacionalista Party\n\\|candidate \\= Amado Beltran\n\\|votes \\= 1,824\n\\|percentage \\= 0\\.79\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= People's Reform Party\n\\|candidate \\= Wilihardo Campos\n\\|votes \\= 2,782\n\\|percentage \\= 1\\.20\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Partido Demokratiko Pilipino\\-Lakas ng Bayan\n\\|candidate \\= Arnel Del Rosario\n\\|votes \\= 13,310\n\\|percentage \\= 5\\.72\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n\\|candidate \\= Willy Gatus\n\\|votes \\= 720\n\\|percentage \\= 0\\.31\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Jigz Padillo\n\\|votes \\= 658\n\\|percentage \\= 0\\.28\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=232,256\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "Incumbent Vice Mayor Valeriano Encabo is term limited and running as board member, his party nominated Board Member Rex Mangubat, his opponent is Councilor Jess Frani.\n{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Dasmariñas]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Jess Frani\n\\|votes \\= 101,909 \n\\|percentage \\= 45\\.26\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Rex Mangubat\n\\|votes \\= 123,242\n\\|percentage \\= 54\\.74\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=225,151\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Fifth District", "##### Carmona", "Incumbent Mayor Dahlia A. Loyola will running reelection for her last term and is opposed by Rosa Atienza and Jose Carpio.\n{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Carmona, Cavite\\|Carmona]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino\n\\|candidate \\= Rosa Atienza\n\\|votes \\= 408\n\\|percentage \\= 1\\.13 %\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Jose Carpio\n\\|votes \\= 1,233\n\\|percentage \\= 3\\.42 %\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Dahlia Loyola\n\\|votes \\= 34,443\n\\|percentage \\= 95\\.45 %\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 36,084\n\\|percentage \\= 100\\.00 %\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Carmona, Cavite\\|Carmona]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Elmer \"Itoy\" Reyes\n\\|votes \\= 27,689\n\\|percentage \\= 85\\.86 %\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Lolita Tenedero\n\\|votes \\= 4,561\n\\|percentage \\= 14\\.14 %\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 32,250\n\\|percentage \\= 100\\.00 %\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### General Mariano Alvarez", "Incumbent Mayor Walter Echevarria Jr will running reelection and is opposed by incumbent vice mayor Percival \"Percy\" Cabuhat and former mayor Leonisa Joana \"Ona\" Virata. \n{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite\\|General Mariano Alvarez]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Percy Cabuhat\n\\|votes \\= 25,449\n\\|percentage \\= 42\\.46\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= ''Walter Echevarria, Jr.''\n\\|votes \\= 28,862\n\\|percentage \\= 48\\.15\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino\n\\|candidate \\= Ona Virata\n\\|votes \\= 5,631\n\\|percentage \\= 9\\.39\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=59,942\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite\\|General Mariano Alvarez]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino\n\\|candidate \\= Ruel Calix\n\\|votes \\= 6,423\n\\|percentage \\= 11\\.14\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Aisa Gutierrez \n\\|votes \\= 23,697\n\\|percentage \\= 41\\.13\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Maricel Torres\n\\|votes \\= 27,501\n\\|percentage \\= 47\\.73\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=57,621\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### Silang", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Silang, Cavite\\|Silang]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Partido Galing at Puso\n\\|candidate \\= Gie Loyola\n\\|votes \\= 1,239\n\\|percentage \\= 1\\.39\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Rosalie Loyola\n\\|votes \\= 33,510\n\\|percentage \\= 37\\.43\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Emilia Lourdes Poblete''\n\\|votes \\= 54,768\n\\|percentage \\= 61\\.18\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=89,517\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Silang, Cavite\\|Silang]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Aidel Paul Belamide\n\\|votes \\= 49,675\n\\|percentage \\= 59\\.21\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Aristides Jose Velazco\n\\|votes \\= 34,221 \n\\|percentage \\= 40\\.79\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=83,896\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Sixth District", "##### Amadeo", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Amadeo, Cavite\\|Amadeo]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Albert Ambagan, Sr.\n\\|votes \\= 8,451\n\\|percentage \\= 44\\.65\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nacionalista Party\n\\|candidate \\= Elpidio Bawalan\n\\|votes \\= 2,414\n\\|percentage \\= 12\\.75\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= August Bayas\n\\|votes \\= 768\n\\|percentage \\= 4\\.06\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Benjarde Villanueva''\n\\|votes \\= 7,294 \n\\|percentage \\= 38\\.54\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=18,927\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Amadeo, Cavite\\|Amadeo]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Augusto Bebe, Jr.\n\\|votes \\= 1,784\n\\|percentage \\= 9\\.88\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Joel Iyaya\n\\|votes \\= 6,604\n\\|percentage \\= 36\\.57\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nacionalista Party\n\\|candidate \\= Rene Tongson\n\\|votes \\= 2,316\n\\|percentage \\= 12\\.83\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Rading Viado\n\\|votes \\= 7,353\n\\|percentage \\= 40\\.72\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=18,057\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### General Trias", "Incumbent [Mayor Antonio \"Ony\" Ferrer](/wiki/Antonio_Ferrer \"Antonio Ferrer\") and Vice Mayor Maurito \"Morit\" Sison were challenged by Annalyn Jubillo and Reynaldo Parin respectively. As with the previous elections, it ended with a landslide victory for both Ferrer and Sison, and marked the first polls in the newly created city since the 2015 referendum.", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[General Trias]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= ''Antonio Ferrer''\n\\|votes \\= 70,997\n\\|percentage \\= 94\\.23\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Annalyn Jubillo\n\\|votes \\= 4,348\n\\|percentage \\= 5\\.77\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=75,345\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[General Trias]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Reynaldo Parin\n\\|votes \\= 6,902 \n\\|percentage \\= 9\\.60\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= ''Maurito Sison''\n\\|votes \\= 65,004\n\\|percentage \\= 90\\.40\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=71,906\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### Tanza", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Tanza]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Hermogenes Arayata III\n\\|votes \\= 40,365\n\\|percentage \\= 49\\.65\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Yuri Pacumio\n\\|votes \\= 40,942\n\\|percentage \\= 50\\.35\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=81,307\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Tanza]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Marcus Ashley Arayata\n\\|votes \\= 38,152\n\\|percentage \\= 47\\.60\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Partido Demokratiko Pilipino\\-Lakas ng Bayan\n\\|candidate \\= Joselito Diosana\n\\|votes \\= 10,935\n\\|percentage \\= 13\\.64\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Alexis Dones\n\\|votes \\= 31,070\n\\|percentage \\= 38\\.76\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=80,157\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### Trece Martires", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Trece Martires]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Melandres De Sagun\n\\|votes \\= 26,052\n\\|percentage \\= 56\\.30%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Partido Demokratiko Pilipino\\-Lakas ng Bayan\n\\|candidate \\= Romeo Montehermoso\n\\|votes \\= 16,165\n\\|percentage \\= 35\\.00%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Alex Peñalba\n\\|votes \\= 4,024\n\\|percentage \\= 8\\.70%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=36,141\n\\|percentage \\=100\\.00%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Trece Martires]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Remigio Dilag\n\\|votes \\= 20,888\n\\|percentage \\= 45\\.90%\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Alexander Lubigan\n\\|votes \\= 24,585 \n\\|percentage \\= 54\\.10%\n}}", "{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=45,673\n\\|percentage \\=100\\.00%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Seventh District", "#### Alfonso", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Alfonso, Cavite\\|Alfonso]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Raul Rodis\n\\|votes \\= 4,630\n\\|percentage \\= 19\\.22 \n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Virgilio Varias''\n\\|votes \\= 19,463 \n\\|percentage \\= 80\\.78\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=24,093\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Alfonso, Cavite\\|Alfonso]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Justiniano De Castro''\n\\|votes \\= 9,538\n\\|percentage \\= 39\\.53\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Manolito Credo\n\\|votes \\= 2,530\n\\|percentage \\= 10\\.49\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Partido Galing at Puso\n\\|candidate \\= Randy Salamat\n\\|votes \\= 12,060\n\\|percentage \\= 49\\.98\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=24,128\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### General Emilio Aguinaldo", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite\\|General Emilio Aguinaldo]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Danilo Bencito''\n\\|votes \\= 6,039 \n\\|percentage \\= 57\\.34\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Cesar Glorioso\n\\|votes \\= 4,492 \n\\|percentage \\= 42\\.66\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=10,531\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite\\|General Emilio Aguinaldo]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nacionalista Party\n\\|candidate \\= ''Louel Golfo''\n\\|votes \\= 6,450\n\\|percentage \\= 63\\.17\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Apolonio Villa\n\\|votes \\= 3,761\n\\|percentage \\= 36\\.83\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=10,211\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Indang", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Indang, Cavite\\|Indang]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino\n\\|candidate \\= Eleuterio Castillo, Sr.\n\\|votes \\= 107 \n\\|percentage \\= 0\\.32\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Lakas–CMD\n\\|candidate \\= Lilibeth Espineli\n\\|votes \\= 1,253\n\\|percentage \\= 3\\.78\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Pecto Fidel\n\\|votes \\= 13,779 \n\\|percentage \\= 41\\.52 \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Virgilio Fidel\n\\|votes \\= 9,538\n\\|percentage \\= 28\\.74\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Iluminada Silao\n\\|votes \\= 4,962\n\\|percentage \\= 14\\.95\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Partido Galing at Puso\n\\|candidate \\= Jaime Tepora\n\\|votes \\= 3,547\n\\|percentage \\= 10\\.69\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=33,186\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Indang, Cavite\\|Indang]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino\n\\|candidate \\= Rafael Herrera, Jr.\n\\|votes \\= 3,531\n\\|percentage \\= 11\\.06\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Lakas–CMD\n\\|candidate \\= Raquel Quiambao\n\\|votes \\= 4,944\n\\|percentage \\= 15\\.49\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Bayani Rodil\n\\|votes \\= 6,311\n\\|percentage \\= 19\\.77\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Sammy Rodil\n\\|votes \\= 9,209\n\\|percentage \\= 28\\.85\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Rey Zafra\n\\|votes \\= 7,926\n\\|percentage \\= 24\\.83\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=31,921\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Magallanes", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Magallanes, Cavite\\|Magallanes]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Delfin Genio\n\\|votes \\= 3,160\n\\|percentage \\= 30\\.60\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Jasmin Maligaya\n\\|votes \\= 7,166\n\\|percentage \\= 69\\.40\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=10,326\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Magallanes, Cavite\\|Magallanes]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Renato Dimapilis\n\\|votes \\= 5,696\n\\|percentage \\= 56\\.86\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Edwin Sisante\n\\|votes \\= 4,321\n\\|percentage \\= 43\\.14\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=10,017\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### Maragondon", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Maragondon, Cavite\\|Maragondon]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= ''Reynaldo Rillo''\n\\|votes \\= 12,544\n\\|percentage \\= 59\\.82\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Alfredo Bersabe\n\\|votes \\= 8,427\n\\|percentage \\= 40\\.18\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=20,971\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Maragondon, Cavite\\|Maragondon]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Irereo \"Pinboy\" Angeles''\n\\|votes \\= 12,086\n\\|percentage \\= 60\\.79\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Bonn Rillo\n\\|votes \\= 7,796\n\\|percentage \\= 39\\.21\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=19,882\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Mendez (Mendez\\-Nuñez)", "Incumbent Mayor Eric Vida is running unopposed.\n{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Mendez, Cavite\\|Mendez]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Eric Vida''\n\\|votes \\= 12,957\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 12,957\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Mendez, Cavite\\|Mendez]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Loida Dimapilis\n\\|votes \\= 5,474\n\\|percentage \\= 37\\.00\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Francisco Mendoza, Jr.''\n\\|votes \\= 9,321 \n\\|percentage \\= 63\\.00\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=14,795\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### Naic", "Incumbent Mayor Junio Dualan is running unopposed.", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Naic]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Junio Dualan''\n\\|votes \\= 34,625\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=34,625\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Naic]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Rodrigo Castillo''\n\\|votes \\= 18,893\n\\|percentage \\= 43\\.35\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Roger Pangilinan\n\\|votes \\= 19,936\n\\|percentage \\= 45\\.74\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Partido Demokratiko Pilipino\\-Lakas ng Bayan\n\\|candidate \\= Joy Unas\n\\|votes \\= 4,757 \n\\|percentage \\= 10\\.91\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=43,586\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### Tagaytay", "Both incumbent mayor Agnes Delgado\\-Tolentino, wife of incumbent 7th District representative Abraham \"Bambol\" Tolentino and sister\\-in\\-law of 2016 senatorial candidate [Francis Tolentino](/wiki/Francis_Tolentino \"Francis Tolentino\"), and running mate city councilor Raymond Ambion will be running unopposed.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mb.com.ph/tagaytay\\-mayor\\-glides\\-freely\\-to\\-another\\-term/\\|title\\=Tagaytay mayor glides freely to another term\\|publisher\\=Manila Bulletin\\|last\\=Giron\\|first\\=Anthony\\|date\\=19 November 2015\\|accessdate\\=30 November 2015}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Tagaytay]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= ''Agnes Delgado\\-Tolentino''\n\\|votes \\= 32,583\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=32,583\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Tagaytay]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Raymund Ambion\n\\|votes \\= 28,982\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=29,982\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### Ternate", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Ternate, Cavite\\|Ternate]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Lamberto Bambao\n\\|votes \\= 4,206 \n\\|percentage \\= 36\\.77\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Gomez Linayao, Jr.\n\\|votes \\= 2,612 \n\\|percentage \\= 22\\.83\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Minio Lindo''\n\\|votes \\= 4,622\n\\|percentage \\= 40\\.40\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=11,440\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Ternate, Cavite\\|Ternate]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Romel Anit\n\\|votes \\= 2,371\n\\|percentage \\= 21\\.24\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Salvador Gubio, Jr.\n\\|votes \\= 4,817\n\\|percentage \\= 43\\.15\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Khalil Soberano\n\\|votes \\= 3,975 \n\\|percentage \\= 35\\.61\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=11,163\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "" ]
### Mayoral Election #### First District ##### Cavite City Incumbent Mayor Bernardo "Totie" Paredes sought for re\-election for his fifth non\-consecutive term. His opponent was then\-vice mayor Percilito "Penchie" Consigo. They were partners in the 2013 election and were only estranged in the weeks leading to the filing of certificates of candidacy. Meanwhile, City Councilor Denver Chua ran for Vice Mayor under Mayor Paredes' ticket. He ran against barangay captain Obet de Leon under the Liberal Party ticket. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Cavite City]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Bernardo Paredes'' \|votes \= 25,910 \|percentage \= 55\.59% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Percilito Consigo \|votes \= 20,450 \|percentage \= 43\.88% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Partido Galing at Puso \|candidate \= Victor Borromeo \|votes \= 249 \|percentage \= 0\.53% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 46,609 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Cavite City]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Denver Chua'' \|votes \= 34,385 \|percentage \= 80\.49% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Obet de Leon \|votes \= 8,333 \|percentage \= 19\.51% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 42,718 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} ##### Kawit Cousins Paul Plaridel Abaya and Angelo Emilio Aguinaldo are running for mayor. The former is the incumbent vice mayor and brother of Secretary Joseph Emilio Abaya and Representative Francis "Blue" Abaya, while the latter, the perceived preferred candidate of Partido Magdalo in Kawit, is an incumbent councilor and son of third\-term Mayor Reynaldo "Tik" Aguinaldo. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Kawit]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Angelo Emilio Aguinaldo \|votes \=20,269 \|percentage \=57\.09% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change\|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Paul Plaridel Abaya \|votes \=15,230 \|percentage \=42\.91% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=35,499 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing \|winner \=Nationalist People's Coalition \|loser \=Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Kawit]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Armando Bernal \|votes \= 18,335 \|percentage \= 53\.19% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change\|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Alvin Bunag \|votes \= 16,134 \|percentage \= 46\.81% \| }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 34,469 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing \|winner \= United Nationalist Alliance \|loser \= Nationalist People's Coalition }} {{Election box end}} ##### Noveleta Three\-termer outgoing mayor Enrico "Boy" Alvarez has agreed to the request of Governor Jonvic Remulla to field a common candidate for the UNA\-Partido Magdalo Coalition in Noveleta, Cavite. Because of this "One Cavite" project of the governor, Mayor Boy Alvarez endorsed former vice mayor and incumbent provincial board member Dino Reyes Chua to be his successor as mayor of Noveleta. Meanwhile, his younger brother, Noveleta incumbent vice mayor Davey Reyes Chua, is supposedly running for provincial board member to replace his elder brother, who is running for Noveleta mayor. But the governor has committed the party slot for another candidate which made him decide to give way and just run for re\-election as municipal councilor of Noveleta to support the mayoral bid of his brother. The Reyes\-Chua Brothers came from the Reyes Clan of Noveleta. The legacy of the Reyes Clan started with the late Mayor Librado Reyes and Mayor Pepe Reyes (father and son) who both served as Noveleta mayors during the 1950s and 1980s respectively. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Noveleta]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Dino Chua \|votes \= 12,510 \|percentage \= 72\.15% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Dindo Santamaria \|votes \= 4,829 \|percentage \= 27\.85% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 17,339 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Noveleta]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nacionalista Party \|candidate \= Dave Manalo \|votes \= 8,345 \|percentage \= 49\.09% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Dionisio Torres \|votes \= 8,655 \|percentage \= 50\.91% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 17,000 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing \|winner \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|loser \= United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} ##### Rosario Incumbent Mayor Jose "Nonong" Ricafrente is term\-limited and will switch positions with his son, incumbent Vice Mayor Voltaire Ricafrente, who in turn will be opposed by former mayor and incumbent provincial administrator Renato Abutan. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Rosario, Cavite\|Rosario]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Renato Abutan \|votes \= 17,915 \|percentage \= 34\.52% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Voltaire Ricafrente \|votes \= 33,981 \|percentage \= 65\.48% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 51,896 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} Nonong Ricafrente, in turn, will be opposed by his former vice mayor Jose Rozel Hernandez. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Rosario, Cavite\|Rosario]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Jose Rozel Hernandez \|votes \= 14,004 \|percentage \= 27\.66% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Jose Ricafrente, Jr. \|votes \= 36,620 \|percentage \= 72\.34% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 50,624 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} #### Second District ##### Bacoor {{main\|2016 Bacoor local elections}} Incumbent Edwin "Strike" Revilla is already in his third term as mayor of Bacoor; therefore he is disqualified from running for another term for the same position despite Bacoor's change in status as a city in 2012\. He will be running for representative to switch positions with his sister\-in\-law, Lani Mercado\-Revilla. Her opponents are former municipal vice mayor and provincial board member Edwin Malvar and incumbent provincial board member Rolando "Andoy" Remulla. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Bacoor]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Edwin Malvar \|votes \= 21,184 \|percentage \= 12\.07% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Lakas–CMD (2009\) \|candidate \= \[\[Lani Mercado\|Lani Mercado\-Revilla]] \|votes \= 106,964 \|percentage \= 60\.93% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Rolando Remulla \|votes \= 47,399 \|percentage \= 27% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=175,547 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} Incumbent vice mayor Catherine Sariño\-Evaristo will be Representative Mercado\-Revilla's running mate. Her announced opponents are former city Business Permits and Licensing Office head Allen Reyes and former municipal councilor and three\-term provincial board member Cesario "Jun" Del Rosario Jr., who recently is an editor and deputy chief of reporters at [CNN Philippines](/wiki/CNN_Philippines "CNN Philippines"). {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Bacoor]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Cesario Del Rosario, Jr. \|votes \= 25,449 \|percentage \= 15\.86% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Allen Reyes \|votes \= 34,287 \|percentage \= 21\.36% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Lakas–CMD (2009\) \|candidate \= ''Catherine Sariño\-Evaristo'' \|votes \= 100,769 \|percentage \= 62\.78% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=160,505 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} #### Third District ##### Imus Incumbent mayor Emmanuel "Manny" Maliksi is running reelection as a result of an alliance forged between his camp and the camp of his perennial rival, Homer "Saki" Saquilayan, who will instead run for provincial board member. Astillero, a well\-known nuisance candidate, is also running for mayor. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Imus]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= A.A. Astillero (Nuisance) \|votes \= 4,416 \|percentage \= 3\.64 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Lakas–CMD (2009\) \|candidate \= Kiko Herrera \|votes \= 17,558 \|percentage \= 14\.48 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= ''Emmanuel Maliksi'' \|votes \= 99,256 \|percentage \= 81\.88 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=121,230 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Imus]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Ony Cantimbuhan \|votes \= 68,464 \|percentage \= 54\.80 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Shernan Jaro \|votes \= 56,479 \|percentage \= 45\.20 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=124,943 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} #### Fourth District ##### Dasmariñas Incumbent Mayor Jenny Barzaga is term limited and she running in the Congress, her husband Pidi is running, his primary opponents Arnel del Rosario and Jigger "Jigz" Padillo ([Nationalist People's Coalition](/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition "Nationalist People's Coalition")), the two candidates are supporting [Rodrigo Duterte](/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte "Rodrigo Duterte") ([PDP–Laban](/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban "PDP–Laban")) and Sen. [Grace Poe](/wiki/Grace_Poe "Grace Poe") ([Partido Galing at Puso](/wiki/Partido_Galing_at_Puso "Partido Galing at Puso")) respectively. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Dasmariñas]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Elpidio Barzaga, Jr. \|votes \= 212,962 \|percentage \= 91\.70 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nacionalista Party \|candidate \= Amado Beltran \|votes \= 1,824 \|percentage \= 0\.79 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= People's Reform Party \|candidate \= Wilihardo Campos \|votes \= 2,782 \|percentage \= 1\.20 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Partido Demokratiko Pilipino\-Lakas ng Bayan \|candidate \= Arnel Del Rosario \|votes \= 13,310 \|percentage \= 5\.72 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Independent (politician) \|candidate \= Willy Gatus \|votes \= 720 \|percentage \= 0\.31 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Jigz Padillo \|votes \= 658 \|percentage \= 0\.28 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=232,256 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} Incumbent Vice Mayor Valeriano Encabo is term limited and running as board member, his party nominated Board Member Rex Mangubat, his opponent is Councilor Jess Frani. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Dasmariñas]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Jess Frani \|votes \= 101,909 \|percentage \= 45\.26 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Rex Mangubat \|votes \= 123,242 \|percentage \= 54\.74 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=225,151 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} #### Fifth District ##### Carmona Incumbent Mayor Dahlia A. Loyola will running reelection for her last term and is opposed by Rosa Atienza and Jose Carpio. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Carmona, Cavite\|Carmona]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino \|candidate \= Rosa Atienza \|votes \= 408 \|percentage \= 1\.13 % }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Jose Carpio \|votes \= 1,233 \|percentage \= 3\.42 % }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Dahlia Loyola \|votes \= 34,443 \|percentage \= 95\.45 % }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 36,084 \|percentage \= 100\.00 % }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Carmona, Cavite\|Carmona]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Elmer "Itoy" Reyes \|votes \= 27,689 \|percentage \= 85\.86 % }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Lolita Tenedero \|votes \= 4,561 \|percentage \= 14\.14 % }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 32,250 \|percentage \= 100\.00 % }} {{Election box end}} ##### General Mariano Alvarez Incumbent Mayor Walter Echevarria Jr will running reelection and is opposed by incumbent vice mayor Percival "Percy" Cabuhat and former mayor Leonisa Joana "Ona" Virata. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite\|General Mariano Alvarez]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Percy Cabuhat \|votes \= 25,449 \|percentage \= 42\.46 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= ''Walter Echevarria, Jr.'' \|votes \= 28,862 \|percentage \= 48\.15 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino \|candidate \= Ona Virata \|votes \= 5,631 \|percentage \= 9\.39 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=59,942 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite\|General Mariano Alvarez]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino \|candidate \= Ruel Calix \|votes \= 6,423 \|percentage \= 11\.14 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Aisa Gutierrez \|votes \= 23,697 \|percentage \= 41\.13 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Maricel Torres \|votes \= 27,501 \|percentage \= 47\.73 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=57,621 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} ##### Silang {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Silang, Cavite\|Silang]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Partido Galing at Puso \|candidate \= Gie Loyola \|votes \= 1,239 \|percentage \= 1\.39 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Rosalie Loyola \|votes \= 33,510 \|percentage \= 37\.43 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Emilia Lourdes Poblete'' \|votes \= 54,768 \|percentage \= 61\.18 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=89,517 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Silang, Cavite\|Silang]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Aidel Paul Belamide \|votes \= 49,675 \|percentage \= 59\.21 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Aristides Jose Velazco \|votes \= 34,221 \|percentage \= 40\.79 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=83,896 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} #### Sixth District ##### Amadeo {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Amadeo, Cavite\|Amadeo]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Albert Ambagan, Sr. \|votes \= 8,451 \|percentage \= 44\.65 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nacionalista Party \|candidate \= Elpidio Bawalan \|votes \= 2,414 \|percentage \= 12\.75 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= August Bayas \|votes \= 768 \|percentage \= 4\.06 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Benjarde Villanueva'' \|votes \= 7,294 \|percentage \= 38\.54 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=18,927 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Amadeo, Cavite\|Amadeo]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Augusto Bebe, Jr. \|votes \= 1,784 \|percentage \= 9\.88 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Joel Iyaya \|votes \= 6,604 \|percentage \= 36\.57 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nacionalista Party \|candidate \= Rene Tongson \|votes \= 2,316 \|percentage \= 12\.83 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Rading Viado \|votes \= 7,353 \|percentage \= 40\.72 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=18,057 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} ##### General Trias Incumbent [Mayor Antonio "Ony" Ferrer](/wiki/Antonio_Ferrer "Antonio Ferrer") and Vice Mayor Maurito "Morit" Sison were challenged by Annalyn Jubillo and Reynaldo Parin respectively. As with the previous elections, it ended with a landslide victory for both Ferrer and Sison, and marked the first polls in the newly created city since the 2015 referendum. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[General Trias]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= ''Antonio Ferrer'' \|votes \= 70,997 \|percentage \= 94\.23 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Annalyn Jubillo \|votes \= 4,348 \|percentage \= 5\.77 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=75,345 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[General Trias]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Reynaldo Parin \|votes \= 6,902 \|percentage \= 9\.60 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= ''Maurito Sison'' \|votes \= 65,004 \|percentage \= 90\.40 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=71,906 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} ##### Tanza {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Tanza]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Hermogenes Arayata III \|votes \= 40,365 \|percentage \= 49\.65 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Yuri Pacumio \|votes \= 40,942 \|percentage \= 50\.35 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=81,307 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Tanza]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Marcus Ashley Arayata \|votes \= 38,152 \|percentage \= 47\.60 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Partido Demokratiko Pilipino\-Lakas ng Bayan \|candidate \= Joselito Diosana \|votes \= 10,935 \|percentage \= 13\.64 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Alexis Dones \|votes \= 31,070 \|percentage \= 38\.76 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=80,157 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} ##### Trece Martires {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Trece Martires]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Melandres De Sagun \|votes \= 26,052 \|percentage \= 56\.30% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Partido Demokratiko Pilipino\-Lakas ng Bayan \|candidate \= Romeo Montehermoso \|votes \= 16,165 \|percentage \= 35\.00% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Alex Peñalba \|votes \= 4,024 \|percentage \= 8\.70% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=36,141 \|percentage \=100\.00% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Trece Martires]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Remigio Dilag \|votes \= 20,888 \|percentage \= 45\.90% }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Alexander Lubigan \|votes \= 24,585 \|percentage \= 54\.10% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=45,673 \|percentage \=100\.00% }} {{Election box end}} #### Seventh District #### Alfonso {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Alfonso, Cavite\|Alfonso]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Raul Rodis \|votes \= 4,630 \|percentage \= 19\.22 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Virgilio Varias'' \|votes \= 19,463 \|percentage \= 80\.78 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=24,093 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Alfonso, Cavite\|Alfonso]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Justiniano De Castro'' \|votes \= 9,538 \|percentage \= 39\.53 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Manolito Credo \|votes \= 2,530 \|percentage \= 10\.49 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Partido Galing at Puso \|candidate \= Randy Salamat \|votes \= 12,060 \|percentage \= 49\.98 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=24,128 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} #### General Emilio Aguinaldo {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite\|General Emilio Aguinaldo]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Danilo Bencito'' \|votes \= 6,039 \|percentage \= 57\.34 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Cesar Glorioso \|votes \= 4,492 \|percentage \= 42\.66 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=10,531 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite\|General Emilio Aguinaldo]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nacionalista Party \|candidate \= ''Louel Golfo'' \|votes \= 6,450 \|percentage \= 63\.17 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Apolonio Villa \|votes \= 3,761 \|percentage \= 36\.83 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=10,211 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} #### Indang {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Indang, Cavite\|Indang]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino \|candidate \= Eleuterio Castillo, Sr. \|votes \= 107 \|percentage \= 0\.32 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Lakas–CMD \|candidate \= Lilibeth Espineli \|votes \= 1,253 \|percentage \= 3\.78 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Pecto Fidel \|votes \= 13,779 \|percentage \= 41\.52 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Virgilio Fidel \|votes \= 9,538 \|percentage \= 28\.74 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Iluminada Silao \|votes \= 4,962 \|percentage \= 14\.95 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Partido Galing at Puso \|candidate \= Jaime Tepora \|votes \= 3,547 \|percentage \= 10\.69 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=33,186 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Indang, Cavite\|Indang]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino \|candidate \= Rafael Herrera, Jr. \|votes \= 3,531 \|percentage \= 11\.06 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Lakas–CMD \|candidate \= Raquel Quiambao \|votes \= 4,944 \|percentage \= 15\.49 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Bayani Rodil \|votes \= 6,311 \|percentage \= 19\.77 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Sammy Rodil \|votes \= 9,209 \|percentage \= 28\.85 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Rey Zafra \|votes \= 7,926 \|percentage \= 24\.83 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=31,921 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} #### Magallanes {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Magallanes, Cavite\|Magallanes]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Delfin Genio \|votes \= 3,160 \|percentage \= 30\.60 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Jasmin Maligaya \|votes \= 7,166 \|percentage \= 69\.40 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=10,326 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Magallanes, Cavite\|Magallanes]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Renato Dimapilis \|votes \= 5,696 \|percentage \= 56\.86 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Edwin Sisante \|votes \= 4,321 \|percentage \= 43\.14 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=10,017 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} ##### Maragondon {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Maragondon, Cavite\|Maragondon]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= ''Reynaldo Rillo'' \|votes \= 12,544 \|percentage \= 59\.82 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Alfredo Bersabe \|votes \= 8,427 \|percentage \= 40\.18 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=20,971 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Maragondon, Cavite\|Maragondon]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Irereo "Pinboy" Angeles'' \|votes \= 12,086 \|percentage \= 60\.79 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Bonn Rillo \|votes \= 7,796 \|percentage \= 39\.21 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=19,882 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} #### Mendez (Mendez\-Nuñez) Incumbent Mayor Eric Vida is running unopposed. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Mendez, Cavite\|Mendez]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Eric Vida'' \|votes \= 12,957 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \= 12,957 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Mendez, Cavite\|Mendez]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Loida Dimapilis \|votes \= 5,474 \|percentage \= 37\.00 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Francisco Mendoza, Jr.'' \|votes \= 9,321 \|percentage \= 63\.00 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=14,795 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} ##### Naic Incumbent Mayor Junio Dualan is running unopposed. {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Naic]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Junio Dualan'' \|votes \= 34,625 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=34,625 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Naic]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Rodrigo Castillo'' \|votes \= 18,893 \|percentage \= 43\.35 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= National Unity Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Roger Pangilinan \|votes \= 19,936 \|percentage \= 45\.74 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Partido Demokratiko Pilipino\-Lakas ng Bayan \|candidate \= Joy Unas \|votes \= 4,757 \|percentage \= 10\.91 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=43,586 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} ##### Tagaytay Both incumbent mayor Agnes Delgado\-Tolentino, wife of incumbent 7th District representative Abraham "Bambol" Tolentino and sister\-in\-law of 2016 senatorial candidate [Francis Tolentino](/wiki/Francis_Tolentino "Francis Tolentino"), and running mate city councilor Raymond Ambion will be running unopposed.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mb.com.ph/tagaytay\-mayor\-glides\-freely\-to\-another\-term/\|title\=Tagaytay mayor glides freely to another term\|publisher\=Manila Bulletin\|last\=Giron\|first\=Anthony\|date\=19 November 2015\|accessdate\=30 November 2015}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Tagaytay]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= ''Agnes Delgado\-Tolentino'' \|votes \= 32,583 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=32,583 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Tagaytay]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Raymund Ambion \|votes \= 28,982 \|percentage \= 100% }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=29,982 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner \= Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} ##### Ternate {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Ternate, Cavite\|Ternate]] Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Lamberto Bambao \|votes \= 4,206 \|percentage \= 36\.77 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Gomez Linayao, Jr. \|votes \= 2,612 \|percentage \= 22\.83 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= ''Minio Lindo'' \|votes \= 4,622 \|percentage \= 40\.40 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=11,440 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change \|title\=\[\[Ternate, Cavite\|Ternate]] Vice Mayoralty Election }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= United Nationalist Alliance \|candidate \= Romel Anit \|votes \= 2,371 \|percentage \= 21\.24 }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party \= Liberal Party (Philippines) \|candidate \= Salvador Gubio, Jr. \|votes \= 4,817 \|percentage \= 43\.15 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party \= Nationalist People's Coalition \|candidate \= Khalil Soberano \|votes \= 3,975 \|percentage \= 35\.61 }} {{Election box total no change \|votes \=11,163 \|percentage \=100% }} {{Election box end}}
[ "### Mayoral Election", "#### First District", "##### Cavite City", "Incumbent Mayor Bernardo \"Totie\" Paredes sought for re\\-election for his fifth non\\-consecutive term. His opponent was then\\-vice mayor Percilito \"Penchie\" Consigo. They were partners in the 2013 election and were only estranged in the weeks leading to the filing of certificates of candidacy. Meanwhile, City Councilor Denver Chua ran for Vice Mayor under Mayor Paredes' ticket. He ran against barangay captain Obet de Leon under the Liberal Party ticket.\n{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Cavite City]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Bernardo Paredes''\n\\|votes \\= 25,910 \n\\|percentage \\= 55\\.59%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Percilito Consigo\n\\|votes \\= 20,450\n\\|percentage \\= 43\\.88%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Partido Galing at Puso\n\\|candidate \\= Victor Borromeo\n\\|votes \\= 249\n\\|percentage \\= 0\\.53%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 46,609\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Cavite City]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Denver Chua''\n\\|votes \\= 34,385\n\\|percentage \\= 80\\.49%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Obet de Leon\n\\|votes \\= 8,333 \n\\|percentage \\= 19\\.51%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 42,718\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### Kawit", "Cousins Paul Plaridel Abaya and Angelo Emilio Aguinaldo are running for mayor. The former is the incumbent vice mayor and brother of Secretary Joseph Emilio Abaya and Representative Francis \"Blue\" Abaya, while the latter, the perceived preferred candidate of Partido Magdalo in Kawit, is an incumbent councilor and son of third\\-term Mayor Reynaldo \"Tik\" Aguinaldo.", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Kawit]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Angelo Emilio Aguinaldo\n\\|votes \\=20,269 \n\\|percentage \\=57\\.09%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Paul Plaridel Abaya\n\\|votes \\=15,230 \n\\|percentage \\=42\\.91% \n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=35,499\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\=Nationalist People's Coalition\n \\|loser \\=Liberal Party (Philippines)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Kawit]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Armando Bernal\n\\|votes \\= 18,335 \n\\|percentage \\= 53\\.19%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Alvin Bunag\n\\|votes \\= 16,134 \n\\|percentage \\= 46\\.81%\n\\|\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 34,469\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n \\|loser \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### Noveleta", "Three\\-termer outgoing mayor Enrico \"Boy\" Alvarez has agreed to the request of Governor Jonvic Remulla to field a common candidate for the UNA\\-Partido Magdalo Coalition in Noveleta, Cavite. Because of this \"One Cavite\" project of the governor, Mayor Boy Alvarez endorsed former vice mayor and incumbent provincial board member Dino Reyes Chua to be his successor as mayor of Noveleta. Meanwhile, his younger brother, Noveleta incumbent vice mayor Davey Reyes Chua, is supposedly running for provincial board member to replace his elder brother, who is running for Noveleta mayor. But the governor has committed the party slot for another candidate which made him decide to give way and just run for re\\-election as municipal councilor of Noveleta to support the mayoral bid of his brother. The Reyes\\-Chua Brothers came from the Reyes Clan of Noveleta. The legacy of the Reyes Clan started with the late Mayor Librado Reyes and Mayor Pepe Reyes (father and son) who both served as Noveleta mayors during the 1950s and 1980s respectively.\n{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Noveleta]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Dino Chua\n\\|votes \\= 12,510\n\\|percentage \\= 72\\.15%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Dindo Santamaria\n\\|votes \\= 4,829 \n\\|percentage \\= 27\\.85%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 17,339\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Noveleta]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nacionalista Party\n\\|candidate \\= Dave Manalo\n\\|votes \\= 8,345 \n\\|percentage \\= 49\\.09%\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Dionisio Torres\n\\|votes \\= 8,655\n\\|percentage \\= 50\\.91%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 17,000\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box gain with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n \\|loser \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### Rosario", "Incumbent Mayor Jose \"Nonong\" Ricafrente is term\\-limited and will switch positions with his son, incumbent Vice Mayor Voltaire Ricafrente, who in turn will be opposed by former mayor and incumbent provincial administrator Renato Abutan.", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Rosario, Cavite\\|Rosario]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Renato Abutan\n\\|votes \\= 17,915\n\\|percentage \\= 34\\.52%\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Voltaire Ricafrente\n\\|votes \\= 33,981\n\\|percentage \\= 65\\.48%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 51,896\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "Nonong Ricafrente, in turn, will be opposed by his former vice mayor Jose Rozel Hernandez.", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Rosario, Cavite\\|Rosario]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Jose Rozel Hernandez\n\\|votes \\= 14,004\n\\|percentage \\= 27\\.66%\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Jose Ricafrente, Jr.\n\\|votes \\= 36,620\n\\|percentage \\= 72\\.34%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 50,624\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Second District", "##### Bacoor", "{{main\\|2016 Bacoor local elections}}", "Incumbent Edwin \"Strike\" Revilla is already in his third term as mayor of Bacoor; therefore he is disqualified from running for another term for the same position despite Bacoor's change in status as a city in 2012\\. He will be running for representative to switch positions with his sister\\-in\\-law, Lani Mercado\\-Revilla. Her opponents are former municipal vice mayor and provincial board member Edwin Malvar and incumbent provincial board member Rolando \"Andoy\" Remulla.", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Bacoor]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Edwin Malvar\n\\|votes \\= 21,184\n\\|percentage \\= 12\\.07%\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Lakas–CMD (2009\\)\n\\|candidate \\= \\[\\[Lani Mercado\\|Lani Mercado\\-Revilla]]\n\\|votes \\= 106,964\n\\|percentage \\= 60\\.93%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Rolando Remulla\n\\|votes \\= 47,399\n\\|percentage \\= 27%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=175,547\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "Incumbent vice mayor Catherine Sariño\\-Evaristo will be Representative Mercado\\-Revilla's running mate. Her announced opponents are former city Business Permits and Licensing Office head Allen Reyes and former municipal councilor and three\\-term provincial board member Cesario \"Jun\" Del Rosario Jr., who recently is an editor and deputy chief of reporters at [CNN Philippines](/wiki/CNN_Philippines \"CNN Philippines\").", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Bacoor]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Cesario Del Rosario, Jr.\n\\|votes \\= 25,449\n\\|percentage \\= 15\\.86%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Allen Reyes\n\\|votes \\= 34,287 \n\\|percentage \\= 21\\.36%\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Lakas–CMD (2009\\)\n\\|candidate \\= ''Catherine Sariño\\-Evaristo''\n\\|votes \\= 100,769\n\\|percentage \\= 62\\.78%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=160,505\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Third District", "##### Imus", "Incumbent mayor Emmanuel \"Manny\" Maliksi is running reelection as a result of an alliance forged between his camp and the camp of his perennial rival, Homer \"Saki\" Saquilayan, who will instead run for provincial board member. Astillero, a well\\-known nuisance candidate, is also running for mayor.", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Imus]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= A.A. Astillero (Nuisance)\n\\|votes \\= 4,416\n\\|percentage \\= 3\\.64\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Lakas–CMD (2009\\)\n\\|candidate \\= Kiko Herrera\n\\|votes \\= 17,558 \n\\|percentage \\= 14\\.48\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= ''Emmanuel Maliksi''\n\\|votes \\= 99,256\n\\|percentage \\= 81\\.88\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=121,230\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Imus]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Ony Cantimbuhan\n\\|votes \\= 68,464\n\\|percentage \\= 54\\.80\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Shernan Jaro\n\\|votes \\= 56,479 \n\\|percentage \\= 45\\.20\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=124,943\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Fourth District", "##### Dasmariñas", "Incumbent Mayor Jenny Barzaga is term limited and she running in the Congress, her husband Pidi is running, his primary opponents Arnel del Rosario and Jigger \"Jigz\" Padillo ([Nationalist People's Coalition](/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition \"Nationalist People's Coalition\")), the two candidates are supporting [Rodrigo Duterte](/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte \"Rodrigo Duterte\") ([PDP–Laban](/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban \"PDP–Laban\")) and Sen. [Grace Poe](/wiki/Grace_Poe \"Grace Poe\") ([Partido Galing at Puso](/wiki/Partido_Galing_at_Puso \"Partido Galing at Puso\")) respectively.", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Dasmariñas]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Elpidio Barzaga, Jr.\n\\|votes \\= 212,962\n\\|percentage \\= 91\\.70\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nacionalista Party\n\\|candidate \\= Amado Beltran\n\\|votes \\= 1,824\n\\|percentage \\= 0\\.79\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= People's Reform Party\n\\|candidate \\= Wilihardo Campos\n\\|votes \\= 2,782\n\\|percentage \\= 1\\.20\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Partido Demokratiko Pilipino\\-Lakas ng Bayan\n\\|candidate \\= Arnel Del Rosario\n\\|votes \\= 13,310\n\\|percentage \\= 5\\.72\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Independent (politician)\n\\|candidate \\= Willy Gatus\n\\|votes \\= 720\n\\|percentage \\= 0\\.31\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Jigz Padillo\n\\|votes \\= 658\n\\|percentage \\= 0\\.28\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=232,256\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "Incumbent Vice Mayor Valeriano Encabo is term limited and running as board member, his party nominated Board Member Rex Mangubat, his opponent is Councilor Jess Frani.\n{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Dasmariñas]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Jess Frani\n\\|votes \\= 101,909 \n\\|percentage \\= 45\\.26\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Rex Mangubat\n\\|votes \\= 123,242\n\\|percentage \\= 54\\.74\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=225,151\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Fifth District", "##### Carmona", "Incumbent Mayor Dahlia A. Loyola will running reelection for her last term and is opposed by Rosa Atienza and Jose Carpio.\n{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Carmona, Cavite\\|Carmona]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino\n\\|candidate \\= Rosa Atienza\n\\|votes \\= 408\n\\|percentage \\= 1\\.13 %\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Jose Carpio\n\\|votes \\= 1,233\n\\|percentage \\= 3\\.42 %\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Dahlia Loyola\n\\|votes \\= 34,443\n\\|percentage \\= 95\\.45 %\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 36,084\n\\|percentage \\= 100\\.00 %\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Carmona, Cavite\\|Carmona]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Elmer \"Itoy\" Reyes\n\\|votes \\= 27,689\n\\|percentage \\= 85\\.86 %\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Lolita Tenedero\n\\|votes \\= 4,561\n\\|percentage \\= 14\\.14 %\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 32,250\n\\|percentage \\= 100\\.00 %\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### General Mariano Alvarez", "Incumbent Mayor Walter Echevarria Jr will running reelection and is opposed by incumbent vice mayor Percival \"Percy\" Cabuhat and former mayor Leonisa Joana \"Ona\" Virata. \n{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite\\|General Mariano Alvarez]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Percy Cabuhat\n\\|votes \\= 25,449\n\\|percentage \\= 42\\.46\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= ''Walter Echevarria, Jr.''\n\\|votes \\= 28,862\n\\|percentage \\= 48\\.15\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino\n\\|candidate \\= Ona Virata\n\\|votes \\= 5,631\n\\|percentage \\= 9\\.39\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=59,942\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite\\|General Mariano Alvarez]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino\n\\|candidate \\= Ruel Calix\n\\|votes \\= 6,423\n\\|percentage \\= 11\\.14\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Aisa Gutierrez \n\\|votes \\= 23,697\n\\|percentage \\= 41\\.13\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Maricel Torres\n\\|votes \\= 27,501\n\\|percentage \\= 47\\.73\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=57,621\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### Silang", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Silang, Cavite\\|Silang]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Partido Galing at Puso\n\\|candidate \\= Gie Loyola\n\\|votes \\= 1,239\n\\|percentage \\= 1\\.39\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Rosalie Loyola\n\\|votes \\= 33,510\n\\|percentage \\= 37\\.43\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Emilia Lourdes Poblete''\n\\|votes \\= 54,768\n\\|percentage \\= 61\\.18\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=89,517\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Silang, Cavite\\|Silang]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Aidel Paul Belamide\n\\|votes \\= 49,675\n\\|percentage \\= 59\\.21\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Aristides Jose Velazco\n\\|votes \\= 34,221 \n\\|percentage \\= 40\\.79\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=83,896\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Sixth District", "##### Amadeo", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Amadeo, Cavite\\|Amadeo]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Albert Ambagan, Sr.\n\\|votes \\= 8,451\n\\|percentage \\= 44\\.65\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nacionalista Party\n\\|candidate \\= Elpidio Bawalan\n\\|votes \\= 2,414\n\\|percentage \\= 12\\.75\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= August Bayas\n\\|votes \\= 768\n\\|percentage \\= 4\\.06\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Benjarde Villanueva''\n\\|votes \\= 7,294 \n\\|percentage \\= 38\\.54\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=18,927\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Amadeo, Cavite\\|Amadeo]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Augusto Bebe, Jr.\n\\|votes \\= 1,784\n\\|percentage \\= 9\\.88\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Joel Iyaya\n\\|votes \\= 6,604\n\\|percentage \\= 36\\.57\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nacionalista Party\n\\|candidate \\= Rene Tongson\n\\|votes \\= 2,316\n\\|percentage \\= 12\\.83\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Rading Viado\n\\|votes \\= 7,353\n\\|percentage \\= 40\\.72\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=18,057\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### General Trias", "Incumbent [Mayor Antonio \"Ony\" Ferrer](/wiki/Antonio_Ferrer \"Antonio Ferrer\") and Vice Mayor Maurito \"Morit\" Sison were challenged by Annalyn Jubillo and Reynaldo Parin respectively. As with the previous elections, it ended with a landslide victory for both Ferrer and Sison, and marked the first polls in the newly created city since the 2015 referendum.", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[General Trias]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= ''Antonio Ferrer''\n\\|votes \\= 70,997\n\\|percentage \\= 94\\.23\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Annalyn Jubillo\n\\|votes \\= 4,348\n\\|percentage \\= 5\\.77\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=75,345\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[General Trias]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Reynaldo Parin\n\\|votes \\= 6,902 \n\\|percentage \\= 9\\.60\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= ''Maurito Sison''\n\\|votes \\= 65,004\n\\|percentage \\= 90\\.40\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=71,906\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### Tanza", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Tanza]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Hermogenes Arayata III\n\\|votes \\= 40,365\n\\|percentage \\= 49\\.65\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Yuri Pacumio\n\\|votes \\= 40,942\n\\|percentage \\= 50\\.35\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=81,307\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Tanza]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Marcus Ashley Arayata\n\\|votes \\= 38,152\n\\|percentage \\= 47\\.60\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Partido Demokratiko Pilipino\\-Lakas ng Bayan\n\\|candidate \\= Joselito Diosana\n\\|votes \\= 10,935\n\\|percentage \\= 13\\.64\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Alexis Dones\n\\|votes \\= 31,070\n\\|percentage \\= 38\\.76\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=80,157\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### Trece Martires", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Trece Martires]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Melandres De Sagun\n\\|votes \\= 26,052\n\\|percentage \\= 56\\.30%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Partido Demokratiko Pilipino\\-Lakas ng Bayan\n\\|candidate \\= Romeo Montehermoso\n\\|votes \\= 16,165\n\\|percentage \\= 35\\.00%\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Alex Peñalba\n\\|votes \\= 4,024\n\\|percentage \\= 8\\.70%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=36,141\n\\|percentage \\=100\\.00%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Trece Martires]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Remigio Dilag\n\\|votes \\= 20,888\n\\|percentage \\= 45\\.90%\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Alexander Lubigan\n\\|votes \\= 24,585 \n\\|percentage \\= 54\\.10%\n}}", "{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=45,673\n\\|percentage \\=100\\.00%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Seventh District", "#### Alfonso", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Alfonso, Cavite\\|Alfonso]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Raul Rodis\n\\|votes \\= 4,630\n\\|percentage \\= 19\\.22 \n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Virgilio Varias''\n\\|votes \\= 19,463 \n\\|percentage \\= 80\\.78\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=24,093\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Alfonso, Cavite\\|Alfonso]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Justiniano De Castro''\n\\|votes \\= 9,538\n\\|percentage \\= 39\\.53\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Manolito Credo\n\\|votes \\= 2,530\n\\|percentage \\= 10\\.49\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Partido Galing at Puso\n\\|candidate \\= Randy Salamat\n\\|votes \\= 12,060\n\\|percentage \\= 49\\.98\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=24,128\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### General Emilio Aguinaldo", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite\\|General Emilio Aguinaldo]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Danilo Bencito''\n\\|votes \\= 6,039 \n\\|percentage \\= 57\\.34\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Cesar Glorioso\n\\|votes \\= 4,492 \n\\|percentage \\= 42\\.66\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=10,531\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite\\|General Emilio Aguinaldo]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nacionalista Party\n\\|candidate \\= ''Louel Golfo''\n\\|votes \\= 6,450\n\\|percentage \\= 63\\.17\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Apolonio Villa\n\\|votes \\= 3,761\n\\|percentage \\= 36\\.83\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=10,211\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Indang", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Indang, Cavite\\|Indang]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino\n\\|candidate \\= Eleuterio Castillo, Sr.\n\\|votes \\= 107 \n\\|percentage \\= 0\\.32\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Lakas–CMD\n\\|candidate \\= Lilibeth Espineli\n\\|votes \\= 1,253\n\\|percentage \\= 3\\.78\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Pecto Fidel\n\\|votes \\= 13,779 \n\\|percentage \\= 41\\.52 \n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Virgilio Fidel\n\\|votes \\= 9,538\n\\|percentage \\= 28\\.74\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Iluminada Silao\n\\|votes \\= 4,962\n\\|percentage \\= 14\\.95\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Partido Galing at Puso\n\\|candidate \\= Jaime Tepora\n\\|votes \\= 3,547\n\\|percentage \\= 10\\.69\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=33,186\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Indang, Cavite\\|Indang]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino\n\\|candidate \\= Rafael Herrera, Jr.\n\\|votes \\= 3,531\n\\|percentage \\= 11\\.06\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Lakas–CMD\n\\|candidate \\= Raquel Quiambao\n\\|votes \\= 4,944\n\\|percentage \\= 15\\.49\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Bayani Rodil\n\\|votes \\= 6,311\n\\|percentage \\= 19\\.77\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Sammy Rodil\n\\|votes \\= 9,209\n\\|percentage \\= 28\\.85\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Rey Zafra\n\\|votes \\= 7,926\n\\|percentage \\= 24\\.83\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=31,921\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Magallanes", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Magallanes, Cavite\\|Magallanes]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Delfin Genio\n\\|votes \\= 3,160\n\\|percentage \\= 30\\.60\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Jasmin Maligaya\n\\|votes \\= 7,166\n\\|percentage \\= 69\\.40\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=10,326\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Magallanes, Cavite\\|Magallanes]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Renato Dimapilis\n\\|votes \\= 5,696\n\\|percentage \\= 56\\.86\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Edwin Sisante\n\\|votes \\= 4,321\n\\|percentage \\= 43\\.14\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=10,017\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### Maragondon", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Maragondon, Cavite\\|Maragondon]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= ''Reynaldo Rillo''\n\\|votes \\= 12,544\n\\|percentage \\= 59\\.82\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Alfredo Bersabe\n\\|votes \\= 8,427\n\\|percentage \\= 40\\.18\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=20,971\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Maragondon, Cavite\\|Maragondon]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Irereo \"Pinboy\" Angeles''\n\\|votes \\= 12,086\n\\|percentage \\= 60\\.79\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Bonn Rillo\n\\|votes \\= 7,796\n\\|percentage \\= 39\\.21\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=19,882\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "#### Mendez (Mendez\\-Nuñez)", "Incumbent Mayor Eric Vida is running unopposed.\n{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Mendez, Cavite\\|Mendez]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Eric Vida''\n\\|votes \\= 12,957\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\= 12,957\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Mendez, Cavite\\|Mendez]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Loida Dimapilis\n\\|votes \\= 5,474\n\\|percentage \\= 37\\.00\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Francisco Mendoza, Jr.''\n\\|votes \\= 9,321 \n\\|percentage \\= 63\\.00\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=14,795\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### Naic", "Incumbent Mayor Junio Dualan is running unopposed.", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Naic]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Junio Dualan''\n\\|votes \\= 34,625\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=34,625\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Naic]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Rodrigo Castillo''\n\\|votes \\= 18,893\n\\|percentage \\= 43\\.35\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= National Unity Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Roger Pangilinan\n\\|votes \\= 19,936\n\\|percentage \\= 45\\.74\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Partido Demokratiko Pilipino\\-Lakas ng Bayan\n\\|candidate \\= Joy Unas\n\\|votes \\= 4,757 \n\\|percentage \\= 10\\.91\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=43,586\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### Tagaytay", "Both incumbent mayor Agnes Delgado\\-Tolentino, wife of incumbent 7th District representative Abraham \"Bambol\" Tolentino and sister\\-in\\-law of 2016 senatorial candidate [Francis Tolentino](/wiki/Francis_Tolentino \"Francis Tolentino\"), and running mate city councilor Raymond Ambion will be running unopposed.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mb.com.ph/tagaytay\\-mayor\\-glides\\-freely\\-to\\-another\\-term/\\|title\\=Tagaytay mayor glides freely to another term\\|publisher\\=Manila Bulletin\\|last\\=Giron\\|first\\=Anthony\\|date\\=19 November 2015\\|accessdate\\=30 November 2015}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Tagaytay]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= ''Agnes Delgado\\-Tolentino''\n\\|votes \\= 32,583\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=32,583\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Tagaytay]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Raymund Ambion\n\\|votes \\= 28,982\n\\|percentage \\= 100%\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=29,982\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box hold with party link without swing\n \\|winner \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "##### Ternate", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Ternate, Cavite\\|Ternate]] Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Lamberto Bambao\n\\|votes \\= 4,206 \n\\|percentage \\= 36\\.77\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Gomez Linayao, Jr.\n\\|votes \\= 2,612 \n\\|percentage \\= 22\\.83\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= ''Minio Lindo''\n\\|votes \\= 4,622\n\\|percentage \\= 40\\.40\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=11,440\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "{{Election box begin no change\n\\|title\\=\\[\\[Ternate, Cavite\\|Ternate]] Vice Mayoralty Election\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= United Nationalist Alliance\n\\|candidate \\= Romel Anit\n\\|votes \\= 2,371\n\\|percentage \\= 21\\.24\n}}\n{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Liberal Party (Philippines)\n\\|candidate \\= Salvador Gubio, Jr.\n\\|votes \\= 4,817\n\\|percentage \\= 43\\.15\n}}\n{{Election box candidate with party link no change\n\\|party \\= Nationalist People's Coalition\n\\|candidate \\= Khalil Soberano\n\\|votes \\= 3,975 \n\\|percentage \\= 35\\.61\n}}\n{{Election box total no change\n\\|votes \\=11,163\n\\|percentage \\=100%\n}}\n{{Election box end}}", "" ]
Plot ---- The [UN](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") ship *Damn Right I Ate the Apple* crashed during an attempt to colonize the uninhabited planet Urmagon Beta. Decades later, the UN hires Planetary Crusade Services (PCS) to salvage the ship's parts. Amber Rose 348 is a digitized human owned by PCS. Amber Rose is the overseer (“OC”) of a salvage crew including Simon, a geologist; Anna, a physician, and Milo, an engineer. OC is feels that they are underqualified for a salvage mission, referring to them as a “D team”. The crew lands on Urmagon Beta. OC directs the crew and writes poetry in his spare time. While exploring, they find hostile alien fauna. They also note another ship in orbit, presumably from Mercer Corps, a group of transhumanist mercenaries. OC finds an injured Mercer, who attacks the crew. Simon shoots and kills her. Simon is infected with micromachines; OC is forced to trigger an EMP, which slows the infection but destroys most of the crew's advanced technology. OC asks for help from PCS, but a manager tells OC that help would be out of budget and that letting the crew die will be cheaper. OC resolves to complete the salvage mission and return with all three crew members alive. The crew has several hostile encounters with Mercers. The salvage job is completed. OC reactivates an android named Shen, found with the corpses of the original colonists. Shen is not a sentient AI, but is able to help with basic tasks. Their ship is attacked by the Mercer spaceship, delaying their extraction from the planet. Conditions deteriorate during the interim. Simon's condition worsens. Anna and Milo fight constantly, and food begins running low. Shen is captured by a Mercer, which is controlled by an alien intelligence. Simon commits suicide. Milo is shot and killed by a Mercer. Shen, controlled by the alien, returns and communicates with OC. The alien identifies itself as Beacon and explains its philosophy: creatures can be divided into the classes of functional flesh, literary flesh, functional machine, and literary machine. Beacon considers that contacting any civilization other than literary machines would be a waste of time, as they are not sufficiently advanced. Beacon identifies OC and other digitized humans as examples of literary machines based on their ability to write poetry; it wishes to initiate first contact. Beacon places OC's consciousness inside the PCS ship. OC and Anna return to their home system and share the truth about PCS's unethical business practices. Beacon sends OC and Anna to another world to meet more advanced intelligences.
[ "Plot\n----", "The [UN](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\") ship *Damn Right I Ate the Apple* crashed during an attempt to colonize the uninhabited planet Urmagon Beta. Decades later, the UN hires Planetary Crusade Services (PCS) to salvage the ship's parts.", "Amber Rose 348 is a digitized human owned by PCS. Amber Rose is the overseer (“OC”) of a salvage crew including Simon, a geologist; Anna, a physician, and Milo, an engineer. OC is feels that they are underqualified for a salvage mission, referring to them as a “D team”. The crew lands on Urmagon Beta. OC directs the crew and writes poetry in his spare time. While exploring, they find hostile alien fauna. They also note another ship in orbit, presumably from Mercer Corps, a group of transhumanist mercenaries.", "OC finds an injured Mercer, who attacks the crew. Simon shoots and kills her. Simon is infected with micromachines; OC is forced to trigger an EMP, which slows the infection but destroys most of the crew's advanced technology. OC asks for help from PCS, but a manager tells OC that help would be out of budget and that letting the crew die will be cheaper. OC resolves to complete the salvage mission and return with all three crew members alive.", "The crew has several hostile encounters with Mercers. The salvage job is completed. OC reactivates an android named Shen, found with the corpses of the original colonists. Shen is not a sentient AI, but is able to help with basic tasks. Their ship is attacked by the Mercer spaceship, delaying their extraction from the planet. Conditions deteriorate during the interim. Simon's condition worsens. Anna and Milo fight constantly, and food begins running low. Shen is captured by a Mercer, which is controlled by an alien intelligence.", "Simon commits suicide. Milo is shot and killed by a Mercer. Shen, controlled by the alien, returns and communicates with OC. The alien identifies itself as Beacon and explains its philosophy: creatures can be divided into the classes of functional flesh, literary flesh, functional machine, and literary machine. Beacon considers that contacting any civilization other than literary machines would be a waste of time, as they are not sufficiently advanced. Beacon identifies OC and other digitized humans as examples of literary machines based on their ability to write poetry; it wishes to initiate first contact.", "Beacon places OC's consciousness inside the PCS ship. OC and Anna return to their home system and share the truth about PCS's unethical business practices. Beacon sends OC and Anna to another world to meet more advanced intelligences.", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Early life Redman was born on 16 April 1963 in the [Perth](/wiki/Perth%2C_Western_Australia "Perth, Western Australia") suburb of [Subiaco](/wiki/Subiaco%2C_Western_Australia "Subiaco, Western Australia"). He has a [Bachelor of Science](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science "Bachelor of Science") majoring in Agriculture and a post graduate diploma in Education.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nationalswa.com/New%20MP%20pages/TRedman.aspx\|title\=National Party Profile – Terry Redman\|year\=2007\|accessdate\=2008\-04\-10 \|archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080719125337/http://www.nationalswa.com/New%20MP%20pages/TRedman.aspx \|archivedate \= 2008\-07\-19}} ### Career Prior to entering politics he was a teacher, principal of the Western Australian College of Agriculture in [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark%2C_Western_Australia "Denmark, Western Australia") and businessman.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bushchange.com/representatives/redman.aspx \|title\=BushChange – Stirling \|year\=2007 \|accessdate\=2008\-04\-10 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010152044/http://www.bushchange.com/representatives/redman.aspx \|archivedate\=10 October 2008 }} He is married to Marie Redman and they have two children: Ben and Alysha. Winning preselection for the National Party after the retirement of the sitting member [Monty House](/wiki/Monty_House "Monty House"), Redman retained the seat of [Stirling](/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Stirling "Electoral district of Stirling") for his party at the [2005 state election](/wiki/2005_Western_Australian_state_election "2005 Western Australian state election").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/wa/2005/guide/stir.htm\|title\=ABC 2005 Election Result \|website\=\[\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] \|year\=2005\|accessdate\=2008\-04\-10}} Following Stirling's abolition, he won the new seat of [Blackwood\-Stirling](/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Blackwood-Stirling "Electoral district of Blackwood-Stirling") at the [2008 state election](/wiki/2008_Western_Australian_state_election "2008 Western Australian state election"). The Western Australian election, held on 6 September 2008, resulted in a hung parliament after a swing away from the incumbent Labor Party. On 14 September 2008, the National Party, for which Redman had been re\-elected as an MP, agreed to support the Liberal Party as a minority government. Redman along with two other Nationals, including leader Brendon Grylls and deputy leader Terry Waldron, were appointed to Cabinet on 23 September 2008\. Redman served as [Minister for Agriculture and Food](/wiki/Minister_for_Agriculture_and_Food_%28Western_Australia%29 "Minister for Agriculture and Food (Western Australia)"); Forestry; and Minister Assisting the Minister for Education from 23 September 2008 to 14 December 2010\. He then served as Minister for Agriculture and Food; Forestry; and Minister for Corrective Services until 29 June 2012, when he became the Minister for Housing.{{cite web\| url \= http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012\-06\-28/buswell\-back\-in\-cabinet\-after\-cabinet\-reshuffle/4098102?section\=wa\| title \= Buswell reclaims Treasury, Johnson dumped \- ABC News\| website \= \[\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}} At the [2013 state election](/wiki/2013_Western_Australian_state_election "2013 Western Australian state election"), Redman won the realigned and renamed seat of [Warren\-Blackwood](/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Warren-Blackwood "Electoral district of Warren-Blackwood"). He became Leader of the WA Nationals in December 2013\. Redman was also appointed Minister of Regional Development and Lands, taking on the responsibility of overseeing the [Royalties for Regions program](/wiki/Royalties_for_Regions_policy "Royalties for Regions policy"). He resigned from the leadership in August 2016 and was replaced by his predecessor, [Brendon Grylls](/wiki/Brendon_Grylls "Brendon Grylls").{{cite news\|title\=WA Nationals: Brendon Grylls elected leader again after Terry Redman resigns\|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016\-08\-09/brendon\-grylls\-elected\-nationals\-leader\-in\-wa/7706490\|accessdate\=12 February 2017\|publisher\=ABC News\|location\=Australia\|date\=9 August 2016}} Redman became the first WA Nationals leader not to lead his party to an election since [Henry Maley](/wiki/Henry_Maley "Henry Maley"), who served in 1922–23, when the party was known as the Country Party.
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Early life", "Redman was born on 16 April 1963 in the [Perth](/wiki/Perth%2C_Western_Australia \"Perth, Western Australia\") suburb of [Subiaco](/wiki/Subiaco%2C_Western_Australia \"Subiaco, Western Australia\"). He has a [Bachelor of Science](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science \"Bachelor of Science\") majoring in Agriculture and a post graduate diploma in Education.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nationalswa.com/New%20MP%20pages/TRedman.aspx\\|title\\=National Party Profile – Terry Redman\\|year\\=2007\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-04\\-10 \\|archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080719125337/http://www.nationalswa.com/New%20MP%20pages/TRedman.aspx \\|archivedate \\= 2008\\-07\\-19}}", "### Career", "Prior to entering politics he was a teacher, principal of the Western Australian College of Agriculture in [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark%2C_Western_Australia \"Denmark, Western Australia\") and businessman.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bushchange.com/representatives/redman.aspx \\|title\\=BushChange – Stirling \\|year\\=2007 \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-04\\-10 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010152044/http://www.bushchange.com/representatives/redman.aspx \\|archivedate\\=10 October 2008 }} He is married to Marie Redman and they have two children: Ben and Alysha.", "Winning preselection for the National Party after the retirement of the sitting member [Monty House](/wiki/Monty_House \"Monty House\"), Redman retained the seat of [Stirling](/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Stirling \"Electoral district of Stirling\") for his party at the [2005 state election](/wiki/2005_Western_Australian_state_election \"2005 Western Australian state election\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/wa/2005/guide/stir.htm\\|title\\=ABC 2005 Election Result\n\\|website\\=\\[\\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]\n\\|year\\=2005\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-04\\-10}} Following Stirling's abolition, he won the new seat of [Blackwood\\-Stirling](/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Blackwood-Stirling \"Electoral district of Blackwood-Stirling\") at the [2008 state election](/wiki/2008_Western_Australian_state_election \"2008 Western Australian state election\").", "The Western Australian election, held on 6 September 2008, resulted in a hung parliament after a swing away from the incumbent Labor Party.", "On 14 September 2008, the National Party, for which Redman had been re\\-elected as an MP, agreed to support the Liberal Party as a minority government. Redman along with two other Nationals, including leader Brendon Grylls and deputy leader Terry Waldron, were appointed to Cabinet on 23 September 2008\\.", "Redman served as [Minister for Agriculture and Food](/wiki/Minister_for_Agriculture_and_Food_%28Western_Australia%29 \"Minister for Agriculture and Food (Western Australia)\"); Forestry; and Minister Assisting the Minister for Education from 23 September 2008 to 14 December 2010\\. He then served as Minister for Agriculture and Food; Forestry; and Minister for Corrective Services until 29 June 2012, when he became the Minister for Housing.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012\\-06\\-28/buswell\\-back\\-in\\-cabinet\\-after\\-cabinet\\-reshuffle/4098102?section\\=wa\\| title \\= Buswell reclaims Treasury, Johnson dumped \\- ABC News\\| website \\= \\[\\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}", "At the [2013 state election](/wiki/2013_Western_Australian_state_election \"2013 Western Australian state election\"), Redman won the realigned and renamed seat of [Warren\\-Blackwood](/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Warren-Blackwood \"Electoral district of Warren-Blackwood\"). He became Leader of the WA Nationals in December 2013\\. Redman was also appointed Minister of Regional Development and Lands, taking on the responsibility of overseeing the [Royalties for Regions program](/wiki/Royalties_for_Regions_policy \"Royalties for Regions policy\"). He resigned from the leadership in August 2016 and was replaced by his predecessor, [Brendon Grylls](/wiki/Brendon_Grylls \"Brendon Grylls\").{{cite news\\|title\\=WA Nationals: Brendon Grylls elected leader again after Terry Redman resigns\\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016\\-08\\-09/brendon\\-grylls\\-elected\\-nationals\\-leader\\-in\\-wa/7706490\\|accessdate\\=12 February 2017\\|publisher\\=ABC News\\|location\\=Australia\\|date\\=9 August 2016}}\nRedman became the first WA Nationals leader not to lead his party to an election since [Henry Maley](/wiki/Henry_Maley \"Henry Maley\"), who served in 1922–23, when the party was known as the Country Party.", "" ]
### Career Prior to entering politics he was a teacher, principal of the Western Australian College of Agriculture in [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark%2C_Western_Australia "Denmark, Western Australia") and businessman.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bushchange.com/representatives/redman.aspx \|title\=BushChange – Stirling \|year\=2007 \|accessdate\=2008\-04\-10 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010152044/http://www.bushchange.com/representatives/redman.aspx \|archivedate\=10 October 2008 }} He is married to Marie Redman and they have two children: Ben and Alysha. Winning preselection for the National Party after the retirement of the sitting member [Monty House](/wiki/Monty_House "Monty House"), Redman retained the seat of [Stirling](/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Stirling "Electoral district of Stirling") for his party at the [2005 state election](/wiki/2005_Western_Australian_state_election "2005 Western Australian state election").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/wa/2005/guide/stir.htm\|title\=ABC 2005 Election Result \|website\=\[\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] \|year\=2005\|accessdate\=2008\-04\-10}} Following Stirling's abolition, he won the new seat of [Blackwood\-Stirling](/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Blackwood-Stirling "Electoral district of Blackwood-Stirling") at the [2008 state election](/wiki/2008_Western_Australian_state_election "2008 Western Australian state election"). The Western Australian election, held on 6 September 2008, resulted in a hung parliament after a swing away from the incumbent Labor Party. On 14 September 2008, the National Party, for which Redman had been re\-elected as an MP, agreed to support the Liberal Party as a minority government. Redman along with two other Nationals, including leader Brendon Grylls and deputy leader Terry Waldron, were appointed to Cabinet on 23 September 2008\. Redman served as [Minister for Agriculture and Food](/wiki/Minister_for_Agriculture_and_Food_%28Western_Australia%29 "Minister for Agriculture and Food (Western Australia)"); Forestry; and Minister Assisting the Minister for Education from 23 September 2008 to 14 December 2010\. He then served as Minister for Agriculture and Food; Forestry; and Minister for Corrective Services until 29 June 2012, when he became the Minister for Housing.{{cite web\| url \= http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012\-06\-28/buswell\-back\-in\-cabinet\-after\-cabinet\-reshuffle/4098102?section\=wa\| title \= Buswell reclaims Treasury, Johnson dumped \- ABC News\| website \= \[\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}} At the [2013 state election](/wiki/2013_Western_Australian_state_election "2013 Western Australian state election"), Redman won the realigned and renamed seat of [Warren\-Blackwood](/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Warren-Blackwood "Electoral district of Warren-Blackwood"). He became Leader of the WA Nationals in December 2013\. Redman was also appointed Minister of Regional Development and Lands, taking on the responsibility of overseeing the [Royalties for Regions program](/wiki/Royalties_for_Regions_policy "Royalties for Regions policy"). He resigned from the leadership in August 2016 and was replaced by his predecessor, [Brendon Grylls](/wiki/Brendon_Grylls "Brendon Grylls").{{cite news\|title\=WA Nationals: Brendon Grylls elected leader again after Terry Redman resigns\|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016\-08\-09/brendon\-grylls\-elected\-nationals\-leader\-in\-wa/7706490\|accessdate\=12 February 2017\|publisher\=ABC News\|location\=Australia\|date\=9 August 2016}} Redman became the first WA Nationals leader not to lead his party to an election since [Henry Maley](/wiki/Henry_Maley "Henry Maley"), who served in 1922–23, when the party was known as the Country Party.
[ "### Career", "Prior to entering politics he was a teacher, principal of the Western Australian College of Agriculture in [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark%2C_Western_Australia \"Denmark, Western Australia\") and businessman.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bushchange.com/representatives/redman.aspx \\|title\\=BushChange – Stirling \\|year\\=2007 \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-04\\-10 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010152044/http://www.bushchange.com/representatives/redman.aspx \\|archivedate\\=10 October 2008 }} He is married to Marie Redman and they have two children: Ben and Alysha.", "Winning preselection for the National Party after the retirement of the sitting member [Monty House](/wiki/Monty_House \"Monty House\"), Redman retained the seat of [Stirling](/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Stirling \"Electoral district of Stirling\") for his party at the [2005 state election](/wiki/2005_Western_Australian_state_election \"2005 Western Australian state election\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/wa/2005/guide/stir.htm\\|title\\=ABC 2005 Election Result\n\\|website\\=\\[\\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]\n\\|year\\=2005\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-04\\-10}} Following Stirling's abolition, he won the new seat of [Blackwood\\-Stirling](/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Blackwood-Stirling \"Electoral district of Blackwood-Stirling\") at the [2008 state election](/wiki/2008_Western_Australian_state_election \"2008 Western Australian state election\").", "The Western Australian election, held on 6 September 2008, resulted in a hung parliament after a swing away from the incumbent Labor Party.", "On 14 September 2008, the National Party, for which Redman had been re\\-elected as an MP, agreed to support the Liberal Party as a minority government. Redman along with two other Nationals, including leader Brendon Grylls and deputy leader Terry Waldron, were appointed to Cabinet on 23 September 2008\\.", "Redman served as [Minister for Agriculture and Food](/wiki/Minister_for_Agriculture_and_Food_%28Western_Australia%29 \"Minister for Agriculture and Food (Western Australia)\"); Forestry; and Minister Assisting the Minister for Education from 23 September 2008 to 14 December 2010\\. He then served as Minister for Agriculture and Food; Forestry; and Minister for Corrective Services until 29 June 2012, when he became the Minister for Housing.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012\\-06\\-28/buswell\\-back\\-in\\-cabinet\\-after\\-cabinet\\-reshuffle/4098102?section\\=wa\\| title \\= Buswell reclaims Treasury, Johnson dumped \\- ABC News\\| website \\= \\[\\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}", "At the [2013 state election](/wiki/2013_Western_Australian_state_election \"2013 Western Australian state election\"), Redman won the realigned and renamed seat of [Warren\\-Blackwood](/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Warren-Blackwood \"Electoral district of Warren-Blackwood\"). He became Leader of the WA Nationals in December 2013\\. Redman was also appointed Minister of Regional Development and Lands, taking on the responsibility of overseeing the [Royalties for Regions program](/wiki/Royalties_for_Regions_policy \"Royalties for Regions policy\"). He resigned from the leadership in August 2016 and was replaced by his predecessor, [Brendon Grylls](/wiki/Brendon_Grylls \"Brendon Grylls\").{{cite news\\|title\\=WA Nationals: Brendon Grylls elected leader again after Terry Redman resigns\\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016\\-08\\-09/brendon\\-grylls\\-elected\\-nationals\\-leader\\-in\\-wa/7706490\\|accessdate\\=12 February 2017\\|publisher\\=ABC News\\|location\\=Australia\\|date\\=9 August 2016}}\nRedman became the first WA Nationals leader not to lead his party to an election since [Henry Maley](/wiki/Henry_Maley \"Henry Maley\"), who served in 1922–23, when the party was known as the Country Party.", "" ]
History ------- The origin of the Karni Sena can be traced to attempts by the [Rajput](/wiki/Rajput "Rajput") leader Lokendra Singh Kalvi to mobilise the Rajput community in 2005\. The organisation was formed in on 23 September 2006 in [Jhotwara](/wiki/Jhotwara "Jhotwara") locality of [Jaipur](/wiki/Jaipur "Jaipur"),{{cite news \|url\=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/in\-many\-faces\-of\-karni\-sena\-lokendra\-kalvi\-the\-pivot/story\-tUwFTXtyxczOAkhizitV1H.html \|title\=In many faces of Karni Sena, Lokendra Kalvi the pivot \|author\=Salik Ahmad \|newspaper\=Hindustan Times \|date\=24 January 2018 }} primarily by Rajput youth.{{cite news \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the\-rise\-rise\-of\-karni\-sena/articleshow/62626854\.cms \|title\=The rise \& rise of Karni Sena \|author1\=Ashish Mehta \|author2\=Dishank Purohit \|newspaper\=The Times of India \|date\=24 January 2018 }} The central aim of the newly\-formed organisation was to demand [caste\-based reservation](/wiki/Reservation_in_India "Reservation in India") for Rajputs in government jobs and education. Its other objectives included ending the alleged "*sidelining of Rajput figures in textbooks*" and help elect Rajput legislators in the government. The first President of the organisation was Ajeet Singh Mamdoli. During the [2008 Rajasthan Assembly elections](/wiki/2008_Rajasthan_Legislative_Assembly_election "2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election"), the group supported the [Indian National Congress](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress "Indian National Congress") on the condition that the party would give a specified number of tickets to Rajput candidates. At that time, Kalvi was associated with the Congress, and Mamdoli wanted a Congress ticket to contest the election.{{cite news \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the\-rise\-rise\-of\-karni\-sena/articleshow/62626854\.cms \|title\=The rise \& rise of Karni Sena \|author1\=Ashish Mehta \|author2\=Dishank Purohit \|newspaper\=The Times of India \|date\=24 January 2018 }} According to Mamdoli, Kalvi was concerned about his growing political clout, which led to differences between the two leaders, and a split in the group. Mamdoli left the group and formed a new faction. Mamdoli filed a case against Kalvi's group, claiming that he had registered the name "Shri Rajput Karni Sena"; as of 2018, the case is sub\-judice. After Mamdoli's departure, Kalvi appointed Sukhdev Singh Gogamedi as the President of his faction. Later, differences developed between Kalvi and Gogamedhi over demands for reservation. In 2015, Gogamedi was expelled over criminal charges, and formed his own faction, called "Shree Rashtriya Rajput Karni Sena."{{cite news \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/one\-upmanship\-behind\-rise\-of\-various\-karni\-senas/articleshow/62596109\.cms \|title\=One\-upmanship behind rise of various Karni Senas \|newspaper\=The Times of India \|date\=22 January 2018 }} Kalvi then appointed Mahipal Singh Makrana as the state president of his faction. As of 2018, there are three major Karni Sena factions: * Shree Rajput Karni Sena, led by Lokendra Singh Kalvi * Shree Rashtriya Rajput Karni Sena Samiti, led by Ajeet Singh Mamdoli * Rashtriya Rajput kshatriya Karni Sena, led by Thakur Uday Chouhan * Shree Rashtriya Rajput Karni Sena, led by [Sukhdev Singh Gogamedi](/wiki/Sukhdev_Singh_Gogamedi "Sukhdev Singh Gogamedi") The Karni Sena members initially focused on the caste\-based reservation issue, but later, they became involved in a number of political issues in order to gain limelight. In 2008, they protested against the release of the movie *[Jodhaa Akbar](/wiki/Jodhaa_Akbar "Jodhaa Akbar")*, alleging that it distorted Rajput history. In 2012, Karni Sena members from Shekhawati protested against a [CBI](/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation "Central Bureau of Investigation") inquiry against the [Bharatiya Janata Party](/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party "Bharatiya Janata Party") (BJP) legislator [Rajendra Singh Rathore](/wiki/Rajendra_Singh_Rathore "Rajendra Singh Rathore"). In 2017, the Sena's members organised protests against the [police encounter](/wiki/Police_encounter "Police encounter") killing of gangster [Anandpal Singh](/wiki/Anandpal_Singh "Anandpal Singh"), whom they saw as a defender of Rajputs against [Jats](/wiki/Jats "Jats"). Kalvi's faction sidelined the other factions during these protests, and became prominent. Also in 2017, the group came to national limelight when it protested against the release of the movie *[Padmaavat](/wiki/Padmaavat "Padmaavat")*.
[ "History\n-------", "The origin of the Karni Sena can be traced to attempts by the [Rajput](/wiki/Rajput \"Rajput\") leader Lokendra Singh Kalvi to mobilise the Rajput community in 2005\\. The organisation was formed in on 23 September 2006 in [Jhotwara](/wiki/Jhotwara \"Jhotwara\") locality of [Jaipur](/wiki/Jaipur \"Jaipur\"),{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/in\\-many\\-faces\\-of\\-karni\\-sena\\-lokendra\\-kalvi\\-the\\-pivot/story\\-tUwFTXtyxczOAkhizitV1H.html \\|title\\=In many faces of Karni Sena, Lokendra Kalvi the pivot \\|author\\=Salik Ahmad \\|newspaper\\=Hindustan Times \\|date\\=24 January 2018 }} primarily by Rajput youth.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the\\-rise\\-rise\\-of\\-karni\\-sena/articleshow/62626854\\.cms \\|title\\=The rise \\& rise of Karni Sena \\|author1\\=Ashish Mehta \\|author2\\=Dishank Purohit \\|newspaper\\=The Times of India \\|date\\=24 January 2018 }} The central aim of the newly\\-formed organisation was to demand [caste\\-based reservation](/wiki/Reservation_in_India \"Reservation in India\") for Rajputs in government jobs and education. Its other objectives included ending the alleged \"*sidelining of Rajput figures in textbooks*\" and help elect Rajput legislators in the government.", "The first President of the organisation was Ajeet Singh Mamdoli. During the [2008 Rajasthan Assembly elections](/wiki/2008_Rajasthan_Legislative_Assembly_election \"2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election\"), the group supported the [Indian National Congress](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") on the condition that the party would give a specified number of tickets to Rajput candidates. At that time, Kalvi was associated with the Congress, and Mamdoli wanted a Congress ticket to contest the election.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the\\-rise\\-rise\\-of\\-karni\\-sena/articleshow/62626854\\.cms \\|title\\=The rise \\& rise of Karni Sena \\|author1\\=Ashish Mehta \\|author2\\=Dishank Purohit \\|newspaper\\=The Times of India \\|date\\=24 January 2018 }} According to Mamdoli, Kalvi was concerned about his growing political clout, which led to differences between the two leaders, and a split in the group. Mamdoli left the group and formed a new faction. Mamdoli filed a case against Kalvi's group, claiming that he had registered the name \"Shri Rajput Karni Sena\"; as of 2018, the case is sub\\-judice.", "After Mamdoli's departure, Kalvi appointed Sukhdev Singh Gogamedi as the President of his faction. Later, differences developed between Kalvi and Gogamedhi over demands for reservation. In 2015, Gogamedi was expelled over criminal charges, and formed his own faction, called \"Shree Rashtriya Rajput Karni Sena.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/one\\-upmanship\\-behind\\-rise\\-of\\-various\\-karni\\-senas/articleshow/62596109\\.cms \\|title\\=One\\-upmanship behind rise of various Karni Senas \\|newspaper\\=The Times of India \\|date\\=22 January 2018 }} Kalvi then appointed Mahipal Singh Makrana as the state president of his faction.", "As of 2018, there are three major Karni Sena factions:", "* Shree Rajput Karni Sena, led by Lokendra Singh Kalvi\n* Shree Rashtriya Rajput Karni Sena Samiti, led by Ajeet Singh Mamdoli\n* Rashtriya Rajput kshatriya Karni Sena, led by Thakur Uday Chouhan\n* Shree Rashtriya Rajput Karni Sena, led by [Sukhdev Singh Gogamedi](/wiki/Sukhdev_Singh_Gogamedi \"Sukhdev Singh Gogamedi\")", "The Karni Sena members initially focused on the caste\\-based reservation issue, but later, they became involved in a number of political issues in order to gain limelight. In 2008, they protested against the release of the movie *[Jodhaa Akbar](/wiki/Jodhaa_Akbar \"Jodhaa Akbar\")*, alleging that it distorted Rajput history. In 2012, Karni Sena members from Shekhawati protested against a [CBI](/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation \"Central Bureau of Investigation\") inquiry against the [Bharatiya Janata Party](/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party \"Bharatiya Janata Party\") (BJP) legislator [Rajendra Singh Rathore](/wiki/Rajendra_Singh_Rathore \"Rajendra Singh Rathore\").", "In 2017, the Sena's members organised protests against the [police encounter](/wiki/Police_encounter \"Police encounter\") killing of gangster [Anandpal Singh](/wiki/Anandpal_Singh \"Anandpal Singh\"), whom they saw as a defender of Rajputs against [Jats](/wiki/Jats \"Jats\"). Kalvi's faction sidelined the other factions during these protests, and became prominent. Also in 2017, the group came to national limelight when it protested against the release of the movie *[Padmaavat](/wiki/Padmaavat \"Padmaavat\")*.", "" ]
History ------- [thumb\|Coat of arms of Hlukhiv Regiment in 1663–65, a province of [Cossack Hetmanate](/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate "Cossack Hetmanate")](/wiki/File:Hlukhiv_polk.svg "Hlukhiv polk.svg") Hlukhiv was first noticed by chroniclers as a [Severian](/wiki/Severia "Severia") town in 1152\. Around 1247 it became the seat of a branch of the princely house of [Chernihiv](/wiki/Chernihiv "Chernihiv") following the [Mongol invasion of Rus](/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Rus "Mongol invasion of Rus"). Between 1320 and 1503 it was part of the [Grand Duchy of Lithuania](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania "Grand Duchy of Lithuania") before being conquered by the [Grand Duchy of Moscow](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow "Grand Duchy of Moscow"). In 1618 it became part of the [Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth") (in the [Czernihów Voivodeship](/wiki/Czernih%C3%B3w_Voivodeship "Czernihów Voivodeship") of the [Crown of Poland](/wiki/Crown_of_Poland "Crown of Poland")) and was granted [Magdeburg Rights](/wiki/Magdeburg_rights "Magdeburg rights") in 1644 by [Władysław IV Vasa](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa "Władysław IV Vasa"). In 1648–1764 it was part of the [Cossack Hetmanate](/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate "Cossack Hetmanate") within the [Nizhyn Regiment](/wiki/Nizhyn_Regiment "Nizhyn Regiment") (province). In 1654 the Cossack Hetmanate came under military protectorate of the [Tsardom of Muscovy](/wiki/Tsardom_of_Muscovy "Tsardom of Muscovy") in accordance with the [Treaty of Pereiaslav](/wiki/Treaty_of_Pereiaslav "Treaty of Pereiaslav") and in 1664, during the [siege of Hlukhiv](/wiki/Siege_of_Hlukhiv "Siege of Hlukhiv"), the Russo\-Cossack garrison of the town successfully defended against a superiour Polish army which suffered great losses during the following retreat. According to the [Truce of Andrusovo](/wiki/Truce_of_Andrusovo "Truce of Andrusovo") along with the rest [Left\-bank Ukraine](/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine "Left-bank Ukraine") it was ceded to the [Tsardom of Muscovy](/wiki/Tsardom_of_Muscovy "Tsardom of Muscovy") in 1667\. In 1708, after realizing that [Ivan Mazepa](/wiki/Ivan_Mazepa "Ivan Mazepa") sided with [Carl XII](/wiki/Carl_XII "Carl XII"), [Peter the Great](/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia "Peter I of Russia") ordered the destruction of [Baturyn](/wiki/Baturyn "Baturyn") and the transfer of the capital to Hlukhiv. Here in November 1708, [Ivan Skoropadsky](/wiki/Ivan_Skoropadsky "Ivan Skoropadsky"), a new [Hetman of Zaporizhian Host](/wiki/Hetman_of_Zaporizhian_Host "Hetman of Zaporizhian Host"), was elected, while the [Metropolitan of Kyiv, Halych and all Little Russia](/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%28Moscow_Patriarchate%29 "Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)") Ioasaf was forced to proclaim [anathema](/wiki/Anathema "Anathema") onto Mazepa in the St. Trinity Cathedral (destroyed in 1962\). Hlukhiv served as the capital of the [Cossack Hetmanate](/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate "Cossack Hetmanate") in 1708\-64 and until 1773 the administrative center of the [Little Russia Governorate](/wiki/Little_Russia_Governorate_%281764%E2%80%931781%29 "Little Russia Governorate (1764–1781)"). Under the last hetmans of Ukraine, the town was remodeled in the Baroque style. Subsequently, it declined in consequence of frequent fires, so that very few of its architectural gems survived. Since the first school of singing in the Russian Empire was established there in 1738, the town has a rich musical heritage. [Composers](/wiki/Composer "Composer") [Dmytro Bortniansky](/wiki/Dmytro_Bortniansky "Dmytro Bortniansky") and [Maksym Berezovsky](/wiki/Maksym_Berezovsky "Maksym Berezovsky"), whose statues grace the Bortniansky Square of Hlukhiv, are believed to have studied there. In 1874, in a college was established in Hlukhiv (today [Hlukhiv National Pedagogical University of Oleksandr Dovzhenko](/wiki/Hlukhiv_National_Pedagogical_University_of_Oleksandr_Dovzhenko "Hlukhiv National Pedagogical University of Oleksandr Dovzhenko")). In 1879, the Tereshchenko brothers, who were Russian millionaires of Ukrainian descent, established a free hospital of St. Euphrosyne and supported it financially. In 1899 on the funds of [Tereshchenko family](/wiki/Tereshchenko_family "Tereshchenko family") in Hlukhiv was established another college (today Agrarian college of the Sumy Agrarian University). In 1918, the city became part of Ukraine; however, already in January 1918 it was occupied by the Soviet troops for several months. Soviet control returned again to the city a year later in 1919\. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), Hlukhiv was occupied by the [German Army](/wiki/Wehrmacht "Wehrmacht") from 9 September 1941 to 30 August 1943\. While the region was a part of the Soviet Union, an airfield was built near Hlukhiv at [Chervone\-Pustohorod](/wiki/Chervone-Pustohorod "Chervone-Pustohorod"). In 1994 in the city was established the State Historical and Cultural Heritage Park. In October 2015 at the [local election](/wiki/2015_Ukrainian_local_elections "2015 Ukrainian local elections"), the mayor of the city became [Michel Tereshchenko](/wiki/Michel_Tereshchenko "Michel Tereshchenko"), a naturalized Ukrainian from [France](/wiki/France "France") and great grandson of [Mikhail Tereshchenko](/wiki/Mikhail_Tereshchenko "Mikhail Tereshchenko"). Tereshchenko stepped down as mayor in October 2018 with the intention to become a candidate in the [2019 Ukrainian presidential election](/wiki/2019_Ukrainian_presidential_election "2019 Ukrainian presidential election").[Hlukhiv mayor steps down to run for president](https://en.lb.ua/news/2018/10/01/6595_hlukhiv_mayor_steps_down_run.html), [LB.ua](/wiki/LB.ua "LB.ua") (1 October 2018\) Yet, during the November–December 30 days [martial law in Ukraine](/wiki/Martial_law_in_Ukraine "Martial law in Ukraine") he resumed his position as mayor and on 3 January 2019 he declared his support for (another) presidential candidate [Andriy Sadovyi](/wiki/Andriy_Sadovyi "Andriy Sadovyi") during a congress of Sadovyi's party [Self Reliance](/wiki/Self_Reliance_%28political_party%29 "Self Reliance (political party)").{{Cite web \|date\=2018\-10\-01 \|title\=Hlukhiv mayor steps down to run for president \|url\=https://en.lb.ua/news/2018/10/01/6595\_hlukhiv\_mayor\_steps\_down\_run.html \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-21 \|website\=LB.ua}} In October 2020 was again Ukrainian local elections, where was chosen new City Mayor Nadiia Vailo \- candidate from political party "Our Land". ### 2022 Russian invasion Clashes occurred in Hlukhiv between the [Ukrainian Armed Forces](/wiki/Ukrainian_Armed_Forces "Ukrainian Armed Forces") and the invading [Russian Armed Forces](/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces "Russian Armed Forces") in the city and its surrounding areas during the night of 24–25 February 2022\.{{Cite web \|title\= \|script\-title\=uk:На сіверському напрямку ведуться оборонні бої в районах Перемога та Глухів \|trans\-title\=Defensive battles are being fought in the northern direction in the Peremoha and Hlukhiv districts \|url\=https://www.unian.ua/war/na\-siverskomu\-napryamku\-vedutsya\-oboronni\-boji\-v\-rayonah\-peremoga\-ta\-gluhiv\-novini\-vtorgnennya\-rosiji\-v\-ukrajinu\-11717068\.html \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-21 \|website\=Unian \|language\=uk}}
[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\|Coat of arms of Hlukhiv Regiment in 1663–65, a province of [Cossack Hetmanate](/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate \"Cossack Hetmanate\")](/wiki/File:Hlukhiv_polk.svg \"Hlukhiv polk.svg\")\nHlukhiv was first noticed by chroniclers as a [Severian](/wiki/Severia \"Severia\") town in 1152\\. Around 1247 it became the seat of a branch of the princely house of [Chernihiv](/wiki/Chernihiv \"Chernihiv\") following the [Mongol invasion of Rus](/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Rus \"Mongol invasion of Rus\"). Between 1320 and 1503 it was part of the [Grand Duchy of Lithuania](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania \"Grand Duchy of Lithuania\") before being conquered by the [Grand Duchy of Moscow](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow \"Grand Duchy of Moscow\"). In 1618 it became part of the [Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth \"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth\") (in the [Czernihów Voivodeship](/wiki/Czernih%C3%B3w_Voivodeship \"Czernihów Voivodeship\") of the [Crown of Poland](/wiki/Crown_of_Poland \"Crown of Poland\")) and was granted [Magdeburg Rights](/wiki/Magdeburg_rights \"Magdeburg rights\") in 1644 by [Władysław IV Vasa](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa \"Władysław IV Vasa\"). In 1648–1764 it was part of the [Cossack Hetmanate](/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate \"Cossack Hetmanate\") within the [Nizhyn Regiment](/wiki/Nizhyn_Regiment \"Nizhyn Regiment\") (province).", "In 1654 the Cossack Hetmanate came under military protectorate of the [Tsardom of Muscovy](/wiki/Tsardom_of_Muscovy \"Tsardom of Muscovy\") in accordance with the [Treaty of Pereiaslav](/wiki/Treaty_of_Pereiaslav \"Treaty of Pereiaslav\") and in 1664, during the [siege of Hlukhiv](/wiki/Siege_of_Hlukhiv \"Siege of Hlukhiv\"), the Russo\\-Cossack garrison of the town successfully defended against a superiour Polish army which suffered great losses during the following retreat. According to the [Truce of Andrusovo](/wiki/Truce_of_Andrusovo \"Truce of Andrusovo\") along with the rest [Left\\-bank Ukraine](/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine \"Left-bank Ukraine\") it was ceded to the [Tsardom of Muscovy](/wiki/Tsardom_of_Muscovy \"Tsardom of Muscovy\") in 1667\\.", "In 1708, after realizing that [Ivan Mazepa](/wiki/Ivan_Mazepa \"Ivan Mazepa\") sided with [Carl XII](/wiki/Carl_XII \"Carl XII\"), [Peter the Great](/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia \"Peter I of Russia\") ordered the destruction of [Baturyn](/wiki/Baturyn \"Baturyn\") and the transfer of the capital to Hlukhiv. Here in November 1708, [Ivan Skoropadsky](/wiki/Ivan_Skoropadsky \"Ivan Skoropadsky\"), a new [Hetman of Zaporizhian Host](/wiki/Hetman_of_Zaporizhian_Host \"Hetman of Zaporizhian Host\"), was elected, while the [Metropolitan of Kyiv, Halych and all Little Russia](/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%28Moscow_Patriarchate%29 \"Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)\") Ioasaf was forced to proclaim [anathema](/wiki/Anathema \"Anathema\") onto Mazepa in the St. Trinity Cathedral (destroyed in 1962\\). Hlukhiv served as the capital of the [Cossack Hetmanate](/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate \"Cossack Hetmanate\") in 1708\\-64 and until 1773 the administrative center of the [Little Russia Governorate](/wiki/Little_Russia_Governorate_%281764%E2%80%931781%29 \"Little Russia Governorate (1764–1781)\"). Under the last hetmans of Ukraine, the town was remodeled in the Baroque style. Subsequently, it declined in consequence of frequent fires, so that very few of its architectural gems survived.", "Since the first school of singing in the Russian Empire was established there in 1738, the town has a rich musical heritage. [Composers](/wiki/Composer \"Composer\") [Dmytro Bortniansky](/wiki/Dmytro_Bortniansky \"Dmytro Bortniansky\") and [Maksym Berezovsky](/wiki/Maksym_Berezovsky \"Maksym Berezovsky\"), whose statues grace the Bortniansky Square of Hlukhiv, are believed to have studied there.", "In 1874, in a college was established in Hlukhiv (today [Hlukhiv National Pedagogical University of Oleksandr Dovzhenko](/wiki/Hlukhiv_National_Pedagogical_University_of_Oleksandr_Dovzhenko \"Hlukhiv National Pedagogical University of Oleksandr Dovzhenko\")). In 1879, the Tereshchenko brothers, who were Russian millionaires of Ukrainian descent, established a free hospital of St. Euphrosyne and supported it financially. In 1899 on the funds of [Tereshchenko family](/wiki/Tereshchenko_family \"Tereshchenko family\") in Hlukhiv was established another college (today Agrarian college of the Sumy Agrarian University).", "In 1918, the city became part of Ukraine; however, already in January 1918 it was occupied by the Soviet troops for several months. Soviet control returned again to the city a year later in 1919\\.", "During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), Hlukhiv was occupied by the [German Army](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\") from 9 September 1941 to 30 August 1943\\.", "While the region was a part of the Soviet Union, an airfield was built near Hlukhiv at [Chervone\\-Pustohorod](/wiki/Chervone-Pustohorod \"Chervone-Pustohorod\").", "In 1994 in the city was established the State Historical and Cultural Heritage Park.", "In October 2015 at the [local election](/wiki/2015_Ukrainian_local_elections \"2015 Ukrainian local elections\"), the mayor of the city became [Michel Tereshchenko](/wiki/Michel_Tereshchenko \"Michel Tereshchenko\"), a naturalized Ukrainian from [France](/wiki/France \"France\") and great grandson of [Mikhail Tereshchenko](/wiki/Mikhail_Tereshchenko \"Mikhail Tereshchenko\"). Tereshchenko stepped down as mayor in October 2018 with the intention to become a candidate in the [2019 Ukrainian presidential election](/wiki/2019_Ukrainian_presidential_election \"2019 Ukrainian presidential election\").[Hlukhiv mayor steps down to run for president](https://en.lb.ua/news/2018/10/01/6595_hlukhiv_mayor_steps_down_run.html), [LB.ua](/wiki/LB.ua \"LB.ua\") (1 October 2018\\) Yet, during the November–December 30 days [martial law in Ukraine](/wiki/Martial_law_in_Ukraine \"Martial law in Ukraine\") he resumed his position as mayor and on 3 January 2019 he declared his support for (another) presidential candidate [Andriy Sadovyi](/wiki/Andriy_Sadovyi \"Andriy Sadovyi\") during a congress of Sadovyi's party [Self Reliance](/wiki/Self_Reliance_%28political_party%29 \"Self Reliance (political party)\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=2018\\-10\\-01 \\|title\\=Hlukhiv mayor steps down to run for president \\|url\\=https://en.lb.ua/news/2018/10/01/6595\\_hlukhiv\\_mayor\\_steps\\_down\\_run.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-21 \\|website\\=LB.ua}}", "In October 2020 was again Ukrainian local elections, where was chosen new City Mayor Nadiia Vailo \\- candidate from political party \"Our Land\".", "### 2022 Russian invasion", "Clashes occurred in Hlukhiv between the [Ukrainian Armed Forces](/wiki/Ukrainian_Armed_Forces \"Ukrainian Armed Forces\") and the invading [Russian Armed Forces](/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces \"Russian Armed Forces\") in the city and its surrounding areas during the night of 24–25 February 2022\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\= \\|script\\-title\\=uk:На сіверському напрямку ведуться оборонні бої в районах Перемога та Глухів \\|trans\\-title\\=Defensive battles are being fought in the northern direction in the Peremoha and Hlukhiv districts \\|url\\=https://www.unian.ua/war/na\\-siverskomu\\-napryamku\\-vedutsya\\-oboronni\\-boji\\-v\\-rayonah\\-peremoga\\-ta\\-gluhiv\\-novini\\-vtorgnennya\\-rosiji\\-v\\-ukrajinu\\-11717068\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-21 \\|website\\=Unian \\|language\\=uk}}", "" ]
Sights ------ The oldest building in the town is the [church of St. Nicholas](/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B2%29 "Миколаївська церква (Глухів)") (1693\), modeled after traditional wooden churches and executed in the [Ukrainian Baroque](/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque "Ukrainian Baroque") style. The church, repaired and renovated in 1871, has three pear\-shaped domes and a two\-storey [bell tower](/wiki/Bell_tower "Bell tower"). The church of the Savior's Transfiguration (1765\) straddles the line between Baroque and Neoclassicism, while the massive [Neo\-Byzantine](/wiki/Neo-Byzantine "Neo-Byzantine") cathedral (1884–93\) resembles [St Volodymyr's Cathedral](/wiki/St_Volodymyr%27s_Cathedral "St Volodymyr's Cathedral") in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv "Kyiv"). Probably the best known landmark of modern Hlukhiv is the conspicuous water tower (1927–29\), though more historical interest attaches to the [triumphal arch](/wiki/Triumphal_arch "Triumphal arch"), dated either to 1744 or 1766\. It has been suggested that the architect of this rather plain structure was [Andrey Kvasov](/wiki/Andrey_Kvasov "Andrey Kvasov"). The arch, the oldest in Ukraine, sustained damage during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") but was subsequently restored. ### Religion The most dominant religious presentation in the city has the [Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church "Russian Orthodox Church") through the [Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)](/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%28Moscow_Patriarchate%29 "Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)"). Near Hlukhiv in the village of Sosnivka is located a small monastery ([Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church "Russian Orthodox Church")) [Glinsk Hermitage](/wiki/Glinsk_Hermitage "Glinsk Hermitage").
[ "Sights\n------", "The oldest building in the town is the [church of St. Nicholas](/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B2%29 \"Миколаївська церква (Глухів)\") (1693\\), modeled after traditional wooden churches and executed in the [Ukrainian Baroque](/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque \"Ukrainian Baroque\") style. The church, repaired and renovated in 1871, has three pear\\-shaped domes and a two\\-storey [bell tower](/wiki/Bell_tower \"Bell tower\").", "The church of the Savior's Transfiguration (1765\\) straddles the line between Baroque and Neoclassicism, while the massive [Neo\\-Byzantine](/wiki/Neo-Byzantine \"Neo-Byzantine\") cathedral (1884–93\\) resembles [St Volodymyr's Cathedral](/wiki/St_Volodymyr%27s_Cathedral \"St Volodymyr's Cathedral\") in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\").", "Probably the best known landmark of modern Hlukhiv is the conspicuous water tower (1927–29\\), though more historical interest attaches to the [triumphal arch](/wiki/Triumphal_arch \"Triumphal arch\"), dated either to 1744 or 1766\\. It has been suggested that the architect of this rather plain structure was [Andrey Kvasov](/wiki/Andrey_Kvasov \"Andrey Kvasov\"). The arch, the oldest in Ukraine, sustained damage during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") but was subsequently restored.", "### Religion", "The most dominant religious presentation in the city has the [Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church \"Russian Orthodox Church\") through the [Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)](/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%28Moscow_Patriarchate%29 \"Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)\").", "Near Hlukhiv in the village of Sosnivka is located a small monastery ([Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church \"Russian Orthodox Church\")) [Glinsk Hermitage](/wiki/Glinsk_Hermitage \"Glinsk Hermitage\").", "" ]
Career ------ Durham spent more than 37 years calling NBA games on TV and radio; his previous assignments were with the [Chicago Bulls](/wiki/Chicago_Bulls "Chicago Bulls"), the [Dallas Mavericks](/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks "Dallas Mavericks"), [TNT](/wiki/NBA_on_TNT "NBA on TNT") and [TBS](/wiki/NBA_on_TBS "NBA on TBS"). With the Bulls, he was the [play\-by\-play](/wiki/Play-by-play "Play-by-play") announcer when [Michael Jordan](/wiki/Michael_Jordan "Michael Jordan"), [Scottie Pippen](/wiki/Scottie_Pippen "Scottie Pippen"), and their teammates won the [1991](/wiki/1990-91_NBA_season "1990-91 NBA season") NBA championship. In [1998](/wiki/1998_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament "1998 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament"), Durham called men's [NCAA basketball tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship "NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship") games for [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS"). ### Early career Early in his career, Durham worked on [WJBC](/wiki/WJBC_%28AM%29 "WJBC (AM)") radio in [Bloomington, Illinois](/wiki/Bloomington%2C_Illinois "Bloomington, Illinois"). During his time there, he covered the career of [Illinois State University](/wiki/Illinois_State_University "Illinois State University") basketball star [Doug Collins](/wiki/Doug_Collins_%28basketball%29 "Doug Collins (basketball)"), later coincidentally the coach of the Bulls during the early Jordan years in Chicago, including the famous call listed below. ### NBA career Durham was the [play\-by\-play voice](/wiki/Sports_commentator "Sports commentator") of the [Chicago Bulls](/wiki/Chicago_Bulls "Chicago Bulls") from 1973 to 1991\. During his first twelve years covering the ballclub, he was exclusively on the radio broadcasts on [WIND](/wiki/WIND_%28AM%29 "WIND (AM)") (1973–1980, 1982–1985\), [WVON](/wiki/WVON "WVON") (1980–1982\) and [WGCI\-FM](/wiki/WGCI-FM "WGCI-FM") (1981–1982; shared arrangement with WVON). Primarily working solo, he was paired with [Norm Van Lier](/wiki/Norm_Van_Lier "Norm Van Lier") in 1980–81 and [Dave Baum](/wiki/Dave_Baum "Dave Baum") in 1982–83\. For the remainder of his time in Chicago beginning with the 1985–86 season, he and [Johnny Kerr](/wiki/Johnny_Kerr "Johnny Kerr") handled the [simulcast](/wiki/Simulcast "Simulcast") on [WMAQ](/wiki/WMAQ_%28AM%29 "WMAQ (AM)") (1985–1988\) and [WLUP](/wiki/WMVP "WMVP") (1988–1991\) on the radio and [WFLD](/wiki/WFLD "WFLD")/[SportsVision](/wiki/SportsVision "SportsVision") (1985–1989\) and [WGN](/wiki/WGN-TV "WGN-TV")/[SportsChannel Chicago](/wiki/FSN_Chicago "FSN Chicago") (1989–1991\) on television.{{Cite web \|url\=http://i.cdn.turner.com/nba/nba/.element/media/2\.0/teamsites/bulls/BullsMG\_1213\_WEB.pdf \|title\=Chicago Bulls 2012–13 Media Guide. \|access\-date\=2012\-11\-08 \|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-04 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051938/http://i.cdn.turner.com/nba/nba/.element/media/2\.0/teamsites/bulls/BullsMG\_1213\_WEB.pdf \|url\-status\=dead }} Five weeks after being relegated back to radio only on May 29, 1991,[Nidetz, Steve. "Radio Only For Durham Next Year," *Chicago Tribune*, Thursday, May 30, 1991\.](https://web.archive.org/web/20130801101212/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1991-05-30/sports/9102180083_1_bulls-jim-durham-schanwald) Durham was dismissed on July 3 as a result of a [contract](/wiki/Contract "Contract") dispute with Bulls management. He was succeeded by [Wayne Larrivee](/wiki/Wayne_Larrivee "Wayne Larrivee") (WGN) and [Tom Dore](/wiki/Tom_Dore "Tom Dore") (SportsChannel) on television[Nidetz, Steve. "After 18 Years, Bulls Fire Durham," *Chicago Tribune*, Thursday, July 4, 1991\.](https://archive.today/20130119064705/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1991-07-04/sports/9103160779_1_jim-durham-steve-schanwald-contract-dispute) and [Neil Funk](/wiki/Neil_Funk "Neil Funk") on the radio. Starting in [1995](/wiki/1995-96_NBA_season "1995-96 NBA season"), he called numerous [National Basketball Association](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association "National Basketball Association") games for [ESPN](/wiki/NBA_on_ESPN "NBA on ESPN") and [ESPN Radio](/wiki/NBA_on_ESPN_Radio "NBA on ESPN Radio"). #### The Shot Durham's most memorable call was for "[The Shot](/wiki/The_Shot "The Shot")" made by [Michael Jordan](/wiki/Michael_Jordan "Michael Jordan") in Game 5 of the [1989 Eastern Conference First Round](/wiki/1989_NBA_Playoffs "1989 NBA Playoffs") between the Bulls and Cavs: {{cquote\|The inbounds pass comes in to Jordan. Here's Michael at the foul line, the shot on Ehlo...GOOD! (\[\[Johnny Kerr\|Johnny 'Red" Kerr]]: THE BULLS WIN! THEY WIN!) They upset the Cleveland Cavaliers! Michael Jordan hits it at the foul line! (Kerr: WOOOH!) 101\-100! 20,273 in stunned silence here in the \[\[Richfield Coliseum\|Coliseum]]. Michael Jordan with 44 points in a game hit the shot over \[\[Craig Ehlo]]. What tremendous heroics we have had in Game 5\. From both teams, what a spectacular series this has been. In my days in the NBA, 16 years, this is the greatest series I've ever seen!}} ### Major League Baseball Durham also did play\-by\-play for [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball "Major League Baseball"), first in the 1980s for the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros "Houston Astros"), then from [1989](/wiki/1989_in_baseball "1989 in baseball")–[1990](/wiki/1990_in_baseball "1990 in baseball") for the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox "Chicago White Sox") and for [ESPN Radio](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_on_ESPN_Radio "Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio") from [1998](/wiki/1998_in_baseball "1998 in baseball") until his death in 2012\. ### Death Durham died on November 4, 2012, due to complications from a heart attack.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/07/sports/basketball/jim\-durham\-nba\-broadcaster\-is\-dead\-at\-65\.html?\_r\=0\|title\=Jim Durham, N.B.A. Broadcaster, Is Dead at 65\|date\=November 4, 2012\|work\=New York Times\|access\-date\=January 20, 2014}}
[ "Career\n------", "Durham spent more than 37 years calling NBA games on TV and radio; his previous assignments were with the [Chicago Bulls](/wiki/Chicago_Bulls \"Chicago Bulls\"), the [Dallas Mavericks](/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks \"Dallas Mavericks\"), [TNT](/wiki/NBA_on_TNT \"NBA on TNT\") and [TBS](/wiki/NBA_on_TBS \"NBA on TBS\"). With the Bulls, he was the [play\\-by\\-play](/wiki/Play-by-play \"Play-by-play\") announcer when [Michael Jordan](/wiki/Michael_Jordan \"Michael Jordan\"), [Scottie Pippen](/wiki/Scottie_Pippen \"Scottie Pippen\"), and their teammates won the [1991](/wiki/1990-91_NBA_season \"1990-91 NBA season\") NBA championship. In [1998](/wiki/1998_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"1998 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\"), Durham called men's [NCAA basketball tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship \"NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship\") games for [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\").", "### Early career", "Early in his career, Durham worked on [WJBC](/wiki/WJBC_%28AM%29 \"WJBC (AM)\") radio in [Bloomington, Illinois](/wiki/Bloomington%2C_Illinois \"Bloomington, Illinois\"). During his time there, he covered the career of [Illinois State University](/wiki/Illinois_State_University \"Illinois State University\") basketball star [Doug Collins](/wiki/Doug_Collins_%28basketball%29 \"Doug Collins (basketball)\"), later coincidentally the coach of the Bulls during the early Jordan years in Chicago, including the famous call listed below.", "### NBA career", "Durham was the [play\\-by\\-play voice](/wiki/Sports_commentator \"Sports commentator\") of the [Chicago Bulls](/wiki/Chicago_Bulls \"Chicago Bulls\") from 1973 to 1991\\. During his first twelve years covering the ballclub, he was exclusively on the radio broadcasts on [WIND](/wiki/WIND_%28AM%29 \"WIND (AM)\") (1973–1980, 1982–1985\\), [WVON](/wiki/WVON \"WVON\") (1980–1982\\) and [WGCI\\-FM](/wiki/WGCI-FM \"WGCI-FM\") (1981–1982; shared arrangement with WVON). Primarily working solo, he was paired with [Norm Van Lier](/wiki/Norm_Van_Lier \"Norm Van Lier\") in 1980–81 and [Dave Baum](/wiki/Dave_Baum \"Dave Baum\") in 1982–83\\. For the remainder of his time in Chicago beginning with the 1985–86 season, he and [Johnny Kerr](/wiki/Johnny_Kerr \"Johnny Kerr\") handled the [simulcast](/wiki/Simulcast \"Simulcast\") on [WMAQ](/wiki/WMAQ_%28AM%29 \"WMAQ (AM)\") (1985–1988\\) and [WLUP](/wiki/WMVP \"WMVP\") (1988–1991\\) on the radio and [WFLD](/wiki/WFLD \"WFLD\")/[SportsVision](/wiki/SportsVision \"SportsVision\") (1985–1989\\) and [WGN](/wiki/WGN-TV \"WGN-TV\")/[SportsChannel Chicago](/wiki/FSN_Chicago \"FSN Chicago\") (1989–1991\\) on television.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://i.cdn.turner.com/nba/nba/.element/media/2\\.0/teamsites/bulls/BullsMG\\_1213\\_WEB.pdf \\|title\\=Chicago Bulls 2012–13 Media Guide. \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-08 \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-04 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051938/http://i.cdn.turner.com/nba/nba/.element/media/2\\.0/teamsites/bulls/BullsMG\\_1213\\_WEB.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Five weeks after being relegated back to radio only on May 29, 1991,[Nidetz, Steve. \"Radio Only For Durham Next Year,\" *Chicago Tribune*, Thursday, May 30, 1991\\.](https://web.archive.org/web/20130801101212/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1991-05-30/sports/9102180083_1_bulls-jim-durham-schanwald) Durham was dismissed on July 3 as a result of a [contract](/wiki/Contract \"Contract\") dispute with Bulls management. He was succeeded by [Wayne Larrivee](/wiki/Wayne_Larrivee \"Wayne Larrivee\") (WGN) and [Tom Dore](/wiki/Tom_Dore \"Tom Dore\") (SportsChannel) on television[Nidetz, Steve. \"After 18 Years, Bulls Fire Durham,\" *Chicago Tribune*, Thursday, July 4, 1991\\.](https://archive.today/20130119064705/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1991-07-04/sports/9103160779_1_jim-durham-steve-schanwald-contract-dispute) and [Neil Funk](/wiki/Neil_Funk \"Neil Funk\") on the radio.", "Starting in [1995](/wiki/1995-96_NBA_season \"1995-96 NBA season\"), he called numerous [National Basketball Association](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association \"National Basketball Association\") games for [ESPN](/wiki/NBA_on_ESPN \"NBA on ESPN\") and [ESPN Radio](/wiki/NBA_on_ESPN_Radio \"NBA on ESPN Radio\").", "#### The Shot", "Durham's most memorable call was for \"[The Shot](/wiki/The_Shot \"The Shot\")\" made by [Michael Jordan](/wiki/Michael_Jordan \"Michael Jordan\") in Game 5 of the [1989 Eastern Conference First Round](/wiki/1989_NBA_Playoffs \"1989 NBA Playoffs\") between the Bulls and Cavs:\n{{cquote\\|The inbounds pass comes in to Jordan. Here's Michael at the foul line, the shot on Ehlo...GOOD! (\\[\\[Johnny Kerr\\|Johnny 'Red\" Kerr]]: THE BULLS WIN! THEY WIN!) They upset the Cleveland Cavaliers! Michael Jordan hits it at the foul line! (Kerr: WOOOH!) 101\\-100! 20,273 in stunned silence here in the \\[\\[Richfield Coliseum\\|Coliseum]]. Michael Jordan with 44 points in a game hit the shot over \\[\\[Craig Ehlo]]. What tremendous heroics we have had in Game 5\\. From both teams, what a spectacular series this has been. In my days in the NBA, 16 years, this is the greatest series I've ever seen!}}", "### Major League Baseball", "Durham also did play\\-by\\-play for [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\"), first in the 1980s for the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros \"Houston Astros\"), then from [1989](/wiki/1989_in_baseball \"1989 in baseball\")–[1990](/wiki/1990_in_baseball \"1990 in baseball\") for the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox \"Chicago White Sox\") and for [ESPN Radio](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_on_ESPN_Radio \"Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio\") from [1998](/wiki/1998_in_baseball \"1998 in baseball\") until his death in 2012\\.", "### Death", "Durham died on November 4, 2012, due to complications from a heart attack.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/07/sports/basketball/jim\\-durham\\-nba\\-broadcaster\\-is\\-dead\\-at\\-65\\.html?\\_r\\=0\\|title\\=Jim Durham, N.B.A. Broadcaster, Is Dead at 65\\|date\\=November 4, 2012\\|work\\=New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=January 20, 2014}}", "" ]
Controversies ------------- ### Pop\-off valves Following the [1978 race](/wiki/1978_Indianapolis_500 "1978 Indianapolis 500"), and after other superspeedway races that summer including [Pocono](/wiki/Pocono_500_%28IndyCar%29 "Pocono 500 (IndyCar)") and [Ontario](/wiki/California_500_%28IndyCar%29 "California 500 (IndyCar)"), competitors began complaining about the horsepower advantage that the newer [V\-8 engines](/wiki/V8_engine "V8 engine") (namely the [Cosworth DFX](/wiki/Ford-Cosworth_Indy_V8_engine%23DFX "Ford-Cosworth Indy V8 engine#DFX")) over the venerable [4\-cyclinder](/wiki/Straight-four_engine "Straight-four engine") [Offenhauser](/wiki/Offenhauser "Offenhauser") engines.{{cite news\|title\=It's Boost Or Bust For 4\-Cylinder Faction\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-indianapolis\-star\-usac\-pop\-off\-valve/152005193/\|newspaper\=\[\[The Indianapolis Star]]\|first\=Robin\|last\=Miller\|author\-link\=Robin Miller (journalist)\|page\=22\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|date\=July 29, 1978\|access\-date\=July 27, 2024}}{{Open access}} USAC held special meetings in August and September of that year to draft new turbocharger boost rules and engine regulations in an effort to establish an equivalency formula. In September, they released a series of preliminary rule changes for the 1979 season. All turbocharged engines would be permitted 80 inHg of boost, and pop\-off valves would now be required during practice, qualifying, and during the race. Previously, pop\-off valves were only affixed to the turbocharging system during official qualifications. The fuel allotment for 500\-miles races was increased to 333 gallons (up from 280\) of [methanol](/wiki/Methanol_fuel "Methanol fuel"), and rear wings were reduced from 43 inches to 36 inches.{{cite news\|title\=USAC Hopes Changes Will Increase Competitiveness\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-star\-press\-usac\-1978\-pop\-off\-valves/152005453/\|newspaper\=The Muncie Star\|first\=Ron\|last\=Lemasters\|page\=33\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|date\=September 10, 1978\|access\-date\=July 27, 2024}}{{Open access}} The increase in fuel allotment would reduce the necessary [fuel mileage](/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles "Fuel economy in automobiles") for the 500 miles to 1\.5 miles per gallon.{{cite news\|title\=USAC increases fuel allotment\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/dayton\-daily\-news/152142796/\|newspaper\=\[\[The Indianapolis Star]]\|first\=Harvey\|last\=Shapiro\|page\=64\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|date\=September 17, 1978\|access\-date\=July 27, 2024}}{{Open access}} In January 1979, however, another meeting was held to iron out an equivalency formula. USAC met with several owners/chief mechanics including [Smokey Yunick](/wiki/Smokey_Yunick "Smokey Yunick"), Mike Devin, Bill Finley, [Pat Patrick](/wiki/Pat_Patrick_%28auto_racing%29 "Pat Patrick (auto racing)"), as well as [Cosworth](/wiki/Cosworth "Cosworth") founder [Keith Duckworth](/wiki/Keith_Duckworth "Keith Duckworth"). The rules were changed once again, though the competitors left the meeting claiming that mostly USAC ignored their technical input. The {{convert\|161\.7\|cuin\|L}} turbocharged [V\-8 engines](/wiki/V8_engine "V8 engine") were reduced to only 50 inHG of "boost", while the [4\-cyclinder](/wiki/Straight-four_engine "Straight-four engine") [Offys](/wiki/Offenhauser "Offenhauser") would be permitted 55 inHG. Additionally, the {{convert\|209\.3\|cuin\|L}} stock block engines were allowed 58 inHG. [Normally aspirated](/wiki/Naturally_aspirated_engine "Naturally aspirated engine") engines were allowed a {{convert\|219\|cuin\|L}} cubic inch displacement, but few were expected to be entered.{{cite news\|title\=This Decision Has Answer\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-indianapolis\-star/150034242/\|newspaper\=\[\[The Indianapolis Star]]\|first\=Robin\|last\=Miller\|author\-link\=Robin Miller (journalist)\|page\=33\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|date\=January 28, 1979\|access\-date\=July 27, 2024}}{{Open access}} By the month of May, USAC had once again re\-tooled the rules, upping the [Offenhauser](/wiki/Offenhauser "Offenhauser")'s boost to 60 inHG, but keeping the V\-8s at 50 inHg.{{cite news\|title\=Extra 'Boost' To Decide Pole\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-indianapolis\-star/152144162/\|newspaper\=\[\[The Indianapolis Star]]\|first\=Robin\|last\=Miller\|author\-link\=Robin Miller (journalist)\|page\=1\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|date\=May 12, 1979\|access\-date\=July 27, 2024}}{{Open access}} With the lower boost levels overall, the increased fuel allotment rule was scrapped. Cars were again limited to 280 gallons of methanol for the 500 miles, which required an average of 1\.8 miles per gallon to finish the race.{{cite news\|title\=35 Cars Await Starting Flag (Part 1\)\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-indianapolis\-star\-1979\-indy\-500/151379982/\|newspaper\=\[\[The Indianapolis Star]]\|first\=Dave\|last\=Overpeck\|page\=1\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|date\=May 27, 1979\|access\-date\=July 27, 2024}}{{Open access}}{{cite news\|title\=35 Cars Await Starting Flag (Part 2\)\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-indianapolis\-star/152144377/\|newspaper\=\[\[The Indianapolis Star]]\|first\=Dave\|last\=Overpeck\|page\=16\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|date\=May 27, 1979\|access\-date\=July 27, 2024}}{{Open access}} ### USAC/CART "Split" Following the death of [Indianapolis Motor Speedway](/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway "Indianapolis Motor Speedway") president [Tony Hulman](/wiki/Tony_Hulman "Tony Hulman") in 1977, and the deadly [1978 USAC plane crash](/wiki/United_States_Auto_Club%231978_plane_crash "United States Auto Club#1978 plane crash"), owners and participants in [Indy car racing](/wiki/American_Championship_car_racing "American Championship car racing") were anxious to reorganize the sport. By 1978, a growing dissent amongst the participants was based on many factors, including poor promotion and low revenue.{{cite book\|last\=Hungness\|first\=Carl \|title\=1996 Indianapolis 500 Yearbook \|publisher\=Carl Hungness Publishing \|volume\=24\|year\=1996 \|edition\=1st \|isbn \=0\-915088\-76\-2}} Indy Car events outside of the [Indianapolis 500](/wiki/Indianapolis_500 "Indianapolis 500") were suffering from poor attendance, and few events were even televised. [Robin Miller](/wiki/Robin_Miller_%28journalist%29 "Robin Miller (journalist)") even accused the Speedway of offering a purse that was too low considering the stature of the event and the costs of racing at the time. Further complicating the issue were rumors that [Goodyear](/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company "Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company") was considering pulling out of the sport. In addition, the venerable [4\-cylinder](/wiki/Inline-four_engine "Inline-four engine") [turbo](/wiki/Turbocharger "Turbocharger") [Offenhauser](/wiki/Offenhauser "Offenhauser") (a favorite of the USAC\-loyal teams) was at a horsepower disadvantage to the new [V8](/wiki/V8_engine "V8 engine") [Cosworth DFX](/wiki/Cosworth_DFV%23DFX "Cosworth DFV#DFX"). USAC began retooling turbocharger boost rules to ensure the Offy and the "stock block" engines remained competitive, which caused new disagreements about equivalency formulas and favoritism. Driver, owner, and advocate [Dan Gurney](/wiki/Dan_Gurney "Dan Gurney") published a [white paper](/wiki/White_paper "White paper"){{cite news \|url\=http://www.allamericanracers.com/cart\_white\-paper.html\|title\=In the Beginning\|publisher\=All American Racers\|work\=Eagle Eye Feature\|first\=Ned\|last\=Wicker\|access\-date\=2012\-05\-23}} lobbying several complaints and charges against USAC and IMS, concluding that new organization was necessary to ensure the success of Indy car racing into the future. In late 1978, several existing Indy car owners broke off and created the [Championship Auto Racing Teams](/wiki/Championship_Auto_Racing_Teams "Championship Auto Racing Teams") (CART) series with some initial assistance from the [Sports Car Club of America](/wiki/Sports_Car_Club_of_America "Sports Car Club of America") (in order to be recognized by [Automobile Competition Committee for the United States](/wiki/Automobile_Competition_Committee_for_the_United_States "Automobile Competition Committee for the United States")). The seed of dissent had been growing for several years before the accident,*[The Talk of Gasoline Alley](/wiki/Donald_Davidson_%28historian%29 "Donald Davidson (historian)")* – [1070\-AM WIBC](/wiki/WIBC_%28FM%29 "WIBC (FM)"), May 10, 2007 and claims the crash was an immediate cause for the 1979 USAC/CART "split" are considered for the most part unfounded.{{cn\|date\=April 2024}} The first major salvo was made on March 25, 1979, when the CART\-based teams boycotted the USAC Datsun Twin 200 at [Ontario Motor Speedway](/wiki/Ontario_Motor_Speedway "Ontario Motor Speedway"). [A. J. Foyt](/wiki/A._J._Foyt "A. J. Foyt"), who at first sided with the CART contingent, retracted his loyalty, and crossed back over to the USAC side. After the boycott, Foyt suggested that USAC should penalize the CART\-based teams, and refuse their entries to the Indy 500\."With Luck To Spare," *The Evening Independent*, March 26, 1979 Among the drivers affected were [Bobby Unser](/wiki/Bobby_Unser "Bobby Unser"), [Al Unser](/wiki/Al_Unser "Al Unser"), [Johnny Rutherford](/wiki/Johnny_Rutherford "Johnny Rutherford"), [Danny Ongais](/wiki/Danny_Ongais "Danny Ongais"), [Gordon Johncock](/wiki/Gordon_Johncock "Gordon Johncock"), [Steve Krisiloff](/wiki/Steve_Krisiloff "Steve Krisiloff"), and [Wally Dallenbach](/wiki/Wally_Dallenbach_Sr. "Wally Dallenbach Sr.") – some of the top names in the sport. Three days before the published deadline, CART president [U. E. "Pat" Patrick](/wiki/U._E._Patrick "U. E. Patrick") delivered a block of 44 entries to the 1979 Indianapolis 500 for the CART\-based teams. On April 19, however, the USAC board of directors voted unanimously to reject the entries of six key teams: [Penske](/wiki/Penske_Racing "Penske Racing"), [Patrick](/wiki/Patrick_Racing "Patrick Racing"), [McLaren](/wiki/McLaren "McLaren"), [Fletcher](/wiki/Fletcher_Racing "Fletcher Racing"), [Chaparral](/wiki/Chaparral_Cars "Chaparral Cars"), and [Gurney](/wiki/All_American_Racers "All American Racers"). These six teams (19 cars) were alleged to be "harmful to racing" and "not in good standing with USAC." USAC sent the owners a telegram informing them of the situation while they were participating in the CART race at [Atlanta Motor Speedway](/wiki/Atlanta_Motor_Speedway "Atlanta Motor Speedway"), the [Gould Twin Dixie 125s](/wiki/1979_Gould_Twin_Dixie_125 "1979 Gould Twin Dixie 125").{{cite news\|url\=http://auto\-racing.speedtv.com/article/indycar\-cart\-usac\-memories\-indy\-1979/\|title\=INDYCAR: CART/USAC Memories – Indy 1979\|publisher\=\[\[Speed (TV channel)\|Speed]]\|work\=Indycar\|first\=Robin\|last\=Miller\|author\-link\=Robin Miller (journalist)\|date\=2009\-05\-06\|access\-date\=2011\-12\-16\|archive\-date\=2012\-06\-13\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613010359/http://auto\-racing.speedtv.com/article/indycar\-cart\-usac\-memories\-indy\-1979/\|url\-status\=dead}} On April 26, the "rejected six" teams filed suit in the [U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Indiana "United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana"), requesting an [injunction](/wiki/Injunction "Injunction") to allow the teams to compete in the 1979 Indy 500\. They cited [antitrust](/wiki/Competition_law "Competition law") and [restraint of trade](/wiki/Restraint_of_trade "Restraint of trade"). On May 5, judge [James Ellsworth Noland](/wiki/James_Ellsworth_Noland "James Ellsworth Noland") issued the injunction, but restrained the teams from disrupting or interfering with the running of the event. ### Illegal wastegate manifolds [thumb\|right\|200px\|Diagram illustrating wastegate "loophole" issue. **d1** is equal to 1\.470 inches, and **d2** was equal to roughly 2\.0 inches (or greater).](/wiki/File:Washer_quoted.svg "Washer quoted.svg") During the month, a second controversy erupted regarding the technical regulations of the [turbocharger](/wiki/Turbocharger "Turbocharger") [wastegate](/wiki/Wastegate "Wastegate"). The specifications called for wastegate exhaust pipes to be a minimum of 1\.470 inches (inside diameter). The standard pipe diameter was typically 2 or 2½ inches. In addition, the pop\-off valves affixed to the cars were to be set at 50 [inHg](/wiki/Inch_of_mercury "Inch of mercury") of "boost" for qualifying (down from 80 inHg). USAC issued a last\-minute ruling that in\-car adjustments of the boost dial would be banned during time trials. A few teams discovered what they considered a "loophole" in the rules. They utilized a larger diameter wastegate pipe, but welded a [washer](/wiki/Washer_%28hardware%29 "Washer (hardware)") inside of it that had a circular opening of exactly 1\.470 inches. This had the effect of creating [back pressure](/wiki/Back_pressure "Back pressure"), in hopes of over\-riding the pop\-off valve, and thus over\-boosting the engine, and increasing [horsepower](/wiki/Horsepower "Horsepower").{{cite episode\|series\=The Talk of Gasoline Alley\|series\-link\=Donald Davidson (historian)\|station\=\[\[WFNI]]\|airdate\=2011\-05\-19}} On May 19 (the third day of time trials) the cars of [Dick Ferguson](/wiki/Dick_Ferguson "Dick Ferguson"), [Steve Krisiloff](/wiki/Steve_Krisiloff "Steve Krisiloff"), and [Tom Bigelow](/wiki/Tom_Bigelow "Tom Bigelow") were disqualified and fined $5,000 because they "had altered their [wastegate](/wiki/Wastegate "Wastegate") exhaust pipes by the addition of restrictions which significantly affect the air flow." USAC charged that the teams had tampered with the wastegate exhaust pipe, thus illegally over\-riding the pop\-off valve, and potentially over\-boosting the engine. An appeal was made the next morning, but USAC denied the appeal. Furthermore, they released a memo which stated that any cars qualifying on Sunday May 20 must have unrestricted wastegate pipes (no washers were allowed to be welded inside) that are exactly 1\.470 inches in diameter or greater. The ruling created controversy in the garage area, as a further examination of the rules showed a "gray area" regarding the inlet opening configuration. In addition, several complaints surfaced when teams charged USAC with essentially changing the rules in the middle of qualifying – a move which actually affected other already\-qualified cars from the first weekend. The controversy ultimately led to a fifth day of time trials, held the day before the race. Eleven entries that were identified as being denied a fair attempt to qualify were allowed to participate. Each car was allowed one attempt, and if they completed their run faster than the slowest car already in the field, they would qualify for the starting grid. The ruling allowed for a potential 44\-car field on race day. Only two cars accomplished the feat, and they were added to the back of the grid for a field of 35 cars.
[ "Controversies\n-------------", "### Pop\\-off valves", "Following the [1978 race](/wiki/1978_Indianapolis_500 \"1978 Indianapolis 500\"), and after other superspeedway races that summer including [Pocono](/wiki/Pocono_500_%28IndyCar%29 \"Pocono 500 (IndyCar)\") and [Ontario](/wiki/California_500_%28IndyCar%29 \"California 500 (IndyCar)\"), competitors began complaining about the horsepower advantage that the newer [V\\-8 engines](/wiki/V8_engine \"V8 engine\") (namely the [Cosworth DFX](/wiki/Ford-Cosworth_Indy_V8_engine%23DFX \"Ford-Cosworth Indy V8 engine#DFX\")) over the venerable [4\\-cyclinder](/wiki/Straight-four_engine \"Straight-four engine\") [Offenhauser](/wiki/Offenhauser \"Offenhauser\") engines.{{cite news\\|title\\=It's Boost Or Bust For 4\\-Cylinder Faction\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-indianapolis\\-star\\-usac\\-pop\\-off\\-valve/152005193/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Indianapolis Star]]\\|first\\=Robin\\|last\\=Miller\\|author\\-link\\=Robin Miller (journalist)\\|page\\=22\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=July 29, 1978\\|access\\-date\\=July 27, 2024}}{{Open access}} USAC held special meetings in August and September of that year to draft new turbocharger boost rules and engine regulations in an effort to establish an equivalency formula. In September, they released a series of preliminary rule changes for the 1979 season. All turbocharged engines would be permitted 80 inHg of boost, and pop\\-off valves would now be required during practice, qualifying, and during the race. Previously, pop\\-off valves were only affixed to the turbocharging system during official qualifications. The fuel allotment for 500\\-miles races was increased to 333 gallons (up from 280\\) of [methanol](/wiki/Methanol_fuel \"Methanol fuel\"), and rear wings were reduced from 43 inches to 36 inches.{{cite news\\|title\\=USAC Hopes Changes Will Increase Competitiveness\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-star\\-press\\-usac\\-1978\\-pop\\-off\\-valves/152005453/\\|newspaper\\=The Muncie Star\\|first\\=Ron\\|last\\=Lemasters\\|page\\=33\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=September 10, 1978\\|access\\-date\\=July 27, 2024}}{{Open access}} The increase in fuel allotment would reduce the necessary [fuel mileage](/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles \"Fuel economy in automobiles\") for the 500 miles to 1\\.5 miles per gallon.{{cite news\\|title\\=USAC increases fuel allotment\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/dayton\\-daily\\-news/152142796/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Indianapolis Star]]\\|first\\=Harvey\\|last\\=Shapiro\\|page\\=64\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=September 17, 1978\\|access\\-date\\=July 27, 2024}}{{Open access}}", "In January 1979, however, another meeting was held to iron out an equivalency formula. USAC met with several owners/chief mechanics including [Smokey Yunick](/wiki/Smokey_Yunick \"Smokey Yunick\"), Mike Devin, Bill Finley, [Pat Patrick](/wiki/Pat_Patrick_%28auto_racing%29 \"Pat Patrick (auto racing)\"), as well as [Cosworth](/wiki/Cosworth \"Cosworth\") founder [Keith Duckworth](/wiki/Keith_Duckworth \"Keith Duckworth\"). The rules were changed once again, though the competitors left the meeting claiming that mostly USAC ignored their technical input. The {{convert\\|161\\.7\\|cuin\\|L}} turbocharged [V\\-8 engines](/wiki/V8_engine \"V8 engine\") were reduced to only 50 inHG of \"boost\", while the [4\\-cyclinder](/wiki/Straight-four_engine \"Straight-four engine\") [Offys](/wiki/Offenhauser \"Offenhauser\") would be permitted 55 inHG. Additionally, the {{convert\\|209\\.3\\|cuin\\|L}} stock block engines were allowed 58 inHG. [Normally aspirated](/wiki/Naturally_aspirated_engine \"Naturally aspirated engine\") engines were allowed a {{convert\\|219\\|cuin\\|L}} cubic inch displacement, but few were expected to be entered.{{cite news\\|title\\=This Decision Has Answer\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-indianapolis\\-star/150034242/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Indianapolis Star]]\\|first\\=Robin\\|last\\=Miller\\|author\\-link\\=Robin Miller (journalist)\\|page\\=33\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=January 28, 1979\\|access\\-date\\=July 27, 2024}}{{Open access}} By the month of May, USAC had once again re\\-tooled the rules, upping the [Offenhauser](/wiki/Offenhauser \"Offenhauser\")'s boost to 60 inHG, but keeping the V\\-8s at 50 inHg.{{cite news\\|title\\=Extra 'Boost' To Decide Pole\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-indianapolis\\-star/152144162/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Indianapolis Star]]\\|first\\=Robin\\|last\\=Miller\\|author\\-link\\=Robin Miller (journalist)\\|page\\=1\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=May 12, 1979\\|access\\-date\\=July 27, 2024}}{{Open access}} With the lower boost levels overall, the increased fuel allotment rule was scrapped. Cars were again limited to 280 gallons of methanol for the 500 miles, which required an average of 1\\.8 miles per gallon to finish the race.{{cite news\\|title\\=35 Cars Await Starting Flag (Part 1\\)\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-indianapolis\\-star\\-1979\\-indy\\-500/151379982/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Indianapolis Star]]\\|first\\=Dave\\|last\\=Overpeck\\|page\\=1\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=May 27, 1979\\|access\\-date\\=July 27, 2024}}{{Open access}}{{cite news\\|title\\=35 Cars Await Starting Flag (Part 2\\)\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-indianapolis\\-star/152144377/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Indianapolis Star]]\\|first\\=Dave\\|last\\=Overpeck\\|page\\=16\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=May 27, 1979\\|access\\-date\\=July 27, 2024}}{{Open access}}", "### USAC/CART \"Split\"", "Following the death of [Indianapolis Motor Speedway](/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway \"Indianapolis Motor Speedway\") president [Tony Hulman](/wiki/Tony_Hulman \"Tony Hulman\") in 1977, and the deadly [1978 USAC plane crash](/wiki/United_States_Auto_Club%231978_plane_crash \"United States Auto Club#1978 plane crash\"), owners and participants in [Indy car racing](/wiki/American_Championship_car_racing \"American Championship car racing\") were anxious to reorganize the sport. By 1978, a growing dissent amongst the participants was based on many factors, including poor promotion and low revenue.{{cite book\\|last\\=Hungness\\|first\\=Carl \\|title\\=1996 Indianapolis 500 Yearbook \\|publisher\\=Carl Hungness Publishing \\|volume\\=24\\|year\\=1996 \\|edition\\=1st \\|isbn \\=0\\-915088\\-76\\-2}} Indy Car events outside of the [Indianapolis 500](/wiki/Indianapolis_500 \"Indianapolis 500\") were suffering from poor attendance, and few events were even televised. [Robin Miller](/wiki/Robin_Miller_%28journalist%29 \"Robin Miller (journalist)\") even accused the Speedway of offering a purse that was too low considering the stature of the event and the costs of racing at the time. Further complicating the issue were rumors that [Goodyear](/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company \"Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company\") was considering pulling out of the sport. In addition, the venerable [4\\-cylinder](/wiki/Inline-four_engine \"Inline-four engine\") [turbo](/wiki/Turbocharger \"Turbocharger\") [Offenhauser](/wiki/Offenhauser \"Offenhauser\") (a favorite of the USAC\\-loyal teams) was at a horsepower disadvantage to the new [V8](/wiki/V8_engine \"V8 engine\") [Cosworth DFX](/wiki/Cosworth_DFV%23DFX \"Cosworth DFV#DFX\"). USAC began retooling turbocharger boost rules to ensure the Offy and the \"stock block\" engines remained competitive, which caused new disagreements about equivalency formulas and favoritism.", "Driver, owner, and advocate [Dan Gurney](/wiki/Dan_Gurney \"Dan Gurney\") published a [white paper](/wiki/White_paper \"White paper\"){{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.allamericanracers.com/cart\\_white\\-paper.html\\|title\\=In the Beginning\\|publisher\\=All American Racers\\|work\\=Eagle Eye Feature\\|first\\=Ned\\|last\\=Wicker\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-05\\-23}} lobbying several complaints and charges against USAC and IMS, concluding that new organization was necessary to ensure the success of Indy car racing into the future. In late 1978, several existing Indy car owners broke off and created the [Championship Auto Racing Teams](/wiki/Championship_Auto_Racing_Teams \"Championship Auto Racing Teams\") (CART) series with some initial assistance from the [Sports Car Club of America](/wiki/Sports_Car_Club_of_America \"Sports Car Club of America\") (in order to be recognized by [Automobile Competition Committee for the United States](/wiki/Automobile_Competition_Committee_for_the_United_States \"Automobile Competition Committee for the United States\")). The seed of dissent had been growing for several years before the accident,*[The Talk of Gasoline Alley](/wiki/Donald_Davidson_%28historian%29 \"Donald Davidson (historian)\")* – [1070\\-AM WIBC](/wiki/WIBC_%28FM%29 \"WIBC (FM)\"), May 10, 2007 and claims the crash was an immediate cause for the 1979 USAC/CART \"split\" are considered for the most part unfounded.{{cn\\|date\\=April 2024}}", "The first major salvo was made on March 25, 1979, when the CART\\-based teams boycotted the USAC Datsun Twin 200 at [Ontario Motor Speedway](/wiki/Ontario_Motor_Speedway \"Ontario Motor Speedway\"). [A. J. Foyt](/wiki/A._J._Foyt \"A. J. Foyt\"), who at first sided with the CART contingent, retracted his loyalty, and crossed back over to the USAC side. After the boycott, Foyt suggested that USAC should penalize the CART\\-based teams, and refuse their entries to the Indy 500\\.\"With Luck To Spare,\" *The Evening Independent*, March 26, 1979 Among the drivers affected were [Bobby Unser](/wiki/Bobby_Unser \"Bobby Unser\"), [Al Unser](/wiki/Al_Unser \"Al Unser\"), [Johnny Rutherford](/wiki/Johnny_Rutherford \"Johnny Rutherford\"), [Danny Ongais](/wiki/Danny_Ongais \"Danny Ongais\"), [Gordon Johncock](/wiki/Gordon_Johncock \"Gordon Johncock\"), [Steve Krisiloff](/wiki/Steve_Krisiloff \"Steve Krisiloff\"), and [Wally Dallenbach](/wiki/Wally_Dallenbach_Sr. \"Wally Dallenbach Sr.\") – some of the top names in the sport.", "Three days before the published deadline, CART president [U. E. \"Pat\" Patrick](/wiki/U._E._Patrick \"U. E. Patrick\") delivered a block of 44 entries to the 1979 Indianapolis 500 for the CART\\-based teams. On April 19, however, the USAC board of directors voted unanimously to reject the entries of six key teams: [Penske](/wiki/Penske_Racing \"Penske Racing\"), [Patrick](/wiki/Patrick_Racing \"Patrick Racing\"), [McLaren](/wiki/McLaren \"McLaren\"), [Fletcher](/wiki/Fletcher_Racing \"Fletcher Racing\"), [Chaparral](/wiki/Chaparral_Cars \"Chaparral Cars\"), and [Gurney](/wiki/All_American_Racers \"All American Racers\"). These six teams (19 cars) were alleged to be \"harmful to racing\" and \"not in good standing with USAC.\" USAC sent the owners a telegram informing them of the situation while they were participating in the CART race at [Atlanta Motor Speedway](/wiki/Atlanta_Motor_Speedway \"Atlanta Motor Speedway\"), the [Gould Twin Dixie 125s](/wiki/1979_Gould_Twin_Dixie_125 \"1979 Gould Twin Dixie 125\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://auto\\-racing.speedtv.com/article/indycar\\-cart\\-usac\\-memories\\-indy\\-1979/\\|title\\=INDYCAR: CART/USAC Memories – Indy 1979\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Speed (TV channel)\\|Speed]]\\|work\\=Indycar\\|first\\=Robin\\|last\\=Miller\\|author\\-link\\=Robin Miller (journalist)\\|date\\=2009\\-05\\-06\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-16\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-06\\-13\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613010359/http://auto\\-racing.speedtv.com/article/indycar\\-cart\\-usac\\-memories\\-indy\\-1979/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "On April 26, the \"rejected six\" teams filed suit in the [U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Indiana \"United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana\"), requesting an [injunction](/wiki/Injunction \"Injunction\") to allow the teams to compete in the 1979 Indy 500\\. They cited [antitrust](/wiki/Competition_law \"Competition law\") and [restraint of trade](/wiki/Restraint_of_trade \"Restraint of trade\"). On May 5, judge [James Ellsworth Noland](/wiki/James_Ellsworth_Noland \"James Ellsworth Noland\") issued the injunction, but restrained the teams from disrupting or interfering with the running of the event.", "### Illegal wastegate manifolds", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Diagram illustrating wastegate \"loophole\" issue. **d1** is equal to 1\\.470 inches, and **d2** was equal to roughly 2\\.0 inches (or greater).](/wiki/File:Washer_quoted.svg \"Washer quoted.svg\")\nDuring the month, a second controversy erupted regarding the technical regulations of the [turbocharger](/wiki/Turbocharger \"Turbocharger\") [wastegate](/wiki/Wastegate \"Wastegate\"). The specifications called for wastegate exhaust pipes to be a minimum of 1\\.470 inches (inside diameter). The standard pipe diameter was typically 2 or 2½ inches. In addition, the pop\\-off valves affixed to the cars were to be set at 50 [inHg](/wiki/Inch_of_mercury \"Inch of mercury\") of \"boost\" for qualifying (down from 80 inHg). USAC issued a last\\-minute ruling that in\\-car adjustments of the boost dial would be banned during time trials.", "A few teams discovered what they considered a \"loophole\" in the rules. They utilized a larger diameter wastegate pipe, but welded a [washer](/wiki/Washer_%28hardware%29 \"Washer (hardware)\") inside of it that had a circular opening of exactly 1\\.470 inches. This had the effect of creating [back pressure](/wiki/Back_pressure \"Back pressure\"), in hopes of over\\-riding the pop\\-off valve, and thus over\\-boosting the engine, and increasing [horsepower](/wiki/Horsepower \"Horsepower\").{{cite episode\\|series\\=The Talk of Gasoline Alley\\|series\\-link\\=Donald Davidson (historian)\\|station\\=\\[\\[WFNI]]\\|airdate\\=2011\\-05\\-19}}", "On May 19 (the third day of time trials) the cars of [Dick Ferguson](/wiki/Dick_Ferguson \"Dick Ferguson\"), [Steve Krisiloff](/wiki/Steve_Krisiloff \"Steve Krisiloff\"), and [Tom Bigelow](/wiki/Tom_Bigelow \"Tom Bigelow\") were disqualified and fined $5,000 because they \"had altered their [wastegate](/wiki/Wastegate \"Wastegate\") exhaust pipes by the addition of restrictions which significantly affect the air flow.\" USAC charged that the teams had tampered with the wastegate exhaust pipe, thus illegally over\\-riding the pop\\-off valve, and potentially over\\-boosting the engine. An appeal was made the next morning, but USAC denied the appeal. Furthermore, they released a memo which stated that any cars qualifying on Sunday May 20 must have unrestricted wastegate pipes (no washers were allowed to be welded inside) that are exactly 1\\.470 inches in diameter or greater.", "The ruling created controversy in the garage area, as a further examination of the rules showed a \"gray area\" regarding the inlet opening configuration. In addition, several complaints surfaced when teams charged USAC with essentially changing the rules in the middle of qualifying – a move which actually affected other already\\-qualified cars from the first weekend.", "The controversy ultimately led to a fifth day of time trials, held the day before the race. Eleven entries that were identified as being denied a fair attempt to qualify were allowed to participate. Each car was allowed one attempt, and if they completed their run faster than the slowest car already in the field, they would qualify for the starting grid. The ruling allowed for a potential 44\\-car field on race day. Only two cars accomplished the feat, and they were added to the back of the grid for a field of 35 cars.", "" ]
Time Trials – Weekend 1 ----------------------- ### Pole Day – Saturday May 12 Rain kept the track closed on pole day until after 4 p.m. At 4:19 p.m., the track opened for practice, with the temperature {{convert\|55\|F}} and winds up to {{convert\|12\|mph\|abbr\=on}}. During the first practice session, [Danny Ongais](/wiki/Danny_Ongais "Danny Ongais"), a favorite for the front row, wrecked in turn 4 after completing a lap of {{convert\|191\.205\|mph\|abbr\=on}}. He was pinned in the car for over twenty minutes, and suffered a [concussion](/wiki/Concussion "Concussion"). He was taken to [Methodist Hospital](/wiki/Methodist_Hospital_of_Indianapolis "Methodist Hospital of Indianapolis") for observation, and returned to his home in [Costa Mesa, California](/wiki/Costa_Mesa%2C_California "Costa Mesa, California"), for a few days to recuperate. The crash by Ongais kept the track closed for 40 minutes as crews extricated him from the car and cleaned up the debris. Two other yellows closed the track for another ten minutes, and the day came to a close at 6 p.m. without a single car being able to make a qualifying attempt. ### Second Day – Sunday May 13 Pole qualifying shifted to Sunday, with partly sunny skies and temperatures in the mid\-60s. Due to the new technical rules for 1979, including pop\-off valve settings and [wastegate](/wiki/Wastegate "Wastegate") regulations, the speeds in time trials were not expected to reach those set in 1977–1978 (over {{convert\|200\|mph\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}). A hectic, non\-stop day of qualifying occurred, with no less than 45 cars pulling away for qualifying attempts. [Johnny Rutherford](/wiki/Johnny_Rutherford "Johnny Rutherford") was the first driver to complete a run at {{convert\|188\.137\|mph\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}, and became the coveted 'first driver in the field.' [Wally Dallenbach](/wiki/Wally_Dallenbach_Sr. "Wally Dallenbach Sr.") was the next car out, and temporarily put himself on the pole with a speed of {{convert\|188\.285\|mph\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}. Shortly before 1 p.m. [Al Unser Sr.](/wiki/Al_Unser "Al Unser") took over the provisional pole position with a four\-lap average of {{convert\|192\.503\|mph\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}. A little over an hour later, Al's brother [Bobby Unser](/wiki/Bobby_Unser "Bobby Unser") put himself temporarily in second position at {{convert\|189\.913\|mph\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}. At 4 p.m., [Tom Sneva](/wiki/Tom_Sneva "Tom Sneva") (who won the pole position in 1977–1978\) took to the track looking for his record third consecutive Indy 500 pole. He took over the top spot with a four\-lap average of {{convert\|192\.998\|mph\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}. There were only two cars left in line with a legitimate shot for the pole: [A. J. Foyt](/wiki/A._J._Foyt "A. J. Foyt") and [Rick Mears](/wiki/Rick_Mears "Rick Mears"). At 4:32 p.m., Foyt's run of {{convert\|189\.613\|mph\|km/h\|abbr\=on}} was far short of being fast enough for the pole, but secured him a spot in row 2\. The final qualifier for the pole round was [Rick Mears](/wiki/Rick_Mears "Rick Mears"). His four\-lap average of {{convert\|193\.736\|mph\|km/h\|abbr\=on}} won him his first of what would be record six career Indy 500 pole positions. Sneva was bumped to second on the grid. At 4:50 p.m., the original pole qualifying round was over, and "Second Day" qualifying commenced. At the end of the day, the field was filled to 25 cars.
[ "Time Trials – Weekend 1\n-----------------------", "### Pole Day – Saturday May 12", "Rain kept the track closed on pole day until after 4 p.m. At 4:19 p.m., the track opened for practice, with the temperature {{convert\\|55\\|F}} and winds up to {{convert\\|12\\|mph\\|abbr\\=on}}. During the first practice session, [Danny Ongais](/wiki/Danny_Ongais \"Danny Ongais\"), a favorite for the front row, wrecked in turn 4 after completing a lap of {{convert\\|191\\.205\\|mph\\|abbr\\=on}}. He was pinned in the car for over twenty minutes, and suffered a [concussion](/wiki/Concussion \"Concussion\"). He was taken to [Methodist Hospital](/wiki/Methodist_Hospital_of_Indianapolis \"Methodist Hospital of Indianapolis\") for observation, and returned to his home in [Costa Mesa, California](/wiki/Costa_Mesa%2C_California \"Costa Mesa, California\"), for a few days to recuperate.", "The crash by Ongais kept the track closed for 40 minutes as crews extricated him from the car and cleaned up the debris. Two other yellows closed the track for another ten minutes, and the day came to a close at 6 p.m. without a single car being able to make a qualifying attempt.", "### Second Day – Sunday May 13", "Pole qualifying shifted to Sunday, with partly sunny skies and temperatures in the mid\\-60s. Due to the new technical rules for 1979, including pop\\-off valve settings and [wastegate](/wiki/Wastegate \"Wastegate\") regulations, the speeds in time trials were not expected to reach those set in 1977–1978 (over {{convert\\|200\\|mph\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}). A hectic, non\\-stop day of qualifying occurred, with no less than 45 cars pulling away for qualifying attempts.", "[Johnny Rutherford](/wiki/Johnny_Rutherford \"Johnny Rutherford\") was the first driver to complete a run at {{convert\\|188\\.137\\|mph\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}, and became the coveted 'first driver in the field.' [Wally Dallenbach](/wiki/Wally_Dallenbach_Sr. \"Wally Dallenbach Sr.\") was the next car out, and temporarily put himself on the pole with a speed of {{convert\\|188\\.285\\|mph\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}. Shortly before 1 p.m. [Al Unser Sr.](/wiki/Al_Unser \"Al Unser\") took over the provisional pole position with a four\\-lap average of {{convert\\|192\\.503\\|mph\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}. A little over an hour later, Al's brother [Bobby Unser](/wiki/Bobby_Unser \"Bobby Unser\") put himself temporarily in second position at {{convert\\|189\\.913\\|mph\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}.", "At 4 p.m., [Tom Sneva](/wiki/Tom_Sneva \"Tom Sneva\") (who won the pole position in 1977–1978\\) took to the track looking for his record third consecutive Indy 500 pole. He took over the top spot with a four\\-lap average of {{convert\\|192\\.998\\|mph\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}. There were only two cars left in line with a legitimate shot for the pole: [A. J. Foyt](/wiki/A._J._Foyt \"A. J. Foyt\") and [Rick Mears](/wiki/Rick_Mears \"Rick Mears\").", "At 4:32 p.m., Foyt's run of {{convert\\|189\\.613\\|mph\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}} was far short of being fast enough for the pole, but secured him a spot in row 2\\. The final qualifier for the pole round was [Rick Mears](/wiki/Rick_Mears \"Rick Mears\"). His four\\-lap average of {{convert\\|193\\.736\\|mph\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}} won him his first of what would be record six career Indy 500 pole positions. Sneva was bumped to second on the grid.", "At 4:50 p.m., the original pole qualifying round was over, and \"Second Day\" qualifying commenced. At the end of the day, the field was filled to 25 cars.", "" ]
Time Trials – Weekend 2 ----------------------- ### Third Day – Saturday May 19 The third day of time trials saw heavy activity. The day opened with 8 spots available on the grid. [Hurley Haywood](/wiki/Hurley_Haywood "Hurley Haywood") was the first car to go out, and he ran his first lap over {{convert\|190\|mph\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}. His second and third laps, however, dropped off drastically, and his crew waved off. Several cars went out in the first hour, and at 1:15 p.m., [Jim McElreath](/wiki/Jim_McElreath "Jim McElreath") filled the field to 33 cars. [Larry Cannon](/wiki/Larry_Cannon_%28racecar_driver%29 "Larry Cannon (racecar driver)") was the first car on the bubble. [Dick Simon](/wiki/Dick_Simon "Dick Simon") bumped him out with ease. [Tom Bigelow](/wiki/Tom_Bigelow "Tom Bigelow") was now on the bubble. He survived three wave offs, but [Jerry Sneva](/wiki/Jerry_Sneva "Jerry Sneva") managed to bump him out at 2 p.m. Jerry Sneva's run was not without excitement, as he suffered a stuck [throttle](/wiki/Throttle "Throttle"). Rather than wave off, he managed to control the engine with the [kill switch](/wiki/Kill_switch "Kill switch"), and completed the four laps without incident.*[The Talk of Gasoline Alley](/wiki/Donald_Davidson_%28historian%29 "Donald Davidson (historian)")* – [WFNI](/wiki/WFNI "WFNI"), May 19, 2013 With [John Martin](/wiki/John_Martin_%28American_racing_driver%29 "John Martin (American racing driver)") now on the bubble, [Dick Ferguson](/wiki/Dick_Ferguson "Dick Ferguson") took to the track. His speed of {{convert\|184\.644\|mph\|km/h\|abbr\=on}} bumped Martin from the field. However, in post\-inspection, Ferguson was disqualified and fined $5,000 for an illegal wastegate inlet. Rather than welding a washer inside of the wastegate like others had done, his mechanic Wayne Woodward had welded a complete obstruction in the pipe, attempting to illegally over\-ride the popoff valve. Martin was re\-instated to the field. Meanwhile, [Tom Bigelow](/wiki/Tom_Bigelow "Tom Bigelow") bumped out [Steve Krisiloff](/wiki/Steve_Krisiloff "Steve Krisiloff") as this was going on. Martin didn't last long, as [Steve Krisiloff](/wiki/Steve_Krisiloff "Steve Krisiloff") got into his backup car and bumped him out a few minutes later. The day concluded with [Larry Rice](/wiki/Larry_Rice "Larry Rice") bumping out [John Mahler](/wiki/John_Mahler "John Mahler"). After the track closed, USAC disqualified [Steve Krisiloff](/wiki/Steve_Krisiloff "Steve Krisiloff") and [Tom Bigelow](/wiki/Tom_Bigelow "Tom Bigelow") for the same infraction that [Dick Ferguson](/wiki/Dick_Ferguson "Dick Ferguson") was disqualified for earlier – illegal wastegate exhaust pipes and attempting to over\-ride the pop\-off valve. As a result, the bumped cars of [John Mahler](/wiki/John_Mahler "John Mahler") and [John Martin](/wiki/John_Martin_%28American_racing_driver%29 "John Martin (American racing driver)") were re\-instated to the field. ### Bump Day – Sunday May 20 After the disqualification of three cars on Saturday, USAC issued a memo clarifying their wastegate specifications. Some teams began to voice their complaints that it was not fair for USAC to essentially change the rules midway through time trials. With the increased scrutiny on the wastegate inlets, drivers claimed it was difficult for a legal car to bump out a car already in the field that had cheated, and that the officials were not policing it properly. The final day scheduled for qualifying began on time around noon. [Bill Alsup](/wiki/Bill_Alsup "Bill Alsup") was the first car to make an attempt, and [John Martin](/wiki/John_Martin_%28American_racing_driver%29 "John Martin (American racing driver)") was bumped out of the field once again. [Danny Ongais](/wiki/Danny_Ongais "Danny Ongais"), who returned to the cockpit after his crash last weekend, followed suit by "re\-bumping" [John Mahler](/wiki/John_Mahler "John Mahler"). Ongais had complained that USAC officials were deliberately preventing him from returning to the cockpit after his injury. However, after lobbying from his co\-competitor and friend Al Unser, officials finally cleared him to drive. [Tom Bigelow](/wiki/Tom_Bigelow "Tom Bigelow") and [Steve Krisiloff](/wiki/Steve_Krisiloff "Steve Krisiloff"), both whom were disqualified on Saturday, returned to the track, and bumped their way into the field. [Dick Ferguson](/wiki/Dick_Ferguson "Dick Ferguson"), however, was too slow, and exhausted his three attempts. Further complicating the day, USAC disqualified [Bill Alsup](/wiki/Bill_Alsup "Bill Alsup") for using the same engine that [Bobby Unser](/wiki/Bobby_Unser "Bobby Unser") had already qualified with. The day ended with [John Mahler](/wiki/John_Mahler "John Mahler") taking the track at 5:59 p.m., and bumping his way back into the field.
[ "Time Trials – Weekend 2\n-----------------------", "### Third Day – Saturday May 19", "The third day of time trials saw heavy activity. The day opened with 8 spots available on the grid. [Hurley Haywood](/wiki/Hurley_Haywood \"Hurley Haywood\") was the first car to go out, and he ran his first lap over {{convert\\|190\\|mph\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}. His second and third laps, however, dropped off drastically, and his crew waved off.", "Several cars went out in the first hour, and at 1:15 p.m., [Jim McElreath](/wiki/Jim_McElreath \"Jim McElreath\") filled the field to 33 cars. [Larry Cannon](/wiki/Larry_Cannon_%28racecar_driver%29 \"Larry Cannon (racecar driver)\") was the first car on the bubble. [Dick Simon](/wiki/Dick_Simon \"Dick Simon\") bumped him out with ease. [Tom Bigelow](/wiki/Tom_Bigelow \"Tom Bigelow\") was now on the bubble. He survived three wave offs, but [Jerry Sneva](/wiki/Jerry_Sneva \"Jerry Sneva\") managed to bump him out at 2 p.m. Jerry Sneva's run was not without excitement, as he suffered a stuck [throttle](/wiki/Throttle \"Throttle\"). Rather than wave off, he managed to control the engine with the [kill switch](/wiki/Kill_switch \"Kill switch\"), and completed the four laps without incident.*[The Talk of Gasoline Alley](/wiki/Donald_Davidson_%28historian%29 \"Donald Davidson (historian)\")* – [WFNI](/wiki/WFNI \"WFNI\"), May 19, 2013", "With [John Martin](/wiki/John_Martin_%28American_racing_driver%29 \"John Martin (American racing driver)\") now on the bubble, [Dick Ferguson](/wiki/Dick_Ferguson \"Dick Ferguson\") took to the track. His speed of {{convert\\|184\\.644\\|mph\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}} bumped Martin from the field. However, in post\\-inspection, Ferguson was disqualified and fined $5,000 for an illegal wastegate inlet. Rather than welding a washer inside of the wastegate like others had done, his mechanic Wayne Woodward had welded a complete obstruction in the pipe, attempting to illegally over\\-ride the popoff valve. Martin was re\\-instated to the field. Meanwhile, [Tom Bigelow](/wiki/Tom_Bigelow \"Tom Bigelow\") bumped out [Steve Krisiloff](/wiki/Steve_Krisiloff \"Steve Krisiloff\") as this was going on.", "Martin didn't last long, as [Steve Krisiloff](/wiki/Steve_Krisiloff \"Steve Krisiloff\") got into his backup car and bumped him out a few minutes later. The day concluded with [Larry Rice](/wiki/Larry_Rice \"Larry Rice\") bumping out [John Mahler](/wiki/John_Mahler \"John Mahler\").", "After the track closed, USAC disqualified [Steve Krisiloff](/wiki/Steve_Krisiloff \"Steve Krisiloff\") and [Tom Bigelow](/wiki/Tom_Bigelow \"Tom Bigelow\") for the same infraction that [Dick Ferguson](/wiki/Dick_Ferguson \"Dick Ferguson\") was disqualified for earlier – illegal wastegate exhaust pipes and attempting to over\\-ride the pop\\-off valve. As a result, the bumped cars of [John Mahler](/wiki/John_Mahler \"John Mahler\") and [John Martin](/wiki/John_Martin_%28American_racing_driver%29 \"John Martin (American racing driver)\") were re\\-instated to the field.", "### Bump Day – Sunday May 20", "After the disqualification of three cars on Saturday, USAC issued a memo clarifying their wastegate specifications. Some teams began to voice their complaints that it was not fair for USAC to essentially change the rules midway through time trials. With the increased scrutiny on the wastegate inlets, drivers claimed it was difficult for a legal car to bump out a car already in the field that had cheated, and that the officials were not policing it properly.", "The final day scheduled for qualifying began on time around noon. [Bill Alsup](/wiki/Bill_Alsup \"Bill Alsup\") was the first car to make an attempt, and [John Martin](/wiki/John_Martin_%28American_racing_driver%29 \"John Martin (American racing driver)\") was bumped out of the field once again. [Danny Ongais](/wiki/Danny_Ongais \"Danny Ongais\"), who returned to the cockpit after his crash last weekend, followed suit by \"re\\-bumping\" [John Mahler](/wiki/John_Mahler \"John Mahler\"). Ongais had complained that USAC officials were deliberately preventing him from returning to the cockpit after his injury. However, after lobbying from his co\\-competitor and friend Al Unser, officials finally cleared him to drive.", "[Tom Bigelow](/wiki/Tom_Bigelow \"Tom Bigelow\") and [Steve Krisiloff](/wiki/Steve_Krisiloff \"Steve Krisiloff\"), both whom were disqualified on Saturday, returned to the track, and bumped their way into the field. [Dick Ferguson](/wiki/Dick_Ferguson \"Dick Ferguson\"), however, was too slow, and exhausted his three attempts. Further complicating the day, USAC disqualified [Bill Alsup](/wiki/Bill_Alsup \"Bill Alsup\") for using the same engine that [Bobby Unser](/wiki/Bobby_Unser \"Bobby Unser\") had already qualified with.", "The day ended with [John Mahler](/wiki/John_Mahler \"John Mahler\") taking the track at 5:59 p.m., and bumping his way back into the field.", "" ]
Carburetion Day – Thursday May 24 --------------------------------- After qualifying was closed, eight teams that failed to qualify filed a protest on Monday May 21\. They charged that the turbocharger wastegate inlet rules were unfair, and there was too much of a gray area to begin with. In addition, they claimed that many cars that qualified during the first weekend of time trials were technically illegal, but that officials were only closely checking the cars that made attempts on the second weekend. The protest was denied, but USAC president Dick King announced that the 11 cars that were bumped from the field would be allowed a special qualifying session if all 33 cars in the field signed a special agreement. [Dick Ferguson](/wiki/Dick_Ferguson "Dick Ferguson") was not among the 11 drivers named as eligible for the special session, so his car owner filed suit in county court on Tuesday to have the race halted until his car was re\-instated. Part of the suit called for all 33 qualified cars to be summoned to court to have their wastegate pipes measured. The suit was dropped. On Carb Day, [Gordon Johncock](/wiki/Gordon_Johncock "Gordon Johncock") led the speed chart with a lap of {{convert\|192\.555\|mph\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}. A total of 34 cars took laps, without any major incidents. [Howdy Holmes](/wiki/Howdy_Holmes "Howdy Holmes") blew an engine, [Mike Mosley](/wiki/Mike_Mosley "Mike Mosley") blew a transmission, and [Salt Walther](/wiki/Salt_Walther "Salt Walther") suffered a broken oil scavenger pump. Of the 33 cars thus qualified, 31 took practice laps. [Bill Vukovich II](/wiki/Bill_Vukovich_II "Bill Vukovich II") and [Dana Carter](/wiki/Dana_Carter "Dana Carter") were assigned as the alternates, and both took practice laps as well. [Bob Harkey](/wiki/Bob_Harkey "Bob Harkey"), however, was not eligible to practice, and pulled out on the track anyway. USAC officials black\-flagged him, and made him return to the garage area. By mid\-day Thursday, only 31 of the 33 cars in the field signed the waiver agreeing to extend time trials. The proposal offered Monday was considered void since two teams refused to sign on. Also that day the 3rd annual [Miller Pit Stop Challenge](/wiki/Pit_Stop_Challenge "Pit Stop Challenge") was held. [Team McLaren](/wiki/McLaren "McLaren") with driver [Johnny Rutherford](/wiki/Johnny_Rutherford_%28driver%29 "Johnny Rutherford (driver)") and Chief Mechanics Phil Sharp and Steve Roby won the contest. Runner up was team Jerry O'Connell with driver [Tom Sneva](/wiki/Tom_Sneva "Tom Sneva").
[ "Carburetion Day – Thursday May 24\n---------------------------------", "After qualifying was closed, eight teams that failed to qualify filed a protest on Monday May 21\\. They charged that the turbocharger wastegate inlet rules were unfair, and there was too much of a gray area to begin with. In addition, they claimed that many cars that qualified during the first weekend of time trials were technically illegal, but that officials were only closely checking the cars that made attempts on the second weekend.", "The protest was denied, but USAC president Dick King announced that the 11 cars that were bumped from the field would be allowed a special qualifying session if all 33 cars in the field signed a special agreement. [Dick Ferguson](/wiki/Dick_Ferguson \"Dick Ferguson\") was not among the 11 drivers named as eligible for the special session, so his car owner filed suit in county court on Tuesday to have the race halted until his car was re\\-instated. Part of the suit called for all 33 qualified cars to be summoned to court to have their wastegate pipes measured. The suit was dropped.", "On Carb Day, [Gordon Johncock](/wiki/Gordon_Johncock \"Gordon Johncock\") led the speed chart with a lap of {{convert\\|192\\.555\\|mph\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}. A total of 34 cars took laps, without any major incidents. [Howdy Holmes](/wiki/Howdy_Holmes \"Howdy Holmes\") blew an engine, [Mike Mosley](/wiki/Mike_Mosley \"Mike Mosley\") blew a transmission, and [Salt Walther](/wiki/Salt_Walther \"Salt Walther\") suffered a broken oil scavenger pump.", "Of the 33 cars thus qualified, 31 took practice laps. [Bill Vukovich II](/wiki/Bill_Vukovich_II \"Bill Vukovich II\") and [Dana Carter](/wiki/Dana_Carter \"Dana Carter\") were assigned as the alternates, and both took practice laps as well. [Bob Harkey](/wiki/Bob_Harkey \"Bob Harkey\"), however, was not eligible to practice, and pulled out on the track anyway. USAC officials black\\-flagged him, and made him return to the garage area.", "By mid\\-day Thursday, only 31 of the 33 cars in the field signed the waiver agreeing to extend time trials. The proposal offered Monday was considered void since two teams refused to sign on.", "Also that day the 3rd annual [Miller Pit Stop Challenge](/wiki/Pit_Stop_Challenge \"Pit Stop Challenge\") was held. [Team McLaren](/wiki/McLaren \"McLaren\") with driver [Johnny Rutherford](/wiki/Johnny_Rutherford_%28driver%29 \"Johnny Rutherford (driver)\") and Chief Mechanics Phil Sharp and Steve Roby won the contest. Runner up was team Jerry O'Connell with driver [Tom Sneva](/wiki/Tom_Sneva \"Tom Sneva\").", "" ]
Race summary ------------ [thumb\|right\|Ticket stub](/wiki/File:1979_Indianapolis_500_ticket.jpg "1979 Indianapolis 500 ticket.jpg") ### First half Rain fell the night before the race, and the weather forecast for race day was bleak. However, in the morning, the skies cleared, the track dried, and the race began on\-time as scheduled. At the start, [Al Unser Sr.](/wiki/Al_Unser "Al Unser") swept from the outside of the front row, and led the field into turn one. Unser was driving [Jim Hall](/wiki/Jim_Hall_%28racing_driver%29 "Jim Hall (racing driver)")'s radical new [Chaparral 2K](/wiki/Chaparral_Cars "Chaparral Cars") chassis. He pulled out to a commanding lead, and proceeded to lead the first 24 laps. Heavy attrition early on saw seven cars out with mechanical problems by lap 22\. [Cliff Hucul](/wiki/Cliff_Hucul "Cliff Hucul") stalled on lap 28, bringing out the first caution during the first sequence of pit stops. As the field went back to green, [Al Unser](/wiki/Al_Unser "Al Unser") again dominated. On lap 43, [Wally Dallenbach](/wiki/Wally_Dallenbach_Sr. "Wally Dallenbach Sr.") lost a wheel down the backstretch, and had to precariously guide his car back to the pits on three wheels. With Al Unser still dominating, the rest of the top five was [Rick Mears](/wiki/Rick_Mears "Rick Mears"), [Bobby Unser](/wiki/Bobby_Unser "Bobby Unser"), and [Johnny Rutherford](/wiki/Johnny_Rutherford "Johnny Rutherford"). Rutherford then headed to the pits with a broken gear. After lengthy repairs, he returned to the race. Leader Al Unser came in for a routine pit stop under the caution on lap 97\. Moments later, he was back into the pits after it was reported that something may have been leaking or smoking from the back of the car. Still under the caution, after a quick consultation, Unser returned to the track. The green flag back came out with [Bobby Unser](/wiki/Bobby_Unser "Bobby Unser") now leading. ### Second half On lap 103, [Al Unser Sr.](/wiki/Al_Unser "Al Unser") was running second to [Bobby Unser](/wiki/Bobby_Unser "Bobby Unser") when heavy smoke and flames started coming from the back of the car. The [Chaparral 2K](/wiki/Chaparral_Cars "Chaparral Cars") experienced a failed transmission oil fitting, and Unser was out of the race. After mutual differences, Unser decided to leave the team at the end of the season. With [Al](/wiki/Al_Unser "Al Unser") out, his brother [Bobby](/wiki/Bobby_Unser "Bobby Unser") was now in control. [Rick Mears](/wiki/Rick_Mears "Rick Mears") was holding second, and [A. J. Foyt](/wiki/A._J._Foyt "A. J. Foyt") was moving up to third, one lap down. The first crash of the day involved [Larry Rice](/wiki/Larry_Rice "Larry Rice") on lap 156\. With twenty laps to go, [Bobby Unser](/wiki/Bobby_Unser "Bobby Unser") led his Penske teammate [Rick Mears](/wiki/Rick_Mears "Rick Mears") by a few car lengths. [A. J. Foyt](/wiki/A._J._Foyt "A. J. Foyt") was running third, one lap down. Suddenly on lap 181, [Bobby Unser](/wiki/Bobby_Unser "Bobby Unser") veered to the inside of the track. He was off the pace with gearbox trouble. That handed the lead to [Rick Mears](/wiki/Rick_Mears "Rick Mears") with 19 laps to go. Less than a lap later, [A. J. Foyt](/wiki/A._J._Foyt "A. J. Foyt") (now in second) got by Mears to un\-lap himself. Bobby Unser would stay out on the track and nursed his ailing car to a 5th\-place finish in third gear. ### Finish [Rick Mears](/wiki/Rick_Mears "Rick Mears") made his final pit stop from the lead on lap 185\. He took on fuel only, and no tires. [A. J. Foyt](/wiki/A._J._Foyt "A. J. Foyt") followed, completing a fast 8\.5\-second pit stop. The leaders pits stops were over, and Mears now held a 38\-second lead over Foyt. Suddenly with 8 laps to go, [Tom Sneva](/wiki/Tom_Sneva "Tom Sneva") wrecked in turn four, bringing out the yellow, and bunching up the field. The green came back out for one last sprint to the finish with four laps to go. Rick Mears led, with A. J. Foyt at the tail\-end of the pack. [Mike Mosley](/wiki/Mike_Mosley "Mike Mosley") was one lap down in third place, however, an early\-race scoring error was tentatively showing him two laps down in 5th place. Foyt was mired in heavy traffic, and needed to pass at least 14 cars to catch up to Mears. With Foyt struggling to make up the ground, his engine lost a cylinder. Down on power, Foyt began to slow. Third\-place [Mosley](/wiki/Mike_Mosley "Mike Mosley"), fighting to stay ahead of fourth\-place Danny Ongais, un\-lapped himself on the final lap and continued to charge. Meanwhile, Mears cruised unchallenged to the finish line. Mears in only his second start, won his first of four Indy 500 victories. Coming off of turn four with the checkered flag waving, A. J. Foyt's engine quit. He pulled to the inside and was coasting down the frontstretch towards the finish line. [Mike Mosley](/wiki/Mike_Mosley "Mike Mosley") was storming down the frontstretch at full speed, but Foyt nipped him at the finish line by 2\.3 seconds to hold on to second position. Though it was not known at the moment, Mosley's charge on the final lap nearly gave him second place. After the race, officials discovered a scoring error, and realized that Mosely was not credited with a lap at the start of the race. In the official results, Mosely was credited with third place, just behind Foyt. [Bill Vukovich II](/wiki/Bill_Vukovich_II "Bill Vukovich II"), who was one of only two drivers to make the field during the special Saturday qualifying session, charged all the way from 34th starting position to 8th at the finish. Born in 1951, [Rick Mears](/wiki/Rick_Mears "Rick Mears") became the first Indy 500 winner born after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). It was also the last checkered flag for [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Auto_Club "United States Auto Club") chief starter/flagman Pat Vidan. This would be the final Indianapolis 500 participation for [Team McLaren](/wiki/McLaren "McLaren") who left Indy car racing as a team all together until their return in [2017](/wiki/2017_Indianapolis_500 "2017 Indianapolis 500").
[ "Race summary\n------------", "[thumb\\|right\\|Ticket stub](/wiki/File:1979_Indianapolis_500_ticket.jpg \"1979 Indianapolis 500 ticket.jpg\")", "### First half", "Rain fell the night before the race, and the weather forecast for race day was bleak. However, in the morning, the skies cleared, the track dried, and the race began on\\-time as scheduled.", "At the start, [Al Unser Sr.](/wiki/Al_Unser \"Al Unser\") swept from the outside of the front row, and led the field into turn one. Unser was driving [Jim Hall](/wiki/Jim_Hall_%28racing_driver%29 \"Jim Hall (racing driver)\")'s radical new [Chaparral 2K](/wiki/Chaparral_Cars \"Chaparral Cars\") chassis. He pulled out to a commanding lead, and proceeded to lead the first 24 laps. Heavy attrition early on saw seven cars out with mechanical problems by lap 22\\.", "[Cliff Hucul](/wiki/Cliff_Hucul \"Cliff Hucul\") stalled on lap 28, bringing out the first caution during the first sequence of pit stops. As the field went back to green, [Al Unser](/wiki/Al_Unser \"Al Unser\") again dominated. On lap 43, [Wally Dallenbach](/wiki/Wally_Dallenbach_Sr. \"Wally Dallenbach Sr.\") lost a wheel down the backstretch, and had to precariously guide his car back to the pits on three wheels.", "With Al Unser still dominating, the rest of the top five was [Rick Mears](/wiki/Rick_Mears \"Rick Mears\"), [Bobby Unser](/wiki/Bobby_Unser \"Bobby Unser\"), and [Johnny Rutherford](/wiki/Johnny_Rutherford \"Johnny Rutherford\").", "Rutherford then headed to the pits with a broken gear. After lengthy repairs, he returned to the race. Leader Al Unser came in for a routine pit stop under the caution on lap 97\\. Moments later, he was back into the pits after it was reported that something may have been leaking or smoking from the back of the car. Still under the caution, after a quick consultation, Unser returned to the track. The green flag back came out with [Bobby Unser](/wiki/Bobby_Unser \"Bobby Unser\") now leading.", "### Second half", "On lap 103, [Al Unser Sr.](/wiki/Al_Unser \"Al Unser\") was running second to [Bobby Unser](/wiki/Bobby_Unser \"Bobby Unser\") when heavy smoke and flames started coming from the back of the car. The [Chaparral 2K](/wiki/Chaparral_Cars \"Chaparral Cars\") experienced a failed transmission oil fitting, and Unser was out of the race. After mutual differences, Unser decided to leave the team at the end of the season.", "With [Al](/wiki/Al_Unser \"Al Unser\") out, his brother [Bobby](/wiki/Bobby_Unser \"Bobby Unser\") was now in control. [Rick Mears](/wiki/Rick_Mears \"Rick Mears\") was holding second, and [A. J. Foyt](/wiki/A._J._Foyt \"A. J. Foyt\") was moving up to third, one lap down.", "The first crash of the day involved [Larry Rice](/wiki/Larry_Rice \"Larry Rice\") on lap 156\\.", "With twenty laps to go, [Bobby Unser](/wiki/Bobby_Unser \"Bobby Unser\") led his Penske teammate [Rick Mears](/wiki/Rick_Mears \"Rick Mears\") by a few car lengths. [A. J. Foyt](/wiki/A._J._Foyt \"A. J. Foyt\") was running third, one lap down. Suddenly on lap 181, [Bobby Unser](/wiki/Bobby_Unser \"Bobby Unser\") veered to the inside of the track. He was off the pace with gearbox trouble. That handed the lead to [Rick Mears](/wiki/Rick_Mears \"Rick Mears\") with 19 laps to go. Less than a lap later, [A. J. Foyt](/wiki/A._J._Foyt \"A. J. Foyt\") (now in second) got by Mears to un\\-lap himself. Bobby Unser would stay out on the track and nursed his ailing car to a 5th\\-place finish in third gear.", "### Finish", "[Rick Mears](/wiki/Rick_Mears \"Rick Mears\") made his final pit stop from the lead on lap 185\\. He took on fuel only, and no tires. [A. J. Foyt](/wiki/A._J._Foyt \"A. J. Foyt\") followed, completing a fast 8\\.5\\-second pit stop. The leaders pits stops were over, and Mears now held a 38\\-second lead over Foyt.", "Suddenly with 8 laps to go, [Tom Sneva](/wiki/Tom_Sneva \"Tom Sneva\") wrecked in turn four, bringing out the yellow, and bunching up the field. The green came back out for one last sprint to the finish with four laps to go. Rick Mears led, with A. J. Foyt at the tail\\-end of the pack. [Mike Mosley](/wiki/Mike_Mosley \"Mike Mosley\") was one lap down in third place, however, an early\\-race scoring error was tentatively showing him two laps down in 5th place. Foyt was mired in heavy traffic, and needed to pass at least 14 cars to catch up to Mears. With Foyt struggling to make up the ground, his engine lost a cylinder. Down on power, Foyt began to slow. Third\\-place [Mosley](/wiki/Mike_Mosley \"Mike Mosley\"), fighting to stay ahead of fourth\\-place Danny Ongais, un\\-lapped himself on the final lap and continued to charge. Meanwhile, Mears cruised unchallenged to the finish line. Mears in only his second start, won his first of four Indy 500 victories.", "Coming off of turn four with the checkered flag waving, A. J. Foyt's engine quit. He pulled to the inside and was coasting down the frontstretch towards the finish line. [Mike Mosley](/wiki/Mike_Mosley \"Mike Mosley\") was storming down the frontstretch at full speed, but Foyt nipped him at the finish line by 2\\.3 seconds to hold on to second position. Though it was not known at the moment, Mosley's charge on the final lap nearly gave him second place. After the race, officials discovered a scoring error, and realized that Mosely was not credited with a lap at the start of the race. In the official results, Mosely was credited with third place, just behind Foyt.", "[Bill Vukovich II](/wiki/Bill_Vukovich_II \"Bill Vukovich II\"), who was one of only two drivers to make the field during the special Saturday qualifying session, charged all the way from 34th starting position to 8th at the finish.", "Born in 1951, [Rick Mears](/wiki/Rick_Mears \"Rick Mears\") became the first Indy 500 winner born after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). It was also the last checkered flag for [USAC](/wiki/United_States_Auto_Club \"United States Auto Club\") chief starter/flagman Pat Vidan. This would be the final Indianapolis 500 participation for [Team McLaren](/wiki/McLaren \"McLaren\") who left Indy car racing as a team all together until their return in [2017](/wiki/2017_Indianapolis_500 \"2017 Indianapolis 500\").", "" ]
Sweden ------ Since 1970, Sweden has used leveling seats in its elections for both the [Riksdag](/wiki/Riksdag "Riksdag") and [county councils](/wiki/County_councils_of_Sweden "County councils of Sweden"), for parties having qualified with a total share of votes above a 4%\-limit in parliamentary elections and 3%\-limit in county council elections. Sweden did not use leveling seats for [municipal](/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden "Municipalities of Sweden") elections prior to 2018\. With the new election law (effective from the election 2018\), leveling seats are used in municipalities with more than one electoral district. Of the 349 seats in the [Riksdag](/wiki/Riksdag "Riksdag"), 310 are fixed seats and 39 are adjustment seats. The 310 fixed seats are distributed among the 29 electoral districts ({{lang\-sv\|valkretsar}}) according to the [largest remainder method](/wiki/Largest_remainder_method "Largest remainder method") with the [Hare quota](/wiki/Hare_quota "Hare quota"). The distribution of seats between the parties then takes place in four stages. ### Leveling seat allocation In the first stage, the fixed seats are distributed within each district according to the modified [Sainte\-Laguë method](/wiki/Webster/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method "Webster/Sainte-Laguë method") (*jämkade uddatalsmetoden*) with the first divisor adjusted to 1\.2 (1\.4 in elections before 2018\). Only parties that have received at least 4 percent of the vote nationally or 12 percent of the vote within the district can participate in this distribution of seats. In the second stage, the 349 seats are distributed through a calculation based on the total number of votes summed up across the entire country. In this distribution only parties that have received more than 4 percent of the national vote are included. Parties that fall below 4 percent nationally but have been awarded fixed seats in districts where they have had more than 12 percent of the vote are disregarded, and their seats are subtracted from the calculation. If a party has received 2 seats in this fashion, for example, the calculation will be made with 347 seats. Again the modified Sainte\-Laguë method is used. In the third stage, a summary is made of the fixed seats that the parties have achieved, and this is compared to the outcome of the nationwide distribution above. If a party has received more fixed seats than its share of the total 349\-seat distribution, district seats allocated to that party are retracted and given to the party with the second 'highest quotient'. The parties are then awarded a number of adjustment seats sufficient to cover the gap between their number of fixed seats and their share in the nationwide distribution. Finally, the adjustment seats that each party has received are distributed among the districts. The application of the Sainte\-Laguë number gives each party a quotient ('comparison number', *jämförelsetal*) in each district, which is its number of votes in the district divided by (2*n*\+1\), where *n* is the number of seats it has been awarded. The district where the party has the highest quotient is awarded an adjustment seat, and a new quotient is then calculated for that district, before the next adjustment seat is distributed. In theory, a district can thus receive more than one adjustment seat. If a party is yet to receive a seat in the district, its quotient simply is the number of votes it received. When the fixed seats were distributed among the parties in the district, this number was divided by 1\.4, which made it harder for a party to achieve its first seat. Now, however, no such division takes place. The method used is thus pure and not modified Sainte\-Laguë. ### In local elections In elections to the [county councils](/wiki/County_councils_of_Sweden "County councils of Sweden"), the same principles are followed, with the following differences: only parties that have received more than 3 percent of the vote in the county are able to participate in the distribution of seats. There is no 12 percent clause or other possibility for parties that fall below this threshold to gain seats. Finally, the number of adjustment seats is one tenth of the number of seats in the county council. If one tenth is a fractional number (which it always is, since the number of seats in a county council is required to be odd), the fraction is always adjusted upwards, so a county council with 51 seats would have 45 fixed seats and 6 adjustment seats.
[ "Sweden\n------", "Since 1970, Sweden has used leveling seats in its elections for both the [Riksdag](/wiki/Riksdag \"Riksdag\") and [county councils](/wiki/County_councils_of_Sweden \"County councils of Sweden\"), for parties having qualified with a total share of votes above a 4%\\-limit in parliamentary elections and 3%\\-limit in county council elections. Sweden did not use leveling seats for [municipal](/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden \"Municipalities of Sweden\") elections prior to 2018\\. With the new election law (effective from the election 2018\\), leveling seats are used in municipalities with more than one electoral district.", "Of the 349 seats in the [Riksdag](/wiki/Riksdag \"Riksdag\"), 310 are fixed seats and 39 are adjustment seats. The 310 fixed seats are distributed among the 29 electoral districts ({{lang\\-sv\\|valkretsar}}) according to the [largest remainder method](/wiki/Largest_remainder_method \"Largest remainder method\") with the [Hare quota](/wiki/Hare_quota \"Hare quota\"). The distribution of seats between the parties then takes place in four stages.", "### Leveling seat allocation", "In the first stage, the fixed seats are distributed within each district according to the modified [Sainte\\-Laguë method](/wiki/Webster/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method \"Webster/Sainte-Laguë method\") (*jämkade uddatalsmetoden*) with the first divisor adjusted to 1\\.2 (1\\.4 in elections before 2018\\). Only parties that have received at least 4 percent of the vote nationally or 12 percent of the vote within the district can participate in this distribution of seats.", "In the second stage, the 349 seats are distributed through a calculation based on the total number of votes summed up across the entire country. In this distribution only parties that have received more than 4 percent of the national vote are included. Parties that fall below 4 percent nationally but have been awarded fixed seats in districts where they have had more than 12 percent of the vote are disregarded, and their seats are subtracted from the calculation. If a party has received 2 seats in this fashion, for example, the calculation will be made with 347 seats. Again the modified Sainte\\-Laguë method is used.", "In the third stage, a summary is made of the fixed seats that the parties have achieved, and this is compared to the outcome of the nationwide distribution above. If a party has received more fixed seats than its share of the total 349\\-seat distribution, district seats allocated to that party are retracted and given to the party with the second 'highest quotient'. The parties are then awarded a number of adjustment seats sufficient to cover the gap between their number of fixed seats and their share in the nationwide distribution.", "Finally, the adjustment seats that each party has received are distributed among the districts. The application of the Sainte\\-Laguë number gives each party a quotient ('comparison number', *jämförelsetal*) in each district, which is its number of votes in the district divided by (2*n*\\+1\\), where *n* is the number of seats it has been awarded. The district where the party has the highest quotient is awarded an adjustment seat, and a new quotient is then calculated for that district, before the next adjustment seat is distributed. In theory, a district can thus receive more than one adjustment seat. If a party is yet to receive a seat in the district, its quotient simply is the number of votes it received. When the fixed seats were distributed among the parties in the district, this number was divided by 1\\.4, which made it harder for a party to achieve its first seat. Now, however, no such division takes place. The method used is thus pure and not modified Sainte\\-Laguë.", "### In local elections", "In elections to the [county councils](/wiki/County_councils_of_Sweden \"County councils of Sweden\"), the same principles are followed, with the following differences: only parties that have received more than 3 percent of the vote in the county are able to participate in the distribution of seats. There is no 12 percent clause or other possibility for parties that fall below this threshold to gain seats. Finally, the number of adjustment seats is one tenth of the number of seats in the county council. If one tenth is a fractional number (which it always is, since the number of seats in a county council is required to be odd), the fraction is always adjusted upwards, so a county council with 51 seats would have 45 fixed seats and 6 adjustment seats.", "" ]
Norway ------ Leveling seats were introduced in Norway in the [1989 parliamentary election](/wiki/1989_Norwegian_parliamentary_election "1989 Norwegian parliamentary election") when there were 8 such seats. Since [2005](/wiki/2005_Norwegian_parliamentary_election "2005 Norwegian parliamentary election"), there are 19 leveling mandates, one for each [county](/wiki/County "County").[utjevningsmandater](http://snl.no/utjevningsmandater) *[Store norske leksikon](/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon "Store norske leksikon")*, retrieved 13 April 2013 {{in lang\|no}} Its current form is based on the following principles: * In order to be eligible for leveling seats, a party must get at least 4% (the exclusion threshold) of the national popular vote. A party may attain enough votes in a given county to elect a representative but may fail to be eligible for leveling seats. * The number of representatives elected per county is a function of the total population in the county and the area of the county. Hence, the county of [Finnmark](/wiki/Finnmark "Finnmark") needs fewer votes to elect a representative (7,409 in 2005\) than Oslo (18,167 the same election). * Of 169 representatives, 150 are elected by popular vote within the county. This means that a party that achieves 40% of the popular vote in a county will send about 40% of the total number of representatives from that county. * The remaining 19 representatives are allocated one to each county but are elected based on nationwide results for a party, as long as the popular vote at the national level for that party exceeds the exclusion threshold of 4%. The result is that each representative represents an approximately equal number of voters. In the 2005 elections, the average number of votes on a national level was largely similar across party lines. The largest party, the [Norwegian Labour Party](/wiki/Norwegian_Labour_Party "Norwegian Labour Party"), required the fewest votes per representative with 14,139; the party that needed the most votes was the [Christian Democrats](/wiki/Christian_People%27s_Party_%28Norway%29 "Christian People's Party (Norway)"), with 16,262\. On a county by county basis, however, there were greater disparities: [Sogn og Fjordane](/wiki/Sogn_og_Fjordane "Sogn og Fjordane") needed only 3,503 votes to elect one representative from the [Liberal Party](/wiki/Venstre_%28Norway%29 "Venstre (Norway)"), while [Akershus](/wiki/Akershus "Akershus") needed 22,555 to elect one representative from the [Socialist Left Party](/wiki/Socialist_Left_Party_%28Norway%29 "Socialist Left Party (Norway)"). The arrangement has gone through several adjustments through the years and is the result of legislative action. ### Allocation of leveling seats The allocation of leveling seats is a fairly complex process. First the leveling seats are distributed among the parties. The second part is distributing them among the counties.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.valginfo.net/index\#/utjevningsmandater\|title\=Den norske valgordningen\|language\=Norwegian\|accessdate\=9 September 2013}} #### Allocation among parties 1. A nationwide "ideal" distribution of all 169 seats is calculated using the [Sainte\-Laguë method](/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method "Sainte-Laguë method") for the eligible parties. If a party that did not reach the electoral threshold won seats anyway, the party keeps those seats and the number of seats to distribute is reduced accordingly. In 2009 the Liberal party failed to reach the threshold but won two seats. Therefore, only 167 seats were taken into account for the ideal distribution. 2. If a party already has won more seats than the ideal distribution indicates, the party keeps those seats, but will not win any leveling seats. In that case, another ideal distribution is made between the parties still eligible for leveling seats, this may be repeated if the revised distribution again shows a party with "too many" seats. In 2009, the first ideal distribution showed that the Labour Party should have 63 seats overall, but they had already won 64\. Those seats were taken out of consideration, and so another ideal distribution of the remaining 103 seats was made between the Progress Party, the Conservative Party, the Christian Democrats, the Centre Party and the Socialist Left Party. 3. Once a final ideal distribution has been settled, the number of leveling seats awarded to each party is equal to that party's ideal number of seats minus the number of seats already won from each county. #### Allocating among counties To determine the county that each party will receive its leveling seats in, the following process is done: 1. For each county and eligible party, determine the first unused quotient when the regular district seats were distributed. If the party has not yet won a seat from that county, the quotient is equal to the number of votes the party received there. If the party already has won one mandate from that seat, the quotient is the number of votes received in that county divided by 3, if the party has already won two seats from the county, the quotient is the number of votes divided by 5, and so on. 2. The quotients for each county and party are divided by the total number of votes for all parties in that county and multiplied by the number of regular non\-leveling seats allocated to that county. This leaves a table of fractions for each county and party. 3. The first leveling seat goes to the county and party corresponding to the highest fraction in the table. The second leveling seat goes to county and party corresponding the next highest fraction in the table, and so on. Each time a leveling seat has been determined, the remaining fractions for the county that gave its leveling seat are taken out of consideration. Once a party has received all the leveling seats that it is entitled to, the remaining fractions for that party are also taken out of consideration. This process continues until all 19 leveling seats have been distributed. ### Peculiarities The method for assigning leveling seats usually results in the first leveling seats being given to candidates that did fairly well in the county. However, the last leveling seats may be awarded to candidates that received few votes in the county that they will represent. (In theory it is even possible for a party to receive a leveling seat in a county where they received no votes, or even in a county where they did not field any candidates, a scenario that the election law has no contingency for.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.valginfo.net/index\#/faq\|title\=Den norske valgordningen\|last\=Seierstad\|first\=Taral\|language\=Norwegian\|accessdate\=22 September 2013}}) An illustration of this came in 2005 when [Vera Lysklætt](/wiki/Vera_Lyskl%C3%A6tt "Vera Lysklætt") of the Liberal Party received the last leveling seat, in Finnmark, with 826 votes. Thus, the Liberal party gained 20% of Finnmark's seats with about 2% of the vote there.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.adressa.no/nyheter/politikk/article8248903\.ece\|title\=Slik fungerer utjevningsmandatene\|last\=Sved\|first\=Børge\|date\=9 September 2009\|publisher\=Adresseavisen\|language\=Norwegian\|accessdate\=22 September 2013}} In the 2009 election, a programming fault in the software calculating the allocation prognosis for one county made their leveling seat go to another party.[No counting error in Rogaland](https://www.regjeringen.no/nb/aktuelt/ingen-tellefeil-i-rogaland/id577291/) That changed the outcome in two other counties, and it took over a week and a recount until the distribution of leveling seats was finally decided. [Mette Hanekamhaug](/wiki/Mette_Hanekamhaug "Mette Hanekamhaug") got the final seat.
[ "Norway\n------", "Leveling seats were introduced in Norway in the [1989 parliamentary election](/wiki/1989_Norwegian_parliamentary_election \"1989 Norwegian parliamentary election\") when there were 8 such seats. Since [2005](/wiki/2005_Norwegian_parliamentary_election \"2005 Norwegian parliamentary election\"), there are 19 leveling mandates, one for each [county](/wiki/County \"County\").[utjevningsmandater](http://snl.no/utjevningsmandater) *[Store norske leksikon](/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon \"Store norske leksikon\")*, retrieved 13 April 2013 {{in lang\\|no}} Its current form is based on the following principles:\n* In order to be eligible for leveling seats, a party must get at least 4% (the exclusion threshold) of the national popular vote. A party may attain enough votes in a given county to elect a representative but may fail to be eligible for leveling seats.\n* The number of representatives elected per county is a function of the total population in the county and the area of the county. Hence, the county of [Finnmark](/wiki/Finnmark \"Finnmark\") needs fewer votes to elect a representative (7,409 in 2005\\) than Oslo (18,167 the same election).\n* Of 169 representatives, 150 are elected by popular vote within the county. This means that a party that achieves 40% of the popular vote in a county will send about 40% of the total number of representatives from that county.\n* The remaining 19 representatives are allocated one to each county but are elected based on nationwide results for a party, as long as the popular vote at the national level for that party exceeds the exclusion threshold of 4%. The result is that each representative represents an approximately equal number of voters.", "In the 2005 elections, the average number of votes on a national level was largely similar across party lines. The largest party, the [Norwegian Labour Party](/wiki/Norwegian_Labour_Party \"Norwegian Labour Party\"), required the fewest votes per representative with 14,139; the party that needed the most votes was the [Christian Democrats](/wiki/Christian_People%27s_Party_%28Norway%29 \"Christian People's Party (Norway)\"), with 16,262\\. On a county by county basis, however, there were greater disparities: [Sogn og Fjordane](/wiki/Sogn_og_Fjordane \"Sogn og Fjordane\") needed only 3,503 votes to elect one representative from the [Liberal Party](/wiki/Venstre_%28Norway%29 \"Venstre (Norway)\"), while [Akershus](/wiki/Akershus \"Akershus\") needed 22,555 to elect one representative from the [Socialist Left Party](/wiki/Socialist_Left_Party_%28Norway%29 \"Socialist Left Party (Norway)\").", "The arrangement has gone through several adjustments through the years and is the result of legislative action.", "### Allocation of leveling seats", "The allocation of leveling seats is a fairly complex process. First the leveling seats are distributed among the parties. The second part is distributing them among the counties.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.valginfo.net/index\\#/utjevningsmandater\\|title\\=Den norske valgordningen\\|language\\=Norwegian\\|accessdate\\=9 September 2013}}", "#### Allocation among parties", "1. A nationwide \"ideal\" distribution of all 169 seats is calculated using the [Sainte\\-Laguë method](/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method \"Sainte-Laguë method\") for the eligible parties. If a party that did not reach the electoral threshold won seats anyway, the party keeps those seats and the number of seats to distribute is reduced accordingly. In 2009 the Liberal party failed to reach the threshold but won two seats. Therefore, only 167 seats were taken into account for the ideal distribution.\n2. If a party already has won more seats than the ideal distribution indicates, the party keeps those seats, but will not win any leveling seats. In that case, another ideal distribution is made between the parties still eligible for leveling seats, this may be repeated if the revised distribution again shows a party with \"too many\" seats. In 2009, the first ideal distribution showed that the Labour Party should have 63 seats overall, but they had already won 64\\. Those seats were taken out of consideration, and so another ideal distribution of the remaining 103 seats was made between the Progress Party, the Conservative Party, the Christian Democrats, the Centre Party and the Socialist Left Party.\n3. Once a final ideal distribution has been settled, the number of leveling seats awarded to each party is equal to that party's ideal number of seats minus the number of seats already won from each county.", "#### Allocating among counties", "To determine the county that each party will receive its leveling seats in, the following process is done:\n1. For each county and eligible party, determine the first unused quotient when the regular district seats were distributed. If the party has not yet won a seat from that county, the quotient is equal to the number of votes the party received there. If the party already has won one mandate from that seat, the quotient is the number of votes received in that county divided by 3, if the party has already won two seats from the county, the quotient is the number of votes divided by 5, and so on.\n2. The quotients for each county and party are divided by the total number of votes for all parties in that county and multiplied by the number of regular non\\-leveling seats allocated to that county. This leaves a table of fractions for each county and party.\n3. The first leveling seat goes to the county and party corresponding to the highest fraction in the table. The second leveling seat goes to county and party corresponding the next highest fraction in the table, and so on. Each time a leveling seat has been determined, the remaining fractions for the county that gave its leveling seat are taken out of consideration. Once a party has received all the leveling seats that it is entitled to, the remaining fractions for that party are also taken out of consideration. This process continues until all 19 leveling seats have been distributed.", "### Peculiarities", "The method for assigning leveling seats usually results in the first leveling seats being given to candidates that did fairly well in the county. However, the last leveling seats may be awarded to candidates that received few votes in the county that they will represent. (In theory it is even possible for a party to receive a leveling seat in a county where they received no votes, or even in a county where they did not field any candidates, a scenario that the election law has no contingency for.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.valginfo.net/index\\#/faq\\|title\\=Den norske valgordningen\\|last\\=Seierstad\\|first\\=Taral\\|language\\=Norwegian\\|accessdate\\=22 September 2013}}) An illustration of this came in 2005 when [Vera Lysklætt](/wiki/Vera_Lyskl%C3%A6tt \"Vera Lysklætt\") of the Liberal Party received the last leveling seat, in Finnmark, with 826 votes. Thus, the Liberal party gained 20% of Finnmark's seats with about 2% of the vote there.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.adressa.no/nyheter/politikk/article8248903\\.ece\\|title\\=Slik fungerer utjevningsmandatene\\|last\\=Sved\\|first\\=Børge\\|date\\=9 September 2009\\|publisher\\=Adresseavisen\\|language\\=Norwegian\\|accessdate\\=22 September 2013}}", "In the 2009 election, a programming fault in the software calculating the allocation prognosis for one county made their leveling seat go to another party.[No counting error in Rogaland](https://www.regjeringen.no/nb/aktuelt/ingen-tellefeil-i-rogaland/id577291/) That changed the outcome in two other counties, and it took over a week and a recount until the distribution of leveling seats was finally decided. [Mette Hanekamhaug](/wiki/Mette_Hanekamhaug \"Mette Hanekamhaug\") got the final seat.", "" ]
Purpose and requirements ------------------------ {{see also\|Human factors in diving equipment design}} The [underwater environment](/wiki/Underwater_environment "Underwater environment") exerts major [physiological stresses](/wiki/Human_physiology_of_underwater_diving "Human physiology of underwater diving") on the diver, which increase with depth, and appear to impose an absolute limit to diving depth at ambient pressure. An atmospheric diving suit is a small submersible with a pressure hull which accommodates a single occupant at an internal pressure of about one atmosphere. The provision of hollow arm spaces with pressure resistant joints to carry manually operated manipulators, and usually separate leg spaces, similarly articulated for locomotion, makes a suit resemble a bulky suit of [plate armour](/wiki/Plate_armour "Plate armour"), or an [exoskeleton](/wiki/Exoskeleton "Exoskeleton"), with elaborate joint seals to allow articulation while maintaining internal pressure. An atmospheric diving suit is equipment intended primarily to isolate the occupant from the ambient pressure of the underwater environment, and provide any necessary [life\-support](/wiki/Life-support_system "Life-support system") while the suit is in use. While using the suit, the diver will expect to perform useful work, and get to and from the place where the work is to be done. These functions require sufficient mobility, dexterity and sensory input to do the job, and this will vary depending on the details of the work. Consequently, the work possible in an atmospheric suit is limited by the suit construction. Mobility at the surface and on deck can be managed by [launch and recovery systems](/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_%28diving%29 "Launch and recovery system (diving)"), Mobility underwater generally requires neutral or moderately negative buoyancy, and either the ability to walk or swim, or the use of finely controllable [thrusters](/wiki/Thruster_%28marine_%29 "Thruster (marine )"). Both walking and thruster propulsion have been applied with some success. Swimming has not been effective. The dexterity to perform useful work is limited by joint mobility and geometry, inertia, and friction, and has been one of the more difficult engineering challenges. [Haptic perception](/wiki/Haptic_perception "Haptic perception") through manipulators is a major limitation on finer control, as the friction of the joints and seals greatly reduces the sensitivity available. Operator visual input is relatively easy to provide directly by using transparent [viewports](/wiki/Viewport_%28diving%29 "Viewport (diving)"). A wide field of view can be achieved simply and structurally effectively by using a transparent partial dome over the diver's head. Close\-up views of the manipulators are limited by joint flexibility and geometry of the suit's arms. External sound and temperature perception are greatly attenuated, and there is no sense of touch through the suit. [Communications](/wiki/Diver_communication%23Voice_communications "Diver communication#Voice communications") must be provided by technology, as there is normally no\-one else in the immediate vicinity. ### Design constraints The main environmental factors affecting design are the ambient hydrostatic pressure of the maximum operating depth, and ergonomic considerations regarding the potential range of operators. The structure and mechanics of the suit must reliably withstand the external pressure, without collapsing or deforming sufficiently to cause seals to leak or joints to experience excessive friction, and the full range of movement must not change the internal or external displaced volume, as this would have consequences for the amount of force required to move the joints in addition to the friction of the joint seals. Insulation is relatively simple, and can be applied to the inside of the suit and in the form of clothing on the diver. Active heating and cooling are also possible using well established technology. Mass changes can be used to provide initial and emergency buoyancy conditions by way of fixed and ditchable ballast weights. Ergonomic considerations include the size and strength of the user. The interior dimensions must fit or be modifiable to fit a reasonable range of operators, and operating forces on joints must be reasonably practicable. The field of vision is constrained by the helmet design or viewport positioning, though closed circuit video can extend it considerably in any direction. General underwater conditions of visibility and water movement must be manageable for the range of conditions in which the suit is expected to be used. Marine thrusters may be mounted on the suit to help with maneuvering and positioning, and sonar and other scanning technologies may help provide an augmented external view. ### Hazards and failure modes The primary structural failure modes of an ADS are [buckling](/wiki/Buckling "Buckling") collapse in compression, leaks, and lockup of joints. Leaks and buckling in compression both cause a reduction in buoyancy. Joint leaks and locking of articulating joints may be reversible when pressure is reduced. Electrically ignited fire is also possible. Systems failures may include loss of power, communications, or propulsion, or life\-support systems failure, such as failure of scrubbing the carbon dioxide from the breathing air, or failure of internal temperature control. Recovery from most of these would be by aborting the dive and making an emergency ascent. Bailout to emergency breathing system and ditching of ballast to establish positive buoyancy may be necessary. If the ADS is tethered it can be lifted. The most dangerous consequence is catastrophic leakage, which is likely to be fatal. There has been one fatal incident involving an ADS in the modern era. A WASP was dropped {{convert\|25\|m\|ft\|order\=flip\|sigfig\=1}} in August 1999 due to a structural failure in a recently tested launch and recovery system, and the diver was killed by the impact with the launch platform. This is in the context of tens of thousands of operational man\-hours by WASPs without serious incidents.
[ "Purpose and requirements\n------------------------", "{{see also\\|Human factors in diving equipment design}} \nThe [underwater environment](/wiki/Underwater_environment \"Underwater environment\") exerts major [physiological stresses](/wiki/Human_physiology_of_underwater_diving \"Human physiology of underwater diving\") on the diver, which increase with depth, and appear to impose an absolute limit to diving depth at ambient pressure. An atmospheric diving suit is a small submersible with a pressure hull which accommodates a single occupant at an internal pressure of about one atmosphere. The provision of hollow arm spaces with pressure resistant joints to carry manually operated manipulators, and usually separate leg spaces, similarly articulated for locomotion, makes a suit resemble a bulky suit of [plate armour](/wiki/Plate_armour \"Plate armour\"), or an [exoskeleton](/wiki/Exoskeleton \"Exoskeleton\"), with elaborate joint seals to allow articulation while maintaining internal pressure.", "An atmospheric diving suit is equipment intended primarily to isolate the occupant from the ambient pressure of the underwater environment, and provide any necessary [life\\-support](/wiki/Life-support_system \"Life-support system\") while the suit is in use. While using the suit, the diver will expect to perform useful work, and get to and from the place where the work is to be done. These functions require sufficient mobility, dexterity and sensory input to do the job, and this will vary depending on the details of the work. Consequently, the work possible in an atmospheric suit is limited by the suit construction.", "Mobility at the surface and on deck can be managed by [launch and recovery systems](/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_%28diving%29 \"Launch and recovery system (diving)\"), Mobility underwater generally requires neutral or moderately negative buoyancy, and either the ability to walk or swim, or the use of finely controllable [thrusters](/wiki/Thruster_%28marine_%29 \"Thruster (marine )\"). Both walking and thruster propulsion have been applied with some success. Swimming has not been effective.", "The dexterity to perform useful work is limited by joint mobility and geometry, inertia, and friction, and has been one of the more difficult engineering challenges. [Haptic perception](/wiki/Haptic_perception \"Haptic perception\") through manipulators is a major limitation on finer control, as the friction of the joints and seals greatly reduces the sensitivity available.", "Operator visual input is relatively easy to provide directly by using transparent [viewports](/wiki/Viewport_%28diving%29 \"Viewport (diving)\"). A wide field of view can be achieved simply and structurally effectively by using a transparent partial dome over the diver's head. Close\\-up views of the manipulators are limited by joint flexibility and geometry of the suit's arms. External sound and temperature perception are greatly attenuated, and there is no sense of touch through the suit. [Communications](/wiki/Diver_communication%23Voice_communications \"Diver communication#Voice communications\") must be provided by technology, as there is normally no\\-one else in the immediate vicinity.", "### Design constraints", "The main environmental factors affecting design are the ambient hydrostatic pressure of the maximum operating depth, and ergonomic considerations regarding the potential range of operators. The structure and mechanics of the suit must reliably withstand the external pressure, without collapsing or deforming sufficiently to cause seals to leak or joints to experience excessive friction, and the full range of movement must not change the internal or external displaced volume, as this would have consequences for the amount of force required to move the joints in addition to the friction of the joint seals. Insulation is relatively simple, and can be applied to the inside of the suit and in the form of clothing on the diver. Active heating and cooling are also possible using well established technology. Mass changes can be used to provide initial and emergency buoyancy conditions by way of fixed and ditchable ballast weights.", "Ergonomic considerations include the size and strength of the user. The interior dimensions must fit or be modifiable to fit a reasonable range of operators, and operating forces on joints must be reasonably practicable. The field of vision is constrained by the helmet design or viewport positioning, though closed circuit video can extend it considerably in any direction. General underwater conditions of visibility and water movement must be manageable for the range of conditions in which the suit is expected to be used. Marine thrusters may be mounted on the suit to help with maneuvering and positioning, and sonar and other scanning technologies may help provide an augmented external view.", "### Hazards and failure modes", "The primary structural failure modes of an ADS are [buckling](/wiki/Buckling \"Buckling\") collapse in compression, leaks, and lockup of joints. Leaks and buckling in compression both cause a reduction in buoyancy. Joint leaks and locking of articulating joints may be reversible when pressure is reduced. Electrically ignited fire is also possible.", "Systems failures may include loss of power, communications, or propulsion, or life\\-support systems failure, such as failure of scrubbing the carbon dioxide from the breathing air, or failure of internal temperature control. Recovery from most of these would be by aborting the dive and making an emergency ascent. Bailout to emergency breathing system and ditching of ballast to establish positive buoyancy may be necessary. If the ADS is tethered it can be lifted. The most dangerous consequence is catastrophic leakage, which is likely to be fatal.", "There has been one fatal incident involving an ADS in the modern era. A WASP was dropped {{convert\\|25\\|m\\|ft\\|order\\=flip\\|sigfig\\=1}} in August 1999 due to a structural failure in a recently tested launch and recovery system, and the diver was killed by the impact with the launch platform. This is in the context of tens of thousands of operational man\\-hours by WASPs without serious incidents.", "" ]
History ------- {{see also\|History of underwater diving}} ### Early designs {{Multiple image \| perrow \= 1 \| total\_width \= 200 \| direction \= vertical \| image1 \= Jacob Rowe's diving machine.jpg \| width1 \= 190px \| alt1 \= Drawing of a one person tapered submarine like vessel with sealed holes for operator's arms shown with rope slings \| caption1 \= \[\[Jacob Rowe]]'s copper diving dress, built in the 1710s \| image2 \= John Lethbridge diving apparatus replica (1715\).jpg \| width2 \= 190px \| alt2 \= Tapered one person submarine like wooden vessel with sealed holes for operator's arms held aloft by rope slings in a museum display \| caption2 \= Modern replica on display at the \[\[History of Diving Museum]], Florida (inaccurate, Lethbidge's suit was not curved) }} In 1715, British inventor [John Lethbridge](/wiki/John_Lethbridge "John Lethbridge") constructed a "diving engine". Essentially a wooden barrel about {{convert\|6\|ft\|m}} in length with two holes for the diver's arms sealed with leather cuffs, and a {{convert\|4\|in\|mm\|adj\=on}} viewport of thick glass. It was reportedly used to dive as deep as {{convert\|60\|ft}}, and was used to salvage substantial quantities of [silver](/wiki/Silver "Silver") from the wreck of the [East Indiaman](/wiki/East_Indiaman "East Indiaman") {{ship\|\|Vansittart\|1718 EIC ship\|2}}, which sank in 1719 off the [Cape Verde](/wiki/Cape_Verde "Cape Verde") islands. A similar design made of copper was used by Jacob Rowe on the same salvage contract.{{cite journal\|url\=https://eds.p.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid\=1\&sid\=b46e3f83\-e8e5\-4335\-9b58\-20be85a2c097%40redis \|title\=Bells, Barrels and Bullion: Diving and Salvage in the Atlantic World, 1500 to 1800 \|first\=John E. \|last\=Ratcliffe \|journal\=Nautical Research Journal \|volume\=56 \|issue\=1 \|date\=Spring 2011 \|pages\=35–56 }} The first armored suit with real joints, designed as leather pieces with rings in the shape of a spring (also known as accordion joints), was designed by Englishman W. H. Taylor in 1838\. The diver's hands and feet were covered with leather. Taylor also devised a ballast tank attached to the suit that could be filled with water to attain negative [buoyancy](/wiki/Buoyancy "Buoyancy"). While it was patented, the suit was never actually produced. It is considered that its weight and bulk would have rendered it nearly immobile underwater. Lodner D. Phillips designed the first completely enclosed ADS in 1856\. His design comprised a barrel\-shaped upper torso with domed ends and included ball and socket joints in the articulated arms and legs. The arms had joints at shoulder and elbow, and the legs at knee and hip. The suit included a ballast tank, a viewing port, entrance through a [manhole cover](/wiki/Manhole_cover "Manhole cover") on top, a hand\-cranked propeller, and rudimentary manipulators at the ends of the arms. Air was to be supplied from the surface via hose. There is no indication, however, that Phillips' suit was ever constructed. [thumb\|left\|upright\|Suit built by Carmagnolle brothers in 1882, was the first anthropomorphic design.](/wiki/File:Scaphandre_Carmagnolle_MnM_Paris.jpg "Scaphandre Carmagnolle MnM Paris.jpg") The first properly anthropomorphic design of ADS, built by the [Carmagnolle brothers](/wiki/Carmagnolle_brothers "Carmagnolle brothers") of [Marseilles](/wiki/Marseilles "Marseilles"), France in 1882, featured rolling convolute joints consisting of partial sections of concentric spheres formed to create a close fit and kept watertight with a waterproof cloth. The suit had 22 of these joints: four in each leg, six per arm, and two in the body of the suit. The helmet had 25 individual {{convert\|2\|in\|mm\|\-1\|adj\=on}} glass viewing ports spaced at the average distance of the human eyes. Weighing {{convert\|830\|lb}}, the Carmagnole ADS never worked properly and its joints never were entirely waterproof. It is now on display at the [French National Navy Museum](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_de_la_Marine "Musée national de la Marine") in Paris. Another design was patented in 1894 by inventors John Buchanan and Alexander Gordon from [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"). The construction was based on a frame of spiral wires covered with waterproof material. The design was improved by Alexander Gordon by attaching the suit to the helmet and other parts and incorporating jointed [radius rods](/wiki/Radius_rod "Radius rod") in the limbs. This resulted in a flexible suit which could withstand high pressure. The suit was manufactured by British firm [Siebe Gorman](/wiki/Siebe_Gorman "Siebe Gorman") and trialed in Scotland in 1898\. {{multiple image\|align\=left \|header\=US Navy 1913 ADS \|image1\=1913 US Navy ADS at Man in the Sea Museum Panama City with mechanical lobster claws Bhargav.jpg \|caption1\=1913 US Navy ADS at Man in the Sea Museum, Panama City, FL with the lobster claws \|image2\=2 jawed grasper on 1913 US Navy armored diving suit.jpg \|caption2\=Close up view of two\-jawed grasper and pitch\-yaw wrist joint on 1913 US Navy armored diving suit }} American designer Macduffee constructed the first suit to use ball bearings to provide joint movement in 1914; it was tested in [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") to a depth of {{convert\|214\|ft}}, but was not very successful. A year later, Harry L. Bowdoin of [Bayonne, New Jersey](/wiki/Bayonne%2C_New_Jersey "Bayonne, New Jersey"), made an improved ADS with oil\-filled rotary joints. The joints use a small duct to the interior of the joint to allow equalization of pressure. The suit was designed to have four joints in each arm and leg, and one joint in each thumb, for a total of eighteen. Four viewing ports and a chest\-mounted lamp were intended to assist underwater vision. Unfortunately, there is no evidence that Bowdoin's suit was ever built, or that it would have worked if it had been. Atmospheric diving suits built by German firm [Neufeldt and Kuhnke](/wiki/Neufeldt_and_Kuhnke "Neufeldt and Kuhnke") were used during the salvage of gold and silver bullion from the wreck of the British ship [SS *Egypt*](/wiki/SS_Egypt "SS Egypt"), an 8,000 ton [P\&O](/wiki/Peninsular_and_Oriental_Steam_Navigation_Company "Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company") liner that sank in May 1922\. The suit was relegated to duties as an observation chamber at the wreck's depth of {{convert\|170\|m\|ft\|order\=flip}}, and was successfully used to direct mechanical grabs which opened up the bullion storage. In 1917, [Benjamin F. Leavitt](/wiki/Benjamin_F._Leavitt "Benjamin F. Leavitt") of [Traverse City, Michigan](/wiki/Traverse_City%2C_Michigan "Traverse City, Michigan"), dived on the [SS *Pewabic*](/wiki/SS_Pewabic "SS Pewabic") which sank to a depth of {{convert\|182\|ft\|m}} in [Lake Huron](/wiki/Lake_Huron "Lake Huron") in 1865, salvaging 350 tons of copper ore. In 1923, he went on to salvage the wreck of the British schooner *Cape Horn* which lay in {{convert\|220\|ft\|m}} of water off [Pichidangui](/wiki/Pichidangui "Pichidangui"), [Chile](/wiki/Chile "Chile"), salvaging $600,000 worth of copper. Leavitt's suit was of his own design and construction. The most innovative aspect of Leavitt's suit was the fact that it was completely self\-contained and needed no umbilical, the breathing mixture being supplied from a tank mounted on the back of the suit. The breathing apparatus incorporated a [scrubber](/wiki/Scrubber "Scrubber") and an oxygen [regulator](/wiki/Diving_regulator "Diving regulator") and could last for up to a full hour. In 1924 the *[Reichsmarine](/wiki/Reichsmarine "Reichsmarine")* tested the second generation of the Neufeldt and Kuhnke suit to {{convert\|530\|ft}}, but limb movement was very difficult and the joints were judged not to be [fail\-safe](/wiki/Fail-safe "Fail-safe"), in that if they were to fail, there was a possibility that the suit's integrity would be violated. However, these suits were used by the Germans as armored divers during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") and were later taken by the [Western Allies](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") after the war. From 1929 to 1931 two atmospheric pressure one\-person submersible "suits" designed by Carl Wiley were used in the successful salvage of the steamship *[Islander](/wiki/SS_Islander "SS Islander")* which sank in the [Stevens Passage](/wiki/Stevens_Passage "Stevens Passage") near [Juneau, Alaska](/wiki/Juneau%2C_Alaska "Juneau, Alaska") on 15 August 1901, with a large amount of gold dust in the cargo. The suits operated at a maximum depth of {{convert\|365\|ft\|m}}. They were each equipped with a mechanical arm with a grasping claw at the end operated from within the suit. The suits were capable of traversing a hard, reasonably smooth substrate on wheels, and were used to place the steel cables used to raise the wreck by [tidal lift](/wiki/Tidal_lift "Tidal lift") (with an {{convert\|18\|ft\|m\|disp\=or\|adj\=on\|0}} tide range) under a catamaran barge in stages, while it was towed to shallow water. The suits had electrical power, and the diver/pilot used an oxygen rebreather. These suits have also been described as diving bells and observation chambers, as they do not match the usual definition of an atmospheric diving suit, but they were more than just observation chambers, being capable of work, and were independently mobile, so do not match the usual definition of a diving bell either. They were an unusual type of tethered crewed submersible. In 1952, [Alfred A. Mikalow](/wiki/Alfred_A._Mikalow "Alfred A. Mikalow") constructed an ADS employing ball and socket joints, specifically for the purpose of locating and salvaging sunken treasure. The suit was reportedly capable of diving to depths of {{convert\|1000\|ft\|m}} and was used successfully to dive on the sunken vessel [SS *City of Rio de Janeiro*](/wiki/SS_City_of_Rio_de_Janeiro "SS City of Rio de Janeiro") in {{convert\|100\|m\|ft\|order\=flip}} of water near [Fort Point](/wiki/Fort_Point%2C_San_Francisco "Fort Point, San Francisco"), [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"). Mikalow's suit had various interchangeable instruments which could be mounted on the end of the arms in place of the usual manipulators. It carried seven 90\-cubic foot high pressure cylinders to provide breathing gas and control buoyancy. The ballast compartment covered the gas cylinders. For communication, the suit used [hydrophones](/wiki/Hydrophone "Hydrophone"). ### The modern suit #### Peress' *Tritonia* [thumb\|300px\|Two divers, one wearing the "Tritonia" ADS and the other standard diving dress, preparing to explore the wreck of the {{RMS\|Lusitania}}, 1935\.](/wiki/Image:Tritonia_Lusitania_1935.jpg "Tritonia Lusitania 1935.jpg") Although various atmospheric suits had been developed during the [Victorian era](/wiki/Victorian_era "Victorian era"), none of these suits had been able to overcome the basic design problem of constructing a joint which would remain flexible and watertight at depth without seizing up under pressure. Pioneering British diving engineer, [Joseph Salim Peress](/wiki/Joseph_Salim_Peress "Joseph Salim Peress"), invented the first truly usable atmospheric diving suit, the *Tritonia*, in 1932 and was later involved in the construction of the famous [JIM suit](/wiki/JIM_suit "JIM suit"). Having a natural talent for engineering design, he challenged himself to construct an ADS that would keep divers dry and at atmospheric pressure, even at great depth. In 1918, Peress began working for WG Tarrant at [Byfleet](/wiki/Byfleet "Byfleet"), [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"), where he was given the space and tools to develop his ideas about constructing an ADS. His first attempt was an immensely complex prototype machined from solid [stainless steel](/wiki/Stainless_steel "Stainless steel"). In 1923, Peress was asked to design a suit for salvage work on the wreck of [SS *Egypt*](/wiki/SS_Egypt "SS Egypt") which had sunk in the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel "English Channel"). He declined, on the grounds that his prototype suit was too heavy for a diver to handle easily, but was encouraged by the request to begin work on a new suit using lighter materials. By 1929 he believed he had solved the weight problem, by using cast magnesium instead of steel, and had also managed to improve the design of the suit's joints by using a trapped cushion of oil to keep the surfaces moving smoothly. The oil was virtually non\-compressible and readily displaceable, which would allow the limb joints to move freely even under great pressure. Peress claimed the Tritonia suit could function at {{convert\|200\|fathom\|ft m\|abbr\=on\|order\=out}}, where the pressure was {{convert\|520\|psi\|atm\|abbr\=on}}, although this was never proven. [thumb\|Luciana Civico ascending from the dive of the depth record at {{convert\|82\|m\|ft\|order\=flip}} on 11 November 1962 in the vicinity of Capo Miseno in the Gulf of Pozzuoli tightens the pincer of the diving suit operated by the s. Lieutenant Benito Velardi](/wiki/File:Luciana_Civico_risalita_record_ARA_meno_80_stringe_pinza_scafandro_Verardi.jpg "Luciana Civico risalita record ARA meno 80 stringe pinza scafandro Verardi.jpg") In 1930, Peress revealed the Tritonia suit. By May it had completed trials and was publicly demonstrated in a tank at [Byfleet](/wiki/Byfleet "Byfleet"). In September Peress' assistant [Jim Jarret](/wiki/Jim_Jarret "Jim Jarret") dived in the suit to a depth of {{convert\|123\|m\|ft\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip}} in [Loch Ness](/wiki/Loch_Ness "Loch Ness"). The suit performed perfectly, the joints proving resistant to pressure and moving freely even at depth. The suit was offered to the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") which turned it down, stating that Navy divers never needed to descend below {{convert\|90\|m\|ft\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip}}. In October 1935 Jarret made a successful deep dive to more than {{convert\|90\|m\|ft\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip}} on the wreck of the {{RMS\|Lusitania}} off south Ireland, followed by a shallower dive to {{convert\|60\|m\|ft\|order\=flip}} in the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel "English Channel") in 1937 after which, due to lack of interest, the Tritonia suit was retired. The development in atmospheric pressure suits stagnated in the 1940s through 1960s, as efforts were concentrated on solving the problems of deep diving by dealing with the physiological problems of ambient pressure diving instead of avoiding them by isolating the diver from the pressure. Although the advances in ambient pressure diving (in particular, with [scuba](/wiki/Scuba_set "Scuba set") gear) were significant, the limitations brought renewed interest to the development of the ADS in the late 1960s. #### The JIM suit {{main\|JIM suit}} The *Tritonia* suit spent about 30 years in an engineering company's warehouse in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow "Glasgow"), where it was discovered, with Peress' help, by two partners in the British firm Underwater Marine Equipment, Mike Humphrey and Mike Borrow, in the mid\-1960s. UMEL would later classify Peress' suit as the "A.D.S Type I", a designation system that would be continued by the company for later models. In 1969, Peress was asked to become a consultant to the new company created to develop the JIM suit, named in honour of the diver Jim Jarret. [thumb\|JIM suit in Naval Undersea Museum](/wiki/File:JIM_suit_in_Naval_Undersea_Museum.jpg "JIM suit in Naval Undersea Museum.jpg") The first JIM suit was completed in November 1971 and underwent trials aboard {{HMS\|Reclaim}} in early 1972\. In 1976, the JIM suit set a record for the longest working dive below {{convert\|490\|ft}}, lasting five hours and 59 minutes at a depth of {{convert\|905\|ft}}. The first JIM suits were constructed from cast magnesium for its high strength\-to\-weight ratio and weighed approximately {{convert\|1,100\|lb}} in air including the diver. They were {{convert\|6\|ft\|6\|in}} in height and had a maximum operating depth of {{convert\|1,500\|ft}}. The suit had a positive buoyancy of {{convert\|15\|to\|50\|lbf}}. Ballast was attached to the suit's front and could be jettisoned from within, allowing the operator to ascend to the surface at approximately {{convert\|100\|ft/min}}. The suit also incorporated a communication link and a jettisonable umbilical connection. The original JIM suit had eight annular oil\-supported universal joints, one in each shoulder and lower arm, and one at each hip and knee. The JIM operator received air through an oral/nasal mask that attached to a lung\-powered scrubber that had a life support duration of approximately 72 hours. Operations in arctic conditions with water temperatures of {{cvt\|−1\.7\|C\|F\|order\=flip}} for over 5 hours were successfully carried out using woolen thermal protection and neoprene boots. In {{cvt\|30\|C\|F\|order\=flip}} water the suit was reported to be uncomfortably hot during heavy work. [thumb\|left\|A [JIM suit](/wiki/JIM_suit "JIM suit") on display at the [Royal Navy Submarine Museum](/wiki/Royal_Navy_Submarine_Museum "Royal Navy Submarine Museum"), Gosport](/wiki/Image:JIM_suitRoyal_Navy_Submarine_Museum.jpg "JIM suitRoyal Navy Submarine Museum.jpg") As technology improved and operational knowledge grew, Oceaneering upgraded their fleet of JIMs. The magnesium construction was replaced with [glass\-reinforced plastic](/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic "Glass-reinforced plastic") (GRP) and the single joints with segmented ones, each allowing seven degrees of motion, and when added together giving the operator a very great range of motion. In addition, the four\-port domed top of the suit was replaced by a transparent acrylic dome as used on WASP, this allowed the operator a much\-improved field of vision. Trials were also carried out by the [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)") on a flying Jim suit powered from the surface through an umbilical cable. This resulted in a hybrid suit with the ability of working on the sea bed as well as mid water. In addition to upgrades to the JIM design, other variations of the original suit were constructed. The first, named the SAM Suit (designated A.D.S III), was a completely aluminium model. A smaller and lighter suit, it was more anthropomorphic than the original JIMs and was depth\-rated to {{convert\|1,000\|ft}}. Attempts were made to limit corrosion by the use of a chromic anodizing coating applied to the arm and leg joints, which gave them an unusual green color. The SAM suit stood at {{convert\|6\|ft\|3\|in\|m}} in height, and had a life support duration of 20 hours. Only three SAM suits would be produced by UMEL before the design was shelved. The second, named the JAM suit (designated A.D.S IV), was constructed of [glass\-reinforced plastic](/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic "Glass-reinforced plastic") (GRP) and was depth\-rated for around {{convert\|2,000\|ft\|m}}. ### WASP [thumb\|WASP at the OSEL Testing tank [Great Yarmouth](/wiki/Great_Yarmouth "Great Yarmouth"), UK](/wiki/File:WASP_at_the_OSEL_Testing_tank_Gt_Yarmouth%2C_UK.JPG "WASP at the OSEL Testing tank Gt Yarmouth, UK.JPG") The WASP atmospheric diving system is part way between a one person submersible and an atmospheric diving suit, in that there are articulated arms which contain and are moved by the operator's arms, but the operator's legs are contained in a rigid housing. Mobility is provided by two vertical and two horizontal foot\-switch controlled electrical [marine thrusters](/wiki/Marine_thruster "Marine thruster"). Operating depth was quoted as {{convert\|2300\|ft\|m}} WASP is {{convert\|84\|in\|m}} high, {{convert\|42\|in\|m}} wide, and {{convert\|34\|in\|m}} front to back. Ballasted weight in air approximately {{convert\|2200\|lb\|kg}}, for neutral buoyancy in water, but buoyancy can be increased by up to {{convert\|35\|lb\|kg}} during operation, and ballast can be jettisoned in an emergency. WASP is transported on a support frame.
[ "History\n-------", "{{see also\\|History of underwater diving}}", "### Early designs", "{{Multiple image\n\\| perrow \\= 1\n\\| total\\_width \\= 200\n\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\| image1 \\= Jacob Rowe's diving machine.jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 190px\n\\| alt1 \\= Drawing of a one person tapered submarine like vessel with sealed holes for operator's arms shown with rope slings\n\\| caption1 \\= \\[\\[Jacob Rowe]]'s copper diving dress, built in the 1710s\n\\| image2 \\= John Lethbridge diving apparatus replica (1715\\).jpg\n\\| width2 \\= 190px\n\\| alt2 \\= Tapered one person submarine like wooden vessel with sealed holes for operator's arms held aloft by rope slings in a museum display\n\\| caption2 \\= Modern replica on display at the \\[\\[History of Diving Museum]], Florida (inaccurate, Lethbidge's suit was not curved)\n}}\nIn 1715, British inventor [John Lethbridge](/wiki/John_Lethbridge \"John Lethbridge\") constructed a \"diving engine\". Essentially a wooden barrel about {{convert\\|6\\|ft\\|m}} in length with two holes for the diver's arms sealed with leather cuffs, and a {{convert\\|4\\|in\\|mm\\|adj\\=on}} viewport of thick glass. It was reportedly used to dive as deep as {{convert\\|60\\|ft}}, and was used to salvage substantial quantities of [silver](/wiki/Silver \"Silver\") from the wreck of the [East Indiaman](/wiki/East_Indiaman \"East Indiaman\") {{ship\\|\\|Vansittart\\|1718 EIC ship\\|2}}, which sank in 1719 off the [Cape Verde](/wiki/Cape_Verde \"Cape Verde\") islands. A similar design made of copper was used by Jacob Rowe on the same salvage contract.{{cite journal\\|url\\=https://eds.p.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid\\=1\\&sid\\=b46e3f83\\-e8e5\\-4335\\-9b58\\-20be85a2c097%40redis \\|title\\=Bells, Barrels and Bullion: Diving and Salvage in the Atlantic World, 1500 to 1800 \\|first\\=John E. \\|last\\=Ratcliffe \\|journal\\=Nautical Research Journal \\|volume\\=56 \\|issue\\=1 \\|date\\=Spring 2011 \\|pages\\=35–56 }}", "The first armored suit with real joints, designed as leather pieces with rings in the shape of a spring (also known as accordion joints), was designed by Englishman W. H. Taylor in 1838\\. The diver's hands and feet were covered with leather. Taylor also devised a ballast tank attached to the suit that could be filled with water to attain negative [buoyancy](/wiki/Buoyancy \"Buoyancy\"). While it was patented, the suit was never actually produced. It is considered that its weight and bulk would have rendered it nearly immobile underwater.", "Lodner D. Phillips designed the first completely enclosed ADS in 1856\\. His design comprised a barrel\\-shaped upper torso with domed ends and included ball and socket joints in the articulated arms and legs. The arms had joints at shoulder and elbow, and the legs at knee and hip. The suit included a ballast tank, a viewing port, entrance through a [manhole cover](/wiki/Manhole_cover \"Manhole cover\") on top, a hand\\-cranked propeller, and rudimentary manipulators at the ends of the arms. Air was to be supplied from the surface via hose. There is no indication, however, that Phillips' suit was ever constructed.", "[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|Suit built by Carmagnolle brothers in 1882, was the first anthropomorphic design.](/wiki/File:Scaphandre_Carmagnolle_MnM_Paris.jpg \"Scaphandre Carmagnolle MnM Paris.jpg\")\nThe first properly anthropomorphic design of ADS, built by the [Carmagnolle brothers](/wiki/Carmagnolle_brothers \"Carmagnolle brothers\") of [Marseilles](/wiki/Marseilles \"Marseilles\"), France in 1882, featured rolling convolute joints consisting of partial sections of concentric spheres formed to create a close fit and kept watertight with a waterproof cloth. The suit had 22 of these joints: four in each leg, six per arm, and two in the body of the suit. The helmet had 25 individual {{convert\\|2\\|in\\|mm\\|\\-1\\|adj\\=on}} glass viewing ports spaced at the average distance of the human eyes. Weighing {{convert\\|830\\|lb}}, the Carmagnole ADS never worked properly and its joints never were entirely waterproof. It is now on display at the [French National Navy Museum](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_de_la_Marine \"Musée national de la Marine\") in Paris.", "Another design was patented in 1894 by inventors John Buchanan and Alexander Gordon from [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"). The construction was based on a frame of spiral wires covered with waterproof material. The design was improved by Alexander Gordon by attaching the suit to the helmet and other parts and incorporating jointed [radius rods](/wiki/Radius_rod \"Radius rod\") in the limbs. This resulted in a flexible suit which could withstand high pressure. The suit was manufactured by British firm [Siebe Gorman](/wiki/Siebe_Gorman \"Siebe Gorman\") and trialed in Scotland in 1898\\.\n{{multiple image\\|align\\=left\n \\|header\\=US Navy 1913 ADS", "\\|image1\\=1913 US Navy ADS at Man in the Sea Museum Panama City with mechanical lobster claws Bhargav.jpg\n \\|caption1\\=1913 US Navy ADS at Man in the Sea Museum, Panama City, FL with the lobster claws", "\\|image2\\=2 jawed grasper on 1913 US Navy armored diving suit.jpg\n \\|caption2\\=Close up view of two\\-jawed grasper and pitch\\-yaw wrist joint on 1913 US Navy armored diving suit\n}}", "American designer Macduffee constructed the first suit to use ball bearings to provide joint movement in 1914; it was tested in [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") to a depth of {{convert\\|214\\|ft}}, but was not very successful. A year later, Harry L. Bowdoin of [Bayonne, New Jersey](/wiki/Bayonne%2C_New_Jersey \"Bayonne, New Jersey\"), made an improved ADS with oil\\-filled rotary joints. The joints use a small duct to the interior of the joint to allow equalization of pressure. The suit was designed to have four joints in each arm and leg, and one joint in each thumb, for a total of eighteen. Four viewing ports and a chest\\-mounted lamp were intended to assist underwater vision. Unfortunately, there is no evidence that Bowdoin's suit was ever built, or that it would have worked if it had been.", "Atmospheric diving suits built by German firm [Neufeldt and Kuhnke](/wiki/Neufeldt_and_Kuhnke \"Neufeldt and Kuhnke\") were used during the salvage of gold and silver bullion from the wreck of the British ship [SS *Egypt*](/wiki/SS_Egypt \"SS Egypt\"), an 8,000 ton [P\\&O](/wiki/Peninsular_and_Oriental_Steam_Navigation_Company \"Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company\") liner that sank in May 1922\\. The suit was relegated to duties as an observation chamber at the wreck's depth of {{convert\\|170\\|m\\|ft\\|order\\=flip}}, and was successfully used to direct mechanical grabs which opened up the bullion storage. In 1917, [Benjamin F. Leavitt](/wiki/Benjamin_F._Leavitt \"Benjamin F. Leavitt\") of [Traverse City, Michigan](/wiki/Traverse_City%2C_Michigan \"Traverse City, Michigan\"), dived on the [SS *Pewabic*](/wiki/SS_Pewabic \"SS Pewabic\") which sank to a depth of {{convert\\|182\\|ft\\|m}} in [Lake Huron](/wiki/Lake_Huron \"Lake Huron\") in 1865, salvaging 350 tons of copper ore. In 1923, he went on to salvage the wreck of the British schooner *Cape Horn* which lay in {{convert\\|220\\|ft\\|m}} of water off [Pichidangui](/wiki/Pichidangui \"Pichidangui\"), [Chile](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\"), salvaging $600,000 worth of copper. Leavitt's suit was of his own design and construction. The most innovative aspect of Leavitt's suit was the fact that it was completely self\\-contained and needed no umbilical, the breathing mixture being supplied from a tank mounted on the back of the suit. The breathing apparatus incorporated a [scrubber](/wiki/Scrubber \"Scrubber\") and an oxygen [regulator](/wiki/Diving_regulator \"Diving regulator\") and could last for up to a full hour.", "In 1924 the *[Reichsmarine](/wiki/Reichsmarine \"Reichsmarine\")* tested the second generation of the Neufeldt and Kuhnke suit to {{convert\\|530\\|ft}}, but limb movement was very difficult and the joints were judged not to be [fail\\-safe](/wiki/Fail-safe \"Fail-safe\"), in that if they were to fail, there was a possibility that the suit's integrity would be violated. However, these suits were used by the Germans as armored divers during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") and were later taken by the [Western Allies](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") after the war.", "From 1929 to 1931 two atmospheric pressure one\\-person submersible \"suits\" designed by Carl Wiley were used in the successful salvage of the steamship *[Islander](/wiki/SS_Islander \"SS Islander\")* which sank in the [Stevens Passage](/wiki/Stevens_Passage \"Stevens Passage\") near [Juneau, Alaska](/wiki/Juneau%2C_Alaska \"Juneau, Alaska\") on 15 August 1901, with a large amount of gold dust in the cargo. The suits operated at a maximum depth of {{convert\\|365\\|ft\\|m}}. They were each equipped with a mechanical arm with a grasping claw at the end operated from within the suit. The suits were capable of traversing a hard, reasonably smooth substrate on wheels, and were used to place the steel cables used to raise the wreck by [tidal lift](/wiki/Tidal_lift \"Tidal lift\") (with an {{convert\\|18\\|ft\\|m\\|disp\\=or\\|adj\\=on\\|0}} tide range) under a catamaran barge in stages, while it was towed to shallow water. The suits had electrical power, and the diver/pilot used an oxygen rebreather. These suits have also been described as diving bells and observation chambers, as they do not match the usual definition of an atmospheric diving suit, but they were more than just observation chambers, being capable of work, and were independently mobile, so do not match the usual definition of a diving bell either. They were an unusual type of tethered crewed submersible.", "In 1952, [Alfred A. Mikalow](/wiki/Alfred_A._Mikalow \"Alfred A. Mikalow\") constructed an ADS employing ball and socket joints, specifically for the purpose of locating and salvaging sunken treasure. The suit was reportedly capable of diving to depths of {{convert\\|1000\\|ft\\|m}} and was used successfully to dive on the sunken vessel [SS *City of Rio de Janeiro*](/wiki/SS_City_of_Rio_de_Janeiro \"SS City of Rio de Janeiro\") in {{convert\\|100\\|m\\|ft\\|order\\=flip}} of water near [Fort Point](/wiki/Fort_Point%2C_San_Francisco \"Fort Point, San Francisco\"), [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"). Mikalow's suit had various interchangeable instruments which could be mounted on the end of the arms in place of the usual manipulators. It carried seven 90\\-cubic foot high pressure cylinders to provide breathing gas and control buoyancy. The ballast compartment covered the gas cylinders. For communication, the suit used [hydrophones](/wiki/Hydrophone \"Hydrophone\").", "### The modern suit", "#### Peress' *Tritonia*", "[thumb\\|300px\\|Two divers, one wearing the \"Tritonia\" ADS and the other standard diving dress, preparing to explore the wreck of the {{RMS\\|Lusitania}}, 1935\\.](/wiki/Image:Tritonia_Lusitania_1935.jpg \"Tritonia Lusitania 1935.jpg\")\nAlthough various atmospheric suits had been developed during the [Victorian era](/wiki/Victorian_era \"Victorian era\"), none of these suits had been able to overcome the basic design problem of constructing a joint which would remain flexible and watertight at depth without seizing up under pressure.", "Pioneering British diving engineer, [Joseph Salim Peress](/wiki/Joseph_Salim_Peress \"Joseph Salim Peress\"), invented the first truly usable atmospheric diving suit, the *Tritonia*, in 1932 and was later involved in the construction of the famous [JIM suit](/wiki/JIM_suit \"JIM suit\"). Having a natural talent for engineering design, he challenged himself to construct an ADS that would keep divers dry and at atmospheric pressure, even at great depth. In 1918, Peress began working for WG Tarrant at [Byfleet](/wiki/Byfleet \"Byfleet\"), [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"), where he was given the space and tools to develop his ideas about constructing an ADS. His first attempt was an immensely complex prototype machined from solid [stainless steel](/wiki/Stainless_steel \"Stainless steel\").", "In 1923, Peress was asked to design a suit for salvage work on the wreck of [SS *Egypt*](/wiki/SS_Egypt \"SS Egypt\") which had sunk in the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel \"English Channel\"). He declined, on the grounds that his prototype suit was too heavy for a diver to handle easily, but was encouraged by the request to begin work on a new suit using lighter materials. By 1929 he believed he had solved the weight problem, by using cast magnesium instead of steel, and had also managed to improve the design of the suit's joints by using a trapped cushion of oil to keep the surfaces moving smoothly. The oil was virtually non\\-compressible and readily displaceable, which would allow the limb joints to move freely even under great pressure. Peress claimed the Tritonia suit could function at {{convert\\|200\\|fathom\\|ft m\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=out}}, where the pressure was {{convert\\|520\\|psi\\|atm\\|abbr\\=on}}, although this was never proven.", "[thumb\\|Luciana Civico ascending from the dive of the depth record at {{convert\\|82\\|m\\|ft\\|order\\=flip}} on 11 November 1962 in the vicinity of Capo Miseno in the Gulf of Pozzuoli tightens the pincer of the diving suit operated by the s. Lieutenant Benito Velardi](/wiki/File:Luciana_Civico_risalita_record_ARA_meno_80_stringe_pinza_scafandro_Verardi.jpg \"Luciana Civico risalita record ARA meno 80 stringe pinza scafandro Verardi.jpg\")", "In 1930, Peress revealed the Tritonia suit. By May it had completed trials and was publicly demonstrated in a tank at [Byfleet](/wiki/Byfleet \"Byfleet\"). In September Peress' assistant [Jim Jarret](/wiki/Jim_Jarret \"Jim Jarret\") dived in the suit to a depth of {{convert\\|123\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip}} in [Loch Ness](/wiki/Loch_Ness \"Loch Ness\"). The suit performed perfectly, the joints proving resistant to pressure and moving freely even at depth. The suit was offered to the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") which turned it down, stating that Navy divers never needed to descend below {{convert\\|90\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip}}. In October 1935 Jarret made a successful deep dive to more than {{convert\\|90\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip}} on the wreck of the {{RMS\\|Lusitania}} off south Ireland, followed by a shallower dive to {{convert\\|60\\|m\\|ft\\|order\\=flip}} in the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel \"English Channel\") in 1937 after which, due to lack of interest, the Tritonia suit was retired.", "The development in atmospheric pressure suits stagnated in the 1940s through 1960s, as efforts were concentrated on solving the problems of deep diving by dealing with the physiological problems of ambient pressure diving instead of avoiding them by isolating the diver from the pressure. Although the advances in ambient pressure diving (in particular, with [scuba](/wiki/Scuba_set \"Scuba set\") gear) were significant, the limitations brought renewed interest to the development of the ADS in the late 1960s.", "#### The JIM suit", "{{main\\|JIM suit}}\nThe *Tritonia* suit spent about 30 years in an engineering company's warehouse in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\"), where it was discovered, with Peress' help, by two partners in the British firm Underwater Marine Equipment, Mike Humphrey and Mike Borrow, in the mid\\-1960s. UMEL would later classify Peress' suit as the \"A.D.S Type I\", a designation system that would be continued by the company for later models. In 1969, Peress was asked to become a consultant to the new company created to develop the JIM suit, named in honour of the diver Jim Jarret.", "[thumb\\|JIM suit in Naval Undersea Museum](/wiki/File:JIM_suit_in_Naval_Undersea_Museum.jpg \"JIM suit in Naval Undersea Museum.jpg\")\nThe first JIM suit was completed in November 1971 and underwent trials aboard {{HMS\\|Reclaim}} in early 1972\\. In 1976, the JIM suit set a record for the longest working dive below {{convert\\|490\\|ft}}, lasting five hours and 59 minutes at a depth of {{convert\\|905\\|ft}}. The first JIM suits were constructed from cast magnesium for its high strength\\-to\\-weight ratio and weighed approximately {{convert\\|1,100\\|lb}} in air including the diver. They were {{convert\\|6\\|ft\\|6\\|in}} in height and had a maximum operating depth of {{convert\\|1,500\\|ft}}. The suit had a positive buoyancy of {{convert\\|15\\|to\\|50\\|lbf}}. Ballast was attached to the suit's front and could be jettisoned from within, allowing the operator to ascend to the surface at approximately {{convert\\|100\\|ft/min}}. The suit also incorporated a communication link and a jettisonable umbilical connection. The original JIM suit had eight annular oil\\-supported universal joints, one in each shoulder and lower arm, and one at each hip and knee. The JIM operator received air through an oral/nasal mask that attached to a lung\\-powered scrubber that had a life support duration of approximately 72 hours. Operations in arctic conditions with water temperatures of {{cvt\\|−1\\.7\\|C\\|F\\|order\\=flip}} for over 5 hours were successfully carried out using woolen thermal protection and neoprene boots. In {{cvt\\|30\\|C\\|F\\|order\\=flip}} water the suit was reported to be uncomfortably hot during heavy work.", "[thumb\\|left\\|A [JIM suit](/wiki/JIM_suit \"JIM suit\") on display at the [Royal Navy Submarine Museum](/wiki/Royal_Navy_Submarine_Museum \"Royal Navy Submarine Museum\"), Gosport](/wiki/Image:JIM_suitRoyal_Navy_Submarine_Museum.jpg \"JIM suitRoyal Navy Submarine Museum.jpg\") \nAs technology improved and operational knowledge grew, Oceaneering upgraded their fleet of JIMs. The magnesium construction was replaced with [glass\\-reinforced plastic](/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic \"Glass-reinforced plastic\") (GRP) and the single joints with segmented ones, each allowing seven degrees of motion, and when added together giving the operator a very great range of motion. In addition, the four\\-port domed top of the suit was replaced by a transparent acrylic dome as used on WASP, this allowed the operator a much\\-improved field of vision. Trials were also carried out by the [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)\") on a flying Jim suit powered from the surface through an umbilical cable. This resulted in a hybrid suit with the ability of working on the sea bed as well as mid water.", "In addition to upgrades to the JIM design, other variations of the original suit were constructed. The first, named the SAM Suit (designated A.D.S III), was a completely aluminium model. A smaller and lighter suit, it was more anthropomorphic than the original JIMs and was depth\\-rated to {{convert\\|1,000\\|ft}}. Attempts were made to limit corrosion by the use of a chromic anodizing coating applied to the arm and leg joints, which gave them an unusual green color. The SAM suit stood at {{convert\\|6\\|ft\\|3\\|in\\|m}} in height, and had a life support duration of 20 hours. Only three SAM suits would be produced by UMEL before the design was shelved. The second, named the JAM suit (designated A.D.S IV), was constructed of [glass\\-reinforced plastic](/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic \"Glass-reinforced plastic\") (GRP) and was depth\\-rated for around {{convert\\|2,000\\|ft\\|m}}.", "### WASP", "[thumb\\|WASP at the OSEL Testing tank [Great Yarmouth](/wiki/Great_Yarmouth \"Great Yarmouth\"), UK](/wiki/File:WASP_at_the_OSEL_Testing_tank_Gt_Yarmouth%2C_UK.JPG \"WASP at the OSEL Testing tank Gt Yarmouth, UK.JPG\")\nThe WASP atmospheric diving system is part way between a one person submersible and an atmospheric diving suit, in that there are articulated arms which contain and are moved by the operator's arms, but the operator's legs are contained in a rigid housing. Mobility is provided by two vertical and two horizontal foot\\-switch controlled electrical [marine thrusters](/wiki/Marine_thruster \"Marine thruster\"). Operating depth was quoted as {{convert\\|2300\\|ft\\|m}}", "WASP is {{convert\\|84\\|in\\|m}} high, {{convert\\|42\\|in\\|m}} wide, and {{convert\\|34\\|in\\|m}} front to back. Ballasted weight in air approximately {{convert\\|2200\\|lb\\|kg}}, for neutral buoyancy in water, but buoyancy can be increased by up to {{convert\\|35\\|lb\\|kg}} during operation, and ballast can be jettisoned in an emergency. WASP is transported on a support frame.", "", "" ]
### Early designs {{Multiple image \| perrow \= 1 \| total\_width \= 200 \| direction \= vertical \| image1 \= Jacob Rowe's diving machine.jpg \| width1 \= 190px \| alt1 \= Drawing of a one person tapered submarine like vessel with sealed holes for operator's arms shown with rope slings \| caption1 \= \[\[Jacob Rowe]]'s copper diving dress, built in the 1710s \| image2 \= John Lethbridge diving apparatus replica (1715\).jpg \| width2 \= 190px \| alt2 \= Tapered one person submarine like wooden vessel with sealed holes for operator's arms held aloft by rope slings in a museum display \| caption2 \= Modern replica on display at the \[\[History of Diving Museum]], Florida (inaccurate, Lethbidge's suit was not curved) }} In 1715, British inventor [John Lethbridge](/wiki/John_Lethbridge "John Lethbridge") constructed a "diving engine". Essentially a wooden barrel about {{convert\|6\|ft\|m}} in length with two holes for the diver's arms sealed with leather cuffs, and a {{convert\|4\|in\|mm\|adj\=on}} viewport of thick glass. It was reportedly used to dive as deep as {{convert\|60\|ft}}, and was used to salvage substantial quantities of [silver](/wiki/Silver "Silver") from the wreck of the [East Indiaman](/wiki/East_Indiaman "East Indiaman") {{ship\|\|Vansittart\|1718 EIC ship\|2}}, which sank in 1719 off the [Cape Verde](/wiki/Cape_Verde "Cape Verde") islands. A similar design made of copper was used by Jacob Rowe on the same salvage contract.{{cite journal\|url\=https://eds.p.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid\=1\&sid\=b46e3f83\-e8e5\-4335\-9b58\-20be85a2c097%40redis \|title\=Bells, Barrels and Bullion: Diving and Salvage in the Atlantic World, 1500 to 1800 \|first\=John E. \|last\=Ratcliffe \|journal\=Nautical Research Journal \|volume\=56 \|issue\=1 \|date\=Spring 2011 \|pages\=35–56 }} The first armored suit with real joints, designed as leather pieces with rings in the shape of a spring (also known as accordion joints), was designed by Englishman W. H. Taylor in 1838\. The diver's hands and feet were covered with leather. Taylor also devised a ballast tank attached to the suit that could be filled with water to attain negative [buoyancy](/wiki/Buoyancy "Buoyancy"). While it was patented, the suit was never actually produced. It is considered that its weight and bulk would have rendered it nearly immobile underwater. Lodner D. Phillips designed the first completely enclosed ADS in 1856\. His design comprised a barrel\-shaped upper torso with domed ends and included ball and socket joints in the articulated arms and legs. The arms had joints at shoulder and elbow, and the legs at knee and hip. The suit included a ballast tank, a viewing port, entrance through a [manhole cover](/wiki/Manhole_cover "Manhole cover") on top, a hand\-cranked propeller, and rudimentary manipulators at the ends of the arms. Air was to be supplied from the surface via hose. There is no indication, however, that Phillips' suit was ever constructed. [thumb\|left\|upright\|Suit built by Carmagnolle brothers in 1882, was the first anthropomorphic design.](/wiki/File:Scaphandre_Carmagnolle_MnM_Paris.jpg "Scaphandre Carmagnolle MnM Paris.jpg") The first properly anthropomorphic design of ADS, built by the [Carmagnolle brothers](/wiki/Carmagnolle_brothers "Carmagnolle brothers") of [Marseilles](/wiki/Marseilles "Marseilles"), France in 1882, featured rolling convolute joints consisting of partial sections of concentric spheres formed to create a close fit and kept watertight with a waterproof cloth. The suit had 22 of these joints: four in each leg, six per arm, and two in the body of the suit. The helmet had 25 individual {{convert\|2\|in\|mm\|\-1\|adj\=on}} glass viewing ports spaced at the average distance of the human eyes. Weighing {{convert\|830\|lb}}, the Carmagnole ADS never worked properly and its joints never were entirely waterproof. It is now on display at the [French National Navy Museum](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_de_la_Marine "Musée national de la Marine") in Paris. Another design was patented in 1894 by inventors John Buchanan and Alexander Gordon from [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"). The construction was based on a frame of spiral wires covered with waterproof material. The design was improved by Alexander Gordon by attaching the suit to the helmet and other parts and incorporating jointed [radius rods](/wiki/Radius_rod "Radius rod") in the limbs. This resulted in a flexible suit which could withstand high pressure. The suit was manufactured by British firm [Siebe Gorman](/wiki/Siebe_Gorman "Siebe Gorman") and trialed in Scotland in 1898\. {{multiple image\|align\=left \|header\=US Navy 1913 ADS \|image1\=1913 US Navy ADS at Man in the Sea Museum Panama City with mechanical lobster claws Bhargav.jpg \|caption1\=1913 US Navy ADS at Man in the Sea Museum, Panama City, FL with the lobster claws \|image2\=2 jawed grasper on 1913 US Navy armored diving suit.jpg \|caption2\=Close up view of two\-jawed grasper and pitch\-yaw wrist joint on 1913 US Navy armored diving suit }} American designer Macduffee constructed the first suit to use ball bearings to provide joint movement in 1914; it was tested in [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") to a depth of {{convert\|214\|ft}}, but was not very successful. A year later, Harry L. Bowdoin of [Bayonne, New Jersey](/wiki/Bayonne%2C_New_Jersey "Bayonne, New Jersey"), made an improved ADS with oil\-filled rotary joints. The joints use a small duct to the interior of the joint to allow equalization of pressure. The suit was designed to have four joints in each arm and leg, and one joint in each thumb, for a total of eighteen. Four viewing ports and a chest\-mounted lamp were intended to assist underwater vision. Unfortunately, there is no evidence that Bowdoin's suit was ever built, or that it would have worked if it had been. Atmospheric diving suits built by German firm [Neufeldt and Kuhnke](/wiki/Neufeldt_and_Kuhnke "Neufeldt and Kuhnke") were used during the salvage of gold and silver bullion from the wreck of the British ship [SS *Egypt*](/wiki/SS_Egypt "SS Egypt"), an 8,000 ton [P\&O](/wiki/Peninsular_and_Oriental_Steam_Navigation_Company "Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company") liner that sank in May 1922\. The suit was relegated to duties as an observation chamber at the wreck's depth of {{convert\|170\|m\|ft\|order\=flip}}, and was successfully used to direct mechanical grabs which opened up the bullion storage. In 1917, [Benjamin F. Leavitt](/wiki/Benjamin_F._Leavitt "Benjamin F. Leavitt") of [Traverse City, Michigan](/wiki/Traverse_City%2C_Michigan "Traverse City, Michigan"), dived on the [SS *Pewabic*](/wiki/SS_Pewabic "SS Pewabic") which sank to a depth of {{convert\|182\|ft\|m}} in [Lake Huron](/wiki/Lake_Huron "Lake Huron") in 1865, salvaging 350 tons of copper ore. In 1923, he went on to salvage the wreck of the British schooner *Cape Horn* which lay in {{convert\|220\|ft\|m}} of water off [Pichidangui](/wiki/Pichidangui "Pichidangui"), [Chile](/wiki/Chile "Chile"), salvaging $600,000 worth of copper. Leavitt's suit was of his own design and construction. The most innovative aspect of Leavitt's suit was the fact that it was completely self\-contained and needed no umbilical, the breathing mixture being supplied from a tank mounted on the back of the suit. The breathing apparatus incorporated a [scrubber](/wiki/Scrubber "Scrubber") and an oxygen [regulator](/wiki/Diving_regulator "Diving regulator") and could last for up to a full hour. In 1924 the *[Reichsmarine](/wiki/Reichsmarine "Reichsmarine")* tested the second generation of the Neufeldt and Kuhnke suit to {{convert\|530\|ft}}, but limb movement was very difficult and the joints were judged not to be [fail\-safe](/wiki/Fail-safe "Fail-safe"), in that if they were to fail, there was a possibility that the suit's integrity would be violated. However, these suits were used by the Germans as armored divers during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") and were later taken by the [Western Allies](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") after the war. From 1929 to 1931 two atmospheric pressure one\-person submersible "suits" designed by Carl Wiley were used in the successful salvage of the steamship *[Islander](/wiki/SS_Islander "SS Islander")* which sank in the [Stevens Passage](/wiki/Stevens_Passage "Stevens Passage") near [Juneau, Alaska](/wiki/Juneau%2C_Alaska "Juneau, Alaska") on 15 August 1901, with a large amount of gold dust in the cargo. The suits operated at a maximum depth of {{convert\|365\|ft\|m}}. They were each equipped with a mechanical arm with a grasping claw at the end operated from within the suit. The suits were capable of traversing a hard, reasonably smooth substrate on wheels, and were used to place the steel cables used to raise the wreck by [tidal lift](/wiki/Tidal_lift "Tidal lift") (with an {{convert\|18\|ft\|m\|disp\=or\|adj\=on\|0}} tide range) under a catamaran barge in stages, while it was towed to shallow water. The suits had electrical power, and the diver/pilot used an oxygen rebreather. These suits have also been described as diving bells and observation chambers, as they do not match the usual definition of an atmospheric diving suit, but they were more than just observation chambers, being capable of work, and were independently mobile, so do not match the usual definition of a diving bell either. They were an unusual type of tethered crewed submersible. In 1952, [Alfred A. Mikalow](/wiki/Alfred_A._Mikalow "Alfred A. Mikalow") constructed an ADS employing ball and socket joints, specifically for the purpose of locating and salvaging sunken treasure. The suit was reportedly capable of diving to depths of {{convert\|1000\|ft\|m}} and was used successfully to dive on the sunken vessel [SS *City of Rio de Janeiro*](/wiki/SS_City_of_Rio_de_Janeiro "SS City of Rio de Janeiro") in {{convert\|100\|m\|ft\|order\=flip}} of water near [Fort Point](/wiki/Fort_Point%2C_San_Francisco "Fort Point, San Francisco"), [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"). Mikalow's suit had various interchangeable instruments which could be mounted on the end of the arms in place of the usual manipulators. It carried seven 90\-cubic foot high pressure cylinders to provide breathing gas and control buoyancy. The ballast compartment covered the gas cylinders. For communication, the suit used [hydrophones](/wiki/Hydrophone "Hydrophone").
[ "### Early designs", "{{Multiple image\n\\| perrow \\= 1\n\\| total\\_width \\= 200\n\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\| image1 \\= Jacob Rowe's diving machine.jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 190px\n\\| alt1 \\= Drawing of a one person tapered submarine like vessel with sealed holes for operator's arms shown with rope slings\n\\| caption1 \\= \\[\\[Jacob Rowe]]'s copper diving dress, built in the 1710s\n\\| image2 \\= John Lethbridge diving apparatus replica (1715\\).jpg\n\\| width2 \\= 190px\n\\| alt2 \\= Tapered one person submarine like wooden vessel with sealed holes for operator's arms held aloft by rope slings in a museum display\n\\| caption2 \\= Modern replica on display at the \\[\\[History of Diving Museum]], Florida (inaccurate, Lethbidge's suit was not curved)\n}}\nIn 1715, British inventor [John Lethbridge](/wiki/John_Lethbridge \"John Lethbridge\") constructed a \"diving engine\". Essentially a wooden barrel about {{convert\\|6\\|ft\\|m}} in length with two holes for the diver's arms sealed with leather cuffs, and a {{convert\\|4\\|in\\|mm\\|adj\\=on}} viewport of thick glass. It was reportedly used to dive as deep as {{convert\\|60\\|ft}}, and was used to salvage substantial quantities of [silver](/wiki/Silver \"Silver\") from the wreck of the [East Indiaman](/wiki/East_Indiaman \"East Indiaman\") {{ship\\|\\|Vansittart\\|1718 EIC ship\\|2}}, which sank in 1719 off the [Cape Verde](/wiki/Cape_Verde \"Cape Verde\") islands. A similar design made of copper was used by Jacob Rowe on the same salvage contract.{{cite journal\\|url\\=https://eds.p.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid\\=1\\&sid\\=b46e3f83\\-e8e5\\-4335\\-9b58\\-20be85a2c097%40redis \\|title\\=Bells, Barrels and Bullion: Diving and Salvage in the Atlantic World, 1500 to 1800 \\|first\\=John E. \\|last\\=Ratcliffe \\|journal\\=Nautical Research Journal \\|volume\\=56 \\|issue\\=1 \\|date\\=Spring 2011 \\|pages\\=35–56 }}", "The first armored suit with real joints, designed as leather pieces with rings in the shape of a spring (also known as accordion joints), was designed by Englishman W. H. Taylor in 1838\\. The diver's hands and feet were covered with leather. Taylor also devised a ballast tank attached to the suit that could be filled with water to attain negative [buoyancy](/wiki/Buoyancy \"Buoyancy\"). While it was patented, the suit was never actually produced. It is considered that its weight and bulk would have rendered it nearly immobile underwater.", "Lodner D. Phillips designed the first completely enclosed ADS in 1856\\. His design comprised a barrel\\-shaped upper torso with domed ends and included ball and socket joints in the articulated arms and legs. The arms had joints at shoulder and elbow, and the legs at knee and hip. The suit included a ballast tank, a viewing port, entrance through a [manhole cover](/wiki/Manhole_cover \"Manhole cover\") on top, a hand\\-cranked propeller, and rudimentary manipulators at the ends of the arms. Air was to be supplied from the surface via hose. There is no indication, however, that Phillips' suit was ever constructed.", "[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|Suit built by Carmagnolle brothers in 1882, was the first anthropomorphic design.](/wiki/File:Scaphandre_Carmagnolle_MnM_Paris.jpg \"Scaphandre Carmagnolle MnM Paris.jpg\")\nThe first properly anthropomorphic design of ADS, built by the [Carmagnolle brothers](/wiki/Carmagnolle_brothers \"Carmagnolle brothers\") of [Marseilles](/wiki/Marseilles \"Marseilles\"), France in 1882, featured rolling convolute joints consisting of partial sections of concentric spheres formed to create a close fit and kept watertight with a waterproof cloth. The suit had 22 of these joints: four in each leg, six per arm, and two in the body of the suit. The helmet had 25 individual {{convert\\|2\\|in\\|mm\\|\\-1\\|adj\\=on}} glass viewing ports spaced at the average distance of the human eyes. Weighing {{convert\\|830\\|lb}}, the Carmagnole ADS never worked properly and its joints never were entirely waterproof. It is now on display at the [French National Navy Museum](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_de_la_Marine \"Musée national de la Marine\") in Paris.", "Another design was patented in 1894 by inventors John Buchanan and Alexander Gordon from [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"). The construction was based on a frame of spiral wires covered with waterproof material. The design was improved by Alexander Gordon by attaching the suit to the helmet and other parts and incorporating jointed [radius rods](/wiki/Radius_rod \"Radius rod\") in the limbs. This resulted in a flexible suit which could withstand high pressure. The suit was manufactured by British firm [Siebe Gorman](/wiki/Siebe_Gorman \"Siebe Gorman\") and trialed in Scotland in 1898\\.\n{{multiple image\\|align\\=left\n \\|header\\=US Navy 1913 ADS", "\\|image1\\=1913 US Navy ADS at Man in the Sea Museum Panama City with mechanical lobster claws Bhargav.jpg\n \\|caption1\\=1913 US Navy ADS at Man in the Sea Museum, Panama City, FL with the lobster claws", "\\|image2\\=2 jawed grasper on 1913 US Navy armored diving suit.jpg\n \\|caption2\\=Close up view of two\\-jawed grasper and pitch\\-yaw wrist joint on 1913 US Navy armored diving suit\n}}", "American designer Macduffee constructed the first suit to use ball bearings to provide joint movement in 1914; it was tested in [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") to a depth of {{convert\\|214\\|ft}}, but was not very successful. A year later, Harry L. Bowdoin of [Bayonne, New Jersey](/wiki/Bayonne%2C_New_Jersey \"Bayonne, New Jersey\"), made an improved ADS with oil\\-filled rotary joints. The joints use a small duct to the interior of the joint to allow equalization of pressure. The suit was designed to have four joints in each arm and leg, and one joint in each thumb, for a total of eighteen. Four viewing ports and a chest\\-mounted lamp were intended to assist underwater vision. Unfortunately, there is no evidence that Bowdoin's suit was ever built, or that it would have worked if it had been.", "Atmospheric diving suits built by German firm [Neufeldt and Kuhnke](/wiki/Neufeldt_and_Kuhnke \"Neufeldt and Kuhnke\") were used during the salvage of gold and silver bullion from the wreck of the British ship [SS *Egypt*](/wiki/SS_Egypt \"SS Egypt\"), an 8,000 ton [P\\&O](/wiki/Peninsular_and_Oriental_Steam_Navigation_Company \"Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company\") liner that sank in May 1922\\. The suit was relegated to duties as an observation chamber at the wreck's depth of {{convert\\|170\\|m\\|ft\\|order\\=flip}}, and was successfully used to direct mechanical grabs which opened up the bullion storage. In 1917, [Benjamin F. Leavitt](/wiki/Benjamin_F._Leavitt \"Benjamin F. Leavitt\") of [Traverse City, Michigan](/wiki/Traverse_City%2C_Michigan \"Traverse City, Michigan\"), dived on the [SS *Pewabic*](/wiki/SS_Pewabic \"SS Pewabic\") which sank to a depth of {{convert\\|182\\|ft\\|m}} in [Lake Huron](/wiki/Lake_Huron \"Lake Huron\") in 1865, salvaging 350 tons of copper ore. In 1923, he went on to salvage the wreck of the British schooner *Cape Horn* which lay in {{convert\\|220\\|ft\\|m}} of water off [Pichidangui](/wiki/Pichidangui \"Pichidangui\"), [Chile](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\"), salvaging $600,000 worth of copper. Leavitt's suit was of his own design and construction. The most innovative aspect of Leavitt's suit was the fact that it was completely self\\-contained and needed no umbilical, the breathing mixture being supplied from a tank mounted on the back of the suit. The breathing apparatus incorporated a [scrubber](/wiki/Scrubber \"Scrubber\") and an oxygen [regulator](/wiki/Diving_regulator \"Diving regulator\") and could last for up to a full hour.", "In 1924 the *[Reichsmarine](/wiki/Reichsmarine \"Reichsmarine\")* tested the second generation of the Neufeldt and Kuhnke suit to {{convert\\|530\\|ft}}, but limb movement was very difficult and the joints were judged not to be [fail\\-safe](/wiki/Fail-safe \"Fail-safe\"), in that if they were to fail, there was a possibility that the suit's integrity would be violated. However, these suits were used by the Germans as armored divers during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") and were later taken by the [Western Allies](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") after the war.", "From 1929 to 1931 two atmospheric pressure one\\-person submersible \"suits\" designed by Carl Wiley were used in the successful salvage of the steamship *[Islander](/wiki/SS_Islander \"SS Islander\")* which sank in the [Stevens Passage](/wiki/Stevens_Passage \"Stevens Passage\") near [Juneau, Alaska](/wiki/Juneau%2C_Alaska \"Juneau, Alaska\") on 15 August 1901, with a large amount of gold dust in the cargo. The suits operated at a maximum depth of {{convert\\|365\\|ft\\|m}}. They were each equipped with a mechanical arm with a grasping claw at the end operated from within the suit. The suits were capable of traversing a hard, reasonably smooth substrate on wheels, and were used to place the steel cables used to raise the wreck by [tidal lift](/wiki/Tidal_lift \"Tidal lift\") (with an {{convert\\|18\\|ft\\|m\\|disp\\=or\\|adj\\=on\\|0}} tide range) under a catamaran barge in stages, while it was towed to shallow water. The suits had electrical power, and the diver/pilot used an oxygen rebreather. These suits have also been described as diving bells and observation chambers, as they do not match the usual definition of an atmospheric diving suit, but they were more than just observation chambers, being capable of work, and were independently mobile, so do not match the usual definition of a diving bell either. They were an unusual type of tethered crewed submersible.", "In 1952, [Alfred A. Mikalow](/wiki/Alfred_A._Mikalow \"Alfred A. Mikalow\") constructed an ADS employing ball and socket joints, specifically for the purpose of locating and salvaging sunken treasure. The suit was reportedly capable of diving to depths of {{convert\\|1000\\|ft\\|m}} and was used successfully to dive on the sunken vessel [SS *City of Rio de Janeiro*](/wiki/SS_City_of_Rio_de_Janeiro \"SS City of Rio de Janeiro\") in {{convert\\|100\\|m\\|ft\\|order\\=flip}} of water near [Fort Point](/wiki/Fort_Point%2C_San_Francisco \"Fort Point, San Francisco\"), [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"). Mikalow's suit had various interchangeable instruments which could be mounted on the end of the arms in place of the usual manipulators. It carried seven 90\\-cubic foot high pressure cylinders to provide breathing gas and control buoyancy. The ballast compartment covered the gas cylinders. For communication, the suit used [hydrophones](/wiki/Hydrophone \"Hydrophone\").", "", "" ]
### The modern suit #### Peress' *Tritonia* [thumb\|300px\|Two divers, one wearing the "Tritonia" ADS and the other standard diving dress, preparing to explore the wreck of the {{RMS\|Lusitania}}, 1935\.](/wiki/Image:Tritonia_Lusitania_1935.jpg "Tritonia Lusitania 1935.jpg") Although various atmospheric suits had been developed during the [Victorian era](/wiki/Victorian_era "Victorian era"), none of these suits had been able to overcome the basic design problem of constructing a joint which would remain flexible and watertight at depth without seizing up under pressure. Pioneering British diving engineer, [Joseph Salim Peress](/wiki/Joseph_Salim_Peress "Joseph Salim Peress"), invented the first truly usable atmospheric diving suit, the *Tritonia*, in 1932 and was later involved in the construction of the famous [JIM suit](/wiki/JIM_suit "JIM suit"). Having a natural talent for engineering design, he challenged himself to construct an ADS that would keep divers dry and at atmospheric pressure, even at great depth. In 1918, Peress began working for WG Tarrant at [Byfleet](/wiki/Byfleet "Byfleet"), [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"), where he was given the space and tools to develop his ideas about constructing an ADS. His first attempt was an immensely complex prototype machined from solid [stainless steel](/wiki/Stainless_steel "Stainless steel"). In 1923, Peress was asked to design a suit for salvage work on the wreck of [SS *Egypt*](/wiki/SS_Egypt "SS Egypt") which had sunk in the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel "English Channel"). He declined, on the grounds that his prototype suit was too heavy for a diver to handle easily, but was encouraged by the request to begin work on a new suit using lighter materials. By 1929 he believed he had solved the weight problem, by using cast magnesium instead of steel, and had also managed to improve the design of the suit's joints by using a trapped cushion of oil to keep the surfaces moving smoothly. The oil was virtually non\-compressible and readily displaceable, which would allow the limb joints to move freely even under great pressure. Peress claimed the Tritonia suit could function at {{convert\|200\|fathom\|ft m\|abbr\=on\|order\=out}}, where the pressure was {{convert\|520\|psi\|atm\|abbr\=on}}, although this was never proven. [thumb\|Luciana Civico ascending from the dive of the depth record at {{convert\|82\|m\|ft\|order\=flip}} on 11 November 1962 in the vicinity of Capo Miseno in the Gulf of Pozzuoli tightens the pincer of the diving suit operated by the s. Lieutenant Benito Velardi](/wiki/File:Luciana_Civico_risalita_record_ARA_meno_80_stringe_pinza_scafandro_Verardi.jpg "Luciana Civico risalita record ARA meno 80 stringe pinza scafandro Verardi.jpg") In 1930, Peress revealed the Tritonia suit. By May it had completed trials and was publicly demonstrated in a tank at [Byfleet](/wiki/Byfleet "Byfleet"). In September Peress' assistant [Jim Jarret](/wiki/Jim_Jarret "Jim Jarret") dived in the suit to a depth of {{convert\|123\|m\|ft\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip}} in [Loch Ness](/wiki/Loch_Ness "Loch Ness"). The suit performed perfectly, the joints proving resistant to pressure and moving freely even at depth. The suit was offered to the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") which turned it down, stating that Navy divers never needed to descend below {{convert\|90\|m\|ft\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip}}. In October 1935 Jarret made a successful deep dive to more than {{convert\|90\|m\|ft\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip}} on the wreck of the {{RMS\|Lusitania}} off south Ireland, followed by a shallower dive to {{convert\|60\|m\|ft\|order\=flip}} in the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel "English Channel") in 1937 after which, due to lack of interest, the Tritonia suit was retired. The development in atmospheric pressure suits stagnated in the 1940s through 1960s, as efforts were concentrated on solving the problems of deep diving by dealing with the physiological problems of ambient pressure diving instead of avoiding them by isolating the diver from the pressure. Although the advances in ambient pressure diving (in particular, with [scuba](/wiki/Scuba_set "Scuba set") gear) were significant, the limitations brought renewed interest to the development of the ADS in the late 1960s. #### The JIM suit {{main\|JIM suit}} The *Tritonia* suit spent about 30 years in an engineering company's warehouse in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow "Glasgow"), where it was discovered, with Peress' help, by two partners in the British firm Underwater Marine Equipment, Mike Humphrey and Mike Borrow, in the mid\-1960s. UMEL would later classify Peress' suit as the "A.D.S Type I", a designation system that would be continued by the company for later models. In 1969, Peress was asked to become a consultant to the new company created to develop the JIM suit, named in honour of the diver Jim Jarret. [thumb\|JIM suit in Naval Undersea Museum](/wiki/File:JIM_suit_in_Naval_Undersea_Museum.jpg "JIM suit in Naval Undersea Museum.jpg") The first JIM suit was completed in November 1971 and underwent trials aboard {{HMS\|Reclaim}} in early 1972\. In 1976, the JIM suit set a record for the longest working dive below {{convert\|490\|ft}}, lasting five hours and 59 minutes at a depth of {{convert\|905\|ft}}. The first JIM suits were constructed from cast magnesium for its high strength\-to\-weight ratio and weighed approximately {{convert\|1,100\|lb}} in air including the diver. They were {{convert\|6\|ft\|6\|in}} in height and had a maximum operating depth of {{convert\|1,500\|ft}}. The suit had a positive buoyancy of {{convert\|15\|to\|50\|lbf}}. Ballast was attached to the suit's front and could be jettisoned from within, allowing the operator to ascend to the surface at approximately {{convert\|100\|ft/min}}. The suit also incorporated a communication link and a jettisonable umbilical connection. The original JIM suit had eight annular oil\-supported universal joints, one in each shoulder and lower arm, and one at each hip and knee. The JIM operator received air through an oral/nasal mask that attached to a lung\-powered scrubber that had a life support duration of approximately 72 hours. Operations in arctic conditions with water temperatures of {{cvt\|−1\.7\|C\|F\|order\=flip}} for over 5 hours were successfully carried out using woolen thermal protection and neoprene boots. In {{cvt\|30\|C\|F\|order\=flip}} water the suit was reported to be uncomfortably hot during heavy work. [thumb\|left\|A [JIM suit](/wiki/JIM_suit "JIM suit") on display at the [Royal Navy Submarine Museum](/wiki/Royal_Navy_Submarine_Museum "Royal Navy Submarine Museum"), Gosport](/wiki/Image:JIM_suitRoyal_Navy_Submarine_Museum.jpg "JIM suitRoyal Navy Submarine Museum.jpg") As technology improved and operational knowledge grew, Oceaneering upgraded their fleet of JIMs. The magnesium construction was replaced with [glass\-reinforced plastic](/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic "Glass-reinforced plastic") (GRP) and the single joints with segmented ones, each allowing seven degrees of motion, and when added together giving the operator a very great range of motion. In addition, the four\-port domed top of the suit was replaced by a transparent acrylic dome as used on WASP, this allowed the operator a much\-improved field of vision. Trials were also carried out by the [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)") on a flying Jim suit powered from the surface through an umbilical cable. This resulted in a hybrid suit with the ability of working on the sea bed as well as mid water. In addition to upgrades to the JIM design, other variations of the original suit were constructed. The first, named the SAM Suit (designated A.D.S III), was a completely aluminium model. A smaller and lighter suit, it was more anthropomorphic than the original JIMs and was depth\-rated to {{convert\|1,000\|ft}}. Attempts were made to limit corrosion by the use of a chromic anodizing coating applied to the arm and leg joints, which gave them an unusual green color. The SAM suit stood at {{convert\|6\|ft\|3\|in\|m}} in height, and had a life support duration of 20 hours. Only three SAM suits would be produced by UMEL before the design was shelved. The second, named the JAM suit (designated A.D.S IV), was constructed of [glass\-reinforced plastic](/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic "Glass-reinforced plastic") (GRP) and was depth\-rated for around {{convert\|2,000\|ft\|m}}.
[ "### The modern suit", "#### Peress' *Tritonia*", "[thumb\\|300px\\|Two divers, one wearing the \"Tritonia\" ADS and the other standard diving dress, preparing to explore the wreck of the {{RMS\\|Lusitania}}, 1935\\.](/wiki/Image:Tritonia_Lusitania_1935.jpg \"Tritonia Lusitania 1935.jpg\")\nAlthough various atmospheric suits had been developed during the [Victorian era](/wiki/Victorian_era \"Victorian era\"), none of these suits had been able to overcome the basic design problem of constructing a joint which would remain flexible and watertight at depth without seizing up under pressure.", "Pioneering British diving engineer, [Joseph Salim Peress](/wiki/Joseph_Salim_Peress \"Joseph Salim Peress\"), invented the first truly usable atmospheric diving suit, the *Tritonia*, in 1932 and was later involved in the construction of the famous [JIM suit](/wiki/JIM_suit \"JIM suit\"). Having a natural talent for engineering design, he challenged himself to construct an ADS that would keep divers dry and at atmospheric pressure, even at great depth. In 1918, Peress began working for WG Tarrant at [Byfleet](/wiki/Byfleet \"Byfleet\"), [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"), where he was given the space and tools to develop his ideas about constructing an ADS. His first attempt was an immensely complex prototype machined from solid [stainless steel](/wiki/Stainless_steel \"Stainless steel\").", "In 1923, Peress was asked to design a suit for salvage work on the wreck of [SS *Egypt*](/wiki/SS_Egypt \"SS Egypt\") which had sunk in the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel \"English Channel\"). He declined, on the grounds that his prototype suit was too heavy for a diver to handle easily, but was encouraged by the request to begin work on a new suit using lighter materials. By 1929 he believed he had solved the weight problem, by using cast magnesium instead of steel, and had also managed to improve the design of the suit's joints by using a trapped cushion of oil to keep the surfaces moving smoothly. The oil was virtually non\\-compressible and readily displaceable, which would allow the limb joints to move freely even under great pressure. Peress claimed the Tritonia suit could function at {{convert\\|200\\|fathom\\|ft m\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=out}}, where the pressure was {{convert\\|520\\|psi\\|atm\\|abbr\\=on}}, although this was never proven.", "[thumb\\|Luciana Civico ascending from the dive of the depth record at {{convert\\|82\\|m\\|ft\\|order\\=flip}} on 11 November 1962 in the vicinity of Capo Miseno in the Gulf of Pozzuoli tightens the pincer of the diving suit operated by the s. Lieutenant Benito Velardi](/wiki/File:Luciana_Civico_risalita_record_ARA_meno_80_stringe_pinza_scafandro_Verardi.jpg \"Luciana Civico risalita record ARA meno 80 stringe pinza scafandro Verardi.jpg\")", "In 1930, Peress revealed the Tritonia suit. By May it had completed trials and was publicly demonstrated in a tank at [Byfleet](/wiki/Byfleet \"Byfleet\"). In September Peress' assistant [Jim Jarret](/wiki/Jim_Jarret \"Jim Jarret\") dived in the suit to a depth of {{convert\\|123\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip}} in [Loch Ness](/wiki/Loch_Ness \"Loch Ness\"). The suit performed perfectly, the joints proving resistant to pressure and moving freely even at depth. The suit was offered to the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") which turned it down, stating that Navy divers never needed to descend below {{convert\\|90\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip}}. In October 1935 Jarret made a successful deep dive to more than {{convert\\|90\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip}} on the wreck of the {{RMS\\|Lusitania}} off south Ireland, followed by a shallower dive to {{convert\\|60\\|m\\|ft\\|order\\=flip}} in the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel \"English Channel\") in 1937 after which, due to lack of interest, the Tritonia suit was retired.", "The development in atmospheric pressure suits stagnated in the 1940s through 1960s, as efforts were concentrated on solving the problems of deep diving by dealing with the physiological problems of ambient pressure diving instead of avoiding them by isolating the diver from the pressure. Although the advances in ambient pressure diving (in particular, with [scuba](/wiki/Scuba_set \"Scuba set\") gear) were significant, the limitations brought renewed interest to the development of the ADS in the late 1960s.", "#### The JIM suit", "{{main\\|JIM suit}}\nThe *Tritonia* suit spent about 30 years in an engineering company's warehouse in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\"), where it was discovered, with Peress' help, by two partners in the British firm Underwater Marine Equipment, Mike Humphrey and Mike Borrow, in the mid\\-1960s. UMEL would later classify Peress' suit as the \"A.D.S Type I\", a designation system that would be continued by the company for later models. In 1969, Peress was asked to become a consultant to the new company created to develop the JIM suit, named in honour of the diver Jim Jarret.", "[thumb\\|JIM suit in Naval Undersea Museum](/wiki/File:JIM_suit_in_Naval_Undersea_Museum.jpg \"JIM suit in Naval Undersea Museum.jpg\")\nThe first JIM suit was completed in November 1971 and underwent trials aboard {{HMS\\|Reclaim}} in early 1972\\. In 1976, the JIM suit set a record for the longest working dive below {{convert\\|490\\|ft}}, lasting five hours and 59 minutes at a depth of {{convert\\|905\\|ft}}. The first JIM suits were constructed from cast magnesium for its high strength\\-to\\-weight ratio and weighed approximately {{convert\\|1,100\\|lb}} in air including the diver. They were {{convert\\|6\\|ft\\|6\\|in}} in height and had a maximum operating depth of {{convert\\|1,500\\|ft}}. The suit had a positive buoyancy of {{convert\\|15\\|to\\|50\\|lbf}}. Ballast was attached to the suit's front and could be jettisoned from within, allowing the operator to ascend to the surface at approximately {{convert\\|100\\|ft/min}}. The suit also incorporated a communication link and a jettisonable umbilical connection. The original JIM suit had eight annular oil\\-supported universal joints, one in each shoulder and lower arm, and one at each hip and knee. The JIM operator received air through an oral/nasal mask that attached to a lung\\-powered scrubber that had a life support duration of approximately 72 hours. Operations in arctic conditions with water temperatures of {{cvt\\|−1\\.7\\|C\\|F\\|order\\=flip}} for over 5 hours were successfully carried out using woolen thermal protection and neoprene boots. In {{cvt\\|30\\|C\\|F\\|order\\=flip}} water the suit was reported to be uncomfortably hot during heavy work.", "[thumb\\|left\\|A [JIM suit](/wiki/JIM_suit \"JIM suit\") on display at the [Royal Navy Submarine Museum](/wiki/Royal_Navy_Submarine_Museum \"Royal Navy Submarine Museum\"), Gosport](/wiki/Image:JIM_suitRoyal_Navy_Submarine_Museum.jpg \"JIM suitRoyal Navy Submarine Museum.jpg\") \nAs technology improved and operational knowledge grew, Oceaneering upgraded their fleet of JIMs. The magnesium construction was replaced with [glass\\-reinforced plastic](/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic \"Glass-reinforced plastic\") (GRP) and the single joints with segmented ones, each allowing seven degrees of motion, and when added together giving the operator a very great range of motion. In addition, the four\\-port domed top of the suit was replaced by a transparent acrylic dome as used on WASP, this allowed the operator a much\\-improved field of vision. Trials were also carried out by the [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)\") on a flying Jim suit powered from the surface through an umbilical cable. This resulted in a hybrid suit with the ability of working on the sea bed as well as mid water.", "In addition to upgrades to the JIM design, other variations of the original suit were constructed. The first, named the SAM Suit (designated A.D.S III), was a completely aluminium model. A smaller and lighter suit, it was more anthropomorphic than the original JIMs and was depth\\-rated to {{convert\\|1,000\\|ft}}. Attempts were made to limit corrosion by the use of a chromic anodizing coating applied to the arm and leg joints, which gave them an unusual green color. The SAM suit stood at {{convert\\|6\\|ft\\|3\\|in\\|m}} in height, and had a life support duration of 20 hours. Only three SAM suits would be produced by UMEL before the design was shelved. The second, named the JAM suit (designated A.D.S IV), was constructed of [glass\\-reinforced plastic](/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic \"Glass-reinforced plastic\") (GRP) and was depth\\-rated for around {{convert\\|2,000\\|ft\\|m}}.", "" ]
History ------- Shortly after the establishment of [Jamestown](/wiki/Jamestown%2C_Virginia "Jamestown, Virginia") in 1607, English settlers explored and began settling areas adjacent to [Hampton Roads](/wiki/Hampton_Roads "Hampton Roads"). The shoreline region of the Warrascoyack River was occupied by the Warraskoyak tribe of the Powhatan Confederacy, under their *[weroance](/wiki/Weroance "Weroance")*, Tackinekintaco. In December 1608, [Captain John Smith](/wiki/Captain_John_Smith "Captain John Smith") left his page Samuel Collier with Tackinekintaco to learn the language.Boddie, p. 2\-3 The main Warraskoyak village was located where present\-day [Smithfield, Virginia](/wiki/Smithfield%2C_Virginia "Smithfield, Virginia") developed. A satellite village called Mokete was at Pagan Point, and another called Mathomank was on Burwell's Bay, led by a sub\-weroance named Sasenticum. The first English plantation in the region, dating to 1618, was that of [Puritan](/wiki/Puritan "Puritan") merchant [Christopher Lawne](/wiki/Christopher_Lawne "Christopher Lawne"). Several other Puritans also settled nearby. [Edward Bennett](/wiki/Edward_Bennett_%28colonist%29 "Edward Bennett (colonist)"), an English merchant and a free member of the [London Company](/wiki/London_Company "London Company"), was among those who got a land patent and founded his plantation in 1621\. He named his plantation *Warrosquoake*, after the river which the indigenous people called by that name. His plantation suffered high fatalities of colonists in the [Great Massacre of 1622](/wiki/Great_Massacre_of_1622 "Great Massacre of 1622"), losing 53 persons. A total of the 347 colonists were killed that day, as the Powhatan tribes tried to kill and expel the English. The surviving English retreated to a small number of plantations near Jamestown until an expedition was mounted against the Warraskoyak and [Nansemond](/wiki/Nansemond "Nansemond") peoples. The colony built [a fort](/wiki/Fort_Boykin "Fort Boykin") nearby Bennett's plantation.{{cite web \|title\=James River Area \- Fort Boykin \|url\=https://www.northamericanforts.com/East/vajames.html\#boykin \|publisher\=American Forts Network \|accessdate\=10 August 2020}} In reprisals during the following years, they drove off the Native Americans from their villages. A census of settlers at Bennett's plantation on 16 February 1623 showed a total of "33, including 4 negroes", with 20 settlers recorded at nearby Basse's Choice. A year later, a census showed a total population of 31 settlers for the region.Boddie, p. 36 Two of Bennett's brothers had managed his plantation and died in the colony, in 1624 and 126\. [Edward Bennett](/wiki/Edward_Bennett_%28colonist%29 "Edward Bennett (colonist)") finally went to Virginia himself for a time, representing his plantation in the 1628 [House of Burgesses](/wiki/House_of_Burgesses "House of Burgesses"), then returned to England. His nephew [Richard Bennett](/wiki/Richard_Bennett_%28Governor%29 "Richard Bennett (Governor)") came out to manage the plantation, and stayed in the colony. He became a large landowner and eventually governor of the colony. In 1629, the "County of Warascoyack" was represented in the House of Burgeses was represented by Richard Bennett, Captain [Nathaniel Basse](/wiki/Nathaniel_Basse "Nathaniel Basse") (who owned Basse's Choice), Thomas Jordan and two others, all Puritans.{{cite web\|last1\=Gentry\|first1\=Daphne\|title\=Nathaniel Basse (bap. 1589–1654\)\|url\=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Basse\_Nathaniel\_bap\_1589\-1654\|publisher\=Encyclopedia Virginia\|access\-date\=24 August 2015}} This was the Puritans' strongest representation in a colony dominated by members of the Anglican Church.Boddie, p. 91 By 1634, by order of the King of England, [Charles I](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England "Charles I of England"), eight [shires of Virginia](/wiki/Shires_of_Virginia "Shires of Virginia") were formed, with a total population of 4,914 settlers. Warrosquoake Shire included 522 persons at the time.Boddie, p. 172 It and [Accomac Shire](/wiki/Accomac_Shire "Accomac Shire") were the only shires given [Native\-American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") names, honoring the friendly tribes nearby. In 1637 the English renamed it **Isle of Wight County**, after an island of the same name in the English channel between England and France. They also renamed the Warrosquoake river the [Pagan River](/wiki/Pagan_River "Pagan River"). During the three years when it was officially Warrosquoake Shire, Richard Bennett led the small Puritan community to neighboring Nansemond. They later moved to Maryland when under religious pressure in Virginia. He returned during the Cromwellian period with a Parliamentary Commission to take over from the Royalist government and served as Governor of Virginia. As population increased, land was drawn from Warrosquoake Shire and Isle of Wight County to form many other counties to the immediate southwest, in the region now defined as [Southside Virginia](/wiki/Southside_Virginia "Southside Virginia"). The counties of Isle of Wight, [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_County%2C_Virginia "Southampton County, Virginia"), [Greensville](/wiki/Greensville_County%2C_Virginia "Greensville County, Virginia") and [Brunswick](/wiki/Brunswick_County%2C_Virginia "Brunswick County, Virginia") were all created within the limits of what had been Warrosquoake Shire.
[ "History\n-------", "Shortly after the establishment of [Jamestown](/wiki/Jamestown%2C_Virginia \"Jamestown, Virginia\") in 1607, English settlers explored and began settling areas adjacent to [Hampton Roads](/wiki/Hampton_Roads \"Hampton Roads\"). The shoreline region of the Warrascoyack River was occupied by the Warraskoyak tribe of the Powhatan Confederacy, under their *[weroance](/wiki/Weroance \"Weroance\")*, Tackinekintaco. In December 1608, [Captain John Smith](/wiki/Captain_John_Smith \"Captain John Smith\") left his page Samuel Collier with Tackinekintaco to learn the language.Boddie, p. 2\\-3", "The main Warraskoyak village was located where present\\-day [Smithfield, Virginia](/wiki/Smithfield%2C_Virginia \"Smithfield, Virginia\") developed. A satellite village called Mokete was at Pagan Point, and another called Mathomank was on Burwell's Bay, led by a sub\\-weroance named Sasenticum.", "The first English plantation in the region, dating to 1618, was that of [Puritan](/wiki/Puritan \"Puritan\") merchant [Christopher Lawne](/wiki/Christopher_Lawne \"Christopher Lawne\"). Several other Puritans also settled nearby. [Edward Bennett](/wiki/Edward_Bennett_%28colonist%29 \"Edward Bennett (colonist)\"), an English merchant and a free member of the [London Company](/wiki/London_Company \"London Company\"), was among those who got a land patent and founded his plantation in 1621\\. He named his plantation *Warrosquoake*, after the river which the indigenous people called by that name. His plantation suffered high fatalities of colonists in the [Great Massacre of 1622](/wiki/Great_Massacre_of_1622 \"Great Massacre of 1622\"), losing 53 persons. A total of the 347 colonists were killed that day, as the Powhatan tribes tried to kill and expel the English.", "The surviving English retreated to a small number of plantations near Jamestown until an expedition was mounted against the Warraskoyak and [Nansemond](/wiki/Nansemond \"Nansemond\") peoples. The colony built [a fort](/wiki/Fort_Boykin \"Fort Boykin\") nearby Bennett's plantation.{{cite web \\|title\\=James River Area \\- Fort Boykin \\|url\\=https://www.northamericanforts.com/East/vajames.html\\#boykin \\|publisher\\=American Forts Network \\|accessdate\\=10 August 2020}} In reprisals during the following years, they drove off the Native Americans from their villages. A census of settlers at Bennett's plantation on 16 February 1623 showed a total of \"33, including 4 negroes\", with 20 settlers recorded at nearby Basse's Choice. A year later, a census showed a total population of 31 settlers for the region.Boddie, p. 36", "Two of Bennett's brothers had managed his plantation and died in the colony, in 1624 and 126\\. [Edward Bennett](/wiki/Edward_Bennett_%28colonist%29 \"Edward Bennett (colonist)\") finally went to Virginia himself for a time, representing his plantation in the 1628 [House of Burgesses](/wiki/House_of_Burgesses \"House of Burgesses\"), then returned to England.", "His nephew [Richard Bennett](/wiki/Richard_Bennett_%28Governor%29 \"Richard Bennett (Governor)\") came out to manage the plantation, and stayed in the colony. He became a large landowner and eventually governor of the colony. In 1629, the \"County of Warascoyack\" was represented in the House of Burgeses was represented by Richard Bennett, Captain [Nathaniel Basse](/wiki/Nathaniel_Basse \"Nathaniel Basse\") (who owned Basse's Choice), Thomas Jordan and two others, all Puritans.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Gentry\\|first1\\=Daphne\\|title\\=Nathaniel Basse (bap. 1589–1654\\)\\|url\\=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Basse\\_Nathaniel\\_bap\\_1589\\-1654\\|publisher\\=Encyclopedia Virginia\\|access\\-date\\=24 August 2015}} This was the Puritans' strongest representation in a colony dominated by members of the Anglican Church.Boddie, p. 91", "By 1634, by order of the King of England, [Charles I](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England \"Charles I of England\"), eight [shires of Virginia](/wiki/Shires_of_Virginia \"Shires of Virginia\") were formed, with a total population of 4,914 settlers. Warrosquoake Shire included 522 persons at the time.Boddie, p. 172 It and [Accomac Shire](/wiki/Accomac_Shire \"Accomac Shire\") were the only shires given [Native\\-American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") names, honoring the friendly tribes nearby. In 1637 the English renamed it **Isle of Wight County**, after an island of the same name in the English channel between England and France. They also renamed the Warrosquoake river the [Pagan River](/wiki/Pagan_River \"Pagan River\").", "During the three years when it was officially Warrosquoake Shire, Richard Bennett led the small Puritan community to neighboring Nansemond. They later moved to Maryland when under religious pressure in Virginia. He returned during the Cromwellian period with a Parliamentary Commission to take over from the Royalist government and served as Governor of Virginia.", "As population increased, land was drawn from Warrosquoake Shire and Isle of Wight County to form many other counties to the immediate southwest, in the region now defined as [Southside Virginia](/wiki/Southside_Virginia \"Southside Virginia\"). The counties of Isle of Wight, [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_County%2C_Virginia \"Southampton County, Virginia\"), [Greensville](/wiki/Greensville_County%2C_Virginia \"Greensville County, Virginia\") and [Brunswick](/wiki/Brunswick_County%2C_Virginia \"Brunswick County, Virginia\") were all created within the limits of what had been Warrosquoake Shire.", "" ]
Career ------ After graduating in 1883, Curtis worked first as a patent attorney, then started his own patent law firm. Eight years later, he partnered with friends [Charles Crocker](/wiki/Charles_Crocker "Charles Crocker") and [Schuyler S. Wheeler](/wiki/Schuyler_S._Wheeler "Schuyler S. Wheeler") to form 'The Curtis, Crocker, Wheeler Company', with the intention of making and marketing electric appliances, such as motors and fans.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.asme.org/engineering\-topics/articles/turbines/charles\-gordon\-curtis\|title\=ASME "Charles Gordon Curtis"\|website\=ASME}} ### Steam turbine In 1896, Curtis patented two types of [steam turbines](/wiki/Steam_turbines "Steam turbines"). He combined the principles of the Laval turbine and the [Parsons turbine](/wiki/Parsons_turbine "Parsons turbine") into a multi\-stage impulse turbine (similar to the independently developed Rateau Turbine). Curtis' turbine reached a lower efficiency than the Parsons' turbine. It was, however, much smaller and simpler in design, thus making it suitable for simple applications and mobile use (e.g.on [steamships](/wiki/Steamship "Steamship")). Curtis spoke to various companies about his turbines, but met no interest until he met [Edwin W. Rice](/wiki/Edwin_W._Rice "Edwin W. Rice") of [General Electric](/wiki/General_Electric "General Electric"). In 1901 he sold the rights to his [patent](/wiki/Patent "Patent") to GE. The Curtis turbine was developed by the International Marine Curtis Turbine Company for use as a [marine propulsion](/wiki/Marine_propulsion "Marine propulsion"), which in turn licensed it to the British shipyard [John Brown \& Company](/wiki/John_Brown_%26_Company "John Brown & Company"). The latter built the Brown\-Curtis turbine used in many ships in the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy"). In 1910, Curtis was awarded the [Rumford Premium Prize](/wiki/Rumford_Prize "Rumford Prize") of the [American Academy of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences "American Academy of Arts and Sciences") for his improvements to the steam turbine. ### Gas turbine and others In 1899 Curtis developed the first functioning [gas turbine](/wiki/Gas_turbine "Gas turbine") in the United States. To this end, Curtis received the annual award of the gas turbine Division of [ASME](/wiki/ASME "ASME") in 1948 and the [Holley Medal](/wiki/Holley_Medal "Holley Medal") of ASME in 1950\. In addition to the above\-mentioned turbines, Curtis worked on improvements to [internal combustion engines](/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine "Internal combustion engine") (on [two\-stroke diesel engines](/wiki/Two-stroke_diesel_engine "Two-stroke diesel engine")) and on the drive of [torpedoes](/wiki/Torpedo "Torpedo").
[ "Career\n------", "After graduating in 1883, Curtis worked first as a patent attorney, then started his own patent law firm. Eight years later, he partnered with friends [Charles Crocker](/wiki/Charles_Crocker \"Charles Crocker\") and [Schuyler S. Wheeler](/wiki/Schuyler_S._Wheeler \"Schuyler S. Wheeler\") to form 'The Curtis, Crocker, Wheeler Company', with the intention of making and marketing electric appliances, such as motors and fans.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.asme.org/engineering\\-topics/articles/turbines/charles\\-gordon\\-curtis\\|title\\=ASME \"Charles Gordon Curtis\"\\|website\\=ASME}}", "### Steam turbine", "In 1896, Curtis patented two types of [steam turbines](/wiki/Steam_turbines \"Steam turbines\"). He combined the principles of the Laval turbine and the [Parsons turbine](/wiki/Parsons_turbine \"Parsons turbine\") into a multi\\-stage impulse turbine (similar to the independently developed Rateau Turbine). Curtis' turbine reached a lower efficiency than the Parsons' turbine. It was, however, much smaller and simpler in design, thus making it suitable for simple applications and mobile use (e.g.on [steamships](/wiki/Steamship \"Steamship\")).", "Curtis spoke to various companies about his turbines, but met no interest until he met [Edwin W. Rice](/wiki/Edwin_W._Rice \"Edwin W. Rice\") of [General Electric](/wiki/General_Electric \"General Electric\"). In 1901 he sold the rights to his [patent](/wiki/Patent \"Patent\") to GE.", "The Curtis turbine was developed by the International Marine Curtis Turbine Company for use as a [marine propulsion](/wiki/Marine_propulsion \"Marine propulsion\"), which in turn licensed it to the British shipyard [John Brown \\& Company](/wiki/John_Brown_%26_Company \"John Brown & Company\"). The latter built the Brown\\-Curtis turbine used in many ships in the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\").", "In 1910, Curtis was awarded the [Rumford Premium Prize](/wiki/Rumford_Prize \"Rumford Prize\") of the [American Academy of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences \"American Academy of Arts and Sciences\") for his improvements to the steam turbine.", "### Gas turbine and others", "In 1899 Curtis developed the first functioning [gas turbine](/wiki/Gas_turbine \"Gas turbine\") in the United States. To this end, Curtis received the annual award of the gas turbine Division of [ASME](/wiki/ASME \"ASME\") in 1948 and the [Holley Medal](/wiki/Holley_Medal \"Holley Medal\") of ASME in 1950\\.", "In addition to the above\\-mentioned turbines, Curtis worked on improvements to [internal combustion engines](/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine \"Internal combustion engine\") (on [two\\-stroke diesel engines](/wiki/Two-stroke_diesel_engine \"Two-stroke diesel engine\")) and on the drive of [torpedoes](/wiki/Torpedo \"Torpedo\").", "" ]
History ------- {{Infobox NRHP \| name \= Hood College Historic District \| nrhp\_type \= hd \| nocat \= yes \| image \= File:Alumnae Hall Hood College MD1\.jpg \| caption \= Alumnae Hall \| location \= 401 Rosemont Ave., \[\[Frederick, Maryland]] Population 66,382 {{cite web \|url\=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/2430325\.html \|title\=Frederick (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau \|publisher\=Quickfacts.census.gov \|access\-date\=2014\-08\-14 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712064706/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/2430325\.html \|archive\-date\=2014\-07\-12 }} \| coordinates \= {{coord\|39\|25\|21\|N\|77\|25\|7\|W\|region:US\-MD\_type:edu\|display\=inline,title}} \| locmapin \= Maryland\#USA \| built \= 1868 \| architect \= Culler, Lloyd Clayton; et al. \| architecture \= Colonial Revival, Italianate \| added \= December 30, 2002 \| area \= {{convert\|50\|acre}} \| refnum \= 02001581{{NRISref \|refnum\=02001581\|2009a}} }} ### Early history (1893–1944\) The college was founded in 1893 as the **[Woman's College](/wiki/Women%27s_colleges_in_the_United_States "Women's colleges in the United States") of Frederick** by the Potomac [Synod](/wiki/Synod "Synod") of the Reformed Church of the United States. Dr. Joseph Henry Apple, an educator from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, only 28 years of age at the time of his appointment, was named the college's first president.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hood.edu/About\-Hood/Hood\-at\-a\-Glance/Our\-Presidents.html \|title\=Hood College \| Our Presidents \|website\=Hood College \|access\-date\=2014\-08\-14 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911050521/http://www.hood.edu/About\-Hood/Hood\-at\-a\-Glance/Our\-Presidents.html \|archive\-date\=2014\-09\-11 }} In this first year, eighty\-three women enrolled, and were taught by eight faculty members in Winchester Hall, located on East Church Street in Frederick. Classes were offered in the liberal arts and music, as well as secretarial trades. In 1898, the first class graduated, with fourteen women earning Bachelor of Arts degrees. Over the next several years, courses in biology, economics, sociology, political science, and domestic science were added.{{cite web\|url\=https://mht.maryland.gov/secure/medusa/PDF/NR\_PDFs/NR\-1327\.pdf \|title\=National Register of Historic Places Registration: Hood College Historic District \|date\=June 2001 \|access\-date\=2016\-01\-01 \|author\=Laura H. Hughes and Jennifer J. Bunting\|publisher\=Maryland Historical Trust}} In 1897, the college received a {{convert\|28\|acre\|m2\|adj\=on}} tract of land for its campus from Margaret Scholl Hood.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hood.edu/about\-hood/hood\-at\-a\-glance/index.html\|title\=A History of Hood College\|website\=Hood College\|access\-date\=2012\-02\-25}} In 1913, the Trustees of the Woman's College announced that the name of the Woman's College would be changed to **Hood College**, in honor of Mrs. Hood, who gave $25,000 to establish an endowment for the college, and who firmly believed in higher education for women. On January 18, 1913, Margaret Hood's will was filed for probate. In the will, she [bequeathed](/wiki/Bequeathed "Bequeathed") an additional $30,000 to the Woman's College of Frederick provided that the college had changed its name to "Hood College".{{cite news\|title\=$100,000 PUBLIC BEQUESTS.; Will of Mrs. Margaret E. Hood Is Filed for Probate \|newspaper\=The Washington Post \|page\=1 \|date\=1913\-01\-19 \|id\={{ProQuest\|145223172}} }} Part of this bequest was used to fund the 1914 construction of Alumnae Hall. Today, except for Brodbeck Hall, which was built in the 1860s and stood on the campus at its founding, Alumnae Hall remains the oldest building on the college's campus and serves as the central location for the college's administration, also housing the sociology and social work department. In 1915, the college began its move from its former location in Frederick City to its current campus. In 1934, Joseph Henry Apple retired as the college's president, having served for 41 years. At his retirement, he was the oldest college president in continuous active service at a single institution in the United States. The Hood College Historic District was listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places") in 2002\. The campus is within close walking distance of downtown Frederick. In 2010, *Forbes* named downtown Frederick one of America's best neighborhoods, and in *2013*, Forbes published the results of a Farmers Insurance Group study naming the Bethesda–Gaithersburg–Frederick, Maryland area one of the most secure metro areas in which to live in the United States.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.forbes.com/2010/11/03/americas\-best\-neighborhoods\-2010\-business\-beltway\-best\-neighborhoods.html\|title\=America's Best Neighborhoods 2010\|work\=Forbes\|access\-date\=2010\-11\-24\|first\=Brian\|last\=Wingfield\|date\=2010\-11\-03}}{{cite news\| url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2013/06/29/americas\-safest\-most\-secure\-places\-to\-live/2/ \| title\=America's Safest, Most Secure Places To Live \| work\=Forbes \| first\=William \| last\=Pentland}} ### Transition to co\-education (1970–2003\) In the early 1970s, Hood College began to consider becoming a co\-educational institution.{{cite news\|title\=Students Divided on Co\-Education\|publisher\=The Blue and Grey\|date\=1970\-12\-02}} In October of that year the Hood College Board of Trustees voted to begin enrollment of men as commuter students. That same year, Hood also decided to begin a graduate school program for both men and women. These changes were implemented in January 1971\. There were mixed feelings on campus as Hood students worried about the type of male student Hood could potentially attract. Students feared that a residential women's college would attract only the "provincial townies" unable to go anywhere else, and the "lusty lovers" attracted by the high number of females. This led to public debate in *The Blue and Grey*, the Hood College campus newspaper, and letters to the student body from then\-president Randle Elliot.{{cite news\|last\=Larson\|first\=JoAnn\|title\=President Discusses\|publisher\=The Blue and Grey\|date\=1970\-10\-08}} Beginning in January 1971, the college became open to men as commuters. The first male student, Aldan T. Weinberg, transferred to Hood after having spent one year at American University and three years in the army.{{cite news\|last\=Miller\|first\=Barbara\|title\=First Male Student Makes History\|publisher\=The Blue and Grey\|date\=1971\-02\-11}} In 1975, [Martha E. Church](/wiki/Martha_E._Church "Martha E. Church") became the first female president of the college, working in this capacity through 1995\.{{Cite web \|date\=2019\-01\-29 \|title\=Hood College’s first female president, Dr. Martha Church, passes away \|url\=https://www.dcnewsnow.com/news/hood\-colleges\-first\-female\-president\-dr\-martha\-church\-passes\-away/ \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-29 \|website\=DC News Now {{!}} Washington, DC \|language\=en\-US}} In the fall of 2001, the Hood executive committee was charged by the board of trustees with the task of studying the possible impact of male resident students. This study considered the projected financial, cultural, residential, academic and enrollment impacts on the college.{{cite news\|last\=Jones\|first\=Deborah\|title\=Message from the Chair of the Board of Trustees\|publisher\=Hood Magazine\|date\=Winter 2002}} Based on this report, the board of trustees' ultimate decision was to admit men as residential students. This decision was made based upon the reality that demand for [single\-sex education](/wiki/Single-sex_education "Single-sex education") for women was on the decline.{{cite news\|title\=Special Report: A College in Transition\|publisher\=Hood Magazine\|date\=Winter 2002}} Only three percent of college\-bound female students preferred a single\-gender institution. This, and other factors, led to an overall decline in undergraduate enrollment over the years. Hood needed at least 300 new, enrolled students each year in order to have a balanced budget. All in all, Hood's expenses were exceeding revenue. This led to the creation of a co\-education task force composed of students, alumnae, faculty and staff members. This task force ultimately decided where men were to be housed.{{cite news\|last\=White\|first\=Olivia\|title\=Message from the Dean\|publisher\=Hood Magazine\|date\=Summer 2003}} ### Present day In an effort to accommodate student growth and to shift away from students who commute to campus, a new residence hall was finished in 2021 and has 64 units.{{Cite web\|last\=Atelsek\|first\=Jillian\|title\=Hood College dedicates newest and largest residence hall\|url\=https://www.fredericknewspost.com/news/education/hood\-college\-dedicates\-newest\-and\-largest\-residence\-hall/article\_71fbf383\-4e44\-55c7\-910f\-2aa36cc04919\.html\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-12\|website\=The Frederick News\-Post\|language\=en}} This residence hall will house 201 beds and will be home to the honors program.{{Cite news \| url \= https://www.fredericknewspost.com/news/education/plan\-for\-new\-hood\-college\-residence\-hall\-approved\-college\-to/article\_1180304a\-204a\-5378\-be48\-e29b8e10c07d.html \| title \= Plan for new Hood College residence hall approved; college to shift away from commuters \| last \= Arias \| first \= Jeremy \| newspaper \= \[\[The Frederick News\-Post]] \| date \= April 9, 2019}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.hood.edu/discover/stories/new\-residence\-hall\|title\=New Residence Hall \| website \= Hood College \|access\-date \= October 10, 2019}}
[ "History\n-------", "{{Infobox NRHP\n\\| name \\= Hood College Historic District\n\\| nrhp\\_type \\= hd\n\\| nocat \\= yes\n\\| image \\= File:Alumnae Hall Hood College MD1\\.jpg\n\\| caption \\= Alumnae Hall\n\\| location \\= 401 Rosemont Ave., \\[\\[Frederick, Maryland]] Population 66,382 {{cite web \\|url\\=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/2430325\\.html \\|title\\=Frederick (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau \\|publisher\\=Quickfacts.census.gov \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-14 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712064706/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/2430325\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-12 }}\n\\| coordinates \\= {{coord\\|39\\|25\\|21\\|N\\|77\\|25\\|7\\|W\\|region:US\\-MD\\_type:edu\\|display\\=inline,title}}\n\\| locmapin \\= Maryland\\#USA\n\\| built \\= 1868\n\\| architect \\= Culler, Lloyd Clayton; et al.\n\\| architecture \\= Colonial Revival, Italianate\n\\| added \\= December 30, 2002\n\\| area \\= {{convert\\|50\\|acre}}\n\\| refnum \\= 02001581{{NRISref \\|refnum\\=02001581\\|2009a}}\n}}", "### Early history (1893–1944\\)", "The college was founded in 1893 as the **[Woman's College](/wiki/Women%27s_colleges_in_the_United_States \"Women's colleges in the United States\") of Frederick** by the Potomac [Synod](/wiki/Synod \"Synod\") of the Reformed Church of the United States. Dr. Joseph Henry Apple, an educator from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, only 28 years of age at the time of his appointment, was named the college's first president.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hood.edu/About\\-Hood/Hood\\-at\\-a\\-Glance/Our\\-Presidents.html \\|title\\=Hood College \\| Our Presidents \\|website\\=Hood College \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-14 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911050521/http://www.hood.edu/About\\-Hood/Hood\\-at\\-a\\-Glance/Our\\-Presidents.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-09\\-11 }} In this first year, eighty\\-three women enrolled, and were taught by eight faculty members in Winchester Hall, located on East Church Street in Frederick. Classes were offered in the liberal arts and music, as well as secretarial trades. In 1898, the first class graduated, with fourteen women earning Bachelor of Arts degrees. Over the next several years, courses in biology, economics, sociology, political science, and domestic science were added.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://mht.maryland.gov/secure/medusa/PDF/NR\\_PDFs/NR\\-1327\\.pdf \\|title\\=National Register of Historic Places Registration: Hood College Historic District \\|date\\=June 2001 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-01\\-01 \\|author\\=Laura H. Hughes and Jennifer J. Bunting\\|publisher\\=Maryland Historical Trust}}", "In 1897, the college received a {{convert\\|28\\|acre\\|m2\\|adj\\=on}} tract of land for its campus from Margaret Scholl Hood.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hood.edu/about\\-hood/hood\\-at\\-a\\-glance/index.html\\|title\\=A History of Hood College\\|website\\=Hood College\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-25}} In 1913, the Trustees of the Woman's College announced that the name of the Woman's College would be changed to **Hood College**, in honor of Mrs. Hood, who gave $25,000 to establish an endowment for the college, and who firmly believed in higher education for women. On January 18, 1913, Margaret Hood's will was filed for probate. In the will, she [bequeathed](/wiki/Bequeathed \"Bequeathed\") an additional $30,000 to the Woman's College of Frederick provided that the college had changed its name to \"Hood College\".{{cite news\\|title\\=$100,000 PUBLIC BEQUESTS.; Will of Mrs. Margaret E. Hood Is Filed for Probate \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\|page\\=1 \\|date\\=1913\\-01\\-19 \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|145223172}} }} Part of this bequest was used to fund the 1914 construction of Alumnae Hall. Today, except for Brodbeck Hall, which was built in the 1860s and stood on the campus at its founding, Alumnae Hall remains the oldest building on the college's campus and serves as the central location for the college's administration, also housing the sociology and social work department. In 1915, the college began its move from its former location in Frederick City to its current campus.", "In 1934, Joseph Henry Apple retired as the college's president, having served for 41 years. At his retirement, he was the oldest college president in continuous active service at a single institution in the United States.", "The Hood College Historic District was listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\") in 2002\\. The campus is within close walking distance of downtown Frederick. In 2010, *Forbes* named downtown Frederick one of America's best neighborhoods, and in *2013*, Forbes published the results of a Farmers Insurance Group study naming the Bethesda–Gaithersburg–Frederick, Maryland area one of the most secure metro areas in which to live in the United States.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/2010/11/03/americas\\-best\\-neighborhoods\\-2010\\-business\\-beltway\\-best\\-neighborhoods.html\\|title\\=America's Best Neighborhoods 2010\\|work\\=Forbes\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-24\\|first\\=Brian\\|last\\=Wingfield\\|date\\=2010\\-11\\-03}}{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2013/06/29/americas\\-safest\\-most\\-secure\\-places\\-to\\-live/2/ \\| title\\=America's Safest, Most Secure Places To Live \\| work\\=Forbes \\| first\\=William \\| last\\=Pentland}}", "### Transition to co\\-education (1970–2003\\)", "In the early 1970s, Hood College began to consider becoming a co\\-educational institution.{{cite news\\|title\\=Students Divided on Co\\-Education\\|publisher\\=The Blue and Grey\\|date\\=1970\\-12\\-02}} In October of that year the Hood College Board of Trustees voted to begin enrollment of men as commuter students. That same year, Hood also decided to begin a graduate school program for both men and women. These changes were implemented in January 1971\\.", "There were mixed feelings on campus as Hood students worried about the type of male student Hood could potentially attract. Students feared that a residential women's college would attract only the \"provincial townies\" unable to go anywhere else, and the \"lusty lovers\" attracted by the high number of females. This led to public debate in *The Blue and Grey*, the Hood College campus newspaper, and letters to the student body from then\\-president Randle Elliot.{{cite news\\|last\\=Larson\\|first\\=JoAnn\\|title\\=President Discusses\\|publisher\\=The Blue and Grey\\|date\\=1970\\-10\\-08}}", "Beginning in January 1971, the college became open to men as commuters. The first male student, Aldan T. Weinberg, transferred to Hood after having spent one year at American University and three years in the army.{{cite news\\|last\\=Miller\\|first\\=Barbara\\|title\\=First Male Student Makes History\\|publisher\\=The Blue and Grey\\|date\\=1971\\-02\\-11}} In 1975, [Martha E. Church](/wiki/Martha_E._Church \"Martha E. Church\") became the first female president of the college, working in this capacity through 1995\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2019\\-01\\-29 \\|title\\=Hood College’s first female president, Dr. Martha Church, passes away \\|url\\=https://www.dcnewsnow.com/news/hood\\-colleges\\-first\\-female\\-president\\-dr\\-martha\\-church\\-passes\\-away/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-29 \\|website\\=DC News Now {{!}} Washington, DC \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "In the fall of 2001, the Hood executive committee was charged by the board of trustees with the task of studying the possible impact of male resident students. This study considered the projected financial, cultural, residential, academic and enrollment impacts on the college.{{cite news\\|last\\=Jones\\|first\\=Deborah\\|title\\=Message from the Chair of the Board of Trustees\\|publisher\\=Hood Magazine\\|date\\=Winter 2002}} Based on this report, the board of trustees' ultimate decision was to admit men as residential students.", "This decision was made based upon the reality that demand for [single\\-sex education](/wiki/Single-sex_education \"Single-sex education\") for women was on the decline.{{cite news\\|title\\=Special Report: A College in Transition\\|publisher\\=Hood Magazine\\|date\\=Winter 2002}} Only three percent of college\\-bound female students preferred a single\\-gender institution. This, and other factors, led to an overall decline in undergraduate enrollment over the years. Hood needed at least 300 new, enrolled students each year in order to have a balanced budget. All in all, Hood's expenses were exceeding revenue.", "This led to the creation of a co\\-education task force composed of students, alumnae, faculty and staff members. This task force ultimately decided where men were to be housed.{{cite news\\|last\\=White\\|first\\=Olivia\\|title\\=Message from the Dean\\|publisher\\=Hood Magazine\\|date\\=Summer 2003}}", "### Present day", "In an effort to accommodate student growth and to shift away from students who commute to campus, a new residence hall was finished in 2021 and has 64 units.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Atelsek\\|first\\=Jillian\\|title\\=Hood College dedicates newest and largest residence hall\\|url\\=https://www.fredericknewspost.com/news/education/hood\\-college\\-dedicates\\-newest\\-and\\-largest\\-residence\\-hall/article\\_71fbf383\\-4e44\\-55c7\\-910f\\-2aa36cc04919\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-12\\|website\\=The Frederick News\\-Post\\|language\\=en}} This residence hall will house 201 beds and will be home to the honors program.{{Cite news \\| url \\= https://www.fredericknewspost.com/news/education/plan\\-for\\-new\\-hood\\-college\\-residence\\-hall\\-approved\\-college\\-to/article\\_1180304a\\-204a\\-5378\\-be48\\-e29b8e10c07d.html \\| title \\= Plan for new Hood College residence hall approved; college to shift away from commuters \\| last \\= Arias \\| first \\= Jeremy \\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[The Frederick News\\-Post]] \\| date \\= April 9, 2019}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hood.edu/discover/stories/new\\-residence\\-hall\\|title\\=New Residence Hall \\| website \\= Hood College \\|access\\-date \\= October 10, 2019}}", "" ]
Traditions ---------- Hood College students participate in a number of long\-standing traditions, some of which date back nearly 100 years, such as the "Hood Hello." ### Class banners Each class decorates a banner to be displayed in the dining hall. The banners correspond to each class' assigned color, red, green, blue or yellow. Every year, a new representative symbol is designed and painted on the banners. Following a class' graduation, the banners are hung in the atrium of the Whitaker Campus Center.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hood.edu/welcome/glance.cfm?pid\=glance\_traditions.html \|title\=Hood College Traditions \|website\=Hood College \|access\-date\=2009\-11\-10 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731185142/http://www.hood.edu/welcome/glance.cfm?pid\=glance\_traditions.html \|archive\-date\=July 31, 2009 }} ### Columns So Fair Alumnae Hall's four Ionic columns are named Hope, Opportunity, Obligation and Democracy (HOOD). The columns were dedicated by the classes of 1915, 1916, 1917 and 1918\. Many buildings on campus that were constructed after Alumnae Hall also have four columns, but the inspiration for the columns themselves probably came from the six columns on each of the twin buildings that comprise Winchester Hall, the original buildings of the Woman's College in downtown Frederick. ### Dinks Dinks (or colored beanie hats) have been a Hood College tradition since at least the 1950s.{{cite book\|last\=Derr\|first\=Joy Reese\|author2\=Krista Schaffert\|title\=People Behind the Names\|publisher\=Hood College\|date\=2008\-04\-01}} According to some sources, the tradition may have started very early in the 20th century with colored armbands rather than beanies, although the wearing of beanies is officially documented as beginning in the 1950s. There is reason to believe this is true, as ceremonial colored beanies were also used by women's colleges such as Wellesley during the early 1900s.{{cite web\|url\=https://archive.org/stream/wellesleycollege1975well/wellesleycollege1975well\_djvu.txt\\\|title\=Wellesley College: 1875–1975, A Century of Women\|year\=1975 \|publisher\=Wellesley College\|access\-date\=2009\-11\-10}} Upon arriving at Hood, the members of each incoming class are given dinks with its class color, either blue, green, yellow or red. The four colors rotate so that the color of the previous year's seniors goes to the incoming freshmen. In the past, dinks were worn at special events such as Campus Day, and freshmen were previously required to wear their dinks continuously during their first few weeks on campus. Now, they are primarily worn during opening convocation, Policies for Dollars, and baccalaureate.{{cite news\|last\=Neal\|first\=Marge\|title\=The beloved dink a big part of Hood's time\-honored traditions\=Frederick News\-Post\|date\=2009\-08\-29}} ### Midnight and Strawberry Breakfasts Begun in the 1980s, Midnight Breakfast is held each semester the night before final exams begin and is served by College faculty and staff. Originally held on the morning of May Day, Strawberry Breakfast now takes places on the morning of Commencement. ### The Pergola Located in the geographical center of Hood's residential quad since 1915, the Pergola is a wooden dome\-like structure covered with wisteria. Before 1915 a Pergola was located at the East Church Street campus and was the inspiration for the current structure. Several traditions are associated with the Pergola, such as the decoration of the pergola with holiday lights during the holiday season. Students are not to speak any harsh words under the Pergola or "split poles" with friends, as this might lead to a failed friendship after graduation. ### Policies for Dollars Policies for Dollars is a competition in which the freshmen of each residence hall compete to raise money for their respective halls. The winning dorm also receives the "pink spoon," a giant plastic trophy of sentimental value. Typical activities in the competition include Hood trivia, dorm cheers and skits.
[ "Traditions\n----------", "Hood College students participate in a number of long\\-standing traditions, some of which date back nearly 100 years, such as the \"Hood Hello.\"", "### Class banners", "Each class decorates a banner to be displayed in the dining hall. The banners correspond to each class' assigned color, red, green, blue or yellow. Every year, a new representative symbol is designed and painted on the banners. Following a class' graduation, the banners are hung in the atrium of the Whitaker Campus Center.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hood.edu/welcome/glance.cfm?pid\\=glance\\_traditions.html \\|title\\=Hood College Traditions \\|website\\=Hood College \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-11\\-10 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731185142/http://www.hood.edu/welcome/glance.cfm?pid\\=glance\\_traditions.html \\|archive\\-date\\=July 31, 2009 }}", "### Columns So Fair", "Alumnae Hall's four Ionic columns are named Hope, Opportunity, Obligation and Democracy (HOOD). The columns were dedicated by the classes of 1915, 1916, 1917 and 1918\\. Many buildings on campus that were constructed after Alumnae Hall also have four columns, but the inspiration for the columns themselves probably came from the six columns on each of the twin buildings that comprise Winchester Hall, the original buildings of the Woman's College in downtown Frederick.", "### Dinks", "Dinks (or colored beanie hats) have been a Hood College tradition since at least the 1950s.{{cite book\\|last\\=Derr\\|first\\=Joy Reese\\|author2\\=Krista Schaffert\\|title\\=People Behind the Names\\|publisher\\=Hood College\\|date\\=2008\\-04\\-01}} According to some sources, the tradition may have started very early in the 20th century with colored armbands rather than beanies, although the wearing of beanies is officially documented as beginning in the 1950s. There is reason to believe this is true, as ceremonial colored beanies were also used by women's colleges such as Wellesley during the early 1900s.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/wellesleycollege1975well/wellesleycollege1975well\\_djvu.txt\\\\\\|title\\=Wellesley College: 1875–1975, A Century of Women\\|year\\=1975 \\|publisher\\=Wellesley College\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-11\\-10}} Upon arriving at Hood, the members of each incoming class are given dinks with its class color, either blue, green, yellow or red. The four colors rotate so that the color of the previous year's seniors goes to the incoming freshmen. In the past, dinks were worn at special events such as Campus Day, and freshmen were previously required to wear their dinks continuously during their first few weeks on campus. Now, they are primarily worn during opening convocation, Policies for Dollars, and baccalaureate.{{cite news\\|last\\=Neal\\|first\\=Marge\\|title\\=The beloved dink a big part of Hood's time\\-honored traditions\\=Frederick News\\-Post\\|date\\=2009\\-08\\-29}}", "### Midnight and Strawberry Breakfasts", "Begun in the 1980s, Midnight Breakfast is held each semester the night before final exams begin and is served by College faculty and staff.", "Originally held on the morning of May Day, Strawberry Breakfast now takes places on the morning of Commencement.", "### The Pergola", "Located in the geographical center of Hood's residential quad since 1915, the Pergola is a wooden dome\\-like structure covered with wisteria. Before 1915 a Pergola was located at the East Church Street campus and was the inspiration for the current structure. Several traditions are associated with the Pergola, such as the decoration of the pergola with holiday lights during the holiday season. Students are not to speak any harsh words under the Pergola or \"split poles\" with friends, as this might lead to a failed friendship after graduation.", "### Policies for Dollars", "Policies for Dollars is a competition in which the freshmen of each residence hall compete to raise money for their respective halls. The winning dorm also receives the \"pink spoon,\" a giant plastic trophy of sentimental value. Typical activities in the competition include Hood trivia, dorm cheers and skits.", "" ]
History ------- The contract to build her was awarded to the [Electric Boat](/wiki/Electric_Boat "Electric Boat") Division of [General Dynamics](/wiki/General_Dynamics "General Dynamics") Corporation in [Groton, Connecticut](/wiki/Groton%2C_Connecticut "Groton, Connecticut") on 8 January 1971 and her keel was laid down on 12 August 1972\. She was [launched](/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching "Ship naming and launching") on 19 October 1974 sponsored by Mrs. Marian Huntington Scott (née Chase), wife of Senate Minority Leader [Hugh Scott](/wiki/Hugh_Scott "Hugh Scott"), and [commissioned](/wiki/Ship_commissioning "Ship commissioning") on 25 June 1977, with Commander Robert B. Osborne USN in command. In June 1980 *Philadelphia* departed her homeport of Groton, Connecticut, and headed on a world cruise that would take it to the Indian Ocean/Persian Gulf, as well as the Pacific. Under the command of Commander Edward S. Little USN, the cruise included at visit to Western Australia, when *Philadelphia* made her only visit to HMAS Stirling in Rockingham on 23 December 1980\. The crew enjoyed Christmas in Australia and some R\&R before departing on 29 December 1980\. The *Philadelphia* arrived home in late January 1981\. In 1988, *Philadelphia* became the first submarine to receive [TLAM](/wiki/BGM-109_Tomahawk "BGM-109 Tomahawk")\-D capability. In 1994, *Philadelphia* completed the first [refueling overhaul](/wiki/Refueling_overhaul "Refueling overhaul") of a *Los Angeles*\-class submarine. This was completed at [Portsmouth Naval Shipyard](/wiki/Portsmouth_Naval_Shipyard "Portsmouth Naval Shipyard") in [Kittery, Maine](/wiki/Kittery%2C_Maine "Kittery, Maine"). In 1998, *Philadelphia* was modified to carry a [Dry Deck Shelter](/wiki/Dry_Deck_Shelter "Dry Deck Shelter"), a platform capable of carrying Special Operations Forces. In addition, she was fitted to provide Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV) mother ship support.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.history.navy.mil/shiphist/p/ssn\-690/2002\.pdf \|title\=COMMAND HISTORY FOR CY\-2002 \|author\=E.C. Casciano }} On 5 September 2005 *Philadelphia* was in the [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf") about {{convert\|30\|nmi\|km\|\-1}} northeast of [Bahrain](/wiki/Bahrain "Bahrain") when she collided with a Turkish merchant ship, {{MV\|Yasa Aysen}}.{{cite web \|url \= http://www.marinelink.com/Story/No\+Injuries\+as\+Submarine,\+Ship\+Collide\-200209\.html \|title \= No Injuries as Submarine, Ship Collide \|author \= Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command/Commander, U.S. 5th Fleet Public Affairs \|date \= 7 September 2005 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20120419161532/http://www.marinelink.com/story/no\+injuries\+as\+submarine,\+ship\+collide\-200209\.html \|archive\-date \= 19 April 2012 }} No injuries were reported on either vessel. Damage to the submarine was described as "superficial." *Philadelphia's* Commanding Officer, CDR Steven M. Oxholm, was relieved following the incident. The Turkish ship, which suffered minor damage to her hull just above the water line, was inspected by the [United States Coast Guard](/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard "United States Coast Guard") and found still seaworthy. In 2006, *Philadelphia* completed the first\-ever Pre\-Inactivation Restricted Availability (PIRA) conducted at [Portsmouth Naval Shipyard](/wiki/Portsmouth_Naval_Shipyard "Portsmouth Naval Shipyard") in Kittery, Maine. On 20 July 2009 the Navy announced that the submarine would be inactivated on 10 June 2010 and subsequently decommissioned.Scutro, Andrew, "[Subs, frigate on list of ships being retired](http://militarytimes.com/news/2009/07/navy_shipinactivation_072109w/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830055441/http://militarytimes.com/news/2009/07/navy\_shipinactivation\_072109w/ \|date\=30 August 2012 }}", *[Military Times](/wiki/Military_Times "Military Times")*, 21 July 2009\. *Philadelphia* was decommissioned on 25 June 2010, the thirty\-third anniversary of her commissioning.
[ "History\n-------", "The contract to build her was awarded to the [Electric Boat](/wiki/Electric_Boat \"Electric Boat\") Division of [General Dynamics](/wiki/General_Dynamics \"General Dynamics\") Corporation in [Groton, Connecticut](/wiki/Groton%2C_Connecticut \"Groton, Connecticut\") on 8 January 1971 and her keel was laid down on 12 August 1972\\. She was [launched](/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching \"Ship naming and launching\") on 19 October 1974 sponsored by Mrs. Marian Huntington Scott (née Chase), wife of Senate Minority Leader [Hugh Scott](/wiki/Hugh_Scott \"Hugh Scott\"), and [commissioned](/wiki/Ship_commissioning \"Ship commissioning\") on 25 June 1977, with Commander Robert B. Osborne USN in command.", "In June 1980 *Philadelphia* departed her homeport of Groton, Connecticut, and headed on a world cruise that would take it to the Indian Ocean/Persian Gulf, as well as the Pacific. Under the command of Commander Edward S. Little USN, the cruise included at visit to Western Australia, when *Philadelphia* made her only visit to HMAS Stirling in Rockingham on 23 December 1980\\. The crew enjoyed Christmas in Australia and some R\\&R before departing on 29 December 1980\\. The *Philadelphia* arrived home in late January 1981\\.", "In 1988, *Philadelphia* became the first submarine to receive [TLAM](/wiki/BGM-109_Tomahawk \"BGM-109 Tomahawk\")\\-D capability.", "In 1994, *Philadelphia* completed the first [refueling overhaul](/wiki/Refueling_overhaul \"Refueling overhaul\") of a *Los Angeles*\\-class submarine. This was completed at [Portsmouth Naval Shipyard](/wiki/Portsmouth_Naval_Shipyard \"Portsmouth Naval Shipyard\") in [Kittery, Maine](/wiki/Kittery%2C_Maine \"Kittery, Maine\").", "In 1998, *Philadelphia* was modified to carry a [Dry Deck Shelter](/wiki/Dry_Deck_Shelter \"Dry Deck Shelter\"), a platform capable of carrying Special Operations Forces. In addition, she was fitted to provide Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV) mother ship support.{{cite web\n\\|url\\=http://www.history.navy.mil/shiphist/p/ssn\\-690/2002\\.pdf\n\\|title\\=COMMAND HISTORY FOR CY\\-2002\n\\|author\\=E.C. Casciano\n}}", "On 5 September 2005 *Philadelphia* was in the [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf \"Persian Gulf\") about {{convert\\|30\\|nmi\\|km\\|\\-1}} northeast of [Bahrain](/wiki/Bahrain \"Bahrain\") when she collided with a Turkish merchant ship, {{MV\\|Yasa Aysen}}.{{cite web\n \\|url \\= http://www.marinelink.com/Story/No\\+Injuries\\+as\\+Submarine,\\+Ship\\+Collide\\-200209\\.html\n \\|title \\= No Injuries as Submarine, Ship Collide\n \\|author \\= Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command/Commander, U.S. 5th Fleet Public Affairs\n \\|date \\= 7 September 2005\n \\|url\\-status\\=dead\n \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120419161532/http://www.marinelink.com/story/no\\+injuries\\+as\\+submarine,\\+ship\\+collide\\-200209\\.html\n \\|archive\\-date \\= 19 April 2012\n}} No injuries were reported on either vessel. Damage to the submarine was described as \"superficial.\" *Philadelphia's* Commanding Officer, CDR Steven M. Oxholm, was relieved following the incident. \nThe Turkish ship, which suffered minor damage to her hull just above the water line, was inspected by the [United States Coast Guard](/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard \"United States Coast Guard\") and found still seaworthy.", "In 2006, *Philadelphia* completed the first\\-ever Pre\\-Inactivation Restricted Availability (PIRA) conducted at [Portsmouth Naval Shipyard](/wiki/Portsmouth_Naval_Shipyard \"Portsmouth Naval Shipyard\") in Kittery, Maine.", "On 20 July 2009 the Navy announced that the submarine would be inactivated on 10 June 2010 and subsequently decommissioned.Scutro, Andrew, \"[Subs, frigate on list of ships being retired](http://militarytimes.com/news/2009/07/navy_shipinactivation_072109w/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830055441/http://militarytimes.com/news/2009/07/navy\\_shipinactivation\\_072109w/ \\|date\\=30 August 2012 }}\", *[Military Times](/wiki/Military_Times \"Military Times\")*, 21 July 2009\\. *Philadelphia* was decommissioned on 25 June 2010, the thirty\\-third anniversary of her commissioning.", "" ]
History ------- The traditional custodians of the land surrounding the Manning River and its associated valley are the [Australian Aboriginal](/wiki/Indigenous_Australians "Indigenous Australians") [Biripi](/wiki/Birrbay "Birrbay"),{{cite web \|url\=http://www.manningvalley.info/details/pdf/Aboriginal%20Culture%20and%20history%20in%20the%20Manning%20Valley.pdf \|title\=Aboriginal Culture and history in the Manning Valley \|work\=Greater Taree Aboriginal Heritage Study \|publisher\=Manning Valley Tourism \|author1\=Klaver, J \|author2\=Kefferman, K J \|pages\=1 \|access\-date\=16 March 2013 }}{{dead link\|date\=January 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} who named the river as *Boolumbahtee*, meaning a place where the [brolgas](/wiki/Brolga "Brolga") played. In 1818, [John Oxley](/wiki/John_Oxley "John Oxley") crossed and named Harrington and Farquhar inlets during a trip from the [Hastings River](/wiki/Hastings_River "Hastings River"), near [Port Macquarie](/wiki/Port_Macquarie "Port Macquarie"), to [Port Stephens](/wiki/Port_Stephens_%28New_South_Wales%29 "Port Stephens (New South Wales)"). The Manning River itself was first surveyed by [Henry Dangar](/wiki/Henry_Dangar "Henry Dangar") in 1825 and again in 1826 on behalf of the [Australian Agricultural Company](/wiki/Australian_Agricultural_Company "Australian Agricultural Company"). Later in 1826, the river was named the Manning River by [Robert Dawson](/wiki/Robert_Dawson_Esq. "Robert Dawson Esq.") for the Deputy Governor of the Australian Agricultural Company, [William Manning](/wiki/William_Manning_%28British_politician%29 "William Manning (British politician)").The Present State of Australia by Robert Dawson, page 372\. In the same year it was declared that the Manning was the northern limit of the [Nineteen Counties](/wiki/Nineteen_Counties "Nineteen Counties"), defining the areas of New South Wales where settlers were free to occupy. Until 1913, ships servicing the coast brought goods and supplies up the river. Wingham was established at the furthest point supply boats could reach up the river and became the region's major port. The old cargo wharf at Wingham Brush has since been refurbished. The town of [Tinonee](/wiki/Tinonee%2C_New_South_Wales "Tinonee, New South Wales") was also settled on the river near Taree. In 2008 a pod of bottle\-nosed dolphins became stranded up stream from Wingham between Jackson and Abbotts Falls (visible from Brushy Cutting Lookout). Authorities observed, but did not intervene. Despite this area having adequate food, and a high level of water, all dolphins soon died stranded in this section of fresh and/or brackish water. This is assumed by specialists now to relate to low salinity water leading to Fresh Water Skin Disease. Necroscopys and water testing were not carried out. In March 2021, a record breaking low pressure trough brought intense rainfall to the Manning Valley catchment area,{{cite news \|title\=Martin Bridge at Taree closed to all traffic, including emergency services \|url\=https://www.manningrivertimes.com.au/story/7176176/martin\-bridge\-closed\-to\-all\-traffic\-for\-some\-time/ \|access\-date\=22 March 2021 \|work\=Manning River Times \|publisher\=Australian Community Media \|date\=21 March 2021 \|language\=en\-AU}} inundating properties at [Taree](/wiki/Taree "Taree") and [Wingham](/wiki/Wingham%2C_New_South_Wales "Wingham, New South Wales"). It peaked at {{cvt\|5\.7\|metres}} in Taree, falling just short of the record {{cvt\|6\|metre}} flood of 1929\.[http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs74\.pdf](http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs74.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\|date\=March 2022}} In September 2023 a pod of five bottle\-nosed dolphins became entrapped in a fresh water section of the Manning River, again between Jackson and Abbotts Falls. First observations reported one deceased dolphin, and the four surviving dolphins abnormal behaviour thrashing in deep sections of river and remaining circling within a small section of the river. Relevant authorities were notified. A period of observation of the dolphins was enacted. Water testing some days later revealed the water was fresh, and not brackish as had been presumed. Fresh Water Skin Disease quickly developed in all dolphins as a result of prolonged fresh water exposure.Necroscopy findings Visual growths and deep lesions became evident, even from the shore, and the last surviving dolphins colours began to change. Rescue was formally enacted after three of the dolphins were found deceased.GIPA FOI obtained The fourth dolphin perished the day following, before rescue could be enacted. A skilled multidisciplinary team, carried out a successful and humane capture of the only surviving dolphin on 17 September 2023\.evident in provided photographs Once captured, the final dolphin, who came to be known as Forest, was initially given medical clearance to travel to Sea World Foundation, QLD to be rehabilitated. On full recovery Forest would have been released locally in the Mid\-Coast. Forest was sedated with specialist marine mammal vets and a team of volunteers alongside her. She was travelling in a specialty equipped veterinary vehicle and was under sedation with the specialist team all around her when she died. Necroscopy showed prolonged exposure to fresh water conditions led to array of major health concerns, ultimately organ failure (Fresh Water Skin Disease). The pod of five dolphins perished within 5\.5\- 13\.5 days of becoming entrapped in fresh water conditions. This event is being used to better understand Fresh Water Skin disease internationally, and to support better outcomes if this happens again in this stretch of the Manning River.
[ "History\n-------", "The traditional custodians of the land surrounding the Manning River and its associated valley are the [Australian Aboriginal](/wiki/Indigenous_Australians \"Indigenous Australians\") [Biripi](/wiki/Birrbay \"Birrbay\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.manningvalley.info/details/pdf/Aboriginal%20Culture%20and%20history%20in%20the%20Manning%20Valley.pdf \\|title\\=Aboriginal Culture and history in the Manning Valley \\|work\\=Greater Taree Aboriginal Heritage Study \\|publisher\\=Manning Valley Tourism \\|author1\\=Klaver, J \\|author2\\=Kefferman, K J \\|pages\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=16 March 2013 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=January 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} who named the river as *Boolumbahtee*, meaning a place where the [brolgas](/wiki/Brolga \"Brolga\") played.", "In 1818, [John Oxley](/wiki/John_Oxley \"John Oxley\") crossed and named Harrington and Farquhar inlets during a trip from the [Hastings River](/wiki/Hastings_River \"Hastings River\"), near [Port Macquarie](/wiki/Port_Macquarie \"Port Macquarie\"), to [Port Stephens](/wiki/Port_Stephens_%28New_South_Wales%29 \"Port Stephens (New South Wales)\"). The Manning River itself was first surveyed by [Henry Dangar](/wiki/Henry_Dangar \"Henry Dangar\") in 1825 and again in 1826 on behalf of the [Australian Agricultural Company](/wiki/Australian_Agricultural_Company \"Australian Agricultural Company\"). Later in 1826, the river was named the Manning River by [Robert Dawson](/wiki/Robert_Dawson_Esq. \"Robert Dawson Esq.\") for the Deputy Governor of the Australian Agricultural Company, [William Manning](/wiki/William_Manning_%28British_politician%29 \"William Manning (British politician)\").The Present State of Australia by Robert Dawson, page 372\\. In the same year it was declared that the Manning was the northern limit of the [Nineteen Counties](/wiki/Nineteen_Counties \"Nineteen Counties\"), defining the areas of New South Wales where settlers were free to occupy.", "Until 1913, ships servicing the coast brought goods and supplies up the river. Wingham was established at the furthest point supply boats could reach up the river and became the region's major port. The old cargo wharf at Wingham Brush has since been refurbished. The town of [Tinonee](/wiki/Tinonee%2C_New_South_Wales \"Tinonee, New South Wales\") was also settled on the river near Taree.", "In 2008 a pod of bottle\\-nosed dolphins became stranded up stream from Wingham between Jackson and Abbotts Falls (visible from Brushy Cutting Lookout). Authorities observed, but did not intervene. Despite this area having adequate food, and a high level of water, all dolphins soon died stranded in this section of fresh and/or brackish water. This is assumed by specialists now to relate to low salinity water leading to Fresh Water Skin Disease. Necroscopys and water testing were not carried out.", "In March 2021, a record breaking low pressure trough brought intense rainfall to the Manning Valley catchment area,{{cite news \\|title\\=Martin Bridge at Taree closed to all traffic, including emergency services \\|url\\=https://www.manningrivertimes.com.au/story/7176176/martin\\-bridge\\-closed\\-to\\-all\\-traffic\\-for\\-some\\-time/ \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2021 \\|work\\=Manning River Times \\|publisher\\=Australian Community Media \\|date\\=21 March 2021 \\|language\\=en\\-AU}} inundating properties at [Taree](/wiki/Taree \"Taree\") and [Wingham](/wiki/Wingham%2C_New_South_Wales \"Wingham, New South Wales\"). It peaked at {{cvt\\|5\\.7\\|metres}} in Taree, falling just short of the record {{cvt\\|6\\|metre}} flood of 1929\\.[http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs74\\.pdf](http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs74.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\\|date\\=March 2022}}", "In September 2023 a pod of five bottle\\-nosed dolphins became entrapped in a fresh water section of the Manning River, again between Jackson and Abbotts Falls. First observations reported one deceased dolphin, and the four surviving dolphins abnormal behaviour thrashing in deep sections of river and remaining circling within a small section of the river. Relevant authorities were notified. A period of observation of the dolphins was enacted. Water testing some days later revealed the water was fresh, and not brackish as had been presumed. Fresh Water Skin Disease quickly developed in all dolphins as a result of prolonged fresh water exposure.Necroscopy findings Visual growths and deep lesions became evident, even from the shore, and the last surviving dolphins colours began to change. Rescue was formally enacted after three of the dolphins were found deceased.GIPA FOI obtained The fourth dolphin perished the day following, before rescue could be enacted. A skilled multidisciplinary team, carried out a successful and humane capture of the only surviving dolphin on 17 September 2023\\.evident in provided photographs \nOnce captured, the final dolphin, who came to be known as Forest, was initially given medical clearance to travel to Sea World Foundation, QLD to be rehabilitated. On full recovery Forest would have been released locally in the Mid\\-Coast. Forest was sedated with specialist marine mammal vets and a team of volunteers alongside her. She was travelling in a specialty equipped veterinary vehicle and was under sedation with the specialist team all around her when she died. Necroscopy showed prolonged exposure to fresh water conditions led to array of major health concerns, ultimately organ failure (Fresh Water Skin Disease).\nThe pod of five dolphins perished within 5\\.5\\- 13\\.5 days of becoming entrapped in fresh water conditions. This event is being used to better understand Fresh Water Skin disease internationally, and to support better outcomes if this happens again in this stretch of the Manning River.", "" ]
Timeline of events ------------------ **1890s** Manhattan's [Bowery](/wiki/Bowery "Bowery") was known to host "fairy resorts", saloons or dance halls for male gays, (known as fairies at the time). These 'resorts' included the venues: Paresis Hall, Little Bucks, Manilla Hall, the Palm Club of [Chrystie Street](/wiki/Chrystie_Street "Chrystie Street"), the Black Rabbit at 183 Bleecker Street, and The Slide at 157 Bleecker Street were the site of many gay and drag queen performers gaining recognition as entertainers in New York.[Chauncey, George](/wiki/George_Chauncey "George Chauncey"). 1994\. *Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Makings of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940*. New York: Basic Books. pp. 33–35\. The 1890s gay scene in the Bowery was described by [Earl Lind](/wiki/Earl_Lind "Earl Lind") in her autobiography, *Autobiography of an Androgyne*, published in two volumes in 1919 and 1922\. **1924** *God of Vengeance* (1907\), written by [Sholem Asch](/wiki/Sholem_Asch "Sholem Asch") opens as the first commercially produced play on [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre "Broadway theatre") with a lesbian theme. Soon after, the theatre owner and the entire cast of 12 was arrested and found guilty of obscenity.Asch, Sholem, and Isaac Goldberg. 1918\. [*The God of Vengeance: Drama in Three Acts*.](https://archive.org/details/cu31924026883102) Boston: Stratford Co. **1926** Police raid on [Eve's Hangout](/wiki/Eve%27s_Hangout "Eve's Hangout") on June 11 results in its closure. Its owner, [Eva Kotchever](/wiki/Eva_Kotchever "Eva Kotchever"), was arrested, found guilty of obscenity and deported to Europe. She was assassinated at [Auschwitz](/wiki/Auschwitz "Auschwitz") during World War II. **1927** The [New York State Assembly](/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly "New York State Assembly") amends a public\-obscenity code to include a ban of depictions of gayness onstage in what is called 'the padlock bill.'Chauncey (1994\) **1939** New York City closes most of the city's best\-known gay bars in preparation for the [1939 New York World's Fair](/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair "1939 New York World's Fair"). **1940** Courts rule [New York State Liquor Authority](/wiki/New_York_State_Liquor_Authority "New York State Liquor Authority") can legally close down bars that serve "sex variants." **1945** After many LGBT personnel were discharged from military service during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), the Quaker Emergency Committee of New York City opens the first social welfare agency for gay people, serving young people arrested on same\-sex charges. The group was disbanded in 1954 because of disagreement whether its goals were to 'cure' LGBT persons or to assist them with more basic social and welfare needs.Licata, Salvatore J., and Robert P. Petersen. 1985\. The gay past: a collection of historical essays. New York: Harrington Park Press. p. 166\. **1956** New York Author [James Baldwin](/wiki/James_Baldwin "James Baldwin") publishes the novel *[Giovanni's Room](/wiki/Giovanni%27s_Room "Giovanni's Room")*, which features a gay male narrator. The book was well received by critics.[Hicks, Granville. "Tormented Triangle."](https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/03/29/specials/baldwin-giovanni.html), *The New York Times*. October 14, 1956\. **1962** The first known pro\-LGBT radio program, a 90\-minute special with [Randy Wicker](/wiki/Randy_Wicker "Randy Wicker") airs on the station, [WBAI](/wiki/WBAI "WBAI") in New York City. **1967** April 21: New York decides that it can no longer forbid bars from serving gay men and lesbians after activists stage a "Sip\-In" at Julius, a bar. **1967** [Craig Rodwell](/wiki/Craig_Rodwell "Craig Rodwell") opens the [Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop](/wiki/Oscar_Wilde_Memorial_Bookshop "Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop"), the first gay bookstore in the U.S., in Greenwich Village. **1969** * Saturday 28 June – [Stonewall riots](/wiki/Stonewall_riots "Stonewall riots") * In November [Craig Rodwell](/wiki/Craig_Rodwell "Craig Rodwell"), Fred Sargaent, [Ellen Broidy](/wiki/Ellen_Broidy "Ellen Broidy"), and Linda Rhodes proposed the first gay [Pride parade](/wiki/Pride_parade "Pride parade") to be held in New York City by way of a resolution at the Eastern Regional Conference of Homophile Organizations. The parade was originally named "[Christopher Street Liberation Day](/wiki/Gay_Pride%23Christopher_Street_Liberation_Day "Gay Pride#Christopher Street Liberation Day")." It was held Sunday, June 28, 1970\. **1970** Gay “[zaps](/wiki/Zap_%28action%29 "Zap (action)")” were first used against New York City Mayor [John Lindsay](/wiki/John_Lindsay "John Lindsay"). **1971** The [Gay \& Lesbian Switchboard of New York](/wiki/Gay_%26_Lesbian_Switchboard_of_New_York "Gay & Lesbian Switchboard of New York") is founded. **1972** * The Ithaca Statement on Bisexuality, sparked by [Stephen Donaldson](/wiki/Stephen_Donaldson_%28activist%29 "Stephen Donaldson (activist)") aka Donny the Punk, came out of the annual national gathering of Quakers, [Friends General Conference](/wiki/Friends_General_Conference%23Locations_since_1963 "Friends General Conference#Locations since 1963"), and was published in *The Advocate*. It "was certainly the first statement on bisexuality issued by an American religious assembly" and led to an ongoing organization, the Committee of Friends on Bisexuality.Donaldson, Stephen (1995\). "The Bisexual Movement's Beginnings in the 70s: A Personal Retrospective". In Tucker, Naomi. Bisexual Politics: Theories, Queries, \& Visions. New York: Harrington Park Press. pp. 31–45\. {{ISBN\|1\-56023\-869\-0}}. * The National Bisexual Liberation Group first forms in New York. The group issued the first bisexual newsletter, *The Bisexual Expression.* * Parents \& Friends of Lesbians and Gays ([PFLAG](/wiki/PFLAG "PFLAG")) is founded in New York after cofounder [Jeanne Manford](/wiki/Jeanne_Manford "Jeanne Manford") held a sign in the [Christopher Street Liberation Day Parade](/wiki/Gay_Pride%23Christopher_Street_Liberation_Day "Gay Pride#Christopher Street Liberation Day"). The sign read; “Parents of gays: unite in support of our children", in support of her openly gay son, Morty. * The [Metropolitan Community Church](/wiki/Metropolitan_Community_Church "Metropolitan Community Church"), an LGBT Christian Church, opened on West 36th Street. 1973 The [Lesbian Herstory Archives](/wiki/Lesbian_Herstory_Archives "Lesbian Herstory Archives") is founded by members of the [Gay Academic Union](/wiki/Gay_Academic_Union "Gay Academic Union"), and hosted in [Joan Nestle's](/wiki/Joan_Nestle "Joan Nestle") Upper West Side apartment. 1980 * November 19: An armed man targeting gay bars kills two and wounds six in Greenwich Village.{{cite news \| work\=New York Times \| access\-date \= June 16, 2016\| date \= June 16, 2016 \| title\= New York's Own Anti\-Gay Massacre, in the Village, Is Now Barely Recalled \| first \= David W. \| last \= Dunlap \| url \= http://mobile.nytimes.com/2016/06/16/nyregion/new\-yorks\-own\-anti\-gay\-massacre\-now\-barely\-remembered\-orlando.html }} 1981 * January 15: Nick Rock becomes first known [AIDS death in New York City](/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_New_York_City "HIV/AIDS in New York City").[“AIDS in New York: A Biography.” New York Magazine.](http://nymag.com/news/features/17158/) * July 3: *The New York Times* publishes the first news article about AIDS.Altman, Lawrence K., ["Rare Cancer Seen in 41 Homosexuals."](https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/03/us/rare-cancer-seen-in-41-homosexuals.html) New York Times. July 3, 1981\. 1982 * [Gay Men's Health Crisis](/wiki/Gay_Men%27s_Health_Crisis "Gay Men's Health Crisis") is founded. * By 1982, there had been 272 cumulative deaths by AIDS in New York.[AIDS Diagnosis and Persons Living with HIV/AIDS By Year Pre\-1981\-2012, New York City.](http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/ah/surveillance2012-trend-tables.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117221225/http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/ah/surveillance2012\-trend\-tables.pdf \|date\=2016\-01\-17 }} New York City HIV/AIDS Annual Surveillance Statistics 2012\. 1983 * By 1983, there had been 860 cumulative deaths by AIDS in New York. **1984** * By 1984, there had been 1,969 cumulative deaths by AIDS in New York. [thumb\|[Harvey Milk High School](/wiki/Harvey_Milk_High_School "Harvey Milk High School") entrance](/wiki/File:Harvey_Milk_High_School_Entrance_by_David_Shankbone.jpg "Harvey Milk High School Entrance by David Shankbone.jpg") **1985** * The first school for openly lesbian and gay teenagers opens in New York City, [Harvey Milk High School](/wiki/Harvey_Milk_High_School "Harvey Milk High School"). * By 1985, there had been 3,798 cumulative deaths by AIDS in New York. **1986** * By 1986, there had been 6,505 cumulative deaths by AIDS in New York. **1987** * [ACT UP](/wiki/ACT_UP "ACT UP") (the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) is founded in New York City at the [Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual \& Transgender Community Center](/wiki/Lesbian%2C_Gay%2C_Bisexual_%26_Transgender_Community_Center "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Community Center").[“Pictures from a Battlefield. NYMag.com.](http://nymag.com/news/features/act-up-2012-4/) March 25, 2012\.” * [BiNet USA](/wiki/BiNet_USA "BiNet USA"), an organization which develops Bisexual community resources and educational information was founded. BiNet is the oldest national bisexuality organization in the United States. * By 1987, there had been 9,851 cumulative deaths by AIDS in New York. **1988** * The [New York Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, \& Transgender Film Festival](/wiki/New_York_Lesbian%2C_Gay%2C_Bisexual%2C_%26_Transgender_Film_Festival "New York Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, & Transgender Film Festival") first premieres. * By 1988, there had been 14,144 cumulative deaths by AIDS in New York. **1989** * By 1989, there had been 19,492 cumulative deaths by AIDS in New York. **2011** * July 24: [Same\-sex marriage in New York](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_New_York "Same-sex marriage in New York") becomes legal under the [Marriage Equality Act (New York)](/wiki/Marriage_Equality_Act_%28New_York%29 "Marriage Equality Act (New York)") passed by the [New York State Legislature](/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature "New York State Legislature"). **2015** * J. Christopher Neal became the first openly bisexual [New York City LGBT Pride March](/wiki/LGBT_Pride_March_%28New_York_City%29 "LGBT Pride March (New York City)") Grand Marshal.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hrc.org/blog/entry/from\-brenda\-howard\-to\-j.\-christopher\-neal\-bisexual\-leaders\-and\-pride \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702015332/http://www.hrc.org/blog/entry/from\-brenda\-howard\-to\-j.\-christopher\-neal\-bisexual\-leaders\-and\-pride \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=July 2, 2015 \|title\=From Brenda Howard to J. Christopher Neal: Bisexual Leaders and Pride \| Human Rights Campaign \|publisher\=Hrc.org \|date\=2015\-06\-30 \|access\-date\=2015\-07\-09}} **2016** * [Hillary Clinton](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton") became the first presumptive presidential nominee from any major party to march in the [New York City LGBT Pride March](/wiki/LGBT_Pride_March_%28New_York_City%29 "LGBT Pride March (New York City)").{{cite web\|author\=Andy TowleJune 26, 2016 \|url\=http://www.towleroad.com/2016/06/hillary\-clinton\-pride/ \|title\=Hillary Clinton Makes Historic Surprise Appearance in NYC Pride Parade: WATCH \|publisher\=Towleroad \|date\=1999\-02\-22 \|access\-date\=2016\-06\-29}} **2018** * [Peppermint](/wiki/Peppermint_%28drag_queen%29 "Peppermint (drag queen)") made her [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre "Broadway theatre") debut in [The Go\-Go's](/wiki/The_Go-Go%27s "The Go-Go's")\-inspired musical *[Head Over Heels](/wiki/Head_Over_Heels_%28musical%29 "Head Over Heels (musical)")*. The show began previews on June 23, 2018, and officially opened July 26; playing the role of Pythio, Peppermint became the first trans woman to originate a principal role on Broadway.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.playbill.com/article/rupauls\-drag\-race\-star\-peppermint\-will\-make\-her\-broadway\-debut\-in\-go\-gos\-musical\-head\-over\-heels\|title\= RuPaul's Drag Race Peppermint Will Make Her Broadway Debut in Go\-Go's Musical Head Over Heels\|first\=Ryan\|last\=McPhee\|work\=\[\[Playbill (magazine)\|Playbill]]\|date\=January 29, 2018\|access\-date\=February 5, 2018\|archive\-date\=February 3, 2018\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20180203205159/http://www.playbill.com/article/rupauls\-drag\-race\-star\-peppermint\-will\-make\-her\-broadway\-debut\-in\-go\-gos\-musical\-head\-over\-heels \|url\-status\=live}}
[ "Timeline of events\n------------------", "**1890s**", "Manhattan's [Bowery](/wiki/Bowery \"Bowery\") was known to host \"fairy resorts\", saloons or dance halls for male gays, (known as fairies at the time). These 'resorts' included the venues: Paresis Hall, Little Bucks, Manilla Hall, the Palm Club of [Chrystie Street](/wiki/Chrystie_Street \"Chrystie Street\"), the Black Rabbit at 183 Bleecker Street, and The Slide at 157 Bleecker Street were the site of many gay and drag queen performers gaining recognition as entertainers in New York.[Chauncey, George](/wiki/George_Chauncey \"George Chauncey\"). 1994\\. *Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Makings of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940*. New York: Basic Books. pp. 33–35\\. The 1890s gay scene in the Bowery was described by [Earl Lind](/wiki/Earl_Lind \"Earl Lind\") in her autobiography, *Autobiography of an Androgyne*, published in two volumes in 1919 and 1922\\.", "**1924**", "*God of Vengeance* (1907\\), written by [Sholem Asch](/wiki/Sholem_Asch \"Sholem Asch\") opens as the first commercially produced play on [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\") with a lesbian theme. Soon after, the theatre owner and the entire cast of 12 was arrested and found guilty of obscenity.Asch, Sholem, and Isaac Goldberg. 1918\\. [*The God of Vengeance: Drama in Three Acts*.](https://archive.org/details/cu31924026883102) Boston: Stratford Co.", "**1926**", "Police raid on [Eve's Hangout](/wiki/Eve%27s_Hangout \"Eve's Hangout\") on June 11 results in its closure. Its owner, [Eva Kotchever](/wiki/Eva_Kotchever \"Eva Kotchever\"), was arrested, found guilty of obscenity and deported to Europe. She was assassinated at [Auschwitz](/wiki/Auschwitz \"Auschwitz\") during World War II.", "**1927**", "The [New York State Assembly](/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly \"New York State Assembly\") amends a public\\-obscenity code to include a ban of depictions of gayness onstage in what is called 'the padlock bill.'Chauncey (1994\\)", "**1939**", "New York City closes most of the city's best\\-known gay bars in preparation for the [1939 New York World's Fair](/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair \"1939 New York World's Fair\").", "**1940**", "Courts rule [New York State Liquor Authority](/wiki/New_York_State_Liquor_Authority \"New York State Liquor Authority\") can legally close down bars that serve \"sex variants.\"", "**1945**\n \n \nAfter many LGBT personnel were discharged from military service during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), the Quaker Emergency Committee of New York City opens the first social welfare agency for gay people, serving young people arrested on same\\-sex charges. The group was disbanded in 1954 because of disagreement whether its goals were to 'cure' LGBT persons or to assist them with more basic social and welfare needs.Licata, Salvatore J., and Robert P. Petersen. 1985\\. The gay past: a collection of historical essays. New York: Harrington Park Press. p. 166\\.", "**1956**", "New York Author [James Baldwin](/wiki/James_Baldwin \"James Baldwin\") publishes the novel *[Giovanni's Room](/wiki/Giovanni%27s_Room \"Giovanni's Room\")*, which features a gay male narrator. The book was well received by critics.[Hicks, Granville. \"Tormented Triangle.\"](https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/03/29/specials/baldwin-giovanni.html), *The New York Times*. October 14, 1956\\.", "**1962**", "The first known pro\\-LGBT radio program, a 90\\-minute special with [Randy Wicker](/wiki/Randy_Wicker \"Randy Wicker\") airs on the station, [WBAI](/wiki/WBAI \"WBAI\") in New York City.", "**1967**\n \nApril 21: New York decides that it can no longer forbid bars from serving gay men and lesbians after activists stage a \"Sip\\-In\" at Julius, a bar.", "**1967**", "[Craig Rodwell](/wiki/Craig_Rodwell \"Craig Rodwell\") opens the [Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop](/wiki/Oscar_Wilde_Memorial_Bookshop \"Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop\"), the first gay bookstore in the U.S., in Greenwich Village.", "**1969**\n* Saturday 28 June – [Stonewall riots](/wiki/Stonewall_riots \"Stonewall riots\")\n* In November [Craig Rodwell](/wiki/Craig_Rodwell \"Craig Rodwell\"), Fred Sargaent, [Ellen Broidy](/wiki/Ellen_Broidy \"Ellen Broidy\"), and Linda Rhodes proposed the first gay [Pride parade](/wiki/Pride_parade \"Pride parade\") to be held in New York City by way of a resolution at the Eastern Regional Conference of Homophile Organizations. The parade was originally named \"[Christopher Street Liberation Day](/wiki/Gay_Pride%23Christopher_Street_Liberation_Day \"Gay Pride#Christopher Street Liberation Day\").\" It was held Sunday, June 28, 1970\\.", "**1970**", "Gay “[zaps](/wiki/Zap_%28action%29 \"Zap (action)\")” were first used against New York City Mayor [John Lindsay](/wiki/John_Lindsay \"John Lindsay\").", "**1971**", "The [Gay \\& Lesbian Switchboard of New York](/wiki/Gay_%26_Lesbian_Switchboard_of_New_York \"Gay & Lesbian Switchboard of New York\") is founded.", "**1972**\n* The Ithaca Statement on Bisexuality, sparked by [Stephen Donaldson](/wiki/Stephen_Donaldson_%28activist%29 \"Stephen Donaldson (activist)\") aka Donny the Punk, came out of the annual national gathering of Quakers, [Friends General Conference](/wiki/Friends_General_Conference%23Locations_since_1963 \"Friends General Conference#Locations since 1963\"), and was published in *The Advocate*. It \"was certainly the first statement on bisexuality issued by an American religious assembly\" and led to an ongoing organization, the Committee of Friends on Bisexuality.Donaldson, Stephen (1995\\). \"The Bisexual Movement's Beginnings in the 70s: A Personal Retrospective\". In Tucker, Naomi. Bisexual Politics: Theories, Queries, \\& Visions. New York: Harrington Park Press. pp. 31–45\\. {{ISBN\\|1\\-56023\\-869\\-0}}.\n* The National Bisexual Liberation Group first forms in New York. The group issued the first bisexual newsletter, *The Bisexual Expression.*\n* Parents \\& Friends of Lesbians and Gays ([PFLAG](/wiki/PFLAG \"PFLAG\")) is founded in New York after cofounder [Jeanne Manford](/wiki/Jeanne_Manford \"Jeanne Manford\") held a sign in the [Christopher Street Liberation Day Parade](/wiki/Gay_Pride%23Christopher_Street_Liberation_Day \"Gay Pride#Christopher Street Liberation Day\"). The sign read; “Parents of gays: unite in support of our children\", in support of her openly gay son, Morty.\n* The [Metropolitan Community Church](/wiki/Metropolitan_Community_Church \"Metropolitan Community Church\"), an LGBT Christian Church, opened on West 36th Street.", "1973\nThe [Lesbian Herstory Archives](/wiki/Lesbian_Herstory_Archives \"Lesbian Herstory Archives\") is founded by members of the [Gay Academic Union](/wiki/Gay_Academic_Union \"Gay Academic Union\"), and hosted in [Joan Nestle's](/wiki/Joan_Nestle \"Joan Nestle\") Upper West Side apartment.\n1980\n* November 19: An armed man targeting gay bars kills two and wounds six in Greenwich Village.{{cite news \\| work\\=New York Times \\| access\\-date \\= June 16, 2016\\| date \\= June 16, 2016 \\| title\\= New York's Own Anti\\-Gay Massacre, in the Village, Is Now Barely Recalled \\| first \\= David W. \\| last \\= Dunlap \\| url \\= http://mobile.nytimes.com/2016/06/16/nyregion/new\\-yorks\\-own\\-anti\\-gay\\-massacre\\-now\\-barely\\-remembered\\-orlando.html }}", "1981\n* January 15: Nick Rock becomes first known [AIDS death in New York City](/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_New_York_City \"HIV/AIDS in New York City\").[“AIDS in New York: A Biography.” New York Magazine.](http://nymag.com/news/features/17158/)\n* July 3: *The New York Times* publishes the first news article about AIDS.Altman, Lawrence K., [\"Rare Cancer Seen in 41 Homosexuals.\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/03/us/rare-cancer-seen-in-41-homosexuals.html) New York Times. July 3, 1981\\.", "1982\n* [Gay Men's Health Crisis](/wiki/Gay_Men%27s_Health_Crisis \"Gay Men's Health Crisis\") is founded.\n* By 1982, there had been 272 cumulative deaths by AIDS in New York.[AIDS Diagnosis and Persons Living with HIV/AIDS By Year Pre\\-1981\\-2012, New York City.](http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/ah/surveillance2012-trend-tables.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117221225/http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/ah/surveillance2012\\-trend\\-tables.pdf \\|date\\=2016\\-01\\-17 }} New York City HIV/AIDS Annual Surveillance Statistics 2012\\.", "1983\n* By 1983, there had been 860 cumulative deaths by AIDS in New York.", "**1984**\n* By 1984, there had been 1,969 cumulative deaths by AIDS in New York.\n[thumb\\|[Harvey Milk High School](/wiki/Harvey_Milk_High_School \"Harvey Milk High School\") entrance](/wiki/File:Harvey_Milk_High_School_Entrance_by_David_Shankbone.jpg \"Harvey Milk High School Entrance by David Shankbone.jpg\")", "**1985**\n* The first school for openly lesbian and gay teenagers opens in New York City, [Harvey Milk High School](/wiki/Harvey_Milk_High_School \"Harvey Milk High School\").\n* By 1985, there had been 3,798 cumulative deaths by AIDS in New York.", "**1986**\n* By 1986, there had been 6,505 cumulative deaths by AIDS in New York.", "**1987**\n* [ACT UP](/wiki/ACT_UP \"ACT UP\") (the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) is founded in New York City at the [Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual \\& Transgender Community Center](/wiki/Lesbian%2C_Gay%2C_Bisexual_%26_Transgender_Community_Center \"Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Community Center\").[“Pictures from a Battlefield. NYMag.com.](http://nymag.com/news/features/act-up-2012-4/) March 25, 2012\\.”\n* [BiNet USA](/wiki/BiNet_USA \"BiNet USA\"), an organization which develops Bisexual community resources and educational information was founded. BiNet is the oldest national bisexuality organization in the United States.\n* By 1987, there had been 9,851 cumulative deaths by AIDS in New York.", "**1988**\n* The [New York Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, \\& Transgender Film Festival](/wiki/New_York_Lesbian%2C_Gay%2C_Bisexual%2C_%26_Transgender_Film_Festival \"New York Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, & Transgender Film Festival\") first premieres.\n* By 1988, there had been 14,144 cumulative deaths by AIDS in New York.", "**1989**\n* By 1989, there had been 19,492 cumulative deaths by AIDS in New York.", "**2011**\n* July 24: [Same\\-sex marriage in New York](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_New_York \"Same-sex marriage in New York\") becomes legal under the [Marriage Equality Act (New York)](/wiki/Marriage_Equality_Act_%28New_York%29 \"Marriage Equality Act (New York)\") passed by the [New York State Legislature](/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature \"New York State Legislature\").", "**2015**\n* J. Christopher Neal became the first openly bisexual [New York City LGBT Pride March](/wiki/LGBT_Pride_March_%28New_York_City%29 \"LGBT Pride March (New York City)\") Grand Marshal.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hrc.org/blog/entry/from\\-brenda\\-howard\\-to\\-j.\\-christopher\\-neal\\-bisexual\\-leaders\\-and\\-pride \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702015332/http://www.hrc.org/blog/entry/from\\-brenda\\-howard\\-to\\-j.\\-christopher\\-neal\\-bisexual\\-leaders\\-and\\-pride \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=July 2, 2015 \\|title\\=From Brenda Howard to J. Christopher Neal: Bisexual Leaders and Pride \\| Human Rights Campaign \\|publisher\\=Hrc.org \\|date\\=2015\\-06\\-30 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-07\\-09}}", "**2016**\n* [Hillary Clinton](/wiki/Hillary_Clinton \"Hillary Clinton\") became the first presumptive presidential nominee from any major party to march in the [New York City LGBT Pride March](/wiki/LGBT_Pride_March_%28New_York_City%29 \"LGBT Pride March (New York City)\").{{cite web\\|author\\=Andy TowleJune 26, 2016 \\|url\\=http://www.towleroad.com/2016/06/hillary\\-clinton\\-pride/ \\|title\\=Hillary Clinton Makes Historic Surprise Appearance in NYC Pride Parade: WATCH \\|publisher\\=Towleroad \\|date\\=1999\\-02\\-22 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-29}}", "**2018**\n* [Peppermint](/wiki/Peppermint_%28drag_queen%29 \"Peppermint (drag queen)\") made her [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\") debut in [The Go\\-Go's](/wiki/The_Go-Go%27s \"The Go-Go's\")\\-inspired musical *[Head Over Heels](/wiki/Head_Over_Heels_%28musical%29 \"Head Over Heels (musical)\")*. The show began previews on June 23, 2018, and officially opened July 26; playing the role of Pythio, Peppermint became the first trans woman to originate a principal role on Broadway.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.playbill.com/article/rupauls\\-drag\\-race\\-star\\-peppermint\\-will\\-make\\-her\\-broadway\\-debut\\-in\\-go\\-gos\\-musical\\-head\\-over\\-heels\\|title\\= RuPaul's Drag Race Peppermint Will Make Her Broadway Debut in Go\\-Go's Musical Head Over Heels\\|first\\=Ryan\\|last\\=McPhee\\|work\\=\\[\\[Playbill (magazine)\\|Playbill]]\\|date\\=January 29, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=February 5, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20180203205159/http://www.playbill.com/article/rupauls\\-drag\\-race\\-star\\-peppermint\\-will\\-make\\-her\\-broadway\\-debut\\-in\\-go\\-gos\\-musical\\-head\\-over\\-heels \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "" ]
Biography --------- She was born in [Liège](/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge "Liège") and grew up there. Bastin studied at [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague "The Hague"), earning a diploma that allowed her to teach [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language "Dutch language"). From 1912 to 1914, she taught at a [middle school](/wiki/Middle_school "Middle school") in [Braine\-le\-Comte](/wiki/Braine-le-Comte "Braine-le-Comte").{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=fIPj8NRvuNAC\&pg\=PA38 \|title\=Dictionnaire des femmes belges: XIXe et XXe siècles \|year\=2006 \|ISBN\=2873864346 \|last\=Gubin \|first\=Eliane \|author\-link1\=Éliane Gubin\|language\=fr}} Bastin spent [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") in [England](/wiki/England "England") and studied languages at [Bedford College](/wiki/Bedford_College_%28London%29 "Bedford College (London)"), particularly French literature from the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages"). She was also a teaching assistant for French conversation and composition courses at the college. Afterwards, she taught in [secondary schools](/wiki/Secondary_school "Secondary school") in [Derbyshire](/wiki/Derbyshire "Derbyshire") and then [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire "Yorkshire"). From 1920 to 1931, she lived in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), attending the [École pratique des hautes études](/wiki/%C3%89cole_pratique_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes "École pratique des hautes études") and the [Sorbonne](/wiki/University_of_Paris "University of Paris") where she studied [Old French](/wiki/Old_French "Old French") and [Old Occitan](/wiki/Old_Occitan "Old Occitan"). She was able to attend classes taught by [Alfred Jeanroy](/wiki/Alfred_Jeanroy "Alfred Jeanroy") and [Edmond Faral](/wiki/Edmond_Faral "Edmond Faral"). In 1928, she translated [Aldous Huxley](/wiki/Aldous_Huxley "Aldous Huxley")'s novel [Crome Yellow](/wiki/Crome_Yellow "Crome Yellow") into French as *Jaune de Crome*. In 1932, she translated [Johan Huizinga](/wiki/Johan_Huizinga "Johan Huizinga")'s *Herfsttijd der Middeleeuwen* into French as *Le déclin du Moyen Âge*. That same year, she translated Huxley's *[Those Barren Leaves](/wiki/Those_Barren_Leaves "Those Barren Leaves")* into French as *Marina di Vezza*; that translation was awarded the [Académie française](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise "Académie française")'s Prix Langlois. In 1929 and 1930, Bastin published the two volumes of *Recueil général des Isopets*, a collection of [fables](/wiki/Fable "Fable") from the Middle Ages. With [Edmond Faral](/wiki/Edmond_Faral "Edmond Faral"), she was editor for *Onze Poèmes concernant la Croisade, par [Rutebeuf](/wiki/Rutebeuf "Rutebeuf")*, published in 1946, and for *Œuvres complètes de Rutebeuf*, which was released in two volumes in 1958 and 1960\. In 1931, she joined the [Romance studies](/wiki/Romance_studies "Romance studies") department of the [Université libre de Bruxelles](/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_libre_de_Bruxelles "Université libre de Bruxelles"). She became the first female member of the [Académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises de Belgique](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_de_langue_et_de_litt%C3%A9rature_fran%C3%A7aises_de_Belgique "Académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises de Belgique") in 1947\. Bastin died in [Sint\-Agatha\-Berchem](/wiki/Sint-Agatha-Berchem "Sint-Agatha-Berchem") at the age of 80\.
[ "Biography\n---------", "She was born in [Liège](/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge \"Liège\") and grew up there. Bastin studied at [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague \"The Hague\"), earning a diploma that allowed her to teach [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language \"Dutch language\"). From 1912 to 1914, she taught at a [middle school](/wiki/Middle_school \"Middle school\") in [Braine\\-le\\-Comte](/wiki/Braine-le-Comte \"Braine-le-Comte\").{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=fIPj8NRvuNAC\\&pg\\=PA38 \\|title\\=Dictionnaire des femmes belges: XIXe et XXe siècles \\|year\\=2006 \\|ISBN\\=2873864346 \\|last\\=Gubin \\|first\\=Eliane \\|author\\-link1\\=Éliane Gubin\\|language\\=fr}} Bastin spent [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") in [England](/wiki/England \"England\") and studied languages at [Bedford College](/wiki/Bedford_College_%28London%29 \"Bedford College (London)\"), particularly French literature from the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\"). She was also a teaching assistant for French conversation and composition courses at the college. Afterwards, she taught in [secondary schools](/wiki/Secondary_school \"Secondary school\") in [Derbyshire](/wiki/Derbyshire \"Derbyshire\") and then [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire \"Yorkshire\"). From 1920 to 1931, she lived in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), attending the [École pratique des hautes études](/wiki/%C3%89cole_pratique_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes \"École pratique des hautes études\") and the [Sorbonne](/wiki/University_of_Paris \"University of Paris\") where she studied [Old French](/wiki/Old_French \"Old French\") and [Old Occitan](/wiki/Old_Occitan \"Old Occitan\"). She was able to attend classes taught by [Alfred Jeanroy](/wiki/Alfred_Jeanroy \"Alfred Jeanroy\") and [Edmond Faral](/wiki/Edmond_Faral \"Edmond Faral\").", "In 1928, she translated [Aldous Huxley](/wiki/Aldous_Huxley \"Aldous Huxley\")'s novel [Crome Yellow](/wiki/Crome_Yellow \"Crome Yellow\") into French as *Jaune de Crome*. In 1932, she translated [Johan Huizinga](/wiki/Johan_Huizinga \"Johan Huizinga\")'s *Herfsttijd der Middeleeuwen* into French as *Le déclin du Moyen Âge*. That same year, she translated Huxley's *[Those Barren Leaves](/wiki/Those_Barren_Leaves \"Those Barren Leaves\")* into French as *Marina di Vezza*; that translation was awarded the [Académie française](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise \"Académie française\")'s Prix Langlois.", "In 1929 and 1930, Bastin published the two volumes of *Recueil général des Isopets*, a collection of [fables](/wiki/Fable \"Fable\") from the Middle Ages. With [Edmond Faral](/wiki/Edmond_Faral \"Edmond Faral\"), she was editor for *Onze Poèmes concernant la Croisade, par [Rutebeuf](/wiki/Rutebeuf \"Rutebeuf\")*, published in 1946, and for *Œuvres complètes de Rutebeuf*, which was released in two volumes in 1958 and 1960\\.", "In 1931, she joined the [Romance studies](/wiki/Romance_studies \"Romance studies\") department of the [Université libre de Bruxelles](/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_libre_de_Bruxelles \"Université libre de Bruxelles\"). She became the first female member of the [Académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises de Belgique](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_de_langue_et_de_litt%C3%A9rature_fran%C3%A7aises_de_Belgique \"Académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises de Belgique\") in 1947\\.", "Bastin died in [Sint\\-Agatha\\-Berchem](/wiki/Sint-Agatha-Berchem \"Sint-Agatha-Berchem\") at the age of 80\\.", "" ]