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Demographics ------------ {{Historical populations \|title\= Historical populations \|type\= USA \|align\= left \|1910\|246 \|1920\|324 \|1930\|313 \|1940\|290 \|1950\|227 \|1960\|260 \|1970\|260 \|1980\|303 \|1990\|252 \|2000\|269 \|2010\|302 \|2020\|302 \|source\={{center\|U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 4, 2015}}}}\|footnote\=Source:{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|title\=U.S. Census website\|access\-date\=2020\-03\-29}} and \[http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000\.pdf Iowa Data Center] }} ### 2020 census As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_census "United States census") of 2020,{{cite web \|title\=2020 Census \|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census/decade/2020/2020\-census\-main.html \|publisher\=United States Census Bureau}} there were 302 people, 124 households, and 80 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was 490\.2 inhabitants per square mile (189\.3/km2). There were 133 housing units at an average density of 215\.9 per square mile (83\.4/km2). The [racial](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States census") makeup of the city was 91\.1% [White](/wiki/White_Americans "White Americans"), 1\.7% [Black or African American](/wiki/African_Americans "African Americans"), 0\.3% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States"), 0\.3% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans"), 0\.0% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans "Pacific Islander Americans"), 1\.7% from other races and 5\.0% from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") of any race comprised 0\.3% of the population. Of the 124 households, 37\.1% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 5\.6% were cohabitating couples, 25\.0% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 20\.2% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 35\.5% of all households were non\-families. 31\.5% of all household were made up of individuals, 9\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older. The median age in the city was 37\.5 years. 26\.2% of the residents were under the age of 20; 5\.3% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 29\.1% were from 25 and 44; 25\.8% were from 45 and 64; and 13\.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47\.7% male and 52\.3% female. ### 2010 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2012\-05\-11}} of 2010, there were 302 people, 120 households, and 89 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|495\.1\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 134 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|219\.7\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 97\.7% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.7% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.7% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.0% of the population. There were 120 households, of which 36\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 15\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 4\.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25\.8% were non\-families. 23\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.52 and the average family size was 2\.85\. The median age in the city was 36\.3 years. 26\.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24\.8% were from 25 to 44; 24\.7% were from 45 to 64; and 16\.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46\.0% male and 54\.0% female. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2008\-01\-31\|title\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 269 people, 107 households, and 78 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\|544\.9\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 113 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|228\.9\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\.88% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.12% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.86% of the population. There were 107 households, out of which 32\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 3\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26\.2% were non\-families. 24\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8\.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.51 and the average family size was 2\.99\. In the city, the population was spread out, with 24\.2% under the age of 18, 10\.4% from 18 to 24, 26\.0% from 25 to 44, 27\.1% from 45 to 64, and 12\.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 102\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106\.1 males. The median income for a household in the city was $40,341, and the median income for a family was $44,000\. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $20,833 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $18,834\. About 1\.3% of families and 3\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including none of those under the age of eighteen and 10\.8% of those 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{Historical populations\n\\|title\\= Historical populations\n\\|type\\= USA\n\\|align\\= left\n\\|1910\\|246\n\\|1920\\|324\n\\|1930\\|313\n\\|1940\\|290\n\\|1950\\|227\n\\|1960\\|260\n\\|1970\\|260\n\\|1980\\|303\n\\|1990\\|252\n\\|2000\\|269\n\\|2010\\|302\n\\|2020\\|302\n\\|source\\={{center\\|U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2015}}}}\\|footnote\\=Source:{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-29}} and \\[http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000\\.pdf Iowa Data Center]\n}}", "### 2020 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_census \"United States census\") of 2020,{{cite web \\|title\\=2020 Census \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census/decade/2020/2020\\-census\\-main.html \\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau}} there were 302 people, 124 households, and 80 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was 490\\.2 inhabitants per square mile (189\\.3/km2). There were 133 housing units at an average density of 215\\.9 per square mile (83\\.4/km2). The [racial](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census\") makeup of the city was 91\\.1% [White](/wiki/White_Americans \"White Americans\"), 1\\.7% [Black or African American](/wiki/African_Americans \"African Americans\"), 0\\.3% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\"), 0\\.3% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\"), 0\\.0% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans \"Pacific Islander Americans\"), 1\\.7% from other races and 5\\.0% from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") of any race comprised 0\\.3% of the population.", "Of the 124 households, 37\\.1% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49\\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 5\\.6% were cohabitating couples, 25\\.0% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 20\\.2% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 35\\.5% of all households were non\\-families. 31\\.5% of all household were made up of individuals, 9\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older.", "The median age in the city was 37\\.5 years. 26\\.2% of the residents were under the age of 20; 5\\.3% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 29\\.1% were from 25 and 44; 25\\.8% were from 45 and 64; and 13\\.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47\\.7% male and 52\\.3% female.", "### 2010 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-05\\-11}} of 2010, there were 302 people, 120 households, and 89 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|495\\.1\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 134 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|219\\.7\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 97\\.7% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.7% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.7% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.0% of the population.", "There were 120 households, of which 36\\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 15\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 4\\.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25\\.8% were non\\-families. 23\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.52 and the average family size was 2\\.85\\.", "The median age in the city was 36\\.3 years. 26\\.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\\.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24\\.8% were from 25 to 44; 24\\.7% were from 45 to 64; and 16\\.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46\\.0% male and 54\\.0% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-01\\-31\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 269 people, 107 households, and 78 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|544\\.9\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 113 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|228\\.9\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\\.88% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.12% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.86% of the population.", "There were 107 households, out of which 32\\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62\\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 3\\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26\\.2% were non\\-families. 24\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8\\.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.51 and the average family size was 2\\.99\\.", "In the city, the population was spread out, with 24\\.2% under the age of 18, 10\\.4% from 18 to 24, 26\\.0% from 25 to 44, 27\\.1% from 45 to 64, and 12\\.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 102\\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106\\.1 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $40,341, and the median income for a family was $44,000\\. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $20,833 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $18,834\\. About 1\\.3% of families and 3\\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including none of those under the age of eighteen and 10\\.8% of those 65 or over.", "" ]
Process ------- ### Cooking [thumb\|right\|Dry maize, boiled in lime (right) and untreated (left). In this case, typical of El Salvador, a pound of maize (454 g) is boiled with a tablespoon of lime (15 mL) for 15 minutes, left to stand for a few hours, and washed with fresh water. The hulls are removed, and the kernels ground into *masa*. Exact methods vary by use and region.](/wiki/File:Nixtamalized_Corn_maize_El_Salvador_recipe.jpg "Nixtamalized Corn maize El Salvador recipe.jpg") In the first step of nixtamalization, kernels of dried maize are [cooked in an alkaline solution](/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis "Alkaline hydrolysis") at or near the mixture's boiling point. After cooking, the maize is steeped in the cooking liquid for a period. The length of time for which the maize is boiled and soaked varies according to local traditions and the type of food being prepared, with cooking times ranging from a few minutes to an hour, and soaking times from a few minutes to about a day. During cooking and soaking, a number of chemical changes take place in the grains of maize. Because plant cell wall components, including [hemicellulose](/wiki/Hemicellulose "Hemicellulose") and [pectin](/wiki/Pectin "Pectin"), are highly soluble in alkaline solutions, the kernels soften and their pericarps (hulls) loosen. The grain hydrates and absorbs calcium or [potassium](/wiki/Potassium "Potassium") (depending on the alkali used) from the cooking solution. Starches swell and [gelatinize](/wiki/Starch_gelatinization "Starch gelatinization"), and some starches disperse into the liquid. Certain chemicals{{which\|date\=August 2019}} from the germ are released that allow the cooked grains to be ground more easily, yet make dough made from the grains less likely to tear and break down. Cooking changes the grain's protein matrix, which makes proteins and nutrients from the [endosperm](/wiki/Endosperm "Endosperm") of the kernel more available to the human body. ### Extraction After cooking, the alkaline liquid (known as **nejayote**), containing dissolved hull, starch, and other corn matter, is decanted and discarded (or sometimes used for making [amate](/wiki/Amate "Amate") bark paper).{{cite book \|last\= von Hagen \|first\= Victor Wolfgang \|author\-link\= Victor Wolfgang von Hagen \|title\= The Aztec and Maya Papermakers \|publisher\= J. J. Augustin Publisher \|year\= 1944 \|page\= 57 \|isbn\= 978\-0\-87817\-206\-1}} The kernels are washed thoroughly of remaining nejayote, which has an unpleasant flavor. The [pericarp](/wiki/Pericarp "Pericarp") is then removed, leaving the [endosperm](/wiki/Endosperm "Endosperm") of the [grain](/wiki/Whole_grain "Whole grain") with or without the [germ](/wiki/Cereal_germ "Cereal germ"), depending on the process.{{cite web \|title\=What is Hominy? \|url\=http://www.buzzle.com/articles/what\-is\-hominy.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202071113/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/what\-is\-hominy.html \|url\-status\=usurped \|archive\-date\=February 2, 2011 \|access\-date\=2011\-01\-31}}{{cite web \|title\=Nixtamalization, a Mesoamerican technology \|url\=http://74\.6\.238\.252/search/srpcache?ei\=UTF\-8\&p\=nixtamalization\+germ\&fr\=altavista\&u\=http://cc.bingj.com/cache.aspx?q\=nixtamalization\+germ\&d\=4892844087183950\&mkt\=en\-US\&setlang\=en\-US\&w\=f7949c99,15694ecd\&icp\=1\&.intl\=us\&sig\=Rl3KbkpqQ\_QD4uM69aUYCg\-\- \|access\-date\=2011\-01\-31 }}{{dead link\|date\=April 2018 \|bot\=SheriffIsInTown \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}{{cite web \|title\=Technological Limitations of the Nixtamalization Process \|url\=http://www.maiztortilla.com/en/introduction/limitations.htm \|access\-date\=2011\-01\-31 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714022421/http://www.maiztortilla.com/en/introduction/limitations.htm \|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-14 }}{{cite web \|title\=Selective Nixtamalization of Fractions of Maize Grain \|url\=http://academic.research.microsoft.com/Paper/12460489\.aspx \|access\-date\=2011\-01\-31 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728100059/http://academic.research.microsoft.com/Paper/12460489\.aspx \|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-28 }}{{cite web \|title\=What's the difference between corn meal and corn masa? \|date\=November 4, 2010 \|url\=http://www.joepastry.com/2010/11/04/ \|access\-date\=2011\-01\-31 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713112935/http://www.joepastry.com/2010/11/04/ \|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-13 }} This hulling is performed by hand, in traditional or very small\-scale preparation, or mechanically, in larger scale or industrial production. The prepared grain is called hominy or nixtamal. Nixtamal has many uses, contemporary and historic. Whole nixtamal may be used fresh or dried for later use. Whole nixtamal is used in the preparation of [pozole](/wiki/Pozole "Pozole"), [menudo](/wiki/Menudo_%28soup%29 "Menudo (soup)"), and other foods. Ground fresh nixtamal is made into *masa* (nixtamal [dough](/wiki/Dough "Dough")) and used to make [tortillas](/wiki/Tortilla "Tortilla"), [tamales](/wiki/Tamale "Tamale"), and [pupusas](/wiki/Pupusa "Pupusa"). Dried and ground, it is called *masa harina* or instant *masa* flour, and is reconstituted and used like *masa*. The term hominy may refer to whole, coarsely ground, or finely ground nixtamal, or to a cooked porridge (also called [samp](/wiki/Samp "Samp")) prepared from any of these. ### Enzymatic nixtamalization An alternative process for use in industrial settings has been developed known as **enzymatic nixtamalization**, which uses [protease](/wiki/Protease "Protease") enzymes to accelerate the changes that occur in traditional nixtamalization, a technique borrowed from modern [corn wet\-milling](/wiki/Corn_wet-milling "Corn wet-milling"). In this process, corn or corn meal is first partially hydrated in hot water, so that enzymes can penetrate the grain, then soaked briefly (for approximately 30 minutes) at {{convert\|50\|–\|60\|C}} in an alkaline solution containing protease enzymes. A secondary enzymatic digestion may follow to further dissolve the pericarp. The resulting nixtamal is ground with little or no washing or hulling. By pre\-soaking the maize, minimizing the alkali used to adjust the pH of the alkaline solution, reducing the cooking temperature, accelerating processing, and reusing excess processing liquids, enzymatic nixtamalization can reduce the use of energy and water, lower nejayote (alkaline wastewater) production, decrease maize lost in processing, and shorten the production time (to approximately four hours) compared to traditional nixtamalization.{{cite patent \|country\=US \|number\=6428828 \|status\=patent \|title\= Enzymatic process for nixtamalization of cereal grains \|gdate\=2002\-08\-06 \|fdate\=2000\-08\-22 \|inventor1\-first\=David S. \|inventor1\-last\=Jackson \|inventor2\-first\=Deepak \|inventor2\-last\=Sahai \|assign1\=NuTech Ventures Inc \|url\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6428828B1/en}}
[ "Process\n-------", "### Cooking", "[thumb\\|right\\|Dry maize, boiled in lime (right) and untreated (left). In this case, typical of El Salvador, a pound of maize (454 g) is boiled with a tablespoon of lime (15 mL) for 15 minutes, left to stand for a few hours, and washed with fresh water. The hulls are removed, and the kernels ground into *masa*. Exact methods vary by use and region.](/wiki/File:Nixtamalized_Corn_maize_El_Salvador_recipe.jpg \"Nixtamalized Corn maize El Salvador recipe.jpg\")", "In the first step of nixtamalization, kernels of dried maize are [cooked in an alkaline solution](/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis \"Alkaline hydrolysis\") at or near the mixture's boiling point. After cooking, the maize is steeped in the cooking liquid for a period. The length of time for which the maize is boiled and soaked varies according to local traditions and the type of food being prepared, with cooking times ranging from a few minutes to an hour, and soaking times from a few minutes to about a day.", "During cooking and soaking, a number of chemical changes take place in the grains of maize. Because plant cell wall components, including [hemicellulose](/wiki/Hemicellulose \"Hemicellulose\") and [pectin](/wiki/Pectin \"Pectin\"), are highly soluble in alkaline solutions, the kernels soften and their pericarps (hulls) loosen. The grain hydrates and absorbs calcium or [potassium](/wiki/Potassium \"Potassium\") (depending on the alkali used) from the cooking solution. Starches swell and [gelatinize](/wiki/Starch_gelatinization \"Starch gelatinization\"), and some starches disperse into the liquid. Certain chemicals{{which\\|date\\=August 2019}} from the germ are released that allow the cooked grains to be ground more easily, yet make dough made from the grains less likely to tear and break down. Cooking changes the grain's protein matrix, which makes proteins and nutrients from the [endosperm](/wiki/Endosperm \"Endosperm\") of the kernel more available to the human body.", "### Extraction", "After cooking, the alkaline liquid (known as **nejayote**), containing dissolved hull, starch, and other corn matter, is decanted and discarded (or sometimes used for making [amate](/wiki/Amate \"Amate\") bark paper).{{cite book \\|last\\= von Hagen \\|first\\= Victor Wolfgang \\|author\\-link\\= Victor Wolfgang von Hagen \\|title\\= The Aztec and Maya Papermakers \\|publisher\\= J. J. Augustin Publisher \\|year\\= 1944 \\|page\\= 57 \\|isbn\\= 978\\-0\\-87817\\-206\\-1}} The kernels are washed thoroughly of remaining nejayote, which has an unpleasant flavor. The [pericarp](/wiki/Pericarp \"Pericarp\") is then removed, leaving the [endosperm](/wiki/Endosperm \"Endosperm\") of the [grain](/wiki/Whole_grain \"Whole grain\") with or without the [germ](/wiki/Cereal_germ \"Cereal germ\"), depending on the process.{{cite web \\|title\\=What is Hominy? \\|url\\=http://www.buzzle.com/articles/what\\-is\\-hominy.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202071113/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/what\\-is\\-hominy.html \\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\|archive\\-date\\=February 2, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-01\\-31}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Nixtamalization, a Mesoamerican technology \\|url\\=http://74\\.6\\.238\\.252/search/srpcache?ei\\=UTF\\-8\\&p\\=nixtamalization\\+germ\\&fr\\=altavista\\&u\\=http://cc.bingj.com/cache.aspx?q\\=nixtamalization\\+germ\\&d\\=4892844087183950\\&mkt\\=en\\-US\\&setlang\\=en\\-US\\&w\\=f7949c99,15694ecd\\&icp\\=1\\&.intl\\=us\\&sig\\=Rl3KbkpqQ\\_QD4uM69aUYCg\\-\\- \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-01\\-31 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=April 2018 \\|bot\\=SheriffIsInTown \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Technological Limitations of the Nixtamalization Process \\|url\\=http://www.maiztortilla.com/en/introduction/limitations.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-01\\-31 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714022421/http://www.maiztortilla.com/en/introduction/limitations.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-14 }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Selective Nixtamalization of Fractions of Maize Grain \\|url\\=http://academic.research.microsoft.com/Paper/12460489\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-01\\-31 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728100059/http://academic.research.microsoft.com/Paper/12460489\\.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-28 }}{{cite web \\|title\\=What's the difference between corn meal and corn masa? \\|date\\=November 4, 2010 \\|url\\=http://www.joepastry.com/2010/11/04/ \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-01\\-31 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713112935/http://www.joepastry.com/2010/11/04/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-13 }} This hulling is performed by hand, in traditional or very small\\-scale preparation, or mechanically, in larger scale or industrial production.", "The prepared grain is called hominy or nixtamal. Nixtamal has many uses, contemporary and historic. Whole nixtamal may be used fresh or dried for later use. Whole nixtamal is used in the preparation of [pozole](/wiki/Pozole \"Pozole\"), [menudo](/wiki/Menudo_%28soup%29 \"Menudo (soup)\"), and other foods. Ground fresh nixtamal is made into *masa* (nixtamal [dough](/wiki/Dough \"Dough\")) and used to make [tortillas](/wiki/Tortilla \"Tortilla\"), [tamales](/wiki/Tamale \"Tamale\"), and [pupusas](/wiki/Pupusa \"Pupusa\"). Dried and ground, it is called *masa harina* or instant *masa* flour, and is reconstituted and used like *masa*.", "The term hominy may refer to whole, coarsely ground, or finely ground nixtamal, or to a cooked porridge (also called [samp](/wiki/Samp \"Samp\")) prepared from any of these.", "### Enzymatic nixtamalization", "An alternative process for use in industrial settings has been developed known as **enzymatic nixtamalization**, which uses [protease](/wiki/Protease \"Protease\") enzymes to accelerate the changes that occur in traditional nixtamalization, a technique borrowed from modern [corn wet\\-milling](/wiki/Corn_wet-milling \"Corn wet-milling\"). In this process, corn or corn meal is first partially hydrated in hot water, so that enzymes can penetrate the grain, then soaked briefly (for approximately 30 minutes) at {{convert\\|50\\|–\\|60\\|C}} in an alkaline solution containing protease enzymes. A secondary enzymatic digestion may follow to further dissolve the pericarp. The resulting nixtamal is ground with little or no washing or hulling.", "By pre\\-soaking the maize, minimizing the alkali used to adjust the pH of the alkaline solution, reducing the cooking temperature, accelerating processing, and reusing excess processing liquids, enzymatic nixtamalization can reduce the use of energy and water, lower nejayote (alkaline wastewater) production, decrease maize lost in processing, and shorten the production time (to approximately four hours) compared to traditional nixtamalization.{{cite patent \\|country\\=US \\|number\\=6428828 \\|status\\=patent \\|title\\= Enzymatic process for nixtamalization of cereal grains \\|gdate\\=2002\\-08\\-06 \\|fdate\\=2000\\-08\\-22 \\|inventor1\\-first\\=David S. \\|inventor1\\-last\\=Jackson \\|inventor2\\-first\\=Deepak \\|inventor2\\-last\\=Sahai \\|assign1\\=NuTech Ventures Inc \\|url\\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6428828B1/en}}", "" ]
Biography --------- A student of Polish pianist [Ignace Tiegerman](/wiki/Ignace_Tiegerman "Ignace Tiegerman"), Henri Barda worked in Paris with [Lazare Lévy](/wiki/Lazare_L%C3%A9vy "Lazare Lévy"), then entered the [Conservatoire de Paris](/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris "Conservatoire de Paris"), where he obtained the [first prize](/wiki/First_Prize_%28music_diploma%29 "First Prize (music diploma)") in piano and [chamber music](/wiki/Chamber_music "Chamber music"), with the friendship and advice of Joseph Benvenuti,[Joseph Benvenuti](http://data.bnf.fr/13958356/joseph_benvenuti/) on [data.bnf.fr](/wiki/Data.bnf.fr "Data.bnf.fr") and [Jean Hubeau](/wiki/Jean_Hubeau "Jean Hubeau"). He then entered the [Juilliard School](/wiki/Juilliard_School "Juilliard School") in New York for four years, where he was taught by [Carlos Buhler](/wiki/Carlos_Buhler "Carlos Buhler"), [Beveridge Webster](/wiki/Beveridge_Webster "Beveridge Webster") and Paul Makanovitsky,[Paul Makanovitsky](http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Makanowitzky-Paul.htm) on "Bach Cantatas Website" perfecting his training by attending classes in writing and pedagogy. The diploma he received was accompanied by an exceptional distinction. Henri Barda has performed in both Europe and the United States, and has toured extensively in Japan, where he performed with the NHK Orchestra. Invited to numerous festivals in France and abroad, he has made several recordings, notably with [Jean\-Jacques Kantorow](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Kantorow "Jean-Jacques Kantorow") a collection of works for violin and piano by Liszt (Franz Liszt International Prize of Budapest, 1978\), as well as the three Chopin Sonatas (Frédéric Chopin International Prize of Warsaw, 1990\). Henri Barda has also worked with American choreographer [Jerome Robbins](/wiki/Jerome_Robbins "Jerome Robbins"), for ballets created on works by Chopin, with the Étoiles of the [Opéra de Paris](/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_de_Paris "Opéra de Paris"). A decisive experience, since Henri Barda has continued this close collaboration with dance for more than ten years, both on stage at the Palais Garnier and on international tours. Henri Barda is professor of piano at the Conservatoire de Paris.
[ "Biography\n---------", "A student of Polish pianist [Ignace Tiegerman](/wiki/Ignace_Tiegerman \"Ignace Tiegerman\"), Henri Barda worked in Paris with [Lazare Lévy](/wiki/Lazare_L%C3%A9vy \"Lazare Lévy\"), then entered the [Conservatoire de Paris](/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris \"Conservatoire de Paris\"), where he obtained the [first prize](/wiki/First_Prize_%28music_diploma%29 \"First Prize (music diploma)\") in piano and [chamber music](/wiki/Chamber_music \"Chamber music\"), with the friendship and advice of Joseph Benvenuti,[Joseph Benvenuti](http://data.bnf.fr/13958356/joseph_benvenuti/) on [data.bnf.fr](/wiki/Data.bnf.fr \"Data.bnf.fr\") and [Jean Hubeau](/wiki/Jean_Hubeau \"Jean Hubeau\").", "He then entered the [Juilliard School](/wiki/Juilliard_School \"Juilliard School\") in New York for four years, where he was taught by [Carlos Buhler](/wiki/Carlos_Buhler \"Carlos Buhler\"), [Beveridge Webster](/wiki/Beveridge_Webster \"Beveridge Webster\") and Paul Makanovitsky,[Paul Makanovitsky](http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Makanowitzky-Paul.htm) on \"Bach Cantatas Website\" perfecting his training by attending classes in writing and pedagogy. The diploma he received was accompanied by an exceptional distinction.", "Henri Barda has performed in both Europe and the United States, and has toured extensively in Japan, where he performed with the NHK Orchestra.", "Invited to numerous festivals in France and abroad, he has made several recordings, notably with [Jean\\-Jacques Kantorow](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Kantorow \"Jean-Jacques Kantorow\") a collection of works for violin and piano by Liszt (Franz Liszt International Prize of Budapest, 1978\\), as well as the three Chopin Sonatas (Frédéric Chopin International Prize of Warsaw, 1990\\).", "Henri Barda has also worked with American choreographer [Jerome Robbins](/wiki/Jerome_Robbins \"Jerome Robbins\"), for ballets created on works by Chopin, with the Étoiles of the [Opéra de Paris](/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_de_Paris \"Opéra de Paris\"). A decisive experience, since Henri Barda has continued this close collaboration with dance for more than ten years, both on stage at the Palais Garnier and on international tours.", "Henri Barda is professor of piano at the Conservatoire de Paris.", "" ]
History ------- ### Overview ERT began broadcasting in 1938 as the Radio Broadcasting Service or YRE ({{lang\|el\|Υπηρεσία Ραδιοφωνικής Εκπομπής, ΥΡΕ}}). Following a government decision, the original company was abolished on 11 June 2013,[Government Gazette (11 June 2013\)](/wiki/%23et-b-2013 "#et-b-2013"). with its 2,656 employees protesting against the closure{{cite web\|title\=Greek public broadcaster ERT to be shut down, reopened with fewer employees\|url\=https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/132876/greek\-public\-broadcaster\-ert\-to\-be\-shut\-down\-reopened\-with\-fewer\-employees/\|publisher\=ekathimerini.com\|access\-date\=12 June 2013\|date\=11 June 2013}} and continuing broadcasting via a satellite transmission using [European Broadcasting Union](/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union "European Broadcasting Union") equipment.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/jun/12/ert\-shutdown\-european\-broadcasting\-union\-makeshift\-studio\-greece\|location\=London\|work\=The Guardian\|first\=Lisa\|last\=O'Carroll\|title\=ERT shutdown: European Broadcasting Union sets up makeshift studio\|date\=12 June 2013}} The EBU also began providing Internet streaming of the ERT broadcast.{{cite web\|url\=http://www3\.ebu.ch/cms/en/sites/ebu/contents/news/2013/06/monitor\-ert\-online.html\|title\=Monitor ERT online\|date\=12 June 2013\|publisher\=\[\[European Broadcasting Union]]\|access\-date\=12 June 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612212642/http://www3\.ebu.ch/cms/en/sites/ebu/contents/news/2013/06/monitor\-ert\-online.html\|archive\-date\=12 June 2013\|df\=dmy\-all}} On 12 June 2013, the Greek government proposed a successor organization, New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television ({{lang\|el\|Νέα Ελληνική Ραδιοφωνία, Ίντερνετ και Τηλεόραση}}), shortened to [NERIT](/wiki/New_Hellenic_Radio%2C_Internet_and_Television "New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television") ({{lang\|el\|ΝΕΡΙΤ}}),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.minpress.gr/minpress/nea\_ert.pdf\|title\=Νέα Ελληνική Ραδιοφωνία, Ίντερνετ και Τηλεόραση\|trans\-title\=New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television\|date\=12 June 2013\|publisher\=www.minpress.gr\|access\-date\=12 June 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626172912/http://www.minpress.gr/minpress/nea\_ert.pdf\|archive\-date\=26 June 2013\|df\=dmy\-all}} which launched in August 2013 as "[Public Television](/wiki/Dimosia_Tileorasi "Dimosia Tileorasi")" ({{lang\|el\|Δημόσια Τηλεόραση}}).{{cite news\|url\=http://www.euronews.com/2013/06/12/fallout\-in\-athens\-and\-brussels\-over\-greek\-tv\-shutdown/\|title\=Fallout in Athens and Brussels over Greek TV shutdown\|work\=Euronews\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613120233/http://www.euronews.com/2013/06/12/fallout\-in\-athens\-and\-brussels\-over\-greek\-tv\-shutdown/\|archive\-date\=13 June 2013}} As protests against the decision of the government (Coalition of New Democracy, PASOK, DIMAR) continued, on 15 June Prime Minister Samaras proposed returning ERT to service immediately, by having an emergency committee rehire selected employees. This offer was rejected by the ERT employees and Samaras' coalition partners.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/15/greek\-pm\-climbdown\-over\-ert\-broadcaster\|location\=London\|work\=The Guardian\|first\=Helena\|last\=Smith\|title\=Greek prime minister backtracks on decision to close public broadcaster\|date\=15 June 2013}} On 17 June 2013, following an appeal by ERT's employees to the [Council of State](/wiki/Council_of_State_%28Greece%29 "Council of State (Greece)") (Greece's highest administrative court), the Council suspended the government's decision to interrupt broadcasting and shut down ERT's frequencies and ordered the Finance Minister and the minister responsible for media, signing the decision, to take "all necessary organisational measures for the continuation of transmission of broadcasting services and operation of internet websites by a public broadcaster for the period until the establishment and operation of a new operator that will serve the public's interest". In his ruling, the Council's President found that the government's decision violated Law 1730/1987 which requires "the contribution by a public broadcaster to informing, educating and entertaining the Greek people and the diaspora".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ste.gr/portal/page/portal/StE/ProsfatesApofaseis\|title\=Temporary Injunction of 17\.6\.2013 by the President of the Council of State (in Greek)\|date\=5 September 2013\|publisher\=www.ste.gr\|access\-date\=5 September 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905025409/http://www.ste.gr/portal/page/portal/StE/ProsfatesApofaseis\|archive\-date\=5 September 2013\|df\=dmy\-all}} The Council's appellate division upheld the original Temporary Injunction three days later.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ste.gr/portal/page/portal/StE/ProsfatesApofaseis\|title\=Decision of 20\.6\.2013 by the appellate division of the Council of State (in Greek)\|date\=5 September 2013\|publisher\=www.ste.gr\|access\-date\=5 September 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905025409/http://www.ste.gr/portal/page/portal/StE/ProsfatesApofaseis\|archive\-date\=5 September 2013\|df\=dmy\-all}} Until 24 October 2013, ERT's employees were able to offer the television programmes of NET (also simulcast in HD as ERT\-HD) and ET3, and the radio programmes of ERA Athens\-Thessaloniki and Third Programme through conventional means (analogue and digital TV, [FM](/wiki/FM_broadcasting "FM broadcasting"), medium and shortwave radio broadcasts) as well as over the Internet. At approximately 18:11 [EEST](/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time "Eastern European Summer Time"), ERT lost their satellite capacity on the [Astra 23\.5°E](/wiki/Astra_23.5%C2%B0E "Astra 23.5°E") satellite after successful lobbying by the Greek government to the capacity provider [SES](/wiki/SES_%28company%29 "SES (company)"). That halted most conventional TV and radio broadcasts that received the feed from the satellite but did not affect the regional ERA affiliates that produced their programming locally, nor a large part of [Athens](/wiki/Athens "Athens") which is served by a [DVB\-T](/wiki/DVB-T "DVB-T") [transmitter](/wiki/Transmitter "Transmitter") located within the ERT HQ in Ayia Paraskevi. Web streaming was not affected at all.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ertopen.com/news/item/7744\-h\-kybernhsh\-katebase\-to\-doryforiko\-shma\-ths\-ert\|title\=Η κυβέρνηση κατέβασε το δορυφορικό σήμα της ΕΡΤ\|trans\-title\=The Government pulled ERT's satellite signal\|date\=24 October 2013\|publisher\=ertopen.com\|access\-date\=24 October 2013}} {{As of\|2014\|03\|24}}, more than nine months after the decision to close down ERT, the striking workers still ran 17 radio stations (15 regional, two national) and a single TV channel (ET3\), from the regional radio studios, and the ET3 Television Building in [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki "Thessaloniki"). FM and AM transmissions continued throughout Greece with some interruptions and [shortwave](/wiki/Shortwave_radio "Shortwave radio") transmissions continued with weaker transmission power. All radio stations were also available as web streams. The TV channel was sporadically transmitted by conventional means (analogue transmitters in Thessaloniki) and was always available as a web stream. In April 2015, the Hellenic Parliament approved the draft of re\-opening ERT S.A. and also voted and approved the draft of re\-opening this broadcaster. As of 11 June 2015, ERT again started broadcasting, replacing NERIT.[Ξεκίνησε τη λειτουργία της η ΕΡΤ](https://www.in.gr/2015/06/11/culture/ksekinise-ti-leitoyrgia-tis-i-ert/) ### 1938–2013 ERT began broadcasting in 1938 as the Radio Broadcasting Service or YRE ({{lang\|el\|Υπηρεσία Ραδιοφωνικής Εκπομπής, ΥΡΕ}}), initially limited to radio services from [Athens](/wiki/Athens "Athens"), with the [Athens Radio Station](/wiki/Athens_Radio_Station "Athens Radio Station") based in the [Zappeion](/wiki/Zappeion "Zappeion"). During the [Axis occupation of Greece](/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece "Axis occupation of Greece"), the service was renamed as the Limited Hellenic Radio Company or AERE ({{lang\|el\|Ανώνυμη Ελληνική Ραδιοφωνική Εταιρεία, ΑΕΡΕ}}). After Liberation, in 1945 the service was reorganized as the [National Radio Foundation](/wiki/National_Radio_Foundation "National Radio Foundation") or EIR ({{lang\|el\|Εθνικό Ίδρυμα Ραδιοφωνίας, ΕΙΡ}}), still based at Zappeion. The radio services were expanded to three national radio services as well as international radio services for emigrant Greeks. EIR was one of 23 founding broadcasting organizations of the [European Broadcasting Union](/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union "European Broadcasting Union") in 1950\. Test television broadcasts began in 1965 and full TV service began in 1966\. In 1970, the company was renamed National Radio and Television Foundation or EIRT ({{lang\|el\|Εθνικό Ίδρυμα Ραδιοφωνίας\-Τηλεόρασης, ΕΙΡΤ}}). In 1966, the [Hellenic Armed Forces](/wiki/Hellenic_Armed_Forces "Hellenic Armed Forces") began their own TV station, the Armed Forces Television or TED ({{lang\|el\|Τηλεόρασις Ἐνόπλων Δυνάμεων, ΤΕΔ}}), renamed in 1970 as the [Armed Forces Information Service](/wiki/Armed_Forces_Information_Service "Armed Forces Information Service") or YENED ({{lang\|el\|Ὑπηρεσία Ἐνημερώσεως Ἐνόπλων Δυνάμεων, ΥΕΝΕΔ}}). Television was prominently used as a propaganda medium by the [Greek junta](/wiki/Greek_junta "Greek junta"). YENED kept its name and military orientation until the early 1980s, when it was renamed **ERT2** by the then [PASOK](/wiki/PASOK "PASOK") government. On 1 September 1987, a third station was added – [ET3](/wiki/ERT3 "ERT3"), based in [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki "Thessaloniki"), with mostly regional programming focused on [Macedonia](/wiki/Macedonia_%28Greece%29 "Macedonia (Greece)") and the rest of [Northern Greece](/wiki/Northern_Greece "Northern Greece"). During the first 20 years of TV services in [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece"), ERT broadcasting was limited, starting at around 5{{nbsp}}pm to between midnight and 2{{nbsp}}am. Since 1997 the three ERT TV channels are known as ET1, NET and ET3, and broadcast round the clock. ET1 is an entertainment channel whereas NET is focused on news services. ET3 is still focused on Northern Greece issues, although it broadcasts nationwide. ERT was a major national sponsor and the official broadcaster of the [2004 Olympic Games](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics "2004 Summer Olympics") in Athens. It has been broadcasting the [Olympic Games](/wiki/Olympic_Games "Olympic Games") in Greece since the [Mexico City Games](/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics "1968 Summer Olympics") of 1968\. It also broadcasts [IAAF](/wiki/World_Athletics "World Athletics") games while it is shown on privately owned channels mainly in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"). Today it broadcasts documentaries, some from the private sector, and a few [animated](/wiki/Animation "Animation") shows. With the introduction of independent privately owned channels in Greece in the late 1980s, programme quality changed to a more commercial variety, in order to survive the fierce competition for ratings. This was a major shift in the network's principles that was dominated by wider variety{{Citation needed\|date\=December 2008}}, alleged "higher quality" programmes including documentaries and World Cinema. On 19 August 2011 the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation announced a planned restructuring of the company; ERT's main channels became [NET](/wiki/ERT2 "ERT2") and [ET3](/wiki/ERT3 "ERT3"), while [ET1](/wiki/ERT1 "ERT1") was incorporated into the program of NET and ET3\. Additionally the digital channels Cine\+ and Sport\+ ceased broadcasting, and their programming were again incorporated into that of the company's two major domestic channels. [ERT World](/wiki/ERT_World "ERT World") also saw changes in its programming to reflect the needs of the [Greek diaspora](/wiki/Greek_diaspora "Greek diaspora") as identified by a survey conducted by ERT. The [Minister of State](/wiki/Minister_of_State_%28Greece%29 "Minister of State (Greece)") also said that the company would become *public* but no longer *state\-owned*.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ert.gr/index.php/eidiseis/ellada/koinwnia/16681\-2011\-08\-19\-09\-02\-38\.html\|title\=Δημόσια και ανεξάρτητη ΕΡΤ\|trans\-title\=A public and independent ERT\|date\=19 August 2011\|publisher\=www.ert.gr\|access\-date\=19 August 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926231142/http://www.ert.gr/index.php/eidiseis/ellada/koinwnia/16681\-2011\-08\-19\-09\-02\-38\.html\|archive\-date\=26 September 2011\|df\=dmy\-all}}{{Full citation needed\|date\=June 2013}} ### Closure At 17:45 [EEST](/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time "Eastern European Summer Time") (UTC\+3\) on 11 June 2013, the Greek spokesperson, Simos Kedikoglou, announced ERT would close by the end of the day. ERT shutdown caused the loss of jobs for 2,500 employees.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/jun/12/ert\-shutdown\-european\-broadcasting\-union\-makeshift\-studio\-greece\|title\=ERT shutdown: European Broadcasting Union sets up makeshift studio\|last\=O'Carroll\|first\=Lisa\|date\=2013\-06\-12\|work\=The Guardian\|access\-date\=2017\-09\-14\|language\=en\-GB\|issn\=0261\-3077}} ERT was dissolved by a Common Ministerial Decision that was enacted by virtue of Article 14B of Law 3429/2005 (regarding the dissolution, merger and restructuring of public companies) as amended by an urgent government Legislative Ordinace (FEK 139/11\.06\.2013, Issue A').Article 44 of the Greek Constitution allows the President following a Cabinet proposal "under extraordinary circumstances of an urgent and unforeseeable need" to issue legislative ordinances which have immediate effect but must be submitted to Parliament within 40 days and ratified within three months following their submission. Despite running a budget surplus on income from a license fee outside the state budget, in a televised statement, Simos Kedikoglou, the minister responsible for media and the government's spokesperson, said that the ERT was a "haven of waste" that cost more and had fewer viewers than private stations.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/state\-broadcaster\-ert\-shut\-down\-greece\|title\=Greece shuts down state broadcaster in search for new savings\|publisher\=Guardian\|date\=12 June 2013\|location\=London}} Later in the evening, some of ERT workers managed to continue the broadcasting via [Ustream](/wiki/IBM_Cloud_Video "IBM Cloud Video").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/jun/12/greek\-journalists\-close\-state\-broadcaster\-ert\|title\=Greek journalists defy government order to close state broadcaster\|last\=O'Carroll\|first\=Lisa\|date\=2013\-06\-12\|work\=The Guardian\|access\-date\=2017\-09\-14\|language\=en\-GB\|issn\=0261\-3077}} Police forced their way into at least one of the transmitting stations,{{citation needed\|date\=June 2013}} and all ERT transmitters were closed down around Greece, as was eventually the worldwide ERT World feed. Using satellite offices and other spaces that had not been closed down, ERT journalists continued to broadcast to the Internet.[The shutdown of ERT \- Live blog 12 June 2013](http://international.radiobubble.gr/2013/06/the-shutdown-of-ert-live-blog-12-june.html) The nearest ERT Transmitters to Athens closed at approximately 23:17 local time. 20 seconds later, channel 902TV (the communist party channel) retransmits the ERT signal, although a few minutes later, the Greek government called Digea, the digital television service, to close the signal \[902's] due to rebroadcasting the signal without permission, and so 902 was closed for a period of time. This action was deemed unacceptable by most Greek citizens due to the Greek Government shutting down ERT without consulting the National Council of Radio and Television, the official body of Radio and Television in Greece. On 12 June at noon local time, the AS and IP range of ERT,{{citation needed\|date\=June 2013}} the official domain names "ert.gr", "ert3\.gr", and "voiceofgreece.gr" were cancelled in the Greek Internet registry, meaning that live broadcasts on the Internet (ERT LIVE) have stopped, as well as the publication of all news articles. Emails sent to the broadcasters are no longer delivered. Other Internet assets registered by ERT are at risk of being closed (because their owner and contact address are no longer valid), notably the official [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") page and [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") account. ERT LIVE is relayed by other sites, such as the University of Greece.[ERT LIVE](http://university-greece.blogspot.com/2013/06/live.html) relayed by the University of Greece, on Blogspot. 12 June 2013\. Retrieved 12 June 2013\.[ERT LIVE](https://web.archive.org/web/20130615012214/http://www.sevenart.gr/news-detail.php?catid=2&id=2872) relayed on the Internet by SevenArt.gr. Also [ERT LIVE](https://web.archive.org/web/20130615171309/http://www.thepressproject.gr/live/44219/Louketo-stin-ERT) on ThePressProject.gr providing the feed. 12 June 2013\. Retrieved 12 June 2013\. The European Broadcasting Union was quick to criticise the closure, issuing a statement the same evening where they expressed "profound dismay on behalf of Europe's entire public service media" and urged the prime minister to reverse the decision.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ebu.ch/news/2013/06/ebu\-urges\-greek\-government\-to\-re\|title\=EBU urges Greek government to reverse decision on ERT\|publisher\=EBU\|date\=11 June 2013}} The EBU made the ERT stream available on satellite to its members, declaring as well that "to be in the EBU, you must be a broadcaster, and so we will continue keeping ERT on the EBU council" as said by the director, Ingrid Delterne. Alexis Tsipras, the leftwing opposition leader, who would later become Prime Minister, expressed dismay in regards of ERT's shutdown and described it as "illegal".{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/jun/12/greek\-journalists\-close\-state\-broadcaster\-ert\|title\=Greek journalists defy government order to close state broadcaster\|last\=O'Carroll\|first\=Lisa\|date\=2013\-06\-12\|work\=The Guardian\|access\-date\=2017\-09\-14\|language\=en\-GB\|issn\=0261\-3077}} ### NERIT {{main\|New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television}} On 12 June 2013 a Greek government spokesperson, Simos Kedikoglou, announced the formation of a new public service broadcaster, [New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television](/wiki/New_Hellenic_Radio%2C_Internet_and_Television "New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television"). The company's services were expected to launch on 29 August 2013\.[ERT: the day after](https://web.archive.org/web/20130615015511/http://www.euronews.com/2013/06/12/the-next-day-of-ert/) The service provider employed between 1,000 and 1,200 and was funded by advertising and tax contributions. Prior to its launch on television, a temporary state television broadcaster known as [Dimosia Tileorasi](/wiki/Dimosia_Tileorasi "Dimosia Tileorasi") (English: Public Television) launched on 10 July 2013 on the frequencies of ERT, launching as Elliniki Dimosia Tileorasi (English: Greek Public Television). It was closed on 4 May 2014, in order for it to be replaced by NERIT. ### Relaunch of ERT In 2015, the government, under Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras, restored ERT as Greece's public broadcaster and NERIT ceased broadcasting on 11 June 2015, at 6:00 EEST.
[ "History\n-------", "### Overview", "ERT began broadcasting in 1938 as the Radio Broadcasting Service or YRE ({{lang\\|el\\|Υπηρεσία Ραδιοφωνικής Εκπομπής, ΥΡΕ}}).", "Following a government decision, the original company was abolished on 11 June 2013,[Government Gazette (11 June 2013\\)](/wiki/%23et-b-2013 \"#et-b-2013\"). with its 2,656 employees protesting against the closure{{cite web\\|title\\=Greek public broadcaster ERT to be shut down, reopened with fewer employees\\|url\\=https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/132876/greek\\-public\\-broadcaster\\-ert\\-to\\-be\\-shut\\-down\\-reopened\\-with\\-fewer\\-employees/\\|publisher\\=ekathimerini.com\\|access\\-date\\=12 June 2013\\|date\\=11 June 2013}} and continuing broadcasting via a satellite transmission using [European Broadcasting Union](/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union \"European Broadcasting Union\") equipment.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/jun/12/ert\\-shutdown\\-european\\-broadcasting\\-union\\-makeshift\\-studio\\-greece\\|location\\=London\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|first\\=Lisa\\|last\\=O'Carroll\\|title\\=ERT shutdown: European Broadcasting Union sets up makeshift studio\\|date\\=12 June 2013}} The EBU also began providing Internet streaming of the ERT broadcast.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www3\\.ebu.ch/cms/en/sites/ebu/contents/news/2013/06/monitor\\-ert\\-online.html\\|title\\=Monitor ERT online\\|date\\=12 June 2013\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[European Broadcasting Union]]\\|access\\-date\\=12 June 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612212642/http://www3\\.ebu.ch/cms/en/sites/ebu/contents/news/2013/06/monitor\\-ert\\-online.html\\|archive\\-date\\=12 June 2013\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}", "On 12 June 2013, the Greek government proposed a successor organization, New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television ({{lang\\|el\\|Νέα Ελληνική Ραδιοφωνία, Ίντερνετ και Τηλεόραση}}), shortened to [NERIT](/wiki/New_Hellenic_Radio%2C_Internet_and_Television \"New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television\") ({{lang\\|el\\|ΝΕΡΙΤ}}),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.minpress.gr/minpress/nea\\_ert.pdf\\|title\\=Νέα Ελληνική Ραδιοφωνία, Ίντερνετ και Τηλεόραση\\|trans\\-title\\=New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television\\|date\\=12 June 2013\\|publisher\\=www.minpress.gr\\|access\\-date\\=12 June 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626172912/http://www.minpress.gr/minpress/nea\\_ert.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=26 June 2013\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} which launched in August 2013 as \"[Public Television](/wiki/Dimosia_Tileorasi \"Dimosia Tileorasi\")\" ({{lang\\|el\\|Δημόσια Τηλεόραση}}).{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.euronews.com/2013/06/12/fallout\\-in\\-athens\\-and\\-brussels\\-over\\-greek\\-tv\\-shutdown/\\|title\\=Fallout in Athens and Brussels over Greek TV shutdown\\|work\\=Euronews\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613120233/http://www.euronews.com/2013/06/12/fallout\\-in\\-athens\\-and\\-brussels\\-over\\-greek\\-tv\\-shutdown/\\|archive\\-date\\=13 June 2013}} As protests against the decision of the government (Coalition of New Democracy, PASOK, DIMAR) continued, on 15 June Prime Minister Samaras proposed returning ERT to service immediately, by having an emergency committee rehire selected employees. This offer was rejected by the ERT employees and Samaras' coalition partners.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/15/greek\\-pm\\-climbdown\\-over\\-ert\\-broadcaster\\|location\\=London\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|first\\=Helena\\|last\\=Smith\\|title\\=Greek prime minister backtracks on decision to close public broadcaster\\|date\\=15 June 2013}}", "On 17 June 2013, following an appeal by ERT's employees to the [Council of State](/wiki/Council_of_State_%28Greece%29 \"Council of State (Greece)\") (Greece's highest administrative court), the Council suspended the government's decision to interrupt broadcasting and shut down ERT's frequencies and ordered the Finance Minister and the minister responsible for media, signing the decision, to take \"all necessary organisational measures for the continuation of transmission of broadcasting services and operation of internet websites by a public broadcaster for the period until the establishment and operation of a new operator that will serve the public's interest\". In his ruling, the Council's President found that the government's decision violated Law 1730/1987 which requires \"the contribution by a public broadcaster to informing, educating and entertaining the Greek people and the diaspora\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ste.gr/portal/page/portal/StE/ProsfatesApofaseis\\|title\\=Temporary Injunction of 17\\.6\\.2013 by the President of the Council of State (in Greek)\\|date\\=5 September 2013\\|publisher\\=www.ste.gr\\|access\\-date\\=5 September 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905025409/http://www.ste.gr/portal/page/portal/StE/ProsfatesApofaseis\\|archive\\-date\\=5 September 2013\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} The Council's appellate division upheld the original Temporary Injunction three days later.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ste.gr/portal/page/portal/StE/ProsfatesApofaseis\\|title\\=Decision of 20\\.6\\.2013 by the appellate division of the Council of State (in Greek)\\|date\\=5 September 2013\\|publisher\\=www.ste.gr\\|access\\-date\\=5 September 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905025409/http://www.ste.gr/portal/page/portal/StE/ProsfatesApofaseis\\|archive\\-date\\=5 September 2013\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}", "Until 24 October 2013, ERT's employees were able to offer the television programmes of NET (also simulcast in HD as ERT\\-HD) and ET3, and the radio programmes of ERA Athens\\-Thessaloniki and Third Programme through conventional means (analogue and digital TV, [FM](/wiki/FM_broadcasting \"FM broadcasting\"), medium and shortwave radio broadcasts) as well as over the Internet. At approximately 18:11 [EEST](/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time \"Eastern European Summer Time\"), ERT lost their satellite capacity on the [Astra 23\\.5°E](/wiki/Astra_23.5%C2%B0E \"Astra 23.5°E\") satellite after successful lobbying by the Greek government to the capacity provider [SES](/wiki/SES_%28company%29 \"SES (company)\"). That halted most conventional TV and radio broadcasts that received the feed from the satellite but did not affect the regional ERA affiliates that produced their programming locally, nor a large part of [Athens](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\") which is served by a [DVB\\-T](/wiki/DVB-T \"DVB-T\") [transmitter](/wiki/Transmitter \"Transmitter\") located within the ERT HQ in Ayia Paraskevi. Web streaming was not affected at all.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ertopen.com/news/item/7744\\-h\\-kybernhsh\\-katebase\\-to\\-doryforiko\\-shma\\-ths\\-ert\\|title\\=Η κυβέρνηση κατέβασε το δορυφορικό σήμα της ΕΡΤ\\|trans\\-title\\=The Government pulled ERT's satellite signal\\|date\\=24 October 2013\\|publisher\\=ertopen.com\\|access\\-date\\=24 October 2013}}", "{{As of\\|2014\\|03\\|24}}, more than nine months after the decision to close down ERT, the striking workers still ran 17 radio stations (15 regional, two national) and a single TV channel (ET3\\), from the regional radio studios, and the ET3 Television Building in [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki \"Thessaloniki\"). FM and AM transmissions continued throughout Greece with some interruptions and [shortwave](/wiki/Shortwave_radio \"Shortwave radio\") transmissions continued with weaker transmission power. All radio stations were also available as web streams. The TV channel was sporadically transmitted by conventional means (analogue transmitters in Thessaloniki) and was always available as a web stream.", "In April 2015, the Hellenic Parliament approved the draft of re\\-opening ERT S.A. and also voted and approved the draft of re\\-opening this broadcaster.", "As of 11 June 2015, ERT again started broadcasting, replacing NERIT.[Ξεκίνησε τη λειτουργία της η ΕΡΤ](https://www.in.gr/2015/06/11/culture/ksekinise-ti-leitoyrgia-tis-i-ert/)", "### 1938–2013", "ERT began broadcasting in 1938 as the Radio Broadcasting Service or YRE ({{lang\\|el\\|Υπηρεσία Ραδιοφωνικής Εκπομπής, ΥΡΕ}}), initially limited to radio services from [Athens](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\"), with the [Athens Radio Station](/wiki/Athens_Radio_Station \"Athens Radio Station\") based in the [Zappeion](/wiki/Zappeion \"Zappeion\"). During the [Axis occupation of Greece](/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece \"Axis occupation of Greece\"), the service was renamed as the Limited Hellenic Radio Company or AERE ({{lang\\|el\\|Ανώνυμη Ελληνική Ραδιοφωνική Εταιρεία, ΑΕΡΕ}}). After Liberation, in 1945 the service was reorganized as the [National Radio Foundation](/wiki/National_Radio_Foundation \"National Radio Foundation\") or EIR ({{lang\\|el\\|Εθνικό Ίδρυμα Ραδιοφωνίας, ΕΙΡ}}), still based at Zappeion. The radio services were expanded to three national radio services as well as international radio services for emigrant Greeks. EIR was one of 23 founding broadcasting organizations of the [European Broadcasting Union](/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union \"European Broadcasting Union\") in 1950\\.", "Test television broadcasts began in 1965 and full TV service began in 1966\\. In 1970, the company was renamed National Radio and Television Foundation or EIRT ({{lang\\|el\\|Εθνικό Ίδρυμα Ραδιοφωνίας\\-Τηλεόρασης, ΕΙΡΤ}}). In 1966, the [Hellenic Armed Forces](/wiki/Hellenic_Armed_Forces \"Hellenic Armed Forces\") began their own TV station, the Armed Forces Television or TED ({{lang\\|el\\|Τηλεόρασις Ἐνόπλων Δυνάμεων, ΤΕΔ}}), renamed in 1970 as the [Armed Forces Information Service](/wiki/Armed_Forces_Information_Service \"Armed Forces Information Service\") or YENED ({{lang\\|el\\|Ὑπηρεσία Ἐνημερώσεως Ἐνόπλων Δυνάμεων, ΥΕΝΕΔ}}). Television was prominently used as a propaganda medium by the [Greek junta](/wiki/Greek_junta \"Greek junta\"). YENED kept its name and military orientation until the early 1980s, when it was renamed **ERT2** by the then [PASOK](/wiki/PASOK \"PASOK\") government. On 1 September 1987, a third station was added – [ET3](/wiki/ERT3 \"ERT3\"), based in [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki \"Thessaloniki\"), with mostly regional programming focused on [Macedonia](/wiki/Macedonia_%28Greece%29 \"Macedonia (Greece)\") and the rest of [Northern Greece](/wiki/Northern_Greece \"Northern Greece\").", "During the first 20 years of TV services in [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\"), ERT broadcasting was limited, starting at around 5{{nbsp}}pm to between midnight and 2{{nbsp}}am. Since 1997 the three ERT TV channels are known as ET1, NET and ET3, and broadcast round the clock. ET1 is an entertainment channel whereas NET is focused on news services. ET3 is still focused on Northern Greece issues, although it broadcasts nationwide.", "ERT was a major national sponsor and the official broadcaster of the [2004 Olympic Games](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics \"2004 Summer Olympics\") in Athens. It has been broadcasting the [Olympic Games](/wiki/Olympic_Games \"Olympic Games\") in Greece since the [Mexico City Games](/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics \"1968 Summer Olympics\") of 1968\\. It also broadcasts [IAAF](/wiki/World_Athletics \"World Athletics\") games while it is shown on privately owned channels mainly in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"). Today it broadcasts documentaries, some from the private sector, and a few [animated](/wiki/Animation \"Animation\") shows. With the introduction of independent privately owned channels in Greece in the late 1980s, programme quality changed to a more commercial variety, in order to survive the fierce competition for ratings. This was a major shift in the network's principles that was dominated by wider variety{{Citation needed\\|date\\=December 2008}}, alleged \"higher quality\" programmes including documentaries and World Cinema.", "On 19 August 2011 the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation announced a planned restructuring of the company; ERT's main channels became [NET](/wiki/ERT2 \"ERT2\") and [ET3](/wiki/ERT3 \"ERT3\"), while [ET1](/wiki/ERT1 \"ERT1\") was incorporated into the program of NET and ET3\\. Additionally the digital channels Cine\\+ and Sport\\+ ceased broadcasting, and their programming were again incorporated into that of the company's two major domestic channels. [ERT World](/wiki/ERT_World \"ERT World\") also saw changes in its programming to reflect the needs of the [Greek diaspora](/wiki/Greek_diaspora \"Greek diaspora\") as identified by a survey conducted by ERT. The [Minister of State](/wiki/Minister_of_State_%28Greece%29 \"Minister of State (Greece)\") also said that the company would become *public* but no longer *state\\-owned*.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ert.gr/index.php/eidiseis/ellada/koinwnia/16681\\-2011\\-08\\-19\\-09\\-02\\-38\\.html\\|title\\=Δημόσια και ανεξάρτητη ΕΡΤ\\|trans\\-title\\=A public and independent ERT\\|date\\=19 August 2011\\|publisher\\=www.ert.gr\\|access\\-date\\=19 August 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926231142/http://www.ert.gr/index.php/eidiseis/ellada/koinwnia/16681\\-2011\\-08\\-19\\-09\\-02\\-38\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=26 September 2011\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}{{Full citation needed\\|date\\=June 2013}}", "### Closure", "At 17:45 [EEST](/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time \"Eastern European Summer Time\") (UTC\\+3\\) on 11 June 2013, the Greek spokesperson, Simos Kedikoglou, announced ERT would close by the end of the day. ERT shutdown caused the loss of jobs for 2,500 employees.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/jun/12/ert\\-shutdown\\-european\\-broadcasting\\-union\\-makeshift\\-studio\\-greece\\|title\\=ERT shutdown: European Broadcasting Union sets up makeshift studio\\|last\\=O'Carroll\\|first\\=Lisa\\|date\\=2013\\-06\\-12\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-09\\-14\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}", "ERT was dissolved by a Common Ministerial Decision that was enacted by virtue of Article 14B of Law 3429/2005 (regarding the dissolution, merger and restructuring of public companies) as amended by an urgent government Legislative Ordinace (FEK 139/11\\.06\\.2013, Issue A').Article 44 of the Greek Constitution allows the President following a Cabinet proposal \"under extraordinary circumstances of an urgent and unforeseeable need\" to issue legislative ordinances which have immediate effect but must be submitted to Parliament within 40 days and ratified within three months following their submission. Despite running a budget surplus on income from a license fee outside the state budget, in a televised statement, Simos Kedikoglou, the minister responsible for media and the government's spokesperson, said that the ERT was a \"haven of waste\" that cost more and had fewer viewers than private stations.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/state\\-broadcaster\\-ert\\-shut\\-down\\-greece\\|title\\=Greece shuts down state broadcaster in search for new savings\\|publisher\\=Guardian\\|date\\=12 June 2013\\|location\\=London}}", "Later in the evening, some of ERT workers managed to continue the broadcasting via [Ustream](/wiki/IBM_Cloud_Video \"IBM Cloud Video\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/jun/12/greek\\-journalists\\-close\\-state\\-broadcaster\\-ert\\|title\\=Greek journalists defy government order to close state broadcaster\\|last\\=O'Carroll\\|first\\=Lisa\\|date\\=2013\\-06\\-12\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-09\\-14\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}} Police forced their way into at least one of the transmitting stations,{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2013}} and all ERT transmitters were closed down around Greece, as was eventually the worldwide ERT World feed. Using satellite offices and other spaces that had not been closed down, ERT journalists continued to broadcast to the Internet.[The shutdown of ERT \\- Live blog 12 June 2013](http://international.radiobubble.gr/2013/06/the-shutdown-of-ert-live-blog-12-june.html) The nearest ERT Transmitters to Athens closed at approximately 23:17 local time. 20 seconds later, channel 902TV (the communist party channel) retransmits the ERT signal, although a few minutes later, the Greek government called Digea, the digital television service, to close the signal \\[902's] due to rebroadcasting the signal without permission, and so 902 was closed for a period of time. This action was deemed unacceptable by most Greek citizens due to the Greek Government shutting down ERT without consulting the National Council of Radio and Television, the official body of Radio and Television in Greece.", "On 12 June at noon local time, the AS and IP range of ERT,{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2013}} the official domain names \"ert.gr\", \"ert3\\.gr\", and \"voiceofgreece.gr\" were cancelled in the Greek Internet registry, meaning that live broadcasts on the Internet (ERT LIVE) have stopped, as well as the publication of all news articles. Emails sent to the broadcasters are no longer delivered. Other Internet assets registered by ERT are at risk of being closed (because their owner and contact address are no longer valid), notably the official [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") page and [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") account. ERT LIVE is relayed by other sites, such as the University of Greece.[ERT LIVE](http://university-greece.blogspot.com/2013/06/live.html) relayed by the University of Greece, on Blogspot. 12 June 2013\\. Retrieved 12 June 2013\\.[ERT LIVE](https://web.archive.org/web/20130615012214/http://www.sevenart.gr/news-detail.php?catid=2&id=2872) relayed on the Internet by SevenArt.gr. Also [ERT LIVE](https://web.archive.org/web/20130615171309/http://www.thepressproject.gr/live/44219/Louketo-stin-ERT) on ThePressProject.gr providing the feed. 12 June 2013\\. Retrieved 12 June 2013\\.", "The European Broadcasting Union was quick to criticise the closure, issuing a statement the same evening where they expressed \"profound dismay on behalf of Europe's entire public service media\" and urged the prime minister to reverse the decision.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ebu.ch/news/2013/06/ebu\\-urges\\-greek\\-government\\-to\\-re\\|title\\=EBU urges Greek government to reverse decision on ERT\\|publisher\\=EBU\\|date\\=11 June 2013}} The EBU made the ERT stream available on satellite to its members, declaring as well that \"to be in the EBU, you must be a broadcaster, and so we will continue keeping ERT on the EBU council\" as said by the director, Ingrid Delterne.", "Alexis Tsipras, the leftwing opposition leader, who would later become Prime Minister, expressed dismay in regards of ERT's shutdown and described it as \"illegal\".{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/jun/12/greek\\-journalists\\-close\\-state\\-broadcaster\\-ert\\|title\\=Greek journalists defy government order to close state broadcaster\\|last\\=O'Carroll\\|first\\=Lisa\\|date\\=2013\\-06\\-12\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-09\\-14\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}", "### NERIT", "{{main\\|New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television}}\nOn 12 June 2013 a Greek government spokesperson, Simos Kedikoglou, announced the formation of a new public service broadcaster, [New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television](/wiki/New_Hellenic_Radio%2C_Internet_and_Television \"New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television\"). The company's services were expected to launch on 29 August 2013\\.[ERT: the day after](https://web.archive.org/web/20130615015511/http://www.euronews.com/2013/06/12/the-next-day-of-ert/) The service provider employed between 1,000 and 1,200 and was funded by advertising and tax contributions.", "Prior to its launch on television, a temporary state television broadcaster known as [Dimosia Tileorasi](/wiki/Dimosia_Tileorasi \"Dimosia Tileorasi\") (English: Public Television) launched on 10 July 2013 on the frequencies of ERT, launching as Elliniki Dimosia Tileorasi (English: Greek Public Television). It was closed on 4 May 2014, in order for it to be replaced by NERIT.", "### Relaunch of ERT", "In 2015, the government, under Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras, restored ERT as Greece's public broadcaster and NERIT ceased broadcasting on 11 June 2015, at 6:00 EEST.", "" ]
History ------- ### Early years (1991–1997\) [thumb\|180px\|Refused in 1994 at the [Hultsfred Festival](/wiki/Hultsfred_Festival "Hultsfred Festival")](/wiki/File:Refused_%40_Hultsfredsfestivalen_1994_1.jpg "Refused @ Hultsfredsfestivalen 1994 1.jpg") Refused formed in early 1991{{cite video \| first \= Kristofer \| last \= Steen \| title \= Refused Are Fucking Dead \| medium \= Documentary \| publisher \= Burning Heart Records \|date \= 2006}} with [Dennis Lyxzén](/wiki/Dennis_Lyxz%C3%A9n "Dennis Lyxzén") (former frontman of the [straight edge](/wiki/Straight_edge "Straight edge") band [Step Forward](/wiki/Step_Forward "Step Forward")) on vocals,{{cite web\|access\-date\=2 December 2017\|url\=http://www.pluginmusic.com/interviews.php?page\=ac4\|title\=Interview: AC4's Karl Backman\|publication\-date\=3 January 2011\|author\=Corinne\|website\=Pluginmusic.com\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110231308/http://www.pluginmusic.com/interviews.php?page\=ac4\|archive\-date\=10 January 2011}} [David Sandström](/wiki/David_Sandstr%C3%B6m "David Sandström") on drums, Pär Hansson on guitar, and Jonas Lindgren on bass. They formed with the aim of playing outside of their hometown and releasing a 7" record (the latter which never happened).{{sfn\|Kuhn\|2010\|p\=58}}{{cite web\|access\-date\=29 November 2017\|url\=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/reviews/live\-reviews/refused\-rip\-up\-the\-rule\-book\-on\-good\-friday\-at\-brightons\-concorde\-2\|title\=Ripping up the rule book on Good Friday: Refused live in Brighton\|first\= Nathan \|last\=Westley \|publication\-date\=30 March 2016\|website\=Thelineofbestfit.com\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201055748/https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/reviews/live\-reviews/refused\-rip\-up\-the\-rule\-book\-on\-good\-friday\-at\-brightons\-concorde\-2\|archive\-date\=1 December 2017}} They released their first demo, *Refused*, the same year. With an already altered lineup (including [Kristofer Steen](/wiki/Kristofer_Steen "Kristofer Steen") joining from local band [Abhinanda](/wiki/Abhinanda "Abhinanda") with Pär Hansson going the other way) the band released their first [studio album](/wiki/Studio_album "Studio album"), *[This Just Might Be... the Truth](/wiki/This_Just_Might_Be..._the_Truth "This Just Might Be... the Truth")*, in 1994\. A month later, they released the *[Everlasting](/wiki/Everlasting_%28EP%29 "Everlasting (EP)")* EP. Refused's final line\-up consisted of Dennis Lyxzén, David Sandström, Kristofer Steen, and Jon Brännström, but the band never found a permanent [bass](/wiki/Bass_guitar "Bass guitar") player, switching up to 12 bassists until their original break\-up.{{cite web\|access\-date\=2 December 2017\|url\=http://popsongsfortherevolution.noisey.com/\|title\= REFUSED: Pop Songs for the Revolution \|first\=Dan \|last\=Ozzi\|location\=United States\|website\=\[\[Noisey]]\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701173248/http://popsongsfortherevolution.noisey.com/\|archive\-date\=1 July 2015}} In June 1996, they released *[Songs to Fan the Flames of Discontent](/wiki/Songs_to_Fan_the_Flames_of_Discontent "Songs to Fan the Flames of Discontent")* through [Victory Records](/wiki/Victory_Records "Victory Records"). The album had a style that steered towards the [metallic hardcore](/wiki/Metallic_hardcore "Metallic hardcore") genre and included a [fanzine](/wiki/Fanzine "Fanzine") explaining their political ideas.{{sfn\|Kuhn\|2010\|pp\=58, 59}} For this record, they toured with [Snapcase](/wiki/Snapcase "Snapcase").{{cite web\|access\-date\=2 December 2017\|title\=Refused's Dennis Lyxzén\|first\=Keith \|last\=Carman\|publication\-date\=26 June 2010\|website\=\[\[Exclaim!]]\|url\=http://exclaim.ca/music/article/refuseds\_dennis\_lyxz233n\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701044225/http://exclaim.ca/music/article/refuseds\_dennis\_lyxz233n\|archive\-date\=1 July 2015}} Later on, they did it in support of [Millencolin](/wiki/Millencolin "Millencolin") in the United States and with [Mindjive](/wiki/Mindjive "Mindjive") in Europe.{{cite web\|first1\=Aaron \|last1\=Icarus \|author\-link1\=Aaron North\|first2\=Travis \|last2\=Keller\|url\=http://www.buddyhead.com/interview\-with\-kristofer\-steen\-of\-refused/ \|title\=Kristofer Steen (Refused)\|website\=\[\[Buddyhead]] \|date\=31 May 2002\|access\-date\=26 June 2015\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720044536/http://www.buddyhead.com/2002/05/31/interview\-with\-kristofer\-steen\-of\-refused/\|archive\-date\=20 July 2011}} ### *The Shape of Punk to Come* and disbandment (1998\) Their third album, 1998's *[The Shape of Punk to Come](/wiki/The_Shape_of_Punk_to_Come "The Shape of Punk to Come")*, incorporated diverse sounds outside of the strict hardcore realm, such as [electronica](/wiki/Electronica "Electronica"), [jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz"), and [ambient](/wiki/Ambient_%28music%29 "Ambient (music)"). Initially, the album was both a commercial and critical failure, with little media coverage and mixed reception from fans and critics alike; some even refused to rate it because of its stylistic divergence.{{cite web\|access\-date\=29 November 2017\|url\=https://www.ineffecthardcore.com/reviews/archive\-reviews\-feb\-2012\-to\-sep\-2012/\|title\=Refused @ Fieri Arena Milano, Italy June 4, 2012\|first\=Tim\|last\=Edwards\|website\=Ineffecthardcore.com\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20171129073241/https://www.ineffecthardcore.com/reviews/archive\-reviews\-feb\-2012\-to\-sep\-2012/\|archive\-date\=29 November 2017}} The United States tour to support the album was cancelled halfway. They were joined by Washington, D.C.'s [Frodus](/wiki/Frodus "Frodus") and only completed eight shows in half\-empty basements and coffeehouses, finishing in a chaotic performance in a basement of [Harrisonburg, Virginia](/wiki/Harrisonburg%2C_Virginia "Harrisonburg, Virginia") that, after four songs, was shut down by [police](/wiki/Police "Police").{{cite web\|title\=Refused Are Fucking Dead\|url\=http://www.burningheart.com/refused/refmanifest5\.htm\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117175926/http://www.burningheart.com/refused/refmanifest5\.htm\|archive\-date\=17 January 2012\|publisher\=\[\[Burning Heart Records]]\|access\-date\=27 June 2015}} They described these concerts as "emotionally devastating" and "an awful experience", which finally led to their break\-up after a rough internal fight in Atlanta, Georgia.{{cite web\|access\-date\=1 December 2017\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/q\-a\-with\-refuseds\-dennis\-lyxzen\-reunion\-success\-was\-a\-bit\-trippy\-20130506\|title\=Q\&A With Refused's Dennis Lyxzen: Reunion Success Was 'A Bit Trippy'\|first\= Steve \|last\=Appleford\|publication\-date\=6 May 2013\|website\=\[\[RollingStone]]\|date\=6 May 2013\|location\=Münster, Germany\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507035548/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/q\-a\-with\-refuseds\-dennis\-lyxzen\-reunion\-success\-was\-a\-bit\-trippy\-20130506\|archive\-date\=7 May 2013}} Other factors to their disbandment were a depletion of creative energy and band members wanting different things. There was also conflict between Dennis and the rest of the band. Refused announced their demise through a strongly\-worded open letter titled "Refused Are Fucking Dead" on their label [Burning Heart](/wiki/Burning_Heart_Records "Burning Heart Records")'s website. ### After breakup (1999–2009\) The story of Refused's last show soon became popular, as well as *The Shape of Punk to Come*. A year after its release, the album shot up from 1,400 to 21,000 units sold in the United States. In 2000, it went up to 28,000\. From then on, many notable artists started to praise the band and newcomers cited them as an influence. Lead singer [Dennis Lyxzén](/wiki/Dennis_Lyxz%C3%A9n "Dennis Lyxzén") went on to form [The (International) Noise Conspiracy](/wiki/The_%28International%29_Noise_Conspiracy "The (International) Noise Conspiracy") soon thereafter, while the other members, as well as venturing into their own projects, formed the group [TEXT](/wiki/TEXT "TEXT"). In 2007 Lyxzén and Sandström briefly reformed their Refused side project, [Final Exit](/wiki/Final_Exit_%28band%29 "Final Exit (band)"), which existed in the mid\-late 1990s and originally consisted of members of Refused and [Abhinanda](/wiki/Abhinanda "Abhinanda"), with each member taking a different role to that which they had in their main bands (e.g., David on vocals and Dennis on bass guitar). As of May 2008, Dennis Lyxzén and David Sandström formed a new straightforward hardcore band under the name [AC4](/wiki/AC4_%28band%29 "AC4 (band)").{{cite web \|last1\=Mokas \|first1\=Apostolis \|title\=AC4: Umeå Hardcore Punk \|url\=https://diyconspiracy.net/interview\-with\-ac4\-2010/ \|website\=DIY Conspiracy \|date\=5 February 2014 \|publisher\=Keep It Real Fanzine \|access\-date\=17 June 2021}} Kristofer Steen moved to [Orange County, California](/wiki/Orange_County%2C_California "Orange County, California") and attended film school there. He made a documentary on the band's last year in existence called *[Refused Are Fucking Dead](/wiki/Refused_Are_Fucking_Dead "Refused Are Fucking Dead")*, which was released in 2006\. Then, he began working on operas in Sweden. ### Rumours (2010–2011\) In March 2010, Epitaph Records put up the old Refused website online with the words "Coming Soon."{{cite web\| title \= Refused 'set to reform'\| work \= \[\[NME]]\| date \= 27 March 2010\| url \= http://www.nme.com/news/various\-artists/50408\| access\-date \= 27 March 2010}}{{cite web\| last \= Karan\| first \= Tim\| title \= Refused Hint a Reformation, Album with Epitaph\| work \= \[\[Alternative Press (music magazine)\|Alternative Press]]\| date \= 27 March 2010\| url \= http://altpress.com/news/8643\.htm\| access\-date \= 27 March 2010\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20100331000232/http://altpress.com/news/8643\.htm\| archive\-date \= 31 March 2010\| url\-status \= dead}} Rumours spread across the Internet about what the new website could indicate, including speculation of a reunion.{{cite web\| last \= Pratt\| first \= Greg\| title \= Epitaph Confirms Deluxe Reissue of Refused's ''The Shape of Punk to Come'' As Reunion Rumours Run Wild on the Internet\| work \= \[\[Exclaim!]]\| date \= 29 March 2010\| url \= http://www.exclaim.ca/articles/generalarticlesynopsfullart.aspx?csid1\=115\&csid2\=844\&fid1\=45419\| archive\-url \= https://archive.today/20130115075823/http://www.exclaim.ca/articles/generalarticlesynopsfullart.aspx?csid1\=115\&csid2\=844\&fid1\=45419\| url\-status \= dead\| archive\-date \= 15 January 2013\| access\-date \= 29 March 2010}} Citing an anonymous source "close to the situation," *Punknews.org* unofficially announced that the band would perform at European music festivals in 2010\.{{cite web\| last \= Yancey\| first \= Bryne\| title \= UPDATED: Refused updates website, reunion in the works\| work \= Punknews.org\| date \= 27 March 2010\| url \= http://www.punknews.org/article/37669\| access\-date \= 27 March 2010}} Dennis Lyxzén denied claims of a Refused reformation as he and David Sandström were busy with AC4\.{{cite web\| last \= Magnusson\| first \= Daniel\| title \= REFUSED PÅ VÄG ATT ÅTERFÖRENAS\| work \= \[\[Gaffa (magazine)\|Gaffa]]\| language \= sv\| date \= 29 March 2010\| url \= http://gaffa.se/nyhet/38196\| access\-date \= 29 March 2010\| archive\-date \= 2 March 2021\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20210302234752/https://gaffa.se/nyhet/38196\| url\-status \= dead}} The new band website was later announced to be a promotional site for a reissue of Refused's final album, *[The Shape of Punk to Come](/wiki/The_Shape_of_Punk_to_Come "The Shape of Punk to Come")*. The reissue, released on 8 June 2010, is a three\-disc set with an unreleased live album recorded in 1998 and the *[Refused Are Fucking Dead](/wiki/Refused_Are_Fucking_Dead "Refused Are Fucking Dead")* DVD documentary in addition to the full original album.{{cite web\| last \= Paul\| first \= Aubin\| title \= Refused to issue deluxe 3 CD ''Shape of Punk to Come''\| work \= Punknews.org\| date \= 7 April 2010\| url \= http://www.punknews.org/article/37803\| access\-date \= 7 April 2010}} In November 2011, multiple posters said to be for the upcoming 2012 [Coachella Festival](/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival "Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival") appeared on several Internet sites, and the line\-ups included Refused.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.swnk.org/wp\-content/uploads/coachella\-2012\-lineup\-poster\-leaked.jpg\|format\=JPG\|title\=Leaked Coachella 2012 Poster\|website\=Swnk.org\|access\-date\=26 June 2015\|archive\-date\=4 March 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034125/http://www.swnk.org/wp\-content/uploads/coachella\-2012\-lineup\-poster\-leaked.jpg\|url\-status\=dead}} This started new rumours of a long\-awaited reunion. ### Reunions, Brännström's firing and *Freedom* (2012–2017\) [thumb\|170px\|Dennis Lyxzén with Refused in 2012](/wiki/File:Refused_June_2012.jpg "Refused June 2012.jpg") {{further\|Refused Reunion Tour}} During [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 "BBC Radio 1")'s "Punk Show" on 2 January 2012, [Mike Davies](/wiki/Mike_Davies_%28broadcaster%29 "Mike Davies (broadcaster)") stated that Refused, along with [At the Drive\-In](/wiki/At_the_Drive-In "At the Drive-In") would be reforming in 2012\. On 9 January 2012, Refused announced a reunion to perform at the 2012 [Coachella Festival](/wiki/Coachella_%28festival%29 "Coachella (festival)").{{Cite web \|last\=wookubus \|date\=2012\-01\-10 \|title\=Refused Issue Statement Regarding "Coachella Festival" Reunion Shows \|url\=https://www.theprp.com/2012/01/09/news/refused\-issue\-statement\-regarding\-coachella\-festival\-reunion\-shows/ \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-08 \|website\=Theprp.com \|language\=en\-US}} This was controversial because of the band's original explicit declaration to never reunite. On 29 February, Refused played a secret show in Umeå, their first live performance since 1998\.{{cite web \|date\=1 March 2012 \|title\=Video: Refused perform first show in 14 years « Consequence of Sound \|url\=http://consequence.net/2012/03/video\-refused\-perform\-first\-show\-in\-14\-years/ \|website\=Consequence.net}} Refused played numerous European festivals on the [Reunion Tour](/wiki/Refused_Reunion_Tour "Refused Reunion Tour"), including [Way Out West](/wiki/Way_Out_West_Festival "Way Out West Festival") in [Gothenburg](/wiki/Gothenburg%2C_Sweden "Gothenburg, Sweden"), [Primavera Sound](/wiki/Primavera_Sound "Primavera Sound") in [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona "Barcelona") and [Download Festival](/wiki/Download_Festival "Download Festival") in [England](/wiki/England "England").{{Cite web \|title\=Bon Iver and Refused first acts confirmed for Way Out West 2012 \|url\=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/latest\-news/bon\-iver\-and\-refused\-first\-acts\-confirmed\-for\-way\-out\-west\-2012\-78168 \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-08 \|website\=The Line of Best Fit \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|last\=Goodwyn \|first\=Tom \|date\=2012\-01\-30 \|title\=Refused, Laura Marling added to Primavera Sound 2012 line\-up \|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/refused\-9\-1270228 \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-08 \|website\=NME \|language\=en\-GB}}{{Cite web \|last\=Cooper \|first\=Leonie \|date\=2012\-04\-03 \|title\=Refused added to Download line\-up after Sonisphere cancellation \|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/refused\-8\-1282567 \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-08 \|website\=NME \|language\=en\-GB}} They appeared for the first time on TV in America on *[Late Night with Jimmy Fallon](/wiki/Late_Night_with_Jimmy_Fallon "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon")* on 18 July 2012{{cite web \|url\=http://stereokiller.com/newsreviews/news.cfm?intarticleid\=11301 \|title\=Refused to play Jimmy Fallon Show 7/18 \- Stereokiller News \|publisher\=Stereokiller.com \|access\-date\=12 July 2012 \|archive\-date\=19 July 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719065057/http://www.stereokiller.com/newsreviews/news.cfm?intarticleid\=11301 \|url\-status\=dead }} and toured Australia for the first time in November.{{cite web \|date\=24 August 2012 \|title\=REFUSED ANNOUNCE AUSTRALIAN TOUR!! \<\< Soundwave Touring \|url\=http://www.soundwavetouring.com/news/refused\-announce\-australian\-tour/ \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218184126/http://www.soundwavetouring.com/news/refused\-announce\-australian\-tour/ \|archive\-date\=18 December 2014 \|access\-date\=1 November 2014 \|publisher\=Soundwave Touring}} Refused ended their reunion on 15 December 2012 with a hometown show in Umeå.{{Cite web \|last\=Minsker \|first\=Evan \|date\=2012\-10\-27 \|title\=Refused End Reunion \|url\=https://pitchfork.com/news/48370\-refused\-end\-reunion/ \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-08 \|website\=Pitchfork \|language\=en\-US}} On 22 February 2013, Refused were awarded the "Special Prize for Music Exports" by the Swedish Minister of Trade.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.government.se/sb/d/14448/a/183827 \|title\=Special prize for Swedish music exports \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307223714/http://www.government.se/sb/d/14448/a/183827 \|archive\-date\=7 March 2014 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/13763 \|title\=Music Export Prize 2012 to Johan "Shellback" Schuster \- honroary prize to Refused \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218075951/http://regeringen.se/sb/d/13763 \|archive\-date\=18 February 2013 }} Lyxzén and Sandström chose to criticize Sweden's [current government](/wiki/Reinfeldt_Cabinet "Reinfeldt Cabinet") at the ceremony, instead thanking the efforts of [popular education](/wiki/Popular_education "Popular education"), in particular [Workers' Educational Association (ABF)](/wiki/Arbetarnas_bildningsf%C3%B6rbund "Arbetarnas bildningsförbund") and [youth centers](/wiki/Youth_club "Youth club") (in Sweden associated with [social democracy](/wiki/Social_democracy "Social democracy")){{cite news\|url\=http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid\=1646\&artikel\=5452941\|title\=Refused gets government award \- slanders their politics (Swedish) \|newspaper\=Sveriges Radio\|date\=22 February 2013 }} while Jon Brännström chose to not accept the prize on his behalf{{cite web\|url\=http://www.vk.se/808985/refused\-oense\-efter\-pris\|title\=Refused in disagreement after award (Swedish)\|date\=27 February 2013\|publisher\=Västerbottenskuriren}} later stating he wished they "\[...] had said no to the prize and instead held a press conference about why we had turned it down".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.farsotfarsot.com/fanzine/i\-had\-nothing\-else\-to\-return\-to\-than\-different\-kinds\-of\-demons \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130410191004/http://www.farsotfarsot.com/fanzine/i\-had\-nothing\-else\-to\-return\-to\-than\-different\-kinds\-of\-demons \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=10 April 2013 \|title\=I had nothing else to return to than different kinds of demons \|website\=Farsotfarsot.com }} On 31 October 2014, Jon Brännström wrote on Refused's Facebook page that he was fired from the band and no longer considered them friends. The band responded by stating that they fired him in 2013 "because he did not share our passion for the band."{{Cite web \|last\=Renshaw \|first\=David \|date\=2014\-11\-03 \|title\=Guitarist Jon Brännström attacks Refused after he is fired from band \|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/refused\-5\-1230630 \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-08 \|website\=NME \|language\=en\-GB}} On 25 November 2014, the band announced that they would perform their first shows in three years at the [Reading and Leeds Festivals](/wiki/Reading_and_Leeds_Festivals "Reading and Leeds Festivals"), [Groezrock](/wiki/Groezrock "Groezrock") and [Amnesia Rockfest](/wiki/Amnesia_Rockfest "Amnesia Rockfest") in the summer of 2015\.{{cite web\|url\=http://propertyofzack.com/post/103573895453/refused\-are\-unfucking\-dead\-again \|title\=Refused Are Unfucking Dead, Again \|website\=Propertyofzack.com \|date\=25 November 2014 \|access\-date\=25 November 2014}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.absolutepunk.net/showthread.php?t\=3713318 \|title\=Refused to Play Amnesia Rockfest \|website\=\[\[AbsolutePunk\|AbsolutePunk.net]] \|date\=25 November 2014 \|access\-date\=25 November 2014}} They also headlined Punk Rock Bowling in Las Vegas in May 2015\.{{cite web \|url\=http://newnoisemagazine.com/punk\-rock\-bowling\-announces\-2015\-headliners/ \|title\=Punk Rock Bowling Announces 2015 Headliners \|website\=Newnoisemagazine.com \|date\=26 November 2014 \|access\-date\=26 November 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208164337/http://newnoisemagazine.com/punk\-rock\-bowling\-announces\-2015\-headliners/ \|archive\-date\=8 December 2014 }} Around the same time, rumours surfaced of a new album being recorded for release in 2015 after [...And You Will Know Us By the Trail of Dead](/wiki/...And_You_Will_Know_Us_By_the_Trail_of_Dead "...And You Will Know Us By the Trail of Dead")'s Autrey Fulbright II posted a photo on [Instagram](/wiki/Instagram "Instagram") claiming that Lyxzén had been in the studio recording vocals for the album.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.metalinjection.net/latest\-news/rumors/more\-evidence\-that\-refused\-are\-working\-on\-a\-new\-album \|title\=More Evidence That REFUSED Are Working On A New Album \|website\=Metalinjection.net \|date\=11 November 2014 \|access\-date\=26 June 2015}} On 27 April 2015, Refused announced their fourth studio album, *[Freedom](/wiki/Freedom_%28Refused_album%29 "Freedom (Refused album)")*, to be released in June 2015 via [Epitaph Records](/wiki/Epitaph_Records "Epitaph Records"). The album was produced primarily by [Nick Launay](/wiki/Nick_Launay "Nick Launay") and featured two songs produced by [Shellback](/wiki/Shellback_%28record_producer%29 "Shellback (record producer)"). The opening track "Elektra" was released as the lead single.{{cite web\|url\=http://pitchfork.com/news/57401\-refused\-are\-back\-new\-album\-freedom\-out\-this\-summer\-new\-track\-elektra\-streaming\-now/ \|title\=Refused Are Back: New Album Freedom Out This Summer, New Track "Elektra" Streaming Now \|publisher\=Pitchfork Media\|date\=27 April 2015\|access\-date\=27 April 2015}} On 20 November 2017, members of Refused revealed on social media that the band has been in the studio working on their next album.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theprp.com/2017/11/20/news/refused\-are\-in\-the\-studio/\|title\=Refused Are In The Studio\|website\=Theprp.com\|date\=20 November 2017\|access\-date\=20 November 2017}} ### *Servants of Death*, *Cyberpunk 2077* and *War Music* (2018\-present) In May 2018, the band released the *Servants of Death* EP which contained a new song, a b\-side and four live songs. It was originally released on vinyl in 2016 as part of Record Store Day.{{Cite web\|url\=https://refused.bandcamp.com/album/servants\-of\-death\|title\=Servants of Death, by Refused\|website\=Refused.bandcamp.com}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://metalinjection.net/av/new\-music/refused\-streams\-2016s\-vinyl\-only\-servants\-of\-death\-ep\|title\=REFUSED Streams 2016's Vinyl\-Only Servants Of Death EP\|date\=29 May 2018\|website\=Metalinjection.net\|access\-date\=19 October 2019}} On 2 July 2019, it was announced that Refused would be partnering with video game developer [CD Projekt Red](/wiki/CD_Projekt_RED "CD Projekt RED"), creating and recording original music for then\-upcoming video game *[Cyberpunk 2077](/wiki/Cyberpunk_2077 "Cyberpunk 2077")*.{{Cite web\|url\=https://twitter.com/CyberpunkGame/status/1146072136378966016\|title\=Hello, Night City! What better way to start your day off than with some killer riffs? We teamed up with @Refused to bring the iconic band SAMURAI to life in \#Cyberpunk2077 – and today we have their first track to share with you… here's Chippin' In!http://youtu.be/Igq3d6XA75Y\|last\=Cyberpunk 2077\|date\=2 July 2019\|website\=\[\[Twitter]]\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2 July 2019}} The members of Refused provided music for a fictitious band in the in\-game universe, punk rock group SAMURAI; which includes fictitious musician and terrorist Johnny Silverhand, portrayed and voiced by [Keanu Reeves](/wiki/Keanu_Reeves "Keanu Reeves"); while Lyxzén provided vocals on the music tracks for both Johnny and Kerry Eurodyne. The announcement was made alongside the release of *Chippin' In* on streaming services, the first single to be revealed for the project. On 23 August 2019, a new song called *Never Fade Away* came out. On 2 August 2019, the band released "Blood Red" from their forthcoming album *War Music*. The album was released on October 18 of that year, followed by a UK tour alongside Thrice and Gouge Away. {{cite web \|title\=Refused Announce New Album War Music \|url\=https://www.kerrang.com/refused\-announce\-new\-album\-war\-music \|website\=Kerrang! \|date\=24 July 2019 \|access\-date\=11 July 2022}} A five\-track EP *The Malignant Fire* was released on 20 November 2020\. It featured single "Born on the Outs", three other new songs, as well as "Malfire" from *War Music*.{{cite web \|title\=The new Refused EP documents a world on fire. Hear Born On The Outs now \|url\=https://www.loudersound.com/news/the\-new\-refused\-ep\-documents\-a\-world\-on\-fire\-hear\-single\-born\-on\-the\-outs\-now \|website\=Louder \|date\=16 October 2020 \|access\-date\=12 July 2022}} In March 2024, Refused announced their first show in four years, at the Rosendal Garden Party in Stockholm. It was advertised as "their last festival performance in Sweden. Ever".{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-03\-05 \|title\=Refused have just announced their final festival show in Sweden \|url\=https://www.kerrang.com/refused\-have\-reportedly\-announced\-their\-final\-festival\-show\-in\-sweden/ \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-08 \|website\=Kerrang! \|language\=en}} However, it was cancelled the day before because frontman [Dennis Lyxzén](/wiki/Dennis_Lyxz%C3%A9n "Dennis Lyxzén") suffered a massive heart attack.{{Cite web \|last\=Kaufman \|first\=Gil \|date\=2024\-06\-14 \|title\=Refused Cancel Swedish Festival Gig After Singer Dennis Lyxzén Suffers ‘Massive’ Heart Attack: ‘Really Shook Up’ \|url\=https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/refused\-cancel\-swedish\-festival\-gig\-singer\-dennis\-lyxzen\-massive\-heart\-attack\-1235709730/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-22 \|website\=Billboard \|language\=en\-US}} On 10 September 2024, the band announced US dates for a 2025 farewell tour alongside a tribute album for *The Shape of Punk to Come*.{{Cite web \|last\=Duran \|first\=Anagricel \|date\=2024\-09\-10 \|title\=Refused confirm their split and announce 'The Shape Of Punk To Come’ 25th anniversary edition \|url\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/refused\-confirm\-their\-split\-and\-announce\-the\-shape\-of\-punk\-to\-come\-25th\-anniversary\-edition\-3792375 \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-22 \|website\=NME \|language\=en\-GB}}
[ "History\n-------", "### Early years (1991–1997\\)", "[thumb\\|180px\\|Refused in 1994 at the [Hultsfred Festival](/wiki/Hultsfred_Festival \"Hultsfred Festival\")](/wiki/File:Refused_%40_Hultsfredsfestivalen_1994_1.jpg \"Refused @ Hultsfredsfestivalen 1994 1.jpg\")\nRefused formed in early 1991{{cite video\n\\| first \\= Kristofer\n\\| last \\= Steen\n\\| title \\= Refused Are Fucking Dead\n\\| medium \\= Documentary\n\\| publisher \\= Burning Heart Records\n\\|date \\= 2006}} with [Dennis Lyxzén](/wiki/Dennis_Lyxz%C3%A9n \"Dennis Lyxzén\") (former frontman of the [straight edge](/wiki/Straight_edge \"Straight edge\") band [Step Forward](/wiki/Step_Forward \"Step Forward\")) on vocals,{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2017\\|url\\=http://www.pluginmusic.com/interviews.php?page\\=ac4\\|title\\=Interview: AC4's Karl Backman\\|publication\\-date\\=3 January 2011\\|author\\=Corinne\\|website\\=Pluginmusic.com\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110231308/http://www.pluginmusic.com/interviews.php?page\\=ac4\\|archive\\-date\\=10 January 2011}} [David Sandström](/wiki/David_Sandstr%C3%B6m \"David Sandström\") on drums, Pär Hansson on guitar, and Jonas Lindgren on bass. They formed with the aim of playing outside of their hometown and releasing a 7\" record (the latter which never happened).{{sfn\\|Kuhn\\|2010\\|p\\=58}}{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2017\\|url\\=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/reviews/live\\-reviews/refused\\-rip\\-up\\-the\\-rule\\-book\\-on\\-good\\-friday\\-at\\-brightons\\-concorde\\-2\\|title\\=Ripping up the rule book on Good Friday: Refused live in Brighton\\|first\\= Nathan \\|last\\=Westley \\|publication\\-date\\=30 March 2016\\|website\\=Thelineofbestfit.com\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201055748/https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/reviews/live\\-reviews/refused\\-rip\\-up\\-the\\-rule\\-book\\-on\\-good\\-friday\\-at\\-brightons\\-concorde\\-2\\|archive\\-date\\=1 December 2017}} They released their first demo, *Refused*, the same year. With an already altered lineup (including [Kristofer Steen](/wiki/Kristofer_Steen \"Kristofer Steen\") joining from local band [Abhinanda](/wiki/Abhinanda \"Abhinanda\") with Pär Hansson going the other way) the band released their first [studio album](/wiki/Studio_album \"Studio album\"), *[This Just Might Be... the Truth](/wiki/This_Just_Might_Be..._the_Truth \"This Just Might Be... the Truth\")*, in 1994\\. A month later, they released the *[Everlasting](/wiki/Everlasting_%28EP%29 \"Everlasting (EP)\")* EP.", "Refused's final line\\-up consisted of Dennis Lyxzén, David Sandström, Kristofer Steen, and Jon Brännström, but the band never found a permanent [bass](/wiki/Bass_guitar \"Bass guitar\") player, switching up to 12 bassists until their original break\\-up.{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2017\\|url\\=http://popsongsfortherevolution.noisey.com/\\|title\\= REFUSED: Pop Songs for the Revolution \\|first\\=Dan \\|last\\=Ozzi\\|location\\=United States\\|website\\=\\[\\[Noisey]]\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701173248/http://popsongsfortherevolution.noisey.com/\\|archive\\-date\\=1 July 2015}} In June 1996, they released *[Songs to Fan the Flames of Discontent](/wiki/Songs_to_Fan_the_Flames_of_Discontent \"Songs to Fan the Flames of Discontent\")* through [Victory Records](/wiki/Victory_Records \"Victory Records\"). The album had a style that steered towards the [metallic hardcore](/wiki/Metallic_hardcore \"Metallic hardcore\") genre and included a [fanzine](/wiki/Fanzine \"Fanzine\") explaining their political ideas.{{sfn\\|Kuhn\\|2010\\|pp\\=58, 59}} For this record, they toured with [Snapcase](/wiki/Snapcase \"Snapcase\").{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2017\\|title\\=Refused's Dennis Lyxzén\\|first\\=Keith \\|last\\=Carman\\|publication\\-date\\=26 June 2010\\|website\\=\\[\\[Exclaim!]]\\|url\\=http://exclaim.ca/music/article/refuseds\\_dennis\\_lyxz233n\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701044225/http://exclaim.ca/music/article/refuseds\\_dennis\\_lyxz233n\\|archive\\-date\\=1 July 2015}} Later on, they did it in support of [Millencolin](/wiki/Millencolin \"Millencolin\") in the United States and with [Mindjive](/wiki/Mindjive \"Mindjive\") in Europe.{{cite web\\|first1\\=Aaron \\|last1\\=Icarus \\|author\\-link1\\=Aaron North\\|first2\\=Travis \\|last2\\=Keller\\|url\\=http://www.buddyhead.com/interview\\-with\\-kristofer\\-steen\\-of\\-refused/ \\|title\\=Kristofer Steen (Refused)\\|website\\=\\[\\[Buddyhead]] \\|date\\=31 May 2002\\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720044536/http://www.buddyhead.com/2002/05/31/interview\\-with\\-kristofer\\-steen\\-of\\-refused/\\|archive\\-date\\=20 July 2011}}", "### *The Shape of Punk to Come* and disbandment (1998\\)", "Their third album, 1998's *[The Shape of Punk to Come](/wiki/The_Shape_of_Punk_to_Come \"The Shape of Punk to Come\")*, incorporated diverse sounds outside of the strict hardcore realm, such as [electronica](/wiki/Electronica \"Electronica\"), [jazz](/wiki/Jazz \"Jazz\"), and [ambient](/wiki/Ambient_%28music%29 \"Ambient (music)\"). Initially, the album was both a commercial and critical failure, with little media coverage and mixed reception from fans and critics alike; some even refused to rate it because of its stylistic divergence.{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2017\\|url\\=https://www.ineffecthardcore.com/reviews/archive\\-reviews\\-feb\\-2012\\-to\\-sep\\-2012/\\|title\\=Refused @ Fieri Arena Milano, Italy June 4, 2012\\|first\\=Tim\\|last\\=Edwards\\|website\\=Ineffecthardcore.com\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20171129073241/https://www.ineffecthardcore.com/reviews/archive\\-reviews\\-feb\\-2012\\-to\\-sep\\-2012/\\|archive\\-date\\=29 November 2017}}", "The United States tour to support the album was cancelled halfway. They were joined by Washington, D.C.'s [Frodus](/wiki/Frodus \"Frodus\") and only completed eight shows in half\\-empty basements and coffeehouses, finishing in a chaotic performance in a basement of [Harrisonburg, Virginia](/wiki/Harrisonburg%2C_Virginia \"Harrisonburg, Virginia\") that, after four songs, was shut down by [police](/wiki/Police \"Police\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Refused Are Fucking Dead\\|url\\=http://www.burningheart.com/refused/refmanifest5\\.htm\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117175926/http://www.burningheart.com/refused/refmanifest5\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=17 January 2012\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Burning Heart Records]]\\|access\\-date\\=27 June 2015}} They described these concerts as \"emotionally devastating\" and \"an awful experience\", which finally led to their break\\-up after a rough internal fight in Atlanta, Georgia.{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=1 December 2017\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/q\\-a\\-with\\-refuseds\\-dennis\\-lyxzen\\-reunion\\-success\\-was\\-a\\-bit\\-trippy\\-20130506\\|title\\=Q\\&A With Refused's Dennis Lyxzen: Reunion Success Was 'A Bit Trippy'\\|first\\= Steve \\|last\\=Appleford\\|publication\\-date\\=6 May 2013\\|website\\=\\[\\[RollingStone]]\\|date\\=6 May 2013\\|location\\=Münster, Germany\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507035548/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/q\\-a\\-with\\-refuseds\\-dennis\\-lyxzen\\-reunion\\-success\\-was\\-a\\-bit\\-trippy\\-20130506\\|archive\\-date\\=7 May 2013}} Other factors to their disbandment were a depletion of creative energy and band members wanting different things. There was also conflict between Dennis and the rest of the band.", "Refused announced their demise through a strongly\\-worded open letter titled \"Refused Are Fucking Dead\" on their label [Burning Heart](/wiki/Burning_Heart_Records \"Burning Heart Records\")'s website.", "### After breakup (1999–2009\\)", "The story of Refused's last show soon became popular, as well as *The Shape of Punk to Come*. A year after its release, the album shot up from 1,400 to 21,000 units sold in the United States. In 2000, it went up to 28,000\\. From then on, many notable artists started to praise the band and newcomers cited them as an influence.", "Lead singer [Dennis Lyxzén](/wiki/Dennis_Lyxz%C3%A9n \"Dennis Lyxzén\") went on to form [The (International) Noise Conspiracy](/wiki/The_%28International%29_Noise_Conspiracy \"The (International) Noise Conspiracy\") soon thereafter, while the other members, as well as venturing into their own projects, formed the group [TEXT](/wiki/TEXT \"TEXT\").", "In 2007 Lyxzén and Sandström briefly reformed their Refused side project, [Final Exit](/wiki/Final_Exit_%28band%29 \"Final Exit (band)\"), which existed in the mid\\-late 1990s and originally consisted of members of Refused and [Abhinanda](/wiki/Abhinanda \"Abhinanda\"), with each member taking a different role to that which they had in their main bands (e.g., David on vocals and Dennis on bass guitar).", "As of May 2008, Dennis Lyxzén and David Sandström formed a new straightforward hardcore band under the name [AC4](/wiki/AC4_%28band%29 \"AC4 (band)\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Mokas \\|first1\\=Apostolis \\|title\\=AC4: Umeå Hardcore Punk \\|url\\=https://diyconspiracy.net/interview\\-with\\-ac4\\-2010/ \\|website\\=DIY Conspiracy \\|date\\=5 February 2014 \\|publisher\\=Keep It Real Fanzine \\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2021}}", "Kristofer Steen moved to [Orange County, California](/wiki/Orange_County%2C_California \"Orange County, California\") and attended film school there. He made a documentary on the band's last year in existence called *[Refused Are Fucking Dead](/wiki/Refused_Are_Fucking_Dead \"Refused Are Fucking Dead\")*, which was released in 2006\\. Then, he began working on operas in Sweden.", "### Rumours (2010–2011\\)", "In March 2010, Epitaph Records put up the old Refused website online with the words \"Coming Soon.\"{{cite web\\| title \\= Refused 'set to reform'\\| work \\= \\[\\[NME]]\\| date \\= 27 March 2010\\| url \\= http://www.nme.com/news/various\\-artists/50408\\| access\\-date \\= 27 March 2010}}{{cite web\\| last \\= Karan\\| first \\= Tim\\| title \\= Refused Hint a Reformation, Album with Epitaph\\| work \\= \\[\\[Alternative Press (music magazine)\\|Alternative Press]]\\| date \\= 27 March 2010\\| url \\= http://altpress.com/news/8643\\.htm\\| access\\-date \\= 27 March 2010\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100331000232/http://altpress.com/news/8643\\.htm\\| archive\\-date \\= 31 March 2010\\| url\\-status \\= dead}} Rumours spread across the Internet about what the new website could indicate, including speculation of a reunion.{{cite web\\| last \\= Pratt\\| first \\= Greg\\| title \\= Epitaph Confirms Deluxe Reissue of Refused's ''The Shape of Punk to Come'' As Reunion Rumours Run Wild on the Internet\\| work \\= \\[\\[Exclaim!]]\\| date \\= 29 March 2010\\| url \\= http://www.exclaim.ca/articles/generalarticlesynopsfullart.aspx?csid1\\=115\\&csid2\\=844\\&fid1\\=45419\\| archive\\-url \\= https://archive.today/20130115075823/http://www.exclaim.ca/articles/generalarticlesynopsfullart.aspx?csid1\\=115\\&csid2\\=844\\&fid1\\=45419\\| url\\-status \\= dead\\| archive\\-date \\= 15 January 2013\\| access\\-date \\= 29 March 2010}} Citing an anonymous source \"close to the situation,\" *Punknews.org* unofficially announced that the band would perform at European music festivals in 2010\\.{{cite web\\| last \\= Yancey\\| first \\= Bryne\\| title \\= UPDATED: Refused updates website, reunion in the works\\| work \\= Punknews.org\\| date \\= 27 March 2010\\| url \\= http://www.punknews.org/article/37669\\| access\\-date \\= 27 March 2010}} Dennis Lyxzén denied claims of a Refused reformation as he and David Sandström were busy with AC4\\.{{cite web\\| last \\= Magnusson\\| first \\= Daniel\\| title \\= REFUSED PÅ VÄG ATT ÅTERFÖRENAS\\| work \\= \\[\\[Gaffa (magazine)\\|Gaffa]]\\| language \\= sv\\| date \\= 29 March 2010\\| url \\= http://gaffa.se/nyhet/38196\\| access\\-date \\= 29 March 2010\\| archive\\-date \\= 2 March 2021\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210302234752/https://gaffa.se/nyhet/38196\\| url\\-status \\= dead}} The new band website was later announced to be a promotional site for a reissue of Refused's final album, *[The Shape of Punk to Come](/wiki/The_Shape_of_Punk_to_Come \"The Shape of Punk to Come\")*. The reissue, released on 8 June 2010, is a three\\-disc set with an unreleased live album recorded in 1998 and the *[Refused Are Fucking Dead](/wiki/Refused_Are_Fucking_Dead \"Refused Are Fucking Dead\")* DVD documentary in addition to the full original album.{{cite web\\| last \\= Paul\\| first \\= Aubin\\| title \\= Refused to issue deluxe 3 CD ''Shape of Punk to Come''\\| work \\= Punknews.org\\| date \\= 7 April 2010\\| url \\= http://www.punknews.org/article/37803\\| access\\-date \\= 7 April 2010}}", "In November 2011, multiple posters said to be for the upcoming 2012 [Coachella Festival](/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival \"Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival\") appeared on several Internet sites, and the line\\-ups included Refused.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.swnk.org/wp\\-content/uploads/coachella\\-2012\\-lineup\\-poster\\-leaked.jpg\\|format\\=JPG\\|title\\=Leaked Coachella 2012 Poster\\|website\\=Swnk.org\\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034125/http://www.swnk.org/wp\\-content/uploads/coachella\\-2012\\-lineup\\-poster\\-leaked.jpg\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} This started new rumours of a long\\-awaited reunion.", "### Reunions, Brännström's firing and *Freedom* (2012–2017\\)", "[thumb\\|170px\\|Dennis Lyxzén with Refused in 2012](/wiki/File:Refused_June_2012.jpg \"Refused June 2012.jpg\")\n{{further\\|Refused Reunion Tour}}\nDuring [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 \"BBC Radio 1\")'s \"Punk Show\" on 2 January 2012, [Mike Davies](/wiki/Mike_Davies_%28broadcaster%29 \"Mike Davies (broadcaster)\") stated that Refused, along with [At the Drive\\-In](/wiki/At_the_Drive-In \"At the Drive-In\") would be reforming in 2012\\. On 9 January 2012, Refused announced a reunion to perform at the 2012 [Coachella Festival](/wiki/Coachella_%28festival%29 \"Coachella (festival)\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=wookubus \\|date\\=2012\\-01\\-10 \\|title\\=Refused Issue Statement Regarding \"Coachella Festival\" Reunion Shows \\|url\\=https://www.theprp.com/2012/01/09/news/refused\\-issue\\-statement\\-regarding\\-coachella\\-festival\\-reunion\\-shows/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-08 \\|website\\=Theprp.com \\|language\\=en\\-US}} This was controversial because of the band's original explicit declaration to never reunite.", "On 29 February, Refused played a secret show in Umeå, their first live performance since 1998\\.{{cite web \\|date\\=1 March 2012 \\|title\\=Video: Refused perform first show in 14 years « Consequence of Sound \\|url\\=http://consequence.net/2012/03/video\\-refused\\-perform\\-first\\-show\\-in\\-14\\-years/ \\|website\\=Consequence.net}} Refused played numerous European festivals on the [Reunion Tour](/wiki/Refused_Reunion_Tour \"Refused Reunion Tour\"), including [Way Out West](/wiki/Way_Out_West_Festival \"Way Out West Festival\") in [Gothenburg](/wiki/Gothenburg%2C_Sweden \"Gothenburg, Sweden\"), [Primavera Sound](/wiki/Primavera_Sound \"Primavera Sound\") in [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\") and [Download Festival](/wiki/Download_Festival \"Download Festival\") in [England](/wiki/England \"England\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Bon Iver and Refused first acts confirmed for Way Out West 2012 \\|url\\=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/latest\\-news/bon\\-iver\\-and\\-refused\\-first\\-acts\\-confirmed\\-for\\-way\\-out\\-west\\-2012\\-78168 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-08 \\|website\\=The Line of Best Fit \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Goodwyn \\|first\\=Tom \\|date\\=2012\\-01\\-30 \\|title\\=Refused, Laura Marling added to Primavera Sound 2012 line\\-up \\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/refused\\-9\\-1270228 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-08 \\|website\\=NME \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Cooper \\|first\\=Leonie \\|date\\=2012\\-04\\-03 \\|title\\=Refused added to Download line\\-up after Sonisphere cancellation \\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/refused\\-8\\-1282567 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-08 \\|website\\=NME \\|language\\=en\\-GB}} They appeared for the first time on TV in America on *[Late Night with Jimmy Fallon](/wiki/Late_Night_with_Jimmy_Fallon \"Late Night with Jimmy Fallon\")* on 18 July 2012{{cite web \\|url\\=http://stereokiller.com/newsreviews/news.cfm?intarticleid\\=11301 \\|title\\=Refused to play Jimmy Fallon Show 7/18 \\- Stereokiller News \\|publisher\\=Stereokiller.com \\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719065057/http://www.stereokiller.com/newsreviews/news.cfm?intarticleid\\=11301 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and toured Australia for the first time in November.{{cite web \\|date\\=24 August 2012 \\|title\\=REFUSED ANNOUNCE AUSTRALIAN TOUR!! \\<\\< Soundwave Touring \\|url\\=http://www.soundwavetouring.com/news/refused\\-announce\\-australian\\-tour/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218184126/http://www.soundwavetouring.com/news/refused\\-announce\\-australian\\-tour/ \\|archive\\-date\\=18 December 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=1 November 2014 \\|publisher\\=Soundwave Touring}} Refused ended their reunion on 15 December 2012 with a hometown show in Umeå.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Minsker \\|first\\=Evan \\|date\\=2012\\-10\\-27 \\|title\\=Refused End Reunion \\|url\\=https://pitchfork.com/news/48370\\-refused\\-end\\-reunion/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-08 \\|website\\=Pitchfork \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "On 22 February 2013, Refused were awarded the \"Special Prize for Music Exports\" by the Swedish Minister of Trade.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.government.se/sb/d/14448/a/183827 \\|title\\=Special prize for Swedish music exports \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307223714/http://www.government.se/sb/d/14448/a/183827 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 March 2014 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/13763 \\|title\\=Music Export Prize 2012 to Johan \"Shellback\" Schuster \\- honroary prize to Refused \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218075951/http://regeringen.se/sb/d/13763 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 February 2013 }} Lyxzén and Sandström chose to criticize Sweden's [current government](/wiki/Reinfeldt_Cabinet \"Reinfeldt Cabinet\") at the ceremony, instead thanking the efforts of [popular education](/wiki/Popular_education \"Popular education\"), in particular [Workers' Educational Association (ABF)](/wiki/Arbetarnas_bildningsf%C3%B6rbund \"Arbetarnas bildningsförbund\") and [youth centers](/wiki/Youth_club \"Youth club\") (in Sweden associated with [social democracy](/wiki/Social_democracy \"Social democracy\")){{cite news\\|url\\=http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid\\=1646\\&artikel\\=5452941\\|title\\=Refused gets government award \\- slanders their politics (Swedish) \\|newspaper\\=Sveriges Radio\\|date\\=22 February 2013 }} while Jon Brännström chose to not accept the prize on his behalf{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vk.se/808985/refused\\-oense\\-efter\\-pris\\|title\\=Refused in disagreement after award (Swedish)\\|date\\=27 February 2013\\|publisher\\=Västerbottenskuriren}} later stating he wished they \"\\[...] had said no to the prize and instead held a press conference about why we had turned it down\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.farsotfarsot.com/fanzine/i\\-had\\-nothing\\-else\\-to\\-return\\-to\\-than\\-different\\-kinds\\-of\\-demons \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130410191004/http://www.farsotfarsot.com/fanzine/i\\-had\\-nothing\\-else\\-to\\-return\\-to\\-than\\-different\\-kinds\\-of\\-demons \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=10 April 2013 \\|title\\=I had nothing else to return to than different kinds of demons \\|website\\=Farsotfarsot.com }}", "On 31 October 2014, Jon Brännström wrote on Refused's Facebook page that he was fired from the band and no longer considered them friends. The band responded by stating that they fired him in 2013 \"because he did not share our passion for the band.\"{{Cite web \\|last\\=Renshaw \\|first\\=David \\|date\\=2014\\-11\\-03 \\|title\\=Guitarist Jon Brännström attacks Refused after he is fired from band \\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/refused\\-5\\-1230630 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-08 \\|website\\=NME \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}", "On 25 November 2014, the band announced that they would perform their first shows in three years at the [Reading and Leeds Festivals](/wiki/Reading_and_Leeds_Festivals \"Reading and Leeds Festivals\"), [Groezrock](/wiki/Groezrock \"Groezrock\") and [Amnesia Rockfest](/wiki/Amnesia_Rockfest \"Amnesia Rockfest\") in the summer of 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://propertyofzack.com/post/103573895453/refused\\-are\\-unfucking\\-dead\\-again \\|title\\=Refused Are Unfucking Dead, Again \\|website\\=Propertyofzack.com \\|date\\=25 November 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=25 November 2014}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.absolutepunk.net/showthread.php?t\\=3713318 \\|title\\=Refused to Play Amnesia Rockfest \\|website\\=\\[\\[AbsolutePunk\\|AbsolutePunk.net]] \\|date\\=25 November 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=25 November 2014}} They also headlined Punk Rock Bowling in Las Vegas in May 2015\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://newnoisemagazine.com/punk\\-rock\\-bowling\\-announces\\-2015\\-headliners/ \\|title\\=Punk Rock Bowling Announces 2015 Headliners \\|website\\=Newnoisemagazine.com \\|date\\=26 November 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208164337/http://newnoisemagazine.com/punk\\-rock\\-bowling\\-announces\\-2015\\-headliners/ \\|archive\\-date\\=8 December 2014 }} Around the same time, rumours surfaced of a new album being recorded for release in 2015 after [...And You Will Know Us By the Trail of Dead](/wiki/...And_You_Will_Know_Us_By_the_Trail_of_Dead \"...And You Will Know Us By the Trail of Dead\")'s Autrey Fulbright II posted a photo on [Instagram](/wiki/Instagram \"Instagram\") claiming that Lyxzén had been in the studio recording vocals for the album.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.metalinjection.net/latest\\-news/rumors/more\\-evidence\\-that\\-refused\\-are\\-working\\-on\\-a\\-new\\-album \\|title\\=More Evidence That REFUSED Are Working On A New Album \\|website\\=Metalinjection.net \\|date\\=11 November 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2015}}", "On 27 April 2015, Refused announced their fourth studio album, *[Freedom](/wiki/Freedom_%28Refused_album%29 \"Freedom (Refused album)\")*, to be released in June 2015 via [Epitaph Records](/wiki/Epitaph_Records \"Epitaph Records\"). The album was produced primarily by [Nick Launay](/wiki/Nick_Launay \"Nick Launay\") and featured two songs produced by [Shellback](/wiki/Shellback_%28record_producer%29 \"Shellback (record producer)\"). The opening track \"Elektra\" was released as the lead single.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pitchfork.com/news/57401\\-refused\\-are\\-back\\-new\\-album\\-freedom\\-out\\-this\\-summer\\-new\\-track\\-elektra\\-streaming\\-now/ \\|title\\=Refused Are Back: New Album Freedom Out This Summer, New Track \"Elektra\" Streaming Now \\|publisher\\=Pitchfork Media\\|date\\=27 April 2015\\|access\\-date\\=27 April 2015}}", "On 20 November 2017, members of Refused revealed on social media that the band has been in the studio working on their next album.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theprp.com/2017/11/20/news/refused\\-are\\-in\\-the\\-studio/\\|title\\=Refused Are In The Studio\\|website\\=Theprp.com\\|date\\=20 November 2017\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2017}}", "### *Servants of Death*, *Cyberpunk 2077* and *War Music* (2018\\-present)", "In May 2018, the band released the *Servants of Death* EP which contained a new song, a b\\-side and four live songs. It was originally released on vinyl in 2016 as part of Record Store Day.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://refused.bandcamp.com/album/servants\\-of\\-death\\|title\\=Servants of Death, by Refused\\|website\\=Refused.bandcamp.com}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://metalinjection.net/av/new\\-music/refused\\-streams\\-2016s\\-vinyl\\-only\\-servants\\-of\\-death\\-ep\\|title\\=REFUSED Streams 2016's Vinyl\\-Only Servants Of Death EP\\|date\\=29 May 2018\\|website\\=Metalinjection.net\\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2019}}", "On 2 July 2019, it was announced that Refused would be partnering with video game developer [CD Projekt Red](/wiki/CD_Projekt_RED \"CD Projekt RED\"), creating and recording original music for then\\-upcoming video game *[Cyberpunk 2077](/wiki/Cyberpunk_2077 \"Cyberpunk 2077\")*.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/CyberpunkGame/status/1146072136378966016\\|title\\=Hello, Night City! What better way to start your day off than with some killer riffs? We teamed up with @Refused to bring the iconic band SAMURAI to life in \\#Cyberpunk2077 – and today we have their first track to share with you… here's Chippin' In!http://youtu.be/Igq3d6XA75Y\\|last\\=Cyberpunk 2077\\|date\\=2 July 2019\\|website\\=\\[\\[Twitter]]\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2019}} The members of Refused provided music for a fictitious band in the in\\-game universe, punk rock group SAMURAI; which includes fictitious musician and terrorist Johnny Silverhand, portrayed and voiced by [Keanu Reeves](/wiki/Keanu_Reeves \"Keanu Reeves\"); while Lyxzén provided vocals on the music tracks for both Johnny and Kerry Eurodyne. The announcement was made alongside the release of *Chippin' In* on streaming services, the first single to be revealed for the project. \nOn 23 August 2019, a new song called *Never Fade Away* came out.", "On 2 August 2019, the band released \"Blood Red\" from their forthcoming album *War Music*. The album was released on October 18 of that year, followed by a UK tour alongside Thrice and Gouge Away. {{cite web \\|title\\=Refused Announce New Album War Music \\|url\\=https://www.kerrang.com/refused\\-announce\\-new\\-album\\-war\\-music \\|website\\=Kerrang! \\|date\\=24 July 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2022}}", "A five\\-track EP *The Malignant Fire* was released on 20 November 2020\\. It featured single \"Born on the Outs\", three other new songs, as well as \"Malfire\" from *War Music*.{{cite web \\|title\\=The new Refused EP documents a world on fire. Hear Born On The Outs now \\|url\\=https://www.loudersound.com/news/the\\-new\\-refused\\-ep\\-documents\\-a\\-world\\-on\\-fire\\-hear\\-single\\-born\\-on\\-the\\-outs\\-now \\|website\\=Louder \\|date\\=16 October 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2022}}", "In March 2024, Refused announced their first show in four years, at the Rosendal Garden Party in Stockholm. It was advertised as \"their last festival performance in Sweden. Ever\".{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-03\\-05 \\|title\\=Refused have just announced their final festival show in Sweden \\|url\\=https://www.kerrang.com/refused\\-have\\-reportedly\\-announced\\-their\\-final\\-festival\\-show\\-in\\-sweden/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-08 \\|website\\=Kerrang! \\|language\\=en}} However, it was cancelled the day before because frontman [Dennis Lyxzén](/wiki/Dennis_Lyxz%C3%A9n \"Dennis Lyxzén\") suffered a massive heart attack.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kaufman \\|first\\=Gil \\|date\\=2024\\-06\\-14 \\|title\\=Refused Cancel Swedish Festival Gig After Singer Dennis Lyxzén Suffers ‘Massive’ Heart Attack: ‘Really Shook Up’ \\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/refused\\-cancel\\-swedish\\-festival\\-gig\\-singer\\-dennis\\-lyxzen\\-massive\\-heart\\-attack\\-1235709730/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-22 \\|website\\=Billboard \\|language\\=en\\-US}} On 10 September 2024, the band announced US dates for a 2025 farewell tour alongside a tribute album for *The Shape of Punk to Come*.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Duran \\|first\\=Anagricel \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-10 \\|title\\=Refused confirm their split and announce 'The Shape Of Punk To Come’ 25th anniversary edition \\|url\\=https://www.nme.com/news/music/refused\\-confirm\\-their\\-split\\-and\\-announce\\-the\\-shape\\-of\\-punk\\-to\\-come\\-25th\\-anniversary\\-edition\\-3792375 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-22 \\|website\\=NME \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}", "" ]
Course ------ The Lahn first flows in a northeasterly direction through the southeastern Rothaargebirge and its foothills. From about the [Bad Laasphe](/wiki/Bad_Laasphe "Bad Laasphe") community of Feudingen, it turns primarily to the east. ### Upper Lahntal and Wetschaft Depression [thumb\|left\|225px\|The confluence of the Wetschaft with the Lahn](/wiki/File:Lahn_Wetschaft.jpg "Lahn Wetschaft.jpg") [thumb\|right\|225px\|The Upper Lahn Valley at Bad Laasphe from the *Topographia Hassiae* of Matthäus Merian, 1655The](/wiki/File:Laasphe_De_Merian_Hassiae_144.jpg "Laasphe De Merian Hassiae 144.jpg") section of the Lahn below the town of Bad Laasphe is geographically known as the Upper Lahn Valley (German: Ober Lahntal). Above Bad Laasphe, where the river flows between the Rothaargebirge on the left (i.e. to the north) and the [Gladenbach Uplands](/wiki/Gladenbach_Uplands "Gladenbach Uplands") on the right, the Lahn Valley is simply considered part of these mountains. Between Niederlaasphe (of Bad Laasphe) and Wallau (of [Biedenkopf](/wiki/Biedenkopf "Biedenkopf")), the river crosses the border between North Rhine\-Westphalia and Hesse. It then flows in an easterly direction through some districts of Biedenkopf (but not the central town) and the towns of [Dautphetal](/wiki/Dautphetal "Dautphetal") and [Lahntal](/wiki/Lahntal "Lahntal"). It is joined from the right by the [Perf](/wiki/Perf_%28Lahn%29 "Perf (Lahn)") at Wallau and at Friedensdorf (of Dautphetal) by the [Dautphe](/wiki/Dautphe "Dautphe") (which flows in a side valley to the south). Shortly after the village of Caldern (of Lahn Valley), the ridgeline of the Rothaargebirge on the north ends with the Wollenberg and that of the Gladenbach Bergland with the Hungert. The Lahn leaves the [Rhenish Slate Mountains](/wiki/Rhenish_Slate_Mountains "Rhenish Slate Mountains") for a long section and reaches the [West Hesse Highlands](/wiki/West_Hesse_Highlands "West Hesse Highlands"), where it flows through the extreme south of the [Wetschaft Depression](/wiki/Wetschaft_Depression "Wetschaft Depression"), north of the Marburger Rücken. Where the [Wetschaft](/wiki/Wetschaft "Wetschaft") flows into it from the Burgwald forest in the north (near the Lahntal village of Göttingen), the Lahn immediately changes direction by 90° to the right. ### Marburg\-Gießen Lahntal The now southward\-flowing Lahn then enters the Marburg\-Gießen Lahntal. Shortly before [Cölbe](/wiki/C%C3%B6lbe "Cölbe"), the [Ohm](/wiki/Ohm_%28river%29 "Ohm (river)") enters from the left at the *Lahn\-Knie* named area. Flowing from the [Vogelsberg](/wiki/Vogelsberg "Vogelsberg") through the *Ohmtal*, the Ohm is the Lahn's longest tributary, with a length of {{convert\|59\.7\|km\|mi}}. The river then breaks through a [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone "Sandstone") [mesa](/wiki/Mesa "Mesa") (the Marburger Rücken to the west and the Lahnberge to the east) into a valley which encompasses the entire territory of the city of [Marburg](/wiki/Marburg "Marburg") and its suburbs. The valley begins after the river passes the Marburger Rücken near [Niederweimar](/wiki/Weimar_%28Lahn%29 "Weimar (Lahn)"), where the [Allna](/wiki/Allna "Allna") enters from the right. At the valley's southern end, the [Zwesten Ohm](/wiki/Zwesten_Ohm "Zwesten Ohm") enters from the Lahnberge. The right (western) side of the valley is again formed by the Gladenbacher Bergland, from which the [Salzböde](/wiki/Salzb%C3%B6de "Salzböde") enters the Lahn. On the left rises the Lumda Plateau, from which the eponymous river [Lumda](/wiki/Lumda_%28river%29 "Lumda (river)") flows into the Lahn near [Lollar](/wiki/Lollar "Lollar"). Gradually the valley widens into the [Gießen Basin](/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fen_Basin "Gießen Basin"). [thumb\|Heuchelheim LakeIn](/wiki/File:Heuchelheimer_See.jpg "Heuchelheimer See.jpg") [Gießen](/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fen "Gießen"), after the inflow of the [Wieseck](/wiki/Wieseck_%28river%29 "Wieseck (river)") from the left, the Lahn's general direction of flow changes from the south to the west. The Gießen Basin extends a few more miles downstream to Atzbach, a suburb of [Lahnau](/wiki/Lahnau "Lahnau"). From the 1960s until the 1980s, there was extensive [gravel](/wiki/Gravel "Gravel") mining in this area. The area between [Heuchelheim](/wiki/Heuchelheim "Heuchelheim"), Lahnau, and the [Wetzlar](/wiki/Wetzlar "Wetzlar") borough of Dutenhofen was to be completely mined and a water sports center with an Olympic\-suitable [rowing](/wiki/Rowing_%28sport%29 "Rowing (sport)") course built. This plan was partly realized, and the Heuchelheim Lake and Dutenhofen Lake are now popular recreational destinations for the surrounding region. Nature conservation organizations, however, were able to prevent further gravel mining, so the area is now one of the largest [nature reserves](/wiki/Nature_reserves "Nature reserves") in Hesse. Dutenhofen Lake marks Kilometer 0 of the Lahn as a federal waterway. The Gießen Basin is surrounded by the mountain peaks of the Gleiberg, the Vetzberg, the Dünsberg, and the Schiffenberg. At Wetzlar, the Lahn is joined by its second longest tributary, the [Dill](/wiki/Dill_%28river%29 "Dill (river)"), which has a length of {{convert\|55\.0\|km\|mi}}. At this location, the valleys of the Lahn and Dill separate three parts of the Rhenish Slate Mountains from each other: the Gladenbach Bergland, the [Westerwald](/wiki/Westerwald "Westerwald") to the northwest, and the [Taunus](/wiki/Taunus "Taunus") to the south. ### Weilburg Lahntal [thumb\|Weilburg boat tunnelAfter](/wiki/File:Lahntunnel_Weilburg.JPG "Lahntunnel Weilburg.JPG") Wetzlar, the valley of the Lahn gradually narrows and at Leun enters the Weilburger Lahntal. The Weilburger Lahntal belongs to the larger Gießen\-Koblenzer Lahntal physiographic province, considered part of the Rhenish Slate Mountains. In the upper area of the Weilburg Lahntal (the Löhnberg Basin) are [mineral springs](/wiki/Mineral_springs "Mineral springs"), such as the famous [Selters](/wiki/Selters_%28Lahn%29 "Selters (Lahn)") mineral spring in the municipality of [Löhnberg](/wiki/L%C3%B6hnberg "Löhnberg"). In the lower area, where the river turns again to the south, the Lahn is entrenched canyon\-like below the level of the surrounding geographic trough. The city of [Weilburg](/wiki/Weilburg "Weilburg") is wrapped by a marked loop of the river. The neck of this noose is traversed by a boat tunnel, unique in Germany. A little below Weilburg, the [Weil](/wiki/Weil_%28river%29 "Weil (river)"), originating in the High Taunus, enters the Lahn. ### Limburger Basin At Aumenau in the municipality of [Villmar](/wiki/Villmar "Villmar"), the course of the Lahn reverses to the west again and enters the fertile Limburger Basin, where the river is incised to a depth of about {{convert\|50\|m\|ft}}. Here the river is joined by two tributaries, the [Emsbach](/wiki/Emsbach "Emsbach") coming from the Taunus and the [Elbbach](/wiki/Elbbach_%28Lahn%29 "Elbbach (Lahn)") from the Westerwald. In this area are frequent outcroppings of [Devonian](/wiki/Devonian "Devonian") [limestone](/wiki/Limestone "Limestone"), the so\-called Lahn Marble (German: *Lahnmarmor*), such as at [Limburg an der Lahn](/wiki/Limburg_an_der_Lahn "Limburg an der Lahn"), where the [Limburg Cathedral](/wiki/Limburg_Cathedral "Limburg Cathedral") crowns such an outcropping. At Limburg, the river again enters a wider valley. ### Lower Lahntal Below [Diez](/wiki/Diez%2C_Germany "Diez, Germany"), the Lahn absorbs the [Aar](/wiki/Aar_%28Lahn%29 "Aar (Lahn)") from the south. At Fachingen in the municipality of [Birlenbach](/wiki/Birlenbach "Birlenbach"), it leaves the Limburger Basin and enters the Lower Lahntal. Its course is incised over {{convert\|200\|m\|ft}} deep in the Slate Mountains. Near [Obernhof](/wiki/Obernhof "Obernhof"), the [Gelbach](/wiki/Gelbach "Gelbach") enters the Lahn opposite [Arnstein Abbey](/wiki/Arnstein_Abbey "Arnstein Abbey"). Then, after passing [Nassau](/wiki/Nassau%2C_Germany "Nassau, Germany") and [Bad Ems](/wiki/Bad_Ems "Bad Ems"), where, as in Fachingen, mineral springs (sources of Emser salt) can be found, it completes its {{convert\|242\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} run, entering the Rhine in [Lahnstein](/wiki/Lahnstein "Lahnstein"), located five kilometers south of [Koblenz](/wiki/Koblenz "Koblenz") at an elevation of {{convert\|61\|m\|ft}}. [thumb\|center\|Confluence of the Lahn with the Rhine near Niederlahnstein (opposite [Koblenz](/wiki/Koblenz "Koblenz")\-Stolzenfels with Schloss Stolzenfels)\|950px](/wiki/File:Lahnmundung.jpg "Lahnmundung.jpg")
[ "Course\n------", "The Lahn first flows in a northeasterly direction through the southeastern Rothaargebirge and its foothills. From about the [Bad Laasphe](/wiki/Bad_Laasphe \"Bad Laasphe\") community of Feudingen, it turns primarily to the east.", "### Upper Lahntal and Wetschaft Depression", "[thumb\\|left\\|225px\\|The confluence of the Wetschaft with the Lahn](/wiki/File:Lahn_Wetschaft.jpg \"Lahn Wetschaft.jpg\") [thumb\\|right\\|225px\\|The Upper Lahn Valley at Bad Laasphe from the *Topographia Hassiae* of Matthäus Merian, 1655The](/wiki/File:Laasphe_De_Merian_Hassiae_144.jpg \"Laasphe De Merian Hassiae 144.jpg\") section of the Lahn below the town of Bad Laasphe is geographically known as the Upper Lahn Valley (German: Ober Lahntal). Above Bad Laasphe, where the river flows between the Rothaargebirge on the left (i.e. to the north) and the [Gladenbach Uplands](/wiki/Gladenbach_Uplands \"Gladenbach Uplands\") on the right, the Lahn Valley is simply considered part of these mountains.", "Between Niederlaasphe (of Bad Laasphe) and Wallau (of [Biedenkopf](/wiki/Biedenkopf \"Biedenkopf\")), the river crosses the border between North Rhine\\-Westphalia and Hesse. It then flows in an easterly direction through some districts of Biedenkopf (but not the central town) and the towns of [Dautphetal](/wiki/Dautphetal \"Dautphetal\") and [Lahntal](/wiki/Lahntal \"Lahntal\"). It is joined from the right by the [Perf](/wiki/Perf_%28Lahn%29 \"Perf (Lahn)\") at Wallau and at Friedensdorf (of Dautphetal) by the [Dautphe](/wiki/Dautphe \"Dautphe\") (which flows in a side valley to the south).", "Shortly after the village of Caldern (of Lahn Valley), the ridgeline of the Rothaargebirge on the north ends with the Wollenberg and that of the Gladenbach Bergland with the Hungert. The Lahn leaves the [Rhenish Slate Mountains](/wiki/Rhenish_Slate_Mountains \"Rhenish Slate Mountains\") for a long section and reaches the [West Hesse Highlands](/wiki/West_Hesse_Highlands \"West Hesse Highlands\"), where it flows through the extreme south of the [Wetschaft Depression](/wiki/Wetschaft_Depression \"Wetschaft Depression\"), north of the Marburger Rücken. Where the [Wetschaft](/wiki/Wetschaft \"Wetschaft\") flows into it from the Burgwald forest in the north (near the Lahntal village of Göttingen), the Lahn immediately changes direction by 90° to the right.", "### Marburg\\-Gießen Lahntal", "The now southward\\-flowing Lahn then enters the Marburg\\-Gießen Lahntal. Shortly before [Cölbe](/wiki/C%C3%B6lbe \"Cölbe\"), the [Ohm](/wiki/Ohm_%28river%29 \"Ohm (river)\") enters from the left at the *Lahn\\-Knie* named area. Flowing from the [Vogelsberg](/wiki/Vogelsberg \"Vogelsberg\") through the *Ohmtal*, the Ohm is the Lahn's longest tributary, with a length of {{convert\\|59\\.7\\|km\\|mi}}.", "The river then breaks through a [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone \"Sandstone\") [mesa](/wiki/Mesa \"Mesa\") (the Marburger Rücken to the west and the Lahnberge to the east) into a valley which encompasses the entire territory of the city of [Marburg](/wiki/Marburg \"Marburg\") and its suburbs. The valley begins after the river passes the Marburger Rücken near [Niederweimar](/wiki/Weimar_%28Lahn%29 \"Weimar (Lahn)\"), where the [Allna](/wiki/Allna \"Allna\") enters from the right. At the valley's southern end, the [Zwesten Ohm](/wiki/Zwesten_Ohm \"Zwesten Ohm\") enters from the Lahnberge. The right (western) side of the valley is again formed by the Gladenbacher Bergland, from which the [Salzböde](/wiki/Salzb%C3%B6de \"Salzböde\") enters the Lahn. On the left rises the Lumda Plateau, from which the eponymous river [Lumda](/wiki/Lumda_%28river%29 \"Lumda (river)\") flows into the Lahn near [Lollar](/wiki/Lollar \"Lollar\"). Gradually the valley widens into the [Gießen Basin](/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fen_Basin \"Gießen Basin\").", "[thumb\\|Heuchelheim LakeIn](/wiki/File:Heuchelheimer_See.jpg \"Heuchelheimer See.jpg\") [Gießen](/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fen \"Gießen\"), after the inflow of the [Wieseck](/wiki/Wieseck_%28river%29 \"Wieseck (river)\") from the left, the Lahn's general direction of flow changes from the south to the west. The Gießen Basin extends a few more miles downstream to Atzbach, a suburb of [Lahnau](/wiki/Lahnau \"Lahnau\"). From the 1960s until the 1980s, there was extensive [gravel](/wiki/Gravel \"Gravel\") mining in this area. The area between [Heuchelheim](/wiki/Heuchelheim \"Heuchelheim\"), Lahnau, and the [Wetzlar](/wiki/Wetzlar \"Wetzlar\") borough of Dutenhofen was to be completely mined and a water sports center with an Olympic\\-suitable [rowing](/wiki/Rowing_%28sport%29 \"Rowing (sport)\") course built. This plan was partly realized, and the Heuchelheim Lake and Dutenhofen Lake are now popular recreational destinations for the surrounding region. Nature conservation organizations, however, were able to prevent further gravel mining, so the area is now one of the largest [nature reserves](/wiki/Nature_reserves \"Nature reserves\") in Hesse. Dutenhofen Lake marks Kilometer 0 of the Lahn as a federal waterway.", "The Gießen Basin is surrounded by the mountain peaks of the Gleiberg, the Vetzberg, the Dünsberg, and the Schiffenberg. At Wetzlar, the Lahn is joined by its second longest tributary, the [Dill](/wiki/Dill_%28river%29 \"Dill (river)\"), which has a length of {{convert\\|55\\.0\\|km\\|mi}}. At this location, the valleys of the Lahn and Dill separate three parts of the Rhenish Slate Mountains from each other: the Gladenbach Bergland, the [Westerwald](/wiki/Westerwald \"Westerwald\") to the northwest, and the [Taunus](/wiki/Taunus \"Taunus\") to the south.", "### Weilburg Lahntal", "[thumb\\|Weilburg boat tunnelAfter](/wiki/File:Lahntunnel_Weilburg.JPG \"Lahntunnel Weilburg.JPG\") Wetzlar, the valley of the Lahn gradually narrows and at Leun enters the Weilburger Lahntal. The Weilburger Lahntal belongs to the larger Gießen\\-Koblenzer Lahntal physiographic province, considered part of the Rhenish Slate Mountains.", "In the upper area of the Weilburg Lahntal (the Löhnberg Basin) are [mineral springs](/wiki/Mineral_springs \"Mineral springs\"), such as the famous [Selters](/wiki/Selters_%28Lahn%29 \"Selters (Lahn)\") mineral spring in the municipality of [Löhnberg](/wiki/L%C3%B6hnberg \"Löhnberg\"). In the lower area, where the river turns again to the south, the Lahn is entrenched canyon\\-like below the level of the surrounding geographic trough.", "The city of [Weilburg](/wiki/Weilburg \"Weilburg\") is wrapped by a marked loop of the river. The neck of this noose is traversed by a boat tunnel, unique in Germany. A little below Weilburg, the [Weil](/wiki/Weil_%28river%29 \"Weil (river)\"), originating in the High Taunus, enters the Lahn.", "### Limburger Basin", "At Aumenau in the municipality of [Villmar](/wiki/Villmar \"Villmar\"), the course of the Lahn reverses to the west again and enters the fertile Limburger Basin, where the river is incised to a depth of about {{convert\\|50\\|m\\|ft}}. Here the river is joined by two tributaries, the [Emsbach](/wiki/Emsbach \"Emsbach\") coming from the Taunus and the [Elbbach](/wiki/Elbbach_%28Lahn%29 \"Elbbach (Lahn)\") from the Westerwald. In this area are frequent outcroppings of [Devonian](/wiki/Devonian \"Devonian\") [limestone](/wiki/Limestone \"Limestone\"), the so\\-called Lahn Marble (German: *Lahnmarmor*), such as at [Limburg an der Lahn](/wiki/Limburg_an_der_Lahn \"Limburg an der Lahn\"), where the [Limburg Cathedral](/wiki/Limburg_Cathedral \"Limburg Cathedral\") crowns such an outcropping. At Limburg, the river again enters a wider valley.", "### Lower Lahntal", "Below [Diez](/wiki/Diez%2C_Germany \"Diez, Germany\"), the Lahn absorbs the [Aar](/wiki/Aar_%28Lahn%29 \"Aar (Lahn)\") from the south. At Fachingen in the municipality of [Birlenbach](/wiki/Birlenbach \"Birlenbach\"), it leaves the Limburger Basin and enters the Lower Lahntal. Its course is incised over {{convert\\|200\\|m\\|ft}} deep in the Slate Mountains. Near [Obernhof](/wiki/Obernhof \"Obernhof\"), the [Gelbach](/wiki/Gelbach \"Gelbach\") enters the Lahn opposite [Arnstein Abbey](/wiki/Arnstein_Abbey \"Arnstein Abbey\"). Then, after passing [Nassau](/wiki/Nassau%2C_Germany \"Nassau, Germany\") and [Bad Ems](/wiki/Bad_Ems \"Bad Ems\"), where, as in Fachingen, mineral springs (sources of Emser salt) can be found, it completes its {{convert\\|242\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} run, entering the Rhine in [Lahnstein](/wiki/Lahnstein \"Lahnstein\"), located five kilometers south of [Koblenz](/wiki/Koblenz \"Koblenz\") at an elevation of {{convert\\|61\\|m\\|ft}}.", "[thumb\\|center\\|Confluence of the Lahn with the Rhine near Niederlahnstein (opposite [Koblenz](/wiki/Koblenz \"Koblenz\")\\-Stolzenfels with Schloss Stolzenfels)\\|950px](/wiki/File:Lahnmundung.jpg \"Lahnmundung.jpg\")", "" ]
History ------- ### Early history [thumb\|View from [Schadeck Castle](/wiki/Schadeck_Castle "Schadeck Castle") over [Runkel](/wiki/Runkel "Runkel") and the Lahn](/wiki/File:DSC03686_Blick_von_Burg_Schadeck_auf_Runkel.jpg "DSC03686 Blick von Burg Schadeck auf Runkel.jpg") The Lahn area was settled as early as in the [Stone Age](/wiki/Stone_Age "Stone Age"), as shown by [archeological](/wiki/Archeological "Archeological") finds near Diez, in Steeden in the community of [Runkel](/wiki/Runkel "Runkel"), and in Wetzlar. Recent discoveries in Dalheim on the western edge of Wetzlar show a ca. 7000\-year\-old [Linear Pottery culture](/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture "Linear Pottery culture") settlement. There are also remains a [Germanic](/wiki/Germanic_peoples "Germanic peoples") settlement in the location, dated to around the 1st century, situated above a bend of the Lahn. In the [Roman](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") Era, the Lahn presumably was used by the Romans to supply their fort at Bad Ems, Kastell Ems. Here the *[Limes Germanicus](/wiki/Limes_Germanicus "Limes Germanicus")* on the borders of [Germania Superior](/wiki/Germania_Superior "Germania Superior") and [Rhaetia](/wiki/Rhaetia "Rhaetia") crossed the Lahn. Archaeological finds are known from Niederlahnstein, as well as from Lahnau. One Lahnau site, the [Waldgirmes Forum](/wiki/Waldgirmes_Forum "Waldgirmes Forum") in the community of Waldgirmes, was discovered in the 1990s and had been the site of a Roman town. Another site in the community of Dorlar has the remains of a Roman marching camp (or *[castra](/wiki/Castra "Castra")*). These Lahnau sites have significant altered the current understanding of the history of the Romans east of the Rhine and north of the *Limes*. During the [Migration Period](/wiki/Migration_Period "Migration Period"), the [Alamanni](/wiki/Alamanni "Alamanni") settled in the lower Lahntal. They were later ousted by the [Franks](/wiki/Franks "Franks"). The origin and meaning of the name Lahn are uncertain; it is possible that it is a pre\-Germanic word. The form of the name changed over time; before 600, variations like Laugona, Logana, Logene or Loyn are typical. The oldest known use of the current spelling of the name dates to 1365\. The oldest mention of the [staple right](/wiki/Staple_right "Staple right") of Diez dates to the early 14th century and is an indication of significant shipping on the Lahn by that time. In 1559, [John VI of Nassau\-Dillenburg](/wiki/John_VI_of_Nassau-Dillenburg "John VI of Nassau-Dillenburg") laid out a [towpath](/wiki/Towpath "Towpath") on the lower Lahn. In 1606, for the first time, the Lahn was deepened to allow small scale shipping and the lower reaches became navigable for four to five months of the year. However, there were numerous [weirs](/wiki/Weir "Weir") with only narrow gaps, so the traffic remained restricted to small boats. In the 17th and early 18th centuries, there were several initiatives of adjacent princes to further expand the Lahn as a waterway, but they all failed due to lack of coordination. In 1740, the [Archbishopric of Trier](/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Trier "Archbishopric of Trier") began construction to make the mouth of the Lahn passable for larger vessels. In winter of 1753/54, bank stabilization and creation of towpaths were done along the entire length of the river. Then the river was passable for vessels with up to 240 [hundredweights](/wiki/Hundredweight "Hundredweight") of cargo downstream and up to 160 hundredweights upstream. By the end of the 19th century, over 300 castles, fortresses, fortified churches, and similar buildings were built along the river. ### Shipping during the Industrial Revolution During the [French occupation](/wiki/First_French_Empire "First French Empire"), inspections of the river began in 1796, which were to be followed by a comprehensive expansion. Due to political developments, however, this expansion did not take place. The newly created [Duchy of Nassau](/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau "Duchy of Nassau") eventually began work from 1808 under the Chief Construction Inspector of [Kirn](/wiki/Kirn "Kirn") to make the Lahn fully navigable. In the first winter, the section of the riverside from the mouth to Limburg was stabilized, particularly so that the course could be narrowed in shallow places. It was planned in the long run to make the Lahn navigable as far as Marburg and from there to construct a [canal](/wiki/Canal "Canal") to [Fulda](/wiki/Fulda "Fulda") to connect it with the [Weser](/wiki/Weser "Weser"). This would create a waterway from France to [North Sea](/wiki/North_Sea "North Sea") via the states of the [Confederation of the Rhine](/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine "Confederation of the Rhine"). Upstream of Limburg, however, the work was slow, partly because the population pressed into emergency service only reluctantly cooperated. Large parts of the shore were only secured with [fascines](/wiki/Fascine "Fascine"), which rotted shortly thereafter. In 1816 the Duchy of Nassau and the Kingdom of [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") agreed to expand the Lahn as far as Giessen, where it joined the [Grand Duchy of Hesse](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse "Grand Duchy of Hesse"). Little is known about the work that followed, but in the 1825 boatmen on the Lahn who shipped mineral water from springs in Selters and Fachingen addressed a letter of appreciation to the Nassau government in [Wiesbaden](/wiki/Wiesbaden "Wiesbaden") for the rehabilitation of river systems. Overall, however, there seems to have been only repairs and temporary works accomplished through the 1830s. The earliest attempts to count ship traffic on the Lahn dated from 1827\. At the [lock](/wiki/Lock_%28water_transport%29 "Lock (water transport)") at Runkel, 278 vessels were counted in that year, with the state government of Nassau explicitly pointing out that most of the river traffic travelled from the mouth to Limburg, or with smaller boats from the upper reaches to Weilburg, and only a small part passed Runkel. In 1833, however, 464 vessels were counted. The main reason for the increase is likely the increase in iron ore mining in the surroundings of Weilburg. An estimate from 1840 placed the quantity of iron ore transported on the entire river at approximately 2000 boat loads, though the river was only navigable from the mouth to Weilburg. In addition, mainly cereals and mineral water were transported downriver. Upriver, the boats carried primarily coal, charcoal, gypsum, and colonial goods. Around 1835, about 80 larger shallow\-[draft](/wiki/Draft_%28hull%29 "Draft (hull)") boats were in operation on the Lahn. Given the increasing ore mining in the Lahn Valley, officials from Nassau and Prussia in 1841 made an inspection trip along the river from Marburg to the Rhine. The Prussians were the driving force behind river expansion projects, seeking to establish a connection between Wetzlar and their [Rhine Province](/wiki/Rhine_Province "Rhine Province") and to secure the iron ore supply for the growing industry in the [Ruhr](/wiki/Ruhr_%28river%29 "Ruhr (river)") Valley. Until 1844, [Hesse\-Darmstadt](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse "Grand Duchy of Hesse") also joined expansion efforts, while [Hesse\-Kassel](/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse "Electorate of Hesse") declined participation. The participating governments agreed to make the Lahn passable as far as Gießen for boats that were significantly larger than the existing vehicles on the river. In Prussian territory, the work was largely completed by 1847, including construction of locks in Dorlar, Wetzlar, Wetzlar\-Blechwalze, Oberbiel and Niederbiel. In Nassau's territory, locks were built at Löhnberg, Villmar, and Balduinstein, as well as the greatest technical achievement: the Weilburg ship tunnel. The river bank reinforcement and channel deepening along Nassau's section of the Lahn, however, was slow. Moreover, when the lock at Limburg fell short of the width contractually agreed upon, Nassau refused an extension. This led to several clashes between Nassau and Prussia in the following years until Nassau had finally fulfilled its obligations in 1855\. Despite the expansion, boats on the Lahn could travel fully loaded only from Gießen to Löhnberg. There, they had to lighten their load in order to reduce their draft and continue the journey. Also, this was only during two to three months. In a further four to five months per year, the load had to be reduced even earlier due to the low water level. The rest of the year the Lahn was not passable. From Wetzlar to Lahnstein, where the freight was unloaded onto the large barges of the Rhine, the boats took three to four days. A trip from Wetzlar to the mouth and then towed back with horses lasted for about 14 days in good conditions. At that time, there were mainly two types of transport boats in use: those with a capacity of 350 hundredweights and a larger variant with a capacity of 1300 hundredweights. In 1857 to 1863, the [Lahntal railway](/wiki/Lahntal_railway "Lahntal railway") (*Lahntalbahn*) was built, with nine major bridges and 18 tunnels along the river. Afterward, Prussia and Nassau tried to keep shipping along the Lahn alive through the lowering of tariffs. Ultimately, however, rail gained acceptance as a means of transport and cargo shipping on the Lahn gradually declined. Several projects begun in 1854 to operate steamboats on the Lahn died in their infancy. In 1875, 1885 and 1897 the Prussian government discussed plans for the transformation of the Lahn into a canal, which would allow the passage for larger vessels, but these plans were never implemented. Only in places was the riverbed dredged, such as around 1880 near Runkel, from 1905 to 1907 from the mouth to Bad Ems, and from 1925 to 1928 from the mouth to Steeden. In 1964, an expansion of the Lahn for 300\-ton vessels was completed. In 1981, freight shipping on the Lahn came to an end. Today, the Lahn is used exclusively for recreational boats. ### Recent history In 1960, gravel mining began in the broad plains of the Lahn Valley in Marburg and Giessen. This ended in 1996 and large sections of Lahn Valley in Hesse were set aside as a nature reserve On 7 February 1984, the Lahn experienced a 100\-year flood, which caused millions of German Marks in damage. This has since led to a central flood warning system and coordination of flood control efforts through the regional council of Giessen.
[ "History\n-------", "### Early history", "[thumb\\|View from [Schadeck Castle](/wiki/Schadeck_Castle \"Schadeck Castle\") over [Runkel](/wiki/Runkel \"Runkel\") and the Lahn](/wiki/File:DSC03686_Blick_von_Burg_Schadeck_auf_Runkel.jpg \"DSC03686 Blick von Burg Schadeck auf Runkel.jpg\")\nThe Lahn area was settled as early as in the [Stone Age](/wiki/Stone_Age \"Stone Age\"), as shown by [archeological](/wiki/Archeological \"Archeological\") finds near Diez, in Steeden in the community of [Runkel](/wiki/Runkel \"Runkel\"), and in Wetzlar. Recent discoveries in Dalheim on the western edge of Wetzlar show a ca. 7000\\-year\\-old [Linear Pottery culture](/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture \"Linear Pottery culture\") settlement. There are also remains a [Germanic](/wiki/Germanic_peoples \"Germanic peoples\") settlement in the location, dated to around the 1st century, situated above a bend of the Lahn.", "In the [Roman](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\") Era, the Lahn presumably was used by the Romans to supply their fort at Bad Ems, Kastell Ems. Here the *[Limes Germanicus](/wiki/Limes_Germanicus \"Limes Germanicus\")* on the borders of [Germania Superior](/wiki/Germania_Superior \"Germania Superior\") and [Rhaetia](/wiki/Rhaetia \"Rhaetia\") crossed the Lahn. Archaeological finds are known from Niederlahnstein, as well as from Lahnau. One Lahnau site, the [Waldgirmes Forum](/wiki/Waldgirmes_Forum \"Waldgirmes Forum\") in the community of Waldgirmes, was discovered in the 1990s and had been the site of a Roman town. Another site in the community of Dorlar has the remains of a Roman marching camp (or *[castra](/wiki/Castra \"Castra\")*). These Lahnau sites have significant altered the current understanding of the history of the Romans east of the Rhine and north of the *Limes*.", "During the [Migration Period](/wiki/Migration_Period \"Migration Period\"), the [Alamanni](/wiki/Alamanni \"Alamanni\") settled in the lower Lahntal. They were later ousted by the [Franks](/wiki/Franks \"Franks\").", "The origin and meaning of the name Lahn are uncertain; it is possible that it is a pre\\-Germanic word. The form of the name changed over time; before 600, variations like Laugona, Logana, Logene or Loyn are typical. The oldest known use of the current spelling of the name dates to 1365\\.", "The oldest mention of the [staple right](/wiki/Staple_right \"Staple right\") of Diez dates to the early 14th century and is an indication of significant shipping on the Lahn by that time. In 1559, [John VI of Nassau\\-Dillenburg](/wiki/John_VI_of_Nassau-Dillenburg \"John VI of Nassau-Dillenburg\") laid out a [towpath](/wiki/Towpath \"Towpath\") on the lower Lahn. In 1606, for the first time, the Lahn was deepened to allow small scale shipping and the lower reaches became navigable for four to five months of the year. However, there were numerous [weirs](/wiki/Weir \"Weir\") with only narrow gaps, so the traffic remained restricted to small boats.", "In the 17th and early 18th centuries, there were several initiatives of adjacent princes to further expand the Lahn as a waterway, but they all failed due to lack of coordination. In 1740, the [Archbishopric of Trier](/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Trier \"Archbishopric of Trier\") began construction to make the mouth of the Lahn passable for larger vessels. In winter of 1753/54, bank stabilization and creation of towpaths were done along the entire length of the river. Then the river was passable for vessels with up to 240 [hundredweights](/wiki/Hundredweight \"Hundredweight\") of cargo downstream and up to 160 hundredweights upstream.", "By the end of the 19th century, over 300 castles, fortresses, fortified churches, and similar buildings were built along the river.", "### Shipping during the Industrial Revolution", "During the [French occupation](/wiki/First_French_Empire \"First French Empire\"), inspections of the river began in 1796, which were to be followed by a comprehensive expansion. Due to political developments, however, this expansion did not take place. The newly created [Duchy of Nassau](/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau \"Duchy of Nassau\") eventually began work from 1808 under the Chief Construction Inspector of [Kirn](/wiki/Kirn \"Kirn\") to make the Lahn fully navigable. In the first winter, the section of the riverside from the mouth to Limburg was stabilized, particularly so that the course could be narrowed in shallow places. It was planned in the long run to make the Lahn navigable as far as Marburg and from there to construct a [canal](/wiki/Canal \"Canal\") to [Fulda](/wiki/Fulda \"Fulda\") to connect it with the [Weser](/wiki/Weser \"Weser\"). This would create a waterway from France to [North Sea](/wiki/North_Sea \"North Sea\") via the states of the [Confederation of the Rhine](/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine \"Confederation of the Rhine\"). Upstream of Limburg, however, the work was slow, partly because the population pressed into emergency service only reluctantly cooperated. Large parts of the shore were only secured with [fascines](/wiki/Fascine \"Fascine\"), which rotted shortly thereafter.", "In 1816 the Duchy of Nassau and the Kingdom of [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\") agreed to expand the Lahn as far as Giessen, where it joined the [Grand Duchy of Hesse](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse \"Grand Duchy of Hesse\"). Little is known about the work that followed, but in the 1825 boatmen on the Lahn who shipped mineral water from springs in Selters and Fachingen addressed a letter of appreciation to the Nassau government in [Wiesbaden](/wiki/Wiesbaden \"Wiesbaden\") for the rehabilitation of river systems. Overall, however, there seems to have been only repairs and temporary works accomplished through the 1830s.", "The earliest attempts to count ship traffic on the Lahn dated from 1827\\. At the [lock](/wiki/Lock_%28water_transport%29 \"Lock (water transport)\") at Runkel, 278 vessels were counted in that year, with the state government of Nassau explicitly pointing out that most of the river traffic travelled from the mouth to Limburg, or with smaller boats from the upper reaches to Weilburg, and only a small part passed Runkel. In 1833, however, 464 vessels were counted. The main reason for the increase is likely the increase in iron ore mining in the surroundings of Weilburg. An estimate from 1840 placed the quantity of iron ore transported on the entire river at approximately 2000 boat loads, though the river was only navigable from the mouth to Weilburg. In addition, mainly cereals and mineral water were transported downriver. Upriver, the boats carried primarily coal, charcoal, gypsum, and colonial goods. Around 1835, about 80 larger shallow\\-[draft](/wiki/Draft_%28hull%29 \"Draft (hull)\") boats were in operation on the Lahn.", "Given the increasing ore mining in the Lahn Valley, officials from Nassau and Prussia in 1841 made an inspection trip along the river from Marburg to the Rhine. The Prussians were the driving force behind river expansion projects, seeking to establish a connection between Wetzlar and their [Rhine Province](/wiki/Rhine_Province \"Rhine Province\") and to secure the iron ore supply for the growing industry in the [Ruhr](/wiki/Ruhr_%28river%29 \"Ruhr (river)\") Valley. Until 1844, [Hesse\\-Darmstadt](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse \"Grand Duchy of Hesse\") also joined expansion efforts, while [Hesse\\-Kassel](/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse \"Electorate of Hesse\") declined participation. The participating governments agreed to make the Lahn passable as far as Gießen for boats that were significantly larger than the existing vehicles on the river. In Prussian territory, the work was largely completed by 1847, including construction of locks in Dorlar, Wetzlar, Wetzlar\\-Blechwalze, Oberbiel and Niederbiel. In Nassau's territory, locks were built at Löhnberg, Villmar, and Balduinstein, as well as the greatest technical achievement: the Weilburg ship tunnel. The river bank reinforcement and channel deepening along Nassau's section of the Lahn, however, was slow. Moreover, when the lock at Limburg fell short of the width contractually agreed upon, Nassau refused an extension. This led to several clashes between Nassau and Prussia in the following years until Nassau had finally fulfilled its obligations in 1855\\.", "Despite the expansion, boats on the Lahn could travel fully loaded only from Gießen to Löhnberg. There, they had to lighten their load in order to reduce their draft and continue the journey. Also, this was only during two to three months. In a further four to five months per year, the load had to be reduced even earlier due to the low water level. The rest of the year the Lahn was not passable. From Wetzlar to Lahnstein, where the freight was unloaded onto the large barges of the Rhine, the boats took three to four days. A trip from Wetzlar to the mouth and then towed back with horses lasted for about 14 days in good conditions. At that time, there were mainly two types of transport boats in use: those with a capacity of 350 hundredweights and a larger variant with a capacity of 1300 hundredweights.", "In 1857 to 1863, the [Lahntal railway](/wiki/Lahntal_railway \"Lahntal railway\") (*Lahntalbahn*) was built, with nine major bridges and 18 tunnels along the river. Afterward, Prussia and Nassau tried to keep shipping along the Lahn alive through the lowering of tariffs. Ultimately, however, rail gained acceptance as a means of transport and cargo shipping on the Lahn gradually declined. Several projects begun in 1854 to operate steamboats on the Lahn died in their infancy. In 1875, 1885 and 1897 the Prussian government discussed plans for the transformation of the Lahn into a canal, which would allow the passage for larger vessels, but these plans were never implemented. Only in places was the riverbed dredged, such as around 1880 near Runkel, from 1905 to 1907 from the mouth to Bad Ems, and from 1925 to 1928 from the mouth to Steeden.", "In 1964, an expansion of the Lahn for 300\\-ton vessels was completed. In 1981, freight shipping on the Lahn came to an end. Today, the Lahn is used exclusively for recreational boats.", "### Recent history", "In 1960, gravel mining began in the broad plains of the Lahn Valley in Marburg and Giessen. This ended in 1996 and large sections of Lahn Valley in Hesse were set aside as a nature reserve", "On 7 February 1984, the Lahn experienced a 100\\-year flood, which caused millions of German Marks in damage. This has since led to a central flood warning system and coordination of flood control efforts through the regional council of Giessen.", "" ]
### Early history [thumb\|View from [Schadeck Castle](/wiki/Schadeck_Castle "Schadeck Castle") over [Runkel](/wiki/Runkel "Runkel") and the Lahn](/wiki/File:DSC03686_Blick_von_Burg_Schadeck_auf_Runkel.jpg "DSC03686 Blick von Burg Schadeck auf Runkel.jpg") The Lahn area was settled as early as in the [Stone Age](/wiki/Stone_Age "Stone Age"), as shown by [archeological](/wiki/Archeological "Archeological") finds near Diez, in Steeden in the community of [Runkel](/wiki/Runkel "Runkel"), and in Wetzlar. Recent discoveries in Dalheim on the western edge of Wetzlar show a ca. 7000\-year\-old [Linear Pottery culture](/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture "Linear Pottery culture") settlement. There are also remains a [Germanic](/wiki/Germanic_peoples "Germanic peoples") settlement in the location, dated to around the 1st century, situated above a bend of the Lahn. In the [Roman](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") Era, the Lahn presumably was used by the Romans to supply their fort at Bad Ems, Kastell Ems. Here the *[Limes Germanicus](/wiki/Limes_Germanicus "Limes Germanicus")* on the borders of [Germania Superior](/wiki/Germania_Superior "Germania Superior") and [Rhaetia](/wiki/Rhaetia "Rhaetia") crossed the Lahn. Archaeological finds are known from Niederlahnstein, as well as from Lahnau. One Lahnau site, the [Waldgirmes Forum](/wiki/Waldgirmes_Forum "Waldgirmes Forum") in the community of Waldgirmes, was discovered in the 1990s and had been the site of a Roman town. Another site in the community of Dorlar has the remains of a Roman marching camp (or *[castra](/wiki/Castra "Castra")*). These Lahnau sites have significant altered the current understanding of the history of the Romans east of the Rhine and north of the *Limes*. During the [Migration Period](/wiki/Migration_Period "Migration Period"), the [Alamanni](/wiki/Alamanni "Alamanni") settled in the lower Lahntal. They were later ousted by the [Franks](/wiki/Franks "Franks"). The origin and meaning of the name Lahn are uncertain; it is possible that it is a pre\-Germanic word. The form of the name changed over time; before 600, variations like Laugona, Logana, Logene or Loyn are typical. The oldest known use of the current spelling of the name dates to 1365\. The oldest mention of the [staple right](/wiki/Staple_right "Staple right") of Diez dates to the early 14th century and is an indication of significant shipping on the Lahn by that time. In 1559, [John VI of Nassau\-Dillenburg](/wiki/John_VI_of_Nassau-Dillenburg "John VI of Nassau-Dillenburg") laid out a [towpath](/wiki/Towpath "Towpath") on the lower Lahn. In 1606, for the first time, the Lahn was deepened to allow small scale shipping and the lower reaches became navigable for four to five months of the year. However, there were numerous [weirs](/wiki/Weir "Weir") with only narrow gaps, so the traffic remained restricted to small boats. In the 17th and early 18th centuries, there were several initiatives of adjacent princes to further expand the Lahn as a waterway, but they all failed due to lack of coordination. In 1740, the [Archbishopric of Trier](/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Trier "Archbishopric of Trier") began construction to make the mouth of the Lahn passable for larger vessels. In winter of 1753/54, bank stabilization and creation of towpaths were done along the entire length of the river. Then the river was passable for vessels with up to 240 [hundredweights](/wiki/Hundredweight "Hundredweight") of cargo downstream and up to 160 hundredweights upstream. By the end of the 19th century, over 300 castles, fortresses, fortified churches, and similar buildings were built along the river.
[ "### Early history", "[thumb\\|View from [Schadeck Castle](/wiki/Schadeck_Castle \"Schadeck Castle\") over [Runkel](/wiki/Runkel \"Runkel\") and the Lahn](/wiki/File:DSC03686_Blick_von_Burg_Schadeck_auf_Runkel.jpg \"DSC03686 Blick von Burg Schadeck auf Runkel.jpg\")\nThe Lahn area was settled as early as in the [Stone Age](/wiki/Stone_Age \"Stone Age\"), as shown by [archeological](/wiki/Archeological \"Archeological\") finds near Diez, in Steeden in the community of [Runkel](/wiki/Runkel \"Runkel\"), and in Wetzlar. Recent discoveries in Dalheim on the western edge of Wetzlar show a ca. 7000\\-year\\-old [Linear Pottery culture](/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture \"Linear Pottery culture\") settlement. There are also remains a [Germanic](/wiki/Germanic_peoples \"Germanic peoples\") settlement in the location, dated to around the 1st century, situated above a bend of the Lahn.", "In the [Roman](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\") Era, the Lahn presumably was used by the Romans to supply their fort at Bad Ems, Kastell Ems. Here the *[Limes Germanicus](/wiki/Limes_Germanicus \"Limes Germanicus\")* on the borders of [Germania Superior](/wiki/Germania_Superior \"Germania Superior\") and [Rhaetia](/wiki/Rhaetia \"Rhaetia\") crossed the Lahn. Archaeological finds are known from Niederlahnstein, as well as from Lahnau. One Lahnau site, the [Waldgirmes Forum](/wiki/Waldgirmes_Forum \"Waldgirmes Forum\") in the community of Waldgirmes, was discovered in the 1990s and had been the site of a Roman town. Another site in the community of Dorlar has the remains of a Roman marching camp (or *[castra](/wiki/Castra \"Castra\")*). These Lahnau sites have significant altered the current understanding of the history of the Romans east of the Rhine and north of the *Limes*.", "During the [Migration Period](/wiki/Migration_Period \"Migration Period\"), the [Alamanni](/wiki/Alamanni \"Alamanni\") settled in the lower Lahntal. They were later ousted by the [Franks](/wiki/Franks \"Franks\").", "The origin and meaning of the name Lahn are uncertain; it is possible that it is a pre\\-Germanic word. The form of the name changed over time; before 600, variations like Laugona, Logana, Logene or Loyn are typical. The oldest known use of the current spelling of the name dates to 1365\\.", "The oldest mention of the [staple right](/wiki/Staple_right \"Staple right\") of Diez dates to the early 14th century and is an indication of significant shipping on the Lahn by that time. In 1559, [John VI of Nassau\\-Dillenburg](/wiki/John_VI_of_Nassau-Dillenburg \"John VI of Nassau-Dillenburg\") laid out a [towpath](/wiki/Towpath \"Towpath\") on the lower Lahn. In 1606, for the first time, the Lahn was deepened to allow small scale shipping and the lower reaches became navigable for four to five months of the year. However, there were numerous [weirs](/wiki/Weir \"Weir\") with only narrow gaps, so the traffic remained restricted to small boats.", "In the 17th and early 18th centuries, there were several initiatives of adjacent princes to further expand the Lahn as a waterway, but they all failed due to lack of coordination. In 1740, the [Archbishopric of Trier](/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Trier \"Archbishopric of Trier\") began construction to make the mouth of the Lahn passable for larger vessels. In winter of 1753/54, bank stabilization and creation of towpaths were done along the entire length of the river. Then the river was passable for vessels with up to 240 [hundredweights](/wiki/Hundredweight \"Hundredweight\") of cargo downstream and up to 160 hundredweights upstream.", "By the end of the 19th century, over 300 castles, fortresses, fortified churches, and similar buildings were built along the river.", "" ]
### Shipping during the Industrial Revolution During the [French occupation](/wiki/First_French_Empire "First French Empire"), inspections of the river began in 1796, which were to be followed by a comprehensive expansion. Due to political developments, however, this expansion did not take place. The newly created [Duchy of Nassau](/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau "Duchy of Nassau") eventually began work from 1808 under the Chief Construction Inspector of [Kirn](/wiki/Kirn "Kirn") to make the Lahn fully navigable. In the first winter, the section of the riverside from the mouth to Limburg was stabilized, particularly so that the course could be narrowed in shallow places. It was planned in the long run to make the Lahn navigable as far as Marburg and from there to construct a [canal](/wiki/Canal "Canal") to [Fulda](/wiki/Fulda "Fulda") to connect it with the [Weser](/wiki/Weser "Weser"). This would create a waterway from France to [North Sea](/wiki/North_Sea "North Sea") via the states of the [Confederation of the Rhine](/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine "Confederation of the Rhine"). Upstream of Limburg, however, the work was slow, partly because the population pressed into emergency service only reluctantly cooperated. Large parts of the shore were only secured with [fascines](/wiki/Fascine "Fascine"), which rotted shortly thereafter. In 1816 the Duchy of Nassau and the Kingdom of [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") agreed to expand the Lahn as far as Giessen, where it joined the [Grand Duchy of Hesse](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse "Grand Duchy of Hesse"). Little is known about the work that followed, but in the 1825 boatmen on the Lahn who shipped mineral water from springs in Selters and Fachingen addressed a letter of appreciation to the Nassau government in [Wiesbaden](/wiki/Wiesbaden "Wiesbaden") for the rehabilitation of river systems. Overall, however, there seems to have been only repairs and temporary works accomplished through the 1830s. The earliest attempts to count ship traffic on the Lahn dated from 1827\. At the [lock](/wiki/Lock_%28water_transport%29 "Lock (water transport)") at Runkel, 278 vessels were counted in that year, with the state government of Nassau explicitly pointing out that most of the river traffic travelled from the mouth to Limburg, or with smaller boats from the upper reaches to Weilburg, and only a small part passed Runkel. In 1833, however, 464 vessels were counted. The main reason for the increase is likely the increase in iron ore mining in the surroundings of Weilburg. An estimate from 1840 placed the quantity of iron ore transported on the entire river at approximately 2000 boat loads, though the river was only navigable from the mouth to Weilburg. In addition, mainly cereals and mineral water were transported downriver. Upriver, the boats carried primarily coal, charcoal, gypsum, and colonial goods. Around 1835, about 80 larger shallow\-[draft](/wiki/Draft_%28hull%29 "Draft (hull)") boats were in operation on the Lahn. Given the increasing ore mining in the Lahn Valley, officials from Nassau and Prussia in 1841 made an inspection trip along the river from Marburg to the Rhine. The Prussians were the driving force behind river expansion projects, seeking to establish a connection between Wetzlar and their [Rhine Province](/wiki/Rhine_Province "Rhine Province") and to secure the iron ore supply for the growing industry in the [Ruhr](/wiki/Ruhr_%28river%29 "Ruhr (river)") Valley. Until 1844, [Hesse\-Darmstadt](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse "Grand Duchy of Hesse") also joined expansion efforts, while [Hesse\-Kassel](/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse "Electorate of Hesse") declined participation. The participating governments agreed to make the Lahn passable as far as Gießen for boats that were significantly larger than the existing vehicles on the river. In Prussian territory, the work was largely completed by 1847, including construction of locks in Dorlar, Wetzlar, Wetzlar\-Blechwalze, Oberbiel and Niederbiel. In Nassau's territory, locks were built at Löhnberg, Villmar, and Balduinstein, as well as the greatest technical achievement: the Weilburg ship tunnel. The river bank reinforcement and channel deepening along Nassau's section of the Lahn, however, was slow. Moreover, when the lock at Limburg fell short of the width contractually agreed upon, Nassau refused an extension. This led to several clashes between Nassau and Prussia in the following years until Nassau had finally fulfilled its obligations in 1855\. Despite the expansion, boats on the Lahn could travel fully loaded only from Gießen to Löhnberg. There, they had to lighten their load in order to reduce their draft and continue the journey. Also, this was only during two to three months. In a further four to five months per year, the load had to be reduced even earlier due to the low water level. The rest of the year the Lahn was not passable. From Wetzlar to Lahnstein, where the freight was unloaded onto the large barges of the Rhine, the boats took three to four days. A trip from Wetzlar to the mouth and then towed back with horses lasted for about 14 days in good conditions. At that time, there were mainly two types of transport boats in use: those with a capacity of 350 hundredweights and a larger variant with a capacity of 1300 hundredweights. In 1857 to 1863, the [Lahntal railway](/wiki/Lahntal_railway "Lahntal railway") (*Lahntalbahn*) was built, with nine major bridges and 18 tunnels along the river. Afterward, Prussia and Nassau tried to keep shipping along the Lahn alive through the lowering of tariffs. Ultimately, however, rail gained acceptance as a means of transport and cargo shipping on the Lahn gradually declined. Several projects begun in 1854 to operate steamboats on the Lahn died in their infancy. In 1875, 1885 and 1897 the Prussian government discussed plans for the transformation of the Lahn into a canal, which would allow the passage for larger vessels, but these plans were never implemented. Only in places was the riverbed dredged, such as around 1880 near Runkel, from 1905 to 1907 from the mouth to Bad Ems, and from 1925 to 1928 from the mouth to Steeden. In 1964, an expansion of the Lahn for 300\-ton vessels was completed. In 1981, freight shipping on the Lahn came to an end. Today, the Lahn is used exclusively for recreational boats.
[ "### Shipping during the Industrial Revolution", "During the [French occupation](/wiki/First_French_Empire \"First French Empire\"), inspections of the river began in 1796, which were to be followed by a comprehensive expansion. Due to political developments, however, this expansion did not take place. The newly created [Duchy of Nassau](/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau \"Duchy of Nassau\") eventually began work from 1808 under the Chief Construction Inspector of [Kirn](/wiki/Kirn \"Kirn\") to make the Lahn fully navigable. In the first winter, the section of the riverside from the mouth to Limburg was stabilized, particularly so that the course could be narrowed in shallow places. It was planned in the long run to make the Lahn navigable as far as Marburg and from there to construct a [canal](/wiki/Canal \"Canal\") to [Fulda](/wiki/Fulda \"Fulda\") to connect it with the [Weser](/wiki/Weser \"Weser\"). This would create a waterway from France to [North Sea](/wiki/North_Sea \"North Sea\") via the states of the [Confederation of the Rhine](/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine \"Confederation of the Rhine\"). Upstream of Limburg, however, the work was slow, partly because the population pressed into emergency service only reluctantly cooperated. Large parts of the shore were only secured with [fascines](/wiki/Fascine \"Fascine\"), which rotted shortly thereafter.", "In 1816 the Duchy of Nassau and the Kingdom of [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\") agreed to expand the Lahn as far as Giessen, where it joined the [Grand Duchy of Hesse](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse \"Grand Duchy of Hesse\"). Little is known about the work that followed, but in the 1825 boatmen on the Lahn who shipped mineral water from springs in Selters and Fachingen addressed a letter of appreciation to the Nassau government in [Wiesbaden](/wiki/Wiesbaden \"Wiesbaden\") for the rehabilitation of river systems. Overall, however, there seems to have been only repairs and temporary works accomplished through the 1830s.", "The earliest attempts to count ship traffic on the Lahn dated from 1827\\. At the [lock](/wiki/Lock_%28water_transport%29 \"Lock (water transport)\") at Runkel, 278 vessels were counted in that year, with the state government of Nassau explicitly pointing out that most of the river traffic travelled from the mouth to Limburg, or with smaller boats from the upper reaches to Weilburg, and only a small part passed Runkel. In 1833, however, 464 vessels were counted. The main reason for the increase is likely the increase in iron ore mining in the surroundings of Weilburg. An estimate from 1840 placed the quantity of iron ore transported on the entire river at approximately 2000 boat loads, though the river was only navigable from the mouth to Weilburg. In addition, mainly cereals and mineral water were transported downriver. Upriver, the boats carried primarily coal, charcoal, gypsum, and colonial goods. Around 1835, about 80 larger shallow\\-[draft](/wiki/Draft_%28hull%29 \"Draft (hull)\") boats were in operation on the Lahn.", "Given the increasing ore mining in the Lahn Valley, officials from Nassau and Prussia in 1841 made an inspection trip along the river from Marburg to the Rhine. The Prussians were the driving force behind river expansion projects, seeking to establish a connection between Wetzlar and their [Rhine Province](/wiki/Rhine_Province \"Rhine Province\") and to secure the iron ore supply for the growing industry in the [Ruhr](/wiki/Ruhr_%28river%29 \"Ruhr (river)\") Valley. Until 1844, [Hesse\\-Darmstadt](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse \"Grand Duchy of Hesse\") also joined expansion efforts, while [Hesse\\-Kassel](/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse \"Electorate of Hesse\") declined participation. The participating governments agreed to make the Lahn passable as far as Gießen for boats that were significantly larger than the existing vehicles on the river. In Prussian territory, the work was largely completed by 1847, including construction of locks in Dorlar, Wetzlar, Wetzlar\\-Blechwalze, Oberbiel and Niederbiel. In Nassau's territory, locks were built at Löhnberg, Villmar, and Balduinstein, as well as the greatest technical achievement: the Weilburg ship tunnel. The river bank reinforcement and channel deepening along Nassau's section of the Lahn, however, was slow. Moreover, when the lock at Limburg fell short of the width contractually agreed upon, Nassau refused an extension. This led to several clashes between Nassau and Prussia in the following years until Nassau had finally fulfilled its obligations in 1855\\.", "Despite the expansion, boats on the Lahn could travel fully loaded only from Gießen to Löhnberg. There, they had to lighten their load in order to reduce their draft and continue the journey. Also, this was only during two to three months. In a further four to five months per year, the load had to be reduced even earlier due to the low water level. The rest of the year the Lahn was not passable. From Wetzlar to Lahnstein, where the freight was unloaded onto the large barges of the Rhine, the boats took three to four days. A trip from Wetzlar to the mouth and then towed back with horses lasted for about 14 days in good conditions. At that time, there were mainly two types of transport boats in use: those with a capacity of 350 hundredweights and a larger variant with a capacity of 1300 hundredweights.", "In 1857 to 1863, the [Lahntal railway](/wiki/Lahntal_railway \"Lahntal railway\") (*Lahntalbahn*) was built, with nine major bridges and 18 tunnels along the river. Afterward, Prussia and Nassau tried to keep shipping along the Lahn alive through the lowering of tariffs. Ultimately, however, rail gained acceptance as a means of transport and cargo shipping on the Lahn gradually declined. Several projects begun in 1854 to operate steamboats on the Lahn died in their infancy. In 1875, 1885 and 1897 the Prussian government discussed plans for the transformation of the Lahn into a canal, which would allow the passage for larger vessels, but these plans were never implemented. Only in places was the riverbed dredged, such as around 1880 near Runkel, from 1905 to 1907 from the mouth to Bad Ems, and from 1925 to 1928 from the mouth to Steeden.", "In 1964, an expansion of the Lahn for 300\\-ton vessels was completed. In 1981, freight shipping on the Lahn came to an end. Today, the Lahn is used exclusively for recreational boats.", "" ]
History ------- {{More citations needed\|section\|date\=July 2022}} ### Pre\-Hispanic period Boronganons were known to be fierce fighters according to [William Henry Scott](/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_%28historian%29 "William Henry Scott (historian)"), who stated that, "There was an Indio of gigantic stature called Pusong, a native of the town of Magtaon in the interior of the island of Samar and lbabao, who used to make frequent invasions of the towns of Calbiga and Libunao which are on the Samar side, but not so much around Borongan because those on that coast were much more feared."{{citation needed\|date\=March 2021}} ### Spanish contact Its development into a town, and eventually into a city, is traced back to the early 1600 out of the scattered hamlets located on the banks of the adjacent Guiborongani (Borongan or Sabang) River and Lo\-om River. Guiborongani was the larger settlement and was later on called Borongan because of the heavy fog that usually covered the place. The people inhabiting the eastern coast of Samar were originally called "Ibabao" during the pre\-Spanish period. As early as 1595, or 74 years after [Ferdinand Magellan](/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan "Ferdinand Magellan")'s landing in Homonhon (now an island barangay of [Guiuan](/wiki/Guiuan "Guiuan"), Eastern Samar) Spanish Jesuit missionary priests from mission centers in Leyte began to evangelize the southern portion of the island of Samar. The first evangelical mission was established in Tinago, Western Samar and gradually expanded to [Catubig](/wiki/Catubig "Catubig"). In 1614 [Palapag](/wiki/Palapag "Palapag") was selected as the mission center of the Ibabao region or the north\-eastern coast of the island; from this mission center in turn was the eastern coast of Samar subsequently evangelized. The missionaries proselytized to the inhabitants in the faith, raised stone churches, and protected the people from the Muslim predatory/piratical raids from the south. This is probably the reason why the town itself was established some distance away from the shoreline and built on a hill overlooking the northern banks of the Lo\-om River. In fact, the old [Catholic church](/wiki/Borongan_Cathedral "Borongan Cathedral") convent has its own self\-contained water supply: a deep dugout well lined with big blocks of ancient hewn stones located underneath the convent building itself. The major settlements then were Borongan, Bacod/Jubasan/Paric (now Dolores), Tubig (Taft), Sulat, Libas/Nonoc (now San Julian), Butag (now Guiuan) and Balangiga. The development of Borongan was greatly influenced by the religious missions of the Jesuits during the period 1604–1768, and the Franciscans from 1768 to 1868\. Borongan was established as a *pueblo* on September 8, 1619\. On this date, the Commandancia and the Very Rev. Father Superior of the Jesuits from [Palapag](/wiki/Palapag "Palapag"), a town in Northern Samar, went to Ibabao to install the first priest of Borongan, Fr. Manuel Martinez, who served up to 1627\. ### American occupation [thumb\|left\|180px\|*Ang Labanan sa Borongan (1899 Himagsikang Pilipino\-Amerikano)* historical marker](/wiki/File:Ang_Labanan_sa_Borongan_%281899_Himagsikang_Pilipino-Amerikano%29_historical_marker.jpg "Ang Labanan sa Borongan (1899 Himagsikang Pilipino-Amerikano) historical marker.jpg") At the outbreak of the [Philippine Revolution](/wiki/Philippine_Revolution "Philippine Revolution") in 1898, Borongan was the site of an uprising led by the Pulahanes. The first public municipal officials were Sr. Magno Abenis, President, and Sr. Andres Hipe, vice\-president, who held office from 1899 to 1903\. After the Japanese occupation in 1941–1945, the town was henceforth led by a mayor and a vice mayor. Hilarion Basada and Ignacio Brozas were the first mayor and vice mayor, respectively, from 1945 to 1947\. Borongan was legally constituted as a capital town when [Eastern Samar](/wiki/Eastern_Samar "Eastern Samar") was created as a separate province under Republic Act No. 4221 which was enacted on June 19, 1965\.{{cite web\|url\=http://lawph.com/statutes/ra4221\.html\|title\=R.A. No. 4221, An Act Creating the Provinces of Northern Samar, Eastern Samar and Western Samar\|publisher\=LawPH.com\|access\-date\=April 27, 2011}} Its first municipal mayor as the capital town of Eastern Samar was Luis Capito. ### Cityhood {{main\|Cities of the Philippines}} {{Hatnote\|For further information, see \[\[League of Cities of the Philippines v. COMELEC]].}} On June 21, 2007, Borongan became the first city in Eastern Samar. However, it subsequently lost its cityhood, along with 15 other cities, after the [Supreme Court of the Philippines](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines "Supreme Court of the Philippines") granted a petition filed by the [League of Cities of the Philippines](/wiki/League_of_Cities_of_the_Philippines "League of Cities of the Philippines"), and declared the cityhood law (RA 9394\) which granted the town its city status, unconstitutional. The said 16 cities, the court ruled, did not meet the requirements for cityhood.{{Cite web\|url\=http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/news/courtnews%20flash/2008/11/11180803\.php\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319070240/http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/news/courtnews%20flash/2008/11/11180803\.php\|url\-status\=dead\|title\=Supreme Court of the Philippines\|archive\-date\=March 19, 2009}} On December 22, 2009, the cityhood law of Borongan and 15 other municipalities regain its status as cities again after the [Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines "Supreme Court of the Philippines") reversed its ruling on November 18, 2008\. On August 23, 2010, the court reinstated its ruling on November 18, 2008, causing Borongan and 15 cities to become regular municipalities. Finally, on February 15, 2011, Borongan becomes a city again including the 15 municipalities declaring that the conversion to cityhood met all legal requirements. After six years of legal battle, in its board resolution, the [League of Cities of the Philippines](/wiki/League_of_Cities_of_the_Philippines "League of Cities of the Philippines") acknowledged and recognized the cityhood of Borongan and 15 other cities.
[ "History\n-------", "{{More citations needed\\|section\\|date\\=July 2022}}", "### Pre\\-Hispanic period", "Boronganons were known to be fierce fighters according to [William Henry Scott](/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_%28historian%29 \"William Henry Scott (historian)\"), who stated that, \"There was an Indio of gigantic stature called Pusong, a native of the town of Magtaon in the interior of the island of Samar and lbabao, who used to make frequent invasions of the towns of Calbiga and Libunao which are on the Samar side, but not so much around Borongan because those on that coast were much more feared.\"{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2021}}", "### Spanish contact", "Its development into a town, and eventually into a city, is traced back to the early 1600 out of the scattered hamlets located on the banks of the adjacent Guiborongani (Borongan or Sabang) River and Lo\\-om River. Guiborongani was the larger settlement and was later on called Borongan because of the heavy fog that usually covered the place. The people inhabiting the eastern coast of Samar were originally called \"Ibabao\" during the pre\\-Spanish period.", "As early as 1595, or 74 years after [Ferdinand Magellan](/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan \"Ferdinand Magellan\")'s landing in Homonhon (now an island barangay of [Guiuan](/wiki/Guiuan \"Guiuan\"), Eastern Samar) Spanish Jesuit missionary priests from mission centers in Leyte began to evangelize the southern portion of the island of Samar. The first evangelical mission was established in Tinago, Western Samar and gradually expanded to [Catubig](/wiki/Catubig \"Catubig\"). In 1614 [Palapag](/wiki/Palapag \"Palapag\") was selected as the mission center of the Ibabao region or the north\\-eastern coast of the island; from this mission center in turn was the eastern coast of Samar subsequently evangelized. The missionaries proselytized to the inhabitants in the faith, raised stone churches, and protected the people from the Muslim predatory/piratical raids from the south. This is probably the reason why the town itself was established some distance away from the shoreline and built on a hill overlooking the northern banks of the Lo\\-om River.", "In fact, the old [Catholic church](/wiki/Borongan_Cathedral \"Borongan Cathedral\") convent has its own self\\-contained water supply: a deep dugout well lined with big blocks of ancient hewn stones located underneath the convent building itself. The major settlements then were Borongan, Bacod/Jubasan/Paric (now Dolores), Tubig (Taft), Sulat, Libas/Nonoc (now San Julian), Butag (now Guiuan) and Balangiga.", "The development of Borongan was greatly influenced by the religious missions of the Jesuits during the period 1604–1768, and the Franciscans from 1768 to 1868\\. Borongan was established as a *pueblo* on September 8, 1619\\. On this date, the Commandancia and the Very Rev. Father Superior of the Jesuits from [Palapag](/wiki/Palapag \"Palapag\"), a town in Northern Samar, went to Ibabao to install the first priest of Borongan, Fr. Manuel Martinez, who served up to 1627\\.", "### American occupation", "[thumb\\|left\\|180px\\|*Ang Labanan sa Borongan (1899 Himagsikang Pilipino\\-Amerikano)* historical marker](/wiki/File:Ang_Labanan_sa_Borongan_%281899_Himagsikang_Pilipino-Amerikano%29_historical_marker.jpg \"Ang Labanan sa Borongan (1899 Himagsikang Pilipino-Amerikano) historical marker.jpg\")\nAt the outbreak of the [Philippine Revolution](/wiki/Philippine_Revolution \"Philippine Revolution\") in 1898, Borongan was the site of an uprising led by the Pulahanes. The first public municipal officials were Sr. Magno Abenis, President, and Sr. Andres Hipe, vice\\-president, who held office from 1899 to 1903\\. After the Japanese occupation in 1941–1945, the town was henceforth led by a mayor and a vice mayor. Hilarion Basada and Ignacio Brozas were the first mayor and vice mayor, respectively, from 1945 to 1947\\.", "Borongan was legally constituted as a capital town when [Eastern Samar](/wiki/Eastern_Samar \"Eastern Samar\") was created as a separate province under Republic Act No. 4221 which was enacted on June 19, 1965\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://lawph.com/statutes/ra4221\\.html\\|title\\=R.A. No. 4221, An Act Creating the Provinces of Northern Samar, Eastern Samar and Western Samar\\|publisher\\=LawPH.com\\|access\\-date\\=April 27, 2011}} Its first municipal mayor as the capital town of Eastern Samar was Luis Capito.", "### Cityhood", "{{main\\|Cities of the Philippines}}\n{{Hatnote\\|For further information, see \\[\\[League of Cities of the Philippines v. COMELEC]].}}", "On June 21, 2007, Borongan became the first city in Eastern Samar. However, it subsequently lost its cityhood, along with 15 other cities, after the [Supreme Court of the Philippines](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines \"Supreme Court of the Philippines\") granted a petition filed by the [League of Cities of the Philippines](/wiki/League_of_Cities_of_the_Philippines \"League of Cities of the Philippines\"), and declared the cityhood law (RA 9394\\) which granted the town its city status, unconstitutional. The said 16 cities, the court ruled, did not meet the requirements for cityhood.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/news/courtnews%20flash/2008/11/11180803\\.php\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319070240/http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/news/courtnews%20flash/2008/11/11180803\\.php\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|title\\=Supreme Court of the Philippines\\|archive\\-date\\=March 19, 2009}}", "On December 22, 2009, the cityhood law of Borongan and 15 other municipalities regain its status as cities again after the [Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines \"Supreme Court of the Philippines\") reversed its ruling on November 18, 2008\\. On August 23, 2010, the court reinstated its ruling on November 18, 2008, causing Borongan and 15 cities to become regular municipalities. Finally, on February 15, 2011, Borongan becomes a city again including the 15 municipalities declaring that the conversion to cityhood met all legal requirements.", "After six years of legal battle, in its board resolution, the [League of Cities of the Philippines](/wiki/League_of_Cities_of_the_Philippines \"League of Cities of the Philippines\") acknowledged and recognized the cityhood of Borongan and 15 other cities.", "" ]
Tourism ------- [thumb\|Exterior of the Borongan Cathedral](/wiki/File:Katedral_ng_Borongan_Facade.jpg "Katedral ng Borongan Facade.jpg") [thumb\|Interior of the Borongan Cathedral](/wiki/File:Interior_of_Borongan_Cathedral%2C_Eastern_Samar.jpg "Interior of Borongan Cathedral, Eastern Samar.jpg") Borongan's pristine and undisturbed forests contain spectacular streams, river rapids, waterfalls and caves sought after by nature lovers, trekkers and spelunkers \- locals and foreign visitors alike. With its vast virginal landscape, most of its scenic spots can be reached by those who have the time and energy. There is said to be a famed hidden cave in one of the offshore islands of Borongan Bay containing the long\-boned remains and antique artifacts (i.e. necklaces, porcelain, etc.) of apparently ancient people whose true history have been obscured by the mists of time and only snippets of which have survived to this day in tales and legends among the local folk who continue to zealously preserve as well as guard and protect them from the curious and from the occasional vandal/looter, believing that allowing such remains and artifacts to be disturbed or taken away will bring bad luck or misfortune to the nearby local inhabitants. ### Festivals The City celebrates its annual Fiesta celebration in honor of its Patroness, the Blessed Virgin Mary. Albeit the actual Feast day is on September 8, the celebration is usually a month long as each Barangay will hold its own "Barangay Night" where barangays would have a barangay\-wide party through programs held in their respective Barangay Plazas. At the same time, schools would also have their annual reunions and respective "School Night". The series of celebrations is in anticipation of the actual Feast day. #### Padul\-ong Festival The Festival illustrates the legend of a mysterious “Lady in White” who allegedly visits the Hamorawon Spring, behind the Hamorawon Park, regularly. According to the legend, the Lady in White has been blessing the spring waters with miraculous healing powers. On September 7, Borongan offers mass in the wee hours of the morning, in the chapel of Barangay Punta Maria, signifying that the Padul\-ong Festival has officially started. From the chapel, a small figure of the Blessed Virgin Mary will be transferred to Rawis Port through a fluvial procession where boat owners can join along with the official boat carrier of the small image across Rawis Bay.:The figure would then be paraded through the town going to [Borongan Cathedral](/wiki/Borongan_Cathedral "Borongan Cathedral"). At the Borongan city plaza, different schools would reenact the town’s old legend on how the figure was brought to the Philippines. This is done as a contest, where several schools from the different municipalities, and schools within the City would compete among themselves through their performances. The festival commemorates the day the town received the figure of the Patroness, the Blessed Virgin Mary, all the way from Portugal.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.choosephilippines.com/do/festivals/4567/borongan\-padul\-ong\-festival\|title\=The Legend of the Miraculous Lady in White Lurking in Eastern Samar's Hamorawan Spring\|first\=ABS\-CBN\|last\=Corp\|website\=Choose Philippines\|date\=July 8, 2021 }} #### Lechon Festival The city government took the initiative to hold a lechon festival to coincide with the city fiesta after the verbal endorsement of [Kris Aquino](/wiki/Kris_Aquino "Kris Aquino") during her visit to the City, after having tasted the City's own version of the [Lechon](/wiki/Lechon "Lechon"). The festival coincides with the Fiesta celebration, where participants would showcase their own styles of cooking the famous filipino dish. The festival is celebrated by parading the participants' dishes dressed in elaborate costumes or floats, and thereafter will be shared in the main competition held in the city plaza. The festival is concluded by a competition among the local lechon butchers to showcase their own recipes, the dishes they paraded, and whoever will win will be awarded by monetary prizes and recognition. When the festival was first held, Kris Aquino was said to have been one of the principal sponsors.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/travel\-and\-tourism/2011/09/09/724893/borongan\-holds\-first\-lechon\-festival\|title\=Borongan holds first lechon festival\|work\=The Philippine Star}} ### Surfing and skimboarding Being part of Eastern Samar, the surfing capital of the Visayas, Borongan is blessed with several surfing spots. More often than not, these spots are uncrowded, easily making it a surfer's paradise. The city's waves are at their best during the Amihan ([Northeast Monsoon](/wiki/Northeast_Monsoon "Northeast Monsoon")) season which runs from November to April. Among the numerous surf sites in the city, the following are considered to be the top pick for surfers and tourists: [Baybay Boulevard](/wiki/Baybay_Boulevard "Baybay Boulevard") (Borongan Bay) Known as the birthplace of surfing in the Visayas, this is the nearest surf spot from Borongan town proper. This surf spot has a sandy bottom, right hand rivermouth beach break. Perfect for both beginners and advance surfers. Pirates Cove Beach and Surf Resort A 5\-minute drive from Borongan town proper brings you to this 2\-hectare private reef, marine sanctuary and water sports recreation area. This is an exposed reef break facing the Pacific Ocean filled with rocks and corals. Sulangan Beach A left and right hand steady beach break that is ideal for beginners. A good place to learn how to surf. Lalawigan Beach Still part of Borongan, this barangay is rarely visited. Only advanced surfers frequent the area due to its rough waves and strong current. Guintagican Beach A beautiful 2 km beach with white sand. It has a left and right hand beach break with inconsistent surf. During the summer season, it tends to be flat. Also ideal for beginners. ### Beaches [right\|thumb\|Sunrise viewed from [Baybay Boulevard](/wiki/Baybay_Boulevard "Baybay Boulevard").](/wiki/File:Borongan_City_Sunrise.JPG "Borongan City Sunrise.JPG") Borongan has many beaches, the most notable of which can be found in Divinubo Island and in [Ando Island](/wiki/Ando_Island "Ando Island"), both of which boast of white sand beaches, vibrant coral formations alive with teeming marine life in sparkling clear blue waters, incidentally ideal also for diving and snorkeling. Cabong gray\-sand beach is a favorite destination of the locals, with excursionists, bathers and picnic\-goers spilling over from one end of the beach to the other especially during special occasions, weekends and holidays. The strip of white\-sand beach in Guintagican or Punta Maria is also a good bet, although it takes some effort to get there as it is several kilometers away from the town proper and accessible only through a feeder road, the final stretch of which can be reach on foot only because of the narrow width of the footpath. [thumb\|Baybay Boulevard during the Miss Earth Philippines 2024 Beachwear Competitions](/wiki/File:Baybay_Boulevard_during_the_Miss_Earth_Philippines_2024_Beachwear_Competitions.jpg "Baybay Boulevard during the Miss Earth Philippines 2024 Beachwear Competitions.jpg") ### Islands and island beaches * Ando Island White Sand Beach * Butay island (located at the middle of Lo\-om River between the upstream concrete bridge connecting the city proper to and from Barangay Taboc and the downstream steel\-and\-concrete bridge connecting the city proper to and from Barangay Alang\-alang) * Divinubo Island White Sand Beach * Monbon Island White Sand Beach * Pamuloton Island Beach (Tabunan) ### City parks The Hamorawon park is located at the center of the city proper itself and can easily be located by the presence of the giant acacia tree beside it. It contains the stylized rendition of a concrete giant clamshell the upper half of which being held up by two mermaids while at its base are two crocodiles with their mouths agape. This giant clamshell served as the then town's cultural stage where social presentations were held while the fenced grounds fronting it served as the venue for social gatherings. This was the brainchild of then Mayor Pablo "Buaya" Rosales. On its left side but still within the park grounds is the city tourism building. From underneath this giant clamshell bubbles and flows the Hamorawon natural spring, the only one place in the entire province of Eastern Samar which has a naturally occurring fresh\-water spring, flowing from the very center of the city itself towards the Lo\-om River a short distance downstream. The waters of this spring has been said to be miraculous the site itself having allegedly been the place where appearances of a lady in white (supposed to be the patroness saint of the city) have reportedly been seen. Unfortunately, access to this natural water source has of late been impeded and virtually blocked, its previous access road having been long fenced off leaving the spring almost unnoticeable already to busy passersby.
[ "Tourism\n-------", "[thumb\\|Exterior of the Borongan Cathedral](/wiki/File:Katedral_ng_Borongan_Facade.jpg \"Katedral ng Borongan Facade.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Interior of the Borongan Cathedral](/wiki/File:Interior_of_Borongan_Cathedral%2C_Eastern_Samar.jpg \"Interior of Borongan Cathedral, Eastern Samar.jpg\")\nBorongan's pristine and undisturbed forests contain spectacular streams, river rapids, waterfalls and caves sought after by nature lovers, trekkers and spelunkers \\- locals and foreign visitors alike. With its vast virginal landscape, most of its scenic spots can be reached by those who have the time and energy.", "There is said to be a famed hidden cave in one of the offshore islands of Borongan Bay containing the long\\-boned remains and antique artifacts (i.e. necklaces, porcelain, etc.) of apparently ancient people whose true history have been obscured by the mists of time and only snippets of which have survived to this day in tales and legends among the local folk who continue to zealously preserve as well as guard and protect them from the curious and from the occasional vandal/looter, believing that allowing such remains and artifacts to be disturbed or taken away will bring bad luck or misfortune to the nearby local inhabitants.", "### Festivals", "The City celebrates its annual Fiesta celebration in honor of its Patroness, the Blessed Virgin Mary. Albeit the actual Feast day is on September 8, the celebration is usually a month long as each Barangay will hold its own \"Barangay Night\" where barangays would have a barangay\\-wide party through programs held in their respective Barangay Plazas. At the same time, schools would also have their annual reunions and respective \"School Night\". The series of celebrations is in anticipation of the actual Feast day.", "#### Padul\\-ong Festival", "The Festival illustrates the legend of a mysterious “Lady in White” who allegedly visits the Hamorawon Spring, behind the Hamorawon Park, regularly. According to the legend, the Lady in White has been blessing the spring waters with miraculous healing powers. On September 7, Borongan offers mass in the wee hours of the morning, in the chapel of Barangay Punta Maria, signifying that the Padul\\-ong Festival has officially started. From the chapel, a small figure of the Blessed Virgin Mary will be transferred to Rawis Port through a fluvial procession where boat owners can join along with the official boat carrier of the small image across Rawis Bay.:The figure would then be paraded through the town going to [Borongan Cathedral](/wiki/Borongan_Cathedral \"Borongan Cathedral\"). At the Borongan city plaza, different schools would reenact the town’s old legend on how the figure was brought to the Philippines. This is done as a contest, where several schools from the different municipalities, and schools within the City would compete among themselves through their performances. The festival commemorates the day the town received the figure of the Patroness, the Blessed Virgin Mary, all the way from Portugal.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.choosephilippines.com/do/festivals/4567/borongan\\-padul\\-ong\\-festival\\|title\\=The Legend of the Miraculous Lady in White Lurking in Eastern Samar's Hamorawan Spring\\|first\\=ABS\\-CBN\\|last\\=Corp\\|website\\=Choose Philippines\\|date\\=July 8, 2021 }}\n#### Lechon Festival", "The city government took the initiative to hold a lechon festival to coincide with the city fiesta after the verbal endorsement of [Kris Aquino](/wiki/Kris_Aquino \"Kris Aquino\") during her visit to the City, after having tasted the City's own version of the [Lechon](/wiki/Lechon \"Lechon\"). The festival coincides with the Fiesta celebration, where participants would showcase their own styles of cooking the famous filipino dish. The festival is celebrated by parading the participants' dishes dressed in elaborate costumes or floats, and thereafter will be shared in the main competition held in the city plaza. The festival is concluded by a competition among the local lechon butchers to showcase their own recipes, the dishes they paraded, and whoever will win will be awarded by monetary prizes and recognition. When the festival was first held, Kris Aquino was said to have been one of the principal sponsors.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/travel\\-and\\-tourism/2011/09/09/724893/borongan\\-holds\\-first\\-lechon\\-festival\\|title\\=Borongan holds first lechon festival\\|work\\=The Philippine Star}}\n### Surfing and skimboarding", "Being part of Eastern Samar, the surfing capital of the Visayas, Borongan is blessed with several surfing spots. More often than not, these spots are uncrowded, easily making it a surfer's paradise. The city's waves are at their best during the Amihan ([Northeast Monsoon](/wiki/Northeast_Monsoon \"Northeast Monsoon\")) season which runs from November to April.", "Among the numerous surf sites in the city, the following are considered to be the top pick for surfers and tourists:", "[Baybay Boulevard](/wiki/Baybay_Boulevard \"Baybay Boulevard\") (Borongan Bay) Known as the birthplace of surfing in the Visayas, this is the nearest surf spot from Borongan town proper. This surf spot has a sandy bottom, right hand rivermouth beach break. Perfect for both beginners and advance surfers.\nPirates Cove Beach and Surf Resort A 5\\-minute drive from Borongan town proper brings you to this 2\\-hectare private reef, marine sanctuary and water sports recreation area. This is an exposed reef break facing the Pacific Ocean filled with rocks and corals.\nSulangan Beach A left and right hand steady beach break that is ideal for beginners. A good place to learn how to surf.\nLalawigan Beach Still part of Borongan, this barangay is rarely visited. Only advanced surfers frequent the area due to its rough waves and strong current.\nGuintagican Beach A beautiful 2 km beach with white sand. It has a left and right hand beach break with inconsistent surf. During the summer season, it tends to be flat. Also ideal for beginners.\n### Beaches", "[right\\|thumb\\|Sunrise viewed from [Baybay Boulevard](/wiki/Baybay_Boulevard \"Baybay Boulevard\").](/wiki/File:Borongan_City_Sunrise.JPG \"Borongan City Sunrise.JPG\")", "Borongan has many beaches, the most notable of which can be found in Divinubo Island and in [Ando Island](/wiki/Ando_Island \"Ando Island\"), both of which boast of white sand beaches, vibrant coral formations alive with teeming marine life in sparkling clear blue waters, incidentally ideal also for diving and snorkeling. Cabong gray\\-sand beach is a favorite destination of the locals, with excursionists, bathers and picnic\\-goers spilling over from one end of the beach to the other especially during special occasions, weekends and holidays. The strip of white\\-sand beach in Guintagican or Punta Maria is also a good bet, although it takes some effort to get there as it is several kilometers away from the town proper and accessible only through a feeder road, the final stretch of which can be reach on foot only because of the narrow width of the footpath.\n[thumb\\|Baybay Boulevard during the Miss Earth Philippines 2024 Beachwear Competitions](/wiki/File:Baybay_Boulevard_during_the_Miss_Earth_Philippines_2024_Beachwear_Competitions.jpg \"Baybay Boulevard during the Miss Earth Philippines 2024 Beachwear Competitions.jpg\")\n### Islands and island beaches", "", "* Ando Island White Sand Beach\n* Butay island (located at the middle of Lo\\-om River between the upstream concrete bridge connecting the city proper to and from Barangay Taboc and the downstream steel\\-and\\-concrete bridge connecting the city proper to and from Barangay Alang\\-alang)\n* Divinubo Island White Sand Beach\n* Monbon Island White Sand Beach\n* Pamuloton Island Beach (Tabunan)", "### City parks", "The Hamorawon park is located at the center of the city proper itself and can easily be located by the presence of the giant acacia tree beside it. It contains the stylized rendition of a concrete giant clamshell the upper half of which being held up by two mermaids while at its base are two crocodiles with their mouths agape. This giant clamshell served as the then town's cultural stage where social presentations were held while the fenced grounds fronting it served as the venue for social gatherings. This was the brainchild of then Mayor Pablo \"Buaya\" Rosales. On its left side but still within the park grounds is the city tourism building.", "From underneath this giant clamshell bubbles and flows the Hamorawon natural spring, the only one place in the entire province of Eastern Samar which has a naturally occurring fresh\\-water spring, flowing from the very center of the city itself towards the Lo\\-om River a short distance downstream. The waters of this spring has been said to be miraculous the site itself having allegedly been the place where appearances of a lady in white (supposed to be the patroness saint of the city) have reportedly been seen. Unfortunately, access to this natural water source has of late been impeded and virtually blocked, its previous access road having been long fenced off leaving the spring almost unnoticeable already to busy passersby.", "" ]
Government ---------- As the provincial capital, provincial government institutions are located in the city. The city government also has its own executive, legislative and judicial bodies. Executive The seat of the executive branch of the local government of Borongan is at the city hall located at the city proper itself with the city mayor acting as the local chief executive. Legislative The legislative department is represented by the local Sangguniang Panglungsod composed of ten (10\) elected members headed by the city vice mayor as the presiding officer thereof. Judicial * Regional Trial Court, Branches I \& II \- both located at the Hall of Justice Bldg., Provincial Capitol Complex in Barangay Alang\-alang. * Municipal Trial Court \- also located at the Hall of Justice Bldg., Provincial Capitol Complex in Barangay Alang\-alang. Constitutional Bodies * Commission on Audit * Commission on Elections * Civil Service Commission ### Peace and order The local inhabitants are generally peace\-loving and law\-abiding citizens who follow all the laws, ordinances, rules and regulations promulgated by the duly\-constituted authorities, be they national or local. Except for the lingering insurgency problem, which however is restricted to the hinterland barangays, does not affect the normal course of political and business activities of the city. The place has no major peace and order nor internal security problems.
[ "Government\n----------", "As the provincial capital, provincial government institutions are located in the city. The city government also has its own executive, legislative and judicial bodies.", "Executive\nThe seat of the executive branch of the local government of Borongan is at the city hall located at the city proper itself with the city mayor acting as the local chief executive.", "Legislative\nThe legislative department is represented by the local Sangguniang Panglungsod composed of ten (10\\) elected members headed by the city vice mayor as the presiding officer thereof.", "Judicial\n* Regional Trial Court, Branches I \\& II \\- both located at the Hall of Justice Bldg., Provincial Capitol Complex in Barangay Alang\\-alang.\n* Municipal Trial Court \\- also located at the Hall of Justice Bldg., Provincial Capitol Complex in Barangay Alang\\-alang.", "Constitutional Bodies\n* Commission on Audit\n* Commission on Elections\n* Civil Service Commission", "### Peace and order", "The local inhabitants are generally peace\\-loving and law\\-abiding citizens who follow all the laws, ordinances, rules and regulations promulgated by the duly\\-constituted authorities, be they national or local. Except for the lingering insurgency problem, which however is restricted to the hinterland barangays, does not affect the normal course of political and business activities of the city. The place has no major peace and order nor internal security problems.", "" ]
Plot ---- Rajan is successful in his job, but his family life is not so happy. His wife, Nalini, aspires to receive a fellowship to [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), leaving behind her husband and child, Babumon. When his father, Madhavan, a retired school teacher, is down with an ailment, Rajan, along with his family, returns to his ancestral home. Rajan's elder sister, Vishalam, younger sister, Seethalakshmi, and husband, Padmanabhan, also arrive to meet their father, as his health condition is serious. Madhavan's daughters and in\-laws are busy in their own ways, as they don't wish to spend many days with their dying father. In his sickness, Madhavan expresses his wish to meet his niece, Ammukutty. Ammu arrives and takes care of her dying uncle. Madhavan's children except for Rajan leave as Ammu is there to look after their father. Rajan remembers his young days of romance with Ammu. Rajan and Ammu wish to marry each other. Ammu, an elementary school teacher, encourages him and sponsors him to enroll for [Master's degree in Business Administration](/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration "Master of Business Administration") from the prestigious [Cochin University](/wiki/CUSAT "CUSAT"). Rajan meets Anil Kumar at the university. Rajan secures a good job once he completes the course. But then, his boss Balachandran, Madhavan's disciple, wishes to marry his daughter, Nalini, to Rajan. Madhavan, in spite of knowing his son and Ammu's love, insists that Rajan marry Nalini. Helplessly, Rajan obeys his father. Ammukutty desperately starts living alone separately in her house thereafter and continues her job. Nalini goes to town from her ancestral home to attend her interview with Harvard University. Busy with his job, Rajan also wants to leave. Upon Ammu's request, he leaves his son with her. Babumon and Ammu become close and they spend the days happily. Nalini passes the interview and is all set to go to the U.S. Knowing her son's relation with Ammu, she asks Rajan to bring Ammu as a servant to look after her son when she's away in the U.S. Rajan tells her Ammu is the one who spent money for his higher studies. Nalini later tries to return the amount which Ammu spent on her husband. Ammu remorsefully shouts at her. Understanding his wife's fault, Rajan slaps her and reveals their unfruitful love story. Ammukutty later feels sorry for her words and advises Nalini. Nalini repents for her rudeness and wishes to stay back in India with her family. But upon Ammu's insistence, telling her not to lose a great opportunity, Rajan and Nalini unanimously decide to get Nalini to fly to the U.S. for her fellowship. Madhavan's health slowly recovers. Rajan, Nalini, and their son happily go back, leaving Ammukutty again in her loneliness.
[ "Plot\n----", "Rajan is successful in his job, but his family life is not so happy. His wife, Nalini, aspires to receive a fellowship to [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\") in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), leaving behind her husband and child, Babumon. When his father, Madhavan, a retired school teacher, is down with an ailment, Rajan, along with his family, returns to his ancestral home. Rajan's elder sister, Vishalam, younger sister, Seethalakshmi, and husband, Padmanabhan, also arrive to meet their father, as his health condition is serious. Madhavan's daughters and in\\-laws are busy in their own ways, as they don't wish to spend many days with their dying father. In his sickness, Madhavan expresses his wish to meet his niece, Ammukutty. Ammu arrives and takes care of her dying uncle. Madhavan's children except for Rajan leave as Ammu is there to look after their father. Rajan remembers his young days of romance with Ammu.", "Rajan and Ammu wish to marry each other. Ammu, an elementary school teacher, encourages him and sponsors him to enroll for [Master's degree in Business Administration](/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration \"Master of Business Administration\") from the prestigious [Cochin University](/wiki/CUSAT \"CUSAT\"). Rajan meets Anil Kumar at the university. Rajan secures a good job once he completes the course. But then, his boss Balachandran, Madhavan's disciple, wishes to marry his daughter, Nalini, to Rajan. Madhavan, in spite of knowing his son and Ammu's love, insists that Rajan marry Nalini. Helplessly, Rajan obeys his father. Ammukutty desperately starts living alone separately in her house thereafter and continues her job.", "Nalini goes to town from her ancestral home to attend her interview with Harvard University. Busy with his job, Rajan also wants to leave. Upon Ammu's request, he leaves his son with her. Babumon and Ammu become close and they spend the days happily.", "Nalini passes the interview and is all set to go to the U.S. Knowing her son's relation with Ammu, she asks Rajan to bring Ammu as a servant to look after her son when she's away in the U.S. Rajan tells her Ammu is the one who spent money for his higher studies. Nalini later tries to return the amount which Ammu spent on her husband. Ammu remorsefully shouts at her. Understanding his wife's fault, Rajan slaps her and reveals their unfruitful love story. Ammukutty later feels sorry for her words and advises Nalini.", "Nalini repents for her rudeness and wishes to stay back in India with her family. But upon Ammu's insistence, telling her not to lose a great opportunity, Rajan and Nalini unanimously decide to get Nalini to fly to the U.S. for her fellowship. Madhavan's health slowly recovers. Rajan, Nalini, and their son happily go back, leaving Ammukutty again in her loneliness.", "" ]
History ------- ### World War II *see: [373d Fighter Group](/wiki/373d_Fighter_Group "373d Fighter Group") for expanded World War II history* Formed at [Westover Field](/wiki/Westover_Field "Westover Field"), Massachusetts in August 1943\. During World War II the **410th Fighter Squadron** was assigned to the [European Theater of Operations](/wiki/European_Theater_of_Operations "European Theater of Operations") (ETO), [Ninth Air Force](/wiki/Ninth_Air_Force "Ninth Air Force") in Western Europe. It was equipped with [P\-47 Thunderbolts](/wiki/P-47_Thunderbolt "P-47 Thunderbolt"). The 410th flew its first combat mission on 8 May 1944, a fighter sweep over [Normandy](/wiki/Normandy "Normandy"). It then took part in preinvasion activities, e.g., escorting [B\-26 Marauders](/wiki/B-26_Marauder "B-26 Marauder") to attack airdromes, bridges and railroads in [Occupied France](/wiki/Occupied_France "Occupied France"). The squadron patrolled the air over the beachhead when the Allies launched the Normandy invasion on 6 June 1944, and hit troops, tanks, roads, fuel depots and other targets in the assault area until the end of the month. The 410th moved to the Continent in July 1944 where it struck railroads, hangars, boxcars, warehouses and other objectives to prevent reinforcements from reaching the front at St. Lo, where the Allies broke through on 25 July 1944\. The squadron bombed such targets as troops in the Falaise\-Argentan area in August 1944\. During the [Battle of the Bulge](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge "Battle of the Bulge"), December 1944 – January 1945, the 410th concentrated on the destruction of bridges, marshalling yards and highways. It flew reconnaissance missions to support ground operations in the Rhine Valley in March 1945, hitting airfields, motor transports, etc. The squadron continued tactical air operations until 4 May 1945\. Returned to the United States and prepared for transfer to the [Pacific Theater](/wiki/Pacific_War "Pacific War") during the Summer of 1945, the Japanese Capitulation in August led to the squadron's inactivation in November 1945\. ### California Air National Guard [thumb\|left\|195th Fighter\-Bomber Squadron – North American F\-86A Sabre Formation over Los Angeles, 1954](/wiki/File:195th_Fighter-Bomber_Squadron_-_North_American_F-86A_Formation.jpg "195th Fighter-Bomber Squadron - North American F-86A Formation.jpg") The wartime 410th Fighter Squadron was re\-activated and re\-designated as the **195th Fighter Squadron**. It was allotted to the [California Air National Guard](/wiki/California_Air_National_Guard "California Air National Guard"), on 24 May 1946\. It was organized at [Van Nuys Airport](/wiki/Van_Nuys_Airport "Van Nuys Airport"), California on 16 September 1946\. The 195th Fighter Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 410th. The squadron was equipped with [F\-51D Mustangs](/wiki/F-51D_Mustang "F-51D Mustang") and was assigned to the [146th Fighter Group](/wiki/146th_Fighter_Group "146th Fighter Group"), also at Van Nuys Airport by the National Guard Bureau. As part of the Continental Air Command Fourth Air Force, the squadron trained for tactical fighter missions and air\-to\-air combat. The unit was called to active federal service on 1 March 1951 for duty in the Korean War. Its parent 146th FG was transferred to Moody AFB, Georgia, where it trained pilots for Air Training Command. The 195th FS, however, remained at Van Nuys Airport as part of the Air Defense Command 28th Air Division. It was released from active duty and returned to California state control on 11 December 1952\. After the Korean War, the squadron was equipped with the long\-range F\-51H Mustang and remained a part of Air Defense Command, in February 1954, it was equipped with F\-86A Sabre jet interceptors. By July 1955 the transition from the F\-51H Mustang to the F\-86A Sabre was complete. The squadron was re\-designated a Fighter Interceptor unit with an air defense mission for the Los Angeles area. During the 1950s, the squadron received newer F\-86F Sabres in 1957 and later F\-86H Sabre day interceptors in 1959\. [thumb\|1972 photo of 195th TAS C\-130A 56\-0468 in Alaska](/wiki/File:195th_Tactical_Airlift_Squadron_-_C-130A_56-0468_1972.jpg "195th Tactical Airlift Squadron - C-130A 56-0468 1972.jpg") In 1960, the 146th FIG was reassigned to Military Air Transport Service, trading in its Sabre interceptors for 4\-engines C\-97 Stratofreighter transports. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the 146th was re\-designated the 146th Air Transport Wing (Heavy). During the Berlin Crisis of 1961, both the Wing and squadron were federalized on 1 October 1961\. From Van Nuys, the 195th augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force’s needs. It returned again to California state control on 31 August 1962\. Throughout the 1960s, the unit flew long\-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and during the Vietnam War, to both South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand. The C\-97s were retired in 1970 and the unit was transferred to Tactical Air Command. It transitioned to the C\-130A Hercules theater transport, flying missions in support of TAC throughout the United States and Alaska. In 1973 the C\-130A models were transferred to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force and they were replaced by the C\-130B. During this period, both the 195th and its sister squadron, the [115th Tactical Airlift Squadron](/wiki/115th_Tactical_Airlift_Squadron "115th Tactical Airlift Squadron") shared the same pool of aircraft. With the end of the Vietnam War, the California National Guard bureau decided to downsize the 146th Tactical Airlift Wing. With C\-130s units being transferred to Military Airlift Command, the 195th TAS was inactivated on 30 September 1974\. Its personnel, equipment and aircraft of the 195th TFS were reassigned to the 115th TAS. ### Arizona Air National Guard [thumb\|left\|195th TFS A\-7D 71\-330, about 1985](/wiki/File:195th_Tactical_Fighter_Training_Squadron_-_A-7D_71-330.jpg "195th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron - A-7D 71-330.jpg") In late 1983, the 195th designation was transferred from California to the [Arizona Air National Guard](/wiki/Arizona_Air_National_Guard "Arizona Air National Guard"). It was formed in January 1984 as the **195 Tactical Fighter Training Squadron** and was extended federal recognition on 1 February. The mission of the unit was to train combat\-ready pilots for the Air National Guard (Replacement Training Unit or RTU). The 195th TFTS was the second of eventually four squadrons assigned to the [162d Tactical Fighter Training Group](/wiki/162d_Tactical_Fighter_Training_Group "162d Tactical Fighter Training Group") at Tucson ANGB. It was equipped with the [A\-7D/K Corsair II](/wiki/A-7D/K_Corsair_II "A-7D/K Corsair II"). The squadron was the last of the RTUs in the A\-7D aircraft. Conversion from the A\-7D/K started in 1991 when the 195th FS started to receive many older F\-16A Block 5 aircraft from other USAF units. This mission remained after the conversion, but the older airframes were not quite suited to fulfill this mission. However, this transition was quite short\-lived since the squadron had to disperse its airframes already a year later. With the A\-7Ds being retired in 1992, the squadron became a strictly ground academic squadron with no aircraft assigned at the time. During the same period the ANG started with training foreign non\-NATO pilots. Six aircraft from the 148th FTS were designated to begin a school for those students. This group of aircraft and an initial cadre of instructors formed what would later become IMT (International Military Training). The squadron had no official number or designation. In 1995 the ANG Staff decided to transfer this school into the 195th TFTS. Thus the squadron regained its aircraft and started flying again. This time these airframes were all F\-16A block 15 models, giving the squadron a better opportunity in its task. In 2006 the squadron started converting to F\-16C block 25 airframes. As one of the last F\-16A block 15 airframe squadrons within the ANG and the USAF all together, it was decided to mothball the latter completely. Therefore, the squadron started receiving newer block 25 airframes that were becoming available from other squadrons. The mission of the squadron stayed exactly the same, just being able to perform in a more modern manner with the added capabilities of the block 25 aircraft. ### Lineage [thumb\|175px\|Legacy 195th Fighter\-Interceptor Squadron Emblem](/wiki/File:195th_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron_-_Emblem.png "195th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron - Emblem.png") [thumb\|175px\|Legacy 195th Tactical Airlift Squadron Emblem](/wiki/File:195th_Tactical_Airlift_Squadron_-_Emblem.png "195th Tactical Airlift Squadron - Emblem.png") * Constituted **410th Fighter Squadron** on 25 May 1943 Activated on 15 August 1943 Inactivated on 7 November 1945 * Re\-designated: **195th Fighter Squadron**, and allotted to California ANG on 24 May 1946\. Extended federal recognition and activated on 16 September 1946 Federalized and placed on active duty, 1 March 1951 Released from active duty and returned to California state control, 11 December 1952 Re\-designated: **195th Fighter\-Bomber Squadron**, 1 January 1953 Re\-designated: **195th Fighter\-Interceptor Squadron**, 1 July 1955 Re\-designated: **195th Air Transport Squadron**, 1 October 1961 Federalized and placed on active duty, 1 October 1961 Released from active duty and returned to California state control, 31 August 1962 Re\-designated: **195th Military Airlift Squadron**, 8 January 1966 Re\-designated: **195th Tactical Airlift Squadron**, 1 April 1970 Inactivated on 30 September 1974 * 195th Tactical Airlift Squadron withdrawn from California ANG, 1983 (Remained inactive) 195th Tactical Airlift Squadron allotted to Arizona ANG, re\-designated: **195th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron** on 1 January 1984 Extended federal recognition and activated on 1 February 1984 Re\-designated: **195th Fighter Squadron**, 16 March 1992 ### Assignments * [373d Fighter Group](/wiki/373d_Fighter_Group "373d Fighter Group"), 15 Aug 1943 – 7 Nov 1945 * [146th Fighter Group](/wiki/146th_Fighter_Group "146th Fighter Group"), 16 September 1946 * [146th Composite Wing](/wiki/146th_Composite_Wing "146th Composite Wing"), 1 October 1950 * [27th Air Division](/wiki/27th_Air_Division "27th Air Division"), [Air Defense Command](/wiki/Air_Defense_Command "Air Defense Command"), 1 March 1951 * [146th Fighter Wing](/wiki/146th_Fighter_Wing "146th Fighter Wing"), 1 January 1953 * [146th Fighter\-Interceptor Wing](/wiki/146th_Fighter-Interceptor_Wing "146th Fighter-Interceptor Wing"), 1 July 1955 * [146th Air Transport Wing](/wiki/146th_Air_Transport_Wing "146th Air Transport Wing"), 1 October 1961 * [146th Military Airlift Wing](/wiki/146th_Military_Airlift_Wing "146th Military Airlift Wing"), 8 January 1966 * [146th Tactical Airlift Wing](/wiki/146th_Tactical_Airlift_Wing "146th Tactical Airlift Wing"), 1 April 1970 – 30 September 1974 * [162d Tactical Fighter Group](/wiki/162d_Tactical_Fighter_Group "162d Tactical Fighter Group"), 1 February 1984 * [162d Fighter Group](/wiki/162d_Fighter_Group "162d Fighter Group"), 16 March 1992 * 162d Operations Group, 1 October 1995 – Present ### Stations {{Col\-begin}} {{Col\-break\|width\=50%}} * [Westover Field](/wiki/Westover_Field "Westover Field"), [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts"), 15 August 1943 * [Norfolk Airport](/wiki/Norfolk_International_Airport "Norfolk International Airport"), [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia"), 23 October 1943 * [Richmond Army Air Base](/wiki/Richmond_Army_Air_Base "Richmond Army Air Base"), [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia"), 15 February – 15 March 1944 * [RAF Woodchurch](/wiki/RAF_Woodchurch "RAF Woodchurch") (AAF\-419\), England, 4 April – 4 July 1944 * [Tour\-en\-Bessin Airfield](/wiki/Tour-en-Bessin_Airfield "Tour-en-Bessin Airfield") (A\-13\), France, 19 July 1944 * [Saint James Airfield](/wiki/Saint_James_Airfield "Saint James Airfield") (A\-29\), France, 19 August 1944 * [Reims/Champagne Airfield](/wiki/Reims/Champagne_Airfield "Reims/Champagne Airfield") (A\-62\), France, 19 September 1944 * [Le Culot Airfield](/wiki/Le_Culot_Airfield "Le Culot Airfield") (A\-89\), [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium"), 22 October 1944 * [Venlo Airfield](/wiki/Venlo_Airfield "Venlo Airfield") (Y\-55\), [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands"), 11 March 1945 * [Lippstadt Airfield](/wiki/Lippstadt_Airfield "Lippstadt Airfield") (Y\-98\), Germany, 20 April 1945 {{Col\-break\|width\=50%}} * [AAF Station Illesheim](/wiki/AAF_Station_Illesheim "AAF Station Illesheim"), Germany, 20 May–July 1945 * [Sioux Falls Army Air Field](/wiki/Sioux_Falls_Army_Air_Field "Sioux Falls Army Air Field"), [South Dakota](/wiki/South_Dakota "South Dakota"), 4 August 1945 * [Seymour Johnson Field](/wiki/Seymour_Johnson_Field "Seymour Johnson Field"), [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina"), 20 August 1945 * [Mitchel Field](/wiki/Mitchel_Field "Mitchel Field"), New York, 28 September – 7 November 1945 * [Van Nuys Airport](/wiki/Van_Nuys_Airport "Van Nuys Airport"), California, 16 September 1946 – 31 January 1948; 1 March 1948 – 30 September 1974 * [Lockheed Air Terminal](/wiki/Lockheed_Air_Terminal "Lockheed Air Terminal"), Burbank, California, 1–29 February 1948 * [Tucson International Airport](/wiki/Tucson_International_Airport "Tucson International Airport"), Arizona, 1 February 1984 Designated: [Tucson Air National Guard Base](/wiki/Tucson_Air_National_Guard_Base "Tucson Air National Guard Base"), Arizona, 1991–Present {{Col\-end}} ### Aircraft {{Col\-begin}} {{Col\-break\|width\=50%}} * [P\-47 Thunderbolt](/wiki/P-47_Thunderbolt "P-47 Thunderbolt"), 1943–1945 * [F\-51D Mustang](/wiki/F-51D_Mustang "F-51D Mustang"), 1946–1953 * [F\-86A Sabre](/wiki/F-86A_Sabre "F-86A Sabre"), 1953–1957 * [F\-86F Sabre](/wiki/F-86F_Sabre "F-86F Sabre"), 1957–1959 * [F\-86H Sabre](/wiki/F-86H_Sabre "F-86H Sabre"), 1959–1961 * [C\-97C Stratofreighter](/wiki/C-97C_Stratofreighter "C-97C Stratofreighter"), 1961–1970 {{Col\-break\|width\=50%}} * [C\-130A Hercules](/wiki/C-130A_Hercules "C-130A Hercules"), 1970–1973 * [C\-130B Hercules](/wiki/C-130B_Hercules "C-130B Hercules"), 1973–1974 * [A\-7D/K Corsair II](/wiki/A-7D/K_Corsair_II "A-7D/K Corsair II"), 1984–1992 * [F\-16A Block 5 Fighting Falcon](/wiki/F-16A_Block_5_Fighting_Falcon "F-16A Block 5 Fighting Falcon"), 1991–1992 * [F\-16A Block 15 Fighting Falcon](/wiki/F-16A_Block_15_Fighting_Falcon "F-16A Block 15 Fighting Falcon"), 1995–2006 * [F\-16C Block 25 Fighting Falcon](/wiki/F-16C_Block_25_Fighting_Falcon "F-16C Block 25 Fighting Falcon"), 2006–Present {{col\-end}}
[ "History\n-------", "### World War II", "*see: [373d Fighter Group](/wiki/373d_Fighter_Group \"373d Fighter Group\") for expanded World War II history*\nFormed at [Westover Field](/wiki/Westover_Field \"Westover Field\"), Massachusetts in August 1943\\. During World War II the **410th Fighter Squadron** was assigned to the [European Theater of Operations](/wiki/European_Theater_of_Operations \"European Theater of Operations\") (ETO), [Ninth Air Force](/wiki/Ninth_Air_Force \"Ninth Air Force\") in Western Europe. It was equipped with [P\\-47 Thunderbolts](/wiki/P-47_Thunderbolt \"P-47 Thunderbolt\").\nThe 410th flew its first combat mission on 8 May 1944, a fighter sweep over [Normandy](/wiki/Normandy \"Normandy\"). It then took part in preinvasion activities, e.g., escorting [B\\-26 Marauders](/wiki/B-26_Marauder \"B-26 Marauder\") to attack airdromes, bridges and railroads in [Occupied France](/wiki/Occupied_France \"Occupied France\"). The squadron patrolled the air over the beachhead when the Allies launched the Normandy invasion on 6 June 1944, and hit troops, tanks, roads, fuel depots and other targets in the assault area until the end of the month.", "The 410th moved to the Continent in July 1944 where it struck railroads, hangars, boxcars, warehouses and other objectives to prevent reinforcements from reaching the front at St. Lo, where the Allies broke through on 25 July 1944\\. The squadron bombed such targets as troops in the Falaise\\-Argentan area in August 1944\\. During the [Battle of the Bulge](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge \"Battle of the Bulge\"), December 1944 – January 1945, the 410th concentrated on the destruction of bridges, marshalling yards and highways. It flew reconnaissance missions to support ground operations in the Rhine Valley in March 1945, hitting airfields, motor transports, etc. The squadron continued tactical air operations until 4 May 1945\\.", "Returned to the United States and prepared for transfer to the [Pacific Theater](/wiki/Pacific_War \"Pacific War\") during the Summer of 1945, the Japanese Capitulation in August led to the squadron's inactivation in November 1945\\.", "### California Air National Guard", "[thumb\\|left\\|195th Fighter\\-Bomber Squadron – North American F\\-86A Sabre Formation over Los Angeles, 1954](/wiki/File:195th_Fighter-Bomber_Squadron_-_North_American_F-86A_Formation.jpg \"195th Fighter-Bomber Squadron - North American F-86A Formation.jpg\")\nThe wartime 410th Fighter Squadron was re\\-activated and re\\-designated as the **195th Fighter Squadron**. It was allotted to the [California Air National Guard](/wiki/California_Air_National_Guard \"California Air National Guard\"), on 24 May 1946\\. It was organized at [Van Nuys Airport](/wiki/Van_Nuys_Airport \"Van Nuys Airport\"), California on 16 September 1946\\. The 195th Fighter Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 410th. The squadron was equipped with [F\\-51D Mustangs](/wiki/F-51D_Mustang \"F-51D Mustang\") and was assigned to the [146th Fighter Group](/wiki/146th_Fighter_Group \"146th Fighter Group\"), also at Van Nuys Airport by the National Guard Bureau.", "As part of the Continental Air Command Fourth Air Force, the squadron trained for tactical fighter missions and air\\-to\\-air combat. The unit was called to active federal service on 1 March 1951 for duty in the Korean War. Its parent 146th FG was transferred to Moody AFB, Georgia, where it trained pilots for Air Training Command. The 195th FS, however, remained at Van Nuys Airport as part of the Air Defense Command 28th Air Division. It was released from active duty and returned to California state control on 11 December 1952\\.", "After the Korean War, the squadron was equipped with the long\\-range F\\-51H Mustang and remained a part of Air Defense Command, in February 1954, it was equipped with F\\-86A Sabre jet interceptors. By July 1955 the transition from the F\\-51H Mustang to the F\\-86A Sabre was complete. The squadron was re\\-designated a Fighter Interceptor unit with an air defense mission for the Los Angeles area. During the 1950s, the squadron received newer F\\-86F Sabres in 1957 and later F\\-86H Sabre day interceptors in 1959\\.\n[thumb\\|1972 photo of 195th TAS C\\-130A 56\\-0468 in Alaska](/wiki/File:195th_Tactical_Airlift_Squadron_-_C-130A_56-0468_1972.jpg \"195th Tactical Airlift Squadron - C-130A 56-0468 1972.jpg\")\nIn 1960, the 146th FIG was reassigned to Military Air Transport Service, trading in its Sabre interceptors for 4\\-engines C\\-97 Stratofreighter transports. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the 146th was re\\-designated the 146th Air Transport Wing (Heavy). During the Berlin Crisis of 1961, both the Wing and squadron were federalized on 1 October 1961\\. From Van Nuys, the 195th augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force’s needs. It returned again to California state control on 31 August 1962\\. Throughout the 1960s, the unit flew long\\-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and during the Vietnam War, to both South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand.", "The C\\-97s were retired in 1970 and the unit was transferred to Tactical Air Command. It transitioned to the C\\-130A Hercules theater transport, flying missions in support of TAC throughout the United States and Alaska. In 1973 the C\\-130A models were transferred to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force and they were replaced by the C\\-130B. During this period, both the 195th and its sister squadron, the [115th Tactical Airlift Squadron](/wiki/115th_Tactical_Airlift_Squadron \"115th Tactical Airlift Squadron\") shared the same pool of aircraft.", "With the end of the Vietnam War, the California National Guard bureau decided to downsize the 146th Tactical Airlift Wing. With C\\-130s units being transferred to Military Airlift Command, the 195th TAS was inactivated on 30 September 1974\\. Its personnel, equipment and aircraft of the 195th TFS were reassigned to the 115th TAS.", "### Arizona Air National Guard", "[thumb\\|left\\|195th TFS A\\-7D 71\\-330, about 1985](/wiki/File:195th_Tactical_Fighter_Training_Squadron_-_A-7D_71-330.jpg \"195th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron - A-7D 71-330.jpg\")\nIn late 1983, the 195th designation was transferred from California to the [Arizona Air National Guard](/wiki/Arizona_Air_National_Guard \"Arizona Air National Guard\"). It was formed in January 1984 as the **195 Tactical Fighter Training Squadron** and was extended federal recognition on 1 February. The mission of the unit was to train combat\\-ready pilots for the Air National Guard (Replacement Training Unit or RTU). The 195th TFTS was the second of eventually four squadrons assigned to the [162d Tactical Fighter Training Group](/wiki/162d_Tactical_Fighter_Training_Group \"162d Tactical Fighter Training Group\") at Tucson ANGB. It was equipped with the [A\\-7D/K Corsair II](/wiki/A-7D/K_Corsair_II \"A-7D/K Corsair II\"). The squadron was the last of the RTUs in the A\\-7D aircraft.", "Conversion from the A\\-7D/K started in 1991 when the 195th FS started to receive many older F\\-16A Block 5 aircraft from other USAF units. This mission remained after the conversion, but the older airframes were not quite suited to fulfill this mission. However, this transition was quite short\\-lived since the squadron had to disperse its airframes already a year later. With the A\\-7Ds being retired in 1992, the squadron became a strictly ground academic squadron with no aircraft assigned at the time.", "During the same period the ANG started with training foreign non\\-NATO pilots. Six aircraft from the 148th FTS were designated to begin a school for those students. This group of aircraft and an initial cadre of instructors formed what would later become IMT (International Military Training). The squadron had no official number or designation. In 1995 the ANG Staff decided to transfer this school into the 195th TFTS. Thus the squadron regained its aircraft and started flying again. This time these airframes were all F\\-16A block 15 models, giving the squadron a better opportunity in its task.", "In 2006 the squadron started converting to F\\-16C block 25 airframes. As one of the last F\\-16A block 15 airframe squadrons within the ANG and the USAF all together, it was decided to mothball the latter completely. Therefore, the squadron started receiving newer block 25 airframes that were becoming available from other squadrons. The mission of the squadron stayed exactly the same, just being able to perform in a more modern manner with the added capabilities of the block 25 aircraft.", "### Lineage", "[thumb\\|175px\\|Legacy 195th Fighter\\-Interceptor Squadron Emblem](/wiki/File:195th_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron_-_Emblem.png \"195th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron - Emblem.png\")\n[thumb\\|175px\\|Legacy 195th Tactical Airlift Squadron Emblem](/wiki/File:195th_Tactical_Airlift_Squadron_-_Emblem.png \"195th Tactical Airlift Squadron - Emblem.png\")\n* Constituted **410th Fighter Squadron** on 25 May 1943", "Activated on 15 August 1943\n Inactivated on 7 November 1945\n* Re\\-designated: **195th Fighter Squadron**, and allotted to California ANG on 24 May 1946\\.", "Extended federal recognition and activated on 16 September 1946\n Federalized and placed on active duty, 1 March 1951\n Released from active duty and returned to California state control, 11 December 1952\n Re\\-designated: **195th Fighter\\-Bomber Squadron**, 1 January 1953\n Re\\-designated: **195th Fighter\\-Interceptor Squadron**, 1 July 1955\n Re\\-designated: **195th Air Transport Squadron**, 1 October 1961\n Federalized and placed on active duty, 1 October 1961\n Released from active duty and returned to California state control, 31 August 1962\n Re\\-designated: **195th Military Airlift Squadron**, 8 January 1966\n Re\\-designated: **195th Tactical Airlift Squadron**, 1 April 1970\n Inactivated on 30 September 1974\n* 195th Tactical Airlift Squadron withdrawn from California ANG, 1983 (Remained inactive)", "195th Tactical Airlift Squadron allotted to Arizona ANG, re\\-designated: **195th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron** on 1 January 1984\n Extended federal recognition and activated on 1 February 1984\n Re\\-designated: **195th Fighter Squadron**, 16 March 1992", "### Assignments", "* [373d Fighter Group](/wiki/373d_Fighter_Group \"373d Fighter Group\"), 15 Aug 1943 – 7 Nov 1945\n* [146th Fighter Group](/wiki/146th_Fighter_Group \"146th Fighter Group\"), 16 September 1946\n* [146th Composite Wing](/wiki/146th_Composite_Wing \"146th Composite Wing\"), 1 October 1950\n* [27th Air Division](/wiki/27th_Air_Division \"27th Air Division\"), [Air Defense Command](/wiki/Air_Defense_Command \"Air Defense Command\"), 1 March 1951\n* [146th Fighter Wing](/wiki/146th_Fighter_Wing \"146th Fighter Wing\"), 1 January 1953\n* [146th Fighter\\-Interceptor Wing](/wiki/146th_Fighter-Interceptor_Wing \"146th Fighter-Interceptor Wing\"), 1 July 1955\n* [146th Air Transport Wing](/wiki/146th_Air_Transport_Wing \"146th Air Transport Wing\"), 1 October 1961\n* [146th Military Airlift Wing](/wiki/146th_Military_Airlift_Wing \"146th Military Airlift Wing\"), 8 January 1966\n* [146th Tactical Airlift Wing](/wiki/146th_Tactical_Airlift_Wing \"146th Tactical Airlift Wing\"), 1 April 1970 – 30 September 1974\n* [162d Tactical Fighter Group](/wiki/162d_Tactical_Fighter_Group \"162d Tactical Fighter Group\"), 1 February 1984\n* [162d Fighter Group](/wiki/162d_Fighter_Group \"162d Fighter Group\"), 16 March 1992\n* 162d Operations Group, 1 October 1995 – Present", "### Stations", "{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-break\\|width\\=50%}}\n* [Westover Field](/wiki/Westover_Field \"Westover Field\"), [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\"), 15 August 1943\n* [Norfolk Airport](/wiki/Norfolk_International_Airport \"Norfolk International Airport\"), [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\"), 23 October 1943\n* [Richmond Army Air Base](/wiki/Richmond_Army_Air_Base \"Richmond Army Air Base\"), [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\"), 15 February – 15 March 1944\n* [RAF Woodchurch](/wiki/RAF_Woodchurch \"RAF Woodchurch\") (AAF\\-419\\), England, 4 April – 4 July 1944\n* [Tour\\-en\\-Bessin Airfield](/wiki/Tour-en-Bessin_Airfield \"Tour-en-Bessin Airfield\") (A\\-13\\), France, 19 July 1944\n* [Saint James Airfield](/wiki/Saint_James_Airfield \"Saint James Airfield\") (A\\-29\\), France, 19 August 1944\n* [Reims/Champagne Airfield](/wiki/Reims/Champagne_Airfield \"Reims/Champagne Airfield\") (A\\-62\\), France, 19 September 1944\n* [Le Culot Airfield](/wiki/Le_Culot_Airfield \"Le Culot Airfield\") (A\\-89\\), [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\"), 22 October 1944\n* [Venlo Airfield](/wiki/Venlo_Airfield \"Venlo Airfield\") (Y\\-55\\), [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\"), 11 March 1945\n* [Lippstadt Airfield](/wiki/Lippstadt_Airfield \"Lippstadt Airfield\") (Y\\-98\\), Germany, 20 April 1945\n{{Col\\-break\\|width\\=50%}}\n* [AAF Station Illesheim](/wiki/AAF_Station_Illesheim \"AAF Station Illesheim\"), Germany, 20 May–July 1945\n* [Sioux Falls Army Air Field](/wiki/Sioux_Falls_Army_Air_Field \"Sioux Falls Army Air Field\"), [South Dakota](/wiki/South_Dakota \"South Dakota\"), 4 August 1945\n* [Seymour Johnson Field](/wiki/Seymour_Johnson_Field \"Seymour Johnson Field\"), [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\"), 20 August 1945\n* [Mitchel Field](/wiki/Mitchel_Field \"Mitchel Field\"), New York, 28 September – 7 November 1945\n* [Van Nuys Airport](/wiki/Van_Nuys_Airport \"Van Nuys Airport\"), California, 16 September 1946 – 31 January 1948; 1 March 1948 – 30 September 1974\n* [Lockheed Air Terminal](/wiki/Lockheed_Air_Terminal \"Lockheed Air Terminal\"), Burbank, California, 1–29 February 1948\n* [Tucson International Airport](/wiki/Tucson_International_Airport \"Tucson International Airport\"), Arizona, 1 February 1984", "Designated: [Tucson Air National Guard Base](/wiki/Tucson_Air_National_Guard_Base \"Tucson Air National Guard Base\"), Arizona, 1991–Present\n{{Col\\-end}}", "### Aircraft", "{{Col\\-begin}}\n{{Col\\-break\\|width\\=50%}}\n* [P\\-47 Thunderbolt](/wiki/P-47_Thunderbolt \"P-47 Thunderbolt\"), 1943–1945\n* [F\\-51D Mustang](/wiki/F-51D_Mustang \"F-51D Mustang\"), 1946–1953\n* [F\\-86A Sabre](/wiki/F-86A_Sabre \"F-86A Sabre\"), 1953–1957\n* [F\\-86F Sabre](/wiki/F-86F_Sabre \"F-86F Sabre\"), 1957–1959\n* [F\\-86H Sabre](/wiki/F-86H_Sabre \"F-86H Sabre\"), 1959–1961\n* [C\\-97C Stratofreighter](/wiki/C-97C_Stratofreighter \"C-97C Stratofreighter\"), 1961–1970\n{{Col\\-break\\|width\\=50%}}\n* [C\\-130A Hercules](/wiki/C-130A_Hercules \"C-130A Hercules\"), 1970–1973\n* [C\\-130B Hercules](/wiki/C-130B_Hercules \"C-130B Hercules\"), 1973–1974\n* [A\\-7D/K Corsair II](/wiki/A-7D/K_Corsair_II \"A-7D/K Corsair II\"), 1984–1992\n* [F\\-16A Block 5 Fighting Falcon](/wiki/F-16A_Block_5_Fighting_Falcon \"F-16A Block 5 Fighting Falcon\"), 1991–1992\n* [F\\-16A Block 15 Fighting Falcon](/wiki/F-16A_Block_15_Fighting_Falcon \"F-16A Block 15 Fighting Falcon\"), 1995–2006\n* [F\\-16C Block 25 Fighting Falcon](/wiki/F-16C_Block_25_Fighting_Falcon \"F-16C Block 25 Fighting Falcon\"), 2006–Present\n{{col\\-end}}", "" ]
Later career ------------ Upon the return of the *Invincibles* to Australian soil, Lindwall played in Bradman's Testimonial match at the MCG in December 1948\. Lindwall featured prominently on the first day, smashing 104 in 86 minutes for Hassett's XI.Pollard (1990\), p. 24\. The match raised around 10,000 pounds. The following season in 1949–50, the Australians headed to [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa") for a five Test tour. Lindwall's partnership with Miller was broken up when the latter was omitted from the touring squad.Pollard (1990\). p. 26\. Miller stated that he wished to be considered only as a batsman and his omission caused great controversy. In any case, Miller was drafted in as cover after Johnston was involved in a car accident at the start of the tour, although both went on to play in all five Tests. Lindwall started the tour on a poor note in the First Test at [Wanderers](/wiki/Wanderers_Stadium "Wanderers Stadium") in [Johannesburg](/wiki/Johannesburg "Johannesburg"), scoring 21 and then going wicketless as Australia completed an innings victory. It was the first time that Lindwall had failed to take a wicket in both innings of a Test. His wicketless run persisted until the second innings of the Second Test in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town "Cape Town"), where he took 5/32 after the hosts had been forced to follow on, as Australia completed another easy victory. Lindwall then took match figures of 4/54 as Australia completed a hat\-trick of victories at [Durban](/wiki/Durban "Durban"). Lindwall took 3/82 in South Africa's only innings in the Fourth Test at Johannesburg, but was dropped for the Fifth Test, something that surprised cricket commentators. His tour had been intermittently interrupted by groin problems, [fibrositis](/wiki/Fibrositis "Fibrositis") and a stomach disorder, and his 12 wickets at an average of 20\.66 at three wickets per match was below his customary rate. Overall, when fit, he was effective, with 50 wickets at 14\.58\. Lindwall forced his way back into the XI for the First Test of the [1950–51 Ashes series](/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_Ashes_series "1950–51 Ashes series") against [Freddie Brown](/wiki/Freddie_Brown_%28cricketer%29 "Freddie Brown (cricketer)")'s England team. Australia struggled to 228 in its first innings with Lindwall making the second top\-score of 41 in supporting [Neil Harvey](/wiki/Neil_Harvey "Neil Harvey") (74\) in a rearguard action. Lindwall was not required as Miller and Johnston's medium pace reduced England to 7/68 on a sticky wicket before Brown declared, forcing the Australian to bat on the unfavourable pitch. Australia then declared at 7/32\. Lindwall yorked [Reg Simpson](/wiki/Reg_Simpson "Reg Simpson") first ball and Australia seized the initiative,Pollard (1990\), p. 39\. reducing England to 6/30 before bowling them out for 122 to take the match by 70 runs.Perry (2000\), p. 183\. Lindwall took five wickets in the Second Test in Melbourne, two of which came in the closing stages of the English run\-chase. Chasing 178, England lost Brown and Evans in consecutive overs to the second new ball and ended 28 runs short of victory.Perry (2001\), p. 227\. Australia went on seal the series with an innings victory in the Third Test in Sydney – Lindwall bowled Brown and Bedser before breaking [Trevor Bailey](/wiki/Trevor_Bailey "Trevor Bailey")'s thumb in the first innings to help Australia seize control. In the Fourth Test in Adelaide, Lindwall took 3/51 in England's first innings before scoring a patient 31 in Australia's second innings, helping to set up at target that was 274 runs too much for Brown's men. The Fifth and final Test of the summer was to be the first Test defeat for Lindwall in the first 24 Tests of his career. Despite taking 3/77 in the first innings to complement the four wickets of Miller – the most in an innings by the pair during the series – England took their first win over Australia since 1938\.Pollard (1990\), p. 45\. Lindwall had taken 15 wickets at 22\.93 for the series. The 1951–52 season saw the arrival of the [West Indies](/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team "West Indies cricket team") for the first time in two decades. The Caribbeans has just defeated England in England and were expected to test Australia, with the series seen as the battle between the best two teams in the world.Pollard (1990\), pp. 48–50\. Their batting was led by the celebrated batting trio, the three W's: [Frank Worrell](/wiki/Frank_Worrell "Frank Worrell"), [Everton Weekes](/wiki/Everton_Weekes "Everton Weekes") and [Clyde Walcott](/wiki/Clyde_Walcott "Clyde Walcott"). Lindwall entered the First Test in Brisbane in good form, having taken nine wickets in a Sheffield Shield match against Queensland in the lead\-up. His pace caught the tourists off guard, having not faced a bowler of such speed before. He took 4/62 in the first innings before top\-scoring with 61 as Australia struggled and managed to only post a first innings lead of 10 runs. Lindwall was wicketless in the second innings and Australia faced 236 to win. They were again struggling at 6/149,Pollard (1990\), p. 52\. before a sixth wicket stand of 54 between Lindwall (29\) and [Graeme Hole](/wiki/Graeme_Hole "Graeme Hole") (45\*) saw Australia secure a narrow three wicket victory.Perry (2001\), p. 228\. The Second Test in Sydney saw an increase in the amount of short\-pitched deliveries, leading *Wisden* to bemoan the "relentless bumper tactics". Lindwall's bowling unsettled the West Indian batsmen but their captain [John Goddard](/wiki/John_Goddard_%28cricketer%29 "John Goddard (cricketer)") felt that the tactics were legitimate and that his batsmen should counter\-attack. Lindwall took 4/66 in the first innings before scoring 48 as Australia took a 155 first innings lead. In the second innings, Lindwall took two further wickets and struck vice\-captain [Jeff Stollmeyer](/wiki/Jeff_Stollmeyer "Jeff Stollmeyer") in the head. At one stage, Lindwall bowled 15 bouncers in five overs. Australia went on to win the match by seven wickets. The Third Test was an uneventful one for Lindwall, taking a solitary wicket as the tourists took a six wicket victory on a sticky pitch. Lindwall had another unspectacular match in the Fourth Test with combined figures of 3/131, before contributing 29 in the run chase of 260\. Australia narrowly made the target with one wicket in hand,Pollard (1990\), p. 53\. allowing them to take a 3–1 series lead instead of a 2–2 result. The series ended with a controversial battle between Lindwall and Weekes on the final day of the Fifth Test in Sydney. The tourists resumed at 2/112 in pursuit of 416 for victory and were repeatedly bounced by Lindwall and Miller. During Lindwall's sixth over, Weekes missed an attempted hook shot after hesitating. His batting partner Stollmeyer ordered him not to play the hook, something that Lindwall overheard. Lindwall responded by bowling further bouncers, which elicited uncertain responses from the batsman. Weekes repeatedly positioned himself to hook, before restraining himself, leading to further instructions from Stollmeyer and taunting from the Australians.Perry (2001\), p. 229\. Lindwall bowled his fourth consecutive bouncer and managed to extract an uncertain hook shot from Weekes, which resulted in his dismissal behind the wicket. Lindwall went on to take 5/52 for the innings and 7/72 for the match, securing a 4–1 series win. Lindwall had contributed heavily to the team's success with bat and ball, with 21 wickets at 23\.04 and 211 runs at 26\.37, but he was also criticised for his use of the short ball.Pollard (1990\), p. 54\. Lindwall accepted an offer to play in the [Lancashire League](/wiki/Lancashire_League_%28cricket%29 "Lancashire League (cricket)") in England during the Australian winter of 1952, joining [Nelson Cricket Club](/wiki/Nelson_Cricket_Club "Nelson Cricket Club") for a sum of 600 pounds and bonuses, which did not include the boat fares for him and his wife. Lindwall took 96 wickets at 8\.37 during the season and developed an [inswinger](/wiki/Inswinger "Inswinger") on the advice of a local umpire who adamantly refused to give [leg before wicket](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket "Leg before wicket") decisions to outswingers. Lindwall returned to Australia with a newborn son who has been born during his stay in Lancashire, and he was greeted by media speculation as to whether his professional sojourn had improved or detracted from his capabilities. Lindwall's form leading into the Tests against [South Africa](/wiki/South_African_cricket_team "South African cricket team") in 1952–53 prompted observers to opine that he was bowling better than ever, reinforced with the inswinger and his trademark Yorker. Lindwall made 70 from a total of 148 on a sticky wicket against [South Australia](/wiki/Southern_Redbacks "Southern Redbacks") in Adelaide that led Miller to regard it as the best innings he had seen under such conditions. He made the score after being sent in to open the batting in the absence of [Sid Barnes](/wiki/Sid_Barnes "Sid Barnes").Pollard (1990\), p. 58\. Lindwall showed his versatility again in the First Test in Brisbane, scoring an unbeaten 38 in the second innings to extend Australia's lead to 373\. When South Africa attempted to chase the target, Lindwall took 5/60 to cut them down 96 runs short of victory.Pollard (1990\), p. 60\. Lindwall was reunited with Miller when the latter returned from injury for the Second Test at Melbourne, and despite the old combination taking 12 wickets, with Lindwall taking match figures of 5/116, Australia fell 82 runs short and South Africa had its first Test victory over Australia in 42 years.Perry (2001\), p. 231\. The teams moved to the home ground of Miller and Lindwall for the Third Test in Sydney, and the local pair delivered, taking seven wickets between them to skittle the tourists for 173, with Lindwall taking 4/40\. With Australia having taken a 270 first innings lead, Lindwall allowed Australia to seize the initiative, removing both openers in his first three overs,Pollard (1990\), p. 61\. before ending with 4/72 to ensure an innings victory and a 2–1 series lead. The value of Lindwall and Miller were demonstrated during the final two Tests. At the Fourth Test in Adelaide, both broke down mid\-game and left Australia two bowlers short. Chasing 377, the South Africans managed to stave off the bowling and secure a draw. Both were absent for the Fifth Test in Melbourne and South Africa capitalised, defeating the Australians by six wickets despite the home side having scored 520 in their first innings. The absence of Lindwall and Miller's new ball partnership allowed South Africa to fight back and draw the series 2–2, making it the first series that Australia had not won since 1938\. Lindwall had taken 19 wickets at 20\.16 in just three and a half Tests for the series, and Australia seemed unlikely to find replacements for their leading strike pair anytime soon; their eventual successors [Richie Benaud](/wiki/Richie_Benaud "Richie Benaud") and [Alan Davidson](/wiki/Alan_Keith_Davidson "Alan Keith Davidson") were still to become regular internationals.
[ "Later career\n------------", "Upon the return of the *Invincibles* to Australian soil, Lindwall played in Bradman's Testimonial match at the MCG in December 1948\\. Lindwall featured prominently on the first day, smashing 104 in 86 minutes for Hassett's XI.Pollard (1990\\), p. 24\\. The match raised around 10,000 pounds.", "The following season in 1949–50, the Australians headed to [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\") for a five Test tour. Lindwall's partnership with Miller was broken up when the latter was omitted from the touring squad.Pollard (1990\\). p. 26\\. Miller stated that he wished to be considered only as a batsman and his omission caused great controversy. In any case, Miller was drafted in as cover after Johnston was involved in a car accident at the start of the tour, although both went on to play in all five Tests. Lindwall started the tour on a poor note in the First Test at [Wanderers](/wiki/Wanderers_Stadium \"Wanderers Stadium\") in [Johannesburg](/wiki/Johannesburg \"Johannesburg\"), scoring 21 and then going wicketless as Australia completed an innings victory. It was the first time that Lindwall had failed to take a wicket in both innings of a Test. His wicketless run persisted until the second innings of the Second Test in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\"), where he took 5/32 after the hosts had been forced to follow on, as Australia completed another easy victory. Lindwall then took match figures of 4/54 as Australia completed a hat\\-trick of victories at [Durban](/wiki/Durban \"Durban\"). Lindwall took 3/82 in South Africa's only innings in the Fourth Test at Johannesburg, but was dropped for the Fifth Test, something that surprised cricket commentators. His tour had been intermittently interrupted by groin problems, [fibrositis](/wiki/Fibrositis \"Fibrositis\") and a stomach disorder, and his 12 wickets at an average of 20\\.66 at three wickets per match was below his customary rate. Overall, when fit, he was effective, with 50 wickets at 14\\.58\\. Lindwall forced his way back into the XI for the First Test of the [1950–51 Ashes series](/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_Ashes_series \"1950–51 Ashes series\") against [Freddie Brown](/wiki/Freddie_Brown_%28cricketer%29 \"Freddie Brown (cricketer)\")'s England team. Australia struggled to 228 in its first innings with Lindwall making the second top\\-score of 41 in supporting [Neil Harvey](/wiki/Neil_Harvey \"Neil Harvey\") (74\\) in a rearguard action. Lindwall was not required as Miller and Johnston's medium pace reduced England to 7/68 on a sticky wicket before Brown declared, forcing the Australian to bat on the unfavourable pitch. Australia then declared at 7/32\\. Lindwall yorked [Reg Simpson](/wiki/Reg_Simpson \"Reg Simpson\") first ball and Australia seized the initiative,Pollard (1990\\), p. 39\\. reducing England to 6/30 before bowling them out for 122 to take the match by 70 runs.Perry (2000\\), p. 183\\. Lindwall took five wickets in the Second Test in Melbourne, two of which came in the closing stages of the English run\\-chase. Chasing 178, England lost Brown and Evans in consecutive overs to the second new ball and ended 28 runs short of victory.Perry (2001\\), p. 227\\. Australia went on seal the series with an innings victory in the Third Test in Sydney – Lindwall bowled Brown and Bedser before breaking [Trevor Bailey](/wiki/Trevor_Bailey \"Trevor Bailey\")'s thumb in the first innings to help Australia seize control. In the Fourth Test in Adelaide, Lindwall took 3/51 in England's first innings before scoring a patient 31 in Australia's second innings, helping to set up at target that was 274 runs too much for Brown's men. The Fifth and final Test of the summer was to be the first Test defeat for Lindwall in the first 24 Tests of his career. Despite taking 3/77 in the first innings to complement the four wickets of Miller – the most in an innings by the pair during the series – England took their first win over Australia since 1938\\.Pollard (1990\\), p. 45\\. Lindwall had taken 15 wickets at 22\\.93 for the series.", "The 1951–52 season saw the arrival of the [West Indies](/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team \"West Indies cricket team\") for the first time in two decades. The Caribbeans has just defeated England in England and were expected to test Australia, with the series seen as the battle between the best two teams in the world.Pollard (1990\\), pp. 48–50\\. Their batting was led by the celebrated batting trio, the three W's: [Frank Worrell](/wiki/Frank_Worrell \"Frank Worrell\"), [Everton Weekes](/wiki/Everton_Weekes \"Everton Weekes\") and [Clyde Walcott](/wiki/Clyde_Walcott \"Clyde Walcott\"). Lindwall entered the First Test in Brisbane in good form, having taken nine wickets in a Sheffield Shield match against Queensland in the lead\\-up. His pace caught the tourists off guard, having not faced a bowler of such speed before. He took 4/62 in the first innings before top\\-scoring with 61 as Australia struggled and managed to only post a first innings lead of 10 runs. Lindwall was wicketless in the second innings and Australia faced 236 to win. They were again struggling at 6/149,Pollard (1990\\), p. 52\\. before a sixth wicket stand of 54 between Lindwall (29\\) and [Graeme Hole](/wiki/Graeme_Hole \"Graeme Hole\") (45\\*) saw Australia secure a narrow three wicket victory.Perry (2001\\), p. 228\\. The Second Test in Sydney saw an increase in the amount of short\\-pitched deliveries, leading *Wisden* to bemoan the \"relentless bumper tactics\". Lindwall's bowling unsettled the West Indian batsmen but their captain [John Goddard](/wiki/John_Goddard_%28cricketer%29 \"John Goddard (cricketer)\") felt that the tactics were legitimate and that his batsmen should counter\\-attack. Lindwall took 4/66 in the first innings before scoring 48 as Australia took a 155 first innings lead. In the second innings, Lindwall took two further wickets and struck vice\\-captain [Jeff Stollmeyer](/wiki/Jeff_Stollmeyer \"Jeff Stollmeyer\") in the head. At one stage, Lindwall bowled 15 bouncers in five overs. Australia went on to win the match by seven wickets. The Third Test was an uneventful one for Lindwall, taking a solitary wicket as the tourists took a six wicket victory on a sticky pitch. Lindwall had another unspectacular match in the Fourth Test with combined figures of 3/131, before contributing 29 in the run chase of 260\\. Australia narrowly made the target with one wicket in hand,Pollard (1990\\), p. 53\\. allowing them to take a 3–1 series lead instead of a 2–2 result. The series ended with a controversial battle between Lindwall and Weekes on the final day of the Fifth Test in Sydney. The tourists resumed at 2/112 in pursuit of 416 for victory and were repeatedly bounced by Lindwall and Miller. During Lindwall's sixth over, Weekes missed an attempted hook shot after hesitating. His batting partner Stollmeyer ordered him not to play the hook, something that Lindwall overheard. Lindwall responded by bowling further bouncers, which elicited uncertain responses from the batsman. Weekes repeatedly positioned himself to hook, before restraining himself, leading to further instructions from Stollmeyer and taunting from the Australians.Perry (2001\\), p. 229\\. Lindwall bowled his fourth consecutive bouncer and managed to extract an uncertain hook shot from Weekes, which resulted in his dismissal behind the wicket. Lindwall went on to take 5/52 for the innings and 7/72 for the match, securing a 4–1 series win. Lindwall had contributed heavily to the team's success with bat and ball, with 21 wickets at 23\\.04 and 211 runs at 26\\.37, but he was also criticised for his use of the short ball.Pollard (1990\\), p. 54\\.", "Lindwall accepted an offer to play in the [Lancashire League](/wiki/Lancashire_League_%28cricket%29 \"Lancashire League (cricket)\") in England during the Australian winter of 1952, joining [Nelson Cricket Club](/wiki/Nelson_Cricket_Club \"Nelson Cricket Club\") for a sum of 600 pounds and bonuses, which did not include the boat fares for him and his wife. Lindwall took 96 wickets at 8\\.37 during the season and developed an [inswinger](/wiki/Inswinger \"Inswinger\") on the advice of a local umpire who adamantly refused to give [leg before wicket](/wiki/Leg_before_wicket \"Leg before wicket\") decisions to outswingers. Lindwall returned to Australia with a newborn son who has been born during his stay in Lancashire, and he was greeted by media speculation as to whether his professional sojourn had improved or detracted from his capabilities. Lindwall's form leading into the Tests against [South Africa](/wiki/South_African_cricket_team \"South African cricket team\") in 1952–53 prompted observers to opine that he was bowling better than ever, reinforced with the inswinger and his trademark Yorker. Lindwall made 70 from a total of 148 on a sticky wicket against [South Australia](/wiki/Southern_Redbacks \"Southern Redbacks\") in Adelaide that led Miller to regard it as the best innings he had seen under such conditions. He made the score after being sent in to open the batting in the absence of [Sid Barnes](/wiki/Sid_Barnes \"Sid Barnes\").Pollard (1990\\), p. 58\\.", "Lindwall showed his versatility again in the First Test in Brisbane, scoring an unbeaten 38 in the second innings to extend Australia's lead to 373\\. When South Africa attempted to chase the target, Lindwall took 5/60 to cut them down 96 runs short of victory.Pollard (1990\\), p. 60\\. Lindwall was reunited with Miller when the latter returned from injury for the Second Test at Melbourne, and despite the old combination taking 12 wickets, with Lindwall taking match figures of 5/116, Australia fell 82 runs short and South Africa had its first Test victory over Australia in 42 years.Perry (2001\\), p. 231\\. The teams moved to the home ground of Miller and Lindwall for the Third Test in Sydney, and the local pair delivered, taking seven wickets between them to skittle the tourists for 173, with Lindwall taking 4/40\\. With Australia having taken a 270 first innings lead, Lindwall allowed Australia to seize the initiative, removing both openers in his first three overs,Pollard (1990\\), p. 61\\. before ending with 4/72 to ensure an innings victory and a 2–1 series lead. The value of Lindwall and Miller were demonstrated during the final two Tests. At the Fourth Test in Adelaide, both broke down mid\\-game and left Australia two bowlers short. Chasing 377, the South Africans managed to stave off the bowling and secure a draw. Both were absent for the Fifth Test in Melbourne and South Africa capitalised, defeating the Australians by six wickets despite the home side having scored 520 in their first innings. The absence of Lindwall and Miller's new ball partnership allowed South Africa to fight back and draw the series 2–2, making it the first series that Australia had not won since 1938\\. Lindwall had taken 19 wickets at 20\\.16 in just three and a half Tests for the series, and Australia seemed unlikely to find replacements for their leading strike pair anytime soon; their eventual successors [Richie Benaud](/wiki/Richie_Benaud \"Richie Benaud\") and [Alan Davidson](/wiki/Alan_Keith_Davidson \"Alan Keith Davidson\") were still to become regular internationals.", "" ]
Biography --------- Born on 15 March 1945 in Newcastle, England, David Pallister studied history at the [University of Liverpool](/wiki/University_of_Liverpool "University of Liverpool"), graduating in 1967\. He began working as a reporter on the *[Stockport Express](/wiki/Stockport_Express "Stockport Express")*, going on to the *Manchester Free Press* and the *[Manchester Evening News](/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News "Manchester Evening News")*. In 1974, he joined *The Guardian*, where his commitment was to investigative journalism. Notable stories he covered included the [death of Blair Peach](/wiki/Death_of_Blair_Peach "Death of Blair Peach") and the cases of the [Guildford Four](/wiki/Guildford_Four "Guildford Four") and the [Birmingham Six](/wiki/Birmingham_Six "Birmingham Six"). His international coverage in the 1980s and '90s focused on Africa, particularly the political elections in Nigeria, as well as Ethiopia; he also wrote on the civil wars in [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka "Sri Lanka") and [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon "Lebanon"). He worked for the *Guardian* until leaving the paper in 2009\. He was centrally involved as a personal libel defendant in the [dénouement](/wiki/D%C3%A9nouement "Dénouement") of [Jonathan Aitken](/wiki/Jonathan_Aitken "Jonathan Aitken"), causing Aitken to be convicted and jailed for [perjury](/wiki/Perjury "Perjury").["Jonathan Aitken vows to fight the Guardian"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1995/apr/11/uk), *The Guardian*, 11 April 1995\.Pallister, David, and Jamie Wilson (9 June 1999\), ["Prison, the final disgrace"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1999/jun/09/uk.davidpallister), *The Guardian*. Pallister was a member of the *Guardian* teams for the [British Press Awards](/wiki/British_Press_Awards "British Press Awards") for the [Neil Hamilton](/wiki/Neil_Hamilton_%28politician%29 "Neil Hamilton (politician)") Affair (1997\) and the Aitken case (1998\). He won a [Project Censored](/wiki/Project_Censored "Project Censored") Award["Guardian writers come top in 'alternative Pulitzers{{'"}}](https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/aug/24/theguardian.pressandpublishing), *The Guardian*, 24 August 2002\. from [Sonoma State University](/wiki/Sonoma_State_University "Sonoma State University") (2002, with [Greg Palast](/wiki/Greg_Palast "Greg Palast")) on the failure of the [FBI](/wiki/FBI "FBI") to investigate the [Bin Laden family](/wiki/Bin_Laden_family "Bin Laden family"). In 1999 his reporting of the [Stephen Lawrence](/wiki/Stephen_Lawrence "Stephen Lawrence") case was shortlisted for a [Commission for Racial Equality](/wiki/Commission_for_Racial_Equality "Commission for Racial Equality") media award.["CRE Race in the media awards 1998"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/community.28327774.pdf), Commission for Racial Equality (via University of Manchester). He was the author (with Sarah Stewart and Ian Lepper) of *South Africa Inc.: The Oppenheimer Empire* (Simon \& Schuster, 1987\). He helped [Gerry Conlon](/wiki/Gerry_Conlon "Gerry Conlon") of the [Guildford Four](/wiki/Guildford_Four_and_Maguire_Seven "Guildford Four and Maguire Seven") with his autobiography, *[Proved Innocent](/wiki/Proved_innocent_%28book%29 "Proved innocent (book)")* (Hamish Hamilton, 1990\). With [Luke Harding](/wiki/Luke_Harding "Luke Harding") and [David Leigh](/wiki/David_Leigh_%28journalist%29 "David Leigh (journalist)"), Pallister was an author of *The Liar: The Fall of Jonathan Aitken* (Penguin, 1997\). In 2012, Pallister joined the investigative news website [Exaro](/wiki/Exaro "Exaro"), writing about [unrest at Lonmin's platinum mine in Marikana](/wiki/Lonmin_strike "Lonmin strike"), South Africa.Pallister, David (12 September 2012\), ["Mine company listed in London and Johannesburg faces questions over massacre"](https://exaro.news/lonmin-started-as-mining-interests-of-tiny-rowland-s-lonrho), Exaro.[David Pallister page](https://exaro.news/?s=David+Pallister), Exaro. He was on the editorial advisory board of the [Bureau of Investigative Journalism](/wiki/Bureau_of_Investigative_Journalism "Bureau of Investigative Journalism").[Greenslade, Roy](/wiki/Roy_Greenslade "Roy Greenslade") (27 April 2010\), ["Journalism bureau opens for business with seven investigations on the go"](https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2010/apr/27/investigative-journalism-cityuniversity), *The Guardian*.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Born on 15 March 1945 in Newcastle, England, David Pallister studied history at the [University of Liverpool](/wiki/University_of_Liverpool \"University of Liverpool\"), graduating in 1967\\. He began working as a reporter on the *[Stockport Express](/wiki/Stockport_Express \"Stockport Express\")*, going on to the *Manchester Free Press* and the *[Manchester Evening News](/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News \"Manchester Evening News\")*. In 1974, he joined *The Guardian*, where his commitment was to investigative journalism. Notable stories he covered included the [death of Blair Peach](/wiki/Death_of_Blair_Peach \"Death of Blair Peach\") and the cases of the [Guildford Four](/wiki/Guildford_Four \"Guildford Four\") and the [Birmingham Six](/wiki/Birmingham_Six \"Birmingham Six\"). His international coverage in the 1980s and '90s focused on Africa, particularly the political elections in Nigeria, as well as Ethiopia; he also wrote on the civil wars in [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka \"Sri Lanka\") and [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\"). He worked for the *Guardian* until leaving the paper in 2009\\.", "He was centrally involved as a personal libel defendant in the [dénouement](/wiki/D%C3%A9nouement \"Dénouement\") of [Jonathan Aitken](/wiki/Jonathan_Aitken \"Jonathan Aitken\"), causing Aitken to be convicted and jailed for [perjury](/wiki/Perjury \"Perjury\").[\"Jonathan Aitken vows to fight the Guardian\"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1995/apr/11/uk), *The Guardian*, 11 April 1995\\.Pallister, David, and Jamie Wilson (9 June 1999\\), [\"Prison, the final disgrace\"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1999/jun/09/uk.davidpallister), *The Guardian*.", "Pallister was a member of the *Guardian* teams for the [British Press Awards](/wiki/British_Press_Awards \"British Press Awards\") for the [Neil Hamilton](/wiki/Neil_Hamilton_%28politician%29 \"Neil Hamilton (politician)\") Affair (1997\\) and the Aitken case (1998\\). He won a [Project Censored](/wiki/Project_Censored \"Project Censored\") Award[\"Guardian writers come top in 'alternative Pulitzers{{'\"}}](https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/aug/24/theguardian.pressandpublishing), *The Guardian*, 24 August 2002\\. from [Sonoma State University](/wiki/Sonoma_State_University \"Sonoma State University\") (2002, with [Greg Palast](/wiki/Greg_Palast \"Greg Palast\")) on the failure of the [FBI](/wiki/FBI \"FBI\") to investigate the [Bin Laden family](/wiki/Bin_Laden_family \"Bin Laden family\"). In 1999 his reporting of the [Stephen Lawrence](/wiki/Stephen_Lawrence \"Stephen Lawrence\") case was shortlisted for a [Commission for Racial Equality](/wiki/Commission_for_Racial_Equality \"Commission for Racial Equality\") media award.[\"CRE Race in the media awards 1998\"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/community.28327774.pdf), Commission for Racial Equality (via University of Manchester).", "He was the author (with Sarah Stewart and Ian Lepper) of *South Africa Inc.: The Oppenheimer Empire* (Simon \\& Schuster, 1987\\). He helped [Gerry Conlon](/wiki/Gerry_Conlon \"Gerry Conlon\") of the [Guildford Four](/wiki/Guildford_Four_and_Maguire_Seven \"Guildford Four and Maguire Seven\") with his autobiography, *[Proved Innocent](/wiki/Proved_innocent_%28book%29 \"Proved innocent (book)\")* (Hamish Hamilton, 1990\\). With [Luke Harding](/wiki/Luke_Harding \"Luke Harding\") and [David Leigh](/wiki/David_Leigh_%28journalist%29 \"David Leigh (journalist)\"), Pallister was an author of *The Liar: The Fall of Jonathan Aitken* (Penguin, 1997\\).", "In 2012, Pallister joined the investigative news website [Exaro](/wiki/Exaro \"Exaro\"), writing about [unrest at Lonmin's platinum mine in Marikana](/wiki/Lonmin_strike \"Lonmin strike\"), South Africa.Pallister, David (12 September 2012\\), [\"Mine company listed in London and Johannesburg faces questions over massacre\"](https://exaro.news/lonmin-started-as-mining-interests-of-tiny-rowland-s-lonrho), Exaro.[David Pallister page](https://exaro.news/?s=David+Pallister), Exaro. He was on the editorial advisory board of the [Bureau of Investigative Journalism](/wiki/Bureau_of_Investigative_Journalism \"Bureau of Investigative Journalism\").[Greenslade, Roy](/wiki/Roy_Greenslade \"Roy Greenslade\") (27 April 2010\\), [\"Journalism bureau opens for business with seven investigations on the go\"](https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2010/apr/27/investigative-journalism-cityuniversity), *The Guardian*.", "" ]
Layout ------ **Pre\-Show** The pre\-show takes place inside a large hall. A stained glass window shows the story of how the Prince became the Beast. After this, Audio\-Animatronics figures of Belle and the Beast briefly interact before the Beast roars in loneliness. The doors open and guests enter the loading area. **Ride** Once guests are seated, the [tea cups](/wiki/Teacups "Teacups") whisk guests into the dining room where “Be Our Guest” begins to play. As the song progresses, more dinnerware begins to appear on the table, along with dancing plates in the cabinets. Once the sequence finishes, the cabinets close up and guests proceed to the next scene. The tea cups are now in the Courtyard, where “Something There” is now playing as Belle pets Philippe and the Beast watches. When the guests first enter the room the Beast is holding one bird perched on his right hand. While guests' vehicles dance around the room, it is revealed that he has a bunch of birds in his left hand. The Beast figures laughs and smiles realistically. Leaving the scene, guests enter a hallway where Belle and the Beast are on a balcony. A curtain behind them closes and a loud knock is heard. From the windows on the opposite side, the mob can be seen attempting to storm the castle. Madame Wardrobe and Fifi are blocking the doors as pitchforks attempt to break through. Following this, Belle professes her love for the Beast. The Beast rises into the air a spins in circles and then transforms into the Prince. Projections can be seen showing the castle being repaired as the vehicles enter the final scene. Guests are now in the ballroom, where “Beauty and the Beast” (reprise) is now playing. Lumiere, Cogsworsth, Mrs Potts, Chip, Sultan and Fifi are now human again and Belle and the Prince dance happily. The song concludes as the tea cups exit the ballroom and enter the unloading area.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=mc66QNOmczs\&t\=54s\|title\=The Enchanted Tale of Beauty and the Beast Full Ride POV \& Queue Tour \- Tokyo Disneyland\|via\=www.youtube.com}}
[ "Layout\n------", "**Pre\\-Show**", "The pre\\-show takes place inside a large hall. A stained glass window shows the story of how the Prince became the Beast. After this, Audio\\-Animatronics figures of Belle and the Beast briefly interact before the Beast roars in loneliness. The doors open and guests enter the loading area.", "**Ride**", "Once guests are seated, the [tea cups](/wiki/Teacups \"Teacups\") whisk guests into the dining room where “Be Our Guest” begins to play. As the song progresses, more dinnerware begins to appear on the table, along with dancing plates in the cabinets. Once the sequence finishes, the cabinets close up and guests proceed to the next scene.", "The tea cups are now in the Courtyard, where “Something There” is now playing as Belle pets Philippe and the Beast watches. When the guests first enter the room the Beast is holding one bird perched on his right hand. While guests' vehicles dance around the room, it is revealed that he has a bunch of birds in his left hand. The Beast figures laughs and smiles realistically.", "Leaving the scene, guests enter a hallway where Belle and the Beast are on a balcony. A curtain behind them closes and a loud knock is heard. From the windows on the opposite side, the mob can be seen attempting to storm the castle. Madame Wardrobe and Fifi are blocking the doors as pitchforks attempt to break through.", "Following this, Belle professes her love for the Beast. The Beast rises into the air a spins in circles and then transforms into the Prince. Projections can be seen showing the castle being repaired as the vehicles enter the final scene.", "Guests are now in the ballroom, where “Beauty and the Beast” (reprise) is now playing. Lumiere, Cogsworsth, Mrs Potts, Chip, Sultan and Fifi are now human again and Belle and the Prince dance happily. The song concludes as the tea cups exit the ballroom and enter the unloading area.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=mc66QNOmczs\\&t\\=54s\\|title\\=The Enchanted Tale of Beauty and the Beast Full Ride POV \\& Queue Tour \\- Tokyo Disneyland\\|via\\=www.youtube.com}}", "" ]
History ------- {{for timeline\|Timeline of Dortmund}} ### Etymology [thumb\|left\|upright\=0\.9\|"Seal of Dortmund, the city of Westphalia" \[SIGILLVM TREMONIE CIVITATIS WESTFALIE](/wiki/File:SiegelDortmund1358GedenktafelAlterMarkt.png "SiegelDortmund1358GedenktafelAlterMarkt.png")] Dortmund was first mentioned in the [Werden Abbey](/wiki/Werden_Abbey "Werden Abbey"), which was built between 880 and 884\. The Latin entry reads: *In Throtmanni liber homo Arnold viii den nob solvit* (German: *In Throtmanni zahlt uns der freie Mann Arnold 8 Pfennige*, and English: *In Throtmanni the free man Arnold pays us 8 pfennigs*).Norbert Reimann: I. Das Werden der Stadt. Die Anfänge. Der Königshof Karls des Großen. In: Stadtarchiv Dortmund (Hrsg.): Geschichte der Stadt Dortmund. Harenberg, Dortmund 1994, {{ISBN\|3\-611\-00397\-2}}, S. 24–25 (Reihe Dortmunder Leistungen, Band 2\) According to this, there are a large number of different names, but they all go back to the same phoneme stem. Their respective use in the sources appears arbitrary and random. In the course of time the name changed many times: *trut munia* 899, *Thortmanni, Trutmania, Trotmunni* 939, *Tremonia* 1152\. From the 13th century on, the *Dortmunde* appeared for the first time, but it was not until a few centuries later that it became generally accepted. In the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages") 1389, when the city had withstood the siege of 1,200 knights under the leadership of the Archbishop of [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne "Cologne"), it chose as its motto a saying that is still upheld today by traditional societies: *So fast as Düörpm* ([High German](/wiki/High_German_languages "High German languages"): "as firm as Dortmund"). In the past, the city was called "*Dortmond*" in [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language "Dutch language"), "*Tremonia*" in [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language "Spanish language"), and "*Trémoigne*" in [Old French](/wiki/Old_French "Old French"). However, these exonyms have fallen into disuse and the city is now internationally known by its German name of *Dortmund*. The common [abbreviation](/wiki/Abbreviation "Abbreviation") for the name of the city is "DTM", the [IATA code](/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association_airport_code "International Air Transport Association airport code") for [Dortmund Airport](/wiki/Dortmund_Airport "Dortmund Airport"). ### Early history [thumb\|Historical view of Dortmund by Georg Braun and Franz Hogenberg (between 1572 and 1618\)](/wiki/File:Dortmund_Braun-Hogenberg.jpg "Dortmund Braun-Hogenberg.jpg") The [Sigiburg](/wiki/Sigiburg "Sigiburg") was a [hillfort](/wiki/Hillfort "Hillfort") in the south of present\-day Dortmund, overlooking the River [Ruhr](/wiki/Ruhr_%28river%29 "Ruhr (river)") near its confluence with the River [Lenne](/wiki/Lenne "Lenne"). The ruins of the later [Hohensyburg](/wiki/Syberg "Syberg") castle now stand on the site of the Sigiburg. The hillfort is presumably of [Saxon](/wiki/Saxons "Saxons") origin, but there is no archeological or documentary proof of this. During the [Saxon Wars](/wiki/Saxon_Wars "Saxon Wars"), it was taken by the [Franks](/wiki/Franks "Franks") under [Charlemagne](/wiki/Charlemagne "Charlemagne") in 772, retaken by the Saxons (possibly under [Widukind](/wiki/Widukind "Widukind")) in 774, and taken again and refortified by Charlemagne in 775\. [Archaeological](/wiki/Archaeology "Archaeology") evidence suggests the Sigiburg site was also occupied in the [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic "Neolithic") era.Detlef Rothe *Rekonstruktion der Sächsischen Wallburg Sigiburg*, citing [Werner Rolevinck](/wiki/Werner_Rolevinck "Werner Rolevinck") and the [Royal Frankish Annals](/wiki/Royal_Frankish_Annals "Royal Frankish Annals") <http://www.5dim.de/Aufsaetze/RekonstruktionSigiburg/19751214RekonstruktionSigiburg.html>{{cite web\|url\=https://www.deutsche\-biographie.de/sfz85382\.html\|title\=Widukind – Deutsche Biographie\|first\=Deutsche\|last\=Biographie\|website\=Deutsche\-biographie.de}} The first time Dortmund was mentioned in official documents was around 882 as **Throtmanni** – In throtmanni liber homo arnold\[us] viii den\[arios] nob\[is] soluit \[solvit].[Rudolf Kötzschke](/wiki/Rudolf_K%C3%B6tzschke "Rudolf Kötzschke") (ed.): Die Urbare der Abtei Werden a. d. Ruhr (\= Publikationen der Gesellschaft für rheinische Geschichtskunde XX: Rheinische Urbare). Bd. 2: A. Die Urbare vom 9\.\-13\. Jahrhundert. Hrsg. von Rudolf Kötzschke, Bonn 1908, Nachdruck Düsseldorf 1978, Bd. 3: B. Lagerbücher, Hebe\- und Zinsregister vom 14\. bis ins 17\. Jahrhundert, Bonn 1908, Nachdruck Düsseldorf 1978, Bd. 4, I: Einleitung und Register. I. Namenregister. Hrsg. von Fritz Körholz, Düsseldorf 1978, Bd. 4, II: Einleitung, Kapitel IV: Die Wirtschaftsverfassung und Verwaltung der Großgrundherrschaft Werden. Sachregister. Hrsg. von Rudolf Kötzschke, Bonn 1958 In 1005 the "Ecclesiastical council" and in 1016 the"Imperial diet" met in Dortmund.{{sfn\|Britannica\|1910}} ### Middle Ages and early modern period [thumb\|left\|St. Marys and St. Reinolds in 1470](/wiki/File:Probsteikirche-Baegert-Altar-1470-Marien-Reinoldi.jpg "Probsteikirche-Baegert-Altar-1470-Marien-Reinoldi.jpg") After it was destroyed by a fire, the [Holy Roman Emperor](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor "Holy Roman Emperor") [Frederick I (Barbarossa)](/wiki/Frederick_I_%28Barbarossa%29 "Frederick I (Barbarossa)") had the town rebuilt in 1152 and resided there (among other places) for two years. In 1267 St. Mary's Church, Dortmund, and three years later in 1270 [St. Reinold's Church](/wiki/St._Reinold%27s_Church%2C_Dortmund "St. Reinold's Church, Dortmund") first mentioned. The combination of crossroad, market place, administrative centre – town hall, made Dortmund an important centre in Westphalia. It became an [Imperial Free City](/wiki/Imperial_Free_City "Imperial Free City") and one of the first cities in Europe with an official [Brewing right](/wiki/Brewing_right "Brewing right") in 1293\.{{sfn\|Ring\|1995}} Throughout the 13th to 14th centuries, it was the "chief city" of the Rhine, Westphalia, the Netherlands Circle of the [Hanseatic League](/wiki/Hanseatic_League "Hanseatic League"). [thumb\|Old market [St. Reinolds](/wiki/St._Reinoldi_%28Dortmund%29 "St. Reinoldi (Dortmund)")](/wiki/File:Alte_Markt_Dortmund.JPG "Alte Markt Dortmund.JPG") After 1320, the city appeared in writing as "Dorpmunde". In the years leading up to 1344, the English King, [Edward III](/wiki/Edward_III "Edward III"), even borrowed money from well\-heeled Dortmund merchant families Berswordt and Klepping, offering the regal crown as security. In 1388, the [Count of Mark](/wiki/County_of_Mark "County of Mark") joined forces with the Archbishop of [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne "Cologne") and issued declarations of a feud against the town. Following a major siege lasting 18 months, peace negotiations took place and Dortmund emerged victorious. In 1400 the seat of the first Vehmic court ({{lang\-de\|Freistuhl}}) was in Dortmund, in a square between two [linden trees](/wiki/Linden_tree "Linden tree"), one of which was known as the *[Femelinde](/wiki/Gerichtslinde "Gerichtslinde")*. With the growing influence of [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne "Cologne") during the 15th century, the seat was moved to [Arnsberg](/wiki/Arnsberg "Arnsberg") in 1437\. After Cologne was excluded after the [Anglo\-Hanseatic War](/wiki/Anglo-Hanseatic_War "Anglo-Hanseatic War") (1470–74\), Dortmund was made capital of the Rhine\-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle. This favors the founding of one of the oldest schools in Europe in 1543 – {{Interlanguage link\|Stadtgymnasium Dortmund\|de}}.{{sfn\|Ring\|1995}} In [1661 an earthquake](/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Germany "List of earthquakes in Germany") made the [Reinoldikirche](/wiki/Reinoldikirche "Reinoldikirche") collapse. ### 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries [thumb\|left\|Pre\-industrial Dortmund in 1804](/wiki/File:Dortmund_um_1804.jpg "Dortmund um 1804.jpg") With the *[Reichsdeputationshauptschluss](/wiki/Reichsdeputationshauptschluss "Reichsdeputationshauptschluss")* resolution in 1803, Dortmund was added to the [Principality of Nassau\-Orange\-Fulda](/wiki/Principality_of_Nassau-Orange-Fulda "Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda"), with as a result that it was no longer a [free imperial city](/wiki/Free_imperial_city "Free imperial city"). [William V, Prince of Orange\-Nassau](/wiki/William_V%2C_Prince_of_Orange "William V, Prince of Orange") did not want stolen areas and therefore let his son [Prince Willem Frederik](/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands "William I of the Netherlands") (the later King William I of the Netherlands) take possession of the city and the principality. This prince held its entry on 30 June 1806, and as such the [County of Dortmund](/wiki/County_of_Dortmund "County of Dortmund") then became part of the principality. On 12 July 1806, most of the Nassau principalities were deprived of their sovereign rights by means of the [Rhine treaty](/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine "Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine"). In October of the same year, the County of Dortmund was occupied by French troops and was added to the [Grand Duchy of Berg](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Berg "Grand Duchy of Berg") on 1 March 1808\. It is the capital of the Ruhr department. In 1808 Dortmund becomes capital of French satellite [Ruhr (department)](/wiki/Ruhr_%28department%29 "Ruhr (department)").{{sfn\|Britannica\|1910}} At the [Congress of Vienna](/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna "Congress of Vienna") in 1815, the entire Grand Duchy of Berg, including Dortmund, was added to the [Kingdom of Prussia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia "Kingdom of Prussia"). The state mining authority of the [Ruhr area](/wiki/Ruhr_area "Ruhr area") was founded in 1815 and moved from Bochum to Dortmund. Within the [Prussian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia "Kingdom of Prussia") [Province of Westphalia](/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia "Province of Westphalia"), Dortmund was a district seat within [Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg](/wiki/Regierungsbezirk_Arnsberg "Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg") until 1875, when it became an urban district within the region. [thumb\|French troops in Dortmund {{circa\|1923–1925}}](/wiki/File:French_in_Dortmund_LCCN2014715868_%28cropped%29.jpg "French in Dortmund LCCN2014715868 (cropped).jpg") During the [industrialisation](/wiki/Industrialisation "Industrialisation") of Prussia, Dortmund became a major centre for [coal](/wiki/Coal "Coal") and [steel](/wiki/Steel "Steel"). The town expanded into a city, with the population rising from 57,742 in 1875 to 379,950 in 1905\. Sprawling residential areas like the North, East, Union and Kreuz district sprang up in less than 10 years. In 1920, Dortmund was one of the centres for resistance to the [Kapp Putsch](/wiki/Kapp_Putsch "Kapp Putsch") – a right\-wing military coup launched against the [Social Democratic](/wiki/Social_Democratic "Social Democratic")\-led government. In the [Ruhr uprising](/wiki/Ruhr_uprising "Ruhr uprising"), radical workers formed the 50,000\-man [Ruhr Red Army](/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army "Ruhr Red Army") in hopes of setting up a soviet\-style government. They were defeated with considerable loss of life by government and [Freikorps](/wiki/Freikorps "Freikorps") units.{{Cite web \|last\=Wulfert \|first\=Anja \|date\=22 January 2002 \|title\=Der Märzaufstand 1920 \|trans\-title\=The March Uprising 1920 \|url\=https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer\-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand\-1920\.html \|access\-date\=1 August 2024 \|website\=Deutsches Historisches Museum \|language\=de}} On 11 January 1923, French and Belgian troops [occupied the Ruhr](/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr "Occupation of the Ruhr"). French Prime Minister [Raymond Poincaré](/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9 "Raymond Poincaré") was responding to Germany's failure to comply with the [reparations demands](/wiki/World_War_I_reparations "World War I reparations") of the [Treaty of Versailles](/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles "Treaty of Versailles").{{Cite web \|last\=Scriba \|first\=Arnulf \|date\=10 May 2022 \|title\=Die Ruhrbesetzung \|trans\-title\=The Occupation of the Ruhr \|url\=https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer\-republik/aussenpolitik/ruhrbesetzung\-1923\.html \|access\-date\=1 August 2024 \|website\=Deutsches Historisches Museum \|language\=de}} The occupation lasted until August 1925\. ### World War II [thumb\|Photo of part of the city center area around Liebfrauen church in 1945](/wiki/File:Reconnaissance_Photo_Aerial_View_Dortmund.jpg "Reconnaissance Photo Aerial View Dortmund.jpg") Under [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany"), the [Old Synagogue](/wiki/Old_Synagogue_%28Dortmund%29 "Old Synagogue (Dortmund)"), which had opened in 1900, was destroyed in 1938\. With a capacity of 1,300 seats, it was one of the largest Jewish houses of worship in Germany. Also, the [Aplerbeck Hospital](/wiki/Aplerbeck_Hospital "Aplerbeck Hospital") in Dortmund transferred mentally and/or physically disabled patients to the [Hadamar Killing Facility](/wiki/Hadamar_Killing_Facility "Hadamar Killing Facility") as part of *[Aktion T4](/wiki/Aktion_T4 "Aktion T4")*, where they were murdered. An additional 229 children were murdered in the "Children's Specialist Department", which was transferred from Marburg in 1941\. Dortmund was the location of the Stalag VI\-D [prisoner\-of\-war camp](/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_II "German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II") for Polish, [French](/wiki/French_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II "French prisoners of war in World War II"), Belgian, British, Serbian, Soviet and Italian POWs with some 300 [forced labour](/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II "Forced labour under German rule during World War II") units in the city alone,{{cite book\|last1\=Megargee\|first1\=Geoffrey P.\|last2\=Overmans\|first2\=Rüdiger\|last3\=Vogt\|first3\=Wolfgang\|year\=2022\|title\=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945\. Volume IV\|publisher\=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum\|page\=431\|isbn\=978\-0\-253\-06089\-1}} a camp for [Sinti](/wiki/Sinti "Sinti") and [Romani people](/wiki/Romani_people "Romani people") (see *[Romani Holocaust](/wiki/Romani_Holocaust "Romani Holocaust")*),{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action\=2\.2\&tab\=7\&id\=1075\|title\=Lager für Sinti und Roma Dortmund\|website\=Bundesarchiv.de\|access\-date\=24 November 2023\|language\=de}} and a [subcamp](/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Buchenwald "List of subcamps of Buchenwald") of the [Buchenwald concentration camp](/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp "Buchenwald concentration camp") for 800 predominantly Polish women.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.aussenlager\-buchenwald.de/details.html?camp\=26\|title\=Dortmund (Hüttenverein)\|website\=aussenlager\-buchenwald.de\|access\-date\=24 November 2023\|language\=de}} In September 1943, the local [Gestapo](/wiki/Gestapo "Gestapo") carried out a mass execution of 17 [Polish POWs](/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war "German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war"), who escaped the [Oflag VI\-B](/wiki/Oflag_VI-B "Oflag VI-B") POW camp, but were soon captured.Megargee; Overmans; Vogt, p. 246 {{anchor\|Allied air attacks}}Bombing targets of the [Oil Campaign of World War II](/wiki/Oil_Campaign_of_World_War_II "Oil Campaign of World War II") in Dortmund included [Hoesch\-Westfalenhütte AG](/wiki/Westfalenh%C3%BCtte "Westfalenhütte"), the "[Hoesch](/wiki/Hoesch_AG "Hoesch AG")\-Benzin GmbH" synthetic oil plant, and the *Zeche Hansa*.{{cite web\|title\=Historisches Centrum Hagen : Chronik 1945\|url\=http://www.historisches\-centrum.de/index.php?id\=418\|language\=de\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-03}} The bombings destroyed about 66% of Dortmund homes.A. Schildt, *Die Sozialgeschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland bis 1989/90*, Munich: Oldenbourg, 2007 The devastating bombing raids of 12 March 1945 with 1,108 aircraft (748 [Lancasters](/wiki/Avro_Lancaster "Avro Lancaster"), 292 [Halifaxes](/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax "Handley Page Halifax"), 68 [Mosquitos](/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito "De Havilland Mosquito")) destroyed 98% of buildings in the inner city centre, and 4,851 tonnes of bombs were dropped on Dortmund city centre and the south of the city; this was a record for a single target in the whole of World War II. The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Dortmund in April 1945\. The US [95th Infantry Division](/wiki/95th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "95th Infantry Division (United States)") attacked the city on 12 April 1945 against a stubborn German defense. The division, assisted by close air support, advanced through the ruins in urban combat and completed its capture on 13 April 1945\.Stanton, Shelby, *World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946* (Revised Edition, 2006\), Stackpole Books, p. 171\. ### Postwar period {{Multiple images \| align \= right \| direction \= vertical \|image1\= Buildings ostenhellweg.JPG \|image2\= Boulevard Kampstraße Dortmund.jpg \| footer \= Rebuilt and modern reconstruction around St. Reynolds }} Post\-war, most of the historic buildings in the city centre were not restored, and large parts of the inner city area were completely rebuilt in the style of the 1950s.{{cite web \| url\=https://historischer\-verein\-dortmund.de/2020/03/03/1945\-1958\-die\-stadt\-im\-wiederaufbau/ \| title\=1945 – 1958: Die Stadt im Wiederaufbau – Historischer Verein }} A few historic buildings such as the main churches [Reinoldikirche](/wiki/Reinoldikirche "Reinoldikirche") and [Marienkirche](/wiki/Marienkirche%2C_Dortmund "Marienkirche, Dortmund") were restored or rebuilt, and extensive parks and gardens were laid out. The simple but successful postwar rebuilding has resulted in a very mixed and unique inner cityscape. Today nearly 30 % of the city consists of buildings from before World War II. Dortmund was in the British zone of occupation of Germany, and became part of the new state (Land) of [North Rhine\-Westphalia](/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia "North Rhine-Westphalia") in 1946\. The [LWL\-Industriemuseum](/wiki/Zollern_II/IV_Colliery "Zollern II/IV Colliery") was founded in 1969\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.lwl.org/industriemuseum/standorte/zeche\-zollern/english \|title\=The Zollern Colliery\|publisher\=LWL Industrial Museum\|access\-date\=24 April 2017}} In 1987 the pit Minister Stein closed, marking the end of more than 150 years of coal mining. Dortmund{{sfn\|Hennings\|1990}} has since adapted, with its century\-long steel and coal industries having been replaced by high\-technology areas, including [biomedical technology](/wiki/Biomedical_technology "Biomedical technology"), [micro systems technology](/wiki/Micro_systems_technology "Micro systems technology"), and [services](/wiki/Service_%28economics%29 "Service (economics)"). This has led Dortmund to become a regional centre for hi\-tech industry. In 2001 a new era began for the district [Hörde](/wiki/H%C3%B6rde "Hörde") in Dortmund, 160 years of industrial history ended with the beginning of the Phoenix See. The development of the Phoenix See area was carried out by a subsidiary of the Stadtwerke AG. In 2005 the first cornerstone was laid on the Phoenix area. The work started with full speed to manage the work with over 2\.5 million meters of ground motion and 420\.000 cubic meters of ferroconcrete. On 1 October 2010, the largest and most highly anticipated milestone could be celebrated: the launch of the flooding of the Phoenix See. Since 9 May 2011, the fences disappeared and the Phoenix See has been completed.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.dortmund.de/en/leisure\_and\_culture/phoenix\_see\_1/index.html\|title\= Lake Phoenix\|publisher\=Stadt Dortmund\|access\-date\=24 April 2017}} In 2009, Dortmund was classified as a *Node city* in the Innovation Cities Index published by 2thinknow and is the most sustainable city in [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"). On 3 November 2013, more than 20,000 people were evacuated after a [4,000\-pound bomb](/wiki/Blockbuster_bomb "Blockbuster bomb") from [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") was found. German authorities safely defused the bomb. The bomb was found after analysing old [aerial photographs](/wiki/Aerial_photography "Aerial photography") while searching for unexploded bombs dropped by [Allied](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") aircraft over Germany's industrial [Ruhr](/wiki/Ruhr "Ruhr") region.{{cite web\|title\=4,000\-pound, World War II bomb forces mass evacuation in Germany\|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/4000\-pound\-world\-war\-ii\-bomb\-forces\-mass\-evacuation\-in\-germany/\|work\=\[\[CBS News]]\|date\=3 November 2013 \|access\-date\=3 November 2013}}
[ "History\n-------", "{{for timeline\\|Timeline of Dortmund}}", "### Etymology", "[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|\"Seal of Dortmund, the city of Westphalia\" \\[SIGILLVM TREMONIE CIVITATIS WESTFALIE](/wiki/File:SiegelDortmund1358GedenktafelAlterMarkt.png \"SiegelDortmund1358GedenktafelAlterMarkt.png\")]\nDortmund was first mentioned in the [Werden Abbey](/wiki/Werden_Abbey \"Werden Abbey\"), which was built between 880 and 884\\. The Latin entry reads: *In Throtmanni liber homo Arnold viii den nob solvit* (German: *In Throtmanni zahlt uns der freie Mann Arnold 8 Pfennige*, and English: *In Throtmanni the free man Arnold pays us 8 pfennigs*).Norbert Reimann: I. Das Werden der Stadt. Die Anfänge. Der Königshof Karls des Großen. In: Stadtarchiv Dortmund (Hrsg.): Geschichte der Stadt Dortmund. Harenberg, Dortmund 1994, {{ISBN\\|3\\-611\\-00397\\-2}}, S. 24–25 (Reihe Dortmunder Leistungen, Band 2\\)\nAccording to this, there are a large number of different names, but they all go back to the same phoneme stem. Their respective use in the sources appears arbitrary and random.", "In the course of time the name changed many times: *trut munia* 899, *Thortmanni, Trutmania, Trotmunni* 939, *Tremonia* 1152\\. From the 13th century on, the *Dortmunde* appeared for the first time, but it was not until a few centuries later that it became generally accepted.", "In the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\") 1389, when the city had withstood the siege of 1,200 knights under the leadership of the Archbishop of [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne \"Cologne\"), it chose as its motto a saying that is still upheld today by traditional societies: *So fast as Düörpm* ([High German](/wiki/High_German_languages \"High German languages\"): \"as firm as Dortmund\").", "In the past, the city was called \"*Dortmond*\" in [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language \"Dutch language\"), \"*Tremonia*\" in [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language \"Spanish language\"), and \"*Trémoigne*\" in [Old French](/wiki/Old_French \"Old French\"). However, these exonyms have fallen into disuse and the city is now internationally known by its German name of *Dortmund*. The common [abbreviation](/wiki/Abbreviation \"Abbreviation\") for the name of the city is \"DTM\", the [IATA code](/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association_airport_code \"International Air Transport Association airport code\") for [Dortmund Airport](/wiki/Dortmund_Airport \"Dortmund Airport\").", "### Early history", "[thumb\\|Historical view of Dortmund by Georg Braun and Franz Hogenberg (between 1572 and 1618\\)](/wiki/File:Dortmund_Braun-Hogenberg.jpg \"Dortmund Braun-Hogenberg.jpg\")\nThe [Sigiburg](/wiki/Sigiburg \"Sigiburg\") was a [hillfort](/wiki/Hillfort \"Hillfort\") in the south of present\\-day Dortmund, overlooking the River [Ruhr](/wiki/Ruhr_%28river%29 \"Ruhr (river)\") near its confluence with the River [Lenne](/wiki/Lenne \"Lenne\"). The ruins of the later [Hohensyburg](/wiki/Syberg \"Syberg\") castle now stand on the site of the Sigiburg. The hillfort is presumably of [Saxon](/wiki/Saxons \"Saxons\") origin, but there is no archeological or documentary proof of this. During the [Saxon Wars](/wiki/Saxon_Wars \"Saxon Wars\"), it was taken by the [Franks](/wiki/Franks \"Franks\") under [Charlemagne](/wiki/Charlemagne \"Charlemagne\") in 772, retaken by the Saxons (possibly under [Widukind](/wiki/Widukind \"Widukind\")) in 774, and taken again and refortified by Charlemagne in 775\\. [Archaeological](/wiki/Archaeology \"Archaeology\") evidence suggests the Sigiburg site was also occupied in the [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic \"Neolithic\") era.Detlef Rothe *Rekonstruktion der Sächsischen Wallburg Sigiburg*, citing [Werner Rolevinck](/wiki/Werner_Rolevinck \"Werner Rolevinck\") and the [Royal Frankish Annals](/wiki/Royal_Frankish_Annals \"Royal Frankish Annals\") <http://www.5dim.de/Aufsaetze/RekonstruktionSigiburg/19751214RekonstruktionSigiburg.html>{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.deutsche\\-biographie.de/sfz85382\\.html\\|title\\=Widukind – Deutsche Biographie\\|first\\=Deutsche\\|last\\=Biographie\\|website\\=Deutsche\\-biographie.de}}", "The first time Dortmund was mentioned in official documents was around 882 as **Throtmanni** – In throtmanni liber homo arnold\\[us] viii den\\[arios] nob\\[is] soluit \\[solvit].[Rudolf Kötzschke](/wiki/Rudolf_K%C3%B6tzschke \"Rudolf Kötzschke\") (ed.): Die Urbare der Abtei Werden a. d. Ruhr (\\= Publikationen der Gesellschaft für rheinische Geschichtskunde XX: Rheinische Urbare). Bd. 2: A. Die Urbare vom 9\\.\\-13\\. Jahrhundert. Hrsg. von Rudolf Kötzschke, Bonn 1908, Nachdruck Düsseldorf 1978, Bd. 3: B. Lagerbücher, Hebe\\- und Zinsregister vom 14\\. bis ins 17\\. Jahrhundert, Bonn 1908, Nachdruck Düsseldorf 1978, Bd. 4, I: Einleitung und Register. I. Namenregister. Hrsg. von Fritz Körholz, Düsseldorf 1978, Bd. 4, II: Einleitung, Kapitel IV: Die Wirtschaftsverfassung und Verwaltung der Großgrundherrschaft Werden. Sachregister. Hrsg. von Rudolf Kötzschke, Bonn 1958 In 1005 the \"Ecclesiastical council\" and in 1016 the\"Imperial diet\" met in Dortmund.{{sfn\\|Britannica\\|1910}}", "### Middle Ages and early modern period", "[thumb\\|left\\|St. Marys and St. Reinolds in 1470](/wiki/File:Probsteikirche-Baegert-Altar-1470-Marien-Reinoldi.jpg \"Probsteikirche-Baegert-Altar-1470-Marien-Reinoldi.jpg\")\nAfter it was destroyed by a fire, the [Holy Roman Emperor](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Holy Roman Emperor\") [Frederick I (Barbarossa)](/wiki/Frederick_I_%28Barbarossa%29 \"Frederick I (Barbarossa)\") had the town rebuilt in 1152 and resided there (among other places) for two years. In 1267 St. Mary's Church, Dortmund, and three years later in 1270 [St. Reinold's Church](/wiki/St._Reinold%27s_Church%2C_Dortmund \"St. Reinold's Church, Dortmund\") first mentioned. The combination of crossroad, market place, administrative centre – town hall, made Dortmund an important centre in Westphalia. \nIt became an [Imperial Free City](/wiki/Imperial_Free_City \"Imperial Free City\") and one of the first cities in Europe with an official [Brewing right](/wiki/Brewing_right \"Brewing right\") in 1293\\.{{sfn\\|Ring\\|1995}} Throughout the 13th to 14th centuries, it was the \"chief city\" of the Rhine, Westphalia, the Netherlands Circle of the [Hanseatic League](/wiki/Hanseatic_League \"Hanseatic League\").\n[thumb\\|Old market [St. Reinolds](/wiki/St._Reinoldi_%28Dortmund%29 \"St. Reinoldi (Dortmund)\")](/wiki/File:Alte_Markt_Dortmund.JPG \"Alte Markt Dortmund.JPG\")\nAfter 1320, the city appeared in writing as \"Dorpmunde\". In the years leading up to 1344, the English King, [Edward III](/wiki/Edward_III \"Edward III\"), even borrowed money from well\\-heeled Dortmund merchant families Berswordt and Klepping, offering the regal crown as security. In 1388, the [Count of Mark](/wiki/County_of_Mark \"County of Mark\") joined forces with the Archbishop of [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne \"Cologne\") and issued declarations of a feud against the town. Following a major siege lasting 18 months, peace negotiations took place and Dortmund emerged victorious. In 1400 the seat of the first Vehmic court ({{lang\\-de\\|Freistuhl}}) was in Dortmund, in a square between two [linden trees](/wiki/Linden_tree \"Linden tree\"), one of which was known as the *[Femelinde](/wiki/Gerichtslinde \"Gerichtslinde\")*. With the growing influence of [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne \"Cologne\") during the 15th century, the seat was moved to [Arnsberg](/wiki/Arnsberg \"Arnsberg\") in 1437\\. After Cologne was excluded after the [Anglo\\-Hanseatic War](/wiki/Anglo-Hanseatic_War \"Anglo-Hanseatic War\") (1470–74\\), Dortmund was made capital of the Rhine\\-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle. This favors the founding of one of the oldest schools in Europe in 1543 – {{Interlanguage link\\|Stadtgymnasium Dortmund\\|de}}.{{sfn\\|Ring\\|1995}} In [1661 an earthquake](/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Germany \"List of earthquakes in Germany\") made the [Reinoldikirche](/wiki/Reinoldikirche \"Reinoldikirche\") collapse.", "### 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries", "[thumb\\|left\\|Pre\\-industrial Dortmund in 1804](/wiki/File:Dortmund_um_1804.jpg \"Dortmund um 1804.jpg\")\nWith the *[Reichsdeputationshauptschluss](/wiki/Reichsdeputationshauptschluss \"Reichsdeputationshauptschluss\")* resolution in 1803, Dortmund was added to the [Principality of Nassau\\-Orange\\-Fulda](/wiki/Principality_of_Nassau-Orange-Fulda \"Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda\"), with as a result that it was no longer a [free imperial city](/wiki/Free_imperial_city \"Free imperial city\"). [William V, Prince of Orange\\-Nassau](/wiki/William_V%2C_Prince_of_Orange \"William V, Prince of Orange\") did not want stolen areas and therefore let his son [Prince Willem Frederik](/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands \"William I of the Netherlands\") (the later King William I of the Netherlands) take possession of the city and the principality. This prince held its entry on 30 June 1806, and as such the [County of Dortmund](/wiki/County_of_Dortmund \"County of Dortmund\") then became part of the principality. On 12 July 1806, most of the Nassau principalities were deprived of their sovereign rights by means of the [Rhine treaty](/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine \"Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine\"). In October of the same year, the County of Dortmund was occupied by French troops and was added to the [Grand Duchy of Berg](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Berg \"Grand Duchy of Berg\") on 1 March 1808\\. It is the capital of the Ruhr department. In 1808 Dortmund becomes capital of French satellite [Ruhr (department)](/wiki/Ruhr_%28department%29 \"Ruhr (department)\").{{sfn\\|Britannica\\|1910}} At the [Congress of Vienna](/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna \"Congress of Vienna\") in 1815, the entire Grand Duchy of Berg, including Dortmund, was added to the [Kingdom of Prussia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia \"Kingdom of Prussia\"). The state mining authority of the [Ruhr area](/wiki/Ruhr_area \"Ruhr area\") was founded in 1815 and moved from Bochum to Dortmund. Within the [Prussian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia \"Kingdom of Prussia\") [Province of Westphalia](/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia \"Province of Westphalia\"), Dortmund was a district seat within [Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg](/wiki/Regierungsbezirk_Arnsberg \"Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg\") until 1875, when it became an urban district within the region.", "[thumb\\|French troops in Dortmund {{circa\\|1923–1925}}](/wiki/File:French_in_Dortmund_LCCN2014715868_%28cropped%29.jpg \"French in Dortmund LCCN2014715868 (cropped).jpg\")\nDuring the [industrialisation](/wiki/Industrialisation \"Industrialisation\") of Prussia, Dortmund became a major centre for [coal](/wiki/Coal \"Coal\") and [steel](/wiki/Steel \"Steel\"). The town expanded into a city, with the population rising from 57,742 in 1875 to 379,950 in 1905\\. Sprawling residential areas like the North, East, Union and Kreuz district sprang up in less than 10 years. In 1920, Dortmund was one of the centres for resistance to the [Kapp Putsch](/wiki/Kapp_Putsch \"Kapp Putsch\") – a right\\-wing military coup launched against the [Social Democratic](/wiki/Social_Democratic \"Social Democratic\")\\-led government. In the [Ruhr uprising](/wiki/Ruhr_uprising \"Ruhr uprising\"), radical workers formed the 50,000\\-man [Ruhr Red Army](/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army \"Ruhr Red Army\") in hopes of setting up a soviet\\-style government. They were defeated with considerable loss of life by government and [Freikorps](/wiki/Freikorps \"Freikorps\") units.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Wulfert \\|first\\=Anja \\|date\\=22 January 2002 \\|title\\=Der Märzaufstand 1920 \\|trans\\-title\\=The March Uprising 1920 \\|url\\=https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer\\-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand\\-1920\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=1 August 2024 \\|website\\=Deutsches Historisches Museum \\|language\\=de}} On 11 January 1923, French and Belgian troops [occupied the Ruhr](/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr \"Occupation of the Ruhr\"). French Prime Minister [Raymond Poincaré](/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9 \"Raymond Poincaré\") was responding to Germany's failure to comply with the [reparations demands](/wiki/World_War_I_reparations \"World War I reparations\") of the [Treaty of Versailles](/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles \"Treaty of Versailles\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Scriba \\|first\\=Arnulf \\|date\\=10 May 2022 \\|title\\=Die Ruhrbesetzung \\|trans\\-title\\=The Occupation of the Ruhr \\|url\\=https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer\\-republik/aussenpolitik/ruhrbesetzung\\-1923\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=1 August 2024 \\|website\\=Deutsches Historisches Museum \\|language\\=de}} The occupation lasted until August 1925\\.", "### World War II", "[thumb\\|Photo of part of the city center area around Liebfrauen church in 1945](/wiki/File:Reconnaissance_Photo_Aerial_View_Dortmund.jpg \"Reconnaissance Photo Aerial View Dortmund.jpg\")", "Under [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\"), the [Old Synagogue](/wiki/Old_Synagogue_%28Dortmund%29 \"Old Synagogue (Dortmund)\"), which had opened in 1900, was destroyed in 1938\\. With a capacity of 1,300 seats, it was one of the largest Jewish houses of worship in Germany. Also, the [Aplerbeck Hospital](/wiki/Aplerbeck_Hospital \"Aplerbeck Hospital\") in Dortmund transferred mentally and/or physically disabled patients to the [Hadamar Killing Facility](/wiki/Hadamar_Killing_Facility \"Hadamar Killing Facility\") as part of *[Aktion T4](/wiki/Aktion_T4 \"Aktion T4\")*, where they were murdered. An additional 229 children were murdered in the \"Children's Specialist Department\", which was transferred from Marburg in 1941\\.", "Dortmund was the location of the Stalag VI\\-D [prisoner\\-of\\-war camp](/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_II \"German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II\") for Polish, [French](/wiki/French_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II \"French prisoners of war in World War II\"), Belgian, British, Serbian, Soviet and Italian POWs with some 300 [forced labour](/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II \"Forced labour under German rule during World War II\") units in the city alone,{{cite book\\|last1\\=Megargee\\|first1\\=Geoffrey P.\\|last2\\=Overmans\\|first2\\=Rüdiger\\|last3\\=Vogt\\|first3\\=Wolfgang\\|year\\=2022\\|title\\=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945\\. Volume IV\\|publisher\\=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum\\|page\\=431\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-253\\-06089\\-1}} a camp for [Sinti](/wiki/Sinti \"Sinti\") and [Romani people](/wiki/Romani_people \"Romani people\") (see *[Romani Holocaust](/wiki/Romani_Holocaust \"Romani Holocaust\")*),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action\\=2\\.2\\&tab\\=7\\&id\\=1075\\|title\\=Lager für Sinti und Roma Dortmund\\|website\\=Bundesarchiv.de\\|access\\-date\\=24 November 2023\\|language\\=de}} and a [subcamp](/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Buchenwald \"List of subcamps of Buchenwald\") of the [Buchenwald concentration camp](/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp \"Buchenwald concentration camp\") for 800 predominantly Polish women.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.aussenlager\\-buchenwald.de/details.html?camp\\=26\\|title\\=Dortmund (Hüttenverein)\\|website\\=aussenlager\\-buchenwald.de\\|access\\-date\\=24 November 2023\\|language\\=de}} In September 1943, the local [Gestapo](/wiki/Gestapo \"Gestapo\") carried out a mass execution of 17 [Polish POWs](/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war \"German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war\"), who escaped the [Oflag VI\\-B](/wiki/Oflag_VI-B \"Oflag VI-B\") POW camp, but were soon captured.Megargee; Overmans; Vogt, p. 246", "{{anchor\\|Allied air attacks}}Bombing targets of the [Oil Campaign of World War II](/wiki/Oil_Campaign_of_World_War_II \"Oil Campaign of World War II\") in Dortmund included [Hoesch\\-Westfalenhütte AG](/wiki/Westfalenh%C3%BCtte \"Westfalenhütte\"), the \"[Hoesch](/wiki/Hoesch_AG \"Hoesch AG\")\\-Benzin GmbH\" synthetic oil plant, and the *Zeche Hansa*.{{cite web\\|title\\=Historisches Centrum Hagen : Chronik 1945\\|url\\=http://www.historisches\\-centrum.de/index.php?id\\=418\\|language\\=de\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-03}} The bombings destroyed about 66% of Dortmund homes.A. Schildt, *Die Sozialgeschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland bis 1989/90*, Munich: Oldenbourg, 2007 The devastating bombing raids of 12 March 1945 with 1,108 aircraft (748 [Lancasters](/wiki/Avro_Lancaster \"Avro Lancaster\"), 292 [Halifaxes](/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax \"Handley Page Halifax\"), 68 [Mosquitos](/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito \"De Havilland Mosquito\")) destroyed 98% of buildings in the inner city centre, and 4,851 tonnes of bombs were dropped on Dortmund city centre and the south of the city; this was a record for a single target in the whole of World War II.", "The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Dortmund in April 1945\\. The US [95th Infantry Division](/wiki/95th_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"95th Infantry Division (United States)\") attacked the city on 12 April 1945 against a stubborn German defense. The division, assisted by close air support, advanced through the ruins in urban combat and completed its capture on 13 April 1945\\.Stanton, Shelby, *World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946* (Revised Edition, 2006\\), Stackpole Books, p. 171\\.", "### Postwar period", "{{Multiple images\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\|image1\\= Buildings ostenhellweg.JPG\n\\|image2\\= Boulevard Kampstraße Dortmund.jpg\n\\| footer \\= Rebuilt and modern reconstruction around St. Reynolds\n}}", "Post\\-war, most of the historic buildings in the city centre were not restored, and large parts of the inner city area were completely rebuilt in the style of the 1950s.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://historischer\\-verein\\-dortmund.de/2020/03/03/1945\\-1958\\-die\\-stadt\\-im\\-wiederaufbau/ \\| title\\=1945 – 1958: Die Stadt im Wiederaufbau – Historischer Verein }} A few historic buildings such as the main churches [Reinoldikirche](/wiki/Reinoldikirche \"Reinoldikirche\") and [Marienkirche](/wiki/Marienkirche%2C_Dortmund \"Marienkirche, Dortmund\") were restored or rebuilt, and extensive parks and gardens were laid out. The simple but successful postwar rebuilding has resulted in a very mixed and unique inner cityscape. Today nearly 30 % of the city consists of buildings from before World War II. Dortmund was in the British zone of occupation of Germany, and became part of the new state (Land) of [North Rhine\\-Westphalia](/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia \"North Rhine-Westphalia\") in 1946\\. The [LWL\\-Industriemuseum](/wiki/Zollern_II/IV_Colliery \"Zollern II/IV Colliery\") was founded in 1969\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.lwl.org/industriemuseum/standorte/zeche\\-zollern/english \\|title\\=The Zollern Colliery\\|publisher\\=LWL Industrial Museum\\|access\\-date\\=24 April 2017}} In 1987 the pit Minister Stein closed, marking the end of more than 150 years of coal mining. Dortmund{{sfn\\|Hennings\\|1990}} has since adapted, with its century\\-long steel and coal industries having been replaced by high\\-technology areas, including [biomedical technology](/wiki/Biomedical_technology \"Biomedical technology\"), [micro systems technology](/wiki/Micro_systems_technology \"Micro systems technology\"), and [services](/wiki/Service_%28economics%29 \"Service (economics)\"). This has led Dortmund to become a regional centre for hi\\-tech industry.", "In 2001 a new era began for the district [Hörde](/wiki/H%C3%B6rde \"Hörde\") in Dortmund, 160 years of industrial history ended with the beginning of the Phoenix See. The development of the Phoenix See area was carried out by a subsidiary of the Stadtwerke AG. In 2005 the first cornerstone was laid on the Phoenix area. The work started with full speed to manage the work with over 2\\.5 million meters of ground motion and 420\\.000 cubic meters of ferroconcrete. On 1 October 2010, the largest and most highly anticipated milestone could be celebrated: the launch of the flooding of the Phoenix See. Since 9 May 2011, the fences disappeared and the Phoenix See has been completed.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.dortmund.de/en/leisure\\_and\\_culture/phoenix\\_see\\_1/index.html\\|title\\= Lake Phoenix\\|publisher\\=Stadt Dortmund\\|access\\-date\\=24 April 2017}} In 2009, Dortmund was classified as a *Node city* in the Innovation Cities Index published by 2thinknow and is the most sustainable city in [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\").", "On 3 November 2013, more than 20,000 people were evacuated after a [4,000\\-pound bomb](/wiki/Blockbuster_bomb \"Blockbuster bomb\") from [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") was found. German authorities safely defused the bomb. The bomb was found after analysing old [aerial photographs](/wiki/Aerial_photography \"Aerial photography\") while searching for unexploded bombs dropped by [Allied](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") aircraft over Germany's industrial [Ruhr](/wiki/Ruhr \"Ruhr\") region.{{cite web\\|title\\=4,000\\-pound, World War II bomb forces mass evacuation in Germany\\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/4000\\-pound\\-world\\-war\\-ii\\-bomb\\-forces\\-mass\\-evacuation\\-in\\-germany/\\|work\\=\\[\\[CBS News]]\\|date\\=3 November 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=3 November 2013}}", "" ]
Cityscape --------- ### City centre [thumb\|Dortmund with RWE\-Tower and churches of Reinoldi, Petri and Marien on the right](/wiki/File:Dortmund_Panorama.jpg "Dortmund Panorama.jpg") Dortmund's city centre offers a picture full of contrasts. Historic buildings like [Altes Stadthaus](/wiki/Altes_Stadthaus%2C_Dortmund "Altes Stadthaus, Dortmund") or the Krügerpassage rub shoulders with post\-war architecture like Gesundheitshaus and concrete constructions with Romanesque churches like the [Reinoldikirche](/wiki/Reinoldikirche "Reinoldikirche") and the [Marienkirche](/wiki/Marienkirche%2C_Dortmund "Marienkirche, Dortmund"). The near\-complete destruction of Dortmund's city centre during World War II (98%) has resulted in a varied architectural landscape. The reconstruction of the city centre followed the style of the 1950s, while respecting the old layout and naming of the streets. The downtown of Dortmund still retains the outline of the medieval city. A ring road marks the former city wall, and the [Westen\-/Ostenhellweg](/wiki/Hellweg "Hellweg"), part of a medieval salt trading route, is still the major (pedestrian) street bisecting the city centre. Thus, the inner city today is characterized by simple and modest post\-war buildings, with a few interspersed pre\-war buildings which were reconstructed due to their historical importance. Some buildings of the "Wiederaufbauzeit" (era of reconstruction), for example the opera house are nowadays regarded as classics of modern architecture.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.dortmund.de/de/leben\_in\_dortmund/stadtportraet/stadtgeschichte/20jahrhundert/wiederaufbau/\|title\=Wiederaufbau – 20\. Jahrhundert – "heute" – Stadtgeschichte – Stadtportrait – Leben in Dortmund – Stadtportal dortmund.de\|website\=Dortmund.de\|access\-date\=20 December 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202233213/https://www.dortmund.de/de/leben\_in\_dortmund/stadtportraet/stadtgeschichte/20jahrhundert/wiederaufbau/\|archive\-date\=2 February 2018\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=dmy\-all}} ### Urban districts Unlike the Dortmund city centre, much of the inner districts around the old medieval centre escaped damage in the second world war and post war redevelopment. #### Kreuzviertel [thumb\|Typical Wilhelminian style houses](/wiki/File:Kreuzstra%C3%9Fe.JPG "Kreuzstraße.JPG") The [Kreuzviertel](/wiki/Kreuzviertel "Kreuzviertel") is characterised by old buildings, the majority of which come from the turn of the 20th century (1884 to 1908\). Over 80% of all housing in this area was constructed before 1948, with the oldest building the Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts still standing being from 1896\. In the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), relatively few buildings were destroyed in comparison to other areas of the city. Today, [Kreuzviertel](/wiki/Kreuzviertel "Kreuzviertel") forms a nearly homogeneous historic building area. Over 100 buildings remain protected as historic monuments, like the Kreuzkirche at Kreuzstraße and the first concrete church in Germany St.\-Nicolai. Nowadays the Kreuzviertel is a trendy district with pubs, restaurants, cafés, galleries, and little shops. Moreover, local efforts to beautify and invigorate the neighbourhood have reinforced a budding sense of community and artistic expression. The West park is the green lung of the Kreuzviertel and in the months between May and October a centre of the student urban life. The district has the highest real estate prices in Dortmund.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.capital.de/immobilien\-kompass/dortmund.html/ \|title\=Mietspiegel und Immobilienpreise von Dortmund \| Capital \|access\-date\=29 November 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228181111/https://www.capital.de/immobilien\-kompass/dortmund.html\#Szeneviertel \|archive\-date\=28 December 2017 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy\-all }} Even today many artists choose Kreuzviertel as their residence: [Sascha Schmitz](/wiki/Sasha_%28German_singer%29 "Sasha (German singer)"), [Christina Hammer](/wiki/Christina_Hammer "Christina Hammer"), and players of [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund "Borussia Dortmund"). #### Nordstadt [thumb\|Dockland – young restaurant and bars scene](/wiki/File:Nordstadt_Dortmund_Hafenviertel.jpg "Nordstadt Dortmund Hafenviertel.jpg") The northern downtown part of Dortmund called Nordstadt, situated in a territory of {{cvt\|14\.42\|km2}} is shaped by a colorful variety of cultures. As the largest homogeneous old building area in [Ruhr](/wiki/Ruhr "Ruhr") the Nordstadt is a melting pot of different people of different countries and habits just a few steps from the city center. The Nordstadt is an industrial [urban area](/wiki/Urban_area "Urban area") that was mainly developed in the 19th century to serve the [Westfalenhütte](/wiki/Westfalenh%C3%BCtte "Westfalenhütte") steelworks, port and rail freight depot. All of the residents live in a densely populated 300 hectare area (the most densely populated residential area in the state of [North Rhine\-Westphalia](/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia "North Rhine-Westphalia") with steelworks, port and railway lines acting as physical barriers cutting off the area from the city centre and other residential districts).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dortmund.de/de/leben\_in\_dortmund/stadtbezirke/stbzportal\_innenstadtnord/leben\_in\_in//\|title\=Die Stadt im Wiederaufbau\|website\=Dortmund.de}} The area has been badly affected by the deindustrialisation of these heavy industries, with the target area developing a role as the home for growing numbers of immigrants and socially disadvantaged groups partly because of the availability of cheaper (although poor quality) accommodation.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/dortmund\-boosts\-efforts\-to\-integrate\-bulgarian\-and\-romanian\-immigrants\-a\-911619\.html// \|title\=Dortmund Boosts Efforts to Integrate Bulgarian and Romanian Immigrants \- SPIEGEL ONLINE \|access\-date\=2016\-04\-03 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330025233/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/dortmund\-boosts\-efforts\-to\-integrate\-bulgarian\-and\-romanian\-immigrants\-a\-911619\.html \|archive\-date\=30 March 2016 \|df\=dmy\-all }} Nevertheless, two parks – Fredenbaumpark and Hoeschpark – are situated there. There is also much equipment for children to spend their free time. For example, the 35 meters high Big Tipi, which was brought in from the [Expo 2000](/wiki/Expo_2000 "Expo 2000") in Hanover. All of that should attract families to settle in, but low prices of apartments and a variety of renting offers speak for the contrary. This developed into the youngest population of Dortmund is living and created a district with art house cinemas to ethnic stores, from exotic restaurants to student pubs. The Borsigplatz is probably one of the best known squares in Germany. Ballspielverein [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund "Borussia Dortmund") was founded nearby, north\-east of the main railway station. The streets radiating outward to form a star shape, the sycamore in the middle of the square and the tramline running diagonally across the square give Borsigplatz its very own flair.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bvb.de/eng/BVB/History/1909//\|title\=BVB 09 – Back to our History – 1909 – Borussia Dortmund – bvb.de\|website\=Bvb.de}} #### Kaiserviertel [thumb\|Cherry Blossom Avenue](/wiki/File:Dortmund_Kaiserstra%C3%9Fenviertel.jpg "Dortmund Kaiserstraßenviertel.jpg") The Kaiserstraßen District is located east of the former ramparts of Dortmund and follows the course of the [Westenhellweg](/wiki/Westenhellweg "Westenhellweg"). In this district numerous magnificent buildings from the 1900s and new buildings from the 1950s are located next to the heritage\-protected State Mining Office Dortmund, several Courts, Consulate and the East Cemetery. The district is characterize by the employee of the Amtsgericht, Landgericht (the first and second instances of ordinary jurisdiction) and the Prison. Today the historical Kaiserbrunnen and the entrance sign for Kaiserstraße are important starting points for a tour to the popular shopping district. The Moltkestreet also known as the Cherry Blossom Avenue, became famous after photographers started posting pictures of blooming trees. Every spring, usually in April, the street in the Kaiserstraßen district is booming with pink blossoms and attracts tourists. #### Unionviertel [thumb\|Rheinische Straße](/wiki/File:Unionviertel_Dortmund.jpg "Unionviertel Dortmund.jpg") The Union District is located west of the former ramparts of Dortmund and follows the course of the [Westenhellweg](/wiki/Westenhellweg "Westenhellweg"). For a long time, the neighbourhood at the Dortmunder U and along the Rheinische Straße was marked by vacancy and social distortion due to structural change. Today it is developing an inspiring young artist scene, with more and more students thanks to cheaper apartments near the university and a vibrant gastronomy. This development benefits strongly from the new, widely visible beacon, the art and creative centre Dortmunder U, opened in 2010\. Yet, for a time, it was mainly the Union Gewerbehof activists and other single stakeholders who initiated change.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.e\-c\-c\-e.de/kreativquartiere\-ruhr.html\|title\=ecce – european centre for creative economy: Kreativ.Quartiere Ruhr\|website\=E\-c\-c\-e.de}} #### Hörde on Lake Phoenix [thumb\|Hörde castle](/wiki/File:Dortmund_Hoerde_Hoerder_Burg_05.jpg "Dortmund Hoerde Hoerder Burg 05.jpg") Hörde is borough in the south of the city of Dortmund. Originally Hörde was a separate town (until 1929\) and was founded by the Counts of Mark in opposition to their principal enemy, the town of Dortmund. In 1388, the "Großen Dortmunder Fehde" (great feud of Dortmund) took place, where the city of Dortmund battled against the alliance of surrounding towns. The struggle ended in 1390, with defeat for Hörde and its allies of [Herdecke](/wiki/Herdecke "Herdecke"), [Witten](/wiki/Witten "Witten"), [Bochum](/wiki/Bochum "Bochum"), [Castrop](/wiki/Castrop "Castrop"), [Lünen](/wiki/L%C3%BCnen "Lünen"), [Unna](/wiki/Unna "Unna"), and [Schwerte](/wiki/Schwerte "Schwerte"). Today Hörde is a part of Dortmund with restored old buildings combined with modern architecture. The Hörder Burg (Hörde castle) was built in the 12th century and is located in the east of the town, close to the [Emscher](/wiki/Emscher "Emscher") and Lake Phoenix. Lake Phoenix was one of the largest urban redevelopment projects in [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe"). On the area of the former blast furnace and steel plant site of [ThyssenKrupp](/wiki/ThyssenKrupp "ThyssenKrupp") newly formed and developed a new urban resident and recreational area {{convert\|3\|km\|mi\|frac\=2\|abbr\=off\|sp\=us}} from the city centre of Dortmund. The development of the Phoenix See area cost €;170 million.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.eglv.de/en/emschergenossenschaft/emscher\-conversion/the\-new\-emscher\-valley/phoenix\-lake/\|title\=Phoenix Lake\|website\=Eglv.de\|access\-date\=17 February 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212014936/http://www.eglv.de/en/emschergenossenschaft/emscher\-conversion/the\-new\-emscher\-valley/phoenix\-lake/\|archive\-date\=12 February 2019\|url\-status\=dead}} The lake is 1\.2 km long directed to east–west and 320 meters wide in north–south direction. The water surface area of 24 acres is larger than the [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg") [Alster](/wiki/Alster "Alster"). Lake Phoenix is a shallow water lake with a depth of 3 to 4 meters and a capacity of around 600,000 cubic meters. Attractive high priced residential areas were thus created on the southern and northern sides of the Lake. On the western lakeside, the existing district centre of Hörde is enlarged by a city port and a mixed functional urban area. Companies with agencies and offices on the lakefront include: * [Zalando](/wiki/Zalando "Zalando") * [HSBC Trinkaus](/wiki/HSBC_Trinkaus "HSBC Trinkaus") * [German Handball Association](/wiki/German_Handball_Association "German Handball Association") * [Handball\-Bundesliga (HBL)](/wiki/Handball-Bundesliga "Handball-Bundesliga") * {{lang\|de\|Sparkassenakademie Nordrhein\-Westfalen}}, a training organization of the [Sparkassen](/wiki/Sparkasse_%28Germany%29 "Sparkasse (Germany)") * [Mircosonic](/wiki/Mircosonic "Mircosonic") The finished sole is primarily fed by groundwater and unpolluted rainwater from the new building sites.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.dortmund.de/en/leisure\_and\_culture/phoenix\_see\_1/index.html\|title\=Phoenix\-See – Leisure \& Culture – dortmund.de\|website\=Dortmund.de}} The River [Emscher](/wiki/Emscher "Emscher") flows through an embanked riverbed without direct link to the Lake. Together with the renatured Emscher, the Lake forms a water landscape of 33 hectares, which, as a linking area, is an important element of the Emscher landscape park. The renaturation of the Emscher River is managed by the public [water board](/wiki/Water_board "Water board") [Emschergenossenschaft](/wiki/Emschergenossenschaft "Emschergenossenschaft"). The financial frame is 4\.5 billion Euro and the aim is to finish the main work by 2020\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.umwelt.nrw.de/umweltschutz\-umweltwirtschaft/umwelt\-und\-wasser/abwasser/emscherumbau/\|title\=webpage Environment Ministry\|access\-date\=14 September 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223023515/https://www.umwelt.nrw.de/umweltschutz\-umweltwirtschaft/umwelt\-und\-wasser/abwasser/emscherumbau/\|archive\-date\=23 December 2015\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=dmy\-all}} Marktplatz Hoerde.jpg\|Oldtown Hörde Dortmund \- PO\-Phoenix\-See \+ Hörde 01 ies.jpg\|Lake Phoenix Dortmund \- PO\-Hafenpromenade\+Hafen 01 ies.jpg\|Port Promenade Dortmund \- PO\-Phoenix\-See \+ Kaiserberg (Kulturinsel) 01 ies.jpg\|Kaiser Hill ### Churches [thumb\|Reinoldikirche and Marienkirche](/wiki/File:Marienkirchhof_Dortmund.jpg "Marienkirchhof Dortmund.jpg") * [Reinoldikirche](/wiki/Reinoldikirche "Reinoldikirche"), a Protestant church (built in 1233–1450\) * {{Interlanguage link\|Petrikirche, Dortmund\|de\|3\=Petrikirche (Dortmund)\|lt\=Petrikirche}}, a now Protestant church (start of construction 1322\). It is famous for the huge carved altar (known as "Golden Miracle of Dortmund"), from 1521\. It consists of 633 gilt carved oak figures depicting 30 scenes about Easter. * [Marienkirche](/wiki/Marienkirche%2C_Dortmund "Marienkirche, Dortmund"), a now Protestant church originally built in 1170–1200 but rebuilt after World War II. The altar is from 1420\. * [Propsteikirche](/wiki/Propsteikirche%2C_Dortmund "Propsteikirche, Dortmund"), Monastery of the Dominican Order in the city center (built in 1331–1353\) * [St. Georg, Aplerbeck](/wiki/St._Georg%2C_Aplerbeck "St. Georg, Aplerbeck"), the only Romanesque cross basilica of Dortmund * [Große Kirche Aplerbeck](/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Kirche_Aplerbeck "Große Kirche Aplerbeck"), a Gothic revival church * [St. Peter](/wiki/St._Peter%2C_Syburg "St. Peter, Syburg") in Syburg suburb, the oldest church building in the city limits * [St. Patrokli, Kirchhörde](/wiki/St._Patrokli%2C_Kirchh%C3%B6rde "St. Patrokli, Kirchhörde"), a 1954 church * Heilig\-Kreuz\-Kirche, a Protestant church (start of construction 1911\) * St. Margareta Chapel, a Protestant chapel built in 1348 File:Dortmund\-100706\-15131\-Reinoldi.jpg\|\[\[Reinoldikirche]] File:NRW, Dortmund, Altstadt \- Evangelische Marienkirche 01\.jpg\|\[\[Marienkirche, Dortmund\|Marienkirche]] File:Propsteikirche, Dortmund 2006\.jpg\|St. Johannes Baptist File:St Peter Syburg Seite.jpg\|\[\[St. Peter, Syburg\|St. Peter in Syburg suburb]] ### Castles * Haus Bodelschwingh (13th century), a moated castle * Haus Dellwig (13th century), a moated castle partly rebuilt in the 17th century. The façade and the steep tower, and two half\-timbered buildings, are original. * Haus Rodenberg (13th century), a moated castle * [Altes Stadthaus](/wiki/Altes_Stadthaus%2C_Dortmund "Altes Stadthaus, Dortmund"), built in 1899 by Friedrich Kullrich * Romberg Park Gatehouse (17th century), once a gatehouse to a moated castle. Now it houses an art gallery. * [Husen Castle](/wiki/Husen_Castle_%28Syburg%29 "Husen Castle (Syburg)"), the tower house of a former castle, in the borough of Syburg File:Wasserschloss Bodelschwingh Dortmund.jpg\| Moated castle Bodelschwingh File:Bodelschwingh Castle.jpg\| Bodelschwingh garden File:Schlossbrücke Bodelschwingh.jpg\| Bodelschwingh bridge ### Industrial buildings The most industrial building in Dortmund are part of the **Industrial Heritage Trail** ({{lang\-de\|Route der Industriekultur}}). The trail links tourist attractions related to the [industrial heritage](/wiki/Industrial_heritage "Industrial heritage") in the whole [Ruhr area](/wiki/Ruhr_area "Ruhr area") in [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany").{{cite web \| url \= http://www.route\-industriekultur.de/menue/menue.html%26lang%3D2 \| title \= What is the Industrial Heritage Trail? \| access\-date \= 2009\-05\-02 \| archive\-date \= 10 January 2011 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110110120849/http://www.route\-industriekultur.de/menue/menue.html%26lang%3D2 \| url\-status \= dead }} It is a part of the [European Route of Industrial Heritage](/wiki/European_Route_of_Industrial_Heritage "European Route of Industrial Heritage"). * [U\-Tower](/wiki/Dortmund_U-Tower "Dortmund U-Tower"), former Dortmunder Union brewery, now a museum * [Zollern II/IV Colliery](/wiki/Zollern_II/IV_Colliery "Zollern II/IV Colliery"), now part of the Westphalian Industrial Museum and an Anchor Point of the [European Route of Industrial Heritage](/wiki/European_Route_of_Industrial_Heritage "European Route of Industrial Heritage") (ERIH) * Hansa Coking Plant File:Zeche\_Zollern\_Dortmund.jpg\|\[\[Zollern II/IV Colliery]] File:Union\-Brauerei Dortmund.jpg\|\[\[Dortmund U\-Tower\|U\-Tower]] File:Hochofenwerk Phoenix\-West Sommer.jpg\|Phoenix\-West coking plant File:IMG 7667Hafen\-Dortmund\-.jpg\|Port Authority ### Cultural buildings * Konzerthaus Dortmund * [Opernhaus Dortmund](/wiki/Opernhaus_Dortmund "Opernhaus Dortmund"), opera house built in 1966 on the site of the [old synagogue](/wiki/Old_Synagogue_%28Dortmund%29 "Old Synagogue (Dortmund)") which was destroyed by the Nazis in 1938\. * The major art museums include the [Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte](/wiki/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Kunst_und_Kulturgeschichte "Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte") and the more recent [Museum Ostwall](/wiki/Museum_Ostwall "Museum Ostwall"). * DASA, Germany Occupational Health and Safety Exhibition (German: Deutsche Arbeitsschutzausstellung) * Brewery Museum Dortmund * Museum of Art and Cultural History * [German Football Museum](/wiki/German_Football_Museum "German Football Museum") File:Dortmund\-Oper 2269\.JPG\|\[\[Opernhaus Dortmund]] File:Dortmund Museum KuKG.jpg\|\[\[Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte]] File:Architektur DFB Museum Dortmund.jpg\|\[\[German Football Museum]] File:Dasa4\.jpg\|DASA, Germany Occupational Health and Safety Exhibition ### Other important buildings * [Florianturm](/wiki/Florianturm "Florianturm") (television tower Florian) * [Westfalenstadion](/wiki/Westfalenstadion "Westfalenstadion"): football ground of [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund "Borussia Dortmund"), licensed until 2021 under the name Signal Iduna Park{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dgap.de/dgap/News/corporate/borussia\-dortmund\-and\-stadium\-naming\-right\-sponsor\-signal\-iduna\-have\-extended\-their\-agreement\-until/?newsID\=716400%7Cborussia\|title\=Aktuelle Finanznachrichten und Börseninfos direkt von der Quelle \|website\=Dgap.de}} * Close to Westfalenstadion are the [Westfalenhallen](/wiki/Westfalenhallen "Westfalenhallen"), a large convention centre, the site of several major conventions, trade fairs, ice\-skating competitions, concerts and other major events since the 1950s. * Steinwache memorial ### High\-rise structures Dortmund tallest structure is the [Florianturm](/wiki/Florianturm "Florianturm") telecommunication tower at {{convert\|266\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr\=on\|disp\=or}}. Other tall buildings are the churches around the city centre. A selection of the tallest office buildings in Dortmund is listed below. * RWE Tower (100 metre\-high skyscraper) * Westnetz Hochhaus Dortmund (100 metre\-high skyscraper) * Westfalentower (88 metre\-high skyscraper) * Harenberg City\-Center (86 metre\-high skyscraper) * Sparkassen\-Hochhaus (70 metre\-high skyscraper) * IWO\-Hochhaus(70 metre\-high skyscraper) * Ellipson (66 metre\-high skyscraper) * Volkswohl Bund Hochhaus (60 metre\-high skyscraper) File:RWE \-Tower Dortmund.jpg\|RWE Tower File:Harenberg City Center IV.jpg\|HCC File:Dortmund IWO Hochhaus IMGP8248\.jpg\| IWO Tower File:Dortmund Ellipson.jpg\|Ellipson
[ "Cityscape\n---------", "### City centre", "[thumb\\|Dortmund with RWE\\-Tower and churches of Reinoldi, Petri and Marien on the right](/wiki/File:Dortmund_Panorama.jpg \"Dortmund Panorama.jpg\")\nDortmund's city centre offers a picture full of contrasts. Historic buildings like [Altes Stadthaus](/wiki/Altes_Stadthaus%2C_Dortmund \"Altes Stadthaus, Dortmund\") or the Krügerpassage rub shoulders with post\\-war architecture like Gesundheitshaus and concrete constructions with Romanesque churches like the [Reinoldikirche](/wiki/Reinoldikirche \"Reinoldikirche\") and the [Marienkirche](/wiki/Marienkirche%2C_Dortmund \"Marienkirche, Dortmund\"). The near\\-complete destruction of Dortmund's city centre during World War II (98%) has resulted in a varied architectural landscape. The reconstruction of the city centre followed the style of the 1950s, while respecting the old layout and naming of the streets. The downtown of Dortmund still retains the outline of the medieval city. A ring road marks the former city wall, and the [Westen\\-/Ostenhellweg](/wiki/Hellweg \"Hellweg\"), part of a medieval salt trading route, is still the major (pedestrian) street bisecting the city centre.", "Thus, the inner city today is characterized by simple and modest post\\-war buildings, with a few interspersed pre\\-war buildings which were reconstructed due to their historical importance. Some buildings of the \"Wiederaufbauzeit\" (era of reconstruction), for example the opera house are nowadays regarded as classics of modern architecture.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dortmund.de/de/leben\\_in\\_dortmund/stadtportraet/stadtgeschichte/20jahrhundert/wiederaufbau/\\|title\\=Wiederaufbau – 20\\. Jahrhundert – \"heute\" – Stadtgeschichte – Stadtportrait – Leben in Dortmund – Stadtportal dortmund.de\\|website\\=Dortmund.de\\|access\\-date\\=20 December 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202233213/https://www.dortmund.de/de/leben\\_in\\_dortmund/stadtportraet/stadtgeschichte/20jahrhundert/wiederaufbau/\\|archive\\-date\\=2 February 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}", "### Urban districts", "Unlike the Dortmund city centre, much of the inner districts around the old medieval centre escaped damage in the second world war and post war redevelopment.", "#### Kreuzviertel", "[thumb\\|Typical Wilhelminian style houses](/wiki/File:Kreuzstra%C3%9Fe.JPG \"Kreuzstraße.JPG\")\nThe [Kreuzviertel](/wiki/Kreuzviertel \"Kreuzviertel\") is characterised by old buildings, the majority of which come from the turn of the 20th century (1884 to 1908\\). Over 80% of all housing in this area was constructed before 1948, with the oldest building the Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts still standing being from 1896\\. In the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), relatively few buildings were destroyed in comparison to other areas of the city. Today, [Kreuzviertel](/wiki/Kreuzviertel \"Kreuzviertel\") forms a nearly homogeneous historic building area. Over 100 buildings remain protected as historic monuments, like the Kreuzkirche at Kreuzstraße and the first concrete church in Germany St.\\-Nicolai. Nowadays the Kreuzviertel is a trendy district with pubs, restaurants, cafés, galleries, and little shops. Moreover, local efforts to beautify and invigorate the neighbourhood have reinforced a budding sense of community and artistic expression. The West park is the green lung of the Kreuzviertel and in the months between May and October a centre of the student urban life. The district has the highest real estate prices in Dortmund.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.capital.de/immobilien\\-kompass/dortmund.html/ \\|title\\=Mietspiegel und Immobilienpreise von Dortmund \\| Capital \\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228181111/https://www.capital.de/immobilien\\-kompass/dortmund.html\\#Szeneviertel \\|archive\\-date\\=28 December 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}", "Even today many artists choose Kreuzviertel as their residence: [Sascha Schmitz](/wiki/Sasha_%28German_singer%29 \"Sasha (German singer)\"), [Christina Hammer](/wiki/Christina_Hammer \"Christina Hammer\"), and players of [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund \"Borussia Dortmund\").", "#### Nordstadt", "[thumb\\|Dockland – young restaurant and bars scene](/wiki/File:Nordstadt_Dortmund_Hafenviertel.jpg \"Nordstadt Dortmund Hafenviertel.jpg\")\nThe northern downtown part of Dortmund called Nordstadt, situated in a territory of {{cvt\\|14\\.42\\|km2}} is shaped by a colorful variety of cultures. As the largest homogeneous old building area in [Ruhr](/wiki/Ruhr \"Ruhr\") the Nordstadt is a melting pot of different people of different countries and habits just a few steps from the city center. The Nordstadt is an industrial [urban area](/wiki/Urban_area \"Urban area\") that was mainly developed in the 19th century to serve the [Westfalenhütte](/wiki/Westfalenh%C3%BCtte \"Westfalenhütte\") steelworks, port and rail freight depot. All of the residents live in a densely populated 300 hectare area (the most densely populated residential area in the state of [North Rhine\\-Westphalia](/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia \"North Rhine-Westphalia\") with steelworks, port and railway lines acting as physical barriers cutting off the area from the city centre and other residential districts).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dortmund.de/de/leben\\_in\\_dortmund/stadtbezirke/stbzportal\\_innenstadtnord/leben\\_in\\_in//\\|title\\=Die Stadt im Wiederaufbau\\|website\\=Dortmund.de}}", "The area has been badly affected by the deindustrialisation of these heavy industries, with the target area developing a role as the home for growing numbers of immigrants and socially disadvantaged groups partly because of the availability of cheaper (although poor quality) accommodation.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/dortmund\\-boosts\\-efforts\\-to\\-integrate\\-bulgarian\\-and\\-romanian\\-immigrants\\-a\\-911619\\.html// \\|title\\=Dortmund Boosts Efforts to Integrate Bulgarian and Romanian Immigrants \\- SPIEGEL ONLINE \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330025233/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/dortmund\\-boosts\\-efforts\\-to\\-integrate\\-bulgarian\\-and\\-romanian\\-immigrants\\-a\\-911619\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=30 March 2016 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} Nevertheless, two parks – Fredenbaumpark and Hoeschpark – are situated there. There is also much equipment for children to spend their free time. For example, the 35 meters high Big Tipi, which was brought in from the [Expo 2000](/wiki/Expo_2000 \"Expo 2000\") in Hanover. All of that should attract families to settle in, but low prices of apartments and a variety of renting offers speak for the contrary. This developed into the youngest population of Dortmund is living and created a district with art house cinemas to ethnic stores, from exotic restaurants to student pubs.", "The Borsigplatz is probably one of the best known squares in Germany. Ballspielverein [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund \"Borussia Dortmund\") was founded nearby, north\\-east of the main railway station. The streets radiating outward to form a star shape, the sycamore in the middle of the square and the tramline running diagonally across the square give Borsigplatz its very own flair.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bvb.de/eng/BVB/History/1909//\\|title\\=BVB 09 – Back to our History – 1909 – Borussia Dortmund – bvb.de\\|website\\=Bvb.de}}", "#### Kaiserviertel", "[thumb\\|Cherry Blossom Avenue](/wiki/File:Dortmund_Kaiserstra%C3%9Fenviertel.jpg \"Dortmund Kaiserstraßenviertel.jpg\")\nThe Kaiserstraßen District is located east of the former ramparts of Dortmund and follows the course of the [Westenhellweg](/wiki/Westenhellweg \"Westenhellweg\"). In this district numerous magnificent buildings from the 1900s and new buildings from the 1950s are located next to the heritage\\-protected State Mining Office Dortmund, several Courts, Consulate and the East Cemetery. The district is characterize by the employee of the Amtsgericht, Landgericht (the first and second instances of ordinary jurisdiction) and the Prison.", "Today the historical Kaiserbrunnen and the entrance sign for Kaiserstraße are important starting points for a tour to the popular shopping district. The Moltkestreet also known as the Cherry Blossom Avenue, became famous after photographers started posting pictures of blooming trees. Every spring, usually in April, the street in the Kaiserstraßen district is booming with pink blossoms and attracts tourists.", "#### Unionviertel", "[thumb\\|Rheinische Straße](/wiki/File:Unionviertel_Dortmund.jpg \"Unionviertel Dortmund.jpg\")\nThe Union District is located west of the former ramparts of Dortmund and follows the course of the [Westenhellweg](/wiki/Westenhellweg \"Westenhellweg\"). For a long time, the neighbourhood at the Dortmunder U and along the Rheinische Straße was marked by vacancy and social distortion due to structural change. Today it is developing an inspiring young artist scene, with more and more students thanks to cheaper apartments near the university and a vibrant gastronomy. This development benefits strongly from the new, widely visible beacon, the art and creative centre Dortmunder U, opened in 2010\\. Yet, for a time, it was mainly the Union Gewerbehof activists and other single stakeholders who initiated change.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.e\\-c\\-c\\-e.de/kreativquartiere\\-ruhr.html\\|title\\=ecce – european centre for creative economy: Kreativ.Quartiere Ruhr\\|website\\=E\\-c\\-c\\-e.de}}", "#### Hörde on Lake Phoenix", "[thumb\\|Hörde castle](/wiki/File:Dortmund_Hoerde_Hoerder_Burg_05.jpg \"Dortmund Hoerde Hoerder Burg 05.jpg\")\nHörde is borough in the south of the city of Dortmund. Originally Hörde was a separate town (until 1929\\) and was founded by the Counts of Mark in opposition to their principal enemy, the town of Dortmund. In 1388, the \"Großen Dortmunder Fehde\" (great feud of Dortmund) took place, where the city of Dortmund battled against the alliance of surrounding towns. The struggle ended in 1390, with defeat for Hörde and its allies of [Herdecke](/wiki/Herdecke \"Herdecke\"), [Witten](/wiki/Witten \"Witten\"), [Bochum](/wiki/Bochum \"Bochum\"), [Castrop](/wiki/Castrop \"Castrop\"), [Lünen](/wiki/L%C3%BCnen \"Lünen\"), [Unna](/wiki/Unna \"Unna\"), and [Schwerte](/wiki/Schwerte \"Schwerte\"). Today Hörde is a part of Dortmund with restored old buildings combined with modern architecture. The Hörder Burg (Hörde castle) was built in the 12th century and is located in the east of the town, close to the [Emscher](/wiki/Emscher \"Emscher\") and Lake Phoenix.", "Lake Phoenix was one of the largest urban redevelopment projects in [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\"). On the area of the former blast furnace and steel plant site of [ThyssenKrupp](/wiki/ThyssenKrupp \"ThyssenKrupp\") newly formed and developed a new urban resident and recreational area {{convert\\|3\\|km\\|mi\\|frac\\=2\\|abbr\\=off\\|sp\\=us}} from the city centre of Dortmund. The development of the Phoenix See area cost €;170 million.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.eglv.de/en/emschergenossenschaft/emscher\\-conversion/the\\-new\\-emscher\\-valley/phoenix\\-lake/\\|title\\=Phoenix Lake\\|website\\=Eglv.de\\|access\\-date\\=17 February 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212014936/http://www.eglv.de/en/emschergenossenschaft/emscher\\-conversion/the\\-new\\-emscher\\-valley/phoenix\\-lake/\\|archive\\-date\\=12 February 2019\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The lake is 1\\.2 km long directed to east–west and 320 meters wide in north–south direction. The water surface area of 24 acres is larger than the [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\") [Alster](/wiki/Alster \"Alster\"). Lake Phoenix is a shallow water lake with a depth of 3 to 4 meters and a capacity of around 600,000 cubic meters. Attractive high priced residential areas were thus created on the southern and northern sides of the Lake. On the western lakeside, the existing district centre of Hörde is enlarged by a city port and a mixed functional urban area.", "Companies with agencies and offices on the lakefront include:", "* [Zalando](/wiki/Zalando \"Zalando\")\n* [HSBC Trinkaus](/wiki/HSBC_Trinkaus \"HSBC Trinkaus\")\n* [German Handball Association](/wiki/German_Handball_Association \"German Handball Association\")\n* [Handball\\-Bundesliga (HBL)](/wiki/Handball-Bundesliga \"Handball-Bundesliga\")\n* {{lang\\|de\\|Sparkassenakademie Nordrhein\\-Westfalen}}, a training organization of the [Sparkassen](/wiki/Sparkasse_%28Germany%29 \"Sparkasse (Germany)\")\n* [Mircosonic](/wiki/Mircosonic \"Mircosonic\")", "The finished sole is primarily fed by groundwater and unpolluted rainwater from the new building sites.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dortmund.de/en/leisure\\_and\\_culture/phoenix\\_see\\_1/index.html\\|title\\=Phoenix\\-See – Leisure \\& Culture – dortmund.de\\|website\\=Dortmund.de}}\nThe River [Emscher](/wiki/Emscher \"Emscher\") flows through an embanked riverbed without direct link to the Lake. Together with the renatured Emscher, the Lake forms a water landscape of 33 hectares, which, as a linking area, is an important element of the Emscher landscape park. The renaturation of the Emscher River is managed by the public [water board](/wiki/Water_board \"Water board\") [Emschergenossenschaft](/wiki/Emschergenossenschaft \"Emschergenossenschaft\"). The financial frame is 4\\.5 billion Euro and the aim is to finish the main work by 2020\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.umwelt.nrw.de/umweltschutz\\-umweltwirtschaft/umwelt\\-und\\-wasser/abwasser/emscherumbau/\\|title\\=webpage Environment Ministry\\|access\\-date\\=14 September 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223023515/https://www.umwelt.nrw.de/umweltschutz\\-umweltwirtschaft/umwelt\\-und\\-wasser/abwasser/emscherumbau/\\|archive\\-date\\=23 December 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}", "", "Marktplatz Hoerde.jpg\\|Oldtown Hörde\nDortmund \\- PO\\-Phoenix\\-See \\+ Hörde 01 ies.jpg\\|Lake Phoenix\nDortmund \\- PO\\-Hafenpromenade\\+Hafen 01 ies.jpg\\|Port Promenade\nDortmund \\- PO\\-Phoenix\\-See \\+ Kaiserberg (Kulturinsel) 01 ies.jpg\\|Kaiser Hill", "", "### Churches", "[thumb\\|Reinoldikirche and Marienkirche](/wiki/File:Marienkirchhof_Dortmund.jpg \"Marienkirchhof Dortmund.jpg\")\n* [Reinoldikirche](/wiki/Reinoldikirche \"Reinoldikirche\"), a Protestant church (built in 1233–1450\\)\n* {{Interlanguage link\\|Petrikirche, Dortmund\\|de\\|3\\=Petrikirche (Dortmund)\\|lt\\=Petrikirche}}, a now Protestant church (start of construction 1322\\). It is famous for the huge carved altar (known as \"Golden Miracle of Dortmund\"), from 1521\\. It consists of 633 gilt carved oak figures depicting 30 scenes about Easter.\n* [Marienkirche](/wiki/Marienkirche%2C_Dortmund \"Marienkirche, Dortmund\"), a now Protestant church originally built in 1170–1200 but rebuilt after World War II. The altar is from 1420\\.\n* [Propsteikirche](/wiki/Propsteikirche%2C_Dortmund \"Propsteikirche, Dortmund\"), Monastery of the Dominican Order in the city center (built in 1331–1353\\)\n* [St. Georg, Aplerbeck](/wiki/St._Georg%2C_Aplerbeck \"St. Georg, Aplerbeck\"), the only Romanesque cross basilica of Dortmund\n* [Große Kirche Aplerbeck](/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Kirche_Aplerbeck \"Große Kirche Aplerbeck\"), a Gothic revival church\n* [St. Peter](/wiki/St._Peter%2C_Syburg \"St. Peter, Syburg\") in Syburg suburb, the oldest church building in the city limits\n* [St. Patrokli, Kirchhörde](/wiki/St._Patrokli%2C_Kirchh%C3%B6rde \"St. Patrokli, Kirchhörde\"), a 1954 church\n* Heilig\\-Kreuz\\-Kirche, a Protestant church (start of construction 1911\\)\n* St. Margareta Chapel, a Protestant chapel built in 1348", "File:Dortmund\\-100706\\-15131\\-Reinoldi.jpg\\|\\[\\[Reinoldikirche]]\nFile:NRW, Dortmund, Altstadt \\- Evangelische Marienkirche 01\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Marienkirche, Dortmund\\|Marienkirche]]\nFile:Propsteikirche, Dortmund 2006\\.jpg\\|St. Johannes Baptist\nFile:St Peter Syburg Seite.jpg\\|\\[\\[St. Peter, Syburg\\|St. Peter in Syburg suburb]]", "### Castles", "* Haus Bodelschwingh (13th century), a moated castle\n* Haus Dellwig (13th century), a moated castle partly rebuilt in the 17th century. The façade and the steep tower, and two half\\-timbered buildings, are original.\n* Haus Rodenberg (13th century), a moated castle\n* [Altes Stadthaus](/wiki/Altes_Stadthaus%2C_Dortmund \"Altes Stadthaus, Dortmund\"), built in 1899 by Friedrich Kullrich\n* Romberg Park Gatehouse (17th century), once a gatehouse to a moated castle. Now it houses an art gallery.\n* [Husen Castle](/wiki/Husen_Castle_%28Syburg%29 \"Husen Castle (Syburg)\"), the tower house of a former castle, in the borough of Syburg", "File:Wasserschloss Bodelschwingh Dortmund.jpg\\| Moated castle Bodelschwingh\nFile:Bodelschwingh Castle.jpg\\| Bodelschwingh garden\nFile:Schlossbrücke Bodelschwingh.jpg\\| Bodelschwingh bridge", "", "### Industrial buildings", "The most industrial building in Dortmund are part of the **Industrial Heritage Trail** ({{lang\\-de\\|Route der Industriekultur}}). The trail links tourist attractions related to the [industrial heritage](/wiki/Industrial_heritage \"Industrial heritage\") in the whole [Ruhr area](/wiki/Ruhr_area \"Ruhr area\") in [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\").{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.route\\-industriekultur.de/menue/menue.html%26lang%3D2 \\| title \\= What is the Industrial Heritage Trail? \\| access\\-date \\= 2009\\-05\\-02 \\| archive\\-date \\= 10 January 2011 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110110120849/http://www.route\\-industriekultur.de/menue/menue.html%26lang%3D2 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }} It is a part of the [European Route of Industrial Heritage](/wiki/European_Route_of_Industrial_Heritage \"European Route of Industrial Heritage\").\n* [U\\-Tower](/wiki/Dortmund_U-Tower \"Dortmund U-Tower\"), former Dortmunder Union brewery, now a museum\n* [Zollern II/IV Colliery](/wiki/Zollern_II/IV_Colliery \"Zollern II/IV Colliery\"), now part of the Westphalian Industrial Museum and an Anchor Point of the [European Route of Industrial Heritage](/wiki/European_Route_of_Industrial_Heritage \"European Route of Industrial Heritage\") (ERIH)\n* Hansa Coking Plant", "", "", "File:Zeche\\_Zollern\\_Dortmund.jpg\\|\\[\\[Zollern II/IV Colliery]]\nFile:Union\\-Brauerei Dortmund.jpg\\|\\[\\[Dortmund U\\-Tower\\|U\\-Tower]]\nFile:Hochofenwerk Phoenix\\-West Sommer.jpg\\|Phoenix\\-West coking plant\nFile:IMG 7667Hafen\\-Dortmund\\-.jpg\\|Port Authority", "### Cultural buildings", "* Konzerthaus Dortmund\n* [Opernhaus Dortmund](/wiki/Opernhaus_Dortmund \"Opernhaus Dortmund\"), opera house built in 1966 on the site of the [old synagogue](/wiki/Old_Synagogue_%28Dortmund%29 \"Old Synagogue (Dortmund)\") which was destroyed by the Nazis in 1938\\.\n* The major art museums include the [Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte](/wiki/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Kunst_und_Kulturgeschichte \"Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte\") and the more recent [Museum Ostwall](/wiki/Museum_Ostwall \"Museum Ostwall\").\n* DASA, Germany Occupational Health and Safety Exhibition (German: Deutsche Arbeitsschutzausstellung)\n* Brewery Museum Dortmund\n* Museum of Art and Cultural History\n* [German Football Museum](/wiki/German_Football_Museum \"German Football Museum\")", "File:Dortmund\\-Oper 2269\\.JPG\\|\\[\\[Opernhaus Dortmund]]\nFile:Dortmund Museum KuKG.jpg\\|\\[\\[Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte]]\nFile:Architektur DFB Museum Dortmund.jpg\\|\\[\\[German Football Museum]]\nFile:Dasa4\\.jpg\\|DASA, Germany Occupational Health and Safety Exhibition", "", "### Other important buildings", "* [Florianturm](/wiki/Florianturm \"Florianturm\") (television tower Florian)\n* [Westfalenstadion](/wiki/Westfalenstadion \"Westfalenstadion\"): football ground of [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund \"Borussia Dortmund\"), licensed until 2021 under the name Signal Iduna Park{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dgap.de/dgap/News/corporate/borussia\\-dortmund\\-and\\-stadium\\-naming\\-right\\-sponsor\\-signal\\-iduna\\-have\\-extended\\-their\\-agreement\\-until/?newsID\\=716400%7Cborussia\\|title\\=Aktuelle Finanznachrichten und Börseninfos direkt von der Quelle \\|website\\=Dgap.de}}\n* Close to Westfalenstadion are the [Westfalenhallen](/wiki/Westfalenhallen \"Westfalenhallen\"), a large convention centre, the site of several major conventions, trade fairs, ice\\-skating competitions, concerts and other major events since the 1950s.\n* Steinwache memorial", "### High\\-rise structures", "Dortmund tallest structure is the [Florianturm](/wiki/Florianturm \"Florianturm\") telecommunication tower at {{convert\\|266\\|m\\|ft\\|0\\|abbr\\=on\\|disp\\=or}}. Other tall buildings are the churches around the city centre. A selection of the tallest office buildings in Dortmund is listed below.", "* RWE Tower (100 metre\\-high skyscraper)\n* Westnetz Hochhaus Dortmund (100 metre\\-high skyscraper)\n* Westfalentower (88 metre\\-high skyscraper)\n* Harenberg City\\-Center (86 metre\\-high skyscraper)\n* Sparkassen\\-Hochhaus (70 metre\\-high skyscraper)\n* IWO\\-Hochhaus(70 metre\\-high skyscraper)\n* Ellipson (66 metre\\-high skyscraper)\n* Volkswohl Bund Hochhaus (60 metre\\-high skyscraper)", "File:RWE \\-Tower Dortmund.jpg\\|RWE Tower\nFile:Harenberg City Center IV.jpg\\|HCC\nFile:Dortmund IWO Hochhaus IMGP8248\\.jpg\\| IWO Tower\nFile:Dortmund Ellipson.jpg\\|Ellipson", "", "" ]
### Urban districts Unlike the Dortmund city centre, much of the inner districts around the old medieval centre escaped damage in the second world war and post war redevelopment. #### Kreuzviertel [thumb\|Typical Wilhelminian style houses](/wiki/File:Kreuzstra%C3%9Fe.JPG "Kreuzstraße.JPG") The [Kreuzviertel](/wiki/Kreuzviertel "Kreuzviertel") is characterised by old buildings, the majority of which come from the turn of the 20th century (1884 to 1908\). Over 80% of all housing in this area was constructed before 1948, with the oldest building the Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts still standing being from 1896\. In the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), relatively few buildings were destroyed in comparison to other areas of the city. Today, [Kreuzviertel](/wiki/Kreuzviertel "Kreuzviertel") forms a nearly homogeneous historic building area. Over 100 buildings remain protected as historic monuments, like the Kreuzkirche at Kreuzstraße and the first concrete church in Germany St.\-Nicolai. Nowadays the Kreuzviertel is a trendy district with pubs, restaurants, cafés, galleries, and little shops. Moreover, local efforts to beautify and invigorate the neighbourhood have reinforced a budding sense of community and artistic expression. The West park is the green lung of the Kreuzviertel and in the months between May and October a centre of the student urban life. The district has the highest real estate prices in Dortmund.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.capital.de/immobilien\-kompass/dortmund.html/ \|title\=Mietspiegel und Immobilienpreise von Dortmund \| Capital \|access\-date\=29 November 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228181111/https://www.capital.de/immobilien\-kompass/dortmund.html\#Szeneviertel \|archive\-date\=28 December 2017 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy\-all }} Even today many artists choose Kreuzviertel as their residence: [Sascha Schmitz](/wiki/Sasha_%28German_singer%29 "Sasha (German singer)"), [Christina Hammer](/wiki/Christina_Hammer "Christina Hammer"), and players of [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund "Borussia Dortmund"). #### Nordstadt [thumb\|Dockland – young restaurant and bars scene](/wiki/File:Nordstadt_Dortmund_Hafenviertel.jpg "Nordstadt Dortmund Hafenviertel.jpg") The northern downtown part of Dortmund called Nordstadt, situated in a territory of {{cvt\|14\.42\|km2}} is shaped by a colorful variety of cultures. As the largest homogeneous old building area in [Ruhr](/wiki/Ruhr "Ruhr") the Nordstadt is a melting pot of different people of different countries and habits just a few steps from the city center. The Nordstadt is an industrial [urban area](/wiki/Urban_area "Urban area") that was mainly developed in the 19th century to serve the [Westfalenhütte](/wiki/Westfalenh%C3%BCtte "Westfalenhütte") steelworks, port and rail freight depot. All of the residents live in a densely populated 300 hectare area (the most densely populated residential area in the state of [North Rhine\-Westphalia](/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia "North Rhine-Westphalia") with steelworks, port and railway lines acting as physical barriers cutting off the area from the city centre and other residential districts).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dortmund.de/de/leben\_in\_dortmund/stadtbezirke/stbzportal\_innenstadtnord/leben\_in\_in//\|title\=Die Stadt im Wiederaufbau\|website\=Dortmund.de}} The area has been badly affected by the deindustrialisation of these heavy industries, with the target area developing a role as the home for growing numbers of immigrants and socially disadvantaged groups partly because of the availability of cheaper (although poor quality) accommodation.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/dortmund\-boosts\-efforts\-to\-integrate\-bulgarian\-and\-romanian\-immigrants\-a\-911619\.html// \|title\=Dortmund Boosts Efforts to Integrate Bulgarian and Romanian Immigrants \- SPIEGEL ONLINE \|access\-date\=2016\-04\-03 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330025233/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/dortmund\-boosts\-efforts\-to\-integrate\-bulgarian\-and\-romanian\-immigrants\-a\-911619\.html \|archive\-date\=30 March 2016 \|df\=dmy\-all }} Nevertheless, two parks – Fredenbaumpark and Hoeschpark – are situated there. There is also much equipment for children to spend their free time. For example, the 35 meters high Big Tipi, which was brought in from the [Expo 2000](/wiki/Expo_2000 "Expo 2000") in Hanover. All of that should attract families to settle in, but low prices of apartments and a variety of renting offers speak for the contrary. This developed into the youngest population of Dortmund is living and created a district with art house cinemas to ethnic stores, from exotic restaurants to student pubs. The Borsigplatz is probably one of the best known squares in Germany. Ballspielverein [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund "Borussia Dortmund") was founded nearby, north\-east of the main railway station. The streets radiating outward to form a star shape, the sycamore in the middle of the square and the tramline running diagonally across the square give Borsigplatz its very own flair.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bvb.de/eng/BVB/History/1909//\|title\=BVB 09 – Back to our History – 1909 – Borussia Dortmund – bvb.de\|website\=Bvb.de}} #### Kaiserviertel [thumb\|Cherry Blossom Avenue](/wiki/File:Dortmund_Kaiserstra%C3%9Fenviertel.jpg "Dortmund Kaiserstraßenviertel.jpg") The Kaiserstraßen District is located east of the former ramparts of Dortmund and follows the course of the [Westenhellweg](/wiki/Westenhellweg "Westenhellweg"). In this district numerous magnificent buildings from the 1900s and new buildings from the 1950s are located next to the heritage\-protected State Mining Office Dortmund, several Courts, Consulate and the East Cemetery. The district is characterize by the employee of the Amtsgericht, Landgericht (the first and second instances of ordinary jurisdiction) and the Prison. Today the historical Kaiserbrunnen and the entrance sign for Kaiserstraße are important starting points for a tour to the popular shopping district. The Moltkestreet also known as the Cherry Blossom Avenue, became famous after photographers started posting pictures of blooming trees. Every spring, usually in April, the street in the Kaiserstraßen district is booming with pink blossoms and attracts tourists. #### Unionviertel [thumb\|Rheinische Straße](/wiki/File:Unionviertel_Dortmund.jpg "Unionviertel Dortmund.jpg") The Union District is located west of the former ramparts of Dortmund and follows the course of the [Westenhellweg](/wiki/Westenhellweg "Westenhellweg"). For a long time, the neighbourhood at the Dortmunder U and along the Rheinische Straße was marked by vacancy and social distortion due to structural change. Today it is developing an inspiring young artist scene, with more and more students thanks to cheaper apartments near the university and a vibrant gastronomy. This development benefits strongly from the new, widely visible beacon, the art and creative centre Dortmunder U, opened in 2010\. Yet, for a time, it was mainly the Union Gewerbehof activists and other single stakeholders who initiated change.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.e\-c\-c\-e.de/kreativquartiere\-ruhr.html\|title\=ecce – european centre for creative economy: Kreativ.Quartiere Ruhr\|website\=E\-c\-c\-e.de}} #### Hörde on Lake Phoenix [thumb\|Hörde castle](/wiki/File:Dortmund_Hoerde_Hoerder_Burg_05.jpg "Dortmund Hoerde Hoerder Burg 05.jpg") Hörde is borough in the south of the city of Dortmund. Originally Hörde was a separate town (until 1929\) and was founded by the Counts of Mark in opposition to their principal enemy, the town of Dortmund. In 1388, the "Großen Dortmunder Fehde" (great feud of Dortmund) took place, where the city of Dortmund battled against the alliance of surrounding towns. The struggle ended in 1390, with defeat for Hörde and its allies of [Herdecke](/wiki/Herdecke "Herdecke"), [Witten](/wiki/Witten "Witten"), [Bochum](/wiki/Bochum "Bochum"), [Castrop](/wiki/Castrop "Castrop"), [Lünen](/wiki/L%C3%BCnen "Lünen"), [Unna](/wiki/Unna "Unna"), and [Schwerte](/wiki/Schwerte "Schwerte"). Today Hörde is a part of Dortmund with restored old buildings combined with modern architecture. The Hörder Burg (Hörde castle) was built in the 12th century and is located in the east of the town, close to the [Emscher](/wiki/Emscher "Emscher") and Lake Phoenix. Lake Phoenix was one of the largest urban redevelopment projects in [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe"). On the area of the former blast furnace and steel plant site of [ThyssenKrupp](/wiki/ThyssenKrupp "ThyssenKrupp") newly formed and developed a new urban resident and recreational area {{convert\|3\|km\|mi\|frac\=2\|abbr\=off\|sp\=us}} from the city centre of Dortmund. The development of the Phoenix See area cost €;170 million.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.eglv.de/en/emschergenossenschaft/emscher\-conversion/the\-new\-emscher\-valley/phoenix\-lake/\|title\=Phoenix Lake\|website\=Eglv.de\|access\-date\=17 February 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212014936/http://www.eglv.de/en/emschergenossenschaft/emscher\-conversion/the\-new\-emscher\-valley/phoenix\-lake/\|archive\-date\=12 February 2019\|url\-status\=dead}} The lake is 1\.2 km long directed to east–west and 320 meters wide in north–south direction. The water surface area of 24 acres is larger than the [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg") [Alster](/wiki/Alster "Alster"). Lake Phoenix is a shallow water lake with a depth of 3 to 4 meters and a capacity of around 600,000 cubic meters. Attractive high priced residential areas were thus created on the southern and northern sides of the Lake. On the western lakeside, the existing district centre of Hörde is enlarged by a city port and a mixed functional urban area. Companies with agencies and offices on the lakefront include: * [Zalando](/wiki/Zalando "Zalando") * [HSBC Trinkaus](/wiki/HSBC_Trinkaus "HSBC Trinkaus") * [German Handball Association](/wiki/German_Handball_Association "German Handball Association") * [Handball\-Bundesliga (HBL)](/wiki/Handball-Bundesliga "Handball-Bundesliga") * {{lang\|de\|Sparkassenakademie Nordrhein\-Westfalen}}, a training organization of the [Sparkassen](/wiki/Sparkasse_%28Germany%29 "Sparkasse (Germany)") * [Mircosonic](/wiki/Mircosonic "Mircosonic") The finished sole is primarily fed by groundwater and unpolluted rainwater from the new building sites.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.dortmund.de/en/leisure\_and\_culture/phoenix\_see\_1/index.html\|title\=Phoenix\-See – Leisure \& Culture – dortmund.de\|website\=Dortmund.de}} The River [Emscher](/wiki/Emscher "Emscher") flows through an embanked riverbed without direct link to the Lake. Together with the renatured Emscher, the Lake forms a water landscape of 33 hectares, which, as a linking area, is an important element of the Emscher landscape park. The renaturation of the Emscher River is managed by the public [water board](/wiki/Water_board "Water board") [Emschergenossenschaft](/wiki/Emschergenossenschaft "Emschergenossenschaft"). The financial frame is 4\.5 billion Euro and the aim is to finish the main work by 2020\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.umwelt.nrw.de/umweltschutz\-umweltwirtschaft/umwelt\-und\-wasser/abwasser/emscherumbau/\|title\=webpage Environment Ministry\|access\-date\=14 September 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223023515/https://www.umwelt.nrw.de/umweltschutz\-umweltwirtschaft/umwelt\-und\-wasser/abwasser/emscherumbau/\|archive\-date\=23 December 2015\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=dmy\-all}} Marktplatz Hoerde.jpg\|Oldtown Hörde Dortmund \- PO\-Phoenix\-See \+ Hörde 01 ies.jpg\|Lake Phoenix Dortmund \- PO\-Hafenpromenade\+Hafen 01 ies.jpg\|Port Promenade Dortmund \- PO\-Phoenix\-See \+ Kaiserberg (Kulturinsel) 01 ies.jpg\|Kaiser Hill
[ "### Urban districts", "Unlike the Dortmund city centre, much of the inner districts around the old medieval centre escaped damage in the second world war and post war redevelopment.", "#### Kreuzviertel", "[thumb\\|Typical Wilhelminian style houses](/wiki/File:Kreuzstra%C3%9Fe.JPG \"Kreuzstraße.JPG\")\nThe [Kreuzviertel](/wiki/Kreuzviertel \"Kreuzviertel\") is characterised by old buildings, the majority of which come from the turn of the 20th century (1884 to 1908\\). Over 80% of all housing in this area was constructed before 1948, with the oldest building the Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts still standing being from 1896\\. In the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), relatively few buildings were destroyed in comparison to other areas of the city. Today, [Kreuzviertel](/wiki/Kreuzviertel \"Kreuzviertel\") forms a nearly homogeneous historic building area. Over 100 buildings remain protected as historic monuments, like the Kreuzkirche at Kreuzstraße and the first concrete church in Germany St.\\-Nicolai. Nowadays the Kreuzviertel is a trendy district with pubs, restaurants, cafés, galleries, and little shops. Moreover, local efforts to beautify and invigorate the neighbourhood have reinforced a budding sense of community and artistic expression. The West park is the green lung of the Kreuzviertel and in the months between May and October a centre of the student urban life. The district has the highest real estate prices in Dortmund.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.capital.de/immobilien\\-kompass/dortmund.html/ \\|title\\=Mietspiegel und Immobilienpreise von Dortmund \\| Capital \\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228181111/https://www.capital.de/immobilien\\-kompass/dortmund.html\\#Szeneviertel \\|archive\\-date\\=28 December 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}", "Even today many artists choose Kreuzviertel as their residence: [Sascha Schmitz](/wiki/Sasha_%28German_singer%29 \"Sasha (German singer)\"), [Christina Hammer](/wiki/Christina_Hammer \"Christina Hammer\"), and players of [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund \"Borussia Dortmund\").", "#### Nordstadt", "[thumb\\|Dockland – young restaurant and bars scene](/wiki/File:Nordstadt_Dortmund_Hafenviertel.jpg \"Nordstadt Dortmund Hafenviertel.jpg\")\nThe northern downtown part of Dortmund called Nordstadt, situated in a territory of {{cvt\\|14\\.42\\|km2}} is shaped by a colorful variety of cultures. As the largest homogeneous old building area in [Ruhr](/wiki/Ruhr \"Ruhr\") the Nordstadt is a melting pot of different people of different countries and habits just a few steps from the city center. The Nordstadt is an industrial [urban area](/wiki/Urban_area \"Urban area\") that was mainly developed in the 19th century to serve the [Westfalenhütte](/wiki/Westfalenh%C3%BCtte \"Westfalenhütte\") steelworks, port and rail freight depot. All of the residents live in a densely populated 300 hectare area (the most densely populated residential area in the state of [North Rhine\\-Westphalia](/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia \"North Rhine-Westphalia\") with steelworks, port and railway lines acting as physical barriers cutting off the area from the city centre and other residential districts).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dortmund.de/de/leben\\_in\\_dortmund/stadtbezirke/stbzportal\\_innenstadtnord/leben\\_in\\_in//\\|title\\=Die Stadt im Wiederaufbau\\|website\\=Dortmund.de}}", "The area has been badly affected by the deindustrialisation of these heavy industries, with the target area developing a role as the home for growing numbers of immigrants and socially disadvantaged groups partly because of the availability of cheaper (although poor quality) accommodation.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/dortmund\\-boosts\\-efforts\\-to\\-integrate\\-bulgarian\\-and\\-romanian\\-immigrants\\-a\\-911619\\.html// \\|title\\=Dortmund Boosts Efforts to Integrate Bulgarian and Romanian Immigrants \\- SPIEGEL ONLINE \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330025233/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/dortmund\\-boosts\\-efforts\\-to\\-integrate\\-bulgarian\\-and\\-romanian\\-immigrants\\-a\\-911619\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=30 March 2016 \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} Nevertheless, two parks – Fredenbaumpark and Hoeschpark – are situated there. There is also much equipment for children to spend their free time. For example, the 35 meters high Big Tipi, which was brought in from the [Expo 2000](/wiki/Expo_2000 \"Expo 2000\") in Hanover. All of that should attract families to settle in, but low prices of apartments and a variety of renting offers speak for the contrary. This developed into the youngest population of Dortmund is living and created a district with art house cinemas to ethnic stores, from exotic restaurants to student pubs.", "The Borsigplatz is probably one of the best known squares in Germany. Ballspielverein [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund \"Borussia Dortmund\") was founded nearby, north\\-east of the main railway station. The streets radiating outward to form a star shape, the sycamore in the middle of the square and the tramline running diagonally across the square give Borsigplatz its very own flair.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bvb.de/eng/BVB/History/1909//\\|title\\=BVB 09 – Back to our History – 1909 – Borussia Dortmund – bvb.de\\|website\\=Bvb.de}}", "#### Kaiserviertel", "[thumb\\|Cherry Blossom Avenue](/wiki/File:Dortmund_Kaiserstra%C3%9Fenviertel.jpg \"Dortmund Kaiserstraßenviertel.jpg\")\nThe Kaiserstraßen District is located east of the former ramparts of Dortmund and follows the course of the [Westenhellweg](/wiki/Westenhellweg \"Westenhellweg\"). In this district numerous magnificent buildings from the 1900s and new buildings from the 1950s are located next to the heritage\\-protected State Mining Office Dortmund, several Courts, Consulate and the East Cemetery. The district is characterize by the employee of the Amtsgericht, Landgericht (the first and second instances of ordinary jurisdiction) and the Prison.", "Today the historical Kaiserbrunnen and the entrance sign for Kaiserstraße are important starting points for a tour to the popular shopping district. The Moltkestreet also known as the Cherry Blossom Avenue, became famous after photographers started posting pictures of blooming trees. Every spring, usually in April, the street in the Kaiserstraßen district is booming with pink blossoms and attracts tourists.", "#### Unionviertel", "[thumb\\|Rheinische Straße](/wiki/File:Unionviertel_Dortmund.jpg \"Unionviertel Dortmund.jpg\")\nThe Union District is located west of the former ramparts of Dortmund and follows the course of the [Westenhellweg](/wiki/Westenhellweg \"Westenhellweg\"). For a long time, the neighbourhood at the Dortmunder U and along the Rheinische Straße was marked by vacancy and social distortion due to structural change. Today it is developing an inspiring young artist scene, with more and more students thanks to cheaper apartments near the university and a vibrant gastronomy. This development benefits strongly from the new, widely visible beacon, the art and creative centre Dortmunder U, opened in 2010\\. Yet, for a time, it was mainly the Union Gewerbehof activists and other single stakeholders who initiated change.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.e\\-c\\-c\\-e.de/kreativquartiere\\-ruhr.html\\|title\\=ecce – european centre for creative economy: Kreativ.Quartiere Ruhr\\|website\\=E\\-c\\-c\\-e.de}}", "#### Hörde on Lake Phoenix", "[thumb\\|Hörde castle](/wiki/File:Dortmund_Hoerde_Hoerder_Burg_05.jpg \"Dortmund Hoerde Hoerder Burg 05.jpg\")\nHörde is borough in the south of the city of Dortmund. Originally Hörde was a separate town (until 1929\\) and was founded by the Counts of Mark in opposition to their principal enemy, the town of Dortmund. In 1388, the \"Großen Dortmunder Fehde\" (great feud of Dortmund) took place, where the city of Dortmund battled against the alliance of surrounding towns. The struggle ended in 1390, with defeat for Hörde and its allies of [Herdecke](/wiki/Herdecke \"Herdecke\"), [Witten](/wiki/Witten \"Witten\"), [Bochum](/wiki/Bochum \"Bochum\"), [Castrop](/wiki/Castrop \"Castrop\"), [Lünen](/wiki/L%C3%BCnen \"Lünen\"), [Unna](/wiki/Unna \"Unna\"), and [Schwerte](/wiki/Schwerte \"Schwerte\"). Today Hörde is a part of Dortmund with restored old buildings combined with modern architecture. The Hörder Burg (Hörde castle) was built in the 12th century and is located in the east of the town, close to the [Emscher](/wiki/Emscher \"Emscher\") and Lake Phoenix.", "Lake Phoenix was one of the largest urban redevelopment projects in [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\"). On the area of the former blast furnace and steel plant site of [ThyssenKrupp](/wiki/ThyssenKrupp \"ThyssenKrupp\") newly formed and developed a new urban resident and recreational area {{convert\\|3\\|km\\|mi\\|frac\\=2\\|abbr\\=off\\|sp\\=us}} from the city centre of Dortmund. The development of the Phoenix See area cost €;170 million.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.eglv.de/en/emschergenossenschaft/emscher\\-conversion/the\\-new\\-emscher\\-valley/phoenix\\-lake/\\|title\\=Phoenix Lake\\|website\\=Eglv.de\\|access\\-date\\=17 February 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212014936/http://www.eglv.de/en/emschergenossenschaft/emscher\\-conversion/the\\-new\\-emscher\\-valley/phoenix\\-lake/\\|archive\\-date\\=12 February 2019\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The lake is 1\\.2 km long directed to east–west and 320 meters wide in north–south direction. The water surface area of 24 acres is larger than the [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\") [Alster](/wiki/Alster \"Alster\"). Lake Phoenix is a shallow water lake with a depth of 3 to 4 meters and a capacity of around 600,000 cubic meters. Attractive high priced residential areas were thus created on the southern and northern sides of the Lake. On the western lakeside, the existing district centre of Hörde is enlarged by a city port and a mixed functional urban area.", "Companies with agencies and offices on the lakefront include:", "* [Zalando](/wiki/Zalando \"Zalando\")\n* [HSBC Trinkaus](/wiki/HSBC_Trinkaus \"HSBC Trinkaus\")\n* [German Handball Association](/wiki/German_Handball_Association \"German Handball Association\")\n* [Handball\\-Bundesliga (HBL)](/wiki/Handball-Bundesliga \"Handball-Bundesliga\")\n* {{lang\\|de\\|Sparkassenakademie Nordrhein\\-Westfalen}}, a training organization of the [Sparkassen](/wiki/Sparkasse_%28Germany%29 \"Sparkasse (Germany)\")\n* [Mircosonic](/wiki/Mircosonic \"Mircosonic\")", "The finished sole is primarily fed by groundwater and unpolluted rainwater from the new building sites.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dortmund.de/en/leisure\\_and\\_culture/phoenix\\_see\\_1/index.html\\|title\\=Phoenix\\-See – Leisure \\& Culture – dortmund.de\\|website\\=Dortmund.de}}\nThe River [Emscher](/wiki/Emscher \"Emscher\") flows through an embanked riverbed without direct link to the Lake. Together with the renatured Emscher, the Lake forms a water landscape of 33 hectares, which, as a linking area, is an important element of the Emscher landscape park. The renaturation of the Emscher River is managed by the public [water board](/wiki/Water_board \"Water board\") [Emschergenossenschaft](/wiki/Emschergenossenschaft \"Emschergenossenschaft\"). The financial frame is 4\\.5 billion Euro and the aim is to finish the main work by 2020\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.umwelt.nrw.de/umweltschutz\\-umweltwirtschaft/umwelt\\-und\\-wasser/abwasser/emscherumbau/\\|title\\=webpage Environment Ministry\\|access\\-date\\=14 September 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223023515/https://www.umwelt.nrw.de/umweltschutz\\-umweltwirtschaft/umwelt\\-und\\-wasser/abwasser/emscherumbau/\\|archive\\-date\\=23 December 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}", "", "Marktplatz Hoerde.jpg\\|Oldtown Hörde\nDortmund \\- PO\\-Phoenix\\-See \\+ Hörde 01 ies.jpg\\|Lake Phoenix\nDortmund \\- PO\\-Hafenpromenade\\+Hafen 01 ies.jpg\\|Port Promenade\nDortmund \\- PO\\-Phoenix\\-See \\+ Kaiserberg (Kulturinsel) 01 ies.jpg\\|Kaiser Hill", "", "" ]
Transportation -------------- ### Road transport [thumb\|The Ruhrschnellweg Section East Dortmund](/wiki/File:Schnettkerbruecke_West.jpg "Schnettkerbruecke West.jpg") Dortmund also serves as a major European and German crossroads for the Autobahnsystem. The [Ruhrschnellweg](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_40 "Bundesautobahn 40") follows old Hanseatic trade routes to connect the city with the other metropolises of the [Ruhr Area](/wiki/Ruhr_Area "Ruhr Area"). It crosses the [Dutch](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands")\-German border as a continuation of the Dutch [A67](/wiki/A67_motorway_%28Netherlands%29 "A67 motorway (Netherlands)") and crosses the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine "Rhine"), leads through the [Ruhr valley](/wiki/Ruhr_valley "Ruhr valley") toward [Bochum](/wiki/Bochum "Bochum"), becoming B 1 ([Bundesstraße 1](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_1 "Bundesstraße 1")) at the Kreuz Dortmund West and eventually merging into the A 44 near [Holzwickede](/wiki/Holzwickede "Holzwickede"). It has officially been named Ruhrschnellweg (Ruhr Fast Way), but locals usually call it Ruhrschleichweg (Ruhr Crawling Way) or "the Ruhr area's longest parking lot". According to *Der Spiegel*, it is the most congested motorway in Germany. Connections to more distant parts of Germany are maintained by Autobahn routes [A1](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_1 "Bundesautobahn 1") and [A2](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_2 "Bundesautobahn 2"), which traverse the north and east city limits and meet at the [Kamener Kreuz](/wiki/Kamener_Kreuz "Kamener Kreuz") interchange north\-east of Dortmund. In combination with the Autobahn [A45](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_45 "Bundesautobahn 45") to the west these form the [Dortmund Beltway](/wiki/Dortmund_Beltway "Dortmund Beltway") (*Dortmunder Autobahnring*). ### Cycling Cycling in Dortmund is supported by urban planners – an extensive network of cycle paths exists which had its beginnings in the 1980s. Dortmund was admitted to the German "Association of Pedestrian and Bicycle\-Friendly Cities and Municipalities in NRW" (AGFS) on August 8, 2007\. Dortumund is connected to a number of long\-distance cycle paths and a [Bike freeway](/wiki/Bike_freeway "Bike freeway") called the *Radschnellweg Ruhr* (Ruhr Area Fast Cycle Path). ### Rail transport [thumb\|Dortmund central railway station](/wiki/File:HBFDo.JPG "HBFDo.JPG") As with most communes in the Ruhr area, local transport is carried out by a local, publicly owned company for transport within the city, the [DB Regio](/wiki/DB_Regio "DB Regio") subsidiary of {{lang\|de\|\[\[Deutsche Bahn]]\|italic\=no}} for regional transport and {{lang\|de\|Deutsche Bahn\|italic\=no}} itself for long\-distance journeys. The local carrier, [Dortmunder Stadtwerke](/wiki/Dortmunder_Stadtwerke "Dortmunder Stadtwerke") (DSW21\), is a member of the [Verkehrsverbund Rhein\-Ruhr](/wiki/Verkehrsverbund_Rhein-Ruhr "Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr") (VRR) association of public transport companies in the Ruhr area, which provides a uniform fare structure in the whole region. Within the VRR region, tickets are valid on lines of all members as well as DB's [railway lines](/wiki/Railway_line "Railway line") (except the high\-speed [InterCity](/wiki/InterCity "InterCity") and [Intercity\-Express](/wiki/Intercity-Express "Intercity-Express") networks) and can be bought at ticket machines and service centres of DSW21, all other members of VRR, and DB. The central train station ([Dortmund Hauptbahnhof](/wiki/Dortmund_Hauptbahnhof "Dortmund Hauptbahnhof")) is the third largest long\-distance traffic junction in Germany. Dortmund has a railway service with {{lang\|de\|\[\[Deutsche Bahn]]\|italic\=no}} [InterCity](/wiki/InterCity "InterCity") and [ICE](/wiki/InterCityExpress "InterCityExpress")\-trains stopping at *[Dortmund Hauptbahnhof](/wiki/Dortmund_Hauptbahnhof "Dortmund Hauptbahnhof")* (Dortmund Main Station). ICE and [TGV Thalys](/wiki/Thalys "Thalys") high\-speed trains link Dortmund with [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam"), Brussels (in 2h 30\) and Paris (in 3h 50\). There are frequent ICE trains to other German cities, including [Frankfurt am Main](/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main "Frankfurt am Main"), [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") and other cities in the Rhein\-Ruhr Region. ### Public transportation For public transportation, the city has an extensive [Stadtbahn](/wiki/Dortmund_Stadtbahn "Dortmund Stadtbahn") and bus system. The Stadtbahn has eight lines (U41 to U47 and U49\) serving Dortmund and the large suburb of [Lünen](/wiki/L%C3%BCnen "Lünen") in the north. The trains that run on the line are in fact lightrails as many lines travel along a track in the middle of the street instead of underground further from the city centre. The minimum service interval is 2\.5 minutes, although the usual pattern is that each line runs at 5 to 10 minute intervals. On Sundays the trains run at a 15\-minute interval. In April 2008, the newly constructed east–west underground light rail line was opened, completing the underground service in the city centre and replacing the last [trams](/wiki/Tram "Tram") on the surface.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ruhrnachrichten.de/nachrichten/nrw/art1544,243917\|title\=Neuer U\-Bahn\-Tunnel: keine Straßenbahn mehr in Dortmunder City\|access\-date\=2008\-08\-28\|publisher\=Oliver Volmerich\|date\=25 April 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914092307/http://www.ruhrnachrichten.de/nachrichten/nrw/art1544,243917\|archive\-date\=14 September 2008\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=dmy\-all}} A number of bus lines complete the Dortmund public transport system. [Night buses](/wiki/Night_service_%28public_transport%29 "Night service (public transport)") replace Stadtbahn services between 1:30 am and 7:30 am on weekends and public holidays. The central junction for the night bus service is Reinoldikirche in the city centre, where all night bus lines start and end. The [H\-Bahn](/wiki/H-Bahn "H-Bahn") at [Technical University of Dortmund](/wiki/Technical_University_of_Dortmund "Technical University of Dortmund") is a hanging monorail built specifically to shuttle passengers between the university's two campuses,{{cite web\|title\=H\-Bahn – Route map\|url\=http://www.h\-bahn.info/en/index.php\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-03}} which are now also flanked by research laboratories and other high\-tech corporations and startups. A nearly identical monorail system transfers passengers at [Düsseldorf Airport](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_Airport "Düsseldorf Airport").{{cite web\|title\=H\-Bahn – Sky\-Train Düsseldorf\|url\=http://www.h\-bahn.info/en/skytrain.php\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-03\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813110659/http://www.h\-bahn.info/en/skytrain.php\|archive\-date\=13 August 2007\|url\-status\=dead}} ### Air transport [Dortmund Airport](/wiki/Dortmund_Airport "Dortmund Airport") is a medium\-sized, but fast growing airport {{convert\|13\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} east of the city centre at the city limit to [Holzwickede](/wiki/Holzwickede "Holzwickede").{{cite web\|title\=Arriving by car – Dortmund Airport\|url\=http://www.dortmund\-airport.de/24\.html?\&L\=1\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-03}} The airport serves the area of the [Ruhrgebiet](/wiki/Ruhrgebiet "Ruhrgebiet"), [Sauerland](/wiki/Sauerland "Sauerland"), [Westphalia](/wiki/Westphalia "Westphalia") and parts of the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") and features flights to Munich, London, Vienna, Porto and a lot of eastern European city and leisure destinations. The airport is served by an express bus to [Dortmund main station](/wiki/Dortmund_Hauptbahnhof "Dortmund Hauptbahnhof"), a shuttle bus to the nearby railway station *[Holzwickede](/wiki/Holzwickede_station "Holzwickede station")/Dortmund Flughafen*, a bus to the city's metro line *U47*, as well as a bus to the city of [Unna](/wiki/Unna "Unna"). In 2019, the airport served 2,719,563 passengers{{cite web \|title\=2,7 Millionen Passagiere am Flughafen Dortmund \|url\=https://www.aerotelegraph.com/27\-millionen\-passagiere\-am\-flughafen\-dortmund \|website\=aeroTELEGRAPH \|access\-date\=22 February 2020 \|language\=de\-CH \|date\=6 January 2020}} mainly used for low\-cost and leisure charter flights. The closest intercontinental airport is [Düsseldorf Airport](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_Airport "Düsseldorf Airport"). ### Water transport [Dortmund Harbour](/wiki/Dortmund_Harbour "Dortmund Harbour") (*Hafen*) is the largest canal harbour in Europe and the 11th fluvial harbour in Germany. File:Dortmund Möllerbrücke HDR.jpg\|Interchange station Möllerbrücke File:Clp 20140802 2224 ICE 3 Dortmund Hbf.jpg\|\[\[Intercity Express\|ICE]] 3 on the \[\[Dortmund Hauptbahnhof]] Einfahrt Stadtbahn U46 in U\-Bahnhof Saarlandstraße.JPG\|\[\[Stadtbahnwagen B]] Light Rail Vehicle File:DSW21 nr 8 U44 Dortmund\-Dorstfeld Betriebshof.jpg\|\[\[Bombardier Flexity Classic]] tram File:Metropolrad.jpg\|Metropolrad Ruhr, City Bike File:062 Blick von der Hörder Brückenstraße auf die Hörder Bahnhofstraße (Panorama).jpg\|\[\[Dortmund\-Hörde station\|Hörde Bahnhof]] – second biggest in Dortmund File:West side of dortmund airport terminal.jpg\|\[\[Dortmund Airport]] – Main Terminal (T2\)
[ "Transportation\n--------------", "### Road transport", "[thumb\\|The Ruhrschnellweg Section East Dortmund](/wiki/File:Schnettkerbruecke_West.jpg \"Schnettkerbruecke West.jpg\")\nDortmund also serves as a major European and German crossroads for the Autobahnsystem. The [Ruhrschnellweg](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_40 \"Bundesautobahn 40\") follows old Hanseatic trade routes to connect the city with the other metropolises of the [Ruhr Area](/wiki/Ruhr_Area \"Ruhr Area\"). It crosses the [Dutch](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\")\\-German border as a continuation of the Dutch [A67](/wiki/A67_motorway_%28Netherlands%29 \"A67 motorway (Netherlands)\") and crosses the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine \"Rhine\"), leads through the [Ruhr valley](/wiki/Ruhr_valley \"Ruhr valley\") toward [Bochum](/wiki/Bochum \"Bochum\"), becoming B 1 ([Bundesstraße 1](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_1 \"Bundesstraße 1\")) at the Kreuz Dortmund West and eventually merging into the A 44 near [Holzwickede](/wiki/Holzwickede \"Holzwickede\"). It has officially been named Ruhrschnellweg (Ruhr Fast Way), but locals usually call it Ruhrschleichweg (Ruhr Crawling Way) or \"the Ruhr area's longest parking lot\". According to *Der Spiegel*, it is the most congested motorway in Germany.", "Connections to more distant parts of Germany are maintained by Autobahn routes [A1](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_1 \"Bundesautobahn 1\") and [A2](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_2 \"Bundesautobahn 2\"), which traverse the north and east city limits and meet at the [Kamener Kreuz](/wiki/Kamener_Kreuz \"Kamener Kreuz\") interchange north\\-east of Dortmund.\nIn combination with the Autobahn [A45](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_45 \"Bundesautobahn 45\") to the west these form the [Dortmund Beltway](/wiki/Dortmund_Beltway \"Dortmund Beltway\") (*Dortmunder Autobahnring*).", "### Cycling", "Cycling in Dortmund is supported by urban planners – an extensive network of cycle paths exists which had its beginnings in the 1980s. Dortmund was admitted to the German \"Association of Pedestrian and Bicycle\\-Friendly Cities and Municipalities in NRW\" (AGFS) on August 8, 2007\\. Dortumund is connected to a number of long\\-distance cycle paths and a [Bike freeway](/wiki/Bike_freeway \"Bike freeway\") called the *Radschnellweg Ruhr* (Ruhr Area Fast Cycle Path).", "### Rail transport", "[thumb\\|Dortmund central railway station](/wiki/File:HBFDo.JPG \"HBFDo.JPG\")\nAs with most communes in the Ruhr area, local transport is carried out by a local, publicly owned company for transport within the city, the [DB Regio](/wiki/DB_Regio \"DB Regio\") subsidiary of {{lang\\|de\\|\\[\\[Deutsche Bahn]]\\|italic\\=no}} for regional transport and {{lang\\|de\\|Deutsche Bahn\\|italic\\=no}} itself for long\\-distance journeys. The local carrier, [Dortmunder Stadtwerke](/wiki/Dortmunder_Stadtwerke \"Dortmunder Stadtwerke\") (DSW21\\), is a member of the [Verkehrsverbund Rhein\\-Ruhr](/wiki/Verkehrsverbund_Rhein-Ruhr \"Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr\") (VRR) association of public transport companies in the Ruhr area, which provides a uniform fare structure in the whole region. Within the VRR region, tickets are valid on lines of all members as well as DB's [railway lines](/wiki/Railway_line \"Railway line\") (except the high\\-speed [InterCity](/wiki/InterCity \"InterCity\") and [Intercity\\-Express](/wiki/Intercity-Express \"Intercity-Express\") networks) and can be bought at ticket machines and service centres of DSW21, all other members of VRR, and DB.", "The central train station ([Dortmund Hauptbahnhof](/wiki/Dortmund_Hauptbahnhof \"Dortmund Hauptbahnhof\")) is the third largest long\\-distance traffic junction in Germany. Dortmund has a railway service with {{lang\\|de\\|\\[\\[Deutsche Bahn]]\\|italic\\=no}} [InterCity](/wiki/InterCity \"InterCity\") and [ICE](/wiki/InterCityExpress \"InterCityExpress\")\\-trains stopping at *[Dortmund Hauptbahnhof](/wiki/Dortmund_Hauptbahnhof \"Dortmund Hauptbahnhof\")* (Dortmund Main Station). ICE and [TGV Thalys](/wiki/Thalys \"Thalys\") high\\-speed trains link Dortmund with [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\"), Brussels (in 2h 30\\) and Paris (in 3h 50\\). There are frequent ICE trains to other German cities, including [Frankfurt am Main](/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main \"Frankfurt am Main\"), [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") and other cities in the Rhein\\-Ruhr Region.", "### Public transportation", "For public transportation, the city has an extensive [Stadtbahn](/wiki/Dortmund_Stadtbahn \"Dortmund Stadtbahn\") and bus system. The Stadtbahn has eight lines (U41 to U47 and U49\\) serving Dortmund and the large suburb of [Lünen](/wiki/L%C3%BCnen \"Lünen\") in the north. The trains that run on the line are in fact lightrails as many lines travel along a track in the middle of the street instead of underground further from the city centre. The minimum service interval is 2\\.5 minutes, although the usual pattern is that each line runs at 5 to 10 minute intervals. On Sundays the trains run at a 15\\-minute interval. In April 2008, the newly constructed east–west underground light rail line was opened, completing the underground service in the city centre and replacing the last [trams](/wiki/Tram \"Tram\") on the surface.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ruhrnachrichten.de/nachrichten/nrw/art1544,243917\\|title\\=Neuer U\\-Bahn\\-Tunnel: keine Straßenbahn mehr in Dortmunder City\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-08\\-28\\|publisher\\=Oliver Volmerich\\|date\\=25 April 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914092307/http://www.ruhrnachrichten.de/nachrichten/nrw/art1544,243917\\|archive\\-date\\=14 September 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}", "A number of bus lines complete the Dortmund public transport system. [Night buses](/wiki/Night_service_%28public_transport%29 \"Night service (public transport)\") replace Stadtbahn services between 1:30 am and 7:30 am on weekends and public holidays. The central junction for the night bus service is Reinoldikirche in the city centre, where all night bus lines start and end.", "The [H\\-Bahn](/wiki/H-Bahn \"H-Bahn\") at [Technical University of Dortmund](/wiki/Technical_University_of_Dortmund \"Technical University of Dortmund\") is a hanging monorail built specifically to shuttle passengers between the university's two campuses,{{cite web\\|title\\=H\\-Bahn – Route map\\|url\\=http://www.h\\-bahn.info/en/index.php\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-03}} which are now also flanked by research laboratories and other high\\-tech corporations and startups. A nearly identical monorail system transfers passengers at [Düsseldorf Airport](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_Airport \"Düsseldorf Airport\").{{cite web\\|title\\=H\\-Bahn – Sky\\-Train Düsseldorf\\|url\\=http://www.h\\-bahn.info/en/skytrain.php\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-03\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813110659/http://www.h\\-bahn.info/en/skytrain.php\\|archive\\-date\\=13 August 2007\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "### Air transport", "[Dortmund Airport](/wiki/Dortmund_Airport \"Dortmund Airport\") is a medium\\-sized, but fast growing airport {{convert\\|13\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} east of the city centre at the city limit to [Holzwickede](/wiki/Holzwickede \"Holzwickede\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Arriving by car – Dortmund Airport\\|url\\=http://www.dortmund\\-airport.de/24\\.html?\\&L\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-03}} The airport serves the area of the [Ruhrgebiet](/wiki/Ruhrgebiet \"Ruhrgebiet\"), [Sauerland](/wiki/Sauerland \"Sauerland\"), [Westphalia](/wiki/Westphalia \"Westphalia\") and parts of the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\") and features flights to Munich, London, Vienna, Porto and a lot of eastern European city and leisure destinations. The airport is served by an express bus to [Dortmund main station](/wiki/Dortmund_Hauptbahnhof \"Dortmund Hauptbahnhof\"), a shuttle bus to the nearby railway station *[Holzwickede](/wiki/Holzwickede_station \"Holzwickede station\")/Dortmund Flughafen*, a bus to the city's metro line *U47*, as well as a bus to the city of [Unna](/wiki/Unna \"Unna\").", "In 2019, the airport served 2,719,563 passengers{{cite web \\|title\\=2,7 Millionen Passagiere am Flughafen Dortmund \\|url\\=https://www.aerotelegraph.com/27\\-millionen\\-passagiere\\-am\\-flughafen\\-dortmund \\|website\\=aeroTELEGRAPH \\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2020 \\|language\\=de\\-CH \\|date\\=6 January 2020}} mainly used for low\\-cost and leisure charter flights. The closest intercontinental airport is [Düsseldorf Airport](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_Airport \"Düsseldorf Airport\").", "### Water transport", "[Dortmund Harbour](/wiki/Dortmund_Harbour \"Dortmund Harbour\") (*Hafen*) is the largest canal harbour in Europe and the 11th fluvial harbour in Germany.", "", "File:Dortmund Möllerbrücke HDR.jpg\\|Interchange station Möllerbrücke\nFile:Clp 20140802 2224 ICE 3 Dortmund Hbf.jpg\\|\\[\\[Intercity Express\\|ICE]] 3 on the \\[\\[Dortmund Hauptbahnhof]]\nEinfahrt Stadtbahn U46 in U\\-Bahnhof Saarlandstraße.JPG\\|\\[\\[Stadtbahnwagen B]] Light Rail Vehicle\nFile:DSW21 nr 8 U44 Dortmund\\-Dorstfeld Betriebshof.jpg\\|\\[\\[Bombardier Flexity Classic]] tram\nFile:Metropolrad.jpg\\|Metropolrad Ruhr, City Bike\nFile:062 Blick von der Hörder Brückenstraße auf die Hörder Bahnhofstraße (Panorama).jpg\\|\\[\\[Dortmund\\-Hörde station\\|Hörde Bahnhof]] – second biggest in Dortmund\nFile:West side of dortmund airport terminal.jpg\\|\\[\\[Dortmund Airport]] – Main Terminal (T2\\)", "", "" ]
Economy ------- [thumb\|Central business district "Wallring"](/wiki/File:Dortmund_Centrum.jpg "Dortmund Centrum.jpg") [thumb\|Central Business District "Ruhrallee"](/wiki/File:Stadtzentrum_Dortmund%2C_Blickrichtung_S%C3%BCden.jpg "Stadtzentrum Dortmund, Blickrichtung Süden.jpg") [thumb\|Future location Lake Phoenix and Phoenix\-East](/wiki/File:Dortmund_-_PO-Hafenpromenade%2BHafen_01_ies.jpg "Dortmund - PO-Hafenpromenade+Hafen 01 ies.jpg") Dortmund has adapted since the collapse of its century long steel, coal and beer industries. The region has shifted to high technology, [robotics](/wiki/Robotics "Robotics"), [biomedical technology](/wiki/Biomedical_technology "Biomedical technology"), [micro systems technology](/wiki/Micro_systems_technology "Micro systems technology"), engineering, tourism, finance, education, and [services](/wiki/Service_%28economics%29 "Service (economics)"), and is thus one of the most dynamic new\-economy cities in Germany. In 2009, Dortmund was classified as a *Node city* in the *Innovation Cities Index* published by 2thinknow. Hundreds of [SMEs](/wiki/Small_and_medium_enterprises "Small and medium enterprises") are still based in and around Dortmund (often termed *[Mittelstand](/wiki/Mittelstand "Mittelstand")*). Dortmund is also home to a number of medium\-sized information technology companies,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wirtschaftsfoerderung\-dortmund.de/en/standort/\|title\=The new Dortmund – space for change\|publisher\=Stadt Dortmund – City of Dortmund Economic Development Agency\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719114100/http://www.wirtschaftsfoerderung\-dortmund.de/en/standort/\|archive\-date\=19 July 2011}} many linked to the local university [TU Dortmund](/wiki/TU_Dortmund "TU Dortmund") at the first technology center in [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") named "Technologiepark Dortmund" opened in the 1980s. With around 280 companies, like [Boehringer Ingelheim](/wiki/Boehringer_Ingelheim "Boehringer Ingelheim") and [Verizon Communications](/wiki/Verizon_Communications "Verizon Communications"), and more than 8,500 employees, TechnologiePark Dortmund is one of the most successful technology parks in Europe. The city works closely with research institutes, private universities, and companies to collaborate on the commercialisation of science initiatives.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wirtschaftsfoerderung\-dortmund.de/en/standort/wissenschaft.jsp\|title\=The new Dortmund – space for change\|publisher\=Stadt Dortmund – City of Dortmund Economic Development Agency\|access\-date\=2010\-07\-30\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719114210/http://www.wirtschaftsfoerderung\-dortmund.de/en/standort/wissenschaft.jsp\|archive\-date\=19 July 2011}} Furthermore, 680 IT and software companies with 12,000 employees are based in Dortmund, making the city one of Germany's biggest software locations. Two of the top 10 IT service providers in Germany are based in Dortmund – [adesso SE](/wiki/Adesso_SE "Adesso SE") and Materna Group.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mhp.com/de/das\-unternehmen/newsroom\-presse/detailseite/article/mhp\-under\-top\-10\-most\-recommended\-it\-service\-providers/\|title\=MHP UNDER TOP 10 MOST RECOMMENDED IT SERVICE PROVIDERS\|publisher\=Wirtschaftsblatt\|access\-date\=17 November 2017\|archive\-date\=17 November 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117175207/https://www.mhp.com/de/das\-unternehmen/newsroom\-presse/detailseite/article/mhp\-under\-top\-10\-most\-recommended\-it\-service\-providers/\|url\-status\=dead}} Dortmund is home to many insurance companies e.g. [Signal Iduna](/wiki/Signal_Iduna "Signal Iduna"), Continentale Krankenversicherung, Bundesinnungskrankenkasse Gesundheit (BIG direkt), and Volkswohl Bund. In recent years a service sector and high\-tech industry have grown up. Some of its most prominent companies of these sectors include [Amprion](/wiki/Amprion "Amprion") and [RWE\-Westnetz](/wiki/RWE "RWE") (Electricity), [Rhenus Logistics](/wiki/Rhenus_%28company%29 "Rhenus (company)") (Logistics), [Wilo](/wiki/Wilo_SE "Wilo SE"), [KHS GmbH](/wiki/KHS_GmbH "KHS GmbH"), [Elmos Semiconductor](/wiki/Elmos_Semiconductor "Elmos Semiconductor"), [ABP Induction Systems](/wiki/ABP_Induction_Systems "ABP Induction Systems"), [Nordwest Handel AG](/wiki/Nordwest_Handel_AG "Nordwest Handel AG") – all of whom have their headquarters here. Companies with operations in or around Dortmund include [Zalando](/wiki/Zalando "Zalando"), [Daimler AG](/wiki/Daimler_AG "Daimler AG"): EvoBus, [RapidMiner](/wiki/RapidMiner "RapidMiner"), [Gap Inc.](/wiki/Gap_Inc. "Gap Inc."), and [ThyssenKrupp](/wiki/ThyssenKrupp "ThyssenKrupp"). Dortmund is also the headquarter of [Century Media Records](/wiki/Century_Media_Records "Century Media Records"), a [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music "Heavy metal music") [record label](/wiki/Record_label "Record label") with offices in the United States and [London](/wiki/London "London"). In August 2015, Century Media was acquired by [Sony Music](/wiki/Sony_Music "Sony Music") for US$17 million.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/is\-this\-the\-next\-big\-major\-label\-acquisition/\|title\=Is this the next big major label acquisition? – Music Business Worldwide\|date\=21 August 2015}} ### Tourism [thumb\|Cityring Concert, Freedom Square](/wiki/File:Friedensplatz_Dortmund%2C_City_Ring_Konzert.jpg "Friedensplatz Dortmund, City Ring Konzert.jpg") Tourism in Dortmund is a fast\-growing economic factor every year: new overnight records can be announced, new hotels open and new visitor magnets are added.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.dortmund\-tourismus.de/en/discover\-dortmund/dortmund\-tips/dortmund\-for/business\-travellers.html\|title\=Dortmund Tourism 2017\|publisher\= Stadt Dortmund}} Starting in the mid\-1990s, Dortmund, formerly an industrial centre, saw rapid development that expanded its cultural and tourism possibilities, and transformed it into a newly vibrant city. An important strategic step was the start of construction the new [Konzerthaus Dortmund](/wiki/Konzerthaus_Dortmund "Konzerthaus Dortmund"), the reuse of vacant old industrial buildings like the [Zollern II/IV Colliery](/wiki/Zollern_II/IV_Colliery "Zollern II/IV Colliery"), [Kokerei Hansa](/wiki/Kokerei_Hansa "Kokerei Hansa"), [Dortmund U\-Tower](/wiki/Dortmund_U-Tower "Dortmund U-Tower"), and the strategic reorientation of the [Dortmund Christmas market](/wiki/Dortmund_Christmas_market "Dortmund Christmas market") with over 300 stalls packed around a gigantic Christmas tree creation that stands 45 metres tall – reputed to be the biggest in the world. A new Tourist Information centre right next to the U\-Tower, gives visitors a quick overview of the tourist attractions in the City and Ruhr Area.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ruhr\-tourismus.de/en/cities\-in\-the\-ruhr\-area/dortmund.html\|title\=Ruhr Tourism\|publisher\=ruhr\-tourismus\|access\-date\=26 November 2017\|archive\-date\=1 December 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041732/http://www.ruhr\-tourismus.de/en/cities\-in\-the\-ruhr\-area/dortmund.html\|url\-status\=dead}} Today Dortmund is with more than 1\.450\.528 (2017\) overnight stays one of the most popular destinations in [North Rhine\-Westphalia](/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia "North Rhine-Westphalia").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.it.nrw.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/2017/pres\_318\_17\.html\|title\=Dortmund Tourism 2017\|publisher\=IT NRW Statistic, Economic and Development Agency\|access\-date\=26 November 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043658/https://www.it.nrw.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/2017/pres\_318\_17\.html\|archive\-date\=1 December 2017\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=dmy\-all}} The majority of tourists are domestic visitors, coming from Germany. International travellers arrive from the United Kingdom, [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria "Austria"), and [Switzerland](/wiki/Schwitzerland "Schwitzerland"). Dortmund also draws [business tourism](/wiki/Business_tourism "Business tourism"), having been equipped with facilities like WILO, Amprion next to [Westfalenhallen](/wiki/Westfalenhallen "Westfalenhallen") and football tourism with Fans of [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund "Borussia Dortmund").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.dortmund\-tourismus.de/fileadmin/user\_upload/Service\_Kontakt/Broschueren\_PDFs/Wirtschaftsfaktor\_Tourismus\_Dortmund.pdf \|title\=Ergebnisse der Studie 'Wirtschaftsfaktor Tourismus in Dortmund' \|language\=de \|publisher\= dortmund\-tourismus}} The top 5 most visited attractions were the Christmas market, with more than three and a half million visitors, [Signal Iduna Park](/wiki/Signal_Iduna_Park "Signal Iduna Park"), [Deutsches Fußballmuseum](/wiki/Deutsches_Fu%C3%9Fballmuseum "Deutsches Fußballmuseum"), [Dortmund U\-Tower](/wiki/Dortmund_U-Tower "Dortmund U-Tower"), [Zollern II/IV Colliery](/wiki/Zollern_II/IV_Colliery "Zollern II/IV Colliery"), and [Westfalenpark](/wiki/Westfalenpark "Westfalenpark").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.tripadvisor.com.au/Attractions\-g187372\-Activities\-Dortmund\_North\_Rhine\_Westphalia.html \|title\=Things to Do in Dortmund \|publisher\= tripvisitor}} ### Shopping [thumb\|Westenhellweg](/wiki/File:Westenhellweg.jpg "Westenhellweg.jpg") The [Westenhellweg](/wiki/Westenhellweg "Westenhellweg") is a popular shopping destination and with nearly 13,000 visitors per hour it was Germany's most frequented shopping street in 2013\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.handelsdaten.de/statistik/daten/studie/236346/umfrage/ranking\-der\-beliebtesten\-einkaufsstrassen\-deutschlands\-2013/\|title\=Beliebteste Einkaufsstraßen in Deutschland – Statistik\|website\=Handelsdaten.de\|access\-date\=20 September 2015\|archive\-date\=11 November 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111235616/http://www.handelsdaten.de/statistik/daten/studie/236346/umfrage/ranking\-der\-beliebtesten\-einkaufsstrassen\-deutschlands\-2013\|url\-status\=dead}} During the Middle Ages, Dortmund was the only free imperial city in Westphalia, having already been regarded as an important centre of trade. Today some of the most reputed shops, department stores have stores here. It is a pedestrian\-only area and is bordered by the [Reinoldikirche](/wiki/Reinoldikirche "Reinoldikirche") in the east and [U\-Tower](/wiki/Dortmund_U-Tower "Dortmund U-Tower") in the west. The Westenhellweg has one of the highest rents for retail and office space in [North Rhine\-Westphalia](/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia "North Rhine-Westphalia").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.dortmund\-tourismus.de/en/goingout\-shopping/shopping\-guide/shopping\-guide/shopping\-miles/hellweg.html\|title\=DORTMUNDtourismus \- Hellweg\|website\=Dortmund\-tourismus.de}} Three more shopping malls occupy the Thier\-Galerie; [Galeria Kaufhof](/wiki/Metro_AG "Metro AG") and [Karstadt](/wiki/Arcandor "Arcandor"), as well as large fashion retail clothing stores. During the month before [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas "Christmas"), the extended pedestrian\-only zone is host to [Dortmund Christmas Market](/wiki/Dortmund_Christmas_Market "Dortmund Christmas Market"), one of the largest and oldest Christmas markets in Germany. With more than 3\.5 million visitors and 300 stalls around a gigantic Christmas tree that stands 45 metres tall, it is one of the most visited and popular market in the world.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.topnews.de/weihnachtsmaerkte\-koeln\-ist\-publikumsmagnet\-325655 \|title\=Weihnachtsmärkte: Köln ist Publikumsmagnet : Topnews \|publisher\=Topnews.de \|access\-date\=2013\-05\-06 \|archive\-date\=12 June 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612123720/http://www.topnews.de/weihnachtsmaerkte\-koeln\-ist\-publikumsmagnet\-325655 \|url\-status\=dead }} In close proximity to the Dortmund concert hall lies the Brückstraßenviertel – a quarter hub especially for young people. The "Rue de Pommes Frites", which is what the Dortmund citizens have called the Brückstraße, has turned into a modern shopping promenade, geared towards a younger market. For a long time, the Kampstraße had a shadowy existence as a parallel street to the Westenhellweg and Ostenhellweg, but it has become a grand boulevard containing specialist stores. Right next to the Kampstraße is the Kleppingstraße – a shopping street with a high concentration of gastronomy and expensive, prestigious shops. It is located between the Ostenhellweg and Neutor to Wallring. ### Port and logistics [thumb\|Logistic Hub Harbour](/wiki/File:Hafen_Dortmund_12.01.2013_12.JPG "Hafen Dortmund 12.01.2013 12.JPG") Dortmund is one of the most important [logistic](/wiki/Logistics "Logistics") hubs in Germany, more than 900 companies working in logistics, as well as nationally and internationally recognised scientific institutes. [Dortmund Port](/wiki/Dortmund_Port "Dortmund Port"), which terminates the [Dortmund\-Ems Canal](/wiki/Dortmund-Ems_Canal "Dortmund-Ems Canal") connecting Dortmund to the [North Sea](/wiki/North_Sea "North Sea"), is the biggest European canal port with 10 docks and a pier length of 11 km. The variety of different activities taking place at the Fraunhofer Institute Material Flow and Logistics ([Fraunhofer Society](/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society "Fraunhofer Society")) has, over the past few years, led to a bundling of skills in the areas of logistics and digitalisation in the city. Industry\-based initiatives and pilot projects, such as the Hybrid Services in Logistics innovation lab, the efficiency cluster LogistikRuhr, Industrial Data Space, the Dortmund Mittelstand 4\.0 Centre of Excellence, and the enterprise labs. The Digital Hub for Logistics of the [Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action](/wiki/Federal_Ministry_for_Economic_Affairs_and_Climate_Action "Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action") is based in Dortmund and twinned with [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg"). Companies with big logistic hubs for Germany and Europe in Dortmund include: * [Amazon](/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com") * [IKEA](/wiki/IKEA "IKEA") * [Decathlon](/wiki/Decathlon_%28retailer%29 "Decathlon (retailer)") * [Rhenus Logistics](/wiki/Rhenus_%28company%29 "Rhenus (company)") * [Schenker AG](/wiki/Schenker_AG "Schenker AG") * [TEDi GmbH \& Co. KG](/wiki/TEDi_GmbH_%26_Co._KG "TEDi GmbH & Co. KG") ### Fairs Dortmund is home to Germany's twelve biggest exhibition centre, [Halls of Westphalia](/wiki/Westfalenhallen "Westfalenhallen") which lies near the city center next to [Dortmund Airport](/wiki/Dortmund_Airport "Dortmund Airport"). With around 77\.000 visitors each year, [Jagd \& Hund](/wiki/Jagd_%26_Hund "Jagd & Hund") is by far the largest event held there. Other important fairs open to consumers include "Intermodelbau", the world's biggest consumer fair for model making, and one of the leading fairs for youth culture "YOU". Important fairs restricted to professionals include "D.I.M" (Deutsche Immobilienmesse, German property fair), Creativa (Hobby) and InterTabac (Tabaco).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wirtschaftsfoerderung\-dortmund.de/en/standort/branchen/index.jsp\|title\=The new Dortmund – space for change\|publisher\=Stadt Dortmund – City of Dortmund Economic Development Agency\|access\-date\=2010\-07\-30\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719114203/http://www.wirtschaftsfoerderung\-dortmund.de/en/standort/branchen/index.jsp\|archive\-date\=19 July 2011}} File:Westfalenhallen Dortmund logo.svg\|Messe Dortmund logo File:Westfalenhalle\-Dortmu 2213\.JPG\|Main Hall File:Westfalenhalle\-Rosenterassen\-0008\.JPG\|Rosenterassen south entrance File:Westfalenhalle\-Verwaltung\-0004\.JPG\|Headquarter ### Federal Agency and public organisations Dortmund is home of the [Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health](/wiki/Federal_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health "Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health"), the National Material Testing Office of North Rhine\-Westphalia material and the main customs office. ### Consulates As a profoundly international city, Dortmund hosts diplomatic missions ([consulates](/wiki/Consulate "Consulate") and [consulates\-general](/wiki/Consulate-_general "Consulate- general")) of [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"),{{cite web\|url\=https://consdortmund.esteri.it/consolato\_dortmund/it/\|title\=Consolato d'Italia – Dortmund\|work\=consdortmund.esteri.it}} [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece"),{{cite web\|url\=https://web2\.cylex.de/firma\-home/griechisches\-generalkonsulat\-1166057\.html\|title\=Griechisches Generalkonsulat\|website\=Cylex\-Branchenbuch Deutschland}} [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh"),{{cite web\|url\=https://www.oeffnungszeitenbuch.de/filiale/Dortmund\-Honorarkonsulat%2520der%2520Volksrepublik%2520Bangladesch\-426709S.html\|title\=ᐅ Öffnungszeiten: Honorarkonsulat der Volksrepublik Bangladesch – Brackeler Hellweg 119 in Dortmund\|website\=Oeffnungszeitenbuch.de}} [Ghana](/wiki/Ghana "Ghana"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.botschaft\-konsulat.com/Konsulate/17963/Ghana\-in\-Dortmund\|title\=Das Konsulat von Ghana in Dortmund – Deutschland\|website\=Botschaft\-konsulat.com}} [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa"),{{cite web\|url\=https://www.konsulate.de/konsulate/konsulate\_in\_dortmund\_info.php\|title\=Konsulate in Dortmund Konsulat Info konsulate.de \|first\=Michael\|last\=Winterberg\|website\=Konsulate.de}} the [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic"), and [Slovenia](/wiki/Slovenia "Slovenia").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hk\-slowenien\-nrw.de/\|title\=Honorarkonsulat Slowenien\|website\=Hk\-slowenien\-nrw.de}} ### Courts Several [courts](/wiki/Court "Court") are located in Dortmund, including: * **Landgericht Dortmund** (Regional Court Dortmund) * **Amtsgericht Dortmund** (Local Court Dortmund) * **Sozialgericht Dortmund** (Social Court Dortmund) * **Arbeitsgericht Dortmund** (Employment Court Dortmund) ### Media {{Empty section\|date\=July 2022}} ### Newspapers [thumb\|Harenberg City Center](/wiki/File:Dortmund-U-100616-14214-Harenberg.jpg "Dortmund-U-100616-14214-Harenberg.jpg") Two important daily newspapers are published in and around Dortmund. The conservative *[Ruhr Nachrichten](/wiki/Ruhr_Nachrichten "Ruhr Nachrichten")*, also known as *RN*, was founded in 1949\. The RN has a circulation of over 225,000 copies daily. The other important newspaper, the *[Westfälische Rundschau](/wiki/Westf%C3%A4lische_Rundschau "Westfälische Rundschau")*, was first published in 1945 and has a daily circulation of over 181,000\. The WR is published by Germany's third largest newspaper and magazine publisher *[Funke Mediengruppe](/wiki/Funke_Mediengruppe "Funke Mediengruppe")*. ### Magazines Several magazines also originate from Dortmund. The Rock *[Rock hard (magazine)](/wiki/Rock_hard_%28magazine%29 "Rock hard (magazine)")* is a [metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music "Heavy metal music") and [hard rock](/wiki/Hard_rock "Hard rock") magazine, with subsidiaries in various countries worldwide, including [France](/wiki/France "France"), [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain"), [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil")/[Portugal](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"), and [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece"). *Visions* is a German music magazine with a circulation of approximately 35,000\. ### Radio and TV [thumb\|upright\|Westfalentower, regional studio of Sat.1](/wiki/File:Westfalentower_Dortmund_Westfalendamm.jpg "Westfalentower Dortmund Westfalendamm.jpg") The [Westdeutscher Rundfunk](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk "Westdeutscher Rundfunk") (WDR, West German Broadcasting Cologne has a sizable studio in Dortmund, which is responsible for the east [Ruhr](/wiki/Ruhr "Ruhr") area. Each day, it produces a 30\-minute regional evening news magazine (called *Lokalzeit Ruhr*), a 5\-minute afternoon news programme, and several radio news programmes. A local broadcasting station called Radio 91\.2 went "on\-the\-air" in the early 1990s. [Sat.1](/wiki/Sat.1 "Sat.1") have a regional studio in Dortmund. The City stands alongside [London](/wiki/London "London") and [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris") as one of the three head offices of Global Tamil Vision and GTV\-Deutschland.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.unionviertel.de/sivalingam\-rasan/\|title\=Sivalingam Rasan – Unionviertel\|date\=15 July 2015}} Two big Radio Channels of [Westdeutscher Rundfunk](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk "Westdeutscher Rundfunk") are sending from Dortmund. * [WDR 2](/wiki/WDR_2 "WDR 2"), featuring adult\-oriented popular music, focuses strongly on national and regional news, current affairs, and sport. * [WDR 4](/wiki/WDR_4 "WDR 4") (motto: *Meine Lieblingshits*, "my favourite hits") is a channel aimed chiefly towards an older audience.{{cite web \|title\=Reform für WDR 4 und WDR 2 \|url\=https://journal\-nrw.de/reformen\-fuer\-wdr\-4\-und\-wdr\-2\-das\-mittagsmagazin\-ist\-zurueck/ \|website\=DJV\-NRW Journal \|access\-date\=22 February 2020 \|language\=de\-DE}} Its focus is on tuneful music – in particular, [oldies](/wiki/Oldies "Oldies") and [classic hits](/wiki/Classic_hits "Classic hits"):{{cite web \|title\=Relaunch: WDR 4 mit mehr internationalen Hits und regionaler Nähe \|url\=https://www.radioszene.de/22528/wdr\-4\-ab\-21\-marz\-mit\-mehr\-internationalen\-hits\-und\-regionaler\-nahe.html \|website\=RADIOSZENE \|access\-date\=22 February 2020 \|language\=de\-DE \|date\=20 March 2011}} popular music of the 1960s to the 1980s or later – with more specialized programming (operetta, country, folk) in the evenings. Around 30–40% of WDR 4's musical output is made up of [German\-language](/wiki/German-language "German-language") songs. Other radio broadcasters include Radio NRW and eldoradio\*. ### Film The films *[Trains'n'Roses](/wiki/Trains%27n%27Roses "Trains'n'Roses")*, *[Bang Boom Bang](/wiki/Bang_Boom_Bang "Bang Boom Bang")*, *[Oi! Warning](/wiki/Oi%21_Warning "Oi! Warning")*, *[Do Fish Do It?](/wiki/Do_Fish_Do_It%3F "Do Fish Do It?")*, *[If It Don't Fit, Use a Bigger Hammer](/wiki/If_It_Don%27t_Fit%2C_Use_a_Bigger_Hammer "If It Don't Fit, Use a Bigger Hammer")*, *[Guys and Balls](/wiki/Guys_and_Balls "Guys and Balls")*, *[Goldene Zeiten](/wiki/Goldene_Zeiten "Goldene Zeiten")*, *[Marija](/wiki/Marija_%28film%29 "Marija (film)")* and television series {{Lang\|de\|\[\[Tatort]]}}, *[Balko](/wiki/Balko "Balko")*, *[Helden der Kreisklasse](/wiki/Helden_der_Kreisklasse "Helden der Kreisklasse")*, and more German movies like *{{Ill\|The Crocodiles (2009 film)\|de\|3\=Vorstadtkrokodile (2009\)\|lt\=The Crocodiles}}*, *{{ill\|The Rhino and the Dragonfly\|de\|Die Libelle und das Nashorn}}*, *Ein Schnitzel für alle*, *{{Ill\|Young Light\|de\|Junges Licht (Film)}}*, and *{{Ill\|Radio Heimat\|de\|Radio Heimat (Film)}}* were filmed in the city.
[ "Economy\n-------", "[thumb\\|Central business district \"Wallring\"](/wiki/File:Dortmund_Centrum.jpg \"Dortmund Centrum.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Central Business District \"Ruhrallee\"](/wiki/File:Stadtzentrum_Dortmund%2C_Blickrichtung_S%C3%BCden.jpg \"Stadtzentrum Dortmund, Blickrichtung Süden.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Future location Lake Phoenix and Phoenix\\-East](/wiki/File:Dortmund_-_PO-Hafenpromenade%2BHafen_01_ies.jpg \"Dortmund - PO-Hafenpromenade+Hafen 01 ies.jpg\")", "Dortmund has adapted since the collapse of its century long steel, coal and beer industries. The region has shifted to high technology, [robotics](/wiki/Robotics \"Robotics\"), [biomedical technology](/wiki/Biomedical_technology \"Biomedical technology\"), [micro systems technology](/wiki/Micro_systems_technology \"Micro systems technology\"), engineering, tourism, finance, education, and [services](/wiki/Service_%28economics%29 \"Service (economics)\"), and is thus one of the most dynamic new\\-economy cities in Germany. In 2009, Dortmund was classified as a *Node city* in the *Innovation Cities Index* published by 2thinknow.", "Hundreds of [SMEs](/wiki/Small_and_medium_enterprises \"Small and medium enterprises\") are still based in and around Dortmund (often termed *[Mittelstand](/wiki/Mittelstand \"Mittelstand\")*). Dortmund is also home to a number of medium\\-sized information technology companies,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wirtschaftsfoerderung\\-dortmund.de/en/standort/\\|title\\=The new Dortmund – space for change\\|publisher\\=Stadt Dortmund – City of Dortmund Economic Development Agency\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719114100/http://www.wirtschaftsfoerderung\\-dortmund.de/en/standort/\\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2011}} many linked to the local university [TU Dortmund](/wiki/TU_Dortmund \"TU Dortmund\") at the first technology center in [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") named \"Technologiepark Dortmund\" opened in the 1980s. With around 280 companies, like [Boehringer Ingelheim](/wiki/Boehringer_Ingelheim \"Boehringer Ingelheim\") and [Verizon Communications](/wiki/Verizon_Communications \"Verizon Communications\"), and more than 8,500 employees, TechnologiePark Dortmund is one of the most successful technology parks in Europe. The city works closely with research institutes, private universities, and companies to collaborate on the commercialisation of science initiatives.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wirtschaftsfoerderung\\-dortmund.de/en/standort/wissenschaft.jsp\\|title\\=The new Dortmund – space for change\\|publisher\\=Stadt Dortmund – City of Dortmund Economic Development Agency\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-07\\-30\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719114210/http://www.wirtschaftsfoerderung\\-dortmund.de/en/standort/wissenschaft.jsp\\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2011}} Furthermore, 680 IT and software companies with 12,000 employees are based in Dortmund, making the city one of Germany's biggest software locations. Two of the top 10 IT service providers in Germany are based in Dortmund – [adesso SE](/wiki/Adesso_SE \"Adesso SE\") and Materna Group.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mhp.com/de/das\\-unternehmen/newsroom\\-presse/detailseite/article/mhp\\-under\\-top\\-10\\-most\\-recommended\\-it\\-service\\-providers/\\|title\\=MHP UNDER TOP 10 MOST RECOMMENDED IT SERVICE PROVIDERS\\|publisher\\=Wirtschaftsblatt\\|access\\-date\\=17 November 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=17 November 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117175207/https://www.mhp.com/de/das\\-unternehmen/newsroom\\-presse/detailseite/article/mhp\\-under\\-top\\-10\\-most\\-recommended\\-it\\-service\\-providers/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Dortmund is home to many insurance companies e.g. [Signal Iduna](/wiki/Signal_Iduna \"Signal Iduna\"), Continentale Krankenversicherung, Bundesinnungskrankenkasse Gesundheit (BIG direkt), and Volkswohl Bund. In recent years a service sector and high\\-tech industry have grown up. Some of its most prominent companies of these sectors include [Amprion](/wiki/Amprion \"Amprion\") and [RWE\\-Westnetz](/wiki/RWE \"RWE\") (Electricity), [Rhenus Logistics](/wiki/Rhenus_%28company%29 \"Rhenus (company)\") (Logistics), [Wilo](/wiki/Wilo_SE \"Wilo SE\"), [KHS GmbH](/wiki/KHS_GmbH \"KHS GmbH\"), [Elmos Semiconductor](/wiki/Elmos_Semiconductor \"Elmos Semiconductor\"), [ABP Induction Systems](/wiki/ABP_Induction_Systems \"ABP Induction Systems\"), [Nordwest Handel AG](/wiki/Nordwest_Handel_AG \"Nordwest Handel AG\") – all of whom have their headquarters here. Companies with operations in or around Dortmund include [Zalando](/wiki/Zalando \"Zalando\"), [Daimler AG](/wiki/Daimler_AG \"Daimler AG\"): EvoBus, [RapidMiner](/wiki/RapidMiner \"RapidMiner\"), [Gap Inc.](/wiki/Gap_Inc. \"Gap Inc.\"), and [ThyssenKrupp](/wiki/ThyssenKrupp \"ThyssenKrupp\").", "Dortmund is also the headquarter of [Century Media Records](/wiki/Century_Media_Records \"Century Media Records\"), a [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music \"Heavy metal music\") [record label](/wiki/Record_label \"Record label\") with offices in the United States and [London](/wiki/London \"London\"). In August 2015, Century Media was acquired by [Sony Music](/wiki/Sony_Music \"Sony Music\") for US$17 million.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/is\\-this\\-the\\-next\\-big\\-major\\-label\\-acquisition/\\|title\\=Is this the next big major label acquisition? – Music Business Worldwide\\|date\\=21 August 2015}}", "### Tourism", "[thumb\\|Cityring Concert, Freedom Square](/wiki/File:Friedensplatz_Dortmund%2C_City_Ring_Konzert.jpg \"Friedensplatz Dortmund, City Ring Konzert.jpg\")\nTourism in Dortmund is a fast\\-growing economic factor every year: new overnight records can be announced, new hotels open and new visitor magnets are added.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dortmund\\-tourismus.de/en/discover\\-dortmund/dortmund\\-tips/dortmund\\-for/business\\-travellers.html\\|title\\=Dortmund Tourism 2017\\|publisher\\= Stadt Dortmund}} Starting in the mid\\-1990s, Dortmund, formerly an industrial centre, saw rapid development that expanded its cultural and tourism possibilities, and transformed it into a newly vibrant city. An important strategic step was the start of construction the new [Konzerthaus Dortmund](/wiki/Konzerthaus_Dortmund \"Konzerthaus Dortmund\"), the reuse of vacant old industrial buildings like the [Zollern II/IV Colliery](/wiki/Zollern_II/IV_Colliery \"Zollern II/IV Colliery\"), [Kokerei Hansa](/wiki/Kokerei_Hansa \"Kokerei Hansa\"), [Dortmund U\\-Tower](/wiki/Dortmund_U-Tower \"Dortmund U-Tower\"), and the strategic reorientation of the [Dortmund Christmas market](/wiki/Dortmund_Christmas_market \"Dortmund Christmas market\") with over 300 stalls packed around a gigantic Christmas tree creation that stands 45 metres tall – reputed to be the biggest in the world. A new Tourist Information centre right next to the U\\-Tower, gives visitors a quick overview of the tourist attractions in the City and Ruhr Area.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ruhr\\-tourismus.de/en/cities\\-in\\-the\\-ruhr\\-area/dortmund.html\\|title\\=Ruhr Tourism\\|publisher\\=ruhr\\-tourismus\\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=1 December 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041732/http://www.ruhr\\-tourismus.de/en/cities\\-in\\-the\\-ruhr\\-area/dortmund.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Today Dortmund is with more than 1\\.450\\.528 (2017\\) overnight stays one of the most popular destinations in [North Rhine\\-Westphalia](/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia \"North Rhine-Westphalia\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.it.nrw.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/2017/pres\\_318\\_17\\.html\\|title\\=Dortmund Tourism 2017\\|publisher\\=IT NRW Statistic, Economic and Development Agency\\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043658/https://www.it.nrw.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/2017/pres\\_318\\_17\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=1 December 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}", "The majority of tourists are domestic visitors, coming from Germany. International travellers arrive from the United Kingdom, [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\"), and [Switzerland](/wiki/Schwitzerland \"Schwitzerland\"). Dortmund also draws [business tourism](/wiki/Business_tourism \"Business tourism\"), having been equipped with facilities like WILO, Amprion next to [Westfalenhallen](/wiki/Westfalenhallen \"Westfalenhallen\") and football tourism with Fans of [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund \"Borussia Dortmund\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dortmund\\-tourismus.de/fileadmin/user\\_upload/Service\\_Kontakt/Broschueren\\_PDFs/Wirtschaftsfaktor\\_Tourismus\\_Dortmund.pdf \\|title\\=Ergebnisse der Studie 'Wirtschaftsfaktor Tourismus in Dortmund' \\|language\\=de\n\\|publisher\\= dortmund\\-tourismus}} The top 5 most visited attractions were the Christmas market, with more than three and a half million visitors, [Signal Iduna Park](/wiki/Signal_Iduna_Park \"Signal Iduna Park\"), [Deutsches Fußballmuseum](/wiki/Deutsches_Fu%C3%9Fballmuseum \"Deutsches Fußballmuseum\"), [Dortmund U\\-Tower](/wiki/Dortmund_U-Tower \"Dortmund U-Tower\"), [Zollern II/IV Colliery](/wiki/Zollern_II/IV_Colliery \"Zollern II/IV Colliery\"), and [Westfalenpark](/wiki/Westfalenpark \"Westfalenpark\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tripadvisor.com.au/Attractions\\-g187372\\-Activities\\-Dortmund\\_North\\_Rhine\\_Westphalia.html \\|title\\=Things to Do in Dortmund \n\\|publisher\\= tripvisitor}}", "### Shopping", "[thumb\\|Westenhellweg](/wiki/File:Westenhellweg.jpg \"Westenhellweg.jpg\")\nThe [Westenhellweg](/wiki/Westenhellweg \"Westenhellweg\") is a popular shopping destination and with nearly 13,000 visitors per hour it was Germany's most frequented shopping street in 2013\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.handelsdaten.de/statistik/daten/studie/236346/umfrage/ranking\\-der\\-beliebtesten\\-einkaufsstrassen\\-deutschlands\\-2013/\\|title\\=Beliebteste Einkaufsstraßen in Deutschland – Statistik\\|website\\=Handelsdaten.de\\|access\\-date\\=20 September 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=11 November 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111235616/http://www.handelsdaten.de/statistik/daten/studie/236346/umfrage/ranking\\-der\\-beliebtesten\\-einkaufsstrassen\\-deutschlands\\-2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} During the Middle Ages, Dortmund was the only free imperial city in Westphalia, having already been regarded as an important centre of trade. Today some of the most reputed shops, department stores have stores here. It is a pedestrian\\-only area and is bordered by the [Reinoldikirche](/wiki/Reinoldikirche \"Reinoldikirche\") in the east and [U\\-Tower](/wiki/Dortmund_U-Tower \"Dortmund U-Tower\") in the west. The Westenhellweg has one of the highest rents for retail and office space in [North Rhine\\-Westphalia](/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia \"North Rhine-Westphalia\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dortmund\\-tourismus.de/en/goingout\\-shopping/shopping\\-guide/shopping\\-guide/shopping\\-miles/hellweg.html\\|title\\=DORTMUNDtourismus \\- Hellweg\\|website\\=Dortmund\\-tourismus.de}}", "Three more shopping malls occupy the Thier\\-Galerie; [Galeria Kaufhof](/wiki/Metro_AG \"Metro AG\") and [Karstadt](/wiki/Arcandor \"Arcandor\"), as well as large fashion retail clothing stores. During the month before [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas \"Christmas\"), the extended pedestrian\\-only zone is host to [Dortmund Christmas Market](/wiki/Dortmund_Christmas_Market \"Dortmund Christmas Market\"), one of the largest and oldest Christmas markets in Germany. With more than 3\\.5 million visitors and 300 stalls around a gigantic Christmas tree that stands 45 metres tall, it is one of the most visited and popular market in the world.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.topnews.de/weihnachtsmaerkte\\-koeln\\-ist\\-publikumsmagnet\\-325655 \\|title\\=Weihnachtsmärkte: Köln ist Publikumsmagnet : Topnews \\|publisher\\=Topnews.de \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-05\\-06 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 June 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612123720/http://www.topnews.de/weihnachtsmaerkte\\-koeln\\-ist\\-publikumsmagnet\\-325655 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "In close proximity to the Dortmund concert hall lies the Brückstraßenviertel – a quarter hub especially for young people. The \"Rue de Pommes Frites\", which is what the Dortmund citizens have called the Brückstraße, has turned into a modern shopping promenade, geared towards a younger market.", "For a long time, the Kampstraße had a shadowy existence as a parallel street to the Westenhellweg and Ostenhellweg, but it has become a grand boulevard containing specialist stores. Right next to the Kampstraße is the Kleppingstraße – a shopping street with a high concentration of gastronomy and expensive, prestigious shops. It is located between the Ostenhellweg and Neutor to Wallring.", "### Port and logistics", "[thumb\\|Logistic Hub Harbour](/wiki/File:Hafen_Dortmund_12.01.2013_12.JPG \"Hafen Dortmund 12.01.2013 12.JPG\")\nDortmund is one of the most important [logistic](/wiki/Logistics \"Logistics\") hubs in Germany, more than 900 companies working in logistics, as well as nationally and internationally recognised scientific institutes. [Dortmund Port](/wiki/Dortmund_Port \"Dortmund Port\"), which terminates the [Dortmund\\-Ems Canal](/wiki/Dortmund-Ems_Canal \"Dortmund-Ems Canal\") connecting Dortmund to the [North Sea](/wiki/North_Sea \"North Sea\"), is the biggest European canal port with 10 docks and a pier length of 11 km. The variety of different activities taking place at the Fraunhofer Institute Material Flow and Logistics ([Fraunhofer Society](/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society \"Fraunhofer Society\")) has, over the past few years, led to a bundling of skills in the areas of logistics and digitalisation in the city. Industry\\-based initiatives and pilot projects, such as the Hybrid Services in Logistics innovation lab, the efficiency cluster LogistikRuhr, Industrial Data Space, the Dortmund Mittelstand 4\\.0 Centre of Excellence, and the enterprise labs. The Digital Hub for Logistics of the [Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action](/wiki/Federal_Ministry_for_Economic_Affairs_and_Climate_Action \"Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action\") is based in Dortmund and twinned with [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\").", "Companies with big logistic hubs for Germany and Europe in Dortmund include:", "* [Amazon](/wiki/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com\")\n* [IKEA](/wiki/IKEA \"IKEA\")\n* [Decathlon](/wiki/Decathlon_%28retailer%29 \"Decathlon (retailer)\")\n* [Rhenus Logistics](/wiki/Rhenus_%28company%29 \"Rhenus (company)\")\n* [Schenker AG](/wiki/Schenker_AG \"Schenker AG\")\n* [TEDi GmbH \\& Co. KG](/wiki/TEDi_GmbH_%26_Co._KG \"TEDi GmbH & Co. KG\")", "### Fairs", "Dortmund is home to Germany's twelve biggest exhibition centre, [Halls of Westphalia](/wiki/Westfalenhallen \"Westfalenhallen\") which lies near the city center next to [Dortmund Airport](/wiki/Dortmund_Airport \"Dortmund Airport\"). With around 77\\.000 visitors each year, [Jagd \\& Hund](/wiki/Jagd_%26_Hund \"Jagd & Hund\") is by far the largest event held there. Other important fairs open to consumers include \"Intermodelbau\", the world's biggest consumer fair for model making, and one of the leading fairs for youth culture \"YOU\". Important fairs restricted to professionals include \"D.I.M\" (Deutsche Immobilienmesse, German property fair), Creativa (Hobby) and InterTabac (Tabaco).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wirtschaftsfoerderung\\-dortmund.de/en/standort/branchen/index.jsp\\|title\\=The new Dortmund – space for change\\|publisher\\=Stadt Dortmund – City of Dortmund Economic Development Agency\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-07\\-30\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719114203/http://www.wirtschaftsfoerderung\\-dortmund.de/en/standort/branchen/index.jsp\\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2011}}", "", "File:Westfalenhallen Dortmund logo.svg\\|Messe Dortmund logo\nFile:Westfalenhalle\\-Dortmu 2213\\.JPG\\|Main Hall\nFile:Westfalenhalle\\-Rosenterassen\\-0008\\.JPG\\|Rosenterassen south entrance\nFile:Westfalenhalle\\-Verwaltung\\-0004\\.JPG\\|Headquarter", "", "### Federal Agency and public organisations", "Dortmund is home of the [Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health](/wiki/Federal_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health \"Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health\"), the National Material Testing Office of North Rhine\\-Westphalia material and the main customs office.", "### Consulates", "As a profoundly international city, Dortmund hosts diplomatic missions ([consulates](/wiki/Consulate \"Consulate\") and [consulates\\-general](/wiki/Consulate-_general \"Consulate- general\")) of [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://consdortmund.esteri.it/consolato\\_dortmund/it/\\|title\\=Consolato d'Italia – Dortmund\\|work\\=consdortmund.esteri.it}} [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://web2\\.cylex.de/firma\\-home/griechisches\\-generalkonsulat\\-1166057\\.html\\|title\\=Griechisches Generalkonsulat\\|website\\=Cylex\\-Branchenbuch Deutschland}} [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.oeffnungszeitenbuch.de/filiale/Dortmund\\-Honorarkonsulat%2520der%2520Volksrepublik%2520Bangladesch\\-426709S.html\\|title\\=ᐅ Öffnungszeiten: Honorarkonsulat der Volksrepublik Bangladesch – Brackeler Hellweg 119 in Dortmund\\|website\\=Oeffnungszeitenbuch.de}} [Ghana](/wiki/Ghana \"Ghana\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.botschaft\\-konsulat.com/Konsulate/17963/Ghana\\-in\\-Dortmund\\|title\\=Das Konsulat von Ghana in Dortmund – Deutschland\\|website\\=Botschaft\\-konsulat.com}} [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.konsulate.de/konsulate/konsulate\\_in\\_dortmund\\_info.php\\|title\\=Konsulate in Dortmund Konsulat Info konsulate.de \\|first\\=Michael\\|last\\=Winterberg\\|website\\=Konsulate.de}} the [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic \"Czech Republic\"), and [Slovenia](/wiki/Slovenia \"Slovenia\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hk\\-slowenien\\-nrw.de/\\|title\\=Honorarkonsulat Slowenien\\|website\\=Hk\\-slowenien\\-nrw.de}}", "### Courts", "Several [courts](/wiki/Court \"Court\") are located in Dortmund, including:\n* **Landgericht Dortmund** (Regional Court Dortmund)\n* **Amtsgericht Dortmund** (Local Court Dortmund)\n* **Sozialgericht Dortmund** (Social Court Dortmund)\n* **Arbeitsgericht Dortmund** (Employment Court Dortmund)", "### Media", "{{Empty section\\|date\\=July 2022}}", "### Newspapers", "[thumb\\|Harenberg City Center](/wiki/File:Dortmund-U-100616-14214-Harenberg.jpg \"Dortmund-U-100616-14214-Harenberg.jpg\")\nTwo important daily newspapers are published in and around Dortmund. The conservative *[Ruhr Nachrichten](/wiki/Ruhr_Nachrichten \"Ruhr Nachrichten\")*, also known as *RN*, was founded in 1949\\. The RN has a circulation of over 225,000 copies daily. The other important newspaper, the *[Westfälische Rundschau](/wiki/Westf%C3%A4lische_Rundschau \"Westfälische Rundschau\")*, was first published in 1945 and has a daily circulation of over 181,000\\. The WR is published by Germany's third largest newspaper and magazine publisher *[Funke Mediengruppe](/wiki/Funke_Mediengruppe \"Funke Mediengruppe\")*.", "### Magazines", "Several magazines also originate from Dortmund. The Rock *[Rock hard (magazine)](/wiki/Rock_hard_%28magazine%29 \"Rock hard (magazine)\")* is a [metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music \"Heavy metal music\") and [hard rock](/wiki/Hard_rock \"Hard rock\") magazine, with subsidiaries in various countries worldwide, including [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\"), [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\")/[Portugal](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"), and [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\"). *Visions* is a German music magazine with a circulation of approximately 35,000\\.", "### Radio and TV", "[thumb\\|upright\\|Westfalentower, regional studio of Sat.1](/wiki/File:Westfalentower_Dortmund_Westfalendamm.jpg \"Westfalentower Dortmund Westfalendamm.jpg\")\nThe [Westdeutscher Rundfunk](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk \"Westdeutscher Rundfunk\") (WDR, West German Broadcasting Cologne has a sizable studio in Dortmund, which is responsible for the east [Ruhr](/wiki/Ruhr \"Ruhr\") area. Each day, it produces a 30\\-minute regional evening news magazine (called *Lokalzeit Ruhr*), a 5\\-minute afternoon news programme, and several radio news programmes. A local broadcasting station called Radio 91\\.2 went \"on\\-the\\-air\" in the early 1990s. [Sat.1](/wiki/Sat.1 \"Sat.1\") have a regional studio in Dortmund. The City stands alongside [London](/wiki/London \"London\") and [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") as one of the three head offices of Global Tamil Vision and GTV\\-Deutschland.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.unionviertel.de/sivalingam\\-rasan/\\|title\\=Sivalingam Rasan – Unionviertel\\|date\\=15 July 2015}}", "Two big Radio Channels of [Westdeutscher Rundfunk](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk \"Westdeutscher Rundfunk\") are sending from Dortmund.\n* [WDR 2](/wiki/WDR_2 \"WDR 2\"), featuring adult\\-oriented popular music, focuses strongly on national and regional news, current affairs, and sport.\n* [WDR 4](/wiki/WDR_4 \"WDR 4\") (motto: *Meine Lieblingshits*, \"my favourite hits\") is a channel aimed chiefly towards an older audience.{{cite web \\|title\\=Reform für WDR 4 und WDR 2 \\|url\\=https://journal\\-nrw.de/reformen\\-fuer\\-wdr\\-4\\-und\\-wdr\\-2\\-das\\-mittagsmagazin\\-ist\\-zurueck/ \\|website\\=DJV\\-NRW Journal \\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2020 \\|language\\=de\\-DE}} Its focus is on tuneful music – in particular, [oldies](/wiki/Oldies \"Oldies\") and [classic hits](/wiki/Classic_hits \"Classic hits\"):{{cite web \\|title\\=Relaunch: WDR 4 mit mehr internationalen Hits und regionaler Nähe \\|url\\=https://www.radioszene.de/22528/wdr\\-4\\-ab\\-21\\-marz\\-mit\\-mehr\\-internationalen\\-hits\\-und\\-regionaler\\-nahe.html \\|website\\=RADIOSZENE \\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2020 \\|language\\=de\\-DE \\|date\\=20 March 2011}} popular music of the 1960s to the 1980s or later – with more specialized programming (operetta, country, folk) in the evenings. Around 30–40% of WDR 4's musical output is made up of [German\\-language](/wiki/German-language \"German-language\") songs.", "Other radio broadcasters include Radio NRW and eldoradio\\*.", "### Film", "The films *[Trains'n'Roses](/wiki/Trains%27n%27Roses \"Trains'n'Roses\")*, *[Bang Boom Bang](/wiki/Bang_Boom_Bang \"Bang Boom Bang\")*, *[Oi! Warning](/wiki/Oi%21_Warning \"Oi! Warning\")*, *[Do Fish Do It?](/wiki/Do_Fish_Do_It%3F \"Do Fish Do It?\")*, *[If It Don't Fit, Use a Bigger Hammer](/wiki/If_It_Don%27t_Fit%2C_Use_a_Bigger_Hammer \"If It Don't Fit, Use a Bigger Hammer\")*, *[Guys and Balls](/wiki/Guys_and_Balls \"Guys and Balls\")*, *[Goldene Zeiten](/wiki/Goldene_Zeiten \"Goldene Zeiten\")*, *[Marija](/wiki/Marija_%28film%29 \"Marija (film)\")* and television series {{Lang\\|de\\|\\[\\[Tatort]]}}, *[Balko](/wiki/Balko \"Balko\")*, *[Helden der Kreisklasse](/wiki/Helden_der_Kreisklasse \"Helden der Kreisklasse\")*, and more German movies like *{{Ill\\|The Crocodiles (2009 film)\\|de\\|3\\=Vorstadtkrokodile (2009\\)\\|lt\\=The Crocodiles}}*, *{{ill\\|The Rhino and the Dragonfly\\|de\\|Die Libelle und das Nashorn}}*, *Ein Schnitzel für alle*, *{{Ill\\|Young Light\\|de\\|Junges Licht (Film)}}*, and *{{Ill\\|Radio Heimat\\|de\\|Radio Heimat (Film)}}* were filmed in the city.", "" ]
Culture ------- {{multiple image \|align\=right \|image1\=Dortmund Oper Kaufmann.jpg \|width1\=195 \|caption1\= The new \[\[Theater Dortmund\|opera house]] is one of the biggest theaters in Germany. \|image2\=Dortmund Konzerthaus.JPG \|width2\=195 \|caption2\= The \[\[Konzerthaus Dortmund]] is one of the most outstanding concert halls in Europe. }} The city has a long tradition of music and theatre. The orchestra was founded in 1887 and is now called [Dortmunder Philharmoniker](/wiki/Dortmunder_Philharmoniker "Dortmunder Philharmoniker"). The first opera house was built in 1904, destroyed in World War II and opened again in 1966 as [Opernhaus Dortmund](/wiki/Opernhaus_Dortmund "Opernhaus Dortmund"). It is operated by [Theater Dortmund](/wiki/Theater_Dortmund "Theater Dortmund") together with other locations, including (since 2002\) the Konzerthaus Dortmund. The Konzerthaus Dortmund is listed in the ECHO list as one of the 21 most outstanding concert halls in Europe.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.concerthallorganisation.eu\|title\= European Concert Hall Organisation (ECHO)\|website\=Concerthallorganisation.eu\|access\-date\=8 March 2022}} The Domicil Jazz Club is one of the "100 best jazz venues world wide" according to the American jazz magazine *[DownBeat](/wiki/DownBeat "DownBeat")*.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.domicil\-dortmund.de/index.php/ueber\-uns.html\|title\=domicil Dortmund · Live Music Club \& Bar · Jazz, World Music, Avantgarde – About us \[in english]\|website\=Domicil\-dortmund.de}} The Dortmund U\-Tower, which was once a brewery, is now European centre for creative economy and the [Museum am Ostwall](/wiki/Museum_am_Ostwall "Museum am Ostwall"). The area around the U\-Tower called "Union Viertel" is part of the Creative.Quarters Ruhr and are rooted in the European Capital of Culture [RUHR.2010](/wiki/RUHR.2010 "RUHR.2010"). Dortmund leading cabaret\-stage is the Cabaret Queue, which is located next to Lake phoenix. Some other famous cabaret\-stages are the [Fletch Bizzel](/wiki/Fletch_Bizzel "Fletch Bizzel") and the theatre Olpktetal. The most important cabaret event is the RuhrHOCHdeutsch, which is one of the most successful cabaret festivals in Germany. It features artists from around the world. Dortmund is also famous for its Christmas market, which draws well over three and a half million visitors to its 300 stalls around a gigantic Christmas tree creation that stands 45 metres tall. The market is famous for its handmade ornaments and delicacies. ### Recreation [thumb\|200px\|Botanischer Garten Rombergpark](/wiki/File:Dortmund_rombergpark.JPG "Dortmund rombergpark.JPG") [thumb\|right\|200px\|[Florianturm](/wiki/Florianturm "Florianturm"), Westfalenpark](/wiki/File:NRW%2C_Dortmund_-_Fernsehturm_Florian_01.jpg "NRW, Dortmund - Fernsehturm Florian 01.jpg") [thumb\|right\|200px\|Juicy Beats Festival, Westfalenpark](/wiki/File:Juicy_Beats_2013.jpg "Juicy Beats 2013.jpg") The [Botanischer Garten Rombergpark](/wiki/Botanischer_Garten_Rombergpark "Botanischer Garten Rombergpark"), or informally Rombergpark, is an extensive municipal [arboretum](/wiki/Arboretum "Arboretum") and [botanical garden](/wiki/Botanical_garden "Botanical garden") located in the south of the city center of Dortmund. With its total area of 65 hectares the Rombergpark is one of the largest botanical gardens in the world. The garden was established in 1822 as the Romberg family's English landscape park. In 1927–1929 it was acquired by the city and under city planning director Richard Nose enhanced by a small herb garden. The park and castle were badly damaged in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), but starting in 1950 director Gerd Krüssmann rebuilt it as an [arboretum](/wiki/Arboretum "Arboretum"), adding some 4,500 species to the park. Today the garden contains a historic English landscape park with monuments; an arboretum containing thousands of species of woody plants, including some of the largest trees in [North Rhine\-Westphalia](/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia "North Rhine-Westphalia"); a terrace with [palm trees](/wiki/Palm_tree "Palm tree"); and four [greenhouses](/wiki/Greenhouse "Greenhouse") (1,000 m2 total area) for [cactus](/wiki/Cactus "Cactus") and [succulents](/wiki/Succulent "Succulent"), [ferns](/wiki/Fern "Fern"), [tropical plants](/wiki/Tropical_plant "Tropical plant"), and [camellias](/wiki/Camellia "Camellia"), [jasmine](/wiki/Jasmine "Jasmine"), and [lemons](/wiki/Lemon "Lemon"). The [Dortmund Zoo](/wiki/Dortmund_Zoo "Dortmund Zoo") is the zoological garden with 28 hectares next to the Rombergpark and was founded 1953\. With 1,800 animals belonging to 250 species, the Dortmund Zoo is the second largest in the Ruhr Valley. It is specialized in the keeping and breeding of [South American](/wiki/South_America "South America") species and is leading in the breeding of the [giant anteater](/wiki/Giant_anteater "Giant anteater"), the [tamandua](/wiki/Tamandua "Tamandua"), and the [giant otter](/wiki/Giant_otter "Giant otter").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dortmund.de/de/freizeit\_und\_kultur/zoo\_dortmund/tiere\_im\_zoo/top\_10\_arten/index.html\|title\=Top 10 Arten – Tiere im Zoo – Zoo Dortmund – Freizeit \& Kultur – Stadtportal dortmund.de\|website\=Dortmund.de}} The [Westfalenpark](/wiki/Westfalenpark "Westfalenpark") is Dortmunds's most popular inner\-city park. The park is 72 hectares in size and is one of the largest urban gardens of Germany. It was first opened in 1959 as the second [Bundesgartenschau](/wiki/Bundesgartenschau "Bundesgartenschau") ([abbr.](/wiki/Abbreviation "Abbreviation") BUGA) in [North Rhine\-Westphalia](/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia "North Rhine-Westphalia"). With the National Rosarium with 3,000 different rose varieties, theme gardens, an environmental protection centre, the German Cookbook Museum, a geological garden, cafés, and recreation areas, it provides numerous opportunities for a day of diverse activities. Dortmund's Westfalenpark is also a popular location for events in the Ruhr area\- with parties, festivals, events, theatre, music, and flea and garden markets. One of the best views across the whole Ruhr valley is offered by the visitors platform and the revolving restaurant in the 209\-metre\-high [Florian tower](/wiki/Florian_tower "Florian tower"). Another summer attraction is the chair lift, which opened in 1959 and runs on Sundays between a "Mountain" and "Valley" station 500 metres apart.Charles \& Brigid Quest\-Ritson, "The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Roses", Dorling Kindersley 2003, p. 419 ### Museums With more than 20 museums, Dortmund has one of the largest variety of museums in the Ruhr Valley, one of which, the [LWL Industrial Museum Zollern II/IV Colliery](/wiki/Zollern_II/IV_Colliery "Zollern II/IV Colliery"), is an anchor point on the [European Route of Industrial Heritage](/wiki/European_Route_of_Industrial_Heritage "European Route of Industrial Heritage").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.erih.net/nc/anchor\-points/detail.html?user\_erihobjects\_pi2%5Bpointer%5D\=0\&user\_erihobjects\_pi2%5Bmode%5D\=1\&user\_erihobjects\_pi2%5BshowUid%5D\=15331\&user\_erihobjects\_pi2%5Bregionalroute%5D\=0\&user\_erihobjects\_pi2%5BanchorOnly%5D\=1\&user\_erihobjects\_pi2%5BmembersOnly%5D\=0\|title\=ERIH Entry:LWL Industrial Museum Zollern II/IV Colliery\|date\=2014\|publisher\=European Route of Industrial Heritage\|access\-date\=15 January 2015\|archive\-date\=22 September 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922033327/http://www.erih.net/nc/anchor\-points/detail.html?user\_erihobjects\_pi2\[pointer]\=0\&user\_erihobjects\_pi2\[mode]\=1\&user\_erihobjects\_pi2\[showUid]\=15331\&user\_erihobjects\_pi2\[regionalroute]\=0\&user\_erihobjects\_pi2\[anchorOnly]\=1\&user\_erihobjects\_pi2\[membersOnly]\=0\|url\-status\=dead}} [thumb\|left\|150px\|Museum of Art and Cultural History](/wiki/File:Dortmund_Museum_Kunst_Kulturgeschichte_IMGP8267.jpg "Dortmund Museum Kunst Kulturgeschichte IMGP8267.jpg") The [Museum am Ostwall](/wiki/Museum_am_Ostwall "Museum am Ostwall") (known as Museum am Ostwall until 2010\) is a museum of [modern](/wiki/Modern_art "Modern art") and [contemporary art](/wiki/Contemporary_art "Contemporary art"). It was founded in the late 1940s, and has been located in the [Dortmund U\-Tower](/wiki/Dortmund_U-Tower "Dortmund U-Tower") since 2010\. The collection includes [paintings](/wiki/Paintings "Paintings"), [sculptures](/wiki/Sculptures "Sculptures"), objects, and [photographs](/wiki/Photographs "Photographs") from the 20th century, plus over 2,500 [graphics](/wiki/Graphic_art "Graphic art"), spanning [Expressionism](/wiki/Expressionism "Expressionism") through classic modern art to the present day. At the heart of the collection are works by [Ernst Ludwig Kirchner](/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner "Ernst Ludwig Kirchner"), [Otto Mueller](/wiki/Otto_Mueller "Otto Mueller"), [Emil Nolde](/wiki/Emil_Nolde "Emil Nolde"), and graphics by [Pablo Picasso](/wiki/Pablo_Picasso "Pablo Picasso") from the 1940s and '50s, plus others by [Joan Miró](/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3 "Joan Miró"), [Marc Chagall](/wiki/Marc_Chagall "Marc Chagall"), and [Salvador Dalí](/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD "Salvador Dalí"). The [German Football Museum](/wiki/German_Football_Museum "German Football Museum") ({{lang\-de\|Deutsches Fußballmuseum}}), aka [DFB](/wiki/German_Football_Association "German Football Association")\-Museum, is the national museum for [German football](/wiki/Football_in_Germany "Football in Germany"). It is located close to the [Dortmund Hauptbahnhof](/wiki/Dortmund_Hauptbahnhof "Dortmund Hauptbahnhof") and is part of an art and culture mile between the creative center [Dortmund U\-Tower](/wiki/Dortmund_U-Tower "Dortmund U-Tower") and the [Theater Dortmund](/wiki/Theater_Dortmund "Theater Dortmund"), founded to preserve, conserve and interpret important collections of football memorabilia. In its permanent exhibition, the museum presents the history of [Germany national football team](/wiki/Germany_national_football_team "Germany national football team") and the [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga "Bundesliga"). [thumb\|right\|DASA Arbeitswelt Ausstellung](/wiki/File:Dasa4.jpg "Dasa4.jpg") The [Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte](/wiki/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Kunst_und_Kulturgeschichte "Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte") or MKK (*Museum of Art and Cultural History*) is a municipal museum located in an [Art Deco](/wiki/Art_Deco "Art Deco") building which was formerly the Dortmund Savings Bank. The collection includes paintings, sculptures, furniture, and applied art, illustrating the cultural history of Dortmund from early times to the 20th century. There are regular temporary exhibitions of art and culture, as well as a permanent exhibition on the history of [surveying](/wiki/Surveying "Surveying"), with rare geodetic instruments.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.dortmund.de/de/freizeit\_und\_kultur/museen/mkk/dasmuseum/kurzportrt/index.html\|title\=Kurzporträt – Das Museum – Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte – Museen – Freizeit, Kultur, Tourismus \|website\=Dortmund.de}} The [Steinwache](/wiki/Steinwache "Steinwache") is a memorial museum of the exhibition Widerstand und Verfolgung in Dortmund 1933–1945 ("Resistance and Persecution in Dortmund 1933–1945"), which demonstrates the persecution under National Socialism with many photographs, short texts and sometimes with reports from contemporary witnesses. The museum is located in an old prison and had a reputation as Die Hölle von Westdeutschland ("The hell of western Germany"). Between 1933 and 1945 more than 66,000 people were imprisoned in the Steinwache prison. Other important museums in Dortmund are: * DASA – Arbeitswelt Ausstellung (Germany Occupational Health and Safety Exhibition) * Architecture Archive North Rhine\-Westphalia * [Borusseum](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund "Borussia Dortmund") (Museum of Borussia Dortmund) * [LWL Industrial Museum Zollern II/IV Colliery](/wiki/Zollern_II/IV_Colliery "Zollern II/IV Colliery") (Germany's first technical building monument of international importance) * Museum of natural history Dortmund * Brewery museum * HOESCH Museum Not directly located in Dortmund but important for the city history: * [Henrichenburg boat lift](/wiki/Henrichenburg_boat_lift "Henrichenburg boat lift") (is a popular destination for cyclists along the canals of the northern Ruhr area). ### Festivals and nightlife [thumb\|right\|Mayday 2009 Westfalenhallen](/wiki/File:Mayday_2009_dortmund_halle_1.jpg "Mayday 2009 dortmund halle 1.jpg") Dortmund offers a variety of restaurants, bars and clubs. Clubs concentrate in and around the city centre (Wallring) and in the Kreuzviertel district. Furthermore, Dortmund is one of the main centres of the Electronic dance music and techno subculture. With the [Mayday](/wiki/Mayday_%28music_festival%29 "Mayday (music festival)") and Syndicate festivals, the Westfalenhalle Arena has become one of the most important techno strongholds in [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe"). After negotiations with several German cities, it was announced that the [Love Parade](/wiki/Love_Parade "Love Parade") would move to the [Ruhr Area](/wiki/Ruhr_Area "Ruhr Area") for five years (2007–2012\). After [Essen](/wiki/Essen "Essen") in 2007 the festival took 2008 place on the [Bundesstraße 1](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_1 "Bundesstraße 1") under the motto *Highway of Love*. The event was planned as a "Love Weekend", with parties throughout the region. For the first time the Turkish electronic scene was represented by its own float, called "[Turkish Delights](/wiki/Turkish_Delights_%28music_project%29 "Turkish Delights (music project)")". The official estimate is that 1\.6 million visitors attended, making it the largest parade to date. {{Cite news \| last \= Volmerich \| first \= Oliver \| title \= Feucht, fröhlich, friedlich \| newspaper \= \[\[Ruhr Nachrichten]], Dortmunder Zeitung \| pages \= DOLO1x1 \| date \= 21 July 2008 }}, in [German language](/wiki/German_language "German language") Every year, the Juicy Beats music festival turns the Westfalenpark into a huge festival ground for pop, rap, electro, indie, alternative, reggae, and urban beats – most recently with over 50,000 visitors. ### Cuisine [thumb\|Traditional bakery for Dortmunder Salzkuchen](/wiki/File:B%C3%A4ckerei_Fischer_am_Rathaus_%281%29.jpg "Bäckerei Fischer am Rathaus (1).jpg") [thumb\|right\|Dortmunder Export](/wiki/File:Dortmund_H%C3%B6rde_Burg_08.jpg "Dortmund Hörde Burg 08.jpg") [thumb\|right\|Panhas](/wiki/File:Panhas_-_Janana_2a.jpg "Panhas - Janana 2a.jpg") Traditional meals in the region are [Pfefferpotthast](/wiki/Pfefferpotthast "Pfefferpotthast") (a form of Goulash, though containing more beef), [Balkenbrij](/wiki/Balkenbrij "Balkenbrij"), [Heaven and Earth](/wiki/Himmel_und_erde "Himmel und erde") (Himmel und Äd; [black pudding](/wiki/Black_pudding "Black pudding") with stewed apples mixed with [mashed potatoes](/wiki/Mashed_potato "Mashed potato")), [Currywurst](/wiki/Currywurst "Currywurst"), and [Pumpernickel](/wiki/Pumpernickel "Pumpernickel") with Griebenschmalz (German lard with crispy pieces of pork skin). In summer the people like to eat a Dortmunder Salzkuchen (bread buns with caraway seeds, salt, meat, and onions). Also a special meal in the winter is [Reibekuchen](/wiki/Reibekuchen "Reibekuchen") (fried potato pancake served with apple sauce). Dortmund had more than 550 years of brewing tradition; some of the oldest [breweries](/wiki/Brewery "Brewery") in [Westphalia](/wiki/Westphalia "Westphalia") are founded around the Old Market in Dortmund. Dortmund is known for its pale lager beer called [Dortmunder Export](/wiki/Dortmunder_Export "Dortmunder Export") or Dortmunder; it became popular with industrial workers and was responsible for Dortmunder Union becoming Germany's largest brewery and Dortmund having the highest concentration of breweries in Germany. Popular and traditionally beer brands are [Dortmunder Actien Brauerei](/wiki/Dortmunder_Actien_Brauerei "Dortmunder Actien Brauerei"), Bergmann Bier, [Kronen](/wiki/Kronen "Kronen"), [Union](/wiki/Dortmund_U-Tower "Dortmund U-Tower"), Brinkhoff's, [Dortmunder Hansa](/wiki/Dortmunder_Actien_Brauerei "Dortmunder Actien Brauerei"), Hövels, Ritter, Thier, and Stifts.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.europeanbeerguide.net/dortpubs.htm\|title\=Dortmund Pub Guide :: the best beer bars, pubs and brewpubs\|website\=Europeanbeerguide.net\|access\-date\=18 November 2017\|archive\-date\=17 May 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517212141/http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/dortpubs.htm\|url\-status\=dead}} "Stösschen" is a beer in a small glass "Stösschen" 0\.2 litres and can be drunk in about two draughts. The idea of a Stößchen came about in the 19th century, when people would have to wait at the level crossing to cross the Nordstadt Railway Line that divided the city centre from the Nordstadt district. A local innkeeper realised the potential of serving quick drinks to waiting people, and thus began a Dortmund tradition.{{cite web\|url\=http://thebeergeek.com/tag/dortmund/\|title\=Dortmund\|website\=Thebeergeek.com}} The Dortmunder Tropfen [Schnaps](/wiki/Schnaps "Schnaps") is a type of [liqueur](/wiki/Liqueur "Liqueur") that is flavored with [herbs](/wiki/Herb "Herb") or [spices](/wiki/Spices "Spices") and traditionally drunk [neat](/wiki/Neat_%28bartending%29 "Neat (bartending)") as a [digestif](/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif "Apéritif and digestif").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.august\-kraemer.de/brennerei/\|title\=Brennerei – Krämer Shop\|website\=August\-kraemer.de}}
[ "Culture\n-------", "{{multiple image\n\\|align\\=right\n\\|image1\\=Dortmund Oper Kaufmann.jpg\n\\|width1\\=195\n\\|caption1\\= The new \\[\\[Theater Dortmund\\|opera house]] is one of the biggest theaters in Germany.\n\\|image2\\=Dortmund Konzerthaus.JPG\n\\|width2\\=195\n\\|caption2\\= The \\[\\[Konzerthaus Dortmund]] is one of the most outstanding concert halls in Europe.\n}}", "The city has a long tradition of music and theatre. The orchestra was founded in 1887 and is now called [Dortmunder Philharmoniker](/wiki/Dortmunder_Philharmoniker \"Dortmunder Philharmoniker\"). The first opera house was built in 1904, destroyed in World War II and opened again in 1966 as [Opernhaus Dortmund](/wiki/Opernhaus_Dortmund \"Opernhaus Dortmund\"). It is operated by [Theater Dortmund](/wiki/Theater_Dortmund \"Theater Dortmund\") together with other locations, including (since 2002\\) the Konzerthaus Dortmund. The Konzerthaus Dortmund is listed in the ECHO list as one of the 21 most outstanding concert halls in Europe.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.concerthallorganisation.eu\\|title\\= European Concert Hall Organisation (ECHO)\\|website\\=Concerthallorganisation.eu\\|access\\-date\\=8 March 2022}}", "The Domicil Jazz Club is one of the \"100 best jazz venues world wide\" according to the American jazz magazine *[DownBeat](/wiki/DownBeat \"DownBeat\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.domicil\\-dortmund.de/index.php/ueber\\-uns.html\\|title\\=domicil Dortmund · Live Music Club \\& Bar · Jazz, World Music, Avantgarde – About us \\[in english]\\|website\\=Domicil\\-dortmund.de}}", "The Dortmund U\\-Tower, which was once a brewery, is now European centre for creative economy and the [Museum am Ostwall](/wiki/Museum_am_Ostwall \"Museum am Ostwall\"). The area around the U\\-Tower called \"Union Viertel\" is part of the Creative.Quarters Ruhr and are rooted in the European Capital of Culture [RUHR.2010](/wiki/RUHR.2010 \"RUHR.2010\").", "Dortmund leading cabaret\\-stage is the Cabaret Queue, which is located next to Lake phoenix. Some other famous cabaret\\-stages are the [Fletch Bizzel](/wiki/Fletch_Bizzel \"Fletch Bizzel\") and the theatre Olpktetal. The most important cabaret event is the RuhrHOCHdeutsch, which is one of the most successful cabaret festivals in Germany. It features artists from around the world.", "Dortmund is also famous for its Christmas market, which draws well over three and a half million visitors to its 300 stalls around a gigantic Christmas tree creation that stands 45 metres tall. The market is famous for its handmade ornaments and delicacies.", "### Recreation", "[thumb\\|200px\\|Botanischer Garten Rombergpark](/wiki/File:Dortmund_rombergpark.JPG \"Dortmund rombergpark.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|[Florianturm](/wiki/Florianturm \"Florianturm\"), Westfalenpark](/wiki/File:NRW%2C_Dortmund_-_Fernsehturm_Florian_01.jpg \"NRW, Dortmund - Fernsehturm Florian 01.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Juicy Beats Festival, Westfalenpark](/wiki/File:Juicy_Beats_2013.jpg \"Juicy Beats 2013.jpg\")\nThe [Botanischer Garten Rombergpark](/wiki/Botanischer_Garten_Rombergpark \"Botanischer Garten Rombergpark\"), or informally Rombergpark, is an extensive municipal [arboretum](/wiki/Arboretum \"Arboretum\") and [botanical garden](/wiki/Botanical_garden \"Botanical garden\") located in the south of the city center of Dortmund. With its total area of 65 hectares the Rombergpark is one of the largest botanical gardens in the world. The garden was established in 1822 as the Romberg family's English landscape park. In 1927–1929 it was acquired by the city and under city planning director Richard Nose enhanced by a small herb garden. The park and castle were badly damaged in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), but starting in 1950 director Gerd Krüssmann rebuilt it as an [arboretum](/wiki/Arboretum \"Arboretum\"), adding some 4,500 species to the park. Today the garden contains a historic English landscape park with monuments; an arboretum containing thousands of species of woody plants, including some of the largest trees in [North Rhine\\-Westphalia](/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia \"North Rhine-Westphalia\"); a terrace with [palm trees](/wiki/Palm_tree \"Palm tree\"); and four [greenhouses](/wiki/Greenhouse \"Greenhouse\") (1,000 m2 total area) for [cactus](/wiki/Cactus \"Cactus\") and [succulents](/wiki/Succulent \"Succulent\"), [ferns](/wiki/Fern \"Fern\"), [tropical plants](/wiki/Tropical_plant \"Tropical plant\"), and [camellias](/wiki/Camellia \"Camellia\"), [jasmine](/wiki/Jasmine \"Jasmine\"), and [lemons](/wiki/Lemon \"Lemon\").", "The [Dortmund Zoo](/wiki/Dortmund_Zoo \"Dortmund Zoo\") is the zoological garden with 28 hectares next to the Rombergpark and was founded 1953\\. With 1,800 animals belonging to 250 species, the Dortmund Zoo is the second largest in the Ruhr Valley. It is specialized in the keeping and breeding of [South American](/wiki/South_America \"South America\") species and is leading in the breeding of the [giant anteater](/wiki/Giant_anteater \"Giant anteater\"), the [tamandua](/wiki/Tamandua \"Tamandua\"), and the [giant otter](/wiki/Giant_otter \"Giant otter\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dortmund.de/de/freizeit\\_und\\_kultur/zoo\\_dortmund/tiere\\_im\\_zoo/top\\_10\\_arten/index.html\\|title\\=Top 10 Arten – Tiere im Zoo – Zoo Dortmund – Freizeit \\& Kultur – Stadtportal dortmund.de\\|website\\=Dortmund.de}}", "The [Westfalenpark](/wiki/Westfalenpark \"Westfalenpark\") is Dortmunds's most popular inner\\-city park. The park is 72 hectares in size and is one of the largest urban gardens of Germany. It was first opened in 1959 as the second [Bundesgartenschau](/wiki/Bundesgartenschau \"Bundesgartenschau\") ([abbr.](/wiki/Abbreviation \"Abbreviation\") BUGA) in [North Rhine\\-Westphalia](/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia \"North Rhine-Westphalia\"). With the National Rosarium with 3,000 different rose varieties, theme gardens, an environmental protection centre, the German Cookbook Museum, a geological garden, cafés, and recreation areas, it provides numerous opportunities for a day of diverse activities. Dortmund's Westfalenpark is also a popular location for events in the Ruhr area\\- with parties, festivals, events, theatre, music, and flea and garden markets. One of the best views across the whole Ruhr valley is offered by the visitors platform and the revolving restaurant in the 209\\-metre\\-high [Florian tower](/wiki/Florian_tower \"Florian tower\"). Another summer attraction is the chair lift, which opened in 1959 and runs on Sundays between a \"Mountain\" and \"Valley\" station 500 metres apart.Charles \\& Brigid Quest\\-Ritson, \"The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Roses\", Dorling Kindersley 2003, p. 419", "### Museums", "With more than 20 museums, Dortmund has one of the largest variety of museums in the Ruhr Valley, one of which, the [LWL Industrial Museum Zollern II/IV Colliery](/wiki/Zollern_II/IV_Colliery \"Zollern II/IV Colliery\"), is an anchor point on the [European Route of Industrial Heritage](/wiki/European_Route_of_Industrial_Heritage \"European Route of Industrial Heritage\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.erih.net/nc/anchor\\-points/detail.html?user\\_erihobjects\\_pi2%5Bpointer%5D\\=0\\&user\\_erihobjects\\_pi2%5Bmode%5D\\=1\\&user\\_erihobjects\\_pi2%5BshowUid%5D\\=15331\\&user\\_erihobjects\\_pi2%5Bregionalroute%5D\\=0\\&user\\_erihobjects\\_pi2%5BanchorOnly%5D\\=1\\&user\\_erihobjects\\_pi2%5BmembersOnly%5D\\=0\\|title\\=ERIH Entry:LWL Industrial Museum Zollern II/IV Colliery\\|date\\=2014\\|publisher\\=European Route of Industrial Heritage\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=22 September 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922033327/http://www.erih.net/nc/anchor\\-points/detail.html?user\\_erihobjects\\_pi2\\[pointer]\\=0\\&user\\_erihobjects\\_pi2\\[mode]\\=1\\&user\\_erihobjects\\_pi2\\[showUid]\\=15331\\&user\\_erihobjects\\_pi2\\[regionalroute]\\=0\\&user\\_erihobjects\\_pi2\\[anchorOnly]\\=1\\&user\\_erihobjects\\_pi2\\[membersOnly]\\=0\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|150px\\|Museum of Art and Cultural History](/wiki/File:Dortmund_Museum_Kunst_Kulturgeschichte_IMGP8267.jpg \"Dortmund Museum Kunst Kulturgeschichte IMGP8267.jpg\")", "The [Museum am Ostwall](/wiki/Museum_am_Ostwall \"Museum am Ostwall\") (known as Museum am Ostwall until 2010\\) is a museum of [modern](/wiki/Modern_art \"Modern art\") and [contemporary art](/wiki/Contemporary_art \"Contemporary art\"). It was founded in the late 1940s, and has been located in the [Dortmund U\\-Tower](/wiki/Dortmund_U-Tower \"Dortmund U-Tower\") since 2010\\. The collection includes [paintings](/wiki/Paintings \"Paintings\"), [sculptures](/wiki/Sculptures \"Sculptures\"), objects, and [photographs](/wiki/Photographs \"Photographs\") from the 20th century, plus over 2,500 [graphics](/wiki/Graphic_art \"Graphic art\"), spanning [Expressionism](/wiki/Expressionism \"Expressionism\") through classic modern art to the present day. At the heart of the collection are works by [Ernst Ludwig Kirchner](/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner \"Ernst Ludwig Kirchner\"), [Otto Mueller](/wiki/Otto_Mueller \"Otto Mueller\"), [Emil Nolde](/wiki/Emil_Nolde \"Emil Nolde\"), and graphics by [Pablo Picasso](/wiki/Pablo_Picasso \"Pablo Picasso\") from the 1940s and '50s, plus others by [Joan Miró](/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3 \"Joan Miró\"), [Marc Chagall](/wiki/Marc_Chagall \"Marc Chagall\"), and [Salvador Dalí](/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD \"Salvador Dalí\").", "The [German Football Museum](/wiki/German_Football_Museum \"German Football Museum\") ({{lang\\-de\\|Deutsches Fußballmuseum}}), aka [DFB](/wiki/German_Football_Association \"German Football Association\")\\-Museum, is the national museum for [German football](/wiki/Football_in_Germany \"Football in Germany\"). It is located close to the [Dortmund Hauptbahnhof](/wiki/Dortmund_Hauptbahnhof \"Dortmund Hauptbahnhof\") and is part of an art and culture mile between the creative center [Dortmund U\\-Tower](/wiki/Dortmund_U-Tower \"Dortmund U-Tower\") and the [Theater Dortmund](/wiki/Theater_Dortmund \"Theater Dortmund\"), founded to preserve, conserve and interpret important collections of football memorabilia. In its permanent exhibition, the museum presents the history of [Germany national football team](/wiki/Germany_national_football_team \"Germany national football team\") and the [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga \"Bundesliga\").\n[thumb\\|right\\|DASA Arbeitswelt Ausstellung](/wiki/File:Dasa4.jpg \"Dasa4.jpg\")", "The [Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte](/wiki/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Kunst_und_Kulturgeschichte \"Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte\") or MKK (*Museum of Art and Cultural History*) is a municipal museum located in an [Art Deco](/wiki/Art_Deco \"Art Deco\") building which was formerly the Dortmund Savings Bank. The collection includes paintings, sculptures, furniture, and applied art, illustrating the cultural history of Dortmund from early times to the 20th century. There are regular temporary exhibitions of art and culture, as well as a permanent exhibition on the history of [surveying](/wiki/Surveying \"Surveying\"), with rare geodetic instruments.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dortmund.de/de/freizeit\\_und\\_kultur/museen/mkk/dasmuseum/kurzportrt/index.html\\|title\\=Kurzporträt – Das Museum – Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte – Museen – Freizeit, Kultur, Tourismus \\|website\\=Dortmund.de}}", "The [Steinwache](/wiki/Steinwache \"Steinwache\") is a memorial museum of the exhibition Widerstand und Verfolgung in Dortmund 1933–1945 (\"Resistance and Persecution in Dortmund 1933–1945\"), which demonstrates the persecution under National Socialism with many photographs, short texts and sometimes with reports from contemporary witnesses. The museum is located in an old prison and had a reputation as Die Hölle von Westdeutschland (\"The hell of western Germany\"). Between 1933 and 1945 more than 66,000 people were imprisoned in the Steinwache prison.", "Other important museums in Dortmund are: \n* DASA – Arbeitswelt Ausstellung (Germany Occupational Health and Safety Exhibition)\n* Architecture Archive North Rhine\\-Westphalia\n* [Borusseum](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund \"Borussia Dortmund\") (Museum of Borussia Dortmund)\n* [LWL Industrial Museum Zollern II/IV Colliery](/wiki/Zollern_II/IV_Colliery \"Zollern II/IV Colliery\") (Germany's first technical building monument of international importance)\n* Museum of natural history Dortmund\n* Brewery museum\n* HOESCH Museum", "Not directly located in Dortmund but important for the city history:\n* [Henrichenburg boat lift](/wiki/Henrichenburg_boat_lift \"Henrichenburg boat lift\") (is a popular destination for cyclists along the canals of the northern Ruhr area).", "### Festivals and nightlife", "[thumb\\|right\\|Mayday 2009 Westfalenhallen](/wiki/File:Mayday_2009_dortmund_halle_1.jpg \"Mayday 2009 dortmund halle 1.jpg\")\nDortmund offers a variety of restaurants, bars and clubs. Clubs concentrate in and around the city centre (Wallring) and in the Kreuzviertel district. Furthermore, Dortmund is one of the main centres of the Electronic dance music and techno subculture. With the [Mayday](/wiki/Mayday_%28music_festival%29 \"Mayday (music festival)\") and Syndicate festivals, the Westfalenhalle Arena has become one of the most important techno strongholds in [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\").", "After negotiations with several German cities, it was announced that the [Love Parade](/wiki/Love_Parade \"Love Parade\") would move to the [Ruhr Area](/wiki/Ruhr_Area \"Ruhr Area\") for five years (2007–2012\\). \nAfter [Essen](/wiki/Essen \"Essen\") in 2007 the festival took 2008 place on the [Bundesstraße 1](/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_1 \"Bundesstraße 1\") under the motto *Highway of Love*. The event was planned as a \"Love Weekend\", with parties throughout the region. For the first time the Turkish electronic scene was represented by its own float, called \"[Turkish Delights](/wiki/Turkish_Delights_%28music_project%29 \"Turkish Delights (music project)\")\". The official estimate is that 1\\.6 million visitors attended, making it the largest parade to date.\n{{Cite news\n \\| last \\= Volmerich\n \\| first \\= Oliver\n \\| title \\= Feucht, fröhlich, friedlich\n \\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[Ruhr Nachrichten]], Dortmunder Zeitung\n \\| pages \\= DOLO1x1\n \\| date \\= 21 July 2008\n }}, in [German language](/wiki/German_language \"German language\")", "Every year, the Juicy Beats music festival turns the Westfalenpark into a huge festival ground for pop, rap, electro, indie, alternative, reggae, and urban beats – most recently with over 50,000 visitors.", "### Cuisine", "[thumb\\|Traditional bakery for Dortmunder Salzkuchen](/wiki/File:B%C3%A4ckerei_Fischer_am_Rathaus_%281%29.jpg \"Bäckerei Fischer am Rathaus (1).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Dortmunder Export](/wiki/File:Dortmund_H%C3%B6rde_Burg_08.jpg \"Dortmund Hörde Burg 08.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Panhas](/wiki/File:Panhas_-_Janana_2a.jpg \"Panhas - Janana 2a.jpg\")\nTraditional meals in the region are [Pfefferpotthast](/wiki/Pfefferpotthast \"Pfefferpotthast\") (a form of Goulash, though containing more beef), [Balkenbrij](/wiki/Balkenbrij \"Balkenbrij\"), [Heaven and Earth](/wiki/Himmel_und_erde \"Himmel und erde\") (Himmel und Äd; [black pudding](/wiki/Black_pudding \"Black pudding\") with stewed apples mixed with [mashed potatoes](/wiki/Mashed_potato \"Mashed potato\")), [Currywurst](/wiki/Currywurst \"Currywurst\"), and [Pumpernickel](/wiki/Pumpernickel \"Pumpernickel\") with Griebenschmalz (German lard with crispy pieces of pork skin).", "In summer the people like to eat a Dortmunder Salzkuchen (bread buns with caraway seeds, salt, meat, and onions). Also a special meal in the winter is [Reibekuchen](/wiki/Reibekuchen \"Reibekuchen\") (fried potato pancake served with apple sauce).", "Dortmund had more than 550 years of brewing tradition; some of the oldest [breweries](/wiki/Brewery \"Brewery\") in [Westphalia](/wiki/Westphalia \"Westphalia\") are founded around the Old Market in Dortmund. Dortmund is known for its pale lager beer called [Dortmunder Export](/wiki/Dortmunder_Export \"Dortmunder Export\") or Dortmunder; it became popular with industrial workers and was responsible for Dortmunder Union becoming Germany's largest brewery and Dortmund having the highest concentration of breweries in Germany. Popular and traditionally beer brands are [Dortmunder Actien Brauerei](/wiki/Dortmunder_Actien_Brauerei \"Dortmunder Actien Brauerei\"), Bergmann Bier, [Kronen](/wiki/Kronen \"Kronen\"), [Union](/wiki/Dortmund_U-Tower \"Dortmund U-Tower\"), Brinkhoff's, [Dortmunder Hansa](/wiki/Dortmunder_Actien_Brauerei \"Dortmunder Actien Brauerei\"), Hövels, Ritter, Thier, and Stifts.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.europeanbeerguide.net/dortpubs.htm\\|title\\=Dortmund Pub Guide :: the best beer bars, pubs and brewpubs\\|website\\=Europeanbeerguide.net\\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=17 May 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517212141/http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/dortpubs.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "\"Stösschen\" is a beer in a small glass \"Stösschen\" 0\\.2 litres and can be drunk in about two draughts. The idea of a Stößchen came about in the 19th century, when people would have to wait at the level crossing to cross the Nordstadt Railway Line that divided the city centre from the Nordstadt district. A local innkeeper realised the potential of serving quick drinks to waiting people, and thus began a Dortmund tradition.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://thebeergeek.com/tag/dortmund/\\|title\\=Dortmund\\|website\\=Thebeergeek.com}}", "The Dortmunder Tropfen [Schnaps](/wiki/Schnaps \"Schnaps\") is a type of [liqueur](/wiki/Liqueur \"Liqueur\") that is flavored with [herbs](/wiki/Herb \"Herb\") or [spices](/wiki/Spices \"Spices\") and traditionally drunk [neat](/wiki/Neat_%28bartending%29 \"Neat (bartending)\") as a [digestif](/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif \"Apéritif and digestif\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.august\\-kraemer.de/brennerei/\\|title\\=Brennerei – Krämer Shop\\|website\\=August\\-kraemer.de}}", "" ]
Sports ------ [thumb\|Headquarters of the Borussia Dortmund sports club (BVB)](/wiki/File:Gesch%C3%A4ftsstelle_BVB_Rheinlanddamm.jpg "Geschäftsstelle BVB Rheinlanddamm.jpg") [thumb\|Headquarter DHB](/wiki/File:Handball-Bundesliga_GmbH_Hauptverwaltung.jpg "Handball-Bundesliga GmbH Hauptverwaltung.jpg") Dortmund calls itself *Sportstadt* (City of Sports). The city is the home of the biggest handball association in the world, the [German Handball Association](/wiki/German_Handball_Association "German Handball Association") (German: Deutscher Handballbund) (DHB), and the German professional handball league [Handball\-Bundesliga](/wiki/Handball-Bundesliga "Handball-Bundesliga") (HBL). Furthermore, Dortmund is the designated residence of the {{lang\|de\|\[\[w:de:Olympiastützpunkt Nordrhein\-Westfalen \|Olympic Centre of Westphalia]]}}. The city is home to many sports clubs, iconic athletes and annually organises several world\-renowned sporting events, such as the [Ruhrmarathon](/wiki/Ruhrmarathon "Ruhrmarathon") and the [Sparkassen Chess\-Meeting](/wiki/Dortmund_Sparkassen_Chess_Meeting "Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting"). ### Football [thumb\|[Signal Iduna Park](/wiki/Signal_Iduna_Park "Signal Iduna Park"), the home stadium of [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga "Bundesliga") club [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund "Borussia Dortmund"), is the biggest stadium in Germany.](/wiki/File:Dortmund_Signal_Iduna_Park_1.jpg "Dortmund Signal Iduna Park 1.jpg") Dortmund is home to the sports club [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund "Borussia Dortmund"), one of the most successful clubs in German [football](/wiki/Association_football "Association football") history. Borussia Dortmund are former [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga "Bundesliga") champions, most recently in 2011–12\.{{cite web\|url \= https://www.bvb.de/eng/BVB/History/2010 \| title \= BVB 09 – Back to Our History \| access\-date \= 10 November 2017}} Borussia Dortmund won the [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League") and the [Intercontinental Cup](/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_%28football%29 "Intercontinental Cup (football)") in 1997, as well as the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1966\. 'Die Borussen' are eight\-time German Champions and have won five [German Cups](/wiki/DFB-Pokal "DFB-Pokal"). Borussia Dortmund play at [Westfalenstadion](/wiki/Westfalenstadion "Westfalenstadion"), currently known as Signal Iduna Park. It was built for the [1974 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup "1974 FIFA World Cup") and also hosted some matches of the [2006 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup "2006 FIFA World Cup"). It is Germany's largest football stadium, with a maximum capacity of 81,359 spectators.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.signal\-iduna\-park.de/Content/Das\_Stadion/Fakten\_Kurioses/index.php?Z\_highmain\=7\&Z\_highsub\=2\&Z\_highsubsub\=0\&PHPSESSID\=83c9745cb0b4c8b508a46a600a5525e2\|title\=Fakten \& Kurioses\|work\=Signal Induna Park official website\|access\-date\=10 February 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131143036/http://www.signal\-iduna\-park.de/Content/Das\_Stadion/Fakten\_Kurioses/index.php?Z\_highmain\=7\&Z\_highsub\=2\&Z\_highsubsub\=0\&PHPSESSID\=862535b40f0a324403738426fdc5639d\|archive\-date\=31 January 2011\|df\=dmy\-all}} ### Handball [thumb\|Stadion Rote Erde](/wiki/File:Stadion_%22Rote_Erde%22_in_Dortmund_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg "Stadion ") Borussia Dortmund has a women's handball team playing in the first [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga_%28handball%29 "Bundesliga (handball)"). ### Table tennis Borussia Dortmund also has a [table tennis](/wiki/Table_tennis "Table tennis") team, playing in the second Bundesliga. ### American football The [Dortmund Giants](/wiki/Dortmund_Giants "Dortmund Giants"), established on 22 May 1980, is an American football team from Dortmund. The official name of the club is 1\. Dortmunder Footballclub Dortmund 1980 "Giants" e.V. The club spent the 1994 season in the 2\. Bundesliga before dropping for two seasons to the third tier [Regionalliga West](/wiki/American_football_Regionalliga "American football Regionalliga"). Five more 2\. Bundesliga seasons followed from 1997 to 2001, the final one in a combined team with the [Bochum Cadets](/wiki/Bochum_Cadets "Bochum Cadets") as the Dortmund B1 Giants.[Football History](http://www.football-history.de/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928064827/http://football\-history.de/ \|date\=28 September 2017 }} {{in lang\|de}} Historic American football tables from Germany, accessed: 28 September 2015 After a five\-season spell in the Regionalliga, the club finished the 2014 season without a win and had to return to the Oberliga once more.[Regionalliga tables \& results](http://www.football-aktuell.de/cgi-bin/schedule.pl?rubrik=5012) {{in lang\|de}} football\-aktueell.de, accessed: 28 September 2015[Oberliga tables \& results](http://www.football-aktuell.de/cgi-bin/schedule.pl?rubrik=5013) {{in lang\|de}} football\-aktueell.de, accessed: 28 September 2015 ### Ice hockey [thumb\|Eissportzentrum Westfalenhallen](/wiki/Image:EHC_Dortmund%2C_indoor.jpg "EHC Dortmund, indoor.jpg") [Eisadler Dortmund](/wiki/EHC_Dortmund "EHC Dortmund") is the city's ice hockey club that plays in [Eissportzentrum Westfalenhallen](/wiki/Eissportzentrum_Westfalenhallen "Eissportzentrum Westfalenhallen"), an [indoor sporting arena](/wiki/Arena "Arena") at the Strobelallee. They played in 2016/17 in the Oberliga, the third level of ice hockey in Germany. ### Basketball The city's basketball team is SVD 49 Dortmund, which plays in the respective national second division. ### Baseball The city's baseball club Dortmund Wanderers plays in the first [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga_%28baseball%29 "Bundesliga (baseball)"). ### Other sports The [Sparkassen Chess\-Meeting](/wiki/Dortmund_Sparkassen_Chess_Meeting "Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting") has been hosted in Dortmund since 1982\. Besides, Dortmund owns an all\-weather racecourse named Galopprennbahn Dortmund. {{Portal\|Germany}}
[ "Sports\n------", "[thumb\\|Headquarters of the Borussia Dortmund sports club (BVB)](/wiki/File:Gesch%C3%A4ftsstelle_BVB_Rheinlanddamm.jpg \"Geschäftsstelle BVB Rheinlanddamm.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Headquarter DHB](/wiki/File:Handball-Bundesliga_GmbH_Hauptverwaltung.jpg \"Handball-Bundesliga GmbH Hauptverwaltung.jpg\")\nDortmund calls itself *Sportstadt* (City of Sports). The city is the home of the biggest handball association in the world, the [German Handball Association](/wiki/German_Handball_Association \"German Handball Association\") (German: Deutscher Handballbund) (DHB), and the German professional handball league [Handball\\-Bundesliga](/wiki/Handball-Bundesliga \"Handball-Bundesliga\") (HBL). Furthermore, Dortmund is the designated residence of the {{lang\\|de\\|\\[\\[w:de:Olympiastützpunkt Nordrhein\\-Westfalen \\|Olympic Centre of Westphalia]]}}.", "The city is home to many sports clubs, iconic athletes and annually organises several world\\-renowned sporting events, such as the [Ruhrmarathon](/wiki/Ruhrmarathon \"Ruhrmarathon\") and the [Sparkassen Chess\\-Meeting](/wiki/Dortmund_Sparkassen_Chess_Meeting \"Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting\").", "### Football", "[thumb\\|[Signal Iduna Park](/wiki/Signal_Iduna_Park \"Signal Iduna Park\"), the home stadium of [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga \"Bundesliga\") club [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund \"Borussia Dortmund\"), is the biggest stadium in Germany.](/wiki/File:Dortmund_Signal_Iduna_Park_1.jpg \"Dortmund Signal Iduna Park 1.jpg\")\nDortmund is home to the sports club [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund \"Borussia Dortmund\"), one of the most successful clubs in German [football](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") history. Borussia Dortmund are former [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga \"Bundesliga\") champions, most recently in 2011–12\\.{{cite web\\|url \\= https://www.bvb.de/eng/BVB/History/2010 \\| title \\= BVB 09 – Back to Our History \\| access\\-date \\= 10 November 2017}} Borussia Dortmund won the [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\") and the [Intercontinental Cup](/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_%28football%29 \"Intercontinental Cup (football)\") in 1997, as well as the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1966\\. 'Die Borussen' are eight\\-time German Champions and have won five [German Cups](/wiki/DFB-Pokal \"DFB-Pokal\"). Borussia Dortmund play at [Westfalenstadion](/wiki/Westfalenstadion \"Westfalenstadion\"), currently known as Signal Iduna Park. It was built for the [1974 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup \"1974 FIFA World Cup\") and also hosted some matches of the [2006 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup \"2006 FIFA World Cup\"). It is Germany's largest football stadium, with a maximum capacity of 81,359 spectators.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.signal\\-iduna\\-park.de/Content/Das\\_Stadion/Fakten\\_Kurioses/index.php?Z\\_highmain\\=7\\&Z\\_highsub\\=2\\&Z\\_highsubsub\\=0\\&PHPSESSID\\=83c9745cb0b4c8b508a46a600a5525e2\\|title\\=Fakten \\& Kurioses\\|work\\=Signal Induna Park official website\\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131143036/http://www.signal\\-iduna\\-park.de/Content/Das\\_Stadion/Fakten\\_Kurioses/index.php?Z\\_highmain\\=7\\&Z\\_highsub\\=2\\&Z\\_highsubsub\\=0\\&PHPSESSID\\=862535b40f0a324403738426fdc5639d\\|archive\\-date\\=31 January 2011\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}", "### Handball", "[thumb\\|Stadion Rote Erde](/wiki/File:Stadion_%22Rote_Erde%22_in_Dortmund_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg \"Stadion \")\nBorussia Dortmund has a women's handball team playing in the first [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga_%28handball%29 \"Bundesliga (handball)\").", "### Table tennis", "Borussia Dortmund also has a [table tennis](/wiki/Table_tennis \"Table tennis\") team, playing in the second Bundesliga.", "### American football", "The [Dortmund Giants](/wiki/Dortmund_Giants \"Dortmund Giants\"), established on 22 May 1980, is an American football team from Dortmund. The official name of the club is 1\\. Dortmunder Footballclub Dortmund 1980 \"Giants\" e.V. The club spent the 1994 season in the 2\\. Bundesliga before dropping for two seasons to the third tier [Regionalliga West](/wiki/American_football_Regionalliga \"American football Regionalliga\"). Five more 2\\. Bundesliga seasons followed from 1997 to 2001, the final one in a combined team with the [Bochum Cadets](/wiki/Bochum_Cadets \"Bochum Cadets\") as the Dortmund B1 Giants.[Football History](http://www.football-history.de/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928064827/http://football\\-history.de/ \\|date\\=28 September 2017 }} {{in lang\\|de}} Historic American football tables from Germany, accessed: 28 September 2015 After a five\\-season spell in the Regionalliga, the club finished the 2014 season without a win and had to return to the Oberliga once more.[Regionalliga tables \\& results](http://www.football-aktuell.de/cgi-bin/schedule.pl?rubrik=5012) {{in lang\\|de}} football\\-aktueell.de, accessed: 28 September 2015[Oberliga tables \\& results](http://www.football-aktuell.de/cgi-bin/schedule.pl?rubrik=5013) {{in lang\\|de}} football\\-aktueell.de, accessed: 28 September 2015", "### Ice hockey", "[thumb\\|Eissportzentrum Westfalenhallen](/wiki/Image:EHC_Dortmund%2C_indoor.jpg \"EHC Dortmund, indoor.jpg\")\n[Eisadler Dortmund](/wiki/EHC_Dortmund \"EHC Dortmund\") is the city's ice hockey club that plays in [Eissportzentrum Westfalenhallen](/wiki/Eissportzentrum_Westfalenhallen \"Eissportzentrum Westfalenhallen\"), an [indoor sporting arena](/wiki/Arena \"Arena\") at the Strobelallee. They played in 2016/17 in the Oberliga, the third level of ice hockey in Germany.", "### Basketball", "The city's basketball team is SVD 49 Dortmund, which plays in the respective national second division.", "### Baseball", "The city's baseball club Dortmund Wanderers plays in the first [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga_%28baseball%29 \"Bundesliga (baseball)\").", "### Other sports", "The [Sparkassen Chess\\-Meeting](/wiki/Dortmund_Sparkassen_Chess_Meeting \"Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting\") has been hosted in Dortmund since 1982\\.", "Besides, Dortmund owns an all\\-weather racecourse named Galopprennbahn Dortmund.", "{{Portal\\|Germany}}", "" ]
Conversion to Islam and legal problems in Germany ------------------------------------------------- {{more citations needed\|section\|date\=January 2018}} Following a near death experience after a car crash, and affected by [Pierre Vogel](/wiki/Pierre_Vogel "Pierre Vogel"), a former professional boxer and converted Islamist, he ended his rap career in 2010,{{cite news\|url\=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2011/09/01/01003\-20110901ARTFIG00767\-deso\-dogg\-rappeur\-allemand\-devenu\-chantre\-du\-djihad.php\|author\=Patrick Saint\-Paul\|title\=Deso Dogg, rappeur allemand devenu chantre du djihad\|newspaper\=\[\[Le Figaro]]\|date\=2 September 2011\|accessdate\=25 November 2013\|language\=French}} declaring his own religious conversion to Islam.Mekhennet, Souad. "Osama's name flows in our blood: Ex\-rapper", *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* at *[Indian Express](/wiki/Indian_Express "Indian Express")*, 2 September 2011\. [3](http://www.indianexpress.com/news/osamas-name-flows-in-our-blood-exrapper/840441/3); retrieved 27 November 2011\. He declared his decision to convert in a public video.{{cite AV media\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=gTj13znP3sI\|title\=YouTube\|website\=Youtube.com\|accessdate\=30 June 2015}} He became a member of a radical Islamic group called *Die Wahre Religion* (meaning The True Religion). He also said he was dropping his earlier name Deso Dogg in favor of the Islamic name Abou Maleeq.Mekhennet, Souad."[Austrian Returns, Unrepentant, to Online Jihad](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/16/world/europe/austrian-returns-to-online-jihad.html)." *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. 16 November 2011\. Retrieved 27 November 2011\. After his conversion he became a vocal Islamic music "[nasheed](/wiki/Nasheed "Nasheed")" singer, singing in German. Controversies ensued as he declared public support for Islamic "[Mujahideen](/wiki/Mujahideen "Mujahideen")" forces in Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia and Chechnya, describing Berlin as *{{lang\|de\|eine weitere Kuffar\-Metropole}}* ("yet another *[kuffar](/wiki/Kafir "Kafir")* (infidel) metropolis"). In April 2011, the Berlin public prosecutor brought charges of illegal possession of weapons against him after Cuspert appeared as "Abou Maleeq" in a [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") video brandishing arms. During a house raid, 16 cartridges of 9 mm caliber and .22 were found on the premises. On 18 August 2011, he was found guilty and fined 1800 euros without any jail term being specified. German officials remained vigilant, however, claiming his videos and speeches contained inflammatory rhetoric that promoted violence. Guido Steinberg, an Islamic studies expert at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs think\-tank stated that Dogg's music "support\[s] a radicalisation process."Maclean, William. "[Analysis \- Islamist videos, populists stir German worries](https://web.archive.org/web/20160116051519/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-germany-security-idUKTRE7842HS20110905)", *[Reuters](/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*, 5 September 2011\. Retrieved 27 November 2011\. The public broadcaster [Südwestrundfunk](/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk "Südwestrundfunk") (SWR) said in a report that the "Islamist radical Denis C. (alias "Abu Maleeq") was being investigated for [sedition](/wiki/Sedition "Sedition")". The popular *[Report Mainz](/wiki/Report_Mainz "Report Mainz")* news magazine on German ARD TV highlighted his videos, including one publicly praising [Osama bin Laden](/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden "Osama bin Laden") in one of his nasheeds. Abou Maleeq announced he was moving from Berlin to Bonn. But his activities came under further scrutiny when [Arid Uka](/wiki/Arid_Uka "Arid Uka"), a Kosovo\-born ethnic Albanian from [Frankfurt am Main](/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main "Frankfurt am Main"), revealed after assassinating two U.S. Airmen and severely wounding two others in an operation in [Frankfurt Airport](/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport "Frankfurt Airport"), that he had been greatly influenced in his actions by Abou Maleeq's works and that he was a great fan of the singer.
[ "Conversion to Islam and legal problems in Germany\n-------------------------------------------------", "{{more citations needed\\|section\\|date\\=January 2018}}\nFollowing a near death experience after a car crash, and affected by [Pierre Vogel](/wiki/Pierre_Vogel \"Pierre Vogel\"), a former professional boxer and converted Islamist, he ended his rap career in 2010,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2011/09/01/01003\\-20110901ARTFIG00767\\-deso\\-dogg\\-rappeur\\-allemand\\-devenu\\-chantre\\-du\\-djihad.php\\|author\\=Patrick Saint\\-Paul\\|title\\=Deso Dogg, rappeur allemand devenu chantre du djihad\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Le Figaro]]\\|date\\=2 September 2011\\|accessdate\\=25 November 2013\\|language\\=French}} declaring his own religious conversion to Islam.Mekhennet, Souad. \"Osama's name flows in our blood: Ex\\-rapper\", *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* at *[Indian Express](/wiki/Indian_Express \"Indian Express\")*, 2 September 2011\\. [3](http://www.indianexpress.com/news/osamas-name-flows-in-our-blood-exrapper/840441/3); retrieved 27 November 2011\\. He declared his decision to convert in a public video.{{cite AV media\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=gTj13znP3sI\\|title\\=YouTube\\|website\\=Youtube.com\\|accessdate\\=30 June 2015}}", "He became a member of a radical Islamic group called *Die Wahre Religion* (meaning The True Religion). He also said he was dropping his earlier name Deso Dogg in favor of the Islamic name Abou Maleeq.Mekhennet, Souad.\"[Austrian Returns, Unrepentant, to Online Jihad](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/16/world/europe/austrian-returns-to-online-jihad.html).\" *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*. 16 November 2011\\. Retrieved 27 November 2011\\.", "After his conversion he became a vocal Islamic music \"[nasheed](/wiki/Nasheed \"Nasheed\")\" singer, singing in German. Controversies ensued as he declared public support for Islamic \"[Mujahideen](/wiki/Mujahideen \"Mujahideen\")\" forces in Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia and Chechnya, describing Berlin as *{{lang\\|de\\|eine weitere Kuffar\\-Metropole}}* (\"yet another *[kuffar](/wiki/Kafir \"Kafir\")* (infidel) metropolis\").", "In April 2011, the Berlin public prosecutor brought charges of illegal possession of weapons against him after Cuspert appeared as \"Abou Maleeq\" in a [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\") video brandishing arms. During a house raid, 16 cartridges of 9 mm caliber and .22 were found on the premises. On 18 August 2011, he was found guilty and fined 1800 euros without any jail term being specified. German officials remained vigilant, however, claiming his videos and speeches contained inflammatory rhetoric that promoted violence.", "Guido Steinberg, an Islamic studies expert at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs think\\-tank stated that Dogg's music \"support\\[s] a radicalisation process.\"Maclean, William. \"[Analysis \\- Islamist videos, populists stir German worries](https://web.archive.org/web/20160116051519/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-germany-security-idUKTRE7842HS20110905)\", *[Reuters](/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")*, 5 September 2011\\. Retrieved 27 November 2011\\.", "The public broadcaster [Südwestrundfunk](/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk \"Südwestrundfunk\") (SWR) said in a report that the \"Islamist radical Denis C. (alias \"Abu Maleeq\") was being investigated for [sedition](/wiki/Sedition \"Sedition\")\". The popular *[Report Mainz](/wiki/Report_Mainz \"Report Mainz\")* news magazine on German ARD TV highlighted his videos, including one publicly praising [Osama bin Laden](/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden \"Osama bin Laden\") in one of his nasheeds. Abou Maleeq announced he was moving from Berlin to Bonn. But his activities came under further scrutiny when [Arid Uka](/wiki/Arid_Uka \"Arid Uka\"), a Kosovo\\-born ethnic Albanian from [Frankfurt am Main](/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main \"Frankfurt am Main\"), revealed after assassinating two U.S. Airmen and severely wounding two others in an operation in [Frankfurt Airport](/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport \"Frankfurt Airport\"), that he had been greatly influenced in his actions by Abou Maleeq's works and that he was a great fan of the singer.", "" ]
Causes of pendency ------------------ ### Low strength of judges and non\-judicial staff In 2022, the sanctioned strength of judges in India was 21\.03 judges per million population.{{Cite news \|title\=India has about 21 judges per million people \|work\=The Economic Times \|url\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/india\-has\-about\-21\-judges\-per\-million\-people/articleshow/89481479\.cms \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-06}} The absolute sanctioned strength of judges were 34 in Supreme Court, 1108 in high courts, and 24,631 in district courts.{{Cite web \|last\=Poddar \|first\=Umang \|title\=India's lower courts are sitting on 4 crore cases. Filling judicial vacancies must be a priority \|url\=https://scroll.in/article/1028852/indias\-lower\-courts\-are\-sitting\-on\-4\-crore\-cases\-filling\-judicial\-vacancies\-must\-be\-a\-priority \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-06 \|website\=Scroll.in \|date\=6 August 2022 \|language\=en\-US}} Law commission of India and Justice V S Malimath Committee had recommended in the past to raise the strength of judges to 50 judges per million population, or 20,000 population per judge.{{Cite web \|last\=SMSala \|title\=Pendency in Indian Judiciary \|url\=http://risingkashmir.com/\-00000000\-0000\-0000\-0000\-000000000000 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-06 \|website\=Rising Kashmir}} The sanctioned strength of judges of the Supreme Court of India can be increased by the Parliament passing a law.{{Cite web \|title\=Supreme Court Judges \|url\=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID\=1812352 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-13 \|website\=pib.gov.in}} The sanctioned strength of judges of a High Court can be increased by the High Court making a recommendation and after it has been approved by the respective state government, its governor, the Chief Justice of India and the union government.{{Cite web \|last\=Bench \|first\=Bar \& \|title\=Central government approves increase in sanctioned Bench strength of Telangana High Court by 75 percent after intervention by CJI NV Ramana \|url\=https://www.barandbench.com/news/telangana\-high\-court\-to\-increase\-sanctioned\-bench\-strength\-by\-75 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-13 \|website\=Bar and Bench \- Indian Legal news \|date\=9 June 2021 \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|date\=2021\-06\-10 \|title\=Telangana High Court strength increased from 24 to 42 judges \|url\=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/telangana\-high\-court\-strength\-increased\-24\-42\-judges\-150402 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-13 \|website\=The News Minute \|language\=en}} ### Vacant position of the judges Despite the sanctioned strength of judges, courts in India have often not worked in full capacity due to vacancy of judges. In 2022, the working strength of judges in India was 14\.4 judges per million population.{{Cite web \|last\=Gera \|first\=Ishaan \|title\=Only 14\.4 Judges Per Million Population \|url\=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/only\-14\-4\-judges\-per\-million\-population/20220802\.htm \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-06 \|website\=Rediff \|language\=en}} It has changed marginally from 13\.2 in 2016\.{{Cite web \|title\=India: number of judges 2020 \|url\=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1170564/india\-number\-of\-judges/ \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-06 \|website\=Statista \|language\=en}} In comparison, the strength of judges are 210 judges per million in Europe and 150 in the United States. Non\-judicial staff positions also remain vacant with some states having vacancy upto 25% in 2018\-19\.{{Cite web \|title\=India Justice Report 2020 \|url\=https://www.tatatrusts.org/Upload/pdf/ijr\-2020\-overall\-report\-january\-26\.pdf}} Vacancies in courts keep on arising periodically due to retirement, resignation, demise, or elevation of judges.{{Cite web \|title\=Understanding vacancies in the Indian judiciary \|url\=https://prsindia.org/theprsblog/understanding\-vacancies\-in\-the\-indian\-judiciary \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-14 \|website\=PRS Legislative Research \|language\=en\-US}} The appointment of judges is a long process. Supreme Court judges are recommended for appointment by the Supreme Court collegium, consisting of the Chief Justice of India and the four remaining senior\-most judges of the Supreme court.{{Cite web \|title\=Memorandum of procedure of appointment of Supreme Court Judges {{!}} Department of Justice {{!}} India \|url\=https://doj.gov.in/memorandum\-of\-procedure\-of\-appointment\-of\-supreme\-court\-judges/ \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-14 \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|title\=Article 124 of Indian Constitution \|url\=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1164880/}} The names have to be approved by the union government before being appointed by the President. The high court judges are recommended for appointment by the High Court collegium consisting of the Chief Justice of the High Court, and two remaining senior\-most judges of the high court.{{Cite web \|title\=Memorandum of procedure of appointment of High Court Judges {{!}} Department of Justice {{!}} India \|url\=https://doj.gov.in/memorandum\-of\-procedure\-of\-appointment\-of\-high\-court\-judges/ \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-14 \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|title\=Article 217 of Indian Constitution \|url\=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1682952/}} The names have to be approved by the state government, the governor, the Chief Justice of India, and the union government before being appointed by the President. The union government and the state government are binding to abide by the suggestion of the Chief Justice of India, the Chief Justice of the High court and their collegium in the appointment of the judges. However, the rule is seldom followed in time and the union government would delay the appointment or return the names for appointment. As per rule, the union government must approve the appointments in 3–4 weeks if the collegium reiterates the names.{{Cite web \|title\='Not Acceptable': SC Slams Union Govt Over Delay in Clearing Collegium\-Approved Judges \|url\=https://thewire.in/law/not\-acceptable\-sc\-slams\-union\-govt\-over\-delay\-in\-clearing\-collegium\-approved\-judges \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-14 \|website\=The Wire}}{{Cite web \|title\=SC Collegium Sent 106 Names for Judges, 9 for CJs, but Centre Cleared Only 8 Names: CJI \|url\=https://thewire.in/law/sc\-collegium\-sent\-106\-names\-for\-judges\-9\-for\-cjs\-but\-centre\-cleared\-only\-8\-names\-cji \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-14 \|website\=The Wire}} The lack of coordination and cooperation is a major cause for the vacancy in the higher judiciary.{{Cite web \|date\=2021\-09\-05 \|title\=Faceoff: Centre objected but Supreme Court Collegium firm on 12 names for HCs \|url\=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/faceoff\-centre\-objected\-but\-supreme\-court\-collegium\-firm\-on\-12\-names\-for\-hcs\-7489287/ \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-14 \|website\=The Indian Express \|language\=en}} In some cases, the appointment of judges has been delayed for 4 years due to the names pending with the union government for approval.{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-05\-31 \|title\=After 4 years of delay, Centre to clear appointment of Sadiq Wasim Nagral as judge of J\&K High Court \|url\=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/centre\-appointment\-sadiq\-wasim\-nagral\-judge\-jammu\-and\-kashmir\-high\-court\-7944915/ \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-14 \|website\=The Indian Express \|language\=en}} The district or lower court judge appointments in a state are made by the respective high court, the governor, and the State Public Service Commission.{{Cite web \|last\=Poddar \|first\=Umang \|title\=India's lower courts are sitting on 4 crore cases. Filling judicial vacancies must be a priority \|url\=https://scroll.in/article/1028852/indias\-lower\-courts\-are\-sitting\-on\-4\-crore\-cases\-filling\-judicial\-vacancies\-must\-be\-a\-priority \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-20 \|website\=Scroll.in \|date\=6 August 2022 \|language\=en\-US}} The exams are conducted for the appointment of the district judges and the civil judges. The examination for the civil judges appointment is conducted by the State Public Service Commission in 10 states only; while all other examination for the judge's appointment in a state jurisdiction is conducted by the High Court themselves. The examination and appointment process are not efficient. In 2018, Supreme Court noted that there was a mismatch in the number of posts vacant in the lower courts and the recruitment underway. In 2022, Bihar Public Service Commission took 30 months just to complete the examination.{{Cite web \|title\=Bihar Public Service Commission Result \|url\=https://www.bpsc.bih.nic.in/Archive/2022/NB\-2022\-10\-10\-01\.pdf}} The union government has proposed setting up AIJS (All India Judicial Service) to tackle vacancies in the lower judiciary by centralising the recruitment process.{{Cite web \|date\=2021\-11\-05 \|title\=Explained: Lower judiciary and centralised recruitment debate \|url\=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained\-lower\-judiciary\-centralised\-recruitment\-debate\-7607709/ \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-20 \|website\=The Indian Express \|language\=en}} Lower judiciary suffers also from not attracting and retaining talented judges, and lack of career progression. Many judges have been quitting the judiciary to go into private practice or join top private law firms, as it offers a lot more in terms of remuneration.{{Cite web \|title\=Here is why there will be a lot of lower judiciary vacancies in the coming years Lawsikho Blog \|url\=https://lawsikho.com/blog/here\-is\-why\-there\-will\-be\-a\-lot\-of\-lower\-judiciary\-vacancies\-in\-the\-coming\-years/ \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-20 \|website\=lawsikho.com}} Many states have been criticised for the pay offered to lower court judges. Recommendations of the Judicial Pay Commission and the Supreme Court orders to increase the judges salary are not implemented by the states.{{Cite news \|last\=Bureau \|first\=The Hindu \|date\=2022\-11\-25 \|title\=Judicial officers demand implementation of revised pay scale \|language\=en\-IN \|work\=The Hindu \|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/judicial\-officers\-demand\-implementation\-of\-revised\-pay\-scale/article66184154\.ece \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-12 \|issn\=0971\-751X}} In Delhi Judiciary exam 2019, 66 percent seats could not be filled as candidates were simply unable to score even the cut off marks. In Jammu and Kashmir judiciary exam 2019, not one candidate passed the district judge exam for the fourth consecutive time. In Tamil Nadu judiciary exam 2019, of around 3,500 lawyers appearing for the district judge examination, none passed. ### Inadequate funding Except the Supreme Court which is funded by the central government, all the expenses of the High Court and the District Courts in a state are funded by the respective state government. As of 2018, 92% of all expenditure on the judiciary was borne by the states.{{Cite web \|last\=Suresh \|first\=Nileena \|date\=2022\-02\-22 \|title\=Explained: How The Union Budget Funds India's Justice System \|url\=https://www.indiaspend.com/explainers/how\-the\-union\-budget\-funds\-indias\-justice\-system\-804821 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-06 \|website\=www.indiaspend.com \|language\=en}} This includes salary of judges, non\-judicial staff and all operation costs. In 2019, India spent 0\.08% of its GDP on the judiciary.{{Cite web \|title\=India Justice Report 2019 \|url\=https://www.tatatrusts.org/upload/pdf/judiciary\-backgrounder.pdf}} All states and union territories allocated less than 1% of its annual budget on the judiciary, except Delhi with 1\.9%. There is no guideline for the state expenditure on the judiciary to ensure higher efficiency of the judiciary. In comparison, United States spends 2% of its annual budget on judiciary.{{Cite web \|title\=Criminal Justice Expenditures: Police, Corrections, and Courts \|url\=https://www.urban.org/policy\-centers/cross\-center\-initiatives/state\-and\-local\-finance\-initiative/state\-and\-local\-backgrounders/criminal\-justice\-police\-corrections\-courts\-expenditures \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-24 \|website\=Urban Institute \|language\=en}} ### Lack of infrastructure District or lower courts are prone to lack of infrastructure. In 2022, there were only 20,143 court halls and 17,800 residential units for judicial officers available to use against the sanctioned strength of 24,631 lower court judges.{{Cite web \|last\=Sahoo \|first\=Niranjan \|date\=2022\-07\-20 \|title\=Indian judiciary is crying for basic infrastructure. Here's what Centre \& states need to do \|url\=https://theprint.in/opinion/indian\-judiciary\-is\-crying\-for\-basic\-infrastructure\-heres\-what\-centre\-states\-need\-to\-do/1046393/ \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-06 \|website\=ThePrint \|language\=en\-US}} Only 40% of the lower court buildings have fully functional toilets with some having no provisions for regular cleaning. Lower courts also suffer from the lack of digital infrastructure, video conferencing rooms, and video connectivity to jails and officers.{{Cite news \|last\=Singh \|first\=Soibam Rocky \|date\=2021\-12\-06 \|title\=Judicial infrastructure, a neglected case \|language\=en\-IN \|work\=The Hindu \|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/judicial\-infrastructure\-a\-neglected\-case/article37859686\.ece \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-06 \|issn\=0971\-751X}} Development of the infrastructure facilities for judiciary rests with the State Governments.{{Cite web \|title\=National Judicial Infrastructure Authority of India \|url\=https://www.pib.gov.in/www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID\=1807611 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-06 \|website\=www.pib.gov.in}} In 2021, Chief Justice N V Ramana had proposed to set up NJIAI (National Judicial Infrastructure Authority of India) to perform administrative work of the judiciary including infrastructure development. In comparison, there are similar body within Judiciary in other countries, for example, Administrative Office of the United States Courts in US.{{Cite web \|title\=Agency \|url\=https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId\=nbKrEPzeztc\=\&ParentEId\=\+klubNxgV0o\=\&EType\=jY3M4CTKVHY\= \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-09 \|website\=www.usgovernmentmanual.gov}} ### Abuse of legal procedure Court cases proceed as per rules described in CrPC ([Code of Criminal Procedure](/wiki/Code_of_Criminal_Procedure_%28India%29 "Code of Criminal Procedure (India)")) and CPC ([Code of Civil Procedure](/wiki/Code_of_Civil_Procedure_%28India%29 "Code of Civil Procedure (India)")). CrPC and CPC have been criticised for being archaic. Though amendments were made to CPC in 1999 and 2002, which fixed 30\-90 days time limit for different rules in the CPC, and allowed maximum three adjournments. However, Supreme Court of India struck down these amendments in 2005, citing their inherent powers.{{Cite news \|last\=Ranjan \|first\=Brajesh \|title\=What causes judicial delay? Judgments diluting timeframes in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments \|work\=The Times of India \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi\-edit\-page/what\-causes\-judicial\-delay\-judgments\-diluting\-timeframes\-in\-code\-of\-civil\-procedure\-worsen\-the\-problem\-of\-adjournments/ \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-10 \|issn\=0971\-8257}} Adjournments and non\-compliance of rules have been used as tools to delay the proceedings.{{Cite web \|title\=Frequent adjournments leading to pendency of cases at consumer courts: Experts \|url\=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID\=970859 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-07 \|website\=www.daijiworld.com \|language\=en}} Lawyers unrestrictedly argue with unrelated oral arguments and submit impractical, long written pleadings to waste time and delay the proceedings.{{Cite web \|title\=Buried in Words: Supreme Court Struggles with Long Submissions \|url\=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/buried\-in\-words\-supreme\-court\-struggles\-with\-long\-submissions/ \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-07 \|website\=Supreme Court Observer \|language\=en\-US}} In contrast, while hearing a case in October 2022, Supreme Court of India concluded the hearing in only 8 days after it set the time limits for arguments, and allowed no repetitions. In 2023, Supreme Court of India while expressing concern, again recommended the time limits in CPC to avoid delay in the proceedings.{{Cite web \|title\=Pendency of cases: Supreme Court issues directions for speedy disposal of civil cases \|url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/pendency\-of\-cases\-supreme\-court\-issues\-directions\-for\-speedy\-disposal\-of\-civil\-cases\-2452787\-2023\-10\-23 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-10 \|website\=India Today \|language\=en}} In CrPC, one rule does not allow criminal cases to proceed if either an accused or a witness is not present before the court.{{Cite web \|last\=Bhaumik \|first\=Aaratrika \|date\=2022\-05\-06 \|title\='Archaic Law': Calcutta HC Recommends Amendments To CrPC To Allow Trial In Absentia Of An Absconding Accused To Secure Rights Of Sexual Abuse Victims \|url\=https://www.livelaw.in/news\-updates/calcutta\-hc\-recommends\-amendments\-to\-crpc\-to\-allow\-trial\-in\-absentia\-of\-an\-absconding\-accused\-to\-secure\-rights\-of\-sexual\-abuse\-victims\-198480 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-07 \|website\=www.livelaw.in \|language\=en}}{{Cite news \|date\=March 25, 2019 \|title\='Judges say HC stay, absconding accused reasons behind cases pending for decades' \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/over\-3\-crore\-cases\-pending\-in\-indian\-courts\-oldest\-case\-traced\-to\-1914/articleshow/68550897\.cms \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-09 \|newspaper\=The Times of India \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\=Varghese \|first\=Hannah M. \|date\=2022\-01\-14 \|title\=Must Prove Accused Is Absconding With No Immediate Prospect For Arrest To Record Witness Deposition U/S 299 CrPC: Kerala High Court \|url\=https://www.livelaw.in/news\-updates/kerala\-high\-court\-299\-crpc\-witness\-statement\-must\-prove\-accused\-absconding\-with\-no\-immediate\-prospect\-for\-arrest\-189452 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-09 \|website\=www.livelaw.in \|language\=en}} This rule alone accounts for the delay in over 60% of all pending criminal cases, as per NJDG in November 2022\. Corruption and apathy of officials helps in the aiding and abetting abuse of the legal procedure.{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-05\-24 \|title\=Official apathy delays the case that may put an end to the pendency of criminal appeals in India – The Leaflet \|url\=https://theleaflet.in/official\-apathy\-delays\-the\-case\-that\-may\-put\-an\-end\-to\-the\-pendency\-of\-criminal\-appeals\-in\-india/ \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-09 \|website\=theleaflet.in \|language\=en\-US}} Judges have been investigated and dismissed for involvement in corruption.{{Cite web \|title\=CBI Files Corruption Case Against Former High Court Judge SN Shukla \|url\=https://www.ndtv.com/india\-news/cbi\-files\-corruption\-case\-against\-former\-high\-court\-judge\-sn\-shukla\-3805098 \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-09 \|website\=NDTV.com}}{{Cite news \|date\=2024\-02\-10 \|title\=Gujarat high court upholds judge's dismissal, says 'no mercy for corrupt officers' \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat\-high\-court\-upholds\-judges\-dismissal\-no\-mercy\-for\-corrupt\-officers/articleshow/107566992\.cms \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-09 \|work\=The Times of India \|issn\=0971\-8257}}{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-08\-06 \|title\=‘Post comes with great responsibility’: Madhya Pradesh High Court upholds dismissal of corruption\-accused judge \|url\=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/post\-comes\-with\-great\-responsibility\-high\-court\-upholds\-dismissal\-of\-corruption\-accused\-judge\-9497227/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-09 \|website\=The Indian Express \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-04\-06 \|title\=Ludhiana Civil Judge Suspended for Corruption and Indiscipline After Vigilance Probe \- Law Trend \|url\=https://lawtrend.in/ludhiana\-civil\-judge\-suspended\-for\-corruption\-and\-indiscipline\-after\-vigilance\-probe/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-09 \|language\=en\-US}} Investigation officials have been caught tampering with evidence.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-05\-27 \|title\=Pune crash: Teen's blood sample was thrown in dustbin, 2 doctors arrested \|url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pune\-porsche\-crash\-forensic\-department\-head\-doctor\-arrested\-for\-tampering\-with\-evidence\-blood\-samples\-changed\-2544194\-2024\-05\-27 \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-09 \|website\=India Today \|language\=en}} An influential politician was acquitted of the assault charges despite the available video evidence.{{Cite web \|title\=BJP Leader Acquitted In Case Of Assault On Madhya Pradesh Official With Bat \|url\=https://www.ndtv.com/india\-news/bjp\-leader\-akash\-vijayvargiya\-acquitted\-in\-case\-of\-assault\-on\-madhya\-pradesh\-official\-with\-bat\-6526702 \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-09 \|website\=NDTV.com}} Prison rules have been changed to provide bail to selective political persons.{{Cite web \|date\=2023\-04\-25 \|title\=Bihar government tweaks jail rules, sets free murder convict\-politician Anand Mohan \|url\=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar\-government\-jail\-rules\-free\-murder\-convict\-politician\-anand\-mohan\-8574385/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-09 \|website\=The Indian Express \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|title\=Dera chief seeks parole again; poll panel questions reasoning \|url\=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india\-news/dera\-chief\-seeks\-parole\-again\-poll\-panel\-questions\-reasoning\-101727550109071\.html}} Singapore, which derived its civil procedure code from the English Law similar to India, used to have delays of upto 10 years in the disposal of civil cases in the 1990's. These delays were largely due to the abuse of civil procedure by the contesting parties. However, after the judicial reforms, the delays became negligible and Singapore now ranks among the top countries with civil and criminal justice system.{{Cite web \|title\=JUDICIAL REFORM: RESHAPING THE CIVIL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN SINGAPORE \|url\=https://www.judiciary.gov.sg/docs/default\-source/news\-docs/j20\-paper\-\-\-judicial\-reform\-\-\-justice\-steven\-chong\-(singapore).pdf}} Parliament of India has passed three new laws in 2024, [Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita](/wiki/Bharatiya_Nagarik_Suraksha_Sanhita "Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita"), [Bharatiya Sakshya Act, 2023](/wiki/Bharatiya_Sakshya_Act%2C_2023 "Bharatiya Sakshya Act, 2023"), and [Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita](/wiki/Bharatiya_Nyaya_Sanhita "Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita") which replaced the CrPC, Indian Evidence Act, and Indian Penal Code respectively. The union government claims that the new laws will provide justice in criminal cases within 3 years.{{Cite news \|date\=2024\-02\-25 \|title\=New laws replacing IPC, CrPC to come into effect on July 1 \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new\-laws\-replacing\-ipc\-crpc\-to\-come\-into\-effect\-on\-july\-1/articleshow/107974501\.cms \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-07 \|work\=The Times of India \|issn\=0971\-8257}} ### Ineffective executive and legislative The disputes and complaints which arise are not resolved by the executive government to the satisfaction of the aggrieved individual and in a fair manner. Laws passed by the legislative may have deficiencies and loopholes. The ineffectiveness of the legislative and the executive administration has led to the docket explosion of cases in the courts. Judges have criticised that the executive and the legislative are not using their full potential which is leading to bad governance and hence putting the burden on the courts.{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-04\-30 \|title\=By not doing job, executive and legislature are burdening courts: CJI Ramana \|url\=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chief\-justice\-of\-india\-n\-v\-ramana\-burden\-on\-courts\-executive\-7894766/ \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-18 \|website\=The Indian Express \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|title\=Govts biggest litigants, docket explosion due to exec, legislature: CJI \|url\=https://www.business\-standard.com/article/current\-affairs/cji\-terms\-govts\-as\-big\-litigants\-says\-docket\-explosion\-due\-to\-legislature\-122043000382\_1\.html}}
[ "Causes of pendency\n------------------", "### Low strength of judges and non\\-judicial staff", "In 2022, the sanctioned strength of judges in India was 21\\.03 judges per million population.{{Cite news \\|title\\=India has about 21 judges per million people \\|work\\=The Economic Times \\|url\\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/india\\-has\\-about\\-21\\-judges\\-per\\-million\\-people/articleshow/89481479\\.cms \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-06}} The absolute sanctioned strength of judges were 34 in Supreme Court, 1108 in high courts, and 24,631 in district courts.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Poddar \\|first\\=Umang \\|title\\=India's lower courts are sitting on 4 crore cases. Filling judicial vacancies must be a priority \\|url\\=https://scroll.in/article/1028852/indias\\-lower\\-courts\\-are\\-sitting\\-on\\-4\\-crore\\-cases\\-filling\\-judicial\\-vacancies\\-must\\-be\\-a\\-priority \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-06 \\|website\\=Scroll.in \\|date\\=6 August 2022 \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Law commission of India and Justice V S Malimath Committee had recommended in the past to raise the strength of judges to 50 judges per million population, or 20,000 population per judge.{{Cite web \\|last\\=SMSala \\|title\\=Pendency in Indian Judiciary \\|url\\=http://risingkashmir.com/\\-00000000\\-0000\\-0000\\-0000\\-000000000000 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-06 \\|website\\=Rising Kashmir}}", "The sanctioned strength of judges of the Supreme Court of India can be increased by the Parliament passing a law.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Supreme Court Judges \\|url\\=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID\\=1812352 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-13 \\|website\\=pib.gov.in}} The sanctioned strength of judges of a High Court can be increased by the High Court making a recommendation and after it has been approved by the respective state government, its governor, the Chief Justice of India and the union government.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Bench \\|first\\=Bar \\& \\|title\\=Central government approves increase in sanctioned Bench strength of Telangana High Court by 75 percent after intervention by CJI NV Ramana \\|url\\=https://www.barandbench.com/news/telangana\\-high\\-court\\-to\\-increase\\-sanctioned\\-bench\\-strength\\-by\\-75 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-13 \\|website\\=Bar and Bench \\- Indian Legal news \\|date\\=9 June 2021 \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2021\\-06\\-10 \\|title\\=Telangana High Court strength increased from 24 to 42 judges \\|url\\=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/telangana\\-high\\-court\\-strength\\-increased\\-24\\-42\\-judges\\-150402 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-13 \\|website\\=The News Minute \\|language\\=en}}", "### Vacant position of the judges", "Despite the sanctioned strength of judges, courts in India have often not worked in full capacity due to vacancy of judges. In 2022, the working strength of judges in India was 14\\.4 judges per million population.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Gera \\|first\\=Ishaan \\|title\\=Only 14\\.4 Judges Per Million Population \\|url\\=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/only\\-14\\-4\\-judges\\-per\\-million\\-population/20220802\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-06 \\|website\\=Rediff \\|language\\=en}} It has changed marginally from 13\\.2 in 2016\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=India: number of judges 2020 \\|url\\=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1170564/india\\-number\\-of\\-judges/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-06 \\|website\\=Statista \\|language\\=en}} In comparison, the strength of judges are 210 judges per million in Europe and 150 in the United States. Non\\-judicial staff positions also remain vacant with some states having vacancy upto 25% in 2018\\-19\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=India Justice Report 2020 \\|url\\=https://www.tatatrusts.org/Upload/pdf/ijr\\-2020\\-overall\\-report\\-january\\-26\\.pdf}}", "Vacancies in courts keep on arising periodically due to retirement, resignation, demise, or elevation of judges.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Understanding vacancies in the Indian judiciary \\|url\\=https://prsindia.org/theprsblog/understanding\\-vacancies\\-in\\-the\\-indian\\-judiciary \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-14 \\|website\\=PRS Legislative Research \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The appointment of judges is a long process. Supreme Court judges are recommended for appointment by the Supreme Court collegium, consisting of the Chief Justice of India and the four remaining senior\\-most judges of the Supreme court.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Memorandum of procedure of appointment of Supreme Court Judges {{!}} Department of Justice {{!}} India \\|url\\=https://doj.gov.in/memorandum\\-of\\-procedure\\-of\\-appointment\\-of\\-supreme\\-court\\-judges/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-14 \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Article 124 of Indian Constitution \\|url\\=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1164880/}} The names have to be approved by the union government before being appointed by the President.", "The high court judges are recommended for appointment by the High Court collegium consisting of the Chief Justice of the High Court, and two remaining senior\\-most judges of the high court.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Memorandum of procedure of appointment of High Court Judges {{!}} Department of Justice {{!}} India \\|url\\=https://doj.gov.in/memorandum\\-of\\-procedure\\-of\\-appointment\\-of\\-high\\-court\\-judges/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-14 \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Article 217 of Indian Constitution \\|url\\=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1682952/}} The names have to be approved by the state government, the governor, the Chief Justice of India, and the union government before being appointed by the President.", "The union government and the state government are binding to abide by the suggestion of the Chief Justice of India, the Chief Justice of the High court and their collegium in the appointment of the judges. However, the rule is seldom followed in time and the union government would delay the appointment or return the names for appointment. As per rule, the union government must approve the appointments in 3–4 weeks if the collegium reiterates the names.{{Cite web \\|title\\='Not Acceptable': SC Slams Union Govt Over Delay in Clearing Collegium\\-Approved Judges \\|url\\=https://thewire.in/law/not\\-acceptable\\-sc\\-slams\\-union\\-govt\\-over\\-delay\\-in\\-clearing\\-collegium\\-approved\\-judges \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-14 \\|website\\=The Wire}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=SC Collegium Sent 106 Names for Judges, 9 for CJs, but Centre Cleared Only 8 Names: CJI \\|url\\=https://thewire.in/law/sc\\-collegium\\-sent\\-106\\-names\\-for\\-judges\\-9\\-for\\-cjs\\-but\\-centre\\-cleared\\-only\\-8\\-names\\-cji \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-14 \\|website\\=The Wire}}", "The lack of coordination and cooperation is a major cause for the vacancy in the higher judiciary.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2021\\-09\\-05 \\|title\\=Faceoff: Centre objected but Supreme Court Collegium firm on 12 names for HCs \\|url\\=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/faceoff\\-centre\\-objected\\-but\\-supreme\\-court\\-collegium\\-firm\\-on\\-12\\-names\\-for\\-hcs\\-7489287/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-14 \\|website\\=The Indian Express \\|language\\=en}} In some cases, the appointment of judges has been delayed for 4 years due to the names pending with the union government for approval.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-05\\-31 \\|title\\=After 4 years of delay, Centre to clear appointment of Sadiq Wasim Nagral as judge of J\\&K High Court \\|url\\=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/centre\\-appointment\\-sadiq\\-wasim\\-nagral\\-judge\\-jammu\\-and\\-kashmir\\-high\\-court\\-7944915/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-14 \\|website\\=The Indian Express \\|language\\=en}}", "The district or lower court judge appointments in a state are made by the respective high court, the governor, and the State Public Service Commission.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Poddar \\|first\\=Umang \\|title\\=India's lower courts are sitting on 4 crore cases. Filling judicial vacancies must be a priority \\|url\\=https://scroll.in/article/1028852/indias\\-lower\\-courts\\-are\\-sitting\\-on\\-4\\-crore\\-cases\\-filling\\-judicial\\-vacancies\\-must\\-be\\-a\\-priority \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-20 \\|website\\=Scroll.in \\|date\\=6 August 2022 \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The exams are conducted for the appointment of the district judges and the civil judges. The examination for the civil judges appointment is conducted by the State Public Service Commission in 10 states only; while all other examination for the judge's appointment in a state jurisdiction is conducted by the High Court themselves. The examination and appointment process are not efficient. In 2018, Supreme Court noted that there was a mismatch in the number of posts vacant in the lower courts and the recruitment underway. In 2022, Bihar Public Service Commission took 30 months just to complete the examination.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Bihar Public Service Commission Result \\|url\\=https://www.bpsc.bih.nic.in/Archive/2022/NB\\-2022\\-10\\-10\\-01\\.pdf}} The union government has proposed setting up AIJS (All India Judicial Service) to tackle vacancies in the lower judiciary by centralising the recruitment process.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2021\\-11\\-05 \\|title\\=Explained: Lower judiciary and centralised recruitment debate \\|url\\=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained\\-lower\\-judiciary\\-centralised\\-recruitment\\-debate\\-7607709/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-20 \\|website\\=The Indian Express \\|language\\=en}}", "Lower judiciary suffers also from not attracting and retaining talented judges, and lack of career progression. Many judges have been quitting the judiciary to go into private practice or join top private law firms, as it offers a lot more in terms of remuneration.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Here is why there will be a lot of lower judiciary vacancies in the coming years Lawsikho Blog \\|url\\=https://lawsikho.com/blog/here\\-is\\-why\\-there\\-will\\-be\\-a\\-lot\\-of\\-lower\\-judiciary\\-vacancies\\-in\\-the\\-coming\\-years/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-20 \\|website\\=lawsikho.com}} Many states have been criticised for the pay offered to lower court judges. Recommendations of the Judicial Pay Commission and the Supreme Court orders to increase the judges salary are not implemented by the states.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Bureau \\|first\\=The Hindu \\|date\\=2022\\-11\\-25 \\|title\\=Judicial officers demand implementation of revised pay scale \\|language\\=en\\-IN \\|work\\=The Hindu \\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/judicial\\-officers\\-demand\\-implementation\\-of\\-revised\\-pay\\-scale/article66184154\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-12 \\|issn\\=0971\\-751X}} In Delhi Judiciary exam 2019, 66 percent seats could not be filled as candidates were simply unable to score even the cut off marks. In Jammu and Kashmir judiciary exam 2019, not one candidate passed the district judge exam for the fourth consecutive time. In Tamil Nadu judiciary exam 2019, of around 3,500 lawyers appearing for the district judge examination, none passed.", "### Inadequate funding", "Except the Supreme Court which is funded by the central government, all the expenses of the High Court and the District Courts in a state are funded by the respective state government. As of 2018, 92% of all expenditure on the judiciary was borne by the states.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Suresh \\|first\\=Nileena \\|date\\=2022\\-02\\-22 \\|title\\=Explained: How The Union Budget Funds India's Justice System \\|url\\=https://www.indiaspend.com/explainers/how\\-the\\-union\\-budget\\-funds\\-indias\\-justice\\-system\\-804821 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-06 \\|website\\=www.indiaspend.com \\|language\\=en}} This includes salary of judges, non\\-judicial staff and all operation costs. In 2019, India spent 0\\.08% of its GDP on the judiciary.{{Cite web \\|title\\=India Justice Report 2019 \\|url\\=https://www.tatatrusts.org/upload/pdf/judiciary\\-backgrounder.pdf}} All states and union territories allocated less than 1% of its annual budget on the judiciary, except Delhi with 1\\.9%. There is no guideline for the state expenditure on the judiciary to ensure higher efficiency of the judiciary.", "In comparison, United States spends 2% of its annual budget on judiciary.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Criminal Justice Expenditures: Police, Corrections, and Courts \\|url\\=https://www.urban.org/policy\\-centers/cross\\-center\\-initiatives/state\\-and\\-local\\-finance\\-initiative/state\\-and\\-local\\-backgrounders/criminal\\-justice\\-police\\-corrections\\-courts\\-expenditures \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-24 \\|website\\=Urban Institute \\|language\\=en}}", "### Lack of infrastructure", "District or lower courts are prone to lack of infrastructure. In 2022, there were only 20,143 court halls and 17,800 residential units for judicial officers available to use against the sanctioned strength of 24,631 lower court judges.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sahoo \\|first\\=Niranjan \\|date\\=2022\\-07\\-20 \\|title\\=Indian judiciary is crying for basic infrastructure. Here's what Centre \\& states need to do \\|url\\=https://theprint.in/opinion/indian\\-judiciary\\-is\\-crying\\-for\\-basic\\-infrastructure\\-heres\\-what\\-centre\\-states\\-need\\-to\\-do/1046393/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-06 \\|website\\=ThePrint \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Only 40% of the lower court buildings have fully functional toilets with some having no provisions for regular cleaning. Lower courts also suffer from the lack of digital infrastructure, video conferencing rooms, and video connectivity to jails and officers.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Singh \\|first\\=Soibam Rocky \\|date\\=2021\\-12\\-06 \\|title\\=Judicial infrastructure, a neglected case \\|language\\=en\\-IN \\|work\\=The Hindu \\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/judicial\\-infrastructure\\-a\\-neglected\\-case/article37859686\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-06 \\|issn\\=0971\\-751X}} Development of the infrastructure facilities for judiciary rests with the State Governments.{{Cite web \\|title\\=National Judicial Infrastructure Authority of India \\|url\\=https://www.pib.gov.in/www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID\\=1807611 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-06 \\|website\\=www.pib.gov.in}} In 2021, Chief Justice N V Ramana had proposed to set up NJIAI (National Judicial Infrastructure Authority of India) to perform administrative work of the judiciary including infrastructure development. In comparison, there are similar body within Judiciary in other countries, for example, Administrative Office of the United States Courts in US.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Agency \\|url\\=https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId\\=nbKrEPzeztc\\=\\&ParentEId\\=\\+klubNxgV0o\\=\\&EType\\=jY3M4CTKVHY\\= \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-09 \\|website\\=www.usgovernmentmanual.gov}}", "### Abuse of legal procedure", "Court cases proceed as per rules described in CrPC ([Code of Criminal Procedure](/wiki/Code_of_Criminal_Procedure_%28India%29 \"Code of Criminal Procedure (India)\")) and CPC ([Code of Civil Procedure](/wiki/Code_of_Civil_Procedure_%28India%29 \"Code of Civil Procedure (India)\")). CrPC and CPC have been criticised for being archaic. Though amendments were made to CPC in 1999 and 2002, which fixed 30\\-90 days time limit for different rules in the CPC, and allowed maximum three adjournments. However, Supreme Court of India struck down these amendments in 2005, citing their inherent powers.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Ranjan \\|first\\=Brajesh \\|title\\=What causes judicial delay? Judgments diluting timeframes in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments \\|work\\=The Times of India \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi\\-edit\\-page/what\\-causes\\-judicial\\-delay\\-judgments\\-diluting\\-timeframes\\-in\\-code\\-of\\-civil\\-procedure\\-worsen\\-the\\-problem\\-of\\-adjournments/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-10 \\|issn\\=0971\\-8257}} Adjournments and non\\-compliance of rules have been used as tools to delay the proceedings.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Frequent adjournments leading to pendency of cases at consumer courts: Experts \\|url\\=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID\\=970859 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-07 \\|website\\=www.daijiworld.com \\|language\\=en}} Lawyers unrestrictedly argue with unrelated oral arguments and submit impractical, long written pleadings to waste time and delay the proceedings.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Buried in Words: Supreme Court Struggles with Long Submissions \\|url\\=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/buried\\-in\\-words\\-supreme\\-court\\-struggles\\-with\\-long\\-submissions/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-07 \\|website\\=Supreme Court Observer \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "In contrast, while hearing a case in October 2022, Supreme Court of India concluded the hearing in only 8 days after it set the time limits for arguments, and allowed no repetitions. In 2023, Supreme Court of India while expressing concern, again recommended the time limits in CPC to avoid delay in the proceedings.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Pendency of cases: Supreme Court issues directions for speedy disposal of civil cases \\|url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/pendency\\-of\\-cases\\-supreme\\-court\\-issues\\-directions\\-for\\-speedy\\-disposal\\-of\\-civil\\-cases\\-2452787\\-2023\\-10\\-23 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-10 \\|website\\=India Today \\|language\\=en}}", "In CrPC, one rule does not allow criminal cases to proceed if either an accused or a witness is not present before the court.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Bhaumik \\|first\\=Aaratrika \\|date\\=2022\\-05\\-06 \\|title\\='Archaic Law': Calcutta HC Recommends Amendments To CrPC To Allow Trial In Absentia Of An Absconding Accused To Secure Rights Of Sexual Abuse Victims \\|url\\=https://www.livelaw.in/news\\-updates/calcutta\\-hc\\-recommends\\-amendments\\-to\\-crpc\\-to\\-allow\\-trial\\-in\\-absentia\\-of\\-an\\-absconding\\-accused\\-to\\-secure\\-rights\\-of\\-sexual\\-abuse\\-victims\\-198480 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-07 \\|website\\=www.livelaw.in \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=March 25, 2019 \\|title\\='Judges say HC stay, absconding accused reasons behind cases pending for decades' \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/over\\-3\\-crore\\-cases\\-pending\\-in\\-indian\\-courts\\-oldest\\-case\\-traced\\-to\\-1914/articleshow/68550897\\.cms \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-09 \\|newspaper\\=The Times of India \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Varghese \\|first\\=Hannah M. \\|date\\=2022\\-01\\-14 \\|title\\=Must Prove Accused Is Absconding With No Immediate Prospect For Arrest To Record Witness Deposition U/S 299 CrPC: Kerala High Court \\|url\\=https://www.livelaw.in/news\\-updates/kerala\\-high\\-court\\-299\\-crpc\\-witness\\-statement\\-must\\-prove\\-accused\\-absconding\\-with\\-no\\-immediate\\-prospect\\-for\\-arrest\\-189452 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-09 \\|website\\=www.livelaw.in \\|language\\=en}} This rule alone accounts for the delay in over 60% of all pending criminal cases, as per NJDG in November 2022\\.", "Corruption and apathy of officials helps in the aiding and abetting abuse of the legal procedure.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-05\\-24 \\|title\\=Official apathy delays the case that may put an end to the pendency of criminal appeals in India – The Leaflet \\|url\\=https://theleaflet.in/official\\-apathy\\-delays\\-the\\-case\\-that\\-may\\-put\\-an\\-end\\-to\\-the\\-pendency\\-of\\-criminal\\-appeals\\-in\\-india/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-09 \\|website\\=theleaflet.in \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Judges have been investigated and dismissed for involvement in corruption.{{Cite web \\|title\\=CBI Files Corruption Case Against Former High Court Judge SN Shukla \\|url\\=https://www.ndtv.com/india\\-news/cbi\\-files\\-corruption\\-case\\-against\\-former\\-high\\-court\\-judge\\-sn\\-shukla\\-3805098 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-09 \\|website\\=NDTV.com}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-10 \\|title\\=Gujarat high court upholds judge's dismissal, says 'no mercy for corrupt officers' \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat\\-high\\-court\\-upholds\\-judges\\-dismissal\\-no\\-mercy\\-for\\-corrupt\\-officers/articleshow/107566992\\.cms \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-09 \\|work\\=The Times of India \\|issn\\=0971\\-8257}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-08\\-06 \\|title\\=‘Post comes with great responsibility’: Madhya Pradesh High Court upholds dismissal of corruption\\-accused judge \\|url\\=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/post\\-comes\\-with\\-great\\-responsibility\\-high\\-court\\-upholds\\-dismissal\\-of\\-corruption\\-accused\\-judge\\-9497227/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-09 \\|website\\=The Indian Express \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-06 \\|title\\=Ludhiana Civil Judge Suspended for Corruption and Indiscipline After Vigilance Probe \\- Law Trend \\|url\\=https://lawtrend.in/ludhiana\\-civil\\-judge\\-suspended\\-for\\-corruption\\-and\\-indiscipline\\-after\\-vigilance\\-probe/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-09 \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Investigation officials have been caught tampering with evidence.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-27 \\|title\\=Pune crash: Teen's blood sample was thrown in dustbin, 2 doctors arrested \\|url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pune\\-porsche\\-crash\\-forensic\\-department\\-head\\-doctor\\-arrested\\-for\\-tampering\\-with\\-evidence\\-blood\\-samples\\-changed\\-2544194\\-2024\\-05\\-27 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-09 \\|website\\=India Today \\|language\\=en}} An influential politician was acquitted of the assault charges despite the available video evidence.{{Cite web \\|title\\=BJP Leader Acquitted In Case Of Assault On Madhya Pradesh Official With Bat \\|url\\=https://www.ndtv.com/india\\-news/bjp\\-leader\\-akash\\-vijayvargiya\\-acquitted\\-in\\-case\\-of\\-assault\\-on\\-madhya\\-pradesh\\-official\\-with\\-bat\\-6526702 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-09 \\|website\\=NDTV.com}} Prison rules have been changed to provide bail to selective political persons.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023\\-04\\-25 \\|title\\=Bihar government tweaks jail rules, sets free murder convict\\-politician Anand Mohan \\|url\\=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar\\-government\\-jail\\-rules\\-free\\-murder\\-convict\\-politician\\-anand\\-mohan\\-8574385/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-09 \\|website\\=The Indian Express \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Dera chief seeks parole again; poll panel questions reasoning \\|url\\=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india\\-news/dera\\-chief\\-seeks\\-parole\\-again\\-poll\\-panel\\-questions\\-reasoning\\-101727550109071\\.html}}", "Singapore, which derived its civil procedure code from the English Law similar to India, used to have delays of upto 10 years in the disposal of civil cases in the 1990's. These delays were largely due to the abuse of civil procedure by the contesting parties. However, after the judicial reforms, the delays became negligible and Singapore now ranks among the top countries with civil and criminal justice system.{{Cite web \\|title\\=JUDICIAL REFORM: RESHAPING THE CIVIL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN SINGAPORE \\|url\\=https://www.judiciary.gov.sg/docs/default\\-source/news\\-docs/j20\\-paper\\-\\-\\-judicial\\-reform\\-\\-\\-justice\\-steven\\-chong\\-(singapore).pdf}}", "Parliament of India has passed three new laws in 2024, [Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita](/wiki/Bharatiya_Nagarik_Suraksha_Sanhita \"Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita\"), [Bharatiya Sakshya Act, 2023](/wiki/Bharatiya_Sakshya_Act%2C_2023 \"Bharatiya Sakshya Act, 2023\"), and [Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita](/wiki/Bharatiya_Nyaya_Sanhita \"Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita\") which replaced the CrPC, Indian Evidence Act, and Indian Penal Code respectively. The union government claims that the new laws will provide justice in criminal cases within 3 years.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-25 \\|title\\=New laws replacing IPC, CrPC to come into effect on July 1 \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new\\-laws\\-replacing\\-ipc\\-crpc\\-to\\-come\\-into\\-effect\\-on\\-july\\-1/articleshow/107974501\\.cms \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-07 \\|work\\=The Times of India \\|issn\\=0971\\-8257}}", "### Ineffective executive and legislative", "The disputes and complaints which arise are not resolved by the executive government to the satisfaction of the aggrieved individual and in a fair manner. Laws passed by the legislative may have deficiencies and loopholes. The ineffectiveness of the legislative and the executive administration has led to the docket explosion of cases in the courts. Judges have criticised that the executive and the legislative are not using their full potential which is leading to bad governance and hence putting the burden on the courts.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-04\\-30 \\|title\\=By not doing job, executive and legislature are burdening courts: CJI Ramana \\|url\\=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chief\\-justice\\-of\\-india\\-n\\-v\\-ramana\\-burden\\-on\\-courts\\-executive\\-7894766/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-18 \\|website\\=The Indian Express \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Govts biggest litigants, docket explosion due to exec, legislature: CJI \\|url\\=https://www.business\\-standard.com/article/current\\-affairs/cji\\-terms\\-govts\\-as\\-big\\-litigants\\-says\\-docket\\-explosion\\-due\\-to\\-legislature\\-122043000382\\_1\\.html}}", "" ]
Geography --------- Abzac is located in the extreme north\-east of the department of Charente and borders the communes of [Availles\-Limouzine](/wiki/Availles-Limouzine "Availles-Limouzine"), [Lessac](/wiki/Lessac "Lessac"), [Saint\-Germain\-de\-Confolens](/wiki/Saint-Germain-de-Confolens "Saint-Germain-de-Confolens"), [Brillac](/wiki/Brillac "Brillac"), and [Oradour\-Fanais](/wiki/Oradour-Fanais "Oradour-Fanais"). The northern border of the commune is also the border between [Charente](/wiki/Charente "Charente") and [Vienne](/wiki/Vienne_%28department%29 "Vienne (department)") departments. Abzac village is at the crossroads of two roads: the D729 from [Confolens](/wiki/Confolens "Confolens") in the south and continuing north to [Adriers](/wiki/Adriers "Adriers") \- the former route Bis from Paris to Spain and the D99 (Route de Brillac) which branches from the D951 in the south\-east then continues through the village north\-west to [Availles\-Limouzine](/wiki/Availles-Limouzine "Availles-Limouzine"). The D951 road passes along the southern border of the commune from [Lessac](/wiki/Lessac "Lessac") in the south\-west to [Mezieres\-sur\-Issoire](/wiki/Mezieres-sur-Issoire "Mezieres-sur-Issoire") in the east. Other departmental minor roads pass through the commune such as the D98 from [Oradour\-Fanais](/wiki/Oradour-Fanais "Oradour-Fanais") in the east to join the D729 in the north of the commune and the D324 which branches off the D951 in the south and passes through the commune to join the D99 south of the village.[Google Maps](https://www.google.com/maps/place/Abzac,+France/@46.0998965,0.717457,12640m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x47fe84278eda8f93:0xa6379ec1c949fa78?hl=en) ### Hamlets and Localities To the northeast of the village, the hamlet of Chardat is nicknamed the *Village of Clay*. This village is home to many tile and brick makers.[Chardat](http://charente.confolens.free.fr/confolens/confolens/abzac/chardat/index.html) {{in lang\|fr}} Other smaller hamlets are: {{col\-begin}} {{col\-break}} * In the north: + Chez Redon + Le Petit Serail + Le Grand Serail + Le Marnier + Le Serail {{col\-break}} * In the south: + Le Queroy + La Pelletiere + Monette + Le Fourniou + Vernet + Les Chaumes + Chaumont + Chez Pilloux {{col\-end}} ### Geology and terrain As with the whole north\-east of the department of [Charente](/wiki/Charente "Charente") which is called *Charente Limousine*, the commune is located on the plateau of [Limousin](/wiki/Limousin "Limousin") in the western part of the [Massif Central](/wiki/Massif_Central "Massif Central") which is composed of [crystalline](/wiki/Crystalline "Crystalline") and [metamorphic](/wiki/Metamorphic "Metamorphic") rocks \- relics of the [Hercynian orogeny](/wiki/Variscan_orogeny "Variscan orogeny"). A large central part of the commune of Abzac is [granite](/wiki/Granite "Granite"). The west of the commune is composed of [paragneiss](/wiki/Paragneiss "Paragneiss") and [diorites](/wiki/Diorites "Diorites"). The plateau in the east of the commune is covered with alterite and degraded granite. Small areas in the north of the commune are composed of [flinty](/wiki/Flint "Flint") [clay](/wiki/Clay "Clay") and quartz shingle.[Infoterre Visualiser](http://infoterre.brgm.fr/viewer/MainTileForward.do#), BRGM websiteBRGM Map on [Géoportail](/wiki/G%C3%A9oportail "Géoportail")[Notice on Bellac](http://ficheinfoterre.brgm.fr/Notices/0639N.pdf), BRGM, 1993, {{ISBN\|2\-7159\-1639\-6}}, Infoterre, consulted on 3 November 2011 {{in lang\|fr}} The commune is situated on a plateau inclined towards the west descending to the valley of the [Vienne](/wiki/Vienne_%28river%29 "Vienne (river)") with increasingly steep slopes. The lowest altitude is 122m along the northwestern border with [Vienne](/wiki/Vienne_%28department%29 "Vienne (department)") and the highest is 232m to on the south\-eastern border. Most of the commune is at an altitude greater than 200m.IGN Map on [Géoportail](/wiki/G%C3%A9oportail "Géoportail") {{in lang\|fr}} The territory is composed of 81% agricultural land and 17% forest and semi\-natural environments. The remaining 2% is shared between *artificial territories* and areas of water.Source : EU – SOeS, CORINE Land Cover, 2006 ### Hydrography The commune is bordered in the west by the [Vienne](/wiki/Vienne_%28river%29 "Vienne (river)"), a tributary of the [Loire](/wiki/Loire "Loire"), and occupies the right bank. The entire commune is therefore in the Loire basin. Many ponds dot the commune and streams connect them to the Vienne such as the Ruisseau de l'Etang de Serail in the north and the Ruisseau de l'Etang de Monette in the centre. In the south there is also the Ruisseau du Moulin de la Toueille, the Ruisseau de la Vergne, and La Curre which is the border of the commune in the south. The Ruisseau de Marcillac is the only stream to flow eastwards. It is a tributary of the Blourde which itself is a tributary of the [Vienne](/wiki/Vienne_%28river%29 "Vienne (river)"). ### Climate The climate is degraded [oceanic](/wiki/Oceanic_climate "Oceanic climate"). This is the same as Charente Limousine but more humid and cooler than the rest of the department.
[ "Geography\n---------", "Abzac is located in the extreme north\\-east of the department of Charente and borders the communes of [Availles\\-Limouzine](/wiki/Availles-Limouzine \"Availles-Limouzine\"), [Lessac](/wiki/Lessac \"Lessac\"), [Saint\\-Germain\\-de\\-Confolens](/wiki/Saint-Germain-de-Confolens \"Saint-Germain-de-Confolens\"), [Brillac](/wiki/Brillac \"Brillac\"), and [Oradour\\-Fanais](/wiki/Oradour-Fanais \"Oradour-Fanais\"). The northern border of the commune is also the border between [Charente](/wiki/Charente \"Charente\") and [Vienne](/wiki/Vienne_%28department%29 \"Vienne (department)\") departments.", "Abzac village is at the crossroads of two roads: the D729 from [Confolens](/wiki/Confolens \"Confolens\") in the south and continuing north to [Adriers](/wiki/Adriers \"Adriers\") \\- the former route Bis from Paris to Spain and the D99 (Route de Brillac) which branches from the D951 in the south\\-east then continues through the village north\\-west to [Availles\\-Limouzine](/wiki/Availles-Limouzine \"Availles-Limouzine\"). The D951 road passes along the southern border of the commune from [Lessac](/wiki/Lessac \"Lessac\") in the south\\-west to [Mezieres\\-sur\\-Issoire](/wiki/Mezieres-sur-Issoire \"Mezieres-sur-Issoire\") in the east. Other departmental minor roads pass through the commune such as the D98 from [Oradour\\-Fanais](/wiki/Oradour-Fanais \"Oradour-Fanais\") in the east to join the D729 in the north of the commune and the D324 which branches off the D951 in the south and passes through the commune to join the D99 south of the village.[Google Maps](https://www.google.com/maps/place/Abzac,+France/@46.0998965,0.717457,12640m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x47fe84278eda8f93:0xa6379ec1c949fa78?hl=en)", "### Hamlets and Localities", "To the northeast of the village, the hamlet of Chardat is nicknamed the *Village of Clay*. This village is home to many tile and brick makers.[Chardat](http://charente.confolens.free.fr/confolens/confolens/abzac/chardat/index.html) {{in lang\\|fr}}", "Other smaller hamlets are:\n{{col\\-begin}}\n{{col\\-break}}\n* In the north:\n\t+ Chez Redon\n\t+ Le Petit Serail\n\t+ Le Grand Serail\n\t+ Le Marnier\n\t+ Le Serail\n\t{{col\\-break}}\n* In the south:\n\t+ Le Queroy\n\t+ La Pelletiere\n\t+ Monette\n\t+ Le Fourniou\n\t+ Vernet\n\t+ Les Chaumes\n\t+ Chaumont\n\t+ Chez Pilloux\n\t{{col\\-end}}", "### Geology and terrain", "As with the whole north\\-east of the department of [Charente](/wiki/Charente \"Charente\") which is called *Charente Limousine*, the commune is located on the plateau of [Limousin](/wiki/Limousin \"Limousin\") in the western part of the [Massif Central](/wiki/Massif_Central \"Massif Central\") which is composed of [crystalline](/wiki/Crystalline \"Crystalline\") and [metamorphic](/wiki/Metamorphic \"Metamorphic\") rocks \\- relics of the [Hercynian orogeny](/wiki/Variscan_orogeny \"Variscan orogeny\").", "A large central part of the commune of Abzac is [granite](/wiki/Granite \"Granite\"). The west of the commune is composed of [paragneiss](/wiki/Paragneiss \"Paragneiss\") and [diorites](/wiki/Diorites \"Diorites\"). The plateau in the east of the commune is covered with alterite and degraded granite. Small areas in the north of the commune are composed of [flinty](/wiki/Flint \"Flint\") [clay](/wiki/Clay \"Clay\") and quartz shingle.[Infoterre Visualiser](http://infoterre.brgm.fr/viewer/MainTileForward.do#), BRGM websiteBRGM Map on [Géoportail](/wiki/G%C3%A9oportail \"Géoportail\")[Notice on Bellac](http://ficheinfoterre.brgm.fr/Notices/0639N.pdf), BRGM, 1993, {{ISBN\\|2\\-7159\\-1639\\-6}}, Infoterre, consulted on 3 November 2011 {{in lang\\|fr}}", "The commune is situated on a plateau inclined towards the west descending to the valley of the [Vienne](/wiki/Vienne_%28river%29 \"Vienne (river)\") with increasingly steep slopes.", "The lowest altitude is 122m along the northwestern border with [Vienne](/wiki/Vienne_%28department%29 \"Vienne (department)\") and the highest is 232m to on the south\\-eastern border. Most of the commune is at an altitude greater than 200m.IGN Map on [Géoportail](/wiki/G%C3%A9oportail \"Géoportail\") {{in lang\\|fr}}", "The territory is composed of 81% agricultural land and 17% forest and semi\\-natural environments. The remaining 2% is shared between *artificial territories* and areas of water.Source : EU – SOeS, CORINE Land Cover, 2006", "### Hydrography", "The commune is bordered in the west by the [Vienne](/wiki/Vienne_%28river%29 \"Vienne (river)\"), a tributary of the [Loire](/wiki/Loire \"Loire\"), and occupies the right bank. The entire commune is therefore in the Loire basin.", "Many ponds dot the commune and streams connect them to the Vienne such as the Ruisseau de l'Etang de Serail in the north and the Ruisseau de l'Etang de Monette in the centre. In the south there is also the Ruisseau du Moulin de la Toueille, the Ruisseau de la Vergne, and La Curre which is the border of the commune in the south. The Ruisseau de Marcillac is the only stream to flow eastwards. It is a tributary of the Blourde which itself is a tributary of the [Vienne](/wiki/Vienne_%28river%29 \"Vienne (river)\").", "### Climate", "The climate is degraded [oceanic](/wiki/Oceanic_climate \"Oceanic climate\"). This is the same as Charente Limousine but more humid and cooler than the rest of the department.", "" ]
Coaching career --------------- From 1981 to 1982, Bleil served as a [graduate assistant](/wiki/Graduate_assistant "Graduate assistant") and part\-time volunteer at [New Mexico Highlands University](/wiki/New_Mexico_Highlands_University "New Mexico Highlands University"). He was named a full\-time assistant in 1983, serving as [defensive coordinator](/wiki/Defensive_coordinator "Defensive coordinator").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93987578/carlsbad\-current\-argus/\|newspaper\=\[\[Carlsbad Current\-Argus]]\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|date\=February 4, 1983\|page\=8\|title\=Bleil Joins NMHU Staff}} {{Open Access}} For a single season in 1984, Bleil was the defensive coordinator of the [Dana Vikings](/wiki/Dana_Vikings_football "Dana Vikings football") in [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa "Iowa").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93987742/albuquerque\-journal/\|newspaper\=\[\[Albuquerque Journal]]\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|date\=January 20, 1985\|title\=Untitled\|page\=76}} {{Open Access}} Bleil was named offensive line coach at [Eastern New Mexico University](/wiki/Eastern_New_Mexico_Greyhounds_football "Eastern New Mexico Greyhounds football") in 1985, serving three seasons in that position before being promoted to [offensive coordinator](/wiki/Offensive_coordinator "Offensive coordinator") in 1988\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93987879/albuquerque\-journal/\|newspaper\=\[\[Albuquerque Journal]]\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|date\=December 25, 1988\|page\=44\|title\=New Mexico Recruits Gain More Notice}} {{Open Access}} He left the school following the 1989 season. Eastern New Mexico ranked top 25 in the [NCAA Division II](/wiki/NCAA_Division_II "NCAA Division II") in four of his five seasons with the school. In 1990, Bleil was named offensive line coach at his [alma mater](/wiki/Alma_mater "Alma mater") of [Northwestern College](/wiki/Northwestern_College_%28Iowa%29 "Northwestern College (Iowa)"), where he served two seasons. Bleil was named offensive line coach of Division I [Pacific University](/wiki/Pacific_Tigers_football "Pacific Tigers football") in 1992, serving in that position for one year before being promoted to offensive coordinator in 1993\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://cyclones.com/staff\-directory/bill\-bleil/279\|website\=\[\[Iowa State Cyclones]]\|title\=Bill Bleil \- Assistant Head Coach/Tight Ends \- Staff Directory \- Iowa State University Athletics}} In 1996, after Pacific discontinued their football program, Bleil was named offensive coordinator as well as offensive line coach at [Western Carolina University](/wiki/Western_Carolina_Catamounts_football "Western Carolina Catamounts football").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93988287/asheville\-citizen\-times/\|newspaper\=\[\[Asheville Citizen\-Times]]\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|date\=December 16, 1996\|title\=Wallace to visit Western\|author\=Jarrett, Keith\|page\=22}} {{Open Access}} He was promoted to head coach following the firing of [Steve Hodgin](/wiki/Steve_Hodgin "Steve Hodgin"), who had hired Bleil one year earlier. In his head coaching debut, Western Carolina lost to [Liberty](/wiki/Liberty_Flames_football "Liberty Flames football") in the season opener.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93988492/asheville\-citizen\-times/\|newspaper\=\[\[Asheville Citizen\-Times]]\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|author\=Browning, Wilt\|title\=After review, Bleil's debut no nightmare\|date\=September 16, 1997\|page\=25}} {{Open Access}} After a 3–8 record that year, Bleil rebounded in 1998 with a 6–5 mark, the first winning season for the school since 1994\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93989614/asheville\-citizen\-times/\|newspaper\=\[\[Asheville Citizen\-Times]]\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|date\=July 29, 1999\|page\=25\|author\=Coughlin, Sean\|title\=Western leads with defense}} {{Open Access}} Despite high expectations, Bleil's 1999 Western Carolina team finished with just three wins after being heavily injured.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93989662/asheville\-citizen\-times/\|newspaper\=\[\[Asheville Citizen\-Times]]\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|author\=Coughlin, Sean\|title\=WCU hopes to claw back into the mix\|date\=July 26, 2000\|page\=17, \[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93989675/asheville\-citizen\-times/ 19]}} {{Open Access}} The school compiled a 4–7 record in 2000\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93989708/asheville\-citizen\-times/\|newspaper\=\[\[Asheville Citizen\-Times]]\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|date\=November 21, 2000\|title\=Catamounts look to next season\|author\=Norris Goode, Tyler\|page\=19}} {{Open Access}} He led them to a 7–4 record in 2001, being named conference coach of the year, but was fired by the school, leading to the outrage of many of the team's fans.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93989800/asheville\-citizen\-times/\|newspaper\=\[\[Asheville Citizen\-Times]]\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|date\=December 20, 2001\|title\=WCU takes big hits for axing Bleil\|page\=1, \[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93989842/asheville\-citizen\-times/ 8]\|author\=Ellison, Quintin}} {{Open Access}} After being fired by Western Carolina, Bleil accepted a position with the [South Dakota Coyotes](/wiki/South_Dakota_Coyotes_football "South Dakota Coyotes football") as offensive coordinator.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93989941/asheville\-citizen\-times/\|newspaper\=\[\[Asheville Citizen\-Times]]\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|page\=42\|title\=Bleil accepts position at South Dakota\|date\=March 30, 2002}} {{Open Access}} He was named [tight ends](/wiki/Tight_end "Tight end") coach at [Northern Illinois University](/wiki/Northern_Illinois_Huskies_football "Northern Illinois Huskies football") in 2003\. He left them after one season and was subsequently hired by the [University of Pittsburgh](/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh "University of Pittsburgh") to coach the tight ends and offensive line.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93990338/the\-daily\-chronicle/\|newspaper\=\[\[Daily Chronicle (Illinois)\|Daily Chronicle]]\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|date\=February 20, 2004\|page\=10\|title\=NIU's Bill Bleil joins Pitt's football staff}} {{Open Access}} In 2005, Bleil was hired by [Akron University](/wiki/Akron_Zips_football "Akron Zips football") as [running backs](/wiki/Running_back "Running back") coach. In his first year with the school, he helped running back [Brett Biggs](/wiki/Brett_Biggs "Brett Biggs") earn second\-team all\-conference honors with over 1,200 rushing yards. His position was changed in 2007 to offensive tackles coach and tight ends coach. Bleil was named assistant head coach and offensive line coach at [Iowa State University](/wiki/Iowa_State_Cyclones_football "Iowa State Cyclones football") at the end of 2008\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93990798/sioux\-city\-journal/\|newspaper\=\[\[Sioux City Journal]]\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|date\=December 24, 2008\|title\=ISU's Rhoades hires Remsen native Bleil\|page\=11}} {{Open Access}} After four seasons in that position, he gave up his offensive line duties for the tight ends while retaining his role as assistant head coach. While coaching the offensive line, five of his players made it into the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League") (NFL). Bleil left for [Rhode Island](/wiki/Rhode_Island_Rams_football "Rhode Island Rams football") in 2014 to be offensive coordinator and offensive line coach.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93991170/the\-des\-moines\-register/\|newspaper\=\[\[The Des Moines Register]]\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|date\=January 7, 2014\|page\=B7\|title\=ISU: Bleil departs; running backs coach named\|author\=Birch, Tommy}} {{Open Access}} He held that role for two seasons before leaving for [Missouri Southern](/wiki/Missouri_Southern_Lions_football "Missouri Southern Lions football") in 2016\. He spent two years with Missouri Southern before accepting a position at [Lamar](/wiki/Lamar_Cardinals_football "Lamar Cardinals football") to coach the offensive line in 2018\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://lamarcardinals.com/sports/football/roster/coaches/bill\-bleil/352\|website\=\[\[Lamar Cardinals]]\|title\=Bill Bleil \- Assistant Coach \- Football Coaches \- Lamar University Athletics}} He was promoted to co\-offensive coordinator in 2019 while retaining his role of offensive line coach. From 2020 to 2021, Bleil was an assistant coach at the [University of Mary Hardin–Baylor](/wiki/University_of_Mary_Hardin%E2%80%93Baylor "University of Mary Hardin–Baylor").{{Cite web\|url\=https://cruathletics.com/sports/football/roster/coaches/bill\-bleil/645\|website\=\[\[Mary Hardin–Baylor Crusaders]]\|title\=Bill Bleil \- Football Coach \- University of Mary Hardin–Baylor Athletics}} In January 2022, he was named offensive line coach at [Stephen F. Austin University](/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin_Lumberjacks_football "Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football").{{Cite web\|url\=https://sfajacks.com/news/2022/1/19/football\-bill\-bell\-tabbed\-as\-lumberjacks\-ol\-coach.aspx\|title\=Bill Bleil Tabbed as Lumberjacks OL Coach\|date\=January 19, 2022\|website\=\[\[Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks and Ladyjacks]]}} In 2024, Bleil was hired as the offensive line coach for [Pittsburg State University](/wiki/Pittsburg_State_University "Pittsburg State University").{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2024}}
[ "Coaching career\n---------------", "From 1981 to 1982, Bleil served as a [graduate assistant](/wiki/Graduate_assistant \"Graduate assistant\") and part\\-time volunteer at [New Mexico Highlands University](/wiki/New_Mexico_Highlands_University \"New Mexico Highlands University\"). He was named a full\\-time assistant in 1983, serving as [defensive coordinator](/wiki/Defensive_coordinator \"Defensive coordinator\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93987578/carlsbad\\-current\\-argus/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Carlsbad Current\\-Argus]]\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=February 4, 1983\\|page\\=8\\|title\\=Bleil Joins NMHU Staff}} {{Open Access}} For a single season in 1984, Bleil was the defensive coordinator of the [Dana Vikings](/wiki/Dana_Vikings_football \"Dana Vikings football\") in [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa \"Iowa\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93987742/albuquerque\\-journal/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Albuquerque Journal]]\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=January 20, 1985\\|title\\=Untitled\\|page\\=76}} {{Open Access}}", "Bleil was named offensive line coach at [Eastern New Mexico University](/wiki/Eastern_New_Mexico_Greyhounds_football \"Eastern New Mexico Greyhounds football\") in 1985, serving three seasons in that position before being promoted to [offensive coordinator](/wiki/Offensive_coordinator \"Offensive coordinator\") in 1988\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93987879/albuquerque\\-journal/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Albuquerque Journal]]\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=December 25, 1988\\|page\\=44\\|title\\=New Mexico Recruits Gain More Notice}} {{Open Access}} He left the school following the 1989 season. Eastern New Mexico ranked top 25 in the [NCAA Division II](/wiki/NCAA_Division_II \"NCAA Division II\") in four of his five seasons with the school.", "In 1990, Bleil was named offensive line coach at his [alma mater](/wiki/Alma_mater \"Alma mater\") of [Northwestern College](/wiki/Northwestern_College_%28Iowa%29 \"Northwestern College (Iowa)\"), where he served two seasons.", "Bleil was named offensive line coach of Division I [Pacific University](/wiki/Pacific_Tigers_football \"Pacific Tigers football\") in 1992, serving in that position for one year before being promoted to offensive coordinator in 1993\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://cyclones.com/staff\\-directory/bill\\-bleil/279\\|website\\=\\[\\[Iowa State Cyclones]]\\|title\\=Bill Bleil \\- Assistant Head Coach/Tight Ends \\- Staff Directory \\- Iowa State University Athletics}}", "In 1996, after Pacific discontinued their football program, Bleil was named offensive coordinator as well as offensive line coach at [Western Carolina University](/wiki/Western_Carolina_Catamounts_football \"Western Carolina Catamounts football\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93988287/asheville\\-citizen\\-times/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Asheville Citizen\\-Times]]\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=December 16, 1996\\|title\\=Wallace to visit Western\\|author\\=Jarrett, Keith\\|page\\=22}} {{Open Access}} He was promoted to head coach following the firing of [Steve Hodgin](/wiki/Steve_Hodgin \"Steve Hodgin\"), who had hired Bleil one year earlier. In his head coaching debut, Western Carolina lost to [Liberty](/wiki/Liberty_Flames_football \"Liberty Flames football\") in the season opener.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93988492/asheville\\-citizen\\-times/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Asheville Citizen\\-Times]]\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|author\\=Browning, Wilt\\|title\\=After review, Bleil's debut no nightmare\\|date\\=September 16, 1997\\|page\\=25}} {{Open Access}} After a 3–8 record that year, Bleil rebounded in 1998 with a 6–5 mark, the first winning season for the school since 1994\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93989614/asheville\\-citizen\\-times/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Asheville Citizen\\-Times]]\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=July 29, 1999\\|page\\=25\\|author\\=Coughlin, Sean\\|title\\=Western leads with defense}} {{Open Access}}", "Despite high expectations, Bleil's 1999 Western Carolina team finished with just three wins after being heavily injured.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93989662/asheville\\-citizen\\-times/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Asheville Citizen\\-Times]]\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|author\\=Coughlin, Sean\\|title\\=WCU hopes to claw back into the mix\\|date\\=July 26, 2000\\|page\\=17, \\[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93989675/asheville\\-citizen\\-times/ 19]}} {{Open Access}} The school compiled a 4–7 record in 2000\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93989708/asheville\\-citizen\\-times/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Asheville Citizen\\-Times]]\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=November 21, 2000\\|title\\=Catamounts look to next season\\|author\\=Norris Goode, Tyler\\|page\\=19}} {{Open Access}} He led them to a 7–4 record in 2001, being named conference coach of the year, but was fired by the school, leading to the outrage of many of the team's fans.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93989800/asheville\\-citizen\\-times/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Asheville Citizen\\-Times]]\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=December 20, 2001\\|title\\=WCU takes big hits for axing Bleil\\|page\\=1, \\[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93989842/asheville\\-citizen\\-times/ 8]\\|author\\=Ellison, Quintin}} {{Open Access}}", "After being fired by Western Carolina, Bleil accepted a position with the [South Dakota Coyotes](/wiki/South_Dakota_Coyotes_football \"South Dakota Coyotes football\") as offensive coordinator.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93989941/asheville\\-citizen\\-times/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Asheville Citizen\\-Times]]\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|page\\=42\\|title\\=Bleil accepts position at South Dakota\\|date\\=March 30, 2002}} {{Open Access}} He was named [tight ends](/wiki/Tight_end \"Tight end\") coach at [Northern Illinois University](/wiki/Northern_Illinois_Huskies_football \"Northern Illinois Huskies football\") in 2003\\. He left them after one season and was subsequently hired by the [University of Pittsburgh](/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh \"University of Pittsburgh\") to coach the tight ends and offensive line.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93990338/the\\-daily\\-chronicle/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Daily Chronicle (Illinois)\\|Daily Chronicle]]\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=February 20, 2004\\|page\\=10\\|title\\=NIU's Bill Bleil joins Pitt's football staff}} {{Open Access}}", "In 2005, Bleil was hired by [Akron University](/wiki/Akron_Zips_football \"Akron Zips football\") as [running backs](/wiki/Running_back \"Running back\") coach. In his first year with the school, he helped running back [Brett Biggs](/wiki/Brett_Biggs \"Brett Biggs\") earn second\\-team all\\-conference honors with over 1,200 rushing yards. His position was changed in 2007 to offensive tackles coach and tight ends coach.", "Bleil was named assistant head coach and offensive line coach at [Iowa State University](/wiki/Iowa_State_Cyclones_football \"Iowa State Cyclones football\") at the end of 2008\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93990798/sioux\\-city\\-journal/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Sioux City Journal]]\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=December 24, 2008\\|title\\=ISU's Rhoades hires Remsen native Bleil\\|page\\=11}} {{Open Access}} After four seasons in that position, he gave up his offensive line duties for the tight ends while retaining his role as assistant head coach. While coaching the offensive line, five of his players made it into the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\") (NFL).", "Bleil left for [Rhode Island](/wiki/Rhode_Island_Rams_football \"Rhode Island Rams football\") in 2014 to be offensive coordinator and offensive line coach.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93991170/the\\-des\\-moines\\-register/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Des Moines Register]]\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=January 7, 2014\\|page\\=B7\\|title\\=ISU: Bleil departs; running backs coach named\\|author\\=Birch, Tommy}} {{Open Access}} He held that role for two seasons before leaving for [Missouri Southern](/wiki/Missouri_Southern_Lions_football \"Missouri Southern Lions football\") in 2016\\. He spent two years with Missouri Southern before accepting a position at [Lamar](/wiki/Lamar_Cardinals_football \"Lamar Cardinals football\") to coach the offensive line in 2018\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://lamarcardinals.com/sports/football/roster/coaches/bill\\-bleil/352\\|website\\=\\[\\[Lamar Cardinals]]\\|title\\=Bill Bleil \\- Assistant Coach \\- Football Coaches \\- Lamar University Athletics}} He was promoted to co\\-offensive coordinator in 2019 while retaining his role of offensive line coach.", "From 2020 to 2021, Bleil was an assistant coach at the [University of Mary Hardin–Baylor](/wiki/University_of_Mary_Hardin%E2%80%93Baylor \"University of Mary Hardin–Baylor\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://cruathletics.com/sports/football/roster/coaches/bill\\-bleil/645\\|website\\=\\[\\[Mary Hardin–Baylor Crusaders]]\\|title\\=Bill Bleil \\- Football Coach \\- University of Mary Hardin–Baylor Athletics}} In January 2022, he was named offensive line coach at [Stephen F. Austin University](/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin_Lumberjacks_football \"Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://sfajacks.com/news/2022/1/19/football\\-bill\\-bell\\-tabbed\\-as\\-lumberjacks\\-ol\\-coach.aspx\\|title\\=Bill Bleil Tabbed as Lumberjacks OL Coach\\|date\\=January 19, 2022\\|website\\=\\[\\[Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks and Ladyjacks]]}}", "In 2024, Bleil was hired as the offensive line coach for [Pittsburg State University](/wiki/Pittsburg_State_University \"Pittsburg State University\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2024}}", "" ]
Other projects and commissions ------------------------------ In 2013 Boden joined the [Sacconi Quartet](/wiki/Sacconi_Quartet "Sacconi Quartet") to perform [Elvis Costello](/wiki/Elvis_Costello "Elvis Costello") and the Brodski Quartet's *Juliet Letters* at The Bristol Proms. In 2015 they repeated their performance at The Sacconi Quartet's own Chamber Music Festival in [Folkestone](/wiki/Folkestone "Folkestone") and at the [Lichfield](/wiki/Lichfield "Lichfield") festival.{{cite news\|last1\=Bratby\|first1\=Richard\|title\=theartsdesk at the Lichfield Festival\|url\=http://www.theartsdesk.com/classical\-music/theartsdesk\-lichfield\-festival\|access\-date\=12 November 2016\|work\=theartsdesk\|date\=11 July 2015}} In film and television, Boden has written the soundtrack for the [BBC TV](/wiki/BBC_Television "BBC Television") version of the radio comedy [Count Arthur Strong](/wiki/Count_Arthur_Strong_%28TV_series%29 "Count Arthur Strong (TV series)"). Boden also contributed a version of [Mike Scott's](/wiki/Mike_Scott_%28Scottish_musician%29 "Mike Scott (Scottish musician)") *How Long Will I Love You* to the soundtrack of the Richard Curtis’ feature film *[About Time](/wiki/About_Time_%282013_film%29 "About Time (2013 film)")*, appearing as a busker in an extended montage sequence. Boden's version of the song plays at the end of the film.{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2019}} The theme song for the 2023 BBC show "Beyond Paradise" is arranged by Boden and performed by Bellowhead, as is Sunday Omnibus version of The Archers' theme on BBC Radio 4\. Boden composed *All Hallows* for Music to Move to, a part of the annual [Dance Umbrella](/wiki/Dance_Umbrella "Dance Umbrella"), London's international dance festival, celebrating 21st century choreography across the capital and running since 1978\. It was a commission from Fuel Theatre and the piece was used to create two videos, the first capture a performance from professional choreographer Vicki Igbokwe,{{cite web\|title \= Music To Move To\|url \= http://www.musictomoveto.co.uk/\#move/choreographer/108455635\|website \=Musictomoveto.co.uk\|access\-date \= 2015\-06\-03\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20150221203431/http://www.musictomoveto.co.uk/\#move/choreographer/108455635\|archive\-date \= 2015\-02\-21\|url\-status \= dead}} the second a montage of footage from the public, who were encouraged to film their own response to the piece. Boden was commissioned to compose a short choral piece for The Bristol Proms 2015, which was performed at Bristol Old Vic Theatre by Erebus Ensemble, a 40\-voice choir. In 2019 Boden provided a song for the computer game *Nocked*. In 2019 Boden provided music and lyrics for a touring production of the children book *The Pirate Cruncher*. In 2021 Boden launched [Colourchord](http://colourchord.org) system, an experimental system for promoting social singing using simple four\-part harmony, funded by Awards For All. In 2022 Boden arranged and performed orchestral versions of six songs from the Floodplain trilogy of albums, with the Hallam Sinfonia. In 2023 Boden and [Eliza Carthy](/wiki/Eliza_Carthy "Eliza Carthy") released an album of seasonal songs, *Glad Christmas Comes*.
[ "Other projects and commissions\n------------------------------", "In 2013 Boden joined the [Sacconi Quartet](/wiki/Sacconi_Quartet \"Sacconi Quartet\") to perform [Elvis Costello](/wiki/Elvis_Costello \"Elvis Costello\") and the Brodski Quartet's *Juliet Letters* at The Bristol Proms. In 2015 they repeated their performance at The Sacconi Quartet's own Chamber Music Festival in [Folkestone](/wiki/Folkestone \"Folkestone\") and at the [Lichfield](/wiki/Lichfield \"Lichfield\") festival.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Bratby\\|first1\\=Richard\\|title\\=theartsdesk at the Lichfield Festival\\|url\\=http://www.theartsdesk.com/classical\\-music/theartsdesk\\-lichfield\\-festival\\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2016\\|work\\=theartsdesk\\|date\\=11 July 2015}}", "In film and television, Boden has written the soundtrack for the [BBC TV](/wiki/BBC_Television \"BBC Television\") version of the radio comedy [Count Arthur Strong](/wiki/Count_Arthur_Strong_%28TV_series%29 \"Count Arthur Strong (TV series)\"). Boden also contributed a version of [Mike Scott's](/wiki/Mike_Scott_%28Scottish_musician%29 \"Mike Scott (Scottish musician)\") *How Long Will I Love You* to the soundtrack of the Richard Curtis’ feature film *[About Time](/wiki/About_Time_%282013_film%29 \"About Time (2013 film)\")*, appearing as a busker in an extended montage sequence. Boden's version of the song plays at the end of the film.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2019}} The theme song for the 2023 BBC show \"Beyond Paradise\" is arranged by Boden and performed by Bellowhead, as is Sunday Omnibus version of The Archers' theme on BBC Radio 4\\.", "Boden composed *All Hallows* for Music to Move to, a part of the annual [Dance Umbrella](/wiki/Dance_Umbrella \"Dance Umbrella\"), London's international dance festival, celebrating 21st century choreography across the capital and running since 1978\\. It was a commission from Fuel Theatre and the piece was used to create two videos, the first capture a performance from professional choreographer Vicki Igbokwe,{{cite web\\|title \\= Music To Move To\\|url \\= http://www.musictomoveto.co.uk/\\#move/choreographer/108455635\\|website \\=Musictomoveto.co.uk\\|access\\-date \\= 2015\\-06\\-03\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150221203431/http://www.musictomoveto.co.uk/\\#move/choreographer/108455635\\|archive\\-date \\= 2015\\-02\\-21\\|url\\-status \\= dead}} the second a montage of footage from the public, who were encouraged to film their own response to the piece.", "Boden was commissioned to compose a short choral piece for The Bristol Proms 2015, which was performed at Bristol Old Vic Theatre by Erebus Ensemble, a 40\\-voice choir.", "In 2019 Boden provided a song for the computer game *Nocked*.", "In 2019 Boden provided music and lyrics for a touring production of the children book *The Pirate Cruncher*.", "In 2021 Boden launched [Colourchord](http://colourchord.org) system, an experimental system for promoting social singing using simple four\\-part harmony, funded by Awards For All.", "In 2022 Boden arranged and performed orchestral versions of six songs from the Floodplain trilogy of albums, with the Hallam Sinfonia.", "In 2023 Boden and [Eliza Carthy](/wiki/Eliza_Carthy \"Eliza Carthy\") released an album of seasonal songs, *Glad Christmas Comes*.", "" ]
Show staff ---------- ### Main characters #### Larry Sanders **Lawrence "Larry" Sanders** *(all seasons)* (born December 19, 1950, in [Mound, Minnesota](/wiki/Mound%2C_Minnesota "Mound, Minnesota"), and a graduate of the [University of Minnesota](/wiki/University_of_Minnesota "University of Minnesota")), played by [Garry Shandling](/wiki/Garry_Shandling "Garry Shandling"), is the host of *The Larry Sanders Show*, a late\-night talk show that has been on the air since 1987, airing at 11:30 PM, five days a week, on an unnamed network. He is 42 years old (as of the 1993 episode "The Breakdown (Part One)"), then 43 years old (as of the 1993 episode "Larry's Birthday"). His father is named Jerry and his brother is named Stan. His wives were Francine and Jeannie, from both of whom he is now divorced; he was briefly engaged to [Roseanne Barr](/wiki/Roseanne_Barr "Roseanne Barr"). In the episode "[The Garden Weasel](/wiki/The_Garden_Weasel "The Garden Weasel")", Larry shows his wife Jeannie a commercial that he did for [Pan Am](/wiki/Pan_Am "Pan Am") in 1979, in which he played a flight attendant. Also in the episode, Jeannie mentions that Larry once auditioned for the game show *[Make Me Laugh](/wiki/Make_Me_Laugh "Make Me Laugh")*. In real life Shandling appeared on the show as a celebrity guest. In the episode "Larry's Partner", it is mentioned that Larry began his career as a standup comedian and as part of a [double act](/wiki/Double_act "Double act") with his friend Stan Paxton, played by *[Eric Bogosian](/wiki/Eric_Bogosian "Eric Bogosian")*. Larry and Stan recorded a comedy album together and had a bit called "The Man on the Street Meets the Man on the Moon". Larry broke up his act with Stan 15 years ago because Stan had a serious drinking problem and only joined the business to "get laid". In the episode "The Promise", it is mentioned that Larry's first television appearance was on *[The Merv Griffin Show](/wiki/The_Merv_Griffin_Show "The Merv Griffin Show")* and that he later appeared on *[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson")*. Also in the episode, Larry mentions that he discovered comedian [David Spade](/wiki/David_Spade "David Spade") while he was performing at the [Comedy Store](/wiki/Comedy_Store "Comedy Store") and gave him his first television appearance on his show. Spade went on to appear on the show at least six more times. Larry feels betrayed by Spade when he learns that Spade had appeared on *The Tonight Show* recently, but he forgives him when he recalls that he did the same thing by appearing on *The Tonight Show* after *The Merv Griffin Show*. In the episode "Out Of The Loop", Larry says he was a writer on *Norm Crosby's Comedy Shop*. Larry is neurotic and self\-involved. He is uncomfortable with displays of emotion and dislikes confrontation, so much so that he often deploys Artie to fight his professional battles for him. He is also very insecure about his appearance: he is always concerned about the size of his "ass", which he thinks is too big, and he was unable to disguise his displeasure at [Dana Carvey](/wiki/Dana_Carvey "Dana Carvey")'s impression of him in the show's fourth season. Larry enjoys watching his own show in bed every night, which is something that frustrates his second wife Jeannie. He is addicted to an unspecified type of painkiller (possibly multiple types of painkillers), and was previously addicted to marijuana. His personal life is often more dysfunctional than his professional life: he has been married and divorced twice, and he is shown to have trouble developing intimate bonds with other people and is estranged from his family. He dates many women, such as [Mimi Rogers](/wiki/Mimi_Rogers "Mimi Rogers"), [Sharon Stone](/wiki/Sharon_Stone "Sharon Stone"), [Ellen DeGeneres](/wiki/Ellen_DeGeneres "Ellen DeGeneres"), and [Dana Delany](/wiki/Dana_Delany "Dana Delany"), but these relationships never last and are often doomed by elements of Larry's celebrity or work life. The end of the series provided some hope for Larry; his decision to leave his show seemed to bring him a bit of perspective, and his relationship with [Illeana Douglas](/wiki/Illeana_Douglas "Illeana Douglas") appeared to be more substantial than his previous attempts at intimacy. Though Garry Shandling himself is not particularly sexually attractive in a conventional sense, the character Larry seems to be exceptionally sexually attractive within the show's universe. He is at one point named People Magazine's 10th sexist man alive and, as mentioned above, is shown to easily be able to sleep with various celebrities. Larry really likes [frozen yogurt](/wiki/Frozen_yogurt "Frozen yogurt") and often sends his assistant Beverly to get it for him. In the episode "The Breakdown (Part One)", it is mentioned that Larry and Hank first met in the spring of 1985\. Larry does not respect Hank and thinks that Hank is not very bright. Larry constantly avoids Hank because he does not like dealing with him. However, Hank sometimes acts as a voice of reason for Larry and solves his problems for him, whether intentionally or not. Larry infrequently expresses an underlying affection for Hank, despite finding him intolerable (telling his wife\-to\-be that he "loves him" in the episode "Hank's Wedding"), and on occasion steps beyond his comfort zone for the sake of their friendship, for example cutting short his much needed vacation in order to attend the grand opening of Hank's 'Look Around Cafe' In the episode "The Grand Opening". Larry depends almost entirely upon Artie to protect him from the network executives and the unpleasant realities of show business. Larry claims he can't do the show without Artie because Artie is so loyal to him. In practice, Artie says what Larry finds too awkward or uncomfortable to say. Artie often colludes with Larry to achieve a desired end, and is the only person in Larry's professional life that can understand and connect with him. Artie's last name is never mentioned in any episode. The characterization of Artie is heavily inspired by Fred DeCordova, Johnny Carson's longtime producer. Francine is Larry's first wife, whom he begins dating again after Jeannie leaves him. Hank and Artie strongly dislike Francine. Larry's second wife, Jeannie, leaves him to go to [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") because she thinks that he is too involved with the show. After she leaves him, Larry takes things very hard and has a minor heart episode. In the episode "Larry's Birthday", it is mentioned that Larry discovered Jerry when Jerry was performing at the comedy club [Catch a Rising Star](/wiki/Catch_a_Rising_Star_%28comedy_clubs%29 "Catch a Rising Star (comedy clubs)") and hired him as the head writer for his show. Jerry was doing poorly as a comedian and was just about to quit the business before being hired. Due to budgetary reasons, Larry has to fire Jerry and he is unhappy with how bitter Jerry becomes after being fired. Larry becomes unhappy with his previous agent Leo, so he hires Stevie. Stevie is very obnoxious and Artie does not seem to like him very much. However, Stevie is good at what he does initially and he is able to negotiate Larry a very lucrative contract. Larry is impressed that Stevie represents many high\-powered clients. In the episode "The Beginning of the End", Larry fires Stevie after finding out that he double\-crossed him by becoming comedian [Jon Stewart](/wiki/Jon_Stewart "Jon Stewart")'s agent. Stewart, at this point, is in a position to replace Larry on his talk show, and Stevie negotiates for Stewart rather than Larry before being fired. Grant is believed to be inspired by [Ari Emanuel](/wiki/Ari_Emanuel "Ari Emanuel").{{Citation needed\|date\=January 2017}} Larry feels contempt for Melanie because he tends to dislike network executives. In the episode "[The Garden Weasel](/wiki/The_Garden_Weasel "The Garden Weasel")", she makes him do live commercials on the show against his will. Larry argues with her afterwards, and she ends up assaulting him. Eventually, Larry once again has to rely on Artie to bluntly tell Melanie that he doesn't want to do the commercials. #### Hank Kingsley **Hank Kingsley** *(all seasons)* (born **Henry Joseph Lepstein Jr.**), played by [Jeffrey Tambor](/wiki/Jeffrey_Tambor "Jeffrey Tambor"), is the announcer and sidekick on *The Larry Sanders Show*, known for his "Hey now!" catchphrase (a takeoff on [Ed McMahon](/wiki/Ed_McMahon "Ed McMahon")'s "Hi\-yoooo!"). His father was Henry Joseph Kingsley, Sr., and he was married to Margaret Dolan, whom he later divorced. Hank worked as a [cruise director](/wiki/Cruise_director "Cruise director") on a luxury Greek [liner](/wiki/Ocean_liner "Ocean liner") named Andropolis for eight years when he met Larry, who befriended him and took him to the show. Hank is exceptionally fond of Larry, and it is implied on multiple occasions that Hank may harbor some form of romantic or physical attraction toward Larry. Though both Hank and Larry are [narcissistic](/wiki/Narcissism "Narcissism"), they generally act as foils to one another. Larry is [neurotic](/wiki/Neuroticism "Neuroticism") and evasive, while Hank is open and somewhat naive. Though frequently exasperated by Hank's narcissism and [insecurities](/wiki/Emotional_security "Emotional security"), Larry will occasionally step in to help his on\-air colleague, such as intervening in Hank's contract renegotiations with the network once it became clear that the top executive Shel Davidoff is not willing to give the sidekick a requested raise. While Larry's narcissistic personality sometimes results in positive outcomes for other characters, Hank's narcissism almost exclusively manifests itself in bullying. Unlike Larry, Hank is more than willing to lend his name to commercial products and tries to cultivate a cult of personality through his little\-read newsletters, fan club, and so on. Hank tends to be dense and is frequently the butt of jokes, often without realizing it. While McMahon built success beyond *The Tonight Show* as a commercial spokesman and TV host in his own right, Hank's desire to emulate McMahon was constantly foiled by his ego and bumbling attempts at self\-aggrandizement. He is generally disrespected among his co\-workers because of his ego and dimness. Hank will often act humble and unassuming, especially on camera or in front of media executives and other influential persons, but would become condescending and often quite nasty to anyone whom he perceives to be of a lower status. Hank spends considerable time furthering his career, often endorsing questionable products and working behind Larry's back to ensure his enduring presence on the show, even when Larry is being scrutinized. Hank is shown to be relatively untalented as an on\-air personality. In the "Hank's Contract" episode from the first season, the network, represented by its president Shel Davidoff, is so convinced about Hank's lack of options elsewhere in show business that they completely ignore his walk\-off threats during contract renegotiations and refuse any of his demands. His limited performing talents become especially apparent in season six, during which it is continuously implied that Hank has no other opportunities after the show's end, as well as the first episode of the third season, in which Hank is forced to take a job reading lottery numbers for the local news. Though it is never explicitly stated, Hank seems as though he might be subtly aware of his inadequacy, causing him to amplify his bullying of coworkers. On the romantic front, during the second season episode "Hank's Wedding", Hank marries a woman named Margaret Dolan who's a regional sales manager for the Sandwich King fast food chain. Only two weeks after meeting her on a personal appearance tour he had been on, Hank proposes through television at the end of an episode of *The Larry Sanders Show*. As Larry was getting ready to end that day's show taping following an interview segment with [Adam Sandler](/wiki/Adam_Sandler "Adam Sandler"), Hank delivered the impromptu proposal into the camera without prior notifying Larry or the executive producer Artie to the latter's great displeasure. However, after Margaret says yes and Hank picks Larry to be his best man, Artie (inspired by [Tiny Tim](/wiki/Tiny_Tim_%28musician%29 "Tiny Tim (musician)")'s 1969 wedding on [Johnny Carson](/wiki/Johnny_Carson "Johnny Carson")'s *[Tonight Show](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson")* that brought in huge ratings) recognizes the potential for increased viewership as a result of Hank doing the same and is now the first to offer to have the wedding on the show, which Hank ecstatically accepts. Following an alcohol\-fuelled [bachelor party](/wiki/Bachelor_party "Bachelor party") at a [strip club](/wiki/Strip_club "Strip club") with [Ed McMahon](/wiki/Ed_McMahon "Ed McMahon") among the partiers, Hank and Margaret get married on the show with [Alex Trebek](/wiki/Alex_Trebek "Alex Trebek") officiating the ceremony. The couple got divorced only a year later with Margaret initiating the split unable to deal with Hank's excessive personal and professional focus on Larry to the exclusion of everyone else in his life. Hank does not maintain any long term relationships after the divorce though is occasionally seen on dates while his interaction with [strippers](/wiki/Stripper "Stripper") and [female escorts](/wiki/Call_girl "Call girl") is either shown or implied both before and after his marriage. A [running gag](/wiki/Running_gag "Running gag") in the series involved Hank sending his assistant to tell Larry that he would like to speak with him, only to then approach Larry asking "You wanted to see me?" Artie described him once as someone who means well, but "keeps his brain at home in a box". In the final episode ("Flip," original airdate 5/31/98\), it is revealed that Hank offered his assistant Brian a job paying $300 a week ($503\.50 in 2021 dollars) with no benefits, and that Brian was thinking of taking it. #### Artie "**Artie**" *(all seasons)*, played by [Rip Torn](/wiki/Rip_Torn "Rip Torn"), is the producer of *The Larry Sanders Show*. His last name is never mentioned during the run of the show, but his full first name is **Arthur**. He has three sons named Eddie, Steve, and Cully, a grandfather named Jacob, and a mother named Adel. He has been married four times; his most recent wife is named Elaine. Artie is often shown drinking (typically either following a show taping or during a stressful situation), with his beverages of choice including vodka [Salty Dogs](/wiki/Salty_dog_%28cocktail%29 "Salty dog (cocktail)") and [Glenlivet](/wiki/The_Glenlivet "The Glenlivet") [scotch whisky](/wiki/Scotch_whisky "Scotch whisky").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0625338/quotes\|title\=Arthur After Hours\|author\=\|date\=August 2, 1995\|publisher\=\|access\-date\=January 3, 2017\|via\=IMDb}} Artie served in the [Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps") during the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War"). His first job in show business was as a bouncer. Artie's first job as a producer was on *[The Jackie Gleason Show](/wiki/The_Jackie_Gleason_Show "The Jackie Gleason Show")*, under producer Bob Sterling. He had replaced Sterling as producer after working on the show for six months. Artie also worked on *The Jack Paar Show* and *The Dick Cavett Show* during his career prior to becoming producer of *The Larry Sanders Show*. Artie is tough and very loyal to Larry, essentially taking on a fatherlike mentor role to Larry. He has a special ability to manipulate people into doing exactly what is best for the show. According to several interviews with both Rip Torn and series creator [Garry Shandling](/wiki/Garry_Shandling "Garry Shandling"), the character of Artie is largely based on long\-serving TV and Film producer [Fred De Cordova](/wiki/Fred_De_Cordova "Fred De Cordova") who produced (and eventually executive\-produced) *[The Tonight Show](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show "The Tonight Show")* for over twenty years, encompassing almost all of Johnny Carson's run as host including his iconic final broadcast. De Cordova himself guest\-starred as himself in episode "Eight" and "As My Career Lay Dying". De Cordova reportedly presented Torn with a copy of the former's memoir, *Johnny Came Lately: An Autobiography*, inscribed "To the other Fred". Like most of the employees on the show, Artie has little respect for Hank and believes he makes a number of very poor decisions. However Artie is wise enough to understand the dynamic relationship between Larry and Hank, and is often looking out for him as a result (see Hank's Divorce Episode). Along with Hank, Artie strongly dislikes Larry's ex\-wife Francine and is very unhappy when she reunites with him; when Larry is with Francine, he does not put full effort into the show. Artie has never forgiven Francine for smashing Larry's People Choice Award. Artie dislikes all agents but he especially dislikes Stevie, Larry's sleazy and obnoxious agent, whom he slams against a wall for [backstabbing](/wiki/Backstabbing "Backstabbing") Larry. Artie is very proud of Larry after he fires Stevie In the episode "The Beginning of the End". Artie, like Larry, dislikes most network executives; but unlike Larry, he is able to deal with them. Larry depends on Artie to deal with executive Melanie for him. Artie mentions several times that he thinks that he killed a man like Melanie in [Korea](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War"). ### Personal assistants #### Beverly Barnes **Beverly Barnes**, played by [Penny Johnson](/wiki/Penny_Johnson_Jerald "Penny Johnson Jerald") *(all seasons)*, is Larry Sanders' personal assistant. Larry depends upon Beverly to do many simple tasks for him and she is very loyal to him. In the episode "The Breakdown (Part Two)", Beverly sleeps with Larry. Afterward, they both agree that it was a mistake to sleep together; however, in the episode "Office Romance" there is an implication that she still might have tender feelings for Larry when she abruptly leaves the office one day out of anger at his brief sexual relationship with Hank's secretary Darlene, saying, "Twice in one day is two times too many." While respecting Larry and her mostly white co\-workers, she sometimes expresses concern over what she feels is a lack of [African Americans](/wiki/African_Americans "African Americans") booked on the show. In "Beverly and the Prop Job" she even goes so far as to almost quit and work as the personal assistant to [Laurence Fishburne](/wiki/Laurence_Fishburne "Laurence Fishburne") after her cousin (played by [Paul Mooney](/wiki/Paul_Mooney_%28comedian%29 "Paul Mooney (comedian)")) convinces her that Larry's pushing of menial tasks on her (such as lacing up—but not shining—his shoes) makes Larry little more than a thinly\-veiled [slavemaster](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States "Slavery in the United States"). But after talking with her father, she comes to the conclusion that Larry is "a wonderful guy", who also pays more money than Laurence Fishburne. Unrelated to her race, she also briefly resents Larry in the episode "Would You Do Me a Favor?" when she complains about him not appreciating all the work and help she provides for him. Beverly reveals she is pregnant in the episode "Beverly’s Secret", and her co\-workers all place bets on who the father is. It is revealed that [Eriq La Salle](/wiki/Eriq_La_Salle "Eriq La Salle"), one of the guests appearing on the show in the episode, is the father, after Larry, out of respect for Beverly, berates and insults [Michael Bolton](/wiki/Michael_Bolton "Michael Bolton") as he believes Bolton is the one who impregnated her only to then abandon her. #### Darlene Chapinni **Darlene Chapinni**, played by [Linda Doucett](/wiki/Linda_Doucett "Linda Doucett"), *(seasons 1–3\)* was employed as sidekick Hank Kingsley's [personal assistant](/wiki/Personal_assistant "Personal assistant") for the first three seasons of the program. She quit her job as assistant (in episode two of season four) via a [FedEx](/wiki/FedEx "FedEx") letter, informing Hank that she had chosen to follow a "holy man" in [India](/wiki/India "India"). She is last seen in the final episode "Flip". After Darlene leaves, the personal assistant position is filled by Brian (whose last name is never given), played by [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28comedian%29 "Scott Thompson (comedian)") of *[The Kids in the Hall](/wiki/The_Kids_in_the_Hall_%28TV_series%29 "The Kids in the Hall (TV series)")*. #### Brian **Brian**, played by [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28comedian%29 "Scott Thompson (comedian)") *(seasons 4–6\)*, replaced Darlene as Hank's assistant. Upon being introduced, Brian said he was a "big fan" and impressed him by quoting the introduction from a game show Hank once hosted. Brian is openly gay, and although Hank seems uncomfortable at first, he is okay with Brian's orientation. In one episode, Hank is mistaken for being gay after a night on the town with Brian. Like Darlene, Brian is loyal to Hank, and even offers Hank advice from time to time. In season 6, Brian threatens to sue the show for sexual harassment after getting tired of Phil's gay jokes, but the suit is apparently called off after a surprising turn of events. In the final episode ("Flip," original airdate 5/31/98\), Brian tells Mary Lou that Hank offered him a job paying $300 a week ($503\.50 in 2021 dollars) with no benefits, and he was thinking of taking it. ### Writing staff #### Jerry Capen **Jerry Capen**, played by [Jeremy Piven](/wiki/Jeremy_Piven "Jeremy Piven"), *(seasons 1–2\)* is the show's head writer, but is fired from the show by Artie due to his [promiscuous](/wiki/Promiscuous "Promiscuous") and consistently unprofessional nature in the episode "Larry's Birthday". His mother is named Shirley. Capen is first seen in the episode "The Promise". #### Phil **Phil**, played by [Wallace Langham](/wiki/Wallace_Langham "Wallace Langham"), *(all seasons)* is the show's head writer after Capen's departure. Phil's surname is never mentioned in the run of the series. He is the only character outside the main three to appear in every episode. The character Phil begins his career as a writer for *The Larry Sanders Show* under the then\-head writer Jerry, played by Jeremy Piven. After Jerry was written off of the show, it went several episodes without having the head writer character. Phil then persuaded Artie to promote him to head writer and then wanted to demote himself because he felt that the work was not as enjoyable as it was before. Although Phil is quite young, he displays levels of bitterness, cynicism, and jadedness rarely seen in young professionals. He further doesn't take well to Larry's and Artie's occasional criticism of his writing and often feels unappreciated. Based on working with and around him, the show staffers observed Phil's material to improve whenever he is emotionally unfulfilled as seen when his girlfriend dumps him and Larry describes the monologue as never having been that good before. He is a Buddhist. At one point he leaves the show to develop a pilot for the network about a band from Seattle only to have his writing criticized by the network executives and by the future star of the show, [Dave Chappelle](/wiki/Dave_Chappelle "Dave Chappelle"), who says that Phil shouldn't be writing a "black show" even though it was never Phil's intention to write one. Phil frequently makes sexist and homophobic comments, and generally does not seem to like racial diversity on the show \- mentioning that his Asian characters are often female because it is "killing two birds with one stone." In the season five episode "The New Writer," Phil uses his role as the head writer to intentionally suppress Wendy's jokes in order to make her seem untalented, claiming that "women aren't funny." #### Wendy Traston **Wendy Traston**, played by [Sarah Silverman](/wiki/Sarah_Silverman "Sarah Silverman"), *(seasons 5–6\)* is brought on as a staff writer in the episode "The New Writer". However, her jokes are not used because of the chauvinism and bias of the head writer, Phil, who favors the jokes of his male co\-writers. She appeared in several episodes during the last two seasons. #### Mike Patterson **Michael "Mike" Patterson** is a writer played by [John Riggi](/wiki/John_Riggi "John Riggi") *(seasons 1–3\)* who is brought on as a staff writer on *The Larry Sanders Show* before Jerry is fired. Patterson is first seen in the episode "Larry's Birthday", and last seen in the episode "Headwriter". Patterson was created by [Maya Forbes](/wiki/Maya_Forbes "Maya Forbes"). ### Talent bookers #### Paula **Paula**, played by [Janeane Garofalo](/wiki/Janeane_Garofalo "Janeane Garofalo"), *(seasons 1–5\)* is the show's talent booker (although another character, Kiki, is shown as the talent booker in the season 2 episode "Performance Artist"). Throughout the run of the series, her last name is never mentioned. She has a very dry sense of humor and cringes at any display of sentimentality. In the second\-season episode "Artie's Gone", Arthur trusts her to produce the show on her own. In the episode "Montana", as Larry is trying to assemble the show's former staffers after what turned out to be his short\-lived retirement from show business, he approaches Paula to gauge her interest in continuing at her old job. She says that she has an offer to be the associate producer on the *[Conan O'Brien Show](/wiki/Late_Night_with_Conan_O%27Brien "Late Night with Conan O'Brien")*. Larry's response comes in the form of a question: "I can understand why you'd want to take the Conan O'Brien job over this one. It's a good sh... How long do you think that's going to stay on the air?", to which frightened Paula replies: "See you Monday". However, Paula's second stint with the show is not without problems as Larry comes very close to firing her in the episode "The Gift Episode" after several high\-profile guests pull out of the commitment despite already being booked. In a conversation with Artie, Larry expresses a personal opinion that Paula isn't right for the job "because she doesn't have the right personality". He goes on to state that "she's too....", but before Larry can finish, Artie interjects with three offerings "abrasive?", "brusque?", and "incapable of putting a performer at ease because she has a basic contempt for the business?". Larry's answer is a vehement "no" after each of the first two, and a strong "yes" after the third one. In the episode "The Matchmaker", she gets an inexperienced assistant, Mary Lou Collins, who makes frequent mistakes in research notes for Larry's interviews leading to several on\-air embarrassing situations during the [Nicollette Sheridan](/wiki/Nicollette_Sheridan "Nicollette Sheridan") segment. Paula last appears in "Pain Equals Funny". After performing the booking job for five years, she gets an offer to be the producer on a daytime program *[Caryl \& Marilyn: Real Friends](/wiki/Caryl_%26_Marilyn:Real_Friends "Real Friends")*. On one hand, she is not thrilled about going to [daytime](/wiki/Daytime_television_in_the_United_States "Daytime television in the United States"), but on the other, it's the realization of her dream to one day produce. Also, as she tells Larry about her present job while informing him that she's leaving: "I can only derive a limited amount of personal satisfaction from booking the parrot lady". Larry wants to keep her and immediately offers her a promotion to produce *The Larry Sanders Show*. According to how Larry envisioned her promotion right there on the spot, she'd be working under the show's longtime executive producer Artie, which she ecstatically accepts. However, the arrangement quickly turns sour as Artie, already feeling disrespected and threatened by the whole proceeding, walks off the show following a disagreement with Paula over a production issue of lighting during which Larry takes her side. Faced with a sudden crisis, Larry lets her produce that day's show by herself, before summoning her to his office to inform her that the arrangement won't work and ask her to see if the daytime job is still open. On the same occasion, he lets her know how much he's always liked her, basically coming on to her, and also expressing hope that once all has settled down they can maybe go out. Angry and flattered at the same time, perplexed Paula says that she's never been fired this way. As she's packing her stuff the next day, Artie approaches Paula at her desk and after imparting some words of wisdom from his long experience being a producer says that there are still some tricks that he could teach her, meaning that he had a change of heart and is now fine with her working alongside him. However, the very next day after seeing her in the office, Larry is now unhappy to learn about the new turn because as he says to Artie: "I never would've told her I liked her if I'd known she was staying". This was the last time the character of Paula appeared on the show. In the canon of the show, it is unclear whether the character of Paula remained employed or was later dismissed. The supporting cast in general is featured less in the sixth season, so it is conceivable that, in the show's universe, the character of Paula is still employed during this time but is simply never shown. #### Mary Lou Collins **Mary Lou Collins**, played by [Mary Lynn Rajskub](/wiki/Mary_Lynn_Rajskub "Mary Lynn Rajskub"), *(seasons 5–6\)* is an assistant talent booker. Working under Paula, she frequently makes mistakes in researching the celebrities, which led to Larry looking foolish on air. However, Mary Lou eventually became more competent in the position and fills Paula's shoes. Outside of her role as a talent booker, Mary Lou is frequently shown to be socially inept and have very low IQ. In season 6's *The Interview*, Mary Lou accidentally hits Hank's car, but has difficulty confessing this to him. As a result, Hank misunderstands her confession attempts as her having a crush on him, and invites her to dinner. Mary Lou confides in Beverly that she's attracted to sensitive men (which Hank is far from), and later tries to subtly rebuff every move Hank makes on her. However, when Hank breaks down while watching Larry being interviewed on *[Extra (TV series)](/wiki/Extra_%28U.S._TV_program%29 "Extra (U.S. TV program)")*, Mary Lou finds herself attracted to him. #### Kiki Rosatti **Kiki Rosatti**, played by [Maureen Mueller](/wiki/Maureen_Mueller "Maureen Mueller"), *(season 2\)* is shown as head booker in the episode "Performance Artist". ### Cue card #### Sid **Sid**, played by Sid Newman *(all seasons)*, holds the [cue cards](/wiki/Cue_card "Cue card") for Larry during the show. He dies by [suicide](/wiki/Suicide "Suicide") in the last season, with Hank blaming himself.
[ "Show staff\n----------", "### Main characters", "#### Larry Sanders", "**Lawrence \"Larry\" Sanders** *(all seasons)* (born December 19, 1950, in [Mound, Minnesota](/wiki/Mound%2C_Minnesota \"Mound, Minnesota\"), and a graduate of the [University of Minnesota](/wiki/University_of_Minnesota \"University of Minnesota\")), played by [Garry Shandling](/wiki/Garry_Shandling \"Garry Shandling\"), is the host of *The Larry Sanders Show*, a late\\-night talk show that has been on the air since 1987, airing at 11:30 PM, five days a week, on an unnamed network. He is 42 years old (as of the 1993 episode \"The Breakdown (Part One)\"), then 43 years old (as of the 1993 episode \"Larry's Birthday\"). His father is named Jerry and his brother is named Stan. His wives were Francine and Jeannie, from both of whom he is now divorced; he was briefly engaged to [Roseanne Barr](/wiki/Roseanne_Barr \"Roseanne Barr\").", "In the episode \"[The Garden Weasel](/wiki/The_Garden_Weasel \"The Garden Weasel\")\", Larry shows his wife Jeannie a commercial that he did for [Pan Am](/wiki/Pan_Am \"Pan Am\") in 1979, in which he played a flight attendant. Also in the episode, Jeannie mentions that Larry once auditioned for the game show *[Make Me Laugh](/wiki/Make_Me_Laugh \"Make Me Laugh\")*. In real life Shandling appeared on the show as a celebrity guest.", "In the episode \"Larry's Partner\", it is mentioned that Larry began his career as a standup comedian and as part of a [double act](/wiki/Double_act \"Double act\") with his friend Stan Paxton, played by *[Eric Bogosian](/wiki/Eric_Bogosian \"Eric Bogosian\")*. Larry and Stan recorded a comedy album together and had a bit called \"The Man on the Street Meets the Man on the Moon\". Larry broke up his act with Stan 15 years ago because Stan had a serious drinking problem and only joined the business to \"get laid\".", "In the episode \"The Promise\", it is mentioned that Larry's first television appearance was on *[The Merv Griffin Show](/wiki/The_Merv_Griffin_Show \"The Merv Griffin Show\")* and that he later appeared on *[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\")*.", "Also in the episode, Larry mentions that he discovered comedian [David Spade](/wiki/David_Spade \"David Spade\") while he was performing at the [Comedy Store](/wiki/Comedy_Store \"Comedy Store\") and gave him his first television appearance on his show. Spade went on to appear on the show at least six more times. Larry feels betrayed by Spade when he learns that Spade had appeared on *The Tonight Show* recently, but he forgives him when he recalls that he did the same thing by appearing on *The Tonight Show* after *The Merv Griffin Show*.", "In the episode \"Out Of The Loop\", Larry says he was a writer on *Norm Crosby's Comedy Shop*.", "Larry is neurotic and self\\-involved. He is uncomfortable with displays of emotion and dislikes confrontation, so much so that he often deploys Artie to fight his professional battles for him. He is also very insecure about his appearance: he is always concerned about the size of his \"ass\", which he thinks is too big, and he was unable to disguise his displeasure at [Dana Carvey](/wiki/Dana_Carvey \"Dana Carvey\")'s impression of him in the show's fourth season. Larry enjoys watching his own show in bed every night, which is something that frustrates his second wife Jeannie. He is addicted to an unspecified type of painkiller (possibly multiple types of painkillers), and was previously addicted to marijuana. His personal life is often more dysfunctional than his professional life: he has been married and divorced twice, and he is shown to have trouble developing intimate bonds with other people and is estranged from his family. He dates many women, such as [Mimi Rogers](/wiki/Mimi_Rogers \"Mimi Rogers\"), [Sharon Stone](/wiki/Sharon_Stone \"Sharon Stone\"), [Ellen DeGeneres](/wiki/Ellen_DeGeneres \"Ellen DeGeneres\"), and [Dana Delany](/wiki/Dana_Delany \"Dana Delany\"), but these relationships never last and are often doomed by elements of Larry's celebrity or work life. The end of the series provided some hope for Larry; his decision to leave his show seemed to bring him a bit of perspective, and his relationship with [Illeana Douglas](/wiki/Illeana_Douglas \"Illeana Douglas\") appeared to be more substantial than his previous attempts at intimacy.", "Though Garry Shandling himself is not particularly sexually attractive in a conventional sense, the character Larry seems to be exceptionally sexually attractive within the show's universe. He is at one point named People Magazine's 10th sexist man alive and, as mentioned above, is shown to easily be able to sleep with various celebrities.", "Larry really likes [frozen yogurt](/wiki/Frozen_yogurt \"Frozen yogurt\") and often sends his assistant Beverly to get it for him.", "In the episode \"The Breakdown (Part One)\", it is mentioned that Larry and Hank first met in the spring of 1985\\. Larry does not respect Hank and thinks that Hank is not very bright. Larry constantly avoids Hank because he does not like dealing with him. However, Hank sometimes acts as a voice of reason for Larry and solves his problems for him, whether intentionally or not. Larry infrequently expresses an underlying affection for Hank, despite finding him intolerable (telling his wife\\-to\\-be that he \"loves him\" in the episode \"Hank's Wedding\"), and on occasion steps beyond his comfort zone for the sake of their friendship, for example cutting short his much needed vacation in order to attend the grand opening of Hank's 'Look Around Cafe' In the episode \"The Grand Opening\".", "Larry depends almost entirely upon Artie to protect him from the network executives and the unpleasant realities of show business. Larry claims he can't do the show without Artie because Artie is so loyal to him. In practice, Artie says what Larry finds too awkward or uncomfortable to say. Artie often colludes with Larry to achieve a desired end, and is the only person in Larry's professional life that can understand and connect with him. Artie's last name is never mentioned in any episode. The characterization of Artie is heavily inspired by Fred DeCordova, Johnny Carson's longtime producer.", "Francine is Larry's first wife, whom he begins dating again after Jeannie leaves him. Hank and Artie strongly dislike Francine. Larry's second wife, Jeannie, leaves him to go to [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") because she thinks that he is too involved with the show. After she leaves him, Larry takes things very hard and has a minor heart episode.", "In the episode \"Larry's Birthday\", it is mentioned that Larry discovered Jerry when Jerry was performing at the comedy club [Catch a Rising Star](/wiki/Catch_a_Rising_Star_%28comedy_clubs%29 \"Catch a Rising Star (comedy clubs)\") and hired him as the head writer for his show. Jerry was doing poorly as a comedian and was just about to quit the business before being hired. Due to budgetary reasons, Larry has to fire Jerry and he is unhappy with how bitter Jerry becomes after being fired.", "Larry becomes unhappy with his previous agent Leo, so he hires Stevie. Stevie is very obnoxious and Artie does not seem to like him very much. However, Stevie is good at what he does initially and he is able to negotiate Larry a very lucrative contract. Larry is impressed that Stevie represents many high\\-powered clients. In the episode \"The Beginning of the End\", Larry fires Stevie after finding out that he double\\-crossed him by becoming comedian [Jon Stewart](/wiki/Jon_Stewart \"Jon Stewart\")'s agent. Stewart, at this point, is in a position to replace Larry on his talk show, and Stevie negotiates for Stewart rather than Larry before being fired. Grant is believed to be inspired by [Ari Emanuel](/wiki/Ari_Emanuel \"Ari Emanuel\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=January 2017}}", "Larry feels contempt for Melanie because he tends to dislike network executives. In the episode \"[The Garden Weasel](/wiki/The_Garden_Weasel \"The Garden Weasel\")\", she makes him do live commercials on the show against his will. Larry argues with her afterwards, and she ends up assaulting him. Eventually, Larry once again has to rely on Artie to bluntly tell Melanie that he doesn't want to do the commercials.", "#### Hank Kingsley", "**Hank Kingsley** *(all seasons)* (born **Henry Joseph Lepstein Jr.**), played by [Jeffrey Tambor](/wiki/Jeffrey_Tambor \"Jeffrey Tambor\"), is the announcer and sidekick on *The Larry Sanders Show*, known for his \"Hey now!\" catchphrase (a takeoff on [Ed McMahon](/wiki/Ed_McMahon \"Ed McMahon\")'s \"Hi\\-yoooo!\"). His father was Henry Joseph Kingsley, Sr., and he was married to Margaret Dolan, whom he later divorced.", "Hank worked as a [cruise director](/wiki/Cruise_director \"Cruise director\") on a luxury Greek [liner](/wiki/Ocean_liner \"Ocean liner\") named Andropolis for eight years when he met Larry, who befriended him and took him to the show. Hank is exceptionally fond of Larry, and it is implied on multiple occasions that Hank may harbor some form of romantic or physical attraction toward Larry. Though both Hank and Larry are [narcissistic](/wiki/Narcissism \"Narcissism\"), they generally act as foils to one another. Larry is [neurotic](/wiki/Neuroticism \"Neuroticism\") and evasive, while Hank is open and somewhat naive. Though frequently exasperated by Hank's narcissism and [insecurities](/wiki/Emotional_security \"Emotional security\"), Larry will occasionally step in to help his on\\-air colleague, such as intervening in Hank's contract renegotiations with the network once it became clear that the top executive Shel Davidoff is not willing to give the sidekick a requested raise. While Larry's narcissistic personality sometimes results in positive outcomes for other characters, Hank's narcissism almost exclusively manifests itself in bullying. Unlike Larry, Hank is more than willing to lend his name to commercial products and tries to cultivate a cult of personality through his little\\-read newsletters, fan club, and so on. Hank tends to be dense and is frequently the butt of jokes, often without realizing it. While McMahon built success beyond *The Tonight Show* as a commercial spokesman and TV host in his own right, Hank's desire to emulate McMahon was constantly foiled by his ego and bumbling attempts at self\\-aggrandizement.", "He is generally disrespected among his co\\-workers because of his ego and dimness. Hank will often act humble and unassuming, especially on camera or in front of media executives and other influential persons, but would become condescending and often quite nasty to anyone whom he perceives to be of a lower status. Hank spends considerable time furthering his career, often endorsing questionable products and working behind Larry's back to ensure his enduring presence on the show, even when Larry is being scrutinized.", "Hank is shown to be relatively untalented as an on\\-air personality. In the \"Hank's Contract\" episode from the first season, the network, represented by its president Shel Davidoff, is so convinced about Hank's lack of options elsewhere in show business that they completely ignore his walk\\-off threats during contract renegotiations and refuse any of his demands. His limited performing talents become especially apparent in season six, during which it is continuously implied that Hank has no other opportunities after the show's end, as well as the first episode of the third season, in which Hank is forced to take a job reading lottery numbers for the local news. Though it is never explicitly stated, Hank seems as though he might be subtly aware of his inadequacy, causing him to amplify his bullying of coworkers.", "On the romantic front, during the second season episode \"Hank's Wedding\", Hank marries a woman named Margaret Dolan who's a regional sales manager for the Sandwich King fast food chain. Only two weeks after meeting her on a personal appearance tour he had been on, Hank proposes through television at the end of an episode of *The Larry Sanders Show*. As Larry was getting ready to end that day's show taping following an interview segment with [Adam Sandler](/wiki/Adam_Sandler \"Adam Sandler\"), Hank delivered the impromptu proposal into the camera without prior notifying Larry or the executive producer Artie to the latter's great displeasure. However, after Margaret says yes and Hank picks Larry to be his best man, Artie (inspired by [Tiny Tim](/wiki/Tiny_Tim_%28musician%29 \"Tiny Tim (musician)\")'s 1969 wedding on [Johnny Carson](/wiki/Johnny_Carson \"Johnny Carson\")'s *[Tonight Show](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\")* that brought in huge ratings) recognizes the potential for increased viewership as a result of Hank doing the same and is now the first to offer to have the wedding on the show, which Hank ecstatically accepts. Following an alcohol\\-fuelled [bachelor party](/wiki/Bachelor_party \"Bachelor party\") at a [strip club](/wiki/Strip_club \"Strip club\") with [Ed McMahon](/wiki/Ed_McMahon \"Ed McMahon\") among the partiers, Hank and Margaret get married on the show with [Alex Trebek](/wiki/Alex_Trebek \"Alex Trebek\") officiating the ceremony.", "The couple got divorced only a year later with Margaret initiating the split unable to deal with Hank's excessive personal and professional focus on Larry to the exclusion of everyone else in his life. Hank does not maintain any long term relationships after the divorce though is occasionally seen on dates while his interaction with [strippers](/wiki/Stripper \"Stripper\") and [female escorts](/wiki/Call_girl \"Call girl\") is either shown or implied both before and after his marriage.", "A [running gag](/wiki/Running_gag \"Running gag\") in the series involved Hank sending his assistant to tell Larry that he would like to speak with him, only to then approach Larry asking \"You wanted to see me?\"", "Artie described him once as someone who means well, but \"keeps his brain at home in a box\".", "In the final episode (\"Flip,\" original airdate 5/31/98\\), it is revealed that Hank offered his assistant Brian a job paying $300 a week ($503\\.50 in 2021 dollars) with no benefits, and that Brian was thinking of taking it.", "#### Artie", "\"**Artie**\" *(all seasons)*, played by [Rip Torn](/wiki/Rip_Torn \"Rip Torn\"), is the producer of *The Larry Sanders Show*. His last name is never mentioned during the run of the show, but his full first name is **Arthur**. He has three sons named Eddie, Steve, and Cully, a grandfather named Jacob, and a mother named Adel. He has been married four times; his most recent wife is named Elaine. Artie is often shown drinking (typically either following a show taping or during a stressful situation), with his beverages of choice including vodka [Salty Dogs](/wiki/Salty_dog_%28cocktail%29 \"Salty dog (cocktail)\") and [Glenlivet](/wiki/The_Glenlivet \"The Glenlivet\") [scotch whisky](/wiki/Scotch_whisky \"Scotch whisky\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0625338/quotes\\|title\\=Arthur After Hours\\|author\\=\\|date\\=August 2, 1995\\|publisher\\=\\|access\\-date\\=January 3, 2017\\|via\\=IMDb}}", "Artie served in the [Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\") during the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\"). His first job in show business was as a bouncer. Artie's first job as a producer was on *[The Jackie Gleason Show](/wiki/The_Jackie_Gleason_Show \"The Jackie Gleason Show\")*, under producer Bob Sterling. He had replaced Sterling as producer after working on the show for six months. Artie also worked on *The Jack Paar Show* and *The Dick Cavett Show* during his career prior to becoming producer of *The Larry Sanders Show*.", "Artie is tough and very loyal to Larry, essentially taking on a fatherlike mentor role to Larry. He has a special ability to manipulate people into doing exactly what is best for the show. According to several interviews with both Rip Torn and series creator [Garry Shandling](/wiki/Garry_Shandling \"Garry Shandling\"), the character of Artie is largely based on long\\-serving TV and Film producer [Fred De Cordova](/wiki/Fred_De_Cordova \"Fred De Cordova\") who produced (and eventually executive\\-produced) *[The Tonight Show](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show \"The Tonight Show\")* for over twenty years, encompassing almost all of Johnny Carson's run as host including his iconic final broadcast. De Cordova himself guest\\-starred as himself in episode \"Eight\" and \"As My Career Lay Dying\". De Cordova reportedly presented Torn with a copy of the former's memoir, *Johnny Came Lately: An Autobiography*, inscribed \"To the other Fred\".", "Like most of the employees on the show, Artie has little respect for Hank and believes he makes a number of very poor decisions. However Artie is wise enough to understand the dynamic relationship between Larry and Hank, and is often looking out for him as a result (see Hank's Divorce Episode).", "Along with Hank, Artie strongly dislikes Larry's ex\\-wife Francine and is very unhappy when she reunites with him; when Larry is with Francine, he does not put full effort into the show. Artie has never forgiven Francine for smashing Larry's People Choice Award.", "Artie dislikes all agents but he especially dislikes Stevie, Larry's sleazy and obnoxious agent, whom he slams against a wall for [backstabbing](/wiki/Backstabbing \"Backstabbing\") Larry. Artie is very proud of Larry after he fires Stevie In the episode \"The Beginning of the End\".", "Artie, like Larry, dislikes most network executives; but unlike Larry, he is able to deal with them. Larry depends on Artie to deal with executive Melanie for him. Artie mentions several times that he thinks that he killed a man like Melanie in [Korea](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\").", "### Personal assistants", "#### Beverly Barnes", "**Beverly Barnes**, played by [Penny Johnson](/wiki/Penny_Johnson_Jerald \"Penny Johnson Jerald\") *(all seasons)*, is Larry Sanders' personal assistant. Larry depends upon Beverly to do many simple tasks for him and she is very loyal to him. In the episode \"The Breakdown (Part Two)\", Beverly sleeps with Larry. Afterward, they both agree that it was a mistake to sleep together; however, in the episode \"Office Romance\" there is an implication that she still might have tender feelings for Larry when she abruptly leaves the office one day out of anger at his brief sexual relationship with Hank's secretary Darlene, saying, \"Twice in one day is two times too many.\"", "While respecting Larry and her mostly white co\\-workers, she sometimes expresses concern over what she feels is a lack of [African Americans](/wiki/African_Americans \"African Americans\") booked on the show. In \"Beverly and the Prop Job\" she even goes so far as to almost quit and work as the personal assistant to [Laurence Fishburne](/wiki/Laurence_Fishburne \"Laurence Fishburne\") after her cousin (played by [Paul Mooney](/wiki/Paul_Mooney_%28comedian%29 \"Paul Mooney (comedian)\")) convinces her that Larry's pushing of menial tasks on her (such as lacing up—but not shining—his shoes) makes Larry little more than a thinly\\-veiled [slavemaster](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States \"Slavery in the United States\"). But after talking with her father, she comes to the conclusion that Larry is \"a wonderful guy\", who also pays more money than Laurence Fishburne. Unrelated to her race, she also briefly resents Larry in the episode \"Would You Do Me a Favor?\" when she complains about him not appreciating all the work and help she provides for him.", "Beverly reveals she is pregnant in the episode \"Beverly’s Secret\", and her co\\-workers all place bets on who the father is. It is revealed that [Eriq La Salle](/wiki/Eriq_La_Salle \"Eriq La Salle\"), one of the guests appearing on the show in the episode, is the father, after Larry, out of respect for Beverly, berates and insults [Michael Bolton](/wiki/Michael_Bolton \"Michael Bolton\") as he believes Bolton is the one who impregnated her only to then abandon her.", "#### Darlene Chapinni", "**Darlene Chapinni**, played by [Linda Doucett](/wiki/Linda_Doucett \"Linda Doucett\"), *(seasons 1–3\\)* was employed as sidekick Hank Kingsley's [personal assistant](/wiki/Personal_assistant \"Personal assistant\") for the first three seasons of the program. She quit her job as assistant (in episode two of season four) via a [FedEx](/wiki/FedEx \"FedEx\") letter, informing Hank that she had chosen to follow a \"holy man\" in [India](/wiki/India \"India\"). She is last seen in the final episode \"Flip\". After Darlene leaves, the personal assistant position is filled by Brian (whose last name is never given), played by [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28comedian%29 \"Scott Thompson (comedian)\") of *[The Kids in the Hall](/wiki/The_Kids_in_the_Hall_%28TV_series%29 \"The Kids in the Hall (TV series)\")*.", "#### Brian", "**Brian**, played by [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28comedian%29 \"Scott Thompson (comedian)\") *(seasons 4–6\\)*, replaced Darlene as Hank's assistant. Upon being introduced, Brian said he was a \"big fan\" and impressed him by quoting the introduction from a game show Hank once hosted. Brian is openly gay, and although Hank seems uncomfortable at first, he is okay with Brian's orientation. In one episode, Hank is mistaken for being gay after a night on the town with Brian. Like Darlene, Brian is loyal to Hank, and even offers Hank advice from time to time. In season 6, Brian threatens to sue the show for sexual harassment after getting tired of Phil's gay jokes, but the suit is apparently called off after a surprising turn of events. In the final episode (\"Flip,\" original airdate 5/31/98\\), Brian tells Mary Lou that Hank offered him a job paying $300 a week ($503\\.50 in 2021 dollars) with no benefits, and he was thinking of taking it.", "### Writing staff", "#### Jerry Capen", "**Jerry Capen**, played by [Jeremy Piven](/wiki/Jeremy_Piven \"Jeremy Piven\"), *(seasons 1–2\\)* is the show's head writer, but is fired from the show by Artie due to his [promiscuous](/wiki/Promiscuous \"Promiscuous\") and consistently unprofessional nature in the episode \"Larry's Birthday\". His mother is named Shirley. Capen is first seen in the episode \"The Promise\".", "#### Phil", "**Phil**, played by [Wallace Langham](/wiki/Wallace_Langham \"Wallace Langham\"), *(all seasons)* is the show's head writer after Capen's departure. Phil's surname is never mentioned in the run of the series. He is the only character outside the main three to appear in every episode.", "The character Phil begins his career as a writer for *The Larry Sanders Show* under the then\\-head writer Jerry, played by Jeremy Piven. After Jerry was written off of the show, it went several episodes without having the head writer character. Phil then persuaded Artie to promote him to head writer and then wanted to demote himself because he felt that the work was not as enjoyable as it was before.", "Although Phil is quite young, he displays levels of bitterness, cynicism, and jadedness rarely seen in young professionals. He further doesn't take well to Larry's and Artie's occasional criticism of his writing and often feels unappreciated. Based on working with and around him, the show staffers observed Phil's material to improve whenever he is emotionally unfulfilled as seen when his girlfriend dumps him and Larry describes the monologue as never having been that good before. He is a Buddhist. At one point he leaves the show to develop a pilot for the network about a band from Seattle only to have his writing criticized by the network executives and by the future star of the show, [Dave Chappelle](/wiki/Dave_Chappelle \"Dave Chappelle\"), who says that Phil shouldn't be writing a \"black show\" even though it was never Phil's intention to write one.", "Phil frequently makes sexist and homophobic comments, and generally does not seem to like racial diversity on the show \\- mentioning that his Asian characters are often female because it is \"killing two birds with one stone.\" In the season five episode \"The New Writer,\" Phil uses his role as the head writer to intentionally suppress Wendy's jokes in order to make her seem untalented, claiming that \"women aren't funny.\"", "#### Wendy Traston", "**Wendy Traston**, played by [Sarah Silverman](/wiki/Sarah_Silverman \"Sarah Silverman\"), *(seasons 5–6\\)* is brought on as a staff writer in the episode \"The New Writer\". However, her jokes are not used because of the chauvinism and bias of the head writer, Phil, who favors the jokes of his male co\\-writers. She appeared in several episodes during the last two seasons.", "#### Mike Patterson", "**Michael \"Mike\" Patterson** is a writer played by [John Riggi](/wiki/John_Riggi \"John Riggi\") *(seasons 1–3\\)* who is brought on as a staff writer on *The Larry Sanders Show* before Jerry is fired. Patterson is first seen in the episode \"Larry's Birthday\", and last seen in the episode \"Headwriter\". Patterson was created by [Maya Forbes](/wiki/Maya_Forbes \"Maya Forbes\").", "### Talent bookers", "#### Paula", "**Paula**, played by [Janeane Garofalo](/wiki/Janeane_Garofalo \"Janeane Garofalo\"), *(seasons 1–5\\)* is the show's talent booker (although another character, Kiki, is shown as the talent booker in the season 2 episode \"Performance Artist\"). Throughout the run of the series, her last name is never mentioned. She has a very dry sense of humor and cringes at any display of sentimentality.", "In the second\\-season episode \"Artie's Gone\", Arthur trusts her to produce the show on her own.", "In the episode \"Montana\", as Larry is trying to assemble the show's former staffers after what turned out to be his short\\-lived retirement from show business, he approaches Paula to gauge her interest in continuing at her old job. She says that she has an offer to be the associate producer on the *[Conan O'Brien Show](/wiki/Late_Night_with_Conan_O%27Brien \"Late Night with Conan O'Brien\")*. Larry's response comes in the form of a question: \"I can understand why you'd want to take the Conan O'Brien job over this one. It's a good sh... How long do you think that's going to stay on the air?\", to which frightened Paula replies: \"See you Monday\".", "However, Paula's second stint with the show is not without problems as Larry comes very close to firing her in the episode \"The Gift Episode\" after several high\\-profile guests pull out of the commitment despite already being booked. In a conversation with Artie, Larry expresses a personal opinion that Paula isn't right for the job \"because she doesn't have the right personality\". He goes on to state that \"she's too....\", but before Larry can finish, Artie interjects with three offerings \"abrasive?\", \"brusque?\", and \"incapable of putting a performer at ease because she has a basic contempt for the business?\". Larry's answer is a vehement \"no\" after each of the first two, and a strong \"yes\" after the third one.", "In the episode \"The Matchmaker\", she gets an inexperienced assistant, Mary Lou Collins, who makes frequent mistakes in research notes for Larry's interviews leading to several on\\-air embarrassing situations during the [Nicollette Sheridan](/wiki/Nicollette_Sheridan \"Nicollette Sheridan\") segment.", "Paula last appears in \"Pain Equals Funny\". After performing the booking job for five years, she gets an offer to be the producer on a daytime program *[Caryl \\& Marilyn: Real Friends](/wiki/Caryl_%26_Marilyn:Real_Friends \"Real Friends\")*. On one hand, she is not thrilled about going to [daytime](/wiki/Daytime_television_in_the_United_States \"Daytime television in the United States\"), but on the other, it's the realization of her dream to one day produce. Also, as she tells Larry about her present job while informing him that she's leaving: \"I can only derive a limited amount of personal satisfaction from booking the parrot lady\". Larry wants to keep her and immediately offers her a promotion to produce *The Larry Sanders Show*. According to how Larry envisioned her promotion right there on the spot, she'd be working under the show's longtime executive producer Artie, which she ecstatically accepts. However, the arrangement quickly turns sour as Artie, already feeling disrespected and threatened by the whole proceeding, walks off the show following a disagreement with Paula over a production issue of lighting during which Larry takes her side. Faced with a sudden crisis, Larry lets her produce that day's show by herself, before summoning her to his office to inform her that the arrangement won't work and ask her to see if the daytime job is still open. On the same occasion, he lets her know how much he's always liked her, basically coming on to her, and also expressing hope that once all has settled down they can maybe go out. Angry and flattered at the same time, perplexed Paula says that she's never been fired this way. As she's packing her stuff the next day, Artie approaches Paula at her desk and after imparting some words of wisdom from his long experience being a producer says that there are still some tricks that he could teach her, meaning that he had a change of heart and is now fine with her working alongside him. However, the very next day after seeing her in the office, Larry is now unhappy to learn about the new turn because as he says to Artie: \"I never would've told her I liked her if I'd known she was staying\". This was the last time the character of Paula appeared on the show. In the canon of the show, it is unclear whether the character of Paula remained employed or was later dismissed. The supporting cast in general is featured less in the sixth season, so it is conceivable that, in the show's universe, the character of Paula is still employed during this time but is simply never shown.", "#### Mary Lou Collins", "**Mary Lou Collins**, played by [Mary Lynn Rajskub](/wiki/Mary_Lynn_Rajskub \"Mary Lynn Rajskub\"), *(seasons 5–6\\)* is an assistant talent booker. Working under Paula, she frequently makes mistakes in researching the celebrities, which led to Larry looking foolish on air. However, Mary Lou eventually became more competent in the position and fills Paula's shoes. Outside of her role as a talent booker, Mary Lou is frequently shown to be socially inept and have very low IQ.", "In season 6's *The Interview*, Mary Lou accidentally hits Hank's car, but has difficulty confessing this to him. As a result, Hank misunderstands her confession attempts as her having a crush on him, and invites her to dinner. Mary Lou confides in Beverly that she's attracted to sensitive men (which Hank is far from), and later tries to subtly rebuff every move Hank makes on her. However, when Hank breaks down while watching Larry being interviewed on *[Extra (TV series)](/wiki/Extra_%28U.S._TV_program%29 \"Extra (U.S. TV program)\")*, Mary Lou finds herself attracted to him.", "#### Kiki Rosatti", "**Kiki Rosatti**, played by [Maureen Mueller](/wiki/Maureen_Mueller \"Maureen Mueller\"), *(season 2\\)* is shown as head booker in the episode \"Performance Artist\".", "### Cue card", "#### Sid", "**Sid**, played by Sid Newman *(all seasons)*, holds the [cue cards](/wiki/Cue_card \"Cue card\") for Larry during the show. He dies by [suicide](/wiki/Suicide \"Suicide\") in the last season, with Hank blaming himself.", "" ]
### Main characters #### Larry Sanders **Lawrence "Larry" Sanders** *(all seasons)* (born December 19, 1950, in [Mound, Minnesota](/wiki/Mound%2C_Minnesota "Mound, Minnesota"), and a graduate of the [University of Minnesota](/wiki/University_of_Minnesota "University of Minnesota")), played by [Garry Shandling](/wiki/Garry_Shandling "Garry Shandling"), is the host of *The Larry Sanders Show*, a late\-night talk show that has been on the air since 1987, airing at 11:30 PM, five days a week, on an unnamed network. He is 42 years old (as of the 1993 episode "The Breakdown (Part One)"), then 43 years old (as of the 1993 episode "Larry's Birthday"). His father is named Jerry and his brother is named Stan. His wives were Francine and Jeannie, from both of whom he is now divorced; he was briefly engaged to [Roseanne Barr](/wiki/Roseanne_Barr "Roseanne Barr"). In the episode "[The Garden Weasel](/wiki/The_Garden_Weasel "The Garden Weasel")", Larry shows his wife Jeannie a commercial that he did for [Pan Am](/wiki/Pan_Am "Pan Am") in 1979, in which he played a flight attendant. Also in the episode, Jeannie mentions that Larry once auditioned for the game show *[Make Me Laugh](/wiki/Make_Me_Laugh "Make Me Laugh")*. In real life Shandling appeared on the show as a celebrity guest. In the episode "Larry's Partner", it is mentioned that Larry began his career as a standup comedian and as part of a [double act](/wiki/Double_act "Double act") with his friend Stan Paxton, played by *[Eric Bogosian](/wiki/Eric_Bogosian "Eric Bogosian")*. Larry and Stan recorded a comedy album together and had a bit called "The Man on the Street Meets the Man on the Moon". Larry broke up his act with Stan 15 years ago because Stan had a serious drinking problem and only joined the business to "get laid". In the episode "The Promise", it is mentioned that Larry's first television appearance was on *[The Merv Griffin Show](/wiki/The_Merv_Griffin_Show "The Merv Griffin Show")* and that he later appeared on *[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson")*. Also in the episode, Larry mentions that he discovered comedian [David Spade](/wiki/David_Spade "David Spade") while he was performing at the [Comedy Store](/wiki/Comedy_Store "Comedy Store") and gave him his first television appearance on his show. Spade went on to appear on the show at least six more times. Larry feels betrayed by Spade when he learns that Spade had appeared on *The Tonight Show* recently, but he forgives him when he recalls that he did the same thing by appearing on *The Tonight Show* after *The Merv Griffin Show*. In the episode "Out Of The Loop", Larry says he was a writer on *Norm Crosby's Comedy Shop*. Larry is neurotic and self\-involved. He is uncomfortable with displays of emotion and dislikes confrontation, so much so that he often deploys Artie to fight his professional battles for him. He is also very insecure about his appearance: he is always concerned about the size of his "ass", which he thinks is too big, and he was unable to disguise his displeasure at [Dana Carvey](/wiki/Dana_Carvey "Dana Carvey")'s impression of him in the show's fourth season. Larry enjoys watching his own show in bed every night, which is something that frustrates his second wife Jeannie. He is addicted to an unspecified type of painkiller (possibly multiple types of painkillers), and was previously addicted to marijuana. His personal life is often more dysfunctional than his professional life: he has been married and divorced twice, and he is shown to have trouble developing intimate bonds with other people and is estranged from his family. He dates many women, such as [Mimi Rogers](/wiki/Mimi_Rogers "Mimi Rogers"), [Sharon Stone](/wiki/Sharon_Stone "Sharon Stone"), [Ellen DeGeneres](/wiki/Ellen_DeGeneres "Ellen DeGeneres"), and [Dana Delany](/wiki/Dana_Delany "Dana Delany"), but these relationships never last and are often doomed by elements of Larry's celebrity or work life. The end of the series provided some hope for Larry; his decision to leave his show seemed to bring him a bit of perspective, and his relationship with [Illeana Douglas](/wiki/Illeana_Douglas "Illeana Douglas") appeared to be more substantial than his previous attempts at intimacy. Though Garry Shandling himself is not particularly sexually attractive in a conventional sense, the character Larry seems to be exceptionally sexually attractive within the show's universe. He is at one point named People Magazine's 10th sexist man alive and, as mentioned above, is shown to easily be able to sleep with various celebrities. Larry really likes [frozen yogurt](/wiki/Frozen_yogurt "Frozen yogurt") and often sends his assistant Beverly to get it for him. In the episode "The Breakdown (Part One)", it is mentioned that Larry and Hank first met in the spring of 1985\. Larry does not respect Hank and thinks that Hank is not very bright. Larry constantly avoids Hank because he does not like dealing with him. However, Hank sometimes acts as a voice of reason for Larry and solves his problems for him, whether intentionally or not. Larry infrequently expresses an underlying affection for Hank, despite finding him intolerable (telling his wife\-to\-be that he "loves him" in the episode "Hank's Wedding"), and on occasion steps beyond his comfort zone for the sake of their friendship, for example cutting short his much needed vacation in order to attend the grand opening of Hank's 'Look Around Cafe' In the episode "The Grand Opening". Larry depends almost entirely upon Artie to protect him from the network executives and the unpleasant realities of show business. Larry claims he can't do the show without Artie because Artie is so loyal to him. In practice, Artie says what Larry finds too awkward or uncomfortable to say. Artie often colludes with Larry to achieve a desired end, and is the only person in Larry's professional life that can understand and connect with him. Artie's last name is never mentioned in any episode. The characterization of Artie is heavily inspired by Fred DeCordova, Johnny Carson's longtime producer. Francine is Larry's first wife, whom he begins dating again after Jeannie leaves him. Hank and Artie strongly dislike Francine. Larry's second wife, Jeannie, leaves him to go to [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") because she thinks that he is too involved with the show. After she leaves him, Larry takes things very hard and has a minor heart episode. In the episode "Larry's Birthday", it is mentioned that Larry discovered Jerry when Jerry was performing at the comedy club [Catch a Rising Star](/wiki/Catch_a_Rising_Star_%28comedy_clubs%29 "Catch a Rising Star (comedy clubs)") and hired him as the head writer for his show. Jerry was doing poorly as a comedian and was just about to quit the business before being hired. Due to budgetary reasons, Larry has to fire Jerry and he is unhappy with how bitter Jerry becomes after being fired. Larry becomes unhappy with his previous agent Leo, so he hires Stevie. Stevie is very obnoxious and Artie does not seem to like him very much. However, Stevie is good at what he does initially and he is able to negotiate Larry a very lucrative contract. Larry is impressed that Stevie represents many high\-powered clients. In the episode "The Beginning of the End", Larry fires Stevie after finding out that he double\-crossed him by becoming comedian [Jon Stewart](/wiki/Jon_Stewart "Jon Stewart")'s agent. Stewart, at this point, is in a position to replace Larry on his talk show, and Stevie negotiates for Stewart rather than Larry before being fired. Grant is believed to be inspired by [Ari Emanuel](/wiki/Ari_Emanuel "Ari Emanuel").{{Citation needed\|date\=January 2017}} Larry feels contempt for Melanie because he tends to dislike network executives. In the episode "[The Garden Weasel](/wiki/The_Garden_Weasel "The Garden Weasel")", she makes him do live commercials on the show against his will. Larry argues with her afterwards, and she ends up assaulting him. Eventually, Larry once again has to rely on Artie to bluntly tell Melanie that he doesn't want to do the commercials. #### Hank Kingsley **Hank Kingsley** *(all seasons)* (born **Henry Joseph Lepstein Jr.**), played by [Jeffrey Tambor](/wiki/Jeffrey_Tambor "Jeffrey Tambor"), is the announcer and sidekick on *The Larry Sanders Show*, known for his "Hey now!" catchphrase (a takeoff on [Ed McMahon](/wiki/Ed_McMahon "Ed McMahon")'s "Hi\-yoooo!"). His father was Henry Joseph Kingsley, Sr., and he was married to Margaret Dolan, whom he later divorced. Hank worked as a [cruise director](/wiki/Cruise_director "Cruise director") on a luxury Greek [liner](/wiki/Ocean_liner "Ocean liner") named Andropolis for eight years when he met Larry, who befriended him and took him to the show. Hank is exceptionally fond of Larry, and it is implied on multiple occasions that Hank may harbor some form of romantic or physical attraction toward Larry. Though both Hank and Larry are [narcissistic](/wiki/Narcissism "Narcissism"), they generally act as foils to one another. Larry is [neurotic](/wiki/Neuroticism "Neuroticism") and evasive, while Hank is open and somewhat naive. Though frequently exasperated by Hank's narcissism and [insecurities](/wiki/Emotional_security "Emotional security"), Larry will occasionally step in to help his on\-air colleague, such as intervening in Hank's contract renegotiations with the network once it became clear that the top executive Shel Davidoff is not willing to give the sidekick a requested raise. While Larry's narcissistic personality sometimes results in positive outcomes for other characters, Hank's narcissism almost exclusively manifests itself in bullying. Unlike Larry, Hank is more than willing to lend his name to commercial products and tries to cultivate a cult of personality through his little\-read newsletters, fan club, and so on. Hank tends to be dense and is frequently the butt of jokes, often without realizing it. While McMahon built success beyond *The Tonight Show* as a commercial spokesman and TV host in his own right, Hank's desire to emulate McMahon was constantly foiled by his ego and bumbling attempts at self\-aggrandizement. He is generally disrespected among his co\-workers because of his ego and dimness. Hank will often act humble and unassuming, especially on camera or in front of media executives and other influential persons, but would become condescending and often quite nasty to anyone whom he perceives to be of a lower status. Hank spends considerable time furthering his career, often endorsing questionable products and working behind Larry's back to ensure his enduring presence on the show, even when Larry is being scrutinized. Hank is shown to be relatively untalented as an on\-air personality. In the "Hank's Contract" episode from the first season, the network, represented by its president Shel Davidoff, is so convinced about Hank's lack of options elsewhere in show business that they completely ignore his walk\-off threats during contract renegotiations and refuse any of his demands. His limited performing talents become especially apparent in season six, during which it is continuously implied that Hank has no other opportunities after the show's end, as well as the first episode of the third season, in which Hank is forced to take a job reading lottery numbers for the local news. Though it is never explicitly stated, Hank seems as though he might be subtly aware of his inadequacy, causing him to amplify his bullying of coworkers. On the romantic front, during the second season episode "Hank's Wedding", Hank marries a woman named Margaret Dolan who's a regional sales manager for the Sandwich King fast food chain. Only two weeks after meeting her on a personal appearance tour he had been on, Hank proposes through television at the end of an episode of *The Larry Sanders Show*. As Larry was getting ready to end that day's show taping following an interview segment with [Adam Sandler](/wiki/Adam_Sandler "Adam Sandler"), Hank delivered the impromptu proposal into the camera without prior notifying Larry or the executive producer Artie to the latter's great displeasure. However, after Margaret says yes and Hank picks Larry to be his best man, Artie (inspired by [Tiny Tim](/wiki/Tiny_Tim_%28musician%29 "Tiny Tim (musician)")'s 1969 wedding on [Johnny Carson](/wiki/Johnny_Carson "Johnny Carson")'s *[Tonight Show](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson")* that brought in huge ratings) recognizes the potential for increased viewership as a result of Hank doing the same and is now the first to offer to have the wedding on the show, which Hank ecstatically accepts. Following an alcohol\-fuelled [bachelor party](/wiki/Bachelor_party "Bachelor party") at a [strip club](/wiki/Strip_club "Strip club") with [Ed McMahon](/wiki/Ed_McMahon "Ed McMahon") among the partiers, Hank and Margaret get married on the show with [Alex Trebek](/wiki/Alex_Trebek "Alex Trebek") officiating the ceremony. The couple got divorced only a year later with Margaret initiating the split unable to deal with Hank's excessive personal and professional focus on Larry to the exclusion of everyone else in his life. Hank does not maintain any long term relationships after the divorce though is occasionally seen on dates while his interaction with [strippers](/wiki/Stripper "Stripper") and [female escorts](/wiki/Call_girl "Call girl") is either shown or implied both before and after his marriage. A [running gag](/wiki/Running_gag "Running gag") in the series involved Hank sending his assistant to tell Larry that he would like to speak with him, only to then approach Larry asking "You wanted to see me?" Artie described him once as someone who means well, but "keeps his brain at home in a box". In the final episode ("Flip," original airdate 5/31/98\), it is revealed that Hank offered his assistant Brian a job paying $300 a week ($503\.50 in 2021 dollars) with no benefits, and that Brian was thinking of taking it. #### Artie "**Artie**" *(all seasons)*, played by [Rip Torn](/wiki/Rip_Torn "Rip Torn"), is the producer of *The Larry Sanders Show*. His last name is never mentioned during the run of the show, but his full first name is **Arthur**. He has three sons named Eddie, Steve, and Cully, a grandfather named Jacob, and a mother named Adel. He has been married four times; his most recent wife is named Elaine. Artie is often shown drinking (typically either following a show taping or during a stressful situation), with his beverages of choice including vodka [Salty Dogs](/wiki/Salty_dog_%28cocktail%29 "Salty dog (cocktail)") and [Glenlivet](/wiki/The_Glenlivet "The Glenlivet") [scotch whisky](/wiki/Scotch_whisky "Scotch whisky").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0625338/quotes\|title\=Arthur After Hours\|author\=\|date\=August 2, 1995\|publisher\=\|access\-date\=January 3, 2017\|via\=IMDb}} Artie served in the [Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps") during the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War"). His first job in show business was as a bouncer. Artie's first job as a producer was on *[The Jackie Gleason Show](/wiki/The_Jackie_Gleason_Show "The Jackie Gleason Show")*, under producer Bob Sterling. He had replaced Sterling as producer after working on the show for six months. Artie also worked on *The Jack Paar Show* and *The Dick Cavett Show* during his career prior to becoming producer of *The Larry Sanders Show*. Artie is tough and very loyal to Larry, essentially taking on a fatherlike mentor role to Larry. He has a special ability to manipulate people into doing exactly what is best for the show. According to several interviews with both Rip Torn and series creator [Garry Shandling](/wiki/Garry_Shandling "Garry Shandling"), the character of Artie is largely based on long\-serving TV and Film producer [Fred De Cordova](/wiki/Fred_De_Cordova "Fred De Cordova") who produced (and eventually executive\-produced) *[The Tonight Show](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show "The Tonight Show")* for over twenty years, encompassing almost all of Johnny Carson's run as host including his iconic final broadcast. De Cordova himself guest\-starred as himself in episode "Eight" and "As My Career Lay Dying". De Cordova reportedly presented Torn with a copy of the former's memoir, *Johnny Came Lately: An Autobiography*, inscribed "To the other Fred". Like most of the employees on the show, Artie has little respect for Hank and believes he makes a number of very poor decisions. However Artie is wise enough to understand the dynamic relationship between Larry and Hank, and is often looking out for him as a result (see Hank's Divorce Episode). Along with Hank, Artie strongly dislikes Larry's ex\-wife Francine and is very unhappy when she reunites with him; when Larry is with Francine, he does not put full effort into the show. Artie has never forgiven Francine for smashing Larry's People Choice Award. Artie dislikes all agents but he especially dislikes Stevie, Larry's sleazy and obnoxious agent, whom he slams against a wall for [backstabbing](/wiki/Backstabbing "Backstabbing") Larry. Artie is very proud of Larry after he fires Stevie In the episode "The Beginning of the End". Artie, like Larry, dislikes most network executives; but unlike Larry, he is able to deal with them. Larry depends on Artie to deal with executive Melanie for him. Artie mentions several times that he thinks that he killed a man like Melanie in [Korea](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War").
[ "### Main characters", "#### Larry Sanders", "**Lawrence \"Larry\" Sanders** *(all seasons)* (born December 19, 1950, in [Mound, Minnesota](/wiki/Mound%2C_Minnesota \"Mound, Minnesota\"), and a graduate of the [University of Minnesota](/wiki/University_of_Minnesota \"University of Minnesota\")), played by [Garry Shandling](/wiki/Garry_Shandling \"Garry Shandling\"), is the host of *The Larry Sanders Show*, a late\\-night talk show that has been on the air since 1987, airing at 11:30 PM, five days a week, on an unnamed network. He is 42 years old (as of the 1993 episode \"The Breakdown (Part One)\"), then 43 years old (as of the 1993 episode \"Larry's Birthday\"). His father is named Jerry and his brother is named Stan. His wives were Francine and Jeannie, from both of whom he is now divorced; he was briefly engaged to [Roseanne Barr](/wiki/Roseanne_Barr \"Roseanne Barr\").", "In the episode \"[The Garden Weasel](/wiki/The_Garden_Weasel \"The Garden Weasel\")\", Larry shows his wife Jeannie a commercial that he did for [Pan Am](/wiki/Pan_Am \"Pan Am\") in 1979, in which he played a flight attendant. Also in the episode, Jeannie mentions that Larry once auditioned for the game show *[Make Me Laugh](/wiki/Make_Me_Laugh \"Make Me Laugh\")*. In real life Shandling appeared on the show as a celebrity guest.", "In the episode \"Larry's Partner\", it is mentioned that Larry began his career as a standup comedian and as part of a [double act](/wiki/Double_act \"Double act\") with his friend Stan Paxton, played by *[Eric Bogosian](/wiki/Eric_Bogosian \"Eric Bogosian\")*. Larry and Stan recorded a comedy album together and had a bit called \"The Man on the Street Meets the Man on the Moon\". Larry broke up his act with Stan 15 years ago because Stan had a serious drinking problem and only joined the business to \"get laid\".", "In the episode \"The Promise\", it is mentioned that Larry's first television appearance was on *[The Merv Griffin Show](/wiki/The_Merv_Griffin_Show \"The Merv Griffin Show\")* and that he later appeared on *[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\")*.", "Also in the episode, Larry mentions that he discovered comedian [David Spade](/wiki/David_Spade \"David Spade\") while he was performing at the [Comedy Store](/wiki/Comedy_Store \"Comedy Store\") and gave him his first television appearance on his show. Spade went on to appear on the show at least six more times. Larry feels betrayed by Spade when he learns that Spade had appeared on *The Tonight Show* recently, but he forgives him when he recalls that he did the same thing by appearing on *The Tonight Show* after *The Merv Griffin Show*.", "In the episode \"Out Of The Loop\", Larry says he was a writer on *Norm Crosby's Comedy Shop*.", "Larry is neurotic and self\\-involved. He is uncomfortable with displays of emotion and dislikes confrontation, so much so that he often deploys Artie to fight his professional battles for him. He is also very insecure about his appearance: he is always concerned about the size of his \"ass\", which he thinks is too big, and he was unable to disguise his displeasure at [Dana Carvey](/wiki/Dana_Carvey \"Dana Carvey\")'s impression of him in the show's fourth season. Larry enjoys watching his own show in bed every night, which is something that frustrates his second wife Jeannie. He is addicted to an unspecified type of painkiller (possibly multiple types of painkillers), and was previously addicted to marijuana. His personal life is often more dysfunctional than his professional life: he has been married and divorced twice, and he is shown to have trouble developing intimate bonds with other people and is estranged from his family. He dates many women, such as [Mimi Rogers](/wiki/Mimi_Rogers \"Mimi Rogers\"), [Sharon Stone](/wiki/Sharon_Stone \"Sharon Stone\"), [Ellen DeGeneres](/wiki/Ellen_DeGeneres \"Ellen DeGeneres\"), and [Dana Delany](/wiki/Dana_Delany \"Dana Delany\"), but these relationships never last and are often doomed by elements of Larry's celebrity or work life. The end of the series provided some hope for Larry; his decision to leave his show seemed to bring him a bit of perspective, and his relationship with [Illeana Douglas](/wiki/Illeana_Douglas \"Illeana Douglas\") appeared to be more substantial than his previous attempts at intimacy.", "Though Garry Shandling himself is not particularly sexually attractive in a conventional sense, the character Larry seems to be exceptionally sexually attractive within the show's universe. He is at one point named People Magazine's 10th sexist man alive and, as mentioned above, is shown to easily be able to sleep with various celebrities.", "Larry really likes [frozen yogurt](/wiki/Frozen_yogurt \"Frozen yogurt\") and often sends his assistant Beverly to get it for him.", "In the episode \"The Breakdown (Part One)\", it is mentioned that Larry and Hank first met in the spring of 1985\\. Larry does not respect Hank and thinks that Hank is not very bright. Larry constantly avoids Hank because he does not like dealing with him. However, Hank sometimes acts as a voice of reason for Larry and solves his problems for him, whether intentionally or not. Larry infrequently expresses an underlying affection for Hank, despite finding him intolerable (telling his wife\\-to\\-be that he \"loves him\" in the episode \"Hank's Wedding\"), and on occasion steps beyond his comfort zone for the sake of their friendship, for example cutting short his much needed vacation in order to attend the grand opening of Hank's 'Look Around Cafe' In the episode \"The Grand Opening\".", "Larry depends almost entirely upon Artie to protect him from the network executives and the unpleasant realities of show business. Larry claims he can't do the show without Artie because Artie is so loyal to him. In practice, Artie says what Larry finds too awkward or uncomfortable to say. Artie often colludes with Larry to achieve a desired end, and is the only person in Larry's professional life that can understand and connect with him. Artie's last name is never mentioned in any episode. The characterization of Artie is heavily inspired by Fred DeCordova, Johnny Carson's longtime producer.", "Francine is Larry's first wife, whom he begins dating again after Jeannie leaves him. Hank and Artie strongly dislike Francine. Larry's second wife, Jeannie, leaves him to go to [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") because she thinks that he is too involved with the show. After she leaves him, Larry takes things very hard and has a minor heart episode.", "In the episode \"Larry's Birthday\", it is mentioned that Larry discovered Jerry when Jerry was performing at the comedy club [Catch a Rising Star](/wiki/Catch_a_Rising_Star_%28comedy_clubs%29 \"Catch a Rising Star (comedy clubs)\") and hired him as the head writer for his show. Jerry was doing poorly as a comedian and was just about to quit the business before being hired. Due to budgetary reasons, Larry has to fire Jerry and he is unhappy with how bitter Jerry becomes after being fired.", "Larry becomes unhappy with his previous agent Leo, so he hires Stevie. Stevie is very obnoxious and Artie does not seem to like him very much. However, Stevie is good at what he does initially and he is able to negotiate Larry a very lucrative contract. Larry is impressed that Stevie represents many high\\-powered clients. In the episode \"The Beginning of the End\", Larry fires Stevie after finding out that he double\\-crossed him by becoming comedian [Jon Stewart](/wiki/Jon_Stewart \"Jon Stewart\")'s agent. Stewart, at this point, is in a position to replace Larry on his talk show, and Stevie negotiates for Stewart rather than Larry before being fired. Grant is believed to be inspired by [Ari Emanuel](/wiki/Ari_Emanuel \"Ari Emanuel\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=January 2017}}", "Larry feels contempt for Melanie because he tends to dislike network executives. In the episode \"[The Garden Weasel](/wiki/The_Garden_Weasel \"The Garden Weasel\")\", she makes him do live commercials on the show against his will. Larry argues with her afterwards, and she ends up assaulting him. Eventually, Larry once again has to rely on Artie to bluntly tell Melanie that he doesn't want to do the commercials.", "#### Hank Kingsley", "**Hank Kingsley** *(all seasons)* (born **Henry Joseph Lepstein Jr.**), played by [Jeffrey Tambor](/wiki/Jeffrey_Tambor \"Jeffrey Tambor\"), is the announcer and sidekick on *The Larry Sanders Show*, known for his \"Hey now!\" catchphrase (a takeoff on [Ed McMahon](/wiki/Ed_McMahon \"Ed McMahon\")'s \"Hi\\-yoooo!\"). His father was Henry Joseph Kingsley, Sr., and he was married to Margaret Dolan, whom he later divorced.", "Hank worked as a [cruise director](/wiki/Cruise_director \"Cruise director\") on a luxury Greek [liner](/wiki/Ocean_liner \"Ocean liner\") named Andropolis for eight years when he met Larry, who befriended him and took him to the show. Hank is exceptionally fond of Larry, and it is implied on multiple occasions that Hank may harbor some form of romantic or physical attraction toward Larry. Though both Hank and Larry are [narcissistic](/wiki/Narcissism \"Narcissism\"), they generally act as foils to one another. Larry is [neurotic](/wiki/Neuroticism \"Neuroticism\") and evasive, while Hank is open and somewhat naive. Though frequently exasperated by Hank's narcissism and [insecurities](/wiki/Emotional_security \"Emotional security\"), Larry will occasionally step in to help his on\\-air colleague, such as intervening in Hank's contract renegotiations with the network once it became clear that the top executive Shel Davidoff is not willing to give the sidekick a requested raise. While Larry's narcissistic personality sometimes results in positive outcomes for other characters, Hank's narcissism almost exclusively manifests itself in bullying. Unlike Larry, Hank is more than willing to lend his name to commercial products and tries to cultivate a cult of personality through his little\\-read newsletters, fan club, and so on. Hank tends to be dense and is frequently the butt of jokes, often without realizing it. While McMahon built success beyond *The Tonight Show* as a commercial spokesman and TV host in his own right, Hank's desire to emulate McMahon was constantly foiled by his ego and bumbling attempts at self\\-aggrandizement.", "He is generally disrespected among his co\\-workers because of his ego and dimness. Hank will often act humble and unassuming, especially on camera or in front of media executives and other influential persons, but would become condescending and often quite nasty to anyone whom he perceives to be of a lower status. Hank spends considerable time furthering his career, often endorsing questionable products and working behind Larry's back to ensure his enduring presence on the show, even when Larry is being scrutinized.", "Hank is shown to be relatively untalented as an on\\-air personality. In the \"Hank's Contract\" episode from the first season, the network, represented by its president Shel Davidoff, is so convinced about Hank's lack of options elsewhere in show business that they completely ignore his walk\\-off threats during contract renegotiations and refuse any of his demands. His limited performing talents become especially apparent in season six, during which it is continuously implied that Hank has no other opportunities after the show's end, as well as the first episode of the third season, in which Hank is forced to take a job reading lottery numbers for the local news. Though it is never explicitly stated, Hank seems as though he might be subtly aware of his inadequacy, causing him to amplify his bullying of coworkers.", "On the romantic front, during the second season episode \"Hank's Wedding\", Hank marries a woman named Margaret Dolan who's a regional sales manager for the Sandwich King fast food chain. Only two weeks after meeting her on a personal appearance tour he had been on, Hank proposes through television at the end of an episode of *The Larry Sanders Show*. As Larry was getting ready to end that day's show taping following an interview segment with [Adam Sandler](/wiki/Adam_Sandler \"Adam Sandler\"), Hank delivered the impromptu proposal into the camera without prior notifying Larry or the executive producer Artie to the latter's great displeasure. However, after Margaret says yes and Hank picks Larry to be his best man, Artie (inspired by [Tiny Tim](/wiki/Tiny_Tim_%28musician%29 \"Tiny Tim (musician)\")'s 1969 wedding on [Johnny Carson](/wiki/Johnny_Carson \"Johnny Carson\")'s *[Tonight Show](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\")* that brought in huge ratings) recognizes the potential for increased viewership as a result of Hank doing the same and is now the first to offer to have the wedding on the show, which Hank ecstatically accepts. Following an alcohol\\-fuelled [bachelor party](/wiki/Bachelor_party \"Bachelor party\") at a [strip club](/wiki/Strip_club \"Strip club\") with [Ed McMahon](/wiki/Ed_McMahon \"Ed McMahon\") among the partiers, Hank and Margaret get married on the show with [Alex Trebek](/wiki/Alex_Trebek \"Alex Trebek\") officiating the ceremony.", "The couple got divorced only a year later with Margaret initiating the split unable to deal with Hank's excessive personal and professional focus on Larry to the exclusion of everyone else in his life. Hank does not maintain any long term relationships after the divorce though is occasionally seen on dates while his interaction with [strippers](/wiki/Stripper \"Stripper\") and [female escorts](/wiki/Call_girl \"Call girl\") is either shown or implied both before and after his marriage.", "A [running gag](/wiki/Running_gag \"Running gag\") in the series involved Hank sending his assistant to tell Larry that he would like to speak with him, only to then approach Larry asking \"You wanted to see me?\"", "Artie described him once as someone who means well, but \"keeps his brain at home in a box\".", "In the final episode (\"Flip,\" original airdate 5/31/98\\), it is revealed that Hank offered his assistant Brian a job paying $300 a week ($503\\.50 in 2021 dollars) with no benefits, and that Brian was thinking of taking it.", "#### Artie", "\"**Artie**\" *(all seasons)*, played by [Rip Torn](/wiki/Rip_Torn \"Rip Torn\"), is the producer of *The Larry Sanders Show*. His last name is never mentioned during the run of the show, but his full first name is **Arthur**. He has three sons named Eddie, Steve, and Cully, a grandfather named Jacob, and a mother named Adel. He has been married four times; his most recent wife is named Elaine. Artie is often shown drinking (typically either following a show taping or during a stressful situation), with his beverages of choice including vodka [Salty Dogs](/wiki/Salty_dog_%28cocktail%29 \"Salty dog (cocktail)\") and [Glenlivet](/wiki/The_Glenlivet \"The Glenlivet\") [scotch whisky](/wiki/Scotch_whisky \"Scotch whisky\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0625338/quotes\\|title\\=Arthur After Hours\\|author\\=\\|date\\=August 2, 1995\\|publisher\\=\\|access\\-date\\=January 3, 2017\\|via\\=IMDb}}", "Artie served in the [Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\") during the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\"). His first job in show business was as a bouncer. Artie's first job as a producer was on *[The Jackie Gleason Show](/wiki/The_Jackie_Gleason_Show \"The Jackie Gleason Show\")*, under producer Bob Sterling. He had replaced Sterling as producer after working on the show for six months. Artie also worked on *The Jack Paar Show* and *The Dick Cavett Show* during his career prior to becoming producer of *The Larry Sanders Show*.", "Artie is tough and very loyal to Larry, essentially taking on a fatherlike mentor role to Larry. He has a special ability to manipulate people into doing exactly what is best for the show. According to several interviews with both Rip Torn and series creator [Garry Shandling](/wiki/Garry_Shandling \"Garry Shandling\"), the character of Artie is largely based on long\\-serving TV and Film producer [Fred De Cordova](/wiki/Fred_De_Cordova \"Fred De Cordova\") who produced (and eventually executive\\-produced) *[The Tonight Show](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show \"The Tonight Show\")* for over twenty years, encompassing almost all of Johnny Carson's run as host including his iconic final broadcast. De Cordova himself guest\\-starred as himself in episode \"Eight\" and \"As My Career Lay Dying\". De Cordova reportedly presented Torn with a copy of the former's memoir, *Johnny Came Lately: An Autobiography*, inscribed \"To the other Fred\".", "Like most of the employees on the show, Artie has little respect for Hank and believes he makes a number of very poor decisions. However Artie is wise enough to understand the dynamic relationship between Larry and Hank, and is often looking out for him as a result (see Hank's Divorce Episode).", "Along with Hank, Artie strongly dislikes Larry's ex\\-wife Francine and is very unhappy when she reunites with him; when Larry is with Francine, he does not put full effort into the show. Artie has never forgiven Francine for smashing Larry's People Choice Award.", "Artie dislikes all agents but he especially dislikes Stevie, Larry's sleazy and obnoxious agent, whom he slams against a wall for [backstabbing](/wiki/Backstabbing \"Backstabbing\") Larry. Artie is very proud of Larry after he fires Stevie In the episode \"The Beginning of the End\".", "Artie, like Larry, dislikes most network executives; but unlike Larry, he is able to deal with them. Larry depends on Artie to deal with executive Melanie for him. Artie mentions several times that he thinks that he killed a man like Melanie in [Korea](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\").", "" ]
#### Larry Sanders **Lawrence "Larry" Sanders** *(all seasons)* (born December 19, 1950, in [Mound, Minnesota](/wiki/Mound%2C_Minnesota "Mound, Minnesota"), and a graduate of the [University of Minnesota](/wiki/University_of_Minnesota "University of Minnesota")), played by [Garry Shandling](/wiki/Garry_Shandling "Garry Shandling"), is the host of *The Larry Sanders Show*, a late\-night talk show that has been on the air since 1987, airing at 11:30 PM, five days a week, on an unnamed network. He is 42 years old (as of the 1993 episode "The Breakdown (Part One)"), then 43 years old (as of the 1993 episode "Larry's Birthday"). His father is named Jerry and his brother is named Stan. His wives were Francine and Jeannie, from both of whom he is now divorced; he was briefly engaged to [Roseanne Barr](/wiki/Roseanne_Barr "Roseanne Barr"). In the episode "[The Garden Weasel](/wiki/The_Garden_Weasel "The Garden Weasel")", Larry shows his wife Jeannie a commercial that he did for [Pan Am](/wiki/Pan_Am "Pan Am") in 1979, in which he played a flight attendant. Also in the episode, Jeannie mentions that Larry once auditioned for the game show *[Make Me Laugh](/wiki/Make_Me_Laugh "Make Me Laugh")*. In real life Shandling appeared on the show as a celebrity guest. In the episode "Larry's Partner", it is mentioned that Larry began his career as a standup comedian and as part of a [double act](/wiki/Double_act "Double act") with his friend Stan Paxton, played by *[Eric Bogosian](/wiki/Eric_Bogosian "Eric Bogosian")*. Larry and Stan recorded a comedy album together and had a bit called "The Man on the Street Meets the Man on the Moon". Larry broke up his act with Stan 15 years ago because Stan had a serious drinking problem and only joined the business to "get laid". In the episode "The Promise", it is mentioned that Larry's first television appearance was on *[The Merv Griffin Show](/wiki/The_Merv_Griffin_Show "The Merv Griffin Show")* and that he later appeared on *[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson")*. Also in the episode, Larry mentions that he discovered comedian [David Spade](/wiki/David_Spade "David Spade") while he was performing at the [Comedy Store](/wiki/Comedy_Store "Comedy Store") and gave him his first television appearance on his show. Spade went on to appear on the show at least six more times. Larry feels betrayed by Spade when he learns that Spade had appeared on *The Tonight Show* recently, but he forgives him when he recalls that he did the same thing by appearing on *The Tonight Show* after *The Merv Griffin Show*. In the episode "Out Of The Loop", Larry says he was a writer on *Norm Crosby's Comedy Shop*. Larry is neurotic and self\-involved. He is uncomfortable with displays of emotion and dislikes confrontation, so much so that he often deploys Artie to fight his professional battles for him. He is also very insecure about his appearance: he is always concerned about the size of his "ass", which he thinks is too big, and he was unable to disguise his displeasure at [Dana Carvey](/wiki/Dana_Carvey "Dana Carvey")'s impression of him in the show's fourth season. Larry enjoys watching his own show in bed every night, which is something that frustrates his second wife Jeannie. He is addicted to an unspecified type of painkiller (possibly multiple types of painkillers), and was previously addicted to marijuana. His personal life is often more dysfunctional than his professional life: he has been married and divorced twice, and he is shown to have trouble developing intimate bonds with other people and is estranged from his family. He dates many women, such as [Mimi Rogers](/wiki/Mimi_Rogers "Mimi Rogers"), [Sharon Stone](/wiki/Sharon_Stone "Sharon Stone"), [Ellen DeGeneres](/wiki/Ellen_DeGeneres "Ellen DeGeneres"), and [Dana Delany](/wiki/Dana_Delany "Dana Delany"), but these relationships never last and are often doomed by elements of Larry's celebrity or work life. The end of the series provided some hope for Larry; his decision to leave his show seemed to bring him a bit of perspective, and his relationship with [Illeana Douglas](/wiki/Illeana_Douglas "Illeana Douglas") appeared to be more substantial than his previous attempts at intimacy. Though Garry Shandling himself is not particularly sexually attractive in a conventional sense, the character Larry seems to be exceptionally sexually attractive within the show's universe. He is at one point named People Magazine's 10th sexist man alive and, as mentioned above, is shown to easily be able to sleep with various celebrities. Larry really likes [frozen yogurt](/wiki/Frozen_yogurt "Frozen yogurt") and often sends his assistant Beverly to get it for him. In the episode "The Breakdown (Part One)", it is mentioned that Larry and Hank first met in the spring of 1985\. Larry does not respect Hank and thinks that Hank is not very bright. Larry constantly avoids Hank because he does not like dealing with him. However, Hank sometimes acts as a voice of reason for Larry and solves his problems for him, whether intentionally or not. Larry infrequently expresses an underlying affection for Hank, despite finding him intolerable (telling his wife\-to\-be that he "loves him" in the episode "Hank's Wedding"), and on occasion steps beyond his comfort zone for the sake of their friendship, for example cutting short his much needed vacation in order to attend the grand opening of Hank's 'Look Around Cafe' In the episode "The Grand Opening". Larry depends almost entirely upon Artie to protect him from the network executives and the unpleasant realities of show business. Larry claims he can't do the show without Artie because Artie is so loyal to him. In practice, Artie says what Larry finds too awkward or uncomfortable to say. Artie often colludes with Larry to achieve a desired end, and is the only person in Larry's professional life that can understand and connect with him. Artie's last name is never mentioned in any episode. The characterization of Artie is heavily inspired by Fred DeCordova, Johnny Carson's longtime producer. Francine is Larry's first wife, whom he begins dating again after Jeannie leaves him. Hank and Artie strongly dislike Francine. Larry's second wife, Jeannie, leaves him to go to [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") because she thinks that he is too involved with the show. After she leaves him, Larry takes things very hard and has a minor heart episode. In the episode "Larry's Birthday", it is mentioned that Larry discovered Jerry when Jerry was performing at the comedy club [Catch a Rising Star](/wiki/Catch_a_Rising_Star_%28comedy_clubs%29 "Catch a Rising Star (comedy clubs)") and hired him as the head writer for his show. Jerry was doing poorly as a comedian and was just about to quit the business before being hired. Due to budgetary reasons, Larry has to fire Jerry and he is unhappy with how bitter Jerry becomes after being fired. Larry becomes unhappy with his previous agent Leo, so he hires Stevie. Stevie is very obnoxious and Artie does not seem to like him very much. However, Stevie is good at what he does initially and he is able to negotiate Larry a very lucrative contract. Larry is impressed that Stevie represents many high\-powered clients. In the episode "The Beginning of the End", Larry fires Stevie after finding out that he double\-crossed him by becoming comedian [Jon Stewart](/wiki/Jon_Stewart "Jon Stewart")'s agent. Stewart, at this point, is in a position to replace Larry on his talk show, and Stevie negotiates for Stewart rather than Larry before being fired. Grant is believed to be inspired by [Ari Emanuel](/wiki/Ari_Emanuel "Ari Emanuel").{{Citation needed\|date\=January 2017}} Larry feels contempt for Melanie because he tends to dislike network executives. In the episode "[The Garden Weasel](/wiki/The_Garden_Weasel "The Garden Weasel")", she makes him do live commercials on the show against his will. Larry argues with her afterwards, and she ends up assaulting him. Eventually, Larry once again has to rely on Artie to bluntly tell Melanie that he doesn't want to do the commercials.
[ "#### Larry Sanders", "**Lawrence \"Larry\" Sanders** *(all seasons)* (born December 19, 1950, in [Mound, Minnesota](/wiki/Mound%2C_Minnesota \"Mound, Minnesota\"), and a graduate of the [University of Minnesota](/wiki/University_of_Minnesota \"University of Minnesota\")), played by [Garry Shandling](/wiki/Garry_Shandling \"Garry Shandling\"), is the host of *The Larry Sanders Show*, a late\\-night talk show that has been on the air since 1987, airing at 11:30 PM, five days a week, on an unnamed network. He is 42 years old (as of the 1993 episode \"The Breakdown (Part One)\"), then 43 years old (as of the 1993 episode \"Larry's Birthday\"). His father is named Jerry and his brother is named Stan. His wives were Francine and Jeannie, from both of whom he is now divorced; he was briefly engaged to [Roseanne Barr](/wiki/Roseanne_Barr \"Roseanne Barr\").", "In the episode \"[The Garden Weasel](/wiki/The_Garden_Weasel \"The Garden Weasel\")\", Larry shows his wife Jeannie a commercial that he did for [Pan Am](/wiki/Pan_Am \"Pan Am\") in 1979, in which he played a flight attendant. Also in the episode, Jeannie mentions that Larry once auditioned for the game show *[Make Me Laugh](/wiki/Make_Me_Laugh \"Make Me Laugh\")*. In real life Shandling appeared on the show as a celebrity guest.", "In the episode \"Larry's Partner\", it is mentioned that Larry began his career as a standup comedian and as part of a [double act](/wiki/Double_act \"Double act\") with his friend Stan Paxton, played by *[Eric Bogosian](/wiki/Eric_Bogosian \"Eric Bogosian\")*. Larry and Stan recorded a comedy album together and had a bit called \"The Man on the Street Meets the Man on the Moon\". Larry broke up his act with Stan 15 years ago because Stan had a serious drinking problem and only joined the business to \"get laid\".", "In the episode \"The Promise\", it is mentioned that Larry's first television appearance was on *[The Merv Griffin Show](/wiki/The_Merv_Griffin_Show \"The Merv Griffin Show\")* and that he later appeared on *[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\")*.", "Also in the episode, Larry mentions that he discovered comedian [David Spade](/wiki/David_Spade \"David Spade\") while he was performing at the [Comedy Store](/wiki/Comedy_Store \"Comedy Store\") and gave him his first television appearance on his show. Spade went on to appear on the show at least six more times. Larry feels betrayed by Spade when he learns that Spade had appeared on *The Tonight Show* recently, but he forgives him when he recalls that he did the same thing by appearing on *The Tonight Show* after *The Merv Griffin Show*.", "In the episode \"Out Of The Loop\", Larry says he was a writer on *Norm Crosby's Comedy Shop*.", "Larry is neurotic and self\\-involved. He is uncomfortable with displays of emotion and dislikes confrontation, so much so that he often deploys Artie to fight his professional battles for him. He is also very insecure about his appearance: he is always concerned about the size of his \"ass\", which he thinks is too big, and he was unable to disguise his displeasure at [Dana Carvey](/wiki/Dana_Carvey \"Dana Carvey\")'s impression of him in the show's fourth season. Larry enjoys watching his own show in bed every night, which is something that frustrates his second wife Jeannie. He is addicted to an unspecified type of painkiller (possibly multiple types of painkillers), and was previously addicted to marijuana. His personal life is often more dysfunctional than his professional life: he has been married and divorced twice, and he is shown to have trouble developing intimate bonds with other people and is estranged from his family. He dates many women, such as [Mimi Rogers](/wiki/Mimi_Rogers \"Mimi Rogers\"), [Sharon Stone](/wiki/Sharon_Stone \"Sharon Stone\"), [Ellen DeGeneres](/wiki/Ellen_DeGeneres \"Ellen DeGeneres\"), and [Dana Delany](/wiki/Dana_Delany \"Dana Delany\"), but these relationships never last and are often doomed by elements of Larry's celebrity or work life. The end of the series provided some hope for Larry; his decision to leave his show seemed to bring him a bit of perspective, and his relationship with [Illeana Douglas](/wiki/Illeana_Douglas \"Illeana Douglas\") appeared to be more substantial than his previous attempts at intimacy.", "Though Garry Shandling himself is not particularly sexually attractive in a conventional sense, the character Larry seems to be exceptionally sexually attractive within the show's universe. He is at one point named People Magazine's 10th sexist man alive and, as mentioned above, is shown to easily be able to sleep with various celebrities.", "Larry really likes [frozen yogurt](/wiki/Frozen_yogurt \"Frozen yogurt\") and often sends his assistant Beverly to get it for him.", "In the episode \"The Breakdown (Part One)\", it is mentioned that Larry and Hank first met in the spring of 1985\\. Larry does not respect Hank and thinks that Hank is not very bright. Larry constantly avoids Hank because he does not like dealing with him. However, Hank sometimes acts as a voice of reason for Larry and solves his problems for him, whether intentionally or not. Larry infrequently expresses an underlying affection for Hank, despite finding him intolerable (telling his wife\\-to\\-be that he \"loves him\" in the episode \"Hank's Wedding\"), and on occasion steps beyond his comfort zone for the sake of their friendship, for example cutting short his much needed vacation in order to attend the grand opening of Hank's 'Look Around Cafe' In the episode \"The Grand Opening\".", "Larry depends almost entirely upon Artie to protect him from the network executives and the unpleasant realities of show business. Larry claims he can't do the show without Artie because Artie is so loyal to him. In practice, Artie says what Larry finds too awkward or uncomfortable to say. Artie often colludes with Larry to achieve a desired end, and is the only person in Larry's professional life that can understand and connect with him. Artie's last name is never mentioned in any episode. The characterization of Artie is heavily inspired by Fred DeCordova, Johnny Carson's longtime producer.", "Francine is Larry's first wife, whom he begins dating again after Jeannie leaves him. Hank and Artie strongly dislike Francine. Larry's second wife, Jeannie, leaves him to go to [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") because she thinks that he is too involved with the show. After she leaves him, Larry takes things very hard and has a minor heart episode.", "In the episode \"Larry's Birthday\", it is mentioned that Larry discovered Jerry when Jerry was performing at the comedy club [Catch a Rising Star](/wiki/Catch_a_Rising_Star_%28comedy_clubs%29 \"Catch a Rising Star (comedy clubs)\") and hired him as the head writer for his show. Jerry was doing poorly as a comedian and was just about to quit the business before being hired. Due to budgetary reasons, Larry has to fire Jerry and he is unhappy with how bitter Jerry becomes after being fired.", "Larry becomes unhappy with his previous agent Leo, so he hires Stevie. Stevie is very obnoxious and Artie does not seem to like him very much. However, Stevie is good at what he does initially and he is able to negotiate Larry a very lucrative contract. Larry is impressed that Stevie represents many high\\-powered clients. In the episode \"The Beginning of the End\", Larry fires Stevie after finding out that he double\\-crossed him by becoming comedian [Jon Stewart](/wiki/Jon_Stewart \"Jon Stewart\")'s agent. Stewart, at this point, is in a position to replace Larry on his talk show, and Stevie negotiates for Stewart rather than Larry before being fired. Grant is believed to be inspired by [Ari Emanuel](/wiki/Ari_Emanuel \"Ari Emanuel\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=January 2017}}", "Larry feels contempt for Melanie because he tends to dislike network executives. In the episode \"[The Garden Weasel](/wiki/The_Garden_Weasel \"The Garden Weasel\")\", she makes him do live commercials on the show against his will. Larry argues with her afterwards, and she ends up assaulting him. Eventually, Larry once again has to rely on Artie to bluntly tell Melanie that he doesn't want to do the commercials.", "" ]
#### Hank Kingsley **Hank Kingsley** *(all seasons)* (born **Henry Joseph Lepstein Jr.**), played by [Jeffrey Tambor](/wiki/Jeffrey_Tambor "Jeffrey Tambor"), is the announcer and sidekick on *The Larry Sanders Show*, known for his "Hey now!" catchphrase (a takeoff on [Ed McMahon](/wiki/Ed_McMahon "Ed McMahon")'s "Hi\-yoooo!"). His father was Henry Joseph Kingsley, Sr., and he was married to Margaret Dolan, whom he later divorced. Hank worked as a [cruise director](/wiki/Cruise_director "Cruise director") on a luxury Greek [liner](/wiki/Ocean_liner "Ocean liner") named Andropolis for eight years when he met Larry, who befriended him and took him to the show. Hank is exceptionally fond of Larry, and it is implied on multiple occasions that Hank may harbor some form of romantic or physical attraction toward Larry. Though both Hank and Larry are [narcissistic](/wiki/Narcissism "Narcissism"), they generally act as foils to one another. Larry is [neurotic](/wiki/Neuroticism "Neuroticism") and evasive, while Hank is open and somewhat naive. Though frequently exasperated by Hank's narcissism and [insecurities](/wiki/Emotional_security "Emotional security"), Larry will occasionally step in to help his on\-air colleague, such as intervening in Hank's contract renegotiations with the network once it became clear that the top executive Shel Davidoff is not willing to give the sidekick a requested raise. While Larry's narcissistic personality sometimes results in positive outcomes for other characters, Hank's narcissism almost exclusively manifests itself in bullying. Unlike Larry, Hank is more than willing to lend his name to commercial products and tries to cultivate a cult of personality through his little\-read newsletters, fan club, and so on. Hank tends to be dense and is frequently the butt of jokes, often without realizing it. While McMahon built success beyond *The Tonight Show* as a commercial spokesman and TV host in his own right, Hank's desire to emulate McMahon was constantly foiled by his ego and bumbling attempts at self\-aggrandizement. He is generally disrespected among his co\-workers because of his ego and dimness. Hank will often act humble and unassuming, especially on camera or in front of media executives and other influential persons, but would become condescending and often quite nasty to anyone whom he perceives to be of a lower status. Hank spends considerable time furthering his career, often endorsing questionable products and working behind Larry's back to ensure his enduring presence on the show, even when Larry is being scrutinized. Hank is shown to be relatively untalented as an on\-air personality. In the "Hank's Contract" episode from the first season, the network, represented by its president Shel Davidoff, is so convinced about Hank's lack of options elsewhere in show business that they completely ignore his walk\-off threats during contract renegotiations and refuse any of his demands. His limited performing talents become especially apparent in season six, during which it is continuously implied that Hank has no other opportunities after the show's end, as well as the first episode of the third season, in which Hank is forced to take a job reading lottery numbers for the local news. Though it is never explicitly stated, Hank seems as though he might be subtly aware of his inadequacy, causing him to amplify his bullying of coworkers. On the romantic front, during the second season episode "Hank's Wedding", Hank marries a woman named Margaret Dolan who's a regional sales manager for the Sandwich King fast food chain. Only two weeks after meeting her on a personal appearance tour he had been on, Hank proposes through television at the end of an episode of *The Larry Sanders Show*. As Larry was getting ready to end that day's show taping following an interview segment with [Adam Sandler](/wiki/Adam_Sandler "Adam Sandler"), Hank delivered the impromptu proposal into the camera without prior notifying Larry or the executive producer Artie to the latter's great displeasure. However, after Margaret says yes and Hank picks Larry to be his best man, Artie (inspired by [Tiny Tim](/wiki/Tiny_Tim_%28musician%29 "Tiny Tim (musician)")'s 1969 wedding on [Johnny Carson](/wiki/Johnny_Carson "Johnny Carson")'s *[Tonight Show](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson")* that brought in huge ratings) recognizes the potential for increased viewership as a result of Hank doing the same and is now the first to offer to have the wedding on the show, which Hank ecstatically accepts. Following an alcohol\-fuelled [bachelor party](/wiki/Bachelor_party "Bachelor party") at a [strip club](/wiki/Strip_club "Strip club") with [Ed McMahon](/wiki/Ed_McMahon "Ed McMahon") among the partiers, Hank and Margaret get married on the show with [Alex Trebek](/wiki/Alex_Trebek "Alex Trebek") officiating the ceremony. The couple got divorced only a year later with Margaret initiating the split unable to deal with Hank's excessive personal and professional focus on Larry to the exclusion of everyone else in his life. Hank does not maintain any long term relationships after the divorce though is occasionally seen on dates while his interaction with [strippers](/wiki/Stripper "Stripper") and [female escorts](/wiki/Call_girl "Call girl") is either shown or implied both before and after his marriage. A [running gag](/wiki/Running_gag "Running gag") in the series involved Hank sending his assistant to tell Larry that he would like to speak with him, only to then approach Larry asking "You wanted to see me?" Artie described him once as someone who means well, but "keeps his brain at home in a box". In the final episode ("Flip," original airdate 5/31/98\), it is revealed that Hank offered his assistant Brian a job paying $300 a week ($503\.50 in 2021 dollars) with no benefits, and that Brian was thinking of taking it.
[ "#### Hank Kingsley", "**Hank Kingsley** *(all seasons)* (born **Henry Joseph Lepstein Jr.**), played by [Jeffrey Tambor](/wiki/Jeffrey_Tambor \"Jeffrey Tambor\"), is the announcer and sidekick on *The Larry Sanders Show*, known for his \"Hey now!\" catchphrase (a takeoff on [Ed McMahon](/wiki/Ed_McMahon \"Ed McMahon\")'s \"Hi\\-yoooo!\"). His father was Henry Joseph Kingsley, Sr., and he was married to Margaret Dolan, whom he later divorced.", "Hank worked as a [cruise director](/wiki/Cruise_director \"Cruise director\") on a luxury Greek [liner](/wiki/Ocean_liner \"Ocean liner\") named Andropolis for eight years when he met Larry, who befriended him and took him to the show. Hank is exceptionally fond of Larry, and it is implied on multiple occasions that Hank may harbor some form of romantic or physical attraction toward Larry. Though both Hank and Larry are [narcissistic](/wiki/Narcissism \"Narcissism\"), they generally act as foils to one another. Larry is [neurotic](/wiki/Neuroticism \"Neuroticism\") and evasive, while Hank is open and somewhat naive. Though frequently exasperated by Hank's narcissism and [insecurities](/wiki/Emotional_security \"Emotional security\"), Larry will occasionally step in to help his on\\-air colleague, such as intervening in Hank's contract renegotiations with the network once it became clear that the top executive Shel Davidoff is not willing to give the sidekick a requested raise. While Larry's narcissistic personality sometimes results in positive outcomes for other characters, Hank's narcissism almost exclusively manifests itself in bullying. Unlike Larry, Hank is more than willing to lend his name to commercial products and tries to cultivate a cult of personality through his little\\-read newsletters, fan club, and so on. Hank tends to be dense and is frequently the butt of jokes, often without realizing it. While McMahon built success beyond *The Tonight Show* as a commercial spokesman and TV host in his own right, Hank's desire to emulate McMahon was constantly foiled by his ego and bumbling attempts at self\\-aggrandizement.", "He is generally disrespected among his co\\-workers because of his ego and dimness. Hank will often act humble and unassuming, especially on camera or in front of media executives and other influential persons, but would become condescending and often quite nasty to anyone whom he perceives to be of a lower status. Hank spends considerable time furthering his career, often endorsing questionable products and working behind Larry's back to ensure his enduring presence on the show, even when Larry is being scrutinized.", "Hank is shown to be relatively untalented as an on\\-air personality. In the \"Hank's Contract\" episode from the first season, the network, represented by its president Shel Davidoff, is so convinced about Hank's lack of options elsewhere in show business that they completely ignore his walk\\-off threats during contract renegotiations and refuse any of his demands. His limited performing talents become especially apparent in season six, during which it is continuously implied that Hank has no other opportunities after the show's end, as well as the first episode of the third season, in which Hank is forced to take a job reading lottery numbers for the local news. Though it is never explicitly stated, Hank seems as though he might be subtly aware of his inadequacy, causing him to amplify his bullying of coworkers.", "On the romantic front, during the second season episode \"Hank's Wedding\", Hank marries a woman named Margaret Dolan who's a regional sales manager for the Sandwich King fast food chain. Only two weeks after meeting her on a personal appearance tour he had been on, Hank proposes through television at the end of an episode of *The Larry Sanders Show*. As Larry was getting ready to end that day's show taping following an interview segment with [Adam Sandler](/wiki/Adam_Sandler \"Adam Sandler\"), Hank delivered the impromptu proposal into the camera without prior notifying Larry or the executive producer Artie to the latter's great displeasure. However, after Margaret says yes and Hank picks Larry to be his best man, Artie (inspired by [Tiny Tim](/wiki/Tiny_Tim_%28musician%29 \"Tiny Tim (musician)\")'s 1969 wedding on [Johnny Carson](/wiki/Johnny_Carson \"Johnny Carson\")'s *[Tonight Show](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\")* that brought in huge ratings) recognizes the potential for increased viewership as a result of Hank doing the same and is now the first to offer to have the wedding on the show, which Hank ecstatically accepts. Following an alcohol\\-fuelled [bachelor party](/wiki/Bachelor_party \"Bachelor party\") at a [strip club](/wiki/Strip_club \"Strip club\") with [Ed McMahon](/wiki/Ed_McMahon \"Ed McMahon\") among the partiers, Hank and Margaret get married on the show with [Alex Trebek](/wiki/Alex_Trebek \"Alex Trebek\") officiating the ceremony.", "The couple got divorced only a year later with Margaret initiating the split unable to deal with Hank's excessive personal and professional focus on Larry to the exclusion of everyone else in his life. Hank does not maintain any long term relationships after the divorce though is occasionally seen on dates while his interaction with [strippers](/wiki/Stripper \"Stripper\") and [female escorts](/wiki/Call_girl \"Call girl\") is either shown or implied both before and after his marriage.", "A [running gag](/wiki/Running_gag \"Running gag\") in the series involved Hank sending his assistant to tell Larry that he would like to speak with him, only to then approach Larry asking \"You wanted to see me?\"", "Artie described him once as someone who means well, but \"keeps his brain at home in a box\".", "In the final episode (\"Flip,\" original airdate 5/31/98\\), it is revealed that Hank offered his assistant Brian a job paying $300 a week ($503\\.50 in 2021 dollars) with no benefits, and that Brian was thinking of taking it.", "" ]
#### Artie "**Artie**" *(all seasons)*, played by [Rip Torn](/wiki/Rip_Torn "Rip Torn"), is the producer of *The Larry Sanders Show*. His last name is never mentioned during the run of the show, but his full first name is **Arthur**. He has three sons named Eddie, Steve, and Cully, a grandfather named Jacob, and a mother named Adel. He has been married four times; his most recent wife is named Elaine. Artie is often shown drinking (typically either following a show taping or during a stressful situation), with his beverages of choice including vodka [Salty Dogs](/wiki/Salty_dog_%28cocktail%29 "Salty dog (cocktail)") and [Glenlivet](/wiki/The_Glenlivet "The Glenlivet") [scotch whisky](/wiki/Scotch_whisky "Scotch whisky").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0625338/quotes\|title\=Arthur After Hours\|author\=\|date\=August 2, 1995\|publisher\=\|access\-date\=January 3, 2017\|via\=IMDb}} Artie served in the [Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps") during the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War"). His first job in show business was as a bouncer. Artie's first job as a producer was on *[The Jackie Gleason Show](/wiki/The_Jackie_Gleason_Show "The Jackie Gleason Show")*, under producer Bob Sterling. He had replaced Sterling as producer after working on the show for six months. Artie also worked on *The Jack Paar Show* and *The Dick Cavett Show* during his career prior to becoming producer of *The Larry Sanders Show*. Artie is tough and very loyal to Larry, essentially taking on a fatherlike mentor role to Larry. He has a special ability to manipulate people into doing exactly what is best for the show. According to several interviews with both Rip Torn and series creator [Garry Shandling](/wiki/Garry_Shandling "Garry Shandling"), the character of Artie is largely based on long\-serving TV and Film producer [Fred De Cordova](/wiki/Fred_De_Cordova "Fred De Cordova") who produced (and eventually executive\-produced) *[The Tonight Show](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show "The Tonight Show")* for over twenty years, encompassing almost all of Johnny Carson's run as host including his iconic final broadcast. De Cordova himself guest\-starred as himself in episode "Eight" and "As My Career Lay Dying". De Cordova reportedly presented Torn with a copy of the former's memoir, *Johnny Came Lately: An Autobiography*, inscribed "To the other Fred". Like most of the employees on the show, Artie has little respect for Hank and believes he makes a number of very poor decisions. However Artie is wise enough to understand the dynamic relationship between Larry and Hank, and is often looking out for him as a result (see Hank's Divorce Episode). Along with Hank, Artie strongly dislikes Larry's ex\-wife Francine and is very unhappy when she reunites with him; when Larry is with Francine, he does not put full effort into the show. Artie has never forgiven Francine for smashing Larry's People Choice Award. Artie dislikes all agents but he especially dislikes Stevie, Larry's sleazy and obnoxious agent, whom he slams against a wall for [backstabbing](/wiki/Backstabbing "Backstabbing") Larry. Artie is very proud of Larry after he fires Stevie In the episode "The Beginning of the End". Artie, like Larry, dislikes most network executives; but unlike Larry, he is able to deal with them. Larry depends on Artie to deal with executive Melanie for him. Artie mentions several times that he thinks that he killed a man like Melanie in [Korea](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War").
[ "#### Artie", "\"**Artie**\" *(all seasons)*, played by [Rip Torn](/wiki/Rip_Torn \"Rip Torn\"), is the producer of *The Larry Sanders Show*. His last name is never mentioned during the run of the show, but his full first name is **Arthur**. He has three sons named Eddie, Steve, and Cully, a grandfather named Jacob, and a mother named Adel. He has been married four times; his most recent wife is named Elaine. Artie is often shown drinking (typically either following a show taping or during a stressful situation), with his beverages of choice including vodka [Salty Dogs](/wiki/Salty_dog_%28cocktail%29 \"Salty dog (cocktail)\") and [Glenlivet](/wiki/The_Glenlivet \"The Glenlivet\") [scotch whisky](/wiki/Scotch_whisky \"Scotch whisky\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0625338/quotes\\|title\\=Arthur After Hours\\|author\\=\\|date\\=August 2, 1995\\|publisher\\=\\|access\\-date\\=January 3, 2017\\|via\\=IMDb}}", "Artie served in the [Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\") during the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\"). His first job in show business was as a bouncer. Artie's first job as a producer was on *[The Jackie Gleason Show](/wiki/The_Jackie_Gleason_Show \"The Jackie Gleason Show\")*, under producer Bob Sterling. He had replaced Sterling as producer after working on the show for six months. Artie also worked on *The Jack Paar Show* and *The Dick Cavett Show* during his career prior to becoming producer of *The Larry Sanders Show*.", "Artie is tough and very loyal to Larry, essentially taking on a fatherlike mentor role to Larry. He has a special ability to manipulate people into doing exactly what is best for the show. According to several interviews with both Rip Torn and series creator [Garry Shandling](/wiki/Garry_Shandling \"Garry Shandling\"), the character of Artie is largely based on long\\-serving TV and Film producer [Fred De Cordova](/wiki/Fred_De_Cordova \"Fred De Cordova\") who produced (and eventually executive\\-produced) *[The Tonight Show](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show \"The Tonight Show\")* for over twenty years, encompassing almost all of Johnny Carson's run as host including his iconic final broadcast. De Cordova himself guest\\-starred as himself in episode \"Eight\" and \"As My Career Lay Dying\". De Cordova reportedly presented Torn with a copy of the former's memoir, *Johnny Came Lately: An Autobiography*, inscribed \"To the other Fred\".", "Like most of the employees on the show, Artie has little respect for Hank and believes he makes a number of very poor decisions. However Artie is wise enough to understand the dynamic relationship between Larry and Hank, and is often looking out for him as a result (see Hank's Divorce Episode).", "Along with Hank, Artie strongly dislikes Larry's ex\\-wife Francine and is very unhappy when she reunites with him; when Larry is with Francine, he does not put full effort into the show. Artie has never forgiven Francine for smashing Larry's People Choice Award.", "Artie dislikes all agents but he especially dislikes Stevie, Larry's sleazy and obnoxious agent, whom he slams against a wall for [backstabbing](/wiki/Backstabbing \"Backstabbing\") Larry. Artie is very proud of Larry after he fires Stevie In the episode \"The Beginning of the End\".", "Artie, like Larry, dislikes most network executives; but unlike Larry, he is able to deal with them. Larry depends on Artie to deal with executive Melanie for him. Artie mentions several times that he thinks that he killed a man like Melanie in [Korea](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\").", "" ]
### Talent bookers #### Paula **Paula**, played by [Janeane Garofalo](/wiki/Janeane_Garofalo "Janeane Garofalo"), *(seasons 1–5\)* is the show's talent booker (although another character, Kiki, is shown as the talent booker in the season 2 episode "Performance Artist"). Throughout the run of the series, her last name is never mentioned. She has a very dry sense of humor and cringes at any display of sentimentality. In the second\-season episode "Artie's Gone", Arthur trusts her to produce the show on her own. In the episode "Montana", as Larry is trying to assemble the show's former staffers after what turned out to be his short\-lived retirement from show business, he approaches Paula to gauge her interest in continuing at her old job. She says that she has an offer to be the associate producer on the *[Conan O'Brien Show](/wiki/Late_Night_with_Conan_O%27Brien "Late Night with Conan O'Brien")*. Larry's response comes in the form of a question: "I can understand why you'd want to take the Conan O'Brien job over this one. It's a good sh... How long do you think that's going to stay on the air?", to which frightened Paula replies: "See you Monday". However, Paula's second stint with the show is not without problems as Larry comes very close to firing her in the episode "The Gift Episode" after several high\-profile guests pull out of the commitment despite already being booked. In a conversation with Artie, Larry expresses a personal opinion that Paula isn't right for the job "because she doesn't have the right personality". He goes on to state that "she's too....", but before Larry can finish, Artie interjects with three offerings "abrasive?", "brusque?", and "incapable of putting a performer at ease because she has a basic contempt for the business?". Larry's answer is a vehement "no" after each of the first two, and a strong "yes" after the third one. In the episode "The Matchmaker", she gets an inexperienced assistant, Mary Lou Collins, who makes frequent mistakes in research notes for Larry's interviews leading to several on\-air embarrassing situations during the [Nicollette Sheridan](/wiki/Nicollette_Sheridan "Nicollette Sheridan") segment. Paula last appears in "Pain Equals Funny". After performing the booking job for five years, she gets an offer to be the producer on a daytime program *[Caryl \& Marilyn: Real Friends](/wiki/Caryl_%26_Marilyn:Real_Friends "Real Friends")*. On one hand, she is not thrilled about going to [daytime](/wiki/Daytime_television_in_the_United_States "Daytime television in the United States"), but on the other, it's the realization of her dream to one day produce. Also, as she tells Larry about her present job while informing him that she's leaving: "I can only derive a limited amount of personal satisfaction from booking the parrot lady". Larry wants to keep her and immediately offers her a promotion to produce *The Larry Sanders Show*. According to how Larry envisioned her promotion right there on the spot, she'd be working under the show's longtime executive producer Artie, which she ecstatically accepts. However, the arrangement quickly turns sour as Artie, already feeling disrespected and threatened by the whole proceeding, walks off the show following a disagreement with Paula over a production issue of lighting during which Larry takes her side. Faced with a sudden crisis, Larry lets her produce that day's show by herself, before summoning her to his office to inform her that the arrangement won't work and ask her to see if the daytime job is still open. On the same occasion, he lets her know how much he's always liked her, basically coming on to her, and also expressing hope that once all has settled down they can maybe go out. Angry and flattered at the same time, perplexed Paula says that she's never been fired this way. As she's packing her stuff the next day, Artie approaches Paula at her desk and after imparting some words of wisdom from his long experience being a producer says that there are still some tricks that he could teach her, meaning that he had a change of heart and is now fine with her working alongside him. However, the very next day after seeing her in the office, Larry is now unhappy to learn about the new turn because as he says to Artie: "I never would've told her I liked her if I'd known she was staying". This was the last time the character of Paula appeared on the show. In the canon of the show, it is unclear whether the character of Paula remained employed or was later dismissed. The supporting cast in general is featured less in the sixth season, so it is conceivable that, in the show's universe, the character of Paula is still employed during this time but is simply never shown. #### Mary Lou Collins **Mary Lou Collins**, played by [Mary Lynn Rajskub](/wiki/Mary_Lynn_Rajskub "Mary Lynn Rajskub"), *(seasons 5–6\)* is an assistant talent booker. Working under Paula, she frequently makes mistakes in researching the celebrities, which led to Larry looking foolish on air. However, Mary Lou eventually became more competent in the position and fills Paula's shoes. Outside of her role as a talent booker, Mary Lou is frequently shown to be socially inept and have very low IQ. In season 6's *The Interview*, Mary Lou accidentally hits Hank's car, but has difficulty confessing this to him. As a result, Hank misunderstands her confession attempts as her having a crush on him, and invites her to dinner. Mary Lou confides in Beverly that she's attracted to sensitive men (which Hank is far from), and later tries to subtly rebuff every move Hank makes on her. However, when Hank breaks down while watching Larry being interviewed on *[Extra (TV series)](/wiki/Extra_%28U.S._TV_program%29 "Extra (U.S. TV program)")*, Mary Lou finds herself attracted to him. #### Kiki Rosatti **Kiki Rosatti**, played by [Maureen Mueller](/wiki/Maureen_Mueller "Maureen Mueller"), *(season 2\)* is shown as head booker in the episode "Performance Artist".
[ "### Talent bookers", "#### Paula", "**Paula**, played by [Janeane Garofalo](/wiki/Janeane_Garofalo \"Janeane Garofalo\"), *(seasons 1–5\\)* is the show's talent booker (although another character, Kiki, is shown as the talent booker in the season 2 episode \"Performance Artist\"). Throughout the run of the series, her last name is never mentioned. She has a very dry sense of humor and cringes at any display of sentimentality.", "In the second\\-season episode \"Artie's Gone\", Arthur trusts her to produce the show on her own.", "In the episode \"Montana\", as Larry is trying to assemble the show's former staffers after what turned out to be his short\\-lived retirement from show business, he approaches Paula to gauge her interest in continuing at her old job. She says that she has an offer to be the associate producer on the *[Conan O'Brien Show](/wiki/Late_Night_with_Conan_O%27Brien \"Late Night with Conan O'Brien\")*. Larry's response comes in the form of a question: \"I can understand why you'd want to take the Conan O'Brien job over this one. It's a good sh... How long do you think that's going to stay on the air?\", to which frightened Paula replies: \"See you Monday\".", "However, Paula's second stint with the show is not without problems as Larry comes very close to firing her in the episode \"The Gift Episode\" after several high\\-profile guests pull out of the commitment despite already being booked. In a conversation with Artie, Larry expresses a personal opinion that Paula isn't right for the job \"because she doesn't have the right personality\". He goes on to state that \"she's too....\", but before Larry can finish, Artie interjects with three offerings \"abrasive?\", \"brusque?\", and \"incapable of putting a performer at ease because she has a basic contempt for the business?\". Larry's answer is a vehement \"no\" after each of the first two, and a strong \"yes\" after the third one.", "In the episode \"The Matchmaker\", she gets an inexperienced assistant, Mary Lou Collins, who makes frequent mistakes in research notes for Larry's interviews leading to several on\\-air embarrassing situations during the [Nicollette Sheridan](/wiki/Nicollette_Sheridan \"Nicollette Sheridan\") segment.", "Paula last appears in \"Pain Equals Funny\". After performing the booking job for five years, she gets an offer to be the producer on a daytime program *[Caryl \\& Marilyn: Real Friends](/wiki/Caryl_%26_Marilyn:Real_Friends \"Real Friends\")*. On one hand, she is not thrilled about going to [daytime](/wiki/Daytime_television_in_the_United_States \"Daytime television in the United States\"), but on the other, it's the realization of her dream to one day produce. Also, as she tells Larry about her present job while informing him that she's leaving: \"I can only derive a limited amount of personal satisfaction from booking the parrot lady\". Larry wants to keep her and immediately offers her a promotion to produce *The Larry Sanders Show*. According to how Larry envisioned her promotion right there on the spot, she'd be working under the show's longtime executive producer Artie, which she ecstatically accepts. However, the arrangement quickly turns sour as Artie, already feeling disrespected and threatened by the whole proceeding, walks off the show following a disagreement with Paula over a production issue of lighting during which Larry takes her side. Faced with a sudden crisis, Larry lets her produce that day's show by herself, before summoning her to his office to inform her that the arrangement won't work and ask her to see if the daytime job is still open. On the same occasion, he lets her know how much he's always liked her, basically coming on to her, and also expressing hope that once all has settled down they can maybe go out. Angry and flattered at the same time, perplexed Paula says that she's never been fired this way. As she's packing her stuff the next day, Artie approaches Paula at her desk and after imparting some words of wisdom from his long experience being a producer says that there are still some tricks that he could teach her, meaning that he had a change of heart and is now fine with her working alongside him. However, the very next day after seeing her in the office, Larry is now unhappy to learn about the new turn because as he says to Artie: \"I never would've told her I liked her if I'd known she was staying\". This was the last time the character of Paula appeared on the show. In the canon of the show, it is unclear whether the character of Paula remained employed or was later dismissed. The supporting cast in general is featured less in the sixth season, so it is conceivable that, in the show's universe, the character of Paula is still employed during this time but is simply never shown.", "#### Mary Lou Collins", "**Mary Lou Collins**, played by [Mary Lynn Rajskub](/wiki/Mary_Lynn_Rajskub \"Mary Lynn Rajskub\"), *(seasons 5–6\\)* is an assistant talent booker. Working under Paula, she frequently makes mistakes in researching the celebrities, which led to Larry looking foolish on air. However, Mary Lou eventually became more competent in the position and fills Paula's shoes. Outside of her role as a talent booker, Mary Lou is frequently shown to be socially inept and have very low IQ.", "In season 6's *The Interview*, Mary Lou accidentally hits Hank's car, but has difficulty confessing this to him. As a result, Hank misunderstands her confession attempts as her having a crush on him, and invites her to dinner. Mary Lou confides in Beverly that she's attracted to sensitive men (which Hank is far from), and later tries to subtly rebuff every move Hank makes on her. However, when Hank breaks down while watching Larry being interviewed on *[Extra (TV series)](/wiki/Extra_%28U.S._TV_program%29 \"Extra (U.S. TV program)\")*, Mary Lou finds herself attracted to him.", "#### Kiki Rosatti", "**Kiki Rosatti**, played by [Maureen Mueller](/wiki/Maureen_Mueller \"Maureen Mueller\"), *(season 2\\)* is shown as head booker in the episode \"Performance Artist\".", "" ]
Professional associates ----------------------- ### Agents #### Leo **Leo** is Larry's longtime [agent](/wiki/Talent_agent "Talent agent"), played by [John Pleshette](/wiki/John_Pleshette "John Pleshette") *(season 2\)*. He is dumped by Larry in the middle of contract re\-negotiations as Larry decides to pursue a big\-money contract with the help of high\-powered Hollywood agent Stevie Grant. Leo is introduced as a good\-natured, personable individual whom Larry socializes with outside of work. The agent always carries around a baggie of [nuts](/wiki/Nut_%28fruit%29 "Nut (fruit)") that he fidgets with and chews on as a [nervous tic](/wiki/Nervous_tic "Nervous tic") of sorts. Although generally pleased with Leo's representation, Larry is sensing that, when it comes to the latest contract negotiations, his agent might not be up to the task of going after "[Letterman](/wiki/David_Letterman "David Letterman") money"—something that the late\-night host feels he deserves having done the show for six years. He can hardly hide his disappointment with the latest offer Leo comes back with after lunch with the network's head of business affairs. Leo explains that Letterman had to leave a network in order to get the kind of money Larry wants, while Larry insists that "we can do better". Asked by Leo how much better, perplexed Larry says "I want you to tell me" before Leo whispers another figure into his ear to which Larry immediately starts shaking his head in disappointment followed by an instruction to Leo to pass on the network's latest official offer. As he departs, Leo sheepishly asks him "how much of a fight do you want to put up here", to which already somewhat irritated Larry responds "I don't want a fight, Leo, I want you to fight". The next day, Larry goes out to lunch with Stevie Grant and decides to sign with him, thus dumping Leo. Leo is predictably devastated when broken the news at Larry's home during a dinner also attended by Artie and Francine, while Larry maintains this is strictly a business decision and doesn't want Leo to take it personally. Leo naturally does and their longtime friendship ends. Leo's other clients aren't particularly effusive about his agent skills either. Soon after ending the business association with Leo, Larry bumps into musician [Doc Severinsen](/wiki/Doc_Severinsen "Doc Severinsen"), also represented by Leo; Doc mentions not being happy with what Leo has done for his career though still staying on due to Leo's willingness to travel with him on the road. #### Stevie Grant **Steven "Stevie" Grant** is Larry's obnoxious agent, played by [Bob Odenkirk](/wiki/Bob_Odenkirk "Bob Odenkirk") *(seasons 2–6\)*, whom Larry signs with during contract renegotiations with the network. High\-strung and cajoling, Stevie often uses a combination of profane and ostentatious language to punctuate his points. His appearances on the show generally take place amid great turmoil and tension, such as contract negotiations, network sale, walk\-off threats, and hosting takeover attempts. Unlike with his previous agent Leo, Larry maintains a strictly professional relationship with Stevie, without any socializing. Stevie, a young aggressive hot\-shot Hollywood agent on the way up, is introduced in the episode "Larry's Agent" as Larry's contract is being renegotiated by his longtime agent and friend—Leo. Seemingly unrelated to the ongoing renegotiation, Stevie stops by the show and greets Artie and Larry backstage following the director [Barry Levinson](/wiki/Barry_Levinson "Barry Levinson")'s guest spot on the show. Stevie says he's only there to "hold Levinson's hand" because he had signed him the previous week, but doesn't miss an opportunity to inquire about the contract renegotiation while encouraging Larry to keep on by telling him he's "got the network by the balls". Stevie then suddenly leans in and says: "Hey, if Leo's having a hard time with this thing, I sure would like to take a shot", to which somewhat flattered Larry politely replies that Leo's got it covered. As Stevie leaves, Artie expresses displeasure at Stevie failing to shake his offered hand at the beginning of the brief encounter while slightly impressed Larry brings up the talk around the [entertainment industry](/wiki/Entertainment_industry "Entertainment industry") about Stevie being the "next [Michael Ovitz](/wiki/Michael_Ovitz "Michael Ovitz")". Despite Larry's denials, Artie is already sensing he wants to fire Leo and lets him know as much in front of his girlfriend Francine, who even frowns upon the very thought. The very next day, however, Larry does precisely that, having lunch with Stevie Grant at [Spago](/wiki/Spago "Spago") and informing him afterwards that he's signing with him. Stevie immediately goes in very aggressively at the network. While running into one another at the elevator, Larry is ostensibly casually informed by the network president Sheldon Davidoff that Stevie drives an extremely tough bargain. Sheldon further relays his surprise at Larry being willing to leave the network and move the show to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), all of which stunned Larry hears about for the first time but plays coy anyway despite just realizing Stevie threw that bluff without even consulting him. Sheldon concludes the brief conversation by saying: "That Stevie Grant has no fears", before trailing off: "Oh well, it isn't his career he's playing with". Furious Larry immediately confronts his new agent for performing such a stunt without keeping him in the loop, but Stevie reassures him it's all about the leverage, telling Larry he'd even be willing to take the syndication deal from [King World](/wiki/King_World "King World") if he doesn't get the money from the network. Rapidly cooling on Stevie's punch\-in\-the\-gut style, scared Larry confides in Artie that "Stevie Grant is totally out of fucking control". The occurrence that makes Larry finally decide to dump Stevie is a conversation in which the agent pushes the New York move like a real possibility because his agency apparently has a good relationship with King World, and "King World is sweet on New York". Talking things over with Artie at the office again, Larry calls his new agent "a prick", "a liar", "two\-faced", and "weird" just as Stevie is coming into the room with a new offer from the network written on a piece of paper. Artie excuses himself from the room, while Larry is so sick of everything that he's determined to break things off with Stevie right there before even hearing the offer. As he's delivering his "Listen, Stevie, I've been thinking about a lot of things...." spiel, Stevie hands him the piece of paper and Larry glances at it after a few moments but crucially before getting to the gist of his speech already in progress. Obviously ecstatic with the offered figure, Larry does a complete turnaround on the spot and decides not to get rid of Stevie. Stevie's next appearance is in the episode "L.A. or N.Y.?", which was the second season's finale. After meeting Richard "Dick" Jermaine who represents the foreign [beer producer](/wiki/Beer%23Brewing_industry "Beer#Brewing industry") that's about to buy the network, Larry is so displeased with the overall vibe he gets from the man—particularly with his idea to overhaul the show into a "late night [news magazine](/wiki/News_magazine "News magazine") wrap\-up of the day's events with a hip [MTV](/wiki/MTV "MTV") sensibility"—that he immediately contacts Stevie about his options to leave, citing his inability to work for "this fucking beer nut" as the reason. Stevie's immediate reaction is one of rehearsed loud jubilation: "Yesss, fuck that beer baron! We're fuckin' outta here!" Upon being told by Larry to keep it down, Stevie apologizes by saying "I live for this shit. It gets me all hot and wet." Stevie proceeds to inform Larry that he had already talked to [Ted Harbert](/wiki/Ted_Harbert "Ted Harbert") at [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company") where according to Stevie "they'd kill their grandmothers" to have the *New Larry Sanders Show After [Nightline](/wiki/Nightline_%28US_news_program%29 "Nightline (US news program)")*, which, as he adds, is "unfortunately the title they want to use". In addition to all of the above, Stevie tells Larry that the ABC people want him to do the show from New York City instead of [L.A.](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") Larry is receptive to all of it except for the move to NYC; the opposition to which at one point even prompts him to deliver his by now usual threat of moving to [Montana](/wiki/Montana "Montana"), which Stevie takes half\-jokingly by quipping it would make a great [sitcom](/wiki/Sitcom "Sitcom"). Faced with a difficult decision under severe pressure from his girlfriend Francine as well as the show's staff who are scared for their jobs, Larry is soon informed by Stevie that the ABC deal is almost locked up and is shown a one\-year contract figure. Unhappy with the lack of a long\-term commitment on ABC's part, Larry wonders out loud to Stevie "if Harbert is such a big fan, how come the deal is only for a year". In his retort, Stevie flippantly points out that "these guys never last", adding: "he'll be out of a job within a year and we'll renegotiate". Larry doesn't like any of it, while Stevie attempts to reassure him: "Larry, don't [micromanage](/wiki/Micromanagement "Micromanagement"), let me handle the details". Larry's response verges on anger: "You know what your problem is, Stevie? You're talking to me like you think I believe you" before he goes on stage to do a show at the end of which he announces his retirement and intention to spend the rest of his life in Montana. In the episode "People's Choice" Stevie is livid after finding out Larry agreed to host the [People's Choice Awards](/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards "People's Choice Awards") as a favor to Artie, who is producing this year. Stevie is beside himself that Larry made a decision without consulting him. Instead of hosting by himself, which is what he thought he was agreeing to, Larry is angrily informed by Stevie that he actually agreed to co\-host with [Rita Moreno](/wiki/Rita_Moreno "Rita Moreno") and [Dean Cain](/wiki/Dean_Cain "Dean Cain"). To further drive his point home Stevie makes Larry repeat the following out loud: "Co\-hosting detracts from my essential specialness in the marketplace". When Larry becomes addicted to [painkillers](/wiki/Painkillers "Painkillers") in the episode "End of the Season", thus missing a week of shows and forcing the staff to call [Pat Sajak](/wiki/Pat_Sajak "Pat Sajak") to guest\-host the show, he's cared for at his home by old friend Roseanne Barr, and Stevie pays him a visit with a fruit basket in tow. However, while talking to Larry alone, Stevie's much more interested in Roseanne's agent situation at the rival [William Morris Agency](/wiki/William_Morris_Agency "William Morris Agency") \- at one point even asking Larry whether he knows if she's happy with the representation over there. As jittery and distracted Larry reaches for the wrapped\-up fruit basket on the table, Stevie informs him that it's actually for Roseanne while also telling him that his basket won't be ready until tomorrow because "you like that sugar\-free shit, right". In the episode "Conflict of Interest", Stevie starts dating the *Larry Sanders Show* talent booker Paula, which soon raises suspicion among the staff that he's only doing it in order to use their relationship as a way to get his lesser\-known clients such as [Ed Begley, Jr.](/wiki/Ed_Begley%2C_Jr. "Ed Begley, Jr."), [Sally Struthers](/wiki/Sally_Struthers "Sally Struthers"), [Jake Johansen](/wiki/Jake_Johansen "Jake Johansen"), and [Andy Kindler](/wiki/Andy_Kindler "Andy Kindler") booked on the show. He is first seen in the episode "Larry's Agent", and was created by [Garry Shandling](/wiki/Garry_Shandling "Garry Shandling"), [Paul Simms](/wiki/Paul_Simms "Paul Simms"), [Maya Forbes](/wiki/Maya_Forbes "Maya Forbes"), and [Drake Sather](/wiki/Drake_Sather "Drake Sather"). #### Sid Bessel **Sid Bessel**, played by [Phil Leeds](/wiki/Phil_Leeds "Phil Leeds") *(seasons 3–4\)* is Hank's agent, an elderly [Jewish American](/wiki/Jewish_American "Jewish American") out of step with modern showbusiness. Hank seems to be aware of Sid's inadequacies and is excited to sign with another agent when he thinks Sid is dying. However Hank never fires Sid, which is one of the few instances in which Hank is implied to have any type of empathy. ### Publicists #### Norman Litkey **Norman Litkey** is Larry's publicist throughout the series, played by [David Paymer](/wiki/David_Paymer "David Paymer") *(seasons 1, 3, 5, 6\)*. He's a bald, slightly neurotic showbiz insider who seemingly derives enormous amounts of personal satisfaction from exploiting anything and everything for publicity purposes. Norman makes his first appearance in the episode "A Brush with the Elbow of Greatness" in order to handle the fallout following an incident involving Larry that occurred at a [supermarket](/wiki/Supermarket "Supermarket") in [Larchmont Village](/wiki/Larchmont%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California "Larchmont, Los Angeles, California"). Local newscast runs a piece in which shopper named Carol Biederman accuses Larry of knocking her into a magazine rack by pushing in front of her in the [checkout line](/wiki/Checkout_counter "Checkout counter"). Larry doesn't remember doing any such thing and maintains his innocence saying he only recalls having a splitting [headache](/wiki/Headache "Headache") that night and quickly running into the supermarket to get some [Excedrin](/wiki/Excedrin "Excedrin") and [artichokes](/wiki/Artichoke "Artichoke"). Naturally, due to Larry's celebrity, the story generates some media interest that quickly goes into overdrive once the supermarket's security camera footage suddenly surfaces. The tape is obtained by *[Entertainment Tonight](/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight "Entertainment Tonight")*, however, Artie gets a copy before it airs and watches it with Larry thus realizing that contrary to Larry's recollection, the late\-night star clearly did bump this woman into a rack. Depressed about the tape airing in a few hours, they summon publicity man Norman Litkey who's surprisingly cheerful about what happened, referring to it as "publicity bonanza" and repeatedly exclaiming in delight: "Gentlemen, I'm wetting myself" (a phrase he says throughout the series, whenever he becomes excited). Norman mentions to Larry that instead of publicly apologizing to Ms. Biederman like she demanded, thereby immediately nipping the whole thing in the bud, he should ride the wave of publicity and enjoy the increased viewership this extra attention will surely bring. Or as Norman puts it: "let's not kill this cow before we've milked it", before drawing comparisons to the [1990 Roseanne Barr national anthem incident](/wiki/Roseanne_Barr%23National_anthem "Roseanne Barr#National anthem") at a baseball game that projected her show from number twelve to [number one](/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_United_States_network_television_schedule%23Tuesday "1989–90 United States network television schedule#Tuesday") in the [viewership ratings](/wiki/Nielsen_ratings "Nielsen ratings"). Reluctantly, Larry agrees to hold off the apology and see how the thing plays out over the next few days. Depressed from the relentless beating he's taking in the media for what he did, Larry spends most of his time locked in his office saying he wants to quit show business and move to [Montana](/wiki/Montana "Montana"). He finally reaches a point where he can't take it any longer and decides to apologize. Norman supports his decision, seeing it now as "the right, human, and only thing to do", however, in order to maximize the publicity effect he suggests Larry do it by having the woman on the show, which Larry reluctantly agrees to again. Norman makes a comeback when Larry and [Sharon Stone](/wiki/Sharon_Stone "Sharon Stone") begin to date, looking to exploit his client's relationship with a major Hollywood star for publicity. His advice to Larry is to "get his head right in close to Sharon" when the paparazzi are taking her photos outside of restaurants. As Larry is rolling his eyes at the suggestion, Norman proceeds to explain "[the second law of thermodynamics](/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics "Second law of thermodynamics")" to his client: "heat always passes from a hotter body to a cooler body, and never the other way around — see, you're getting her heat, and that means the show is getting heat, and that means my kids will eat". Surprised Larry asks: "You have kids?", to which Norman has a ready retort: "There're some kids in my neighborhood, who gives a shit". He is first seen in the episode "A Brush with the Elbow of Greatness", and was created by [Maya Forbes](/wiki/Maya_Forbes "Maya Forbes") \& [Peter Tolan](/wiki/Peter_Tolan "Peter Tolan"). ### Network executives #### Dennis **Dennis** *(seasons 2–5\)* is a network executive in his forties played by [Doug Ballard](/wiki/Doug_Ballard "Doug Ballard") who favors the idea of cutting costs by replacing Larry with a new host, which would enable the network to dump Larry's huge salary. Dennis's first appearance took place during "Life Behind Larry" where he was one of the two executives involved with filling the 12:35 am spot after Larry's show (the other one being Melanie Parrish). Two of them suggested [Bob Saget](/wiki/Bob_Saget "Bob Saget") and [Dave Coulier](/wiki/Dave_Coulier "Dave Coulier") while Larry pushed for [Bobcat Goldthwait](/wiki/Bobcat_Goldthwait "Bobcat Goldthwait") only to see the job eventually go to [Tom Snyder](/wiki/Tom_Snyder "Tom Snyder"). In the episode "Larry's on Vacation" (season 4 finale) while he and a fellow executive Melanie Parish discuss guest host [Sandra Bernhard](/wiki/Sandra_Bernhard "Sandra Bernhard")'s ratings vs. Larry's, Dennis is the first to put forth the idea of replacing their highly paid star. He reasons that since Sandra Bernhard is able to pull the same audience share as Larry and also get a younger demographic, the network would save a lot by bringing in a fresh face that would be willing to work for much less than Larry's current salary. Asked by somewhat surprised Melanie if he specifically wants Sandra to become the new host, Dennis says that it could be anybody ([Jon Stewart](/wiki/Jon_Stewart "Jon Stewart"), [Rosie O'Donnell](/wiki/Rosie_O%27Donnell "Rosie O'Donnell"), etc.). In the next episode, as Jon Stewart prepares to guest\-host another week, Dennis, backed up by Melanie, says to Artie that they want to bring Jon in as the permanent guest host or as he puts it: "we want to make sure we have a backup [quarterback](/wiki/Quarterback "Quarterback")". Dennis is first seen in the episode "Life Behind Larry" and last seen in the episode "Everybody Loves Larry". He was created by [Peter Tolan](/wiki/Peter_Tolan "Peter Tolan"). #### Kenny Mitchell **Kenny Mitchell** *(seasons 2 and 6\)* is a network executive in his thirties played by [Joshua Malina](/wiki/Joshua_Malina "Joshua Malina") who is brought in to administer major changes to the *Larry Sanders Show* in order to make it appeal to a younger demographic. Kenny is first introduced tagging along with Roger Bingham, when they drop into Larry's office unannounced in order to talk to him about "doing a little fine\-tuning to get the numbers up" since he's losing to *[Keenan](/wiki/The_Keenen_Ivory_Wayans_Show "The Keenen Ivory Wayans Show")* in certain key cities. To that end, Kenny starts to inform Larry and Artie about the ideas/suggestions that the network's research department has come up with (a more enthusiastic [Leno](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_with_Jay_Leno "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno")\-type opening with running through the audience and shaking their hands, different hairstyle for Larry), but is repeatedly interrupted by an uninterested Larry. As the fifth and last suggestion/idea, Kenny lists a snappier theme song at which point he plays a tape with the funky number done by "the guy who did the *[Singled Out](/wiki/Singled_Out "Singled Out")* theme". Very soon afterward, Kenny is assigned to the show as the creative consultant to oversee the implementation of the various changes. Not surprisingly, right from the start, he's despised by everyone, especially Artie who calls him a "pimple\-faced chaperone". When Kenny crudely insults the show to Artie's face, Artie physically assaults Kenny. Mitchell is first seen in the episode "Another List" and last seen in the episode "Adolf Hankler". #### Melanie Parrish Melanie Parrish *(all seasons)*, a woman in her forties, is the Vice President of Programming played by [Deborah May](/wiki/Deborah_May "Deborah May") who often has conflicts with Larry. In the episode "[The Garden Weasel](/wiki/The_Garden_Weasel "The Garden Weasel")", it is mentioned that Melanie has recently been made the Vice President of Programming at the network, which means she is in charge of late night programming. Also in the episode, Melanie forces Larry to begin performing live commercials for products that sponsor the show. Larry tries to get out of it and ends up being hit in the face by Melanie. Melanie is tough and often uses foul language to prove her point. Artie mentions that Melanie reminds him of a man that he killed in [Korea](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War"). She is last seen in the episode "Adolf Hankler". Parrish's character was created by [Peter Tolan](/wiki/Peter_Tolan "Peter Tolan"). #### Roger Bingham **Roger Bingham** *(seasons 5–6\)* is a slick network executive in his mid\-to\-late thirties, played by [Bruce Greenwood](/wiki/Bruce_Greenwood "Bruce Greenwood"), who favours [Jon Stewart](/wiki/Jon_Stewart "Jon Stewart") to be the host over Larry. Roger is first mentioned by another network executive, Dennis, during "Everybody Loves Larry" as being someone who "feels very strongly about [Jon Stewart](/wiki/Jon_Stewart "Jon Stewart")". Roger's first actual appearance on the show is in the episode "Larry's New Love" when he steps in along with Kenny Mitchell to retool the *Larry Sanders Show* after it starts to slip in the ratings. Bingham is first seen in the episode "Larry's New Love", and last seen in the episode "The Beginning of the End". #### Sheldon Davidoff **Sheldon "Shel" Davidoff** *(seasons 1–2\)* is the president of the network, played by [James Karen](/wiki/James_Karen "James Karen"). He is close friends with Artie and they associate together outside of work. An old school executive, Sheldon carries himself in dignified manner, never swearing or raising his voice around the office. In stark contrast to other executives at "the network", he seems to display genuine care and compassion for the people he deals with at work. Davidoff's character was created by [Peter Tolan](/wiki/Peter_Tolan "Peter Tolan"), and is last seen in the episode "Larry's Agent".
[ "Professional associates\n-----------------------", "### Agents", "#### Leo", "**Leo** is Larry's longtime [agent](/wiki/Talent_agent \"Talent agent\"), played by [John Pleshette](/wiki/John_Pleshette \"John Pleshette\") *(season 2\\)*. He is dumped by Larry in the middle of contract re\\-negotiations as Larry decides to pursue a big\\-money contract with the help of high\\-powered Hollywood agent Stevie Grant.", "Leo is introduced as a good\\-natured, personable individual whom Larry socializes with outside of work. The agent always carries around a baggie of [nuts](/wiki/Nut_%28fruit%29 \"Nut (fruit)\") that he fidgets with and chews on as a [nervous tic](/wiki/Nervous_tic \"Nervous tic\") of sorts. Although generally pleased with Leo's representation, Larry is sensing that, when it comes to the latest contract negotiations, his agent might not be up to the task of going after \"[Letterman](/wiki/David_Letterman \"David Letterman\") money\"—something that the late\\-night host feels he deserves having done the show for six years. He can hardly hide his disappointment with the latest offer Leo comes back with after lunch with the network's head of business affairs. Leo explains that Letterman had to leave a network in order to get the kind of money Larry wants, while Larry insists that \"we can do better\". Asked by Leo how much better, perplexed Larry says \"I want you to tell me\" before Leo whispers another figure into his ear to which Larry immediately starts shaking his head in disappointment followed by an instruction to Leo to pass on the network's latest official offer. As he departs, Leo sheepishly asks him \"how much of a fight do you want to put up here\", to which already somewhat irritated Larry responds \"I don't want a fight, Leo, I want you to fight\". The next day, Larry goes out to lunch with Stevie Grant and decides to sign with him, thus dumping Leo.", "Leo is predictably devastated when broken the news at Larry's home during a dinner also attended by Artie and Francine, while Larry maintains this is strictly a business decision and doesn't want Leo to take it personally. Leo naturally does and their longtime friendship ends.", "Leo's other clients aren't particularly effusive about his agent skills either. Soon after ending the business association with Leo, Larry bumps into musician [Doc Severinsen](/wiki/Doc_Severinsen \"Doc Severinsen\"), also represented by Leo; Doc mentions not being happy with what Leo has done for his career though still staying on due to Leo's willingness to travel with him on the road.", "#### Stevie Grant", "**Steven \"Stevie\" Grant** is Larry's obnoxious agent, played by [Bob Odenkirk](/wiki/Bob_Odenkirk \"Bob Odenkirk\") *(seasons 2–6\\)*, whom Larry signs with during contract renegotiations with the network. High\\-strung and cajoling, Stevie often uses a combination of profane and ostentatious language to punctuate his points.", "His appearances on the show generally take place amid great turmoil and tension, such as contract negotiations, network sale, walk\\-off threats, and hosting takeover attempts.", "Unlike with his previous agent Leo, Larry maintains a strictly professional relationship with Stevie, without any socializing.", "Stevie, a young aggressive hot\\-shot Hollywood agent on the way up, is introduced in the episode \"Larry's Agent\" as Larry's contract is being renegotiated by his longtime agent and friend—Leo. Seemingly unrelated to the ongoing renegotiation, Stevie stops by the show and greets Artie and Larry backstage following the director [Barry Levinson](/wiki/Barry_Levinson \"Barry Levinson\")'s guest spot on the show. Stevie says he's only there to \"hold Levinson's hand\" because he had signed him the previous week, but doesn't miss an opportunity to inquire about the contract renegotiation while encouraging Larry to keep on by telling him he's \"got the network by the balls\". Stevie then suddenly leans in and says: \"Hey, if Leo's having a hard time with this thing, I sure would like to take a shot\", to which somewhat flattered Larry politely replies that Leo's got it covered. As Stevie leaves, Artie expresses displeasure at Stevie failing to shake his offered hand at the beginning of the brief encounter while slightly impressed Larry brings up the talk around the [entertainment industry](/wiki/Entertainment_industry \"Entertainment industry\") about Stevie being the \"next [Michael Ovitz](/wiki/Michael_Ovitz \"Michael Ovitz\")\". Despite Larry's denials, Artie is already sensing he wants to fire Leo and lets him know as much in front of his girlfriend Francine, who even frowns upon the very thought.", "The very next day, however, Larry does precisely that, having lunch with Stevie Grant at [Spago](/wiki/Spago \"Spago\") and informing him afterwards that he's signing with him. Stevie immediately goes in very aggressively at the network. While running into one another at the elevator, Larry is ostensibly casually informed by the network president Sheldon Davidoff that Stevie drives an extremely tough bargain. Sheldon further relays his surprise at Larry being willing to leave the network and move the show to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), all of which stunned Larry hears about for the first time but plays coy anyway despite just realizing Stevie threw that bluff without even consulting him. Sheldon concludes the brief conversation by saying: \"That Stevie Grant has no fears\", before trailing off: \"Oh well, it isn't his career he's playing with\". Furious Larry immediately confronts his new agent for performing such a stunt without keeping him in the loop, but Stevie reassures him it's all about the leverage, telling Larry he'd even be willing to take the syndication deal from [King World](/wiki/King_World \"King World\") if he doesn't get the money from the network. Rapidly cooling on Stevie's punch\\-in\\-the\\-gut style, scared Larry confides in Artie that \"Stevie Grant is totally out of fucking control\". The occurrence that makes Larry finally decide to dump Stevie is a conversation in which the agent pushes the New York move like a real possibility because his agency apparently has a good relationship with King World, and \"King World is sweet on New York\". Talking things over with Artie at the office again, Larry calls his new agent \"a prick\", \"a liar\", \"two\\-faced\", and \"weird\" just as Stevie is coming into the room with a new offer from the network written on a piece of paper. Artie excuses himself from the room, while Larry is so sick of everything that he's determined to break things off with Stevie right there before even hearing the offer. As he's delivering his \"Listen, Stevie, I've been thinking about a lot of things....\" spiel, Stevie hands him the piece of paper and Larry glances at it after a few moments but crucially before getting to the gist of his speech already in progress. Obviously ecstatic with the offered figure, Larry does a complete turnaround on the spot and decides not to get rid of Stevie.", "Stevie's next appearance is in the episode \"L.A. or N.Y.?\", which was the second season's finale. After meeting Richard \"Dick\" Jermaine who represents the foreign [beer producer](/wiki/Beer%23Brewing_industry \"Beer#Brewing industry\") that's about to buy the network, Larry is so displeased with the overall vibe he gets from the man—particularly with his idea to overhaul the show into a \"late night [news magazine](/wiki/News_magazine \"News magazine\") wrap\\-up of the day's events with a hip [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\") sensibility\"—that he immediately contacts Stevie about his options to leave, citing his inability to work for \"this fucking beer nut\" as the reason. Stevie's immediate reaction is one of rehearsed loud jubilation: \"Yesss, fuck that beer baron! We're fuckin' outta here!\" Upon being told by Larry to keep it down, Stevie apologizes by saying \"I live for this shit. It gets me all hot and wet.\" Stevie proceeds to inform Larry that he had already talked to [Ted Harbert](/wiki/Ted_Harbert \"Ted Harbert\") at [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\") where according to Stevie \"they'd kill their grandmothers\" to have the *New Larry Sanders Show After [Nightline](/wiki/Nightline_%28US_news_program%29 \"Nightline (US news program)\")*, which, as he adds, is \"unfortunately the title they want to use\". In addition to all of the above, Stevie tells Larry that the ABC people want him to do the show from New York City instead of [L.A.](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") Larry is receptive to all of it except for the move to NYC; the opposition to which at one point even prompts him to deliver his by now usual threat of moving to [Montana](/wiki/Montana \"Montana\"), which Stevie takes half\\-jokingly by quipping it would make a great [sitcom](/wiki/Sitcom \"Sitcom\"). Faced with a difficult decision under severe pressure from his girlfriend Francine as well as the show's staff who are scared for their jobs, Larry is soon informed by Stevie that the ABC deal is almost locked up and is shown a one\\-year contract figure. Unhappy with the lack of a long\\-term commitment on ABC's part, Larry wonders out loud to Stevie \"if Harbert is such a big fan, how come the deal is only for a year\". In his retort, Stevie flippantly points out that \"these guys never last\", adding: \"he'll be out of a job within a year and we'll renegotiate\". Larry doesn't like any of it, while Stevie attempts to reassure him: \"Larry, don't [micromanage](/wiki/Micromanagement \"Micromanagement\"), let me handle the details\". Larry's response verges on anger: \"You know what your problem is, Stevie? You're talking to me like you think I believe you\" before he goes on stage to do a show at the end of which he announces his retirement and intention to spend the rest of his life in Montana.", "In the episode \"People's Choice\" Stevie is livid after finding out Larry agreed to host the [People's Choice Awards](/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards \"People's Choice Awards\") as a favor to Artie, who is producing this year. Stevie is beside himself that Larry made a decision without consulting him. Instead of hosting by himself, which is what he thought he was agreeing to, Larry is angrily informed by Stevie that he actually agreed to co\\-host with [Rita Moreno](/wiki/Rita_Moreno \"Rita Moreno\") and [Dean Cain](/wiki/Dean_Cain \"Dean Cain\"). To further drive his point home Stevie makes Larry repeat the following out loud: \"Co\\-hosting detracts from my essential specialness in the marketplace\".", "When Larry becomes addicted to [painkillers](/wiki/Painkillers \"Painkillers\") in the episode \"End of the Season\", thus missing a week of shows and forcing the staff to call [Pat Sajak](/wiki/Pat_Sajak \"Pat Sajak\") to guest\\-host the show, he's cared for at his home by old friend Roseanne Barr, and Stevie pays him a visit with a fruit basket in tow. However, while talking to Larry alone, Stevie's much more interested in Roseanne's agent situation at the rival [William Morris Agency](/wiki/William_Morris_Agency \"William Morris Agency\") \\- at one point even asking Larry whether he knows if she's happy with the representation over there. As jittery and distracted Larry reaches for the wrapped\\-up fruit basket on the table, Stevie informs him that it's actually for Roseanne while also telling him that his basket won't be ready until tomorrow because \"you like that sugar\\-free shit, right\".", "In the episode \"Conflict of Interest\", Stevie starts dating the *Larry Sanders Show* talent booker Paula, which soon raises suspicion among the staff that he's only doing it in order to use their relationship as a way to get his lesser\\-known clients such as [Ed Begley, Jr.](/wiki/Ed_Begley%2C_Jr. \"Ed Begley, Jr.\"), [Sally Struthers](/wiki/Sally_Struthers \"Sally Struthers\"), [Jake Johansen](/wiki/Jake_Johansen \"Jake Johansen\"), and [Andy Kindler](/wiki/Andy_Kindler \"Andy Kindler\") booked on the show.", "He is first seen in the episode \"Larry's Agent\", and was created by [Garry Shandling](/wiki/Garry_Shandling \"Garry Shandling\"), [Paul Simms](/wiki/Paul_Simms \"Paul Simms\"), [Maya Forbes](/wiki/Maya_Forbes \"Maya Forbes\"), and [Drake Sather](/wiki/Drake_Sather \"Drake Sather\").", "#### Sid Bessel", "**Sid Bessel**, played by [Phil Leeds](/wiki/Phil_Leeds \"Phil Leeds\") *(seasons 3–4\\)* is Hank's agent, an elderly [Jewish American](/wiki/Jewish_American \"Jewish American\") out of step with modern showbusiness. Hank seems to be aware of Sid's inadequacies and is excited to sign with another agent when he thinks Sid is dying. However Hank never fires Sid, which is one of the few instances in which Hank is implied to have any type of empathy.", "### Publicists", "#### Norman Litkey", "**Norman Litkey** is Larry's publicist throughout the series, played by [David Paymer](/wiki/David_Paymer \"David Paymer\") *(seasons 1, 3, 5, 6\\)*.", "He's a bald, slightly neurotic showbiz insider who seemingly derives enormous amounts of personal satisfaction from exploiting anything and everything for publicity purposes.", "Norman makes his first appearance in the episode \"A Brush with the Elbow of Greatness\" in order to handle the fallout following an incident involving Larry that occurred at a [supermarket](/wiki/Supermarket \"Supermarket\") in [Larchmont Village](/wiki/Larchmont%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Larchmont, Los Angeles, California\"). Local newscast runs a piece in which shopper named Carol Biederman accuses Larry of knocking her into a magazine rack by pushing in front of her in the [checkout line](/wiki/Checkout_counter \"Checkout counter\"). Larry doesn't remember doing any such thing and maintains his innocence saying he only recalls having a splitting [headache](/wiki/Headache \"Headache\") that night and quickly running into the supermarket to get some [Excedrin](/wiki/Excedrin \"Excedrin\") and [artichokes](/wiki/Artichoke \"Artichoke\"). Naturally, due to Larry's celebrity, the story generates some media interest that quickly goes into overdrive once the supermarket's security camera footage suddenly surfaces. The tape is obtained by *[Entertainment Tonight](/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight \"Entertainment Tonight\")*, however, Artie gets a copy before it airs and watches it with Larry thus realizing that contrary to Larry's recollection, the late\\-night star clearly did bump this woman into a rack. Depressed about the tape airing in a few hours, they summon publicity man Norman Litkey who's surprisingly cheerful about what happened, referring to it as \"publicity bonanza\" and repeatedly exclaiming in delight: \"Gentlemen, I'm wetting myself\" (a phrase he says throughout the series, whenever he becomes excited). Norman mentions to Larry that instead of publicly apologizing to Ms. Biederman like she demanded, thereby immediately nipping the whole thing in the bud, he should ride the wave of publicity and enjoy the increased viewership this extra attention will surely bring. Or as Norman puts it: \"let's not kill this cow before we've milked it\", before drawing comparisons to the [1990 Roseanne Barr national anthem incident](/wiki/Roseanne_Barr%23National_anthem \"Roseanne Barr#National anthem\") at a baseball game that projected her show from number twelve to [number one](/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_United_States_network_television_schedule%23Tuesday \"1989–90 United States network television schedule#Tuesday\") in the [viewership ratings](/wiki/Nielsen_ratings \"Nielsen ratings\"). Reluctantly, Larry agrees to hold off the apology and see how the thing plays out over the next few days. Depressed from the relentless beating he's taking in the media for what he did, Larry spends most of his time locked in his office saying he wants to quit show business and move to [Montana](/wiki/Montana \"Montana\"). He finally reaches a point where he can't take it any longer and decides to apologize. Norman supports his decision, seeing it now as \"the right, human, and only thing to do\", however, in order to maximize the publicity effect he suggests Larry do it by having the woman on the show, which Larry reluctantly agrees to again.", "Norman makes a comeback when Larry and [Sharon Stone](/wiki/Sharon_Stone \"Sharon Stone\") begin to date, looking to exploit his client's relationship with a major Hollywood star for publicity. His advice to Larry is to \"get his head right in close to Sharon\" when the paparazzi are taking her photos outside of restaurants. As Larry is rolling his eyes at the suggestion, Norman proceeds to explain \"[the second law of thermodynamics](/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics \"Second law of thermodynamics\")\" to his client: \"heat always passes from a hotter body to a cooler body, and never the other way around — see, you're getting her heat, and that means the show is getting heat, and that means my kids will eat\". Surprised Larry asks: \"You have kids?\", to which Norman has a ready retort: \"There're some kids in my neighborhood, who gives a shit\".", "He is first seen in the episode \"A Brush with the Elbow of Greatness\", and was created by [Maya Forbes](/wiki/Maya_Forbes \"Maya Forbes\") \\& [Peter Tolan](/wiki/Peter_Tolan \"Peter Tolan\").", "### Network executives", "#### Dennis", "**Dennis** *(seasons 2–5\\)* is a network executive in his forties played by [Doug Ballard](/wiki/Doug_Ballard \"Doug Ballard\") who favors the idea of cutting costs by replacing Larry with a new host, which would enable the network to dump Larry's huge salary.", "Dennis's first appearance took place during \"Life Behind Larry\" where he was one of the two executives involved with filling the 12:35 am spot after Larry's show (the other one being Melanie Parrish). Two of them suggested [Bob Saget](/wiki/Bob_Saget \"Bob Saget\") and [Dave Coulier](/wiki/Dave_Coulier \"Dave Coulier\") while Larry pushed for [Bobcat Goldthwait](/wiki/Bobcat_Goldthwait \"Bobcat Goldthwait\") only to see the job eventually go to [Tom Snyder](/wiki/Tom_Snyder \"Tom Snyder\").", "In the episode \"Larry's on Vacation\" (season 4 finale) while he and a fellow executive Melanie Parish discuss guest host [Sandra Bernhard](/wiki/Sandra_Bernhard \"Sandra Bernhard\")'s ratings vs. Larry's, Dennis is the first to put forth the idea of replacing their highly paid star. He reasons that since Sandra Bernhard is able to pull the same audience share as Larry and also get a younger demographic, the network would save a lot by bringing in a fresh face that would be willing to work for much less than Larry's current salary. Asked by somewhat surprised Melanie if he specifically wants Sandra to become the new host, Dennis says that it could be anybody ([Jon Stewart](/wiki/Jon_Stewart \"Jon Stewart\"), [Rosie O'Donnell](/wiki/Rosie_O%27Donnell \"Rosie O'Donnell\"), etc.).", "In the next episode, as Jon Stewart prepares to guest\\-host another week, Dennis, backed up by Melanie, says to Artie that they want to bring Jon in as the permanent guest host or as he puts it: \"we want to make sure we have a backup [quarterback](/wiki/Quarterback \"Quarterback\")\".", "Dennis is first seen in the episode \"Life Behind Larry\" and last seen in the episode \"Everybody Loves Larry\". He was created by [Peter Tolan](/wiki/Peter_Tolan \"Peter Tolan\").", "#### Kenny Mitchell", "**Kenny Mitchell** *(seasons 2 and 6\\)* is a network executive in his thirties played by [Joshua Malina](/wiki/Joshua_Malina \"Joshua Malina\") who is brought in to administer major changes to the *Larry Sanders Show* in order to make it appeal to a younger demographic.", "Kenny is first introduced tagging along with Roger Bingham, when they drop into Larry's office unannounced in order to talk to him about \"doing a little fine\\-tuning to get the numbers up\" since he's losing to *[Keenan](/wiki/The_Keenen_Ivory_Wayans_Show \"The Keenen Ivory Wayans Show\")* in certain key cities. To that end, Kenny starts to inform Larry and Artie about the ideas/suggestions that the network's research department has come up with (a more enthusiastic [Leno](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_with_Jay_Leno \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\")\\-type opening with running through the audience and shaking their hands, different hairstyle for Larry), but is repeatedly interrupted by an uninterested Larry. As the fifth and last suggestion/idea, Kenny lists a snappier theme song at which point he plays a tape with the funky number done by \"the guy who did the *[Singled Out](/wiki/Singled_Out \"Singled Out\")* theme\".", "Very soon afterward, Kenny is assigned to the show as the creative consultant to oversee the implementation of the various changes. Not surprisingly, right from the start, he's despised by everyone, especially Artie who calls him a \"pimple\\-faced chaperone\". When Kenny crudely insults the show to Artie's face, Artie physically assaults Kenny. Mitchell is first seen in the episode \"Another List\" and last seen in the episode \"Adolf Hankler\".", "#### Melanie Parrish", "Melanie Parrish *(all seasons)*, a woman in her forties, is the Vice President of Programming played by [Deborah May](/wiki/Deborah_May \"Deborah May\") who often has conflicts with Larry. In the episode \"[The Garden Weasel](/wiki/The_Garden_Weasel \"The Garden Weasel\")\", it is mentioned that Melanie has recently been made the Vice President of Programming at the network, which means she is in charge of late night programming. Also in the episode, Melanie forces Larry to begin performing live commercials for products that sponsor the show. Larry tries to get out of it and ends up being hit in the face by Melanie.", "Melanie is tough and often uses foul language to prove her point. Artie mentions that Melanie reminds him of a man that he killed in [Korea](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\").", "She is last seen in the episode \"Adolf Hankler\". Parrish's character was created by [Peter Tolan](/wiki/Peter_Tolan \"Peter Tolan\").", "#### Roger Bingham", "**Roger Bingham** *(seasons 5–6\\)* is a slick network executive in his mid\\-to\\-late thirties, played by [Bruce Greenwood](/wiki/Bruce_Greenwood \"Bruce Greenwood\"), who favours [Jon Stewart](/wiki/Jon_Stewart \"Jon Stewart\") to be the host over Larry.", "Roger is first mentioned by another network executive, Dennis, during \"Everybody Loves Larry\" as being someone who \"feels very strongly about [Jon Stewart](/wiki/Jon_Stewart \"Jon Stewart\")\".", "Roger's first actual appearance on the show is in the episode \"Larry's New Love\" when he steps in along with Kenny Mitchell to retool the *Larry Sanders Show* after it starts to slip in the ratings. Bingham is first seen in the episode \"Larry's New Love\", and last seen in the episode \"The Beginning of the End\".", "#### Sheldon Davidoff", "**Sheldon \"Shel\" Davidoff** *(seasons 1–2\\)* is the president of the network, played by [James Karen](/wiki/James_Karen \"James Karen\"). He is close friends with Artie and they associate together outside of work.", "An old school executive, Sheldon carries himself in dignified manner, never swearing or raising his voice around the office. In stark contrast to other executives at \"the network\", he seems to display genuine care and compassion for the people he deals with at work.", "Davidoff's character was created by [Peter Tolan](/wiki/Peter_Tolan \"Peter Tolan\"), and is last seen in the episode \"Larry's Agent\".", "" ]
### Agents #### Leo **Leo** is Larry's longtime [agent](/wiki/Talent_agent "Talent agent"), played by [John Pleshette](/wiki/John_Pleshette "John Pleshette") *(season 2\)*. He is dumped by Larry in the middle of contract re\-negotiations as Larry decides to pursue a big\-money contract with the help of high\-powered Hollywood agent Stevie Grant. Leo is introduced as a good\-natured, personable individual whom Larry socializes with outside of work. The agent always carries around a baggie of [nuts](/wiki/Nut_%28fruit%29 "Nut (fruit)") that he fidgets with and chews on as a [nervous tic](/wiki/Nervous_tic "Nervous tic") of sorts. Although generally pleased with Leo's representation, Larry is sensing that, when it comes to the latest contract negotiations, his agent might not be up to the task of going after "[Letterman](/wiki/David_Letterman "David Letterman") money"—something that the late\-night host feels he deserves having done the show for six years. He can hardly hide his disappointment with the latest offer Leo comes back with after lunch with the network's head of business affairs. Leo explains that Letterman had to leave a network in order to get the kind of money Larry wants, while Larry insists that "we can do better". Asked by Leo how much better, perplexed Larry says "I want you to tell me" before Leo whispers another figure into his ear to which Larry immediately starts shaking his head in disappointment followed by an instruction to Leo to pass on the network's latest official offer. As he departs, Leo sheepishly asks him "how much of a fight do you want to put up here", to which already somewhat irritated Larry responds "I don't want a fight, Leo, I want you to fight". The next day, Larry goes out to lunch with Stevie Grant and decides to sign with him, thus dumping Leo. Leo is predictably devastated when broken the news at Larry's home during a dinner also attended by Artie and Francine, while Larry maintains this is strictly a business decision and doesn't want Leo to take it personally. Leo naturally does and their longtime friendship ends. Leo's other clients aren't particularly effusive about his agent skills either. Soon after ending the business association with Leo, Larry bumps into musician [Doc Severinsen](/wiki/Doc_Severinsen "Doc Severinsen"), also represented by Leo; Doc mentions not being happy with what Leo has done for his career though still staying on due to Leo's willingness to travel with him on the road. #### Stevie Grant **Steven "Stevie" Grant** is Larry's obnoxious agent, played by [Bob Odenkirk](/wiki/Bob_Odenkirk "Bob Odenkirk") *(seasons 2–6\)*, whom Larry signs with during contract renegotiations with the network. High\-strung and cajoling, Stevie often uses a combination of profane and ostentatious language to punctuate his points. His appearances on the show generally take place amid great turmoil and tension, such as contract negotiations, network sale, walk\-off threats, and hosting takeover attempts. Unlike with his previous agent Leo, Larry maintains a strictly professional relationship with Stevie, without any socializing. Stevie, a young aggressive hot\-shot Hollywood agent on the way up, is introduced in the episode "Larry's Agent" as Larry's contract is being renegotiated by his longtime agent and friend—Leo. Seemingly unrelated to the ongoing renegotiation, Stevie stops by the show and greets Artie and Larry backstage following the director [Barry Levinson](/wiki/Barry_Levinson "Barry Levinson")'s guest spot on the show. Stevie says he's only there to "hold Levinson's hand" because he had signed him the previous week, but doesn't miss an opportunity to inquire about the contract renegotiation while encouraging Larry to keep on by telling him he's "got the network by the balls". Stevie then suddenly leans in and says: "Hey, if Leo's having a hard time with this thing, I sure would like to take a shot", to which somewhat flattered Larry politely replies that Leo's got it covered. As Stevie leaves, Artie expresses displeasure at Stevie failing to shake his offered hand at the beginning of the brief encounter while slightly impressed Larry brings up the talk around the [entertainment industry](/wiki/Entertainment_industry "Entertainment industry") about Stevie being the "next [Michael Ovitz](/wiki/Michael_Ovitz "Michael Ovitz")". Despite Larry's denials, Artie is already sensing he wants to fire Leo and lets him know as much in front of his girlfriend Francine, who even frowns upon the very thought. The very next day, however, Larry does precisely that, having lunch with Stevie Grant at [Spago](/wiki/Spago "Spago") and informing him afterwards that he's signing with him. Stevie immediately goes in very aggressively at the network. While running into one another at the elevator, Larry is ostensibly casually informed by the network president Sheldon Davidoff that Stevie drives an extremely tough bargain. Sheldon further relays his surprise at Larry being willing to leave the network and move the show to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), all of which stunned Larry hears about for the first time but plays coy anyway despite just realizing Stevie threw that bluff without even consulting him. Sheldon concludes the brief conversation by saying: "That Stevie Grant has no fears", before trailing off: "Oh well, it isn't his career he's playing with". Furious Larry immediately confronts his new agent for performing such a stunt without keeping him in the loop, but Stevie reassures him it's all about the leverage, telling Larry he'd even be willing to take the syndication deal from [King World](/wiki/King_World "King World") if he doesn't get the money from the network. Rapidly cooling on Stevie's punch\-in\-the\-gut style, scared Larry confides in Artie that "Stevie Grant is totally out of fucking control". The occurrence that makes Larry finally decide to dump Stevie is a conversation in which the agent pushes the New York move like a real possibility because his agency apparently has a good relationship with King World, and "King World is sweet on New York". Talking things over with Artie at the office again, Larry calls his new agent "a prick", "a liar", "two\-faced", and "weird" just as Stevie is coming into the room with a new offer from the network written on a piece of paper. Artie excuses himself from the room, while Larry is so sick of everything that he's determined to break things off with Stevie right there before even hearing the offer. As he's delivering his "Listen, Stevie, I've been thinking about a lot of things...." spiel, Stevie hands him the piece of paper and Larry glances at it after a few moments but crucially before getting to the gist of his speech already in progress. Obviously ecstatic with the offered figure, Larry does a complete turnaround on the spot and decides not to get rid of Stevie. Stevie's next appearance is in the episode "L.A. or N.Y.?", which was the second season's finale. After meeting Richard "Dick" Jermaine who represents the foreign [beer producer](/wiki/Beer%23Brewing_industry "Beer#Brewing industry") that's about to buy the network, Larry is so displeased with the overall vibe he gets from the man—particularly with his idea to overhaul the show into a "late night [news magazine](/wiki/News_magazine "News magazine") wrap\-up of the day's events with a hip [MTV](/wiki/MTV "MTV") sensibility"—that he immediately contacts Stevie about his options to leave, citing his inability to work for "this fucking beer nut" as the reason. Stevie's immediate reaction is one of rehearsed loud jubilation: "Yesss, fuck that beer baron! We're fuckin' outta here!" Upon being told by Larry to keep it down, Stevie apologizes by saying "I live for this shit. It gets me all hot and wet." Stevie proceeds to inform Larry that he had already talked to [Ted Harbert](/wiki/Ted_Harbert "Ted Harbert") at [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company") where according to Stevie "they'd kill their grandmothers" to have the *New Larry Sanders Show After [Nightline](/wiki/Nightline_%28US_news_program%29 "Nightline (US news program)")*, which, as he adds, is "unfortunately the title they want to use". In addition to all of the above, Stevie tells Larry that the ABC people want him to do the show from New York City instead of [L.A.](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") Larry is receptive to all of it except for the move to NYC; the opposition to which at one point even prompts him to deliver his by now usual threat of moving to [Montana](/wiki/Montana "Montana"), which Stevie takes half\-jokingly by quipping it would make a great [sitcom](/wiki/Sitcom "Sitcom"). Faced with a difficult decision under severe pressure from his girlfriend Francine as well as the show's staff who are scared for their jobs, Larry is soon informed by Stevie that the ABC deal is almost locked up and is shown a one\-year contract figure. Unhappy with the lack of a long\-term commitment on ABC's part, Larry wonders out loud to Stevie "if Harbert is such a big fan, how come the deal is only for a year". In his retort, Stevie flippantly points out that "these guys never last", adding: "he'll be out of a job within a year and we'll renegotiate". Larry doesn't like any of it, while Stevie attempts to reassure him: "Larry, don't [micromanage](/wiki/Micromanagement "Micromanagement"), let me handle the details". Larry's response verges on anger: "You know what your problem is, Stevie? You're talking to me like you think I believe you" before he goes on stage to do a show at the end of which he announces his retirement and intention to spend the rest of his life in Montana. In the episode "People's Choice" Stevie is livid after finding out Larry agreed to host the [People's Choice Awards](/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards "People's Choice Awards") as a favor to Artie, who is producing this year. Stevie is beside himself that Larry made a decision without consulting him. Instead of hosting by himself, which is what he thought he was agreeing to, Larry is angrily informed by Stevie that he actually agreed to co\-host with [Rita Moreno](/wiki/Rita_Moreno "Rita Moreno") and [Dean Cain](/wiki/Dean_Cain "Dean Cain"). To further drive his point home Stevie makes Larry repeat the following out loud: "Co\-hosting detracts from my essential specialness in the marketplace". When Larry becomes addicted to [painkillers](/wiki/Painkillers "Painkillers") in the episode "End of the Season", thus missing a week of shows and forcing the staff to call [Pat Sajak](/wiki/Pat_Sajak "Pat Sajak") to guest\-host the show, he's cared for at his home by old friend Roseanne Barr, and Stevie pays him a visit with a fruit basket in tow. However, while talking to Larry alone, Stevie's much more interested in Roseanne's agent situation at the rival [William Morris Agency](/wiki/William_Morris_Agency "William Morris Agency") \- at one point even asking Larry whether he knows if she's happy with the representation over there. As jittery and distracted Larry reaches for the wrapped\-up fruit basket on the table, Stevie informs him that it's actually for Roseanne while also telling him that his basket won't be ready until tomorrow because "you like that sugar\-free shit, right". In the episode "Conflict of Interest", Stevie starts dating the *Larry Sanders Show* talent booker Paula, which soon raises suspicion among the staff that he's only doing it in order to use their relationship as a way to get his lesser\-known clients such as [Ed Begley, Jr.](/wiki/Ed_Begley%2C_Jr. "Ed Begley, Jr."), [Sally Struthers](/wiki/Sally_Struthers "Sally Struthers"), [Jake Johansen](/wiki/Jake_Johansen "Jake Johansen"), and [Andy Kindler](/wiki/Andy_Kindler "Andy Kindler") booked on the show. He is first seen in the episode "Larry's Agent", and was created by [Garry Shandling](/wiki/Garry_Shandling "Garry Shandling"), [Paul Simms](/wiki/Paul_Simms "Paul Simms"), [Maya Forbes](/wiki/Maya_Forbes "Maya Forbes"), and [Drake Sather](/wiki/Drake_Sather "Drake Sather"). #### Sid Bessel **Sid Bessel**, played by [Phil Leeds](/wiki/Phil_Leeds "Phil Leeds") *(seasons 3–4\)* is Hank's agent, an elderly [Jewish American](/wiki/Jewish_American "Jewish American") out of step with modern showbusiness. Hank seems to be aware of Sid's inadequacies and is excited to sign with another agent when he thinks Sid is dying. However Hank never fires Sid, which is one of the few instances in which Hank is implied to have any type of empathy.
[ "### Agents", "#### Leo", "**Leo** is Larry's longtime [agent](/wiki/Talent_agent \"Talent agent\"), played by [John Pleshette](/wiki/John_Pleshette \"John Pleshette\") *(season 2\\)*. He is dumped by Larry in the middle of contract re\\-negotiations as Larry decides to pursue a big\\-money contract with the help of high\\-powered Hollywood agent Stevie Grant.", "Leo is introduced as a good\\-natured, personable individual whom Larry socializes with outside of work. The agent always carries around a baggie of [nuts](/wiki/Nut_%28fruit%29 \"Nut (fruit)\") that he fidgets with and chews on as a [nervous tic](/wiki/Nervous_tic \"Nervous tic\") of sorts. Although generally pleased with Leo's representation, Larry is sensing that, when it comes to the latest contract negotiations, his agent might not be up to the task of going after \"[Letterman](/wiki/David_Letterman \"David Letterman\") money\"—something that the late\\-night host feels he deserves having done the show for six years. He can hardly hide his disappointment with the latest offer Leo comes back with after lunch with the network's head of business affairs. Leo explains that Letterman had to leave a network in order to get the kind of money Larry wants, while Larry insists that \"we can do better\". Asked by Leo how much better, perplexed Larry says \"I want you to tell me\" before Leo whispers another figure into his ear to which Larry immediately starts shaking his head in disappointment followed by an instruction to Leo to pass on the network's latest official offer. As he departs, Leo sheepishly asks him \"how much of a fight do you want to put up here\", to which already somewhat irritated Larry responds \"I don't want a fight, Leo, I want you to fight\". The next day, Larry goes out to lunch with Stevie Grant and decides to sign with him, thus dumping Leo.", "Leo is predictably devastated when broken the news at Larry's home during a dinner also attended by Artie and Francine, while Larry maintains this is strictly a business decision and doesn't want Leo to take it personally. Leo naturally does and their longtime friendship ends.", "Leo's other clients aren't particularly effusive about his agent skills either. Soon after ending the business association with Leo, Larry bumps into musician [Doc Severinsen](/wiki/Doc_Severinsen \"Doc Severinsen\"), also represented by Leo; Doc mentions not being happy with what Leo has done for his career though still staying on due to Leo's willingness to travel with him on the road.", "#### Stevie Grant", "**Steven \"Stevie\" Grant** is Larry's obnoxious agent, played by [Bob Odenkirk](/wiki/Bob_Odenkirk \"Bob Odenkirk\") *(seasons 2–6\\)*, whom Larry signs with during contract renegotiations with the network. High\\-strung and cajoling, Stevie often uses a combination of profane and ostentatious language to punctuate his points.", "His appearances on the show generally take place amid great turmoil and tension, such as contract negotiations, network sale, walk\\-off threats, and hosting takeover attempts.", "Unlike with his previous agent Leo, Larry maintains a strictly professional relationship with Stevie, without any socializing.", "Stevie, a young aggressive hot\\-shot Hollywood agent on the way up, is introduced in the episode \"Larry's Agent\" as Larry's contract is being renegotiated by his longtime agent and friend—Leo. Seemingly unrelated to the ongoing renegotiation, Stevie stops by the show and greets Artie and Larry backstage following the director [Barry Levinson](/wiki/Barry_Levinson \"Barry Levinson\")'s guest spot on the show. Stevie says he's only there to \"hold Levinson's hand\" because he had signed him the previous week, but doesn't miss an opportunity to inquire about the contract renegotiation while encouraging Larry to keep on by telling him he's \"got the network by the balls\". Stevie then suddenly leans in and says: \"Hey, if Leo's having a hard time with this thing, I sure would like to take a shot\", to which somewhat flattered Larry politely replies that Leo's got it covered. As Stevie leaves, Artie expresses displeasure at Stevie failing to shake his offered hand at the beginning of the brief encounter while slightly impressed Larry brings up the talk around the [entertainment industry](/wiki/Entertainment_industry \"Entertainment industry\") about Stevie being the \"next [Michael Ovitz](/wiki/Michael_Ovitz \"Michael Ovitz\")\". Despite Larry's denials, Artie is already sensing he wants to fire Leo and lets him know as much in front of his girlfriend Francine, who even frowns upon the very thought.", "The very next day, however, Larry does precisely that, having lunch with Stevie Grant at [Spago](/wiki/Spago \"Spago\") and informing him afterwards that he's signing with him. Stevie immediately goes in very aggressively at the network. While running into one another at the elevator, Larry is ostensibly casually informed by the network president Sheldon Davidoff that Stevie drives an extremely tough bargain. Sheldon further relays his surprise at Larry being willing to leave the network and move the show to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), all of which stunned Larry hears about for the first time but plays coy anyway despite just realizing Stevie threw that bluff without even consulting him. Sheldon concludes the brief conversation by saying: \"That Stevie Grant has no fears\", before trailing off: \"Oh well, it isn't his career he's playing with\". Furious Larry immediately confronts his new agent for performing such a stunt without keeping him in the loop, but Stevie reassures him it's all about the leverage, telling Larry he'd even be willing to take the syndication deal from [King World](/wiki/King_World \"King World\") if he doesn't get the money from the network. Rapidly cooling on Stevie's punch\\-in\\-the\\-gut style, scared Larry confides in Artie that \"Stevie Grant is totally out of fucking control\". The occurrence that makes Larry finally decide to dump Stevie is a conversation in which the agent pushes the New York move like a real possibility because his agency apparently has a good relationship with King World, and \"King World is sweet on New York\". Talking things over with Artie at the office again, Larry calls his new agent \"a prick\", \"a liar\", \"two\\-faced\", and \"weird\" just as Stevie is coming into the room with a new offer from the network written on a piece of paper. Artie excuses himself from the room, while Larry is so sick of everything that he's determined to break things off with Stevie right there before even hearing the offer. As he's delivering his \"Listen, Stevie, I've been thinking about a lot of things....\" spiel, Stevie hands him the piece of paper and Larry glances at it after a few moments but crucially before getting to the gist of his speech already in progress. Obviously ecstatic with the offered figure, Larry does a complete turnaround on the spot and decides not to get rid of Stevie.", "Stevie's next appearance is in the episode \"L.A. or N.Y.?\", which was the second season's finale. After meeting Richard \"Dick\" Jermaine who represents the foreign [beer producer](/wiki/Beer%23Brewing_industry \"Beer#Brewing industry\") that's about to buy the network, Larry is so displeased with the overall vibe he gets from the man—particularly with his idea to overhaul the show into a \"late night [news magazine](/wiki/News_magazine \"News magazine\") wrap\\-up of the day's events with a hip [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\") sensibility\"—that he immediately contacts Stevie about his options to leave, citing his inability to work for \"this fucking beer nut\" as the reason. Stevie's immediate reaction is one of rehearsed loud jubilation: \"Yesss, fuck that beer baron! We're fuckin' outta here!\" Upon being told by Larry to keep it down, Stevie apologizes by saying \"I live for this shit. It gets me all hot and wet.\" Stevie proceeds to inform Larry that he had already talked to [Ted Harbert](/wiki/Ted_Harbert \"Ted Harbert\") at [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\") where according to Stevie \"they'd kill their grandmothers\" to have the *New Larry Sanders Show After [Nightline](/wiki/Nightline_%28US_news_program%29 \"Nightline (US news program)\")*, which, as he adds, is \"unfortunately the title they want to use\". In addition to all of the above, Stevie tells Larry that the ABC people want him to do the show from New York City instead of [L.A.](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") Larry is receptive to all of it except for the move to NYC; the opposition to which at one point even prompts him to deliver his by now usual threat of moving to [Montana](/wiki/Montana \"Montana\"), which Stevie takes half\\-jokingly by quipping it would make a great [sitcom](/wiki/Sitcom \"Sitcom\"). Faced with a difficult decision under severe pressure from his girlfriend Francine as well as the show's staff who are scared for their jobs, Larry is soon informed by Stevie that the ABC deal is almost locked up and is shown a one\\-year contract figure. Unhappy with the lack of a long\\-term commitment on ABC's part, Larry wonders out loud to Stevie \"if Harbert is such a big fan, how come the deal is only for a year\". In his retort, Stevie flippantly points out that \"these guys never last\", adding: \"he'll be out of a job within a year and we'll renegotiate\". Larry doesn't like any of it, while Stevie attempts to reassure him: \"Larry, don't [micromanage](/wiki/Micromanagement \"Micromanagement\"), let me handle the details\". Larry's response verges on anger: \"You know what your problem is, Stevie? You're talking to me like you think I believe you\" before he goes on stage to do a show at the end of which he announces his retirement and intention to spend the rest of his life in Montana.", "In the episode \"People's Choice\" Stevie is livid after finding out Larry agreed to host the [People's Choice Awards](/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards \"People's Choice Awards\") as a favor to Artie, who is producing this year. Stevie is beside himself that Larry made a decision without consulting him. Instead of hosting by himself, which is what he thought he was agreeing to, Larry is angrily informed by Stevie that he actually agreed to co\\-host with [Rita Moreno](/wiki/Rita_Moreno \"Rita Moreno\") and [Dean Cain](/wiki/Dean_Cain \"Dean Cain\"). To further drive his point home Stevie makes Larry repeat the following out loud: \"Co\\-hosting detracts from my essential specialness in the marketplace\".", "When Larry becomes addicted to [painkillers](/wiki/Painkillers \"Painkillers\") in the episode \"End of the Season\", thus missing a week of shows and forcing the staff to call [Pat Sajak](/wiki/Pat_Sajak \"Pat Sajak\") to guest\\-host the show, he's cared for at his home by old friend Roseanne Barr, and Stevie pays him a visit with a fruit basket in tow. However, while talking to Larry alone, Stevie's much more interested in Roseanne's agent situation at the rival [William Morris Agency](/wiki/William_Morris_Agency \"William Morris Agency\") \\- at one point even asking Larry whether he knows if she's happy with the representation over there. As jittery and distracted Larry reaches for the wrapped\\-up fruit basket on the table, Stevie informs him that it's actually for Roseanne while also telling him that his basket won't be ready until tomorrow because \"you like that sugar\\-free shit, right\".", "In the episode \"Conflict of Interest\", Stevie starts dating the *Larry Sanders Show* talent booker Paula, which soon raises suspicion among the staff that he's only doing it in order to use their relationship as a way to get his lesser\\-known clients such as [Ed Begley, Jr.](/wiki/Ed_Begley%2C_Jr. \"Ed Begley, Jr.\"), [Sally Struthers](/wiki/Sally_Struthers \"Sally Struthers\"), [Jake Johansen](/wiki/Jake_Johansen \"Jake Johansen\"), and [Andy Kindler](/wiki/Andy_Kindler \"Andy Kindler\") booked on the show.", "He is first seen in the episode \"Larry's Agent\", and was created by [Garry Shandling](/wiki/Garry_Shandling \"Garry Shandling\"), [Paul Simms](/wiki/Paul_Simms \"Paul Simms\"), [Maya Forbes](/wiki/Maya_Forbes \"Maya Forbes\"), and [Drake Sather](/wiki/Drake_Sather \"Drake Sather\").", "#### Sid Bessel", "**Sid Bessel**, played by [Phil Leeds](/wiki/Phil_Leeds \"Phil Leeds\") *(seasons 3–4\\)* is Hank's agent, an elderly [Jewish American](/wiki/Jewish_American \"Jewish American\") out of step with modern showbusiness. Hank seems to be aware of Sid's inadequacies and is excited to sign with another agent when he thinks Sid is dying. However Hank never fires Sid, which is one of the few instances in which Hank is implied to have any type of empathy.", "" ]
#### Stevie Grant **Steven "Stevie" Grant** is Larry's obnoxious agent, played by [Bob Odenkirk](/wiki/Bob_Odenkirk "Bob Odenkirk") *(seasons 2–6\)*, whom Larry signs with during contract renegotiations with the network. High\-strung and cajoling, Stevie often uses a combination of profane and ostentatious language to punctuate his points. His appearances on the show generally take place amid great turmoil and tension, such as contract negotiations, network sale, walk\-off threats, and hosting takeover attempts. Unlike with his previous agent Leo, Larry maintains a strictly professional relationship with Stevie, without any socializing. Stevie, a young aggressive hot\-shot Hollywood agent on the way up, is introduced in the episode "Larry's Agent" as Larry's contract is being renegotiated by his longtime agent and friend—Leo. Seemingly unrelated to the ongoing renegotiation, Stevie stops by the show and greets Artie and Larry backstage following the director [Barry Levinson](/wiki/Barry_Levinson "Barry Levinson")'s guest spot on the show. Stevie says he's only there to "hold Levinson's hand" because he had signed him the previous week, but doesn't miss an opportunity to inquire about the contract renegotiation while encouraging Larry to keep on by telling him he's "got the network by the balls". Stevie then suddenly leans in and says: "Hey, if Leo's having a hard time with this thing, I sure would like to take a shot", to which somewhat flattered Larry politely replies that Leo's got it covered. As Stevie leaves, Artie expresses displeasure at Stevie failing to shake his offered hand at the beginning of the brief encounter while slightly impressed Larry brings up the talk around the [entertainment industry](/wiki/Entertainment_industry "Entertainment industry") about Stevie being the "next [Michael Ovitz](/wiki/Michael_Ovitz "Michael Ovitz")". Despite Larry's denials, Artie is already sensing he wants to fire Leo and lets him know as much in front of his girlfriend Francine, who even frowns upon the very thought. The very next day, however, Larry does precisely that, having lunch with Stevie Grant at [Spago](/wiki/Spago "Spago") and informing him afterwards that he's signing with him. Stevie immediately goes in very aggressively at the network. While running into one another at the elevator, Larry is ostensibly casually informed by the network president Sheldon Davidoff that Stevie drives an extremely tough bargain. Sheldon further relays his surprise at Larry being willing to leave the network and move the show to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), all of which stunned Larry hears about for the first time but plays coy anyway despite just realizing Stevie threw that bluff without even consulting him. Sheldon concludes the brief conversation by saying: "That Stevie Grant has no fears", before trailing off: "Oh well, it isn't his career he's playing with". Furious Larry immediately confronts his new agent for performing such a stunt without keeping him in the loop, but Stevie reassures him it's all about the leverage, telling Larry he'd even be willing to take the syndication deal from [King World](/wiki/King_World "King World") if he doesn't get the money from the network. Rapidly cooling on Stevie's punch\-in\-the\-gut style, scared Larry confides in Artie that "Stevie Grant is totally out of fucking control". The occurrence that makes Larry finally decide to dump Stevie is a conversation in which the agent pushes the New York move like a real possibility because his agency apparently has a good relationship with King World, and "King World is sweet on New York". Talking things over with Artie at the office again, Larry calls his new agent "a prick", "a liar", "two\-faced", and "weird" just as Stevie is coming into the room with a new offer from the network written on a piece of paper. Artie excuses himself from the room, while Larry is so sick of everything that he's determined to break things off with Stevie right there before even hearing the offer. As he's delivering his "Listen, Stevie, I've been thinking about a lot of things...." spiel, Stevie hands him the piece of paper and Larry glances at it after a few moments but crucially before getting to the gist of his speech already in progress. Obviously ecstatic with the offered figure, Larry does a complete turnaround on the spot and decides not to get rid of Stevie. Stevie's next appearance is in the episode "L.A. or N.Y.?", which was the second season's finale. After meeting Richard "Dick" Jermaine who represents the foreign [beer producer](/wiki/Beer%23Brewing_industry "Beer#Brewing industry") that's about to buy the network, Larry is so displeased with the overall vibe he gets from the man—particularly with his idea to overhaul the show into a "late night [news magazine](/wiki/News_magazine "News magazine") wrap\-up of the day's events with a hip [MTV](/wiki/MTV "MTV") sensibility"—that he immediately contacts Stevie about his options to leave, citing his inability to work for "this fucking beer nut" as the reason. Stevie's immediate reaction is one of rehearsed loud jubilation: "Yesss, fuck that beer baron! We're fuckin' outta here!" Upon being told by Larry to keep it down, Stevie apologizes by saying "I live for this shit. It gets me all hot and wet." Stevie proceeds to inform Larry that he had already talked to [Ted Harbert](/wiki/Ted_Harbert "Ted Harbert") at [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company") where according to Stevie "they'd kill their grandmothers" to have the *New Larry Sanders Show After [Nightline](/wiki/Nightline_%28US_news_program%29 "Nightline (US news program)")*, which, as he adds, is "unfortunately the title they want to use". In addition to all of the above, Stevie tells Larry that the ABC people want him to do the show from New York City instead of [L.A.](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") Larry is receptive to all of it except for the move to NYC; the opposition to which at one point even prompts him to deliver his by now usual threat of moving to [Montana](/wiki/Montana "Montana"), which Stevie takes half\-jokingly by quipping it would make a great [sitcom](/wiki/Sitcom "Sitcom"). Faced with a difficult decision under severe pressure from his girlfriend Francine as well as the show's staff who are scared for their jobs, Larry is soon informed by Stevie that the ABC deal is almost locked up and is shown a one\-year contract figure. Unhappy with the lack of a long\-term commitment on ABC's part, Larry wonders out loud to Stevie "if Harbert is such a big fan, how come the deal is only for a year". In his retort, Stevie flippantly points out that "these guys never last", adding: "he'll be out of a job within a year and we'll renegotiate". Larry doesn't like any of it, while Stevie attempts to reassure him: "Larry, don't [micromanage](/wiki/Micromanagement "Micromanagement"), let me handle the details". Larry's response verges on anger: "You know what your problem is, Stevie? You're talking to me like you think I believe you" before he goes on stage to do a show at the end of which he announces his retirement and intention to spend the rest of his life in Montana. In the episode "People's Choice" Stevie is livid after finding out Larry agreed to host the [People's Choice Awards](/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards "People's Choice Awards") as a favor to Artie, who is producing this year. Stevie is beside himself that Larry made a decision without consulting him. Instead of hosting by himself, which is what he thought he was agreeing to, Larry is angrily informed by Stevie that he actually agreed to co\-host with [Rita Moreno](/wiki/Rita_Moreno "Rita Moreno") and [Dean Cain](/wiki/Dean_Cain "Dean Cain"). To further drive his point home Stevie makes Larry repeat the following out loud: "Co\-hosting detracts from my essential specialness in the marketplace". When Larry becomes addicted to [painkillers](/wiki/Painkillers "Painkillers") in the episode "End of the Season", thus missing a week of shows and forcing the staff to call [Pat Sajak](/wiki/Pat_Sajak "Pat Sajak") to guest\-host the show, he's cared for at his home by old friend Roseanne Barr, and Stevie pays him a visit with a fruit basket in tow. However, while talking to Larry alone, Stevie's much more interested in Roseanne's agent situation at the rival [William Morris Agency](/wiki/William_Morris_Agency "William Morris Agency") \- at one point even asking Larry whether he knows if she's happy with the representation over there. As jittery and distracted Larry reaches for the wrapped\-up fruit basket on the table, Stevie informs him that it's actually for Roseanne while also telling him that his basket won't be ready until tomorrow because "you like that sugar\-free shit, right". In the episode "Conflict of Interest", Stevie starts dating the *Larry Sanders Show* talent booker Paula, which soon raises suspicion among the staff that he's only doing it in order to use their relationship as a way to get his lesser\-known clients such as [Ed Begley, Jr.](/wiki/Ed_Begley%2C_Jr. "Ed Begley, Jr."), [Sally Struthers](/wiki/Sally_Struthers "Sally Struthers"), [Jake Johansen](/wiki/Jake_Johansen "Jake Johansen"), and [Andy Kindler](/wiki/Andy_Kindler "Andy Kindler") booked on the show. He is first seen in the episode "Larry's Agent", and was created by [Garry Shandling](/wiki/Garry_Shandling "Garry Shandling"), [Paul Simms](/wiki/Paul_Simms "Paul Simms"), [Maya Forbes](/wiki/Maya_Forbes "Maya Forbes"), and [Drake Sather](/wiki/Drake_Sather "Drake Sather").
[ "#### Stevie Grant", "**Steven \"Stevie\" Grant** is Larry's obnoxious agent, played by [Bob Odenkirk](/wiki/Bob_Odenkirk \"Bob Odenkirk\") *(seasons 2–6\\)*, whom Larry signs with during contract renegotiations with the network. High\\-strung and cajoling, Stevie often uses a combination of profane and ostentatious language to punctuate his points.", "His appearances on the show generally take place amid great turmoil and tension, such as contract negotiations, network sale, walk\\-off threats, and hosting takeover attempts.", "Unlike with his previous agent Leo, Larry maintains a strictly professional relationship with Stevie, without any socializing.", "Stevie, a young aggressive hot\\-shot Hollywood agent on the way up, is introduced in the episode \"Larry's Agent\" as Larry's contract is being renegotiated by his longtime agent and friend—Leo. Seemingly unrelated to the ongoing renegotiation, Stevie stops by the show and greets Artie and Larry backstage following the director [Barry Levinson](/wiki/Barry_Levinson \"Barry Levinson\")'s guest spot on the show. Stevie says he's only there to \"hold Levinson's hand\" because he had signed him the previous week, but doesn't miss an opportunity to inquire about the contract renegotiation while encouraging Larry to keep on by telling him he's \"got the network by the balls\". Stevie then suddenly leans in and says: \"Hey, if Leo's having a hard time with this thing, I sure would like to take a shot\", to which somewhat flattered Larry politely replies that Leo's got it covered. As Stevie leaves, Artie expresses displeasure at Stevie failing to shake his offered hand at the beginning of the brief encounter while slightly impressed Larry brings up the talk around the [entertainment industry](/wiki/Entertainment_industry \"Entertainment industry\") about Stevie being the \"next [Michael Ovitz](/wiki/Michael_Ovitz \"Michael Ovitz\")\". Despite Larry's denials, Artie is already sensing he wants to fire Leo and lets him know as much in front of his girlfriend Francine, who even frowns upon the very thought.", "The very next day, however, Larry does precisely that, having lunch with Stevie Grant at [Spago](/wiki/Spago \"Spago\") and informing him afterwards that he's signing with him. Stevie immediately goes in very aggressively at the network. While running into one another at the elevator, Larry is ostensibly casually informed by the network president Sheldon Davidoff that Stevie drives an extremely tough bargain. Sheldon further relays his surprise at Larry being willing to leave the network and move the show to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), all of which stunned Larry hears about for the first time but plays coy anyway despite just realizing Stevie threw that bluff without even consulting him. Sheldon concludes the brief conversation by saying: \"That Stevie Grant has no fears\", before trailing off: \"Oh well, it isn't his career he's playing with\". Furious Larry immediately confronts his new agent for performing such a stunt without keeping him in the loop, but Stevie reassures him it's all about the leverage, telling Larry he'd even be willing to take the syndication deal from [King World](/wiki/King_World \"King World\") if he doesn't get the money from the network. Rapidly cooling on Stevie's punch\\-in\\-the\\-gut style, scared Larry confides in Artie that \"Stevie Grant is totally out of fucking control\". The occurrence that makes Larry finally decide to dump Stevie is a conversation in which the agent pushes the New York move like a real possibility because his agency apparently has a good relationship with King World, and \"King World is sweet on New York\". Talking things over with Artie at the office again, Larry calls his new agent \"a prick\", \"a liar\", \"two\\-faced\", and \"weird\" just as Stevie is coming into the room with a new offer from the network written on a piece of paper. Artie excuses himself from the room, while Larry is so sick of everything that he's determined to break things off with Stevie right there before even hearing the offer. As he's delivering his \"Listen, Stevie, I've been thinking about a lot of things....\" spiel, Stevie hands him the piece of paper and Larry glances at it after a few moments but crucially before getting to the gist of his speech already in progress. Obviously ecstatic with the offered figure, Larry does a complete turnaround on the spot and decides not to get rid of Stevie.", "Stevie's next appearance is in the episode \"L.A. or N.Y.?\", which was the second season's finale. After meeting Richard \"Dick\" Jermaine who represents the foreign [beer producer](/wiki/Beer%23Brewing_industry \"Beer#Brewing industry\") that's about to buy the network, Larry is so displeased with the overall vibe he gets from the man—particularly with his idea to overhaul the show into a \"late night [news magazine](/wiki/News_magazine \"News magazine\") wrap\\-up of the day's events with a hip [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\") sensibility\"—that he immediately contacts Stevie about his options to leave, citing his inability to work for \"this fucking beer nut\" as the reason. Stevie's immediate reaction is one of rehearsed loud jubilation: \"Yesss, fuck that beer baron! We're fuckin' outta here!\" Upon being told by Larry to keep it down, Stevie apologizes by saying \"I live for this shit. It gets me all hot and wet.\" Stevie proceeds to inform Larry that he had already talked to [Ted Harbert](/wiki/Ted_Harbert \"Ted Harbert\") at [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\") where according to Stevie \"they'd kill their grandmothers\" to have the *New Larry Sanders Show After [Nightline](/wiki/Nightline_%28US_news_program%29 \"Nightline (US news program)\")*, which, as he adds, is \"unfortunately the title they want to use\". In addition to all of the above, Stevie tells Larry that the ABC people want him to do the show from New York City instead of [L.A.](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") Larry is receptive to all of it except for the move to NYC; the opposition to which at one point even prompts him to deliver his by now usual threat of moving to [Montana](/wiki/Montana \"Montana\"), which Stevie takes half\\-jokingly by quipping it would make a great [sitcom](/wiki/Sitcom \"Sitcom\"). Faced with a difficult decision under severe pressure from his girlfriend Francine as well as the show's staff who are scared for their jobs, Larry is soon informed by Stevie that the ABC deal is almost locked up and is shown a one\\-year contract figure. Unhappy with the lack of a long\\-term commitment on ABC's part, Larry wonders out loud to Stevie \"if Harbert is such a big fan, how come the deal is only for a year\". In his retort, Stevie flippantly points out that \"these guys never last\", adding: \"he'll be out of a job within a year and we'll renegotiate\". Larry doesn't like any of it, while Stevie attempts to reassure him: \"Larry, don't [micromanage](/wiki/Micromanagement \"Micromanagement\"), let me handle the details\". Larry's response verges on anger: \"You know what your problem is, Stevie? You're talking to me like you think I believe you\" before he goes on stage to do a show at the end of which he announces his retirement and intention to spend the rest of his life in Montana.", "In the episode \"People's Choice\" Stevie is livid after finding out Larry agreed to host the [People's Choice Awards](/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards \"People's Choice Awards\") as a favor to Artie, who is producing this year. Stevie is beside himself that Larry made a decision without consulting him. Instead of hosting by himself, which is what he thought he was agreeing to, Larry is angrily informed by Stevie that he actually agreed to co\\-host with [Rita Moreno](/wiki/Rita_Moreno \"Rita Moreno\") and [Dean Cain](/wiki/Dean_Cain \"Dean Cain\"). To further drive his point home Stevie makes Larry repeat the following out loud: \"Co\\-hosting detracts from my essential specialness in the marketplace\".", "When Larry becomes addicted to [painkillers](/wiki/Painkillers \"Painkillers\") in the episode \"End of the Season\", thus missing a week of shows and forcing the staff to call [Pat Sajak](/wiki/Pat_Sajak \"Pat Sajak\") to guest\\-host the show, he's cared for at his home by old friend Roseanne Barr, and Stevie pays him a visit with a fruit basket in tow. However, while talking to Larry alone, Stevie's much more interested in Roseanne's agent situation at the rival [William Morris Agency](/wiki/William_Morris_Agency \"William Morris Agency\") \\- at one point even asking Larry whether he knows if she's happy with the representation over there. As jittery and distracted Larry reaches for the wrapped\\-up fruit basket on the table, Stevie informs him that it's actually for Roseanne while also telling him that his basket won't be ready until tomorrow because \"you like that sugar\\-free shit, right\".", "In the episode \"Conflict of Interest\", Stevie starts dating the *Larry Sanders Show* talent booker Paula, which soon raises suspicion among the staff that he's only doing it in order to use their relationship as a way to get his lesser\\-known clients such as [Ed Begley, Jr.](/wiki/Ed_Begley%2C_Jr. \"Ed Begley, Jr.\"), [Sally Struthers](/wiki/Sally_Struthers \"Sally Struthers\"), [Jake Johansen](/wiki/Jake_Johansen \"Jake Johansen\"), and [Andy Kindler](/wiki/Andy_Kindler \"Andy Kindler\") booked on the show.", "He is first seen in the episode \"Larry's Agent\", and was created by [Garry Shandling](/wiki/Garry_Shandling \"Garry Shandling\"), [Paul Simms](/wiki/Paul_Simms \"Paul Simms\"), [Maya Forbes](/wiki/Maya_Forbes \"Maya Forbes\"), and [Drake Sather](/wiki/Drake_Sather \"Drake Sather\").", "" ]
### Network executives #### Dennis **Dennis** *(seasons 2–5\)* is a network executive in his forties played by [Doug Ballard](/wiki/Doug_Ballard "Doug Ballard") who favors the idea of cutting costs by replacing Larry with a new host, which would enable the network to dump Larry's huge salary. Dennis's first appearance took place during "Life Behind Larry" where he was one of the two executives involved with filling the 12:35 am spot after Larry's show (the other one being Melanie Parrish). Two of them suggested [Bob Saget](/wiki/Bob_Saget "Bob Saget") and [Dave Coulier](/wiki/Dave_Coulier "Dave Coulier") while Larry pushed for [Bobcat Goldthwait](/wiki/Bobcat_Goldthwait "Bobcat Goldthwait") only to see the job eventually go to [Tom Snyder](/wiki/Tom_Snyder "Tom Snyder"). In the episode "Larry's on Vacation" (season 4 finale) while he and a fellow executive Melanie Parish discuss guest host [Sandra Bernhard](/wiki/Sandra_Bernhard "Sandra Bernhard")'s ratings vs. Larry's, Dennis is the first to put forth the idea of replacing their highly paid star. He reasons that since Sandra Bernhard is able to pull the same audience share as Larry and also get a younger demographic, the network would save a lot by bringing in a fresh face that would be willing to work for much less than Larry's current salary. Asked by somewhat surprised Melanie if he specifically wants Sandra to become the new host, Dennis says that it could be anybody ([Jon Stewart](/wiki/Jon_Stewart "Jon Stewart"), [Rosie O'Donnell](/wiki/Rosie_O%27Donnell "Rosie O'Donnell"), etc.). In the next episode, as Jon Stewart prepares to guest\-host another week, Dennis, backed up by Melanie, says to Artie that they want to bring Jon in as the permanent guest host or as he puts it: "we want to make sure we have a backup [quarterback](/wiki/Quarterback "Quarterback")". Dennis is first seen in the episode "Life Behind Larry" and last seen in the episode "Everybody Loves Larry". He was created by [Peter Tolan](/wiki/Peter_Tolan "Peter Tolan"). #### Kenny Mitchell **Kenny Mitchell** *(seasons 2 and 6\)* is a network executive in his thirties played by [Joshua Malina](/wiki/Joshua_Malina "Joshua Malina") who is brought in to administer major changes to the *Larry Sanders Show* in order to make it appeal to a younger demographic. Kenny is first introduced tagging along with Roger Bingham, when they drop into Larry's office unannounced in order to talk to him about "doing a little fine\-tuning to get the numbers up" since he's losing to *[Keenan](/wiki/The_Keenen_Ivory_Wayans_Show "The Keenen Ivory Wayans Show")* in certain key cities. To that end, Kenny starts to inform Larry and Artie about the ideas/suggestions that the network's research department has come up with (a more enthusiastic [Leno](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_with_Jay_Leno "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno")\-type opening with running through the audience and shaking their hands, different hairstyle for Larry), but is repeatedly interrupted by an uninterested Larry. As the fifth and last suggestion/idea, Kenny lists a snappier theme song at which point he plays a tape with the funky number done by "the guy who did the *[Singled Out](/wiki/Singled_Out "Singled Out")* theme". Very soon afterward, Kenny is assigned to the show as the creative consultant to oversee the implementation of the various changes. Not surprisingly, right from the start, he's despised by everyone, especially Artie who calls him a "pimple\-faced chaperone". When Kenny crudely insults the show to Artie's face, Artie physically assaults Kenny. Mitchell is first seen in the episode "Another List" and last seen in the episode "Adolf Hankler". #### Melanie Parrish Melanie Parrish *(all seasons)*, a woman in her forties, is the Vice President of Programming played by [Deborah May](/wiki/Deborah_May "Deborah May") who often has conflicts with Larry. In the episode "[The Garden Weasel](/wiki/The_Garden_Weasel "The Garden Weasel")", it is mentioned that Melanie has recently been made the Vice President of Programming at the network, which means she is in charge of late night programming. Also in the episode, Melanie forces Larry to begin performing live commercials for products that sponsor the show. Larry tries to get out of it and ends up being hit in the face by Melanie. Melanie is tough and often uses foul language to prove her point. Artie mentions that Melanie reminds him of a man that he killed in [Korea](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War"). She is last seen in the episode "Adolf Hankler". Parrish's character was created by [Peter Tolan](/wiki/Peter_Tolan "Peter Tolan"). #### Roger Bingham **Roger Bingham** *(seasons 5–6\)* is a slick network executive in his mid\-to\-late thirties, played by [Bruce Greenwood](/wiki/Bruce_Greenwood "Bruce Greenwood"), who favours [Jon Stewart](/wiki/Jon_Stewart "Jon Stewart") to be the host over Larry. Roger is first mentioned by another network executive, Dennis, during "Everybody Loves Larry" as being someone who "feels very strongly about [Jon Stewart](/wiki/Jon_Stewart "Jon Stewart")". Roger's first actual appearance on the show is in the episode "Larry's New Love" when he steps in along with Kenny Mitchell to retool the *Larry Sanders Show* after it starts to slip in the ratings. Bingham is first seen in the episode "Larry's New Love", and last seen in the episode "The Beginning of the End". #### Sheldon Davidoff **Sheldon "Shel" Davidoff** *(seasons 1–2\)* is the president of the network, played by [James Karen](/wiki/James_Karen "James Karen"). He is close friends with Artie and they associate together outside of work. An old school executive, Sheldon carries himself in dignified manner, never swearing or raising his voice around the office. In stark contrast to other executives at "the network", he seems to display genuine care and compassion for the people he deals with at work. Davidoff's character was created by [Peter Tolan](/wiki/Peter_Tolan "Peter Tolan"), and is last seen in the episode "Larry's Agent".
[ "### Network executives", "#### Dennis", "**Dennis** *(seasons 2–5\\)* is a network executive in his forties played by [Doug Ballard](/wiki/Doug_Ballard \"Doug Ballard\") who favors the idea of cutting costs by replacing Larry with a new host, which would enable the network to dump Larry's huge salary.", "Dennis's first appearance took place during \"Life Behind Larry\" where he was one of the two executives involved with filling the 12:35 am spot after Larry's show (the other one being Melanie Parrish). Two of them suggested [Bob Saget](/wiki/Bob_Saget \"Bob Saget\") and [Dave Coulier](/wiki/Dave_Coulier \"Dave Coulier\") while Larry pushed for [Bobcat Goldthwait](/wiki/Bobcat_Goldthwait \"Bobcat Goldthwait\") only to see the job eventually go to [Tom Snyder](/wiki/Tom_Snyder \"Tom Snyder\").", "In the episode \"Larry's on Vacation\" (season 4 finale) while he and a fellow executive Melanie Parish discuss guest host [Sandra Bernhard](/wiki/Sandra_Bernhard \"Sandra Bernhard\")'s ratings vs. Larry's, Dennis is the first to put forth the idea of replacing their highly paid star. He reasons that since Sandra Bernhard is able to pull the same audience share as Larry and also get a younger demographic, the network would save a lot by bringing in a fresh face that would be willing to work for much less than Larry's current salary. Asked by somewhat surprised Melanie if he specifically wants Sandra to become the new host, Dennis says that it could be anybody ([Jon Stewart](/wiki/Jon_Stewart \"Jon Stewart\"), [Rosie O'Donnell](/wiki/Rosie_O%27Donnell \"Rosie O'Donnell\"), etc.).", "In the next episode, as Jon Stewart prepares to guest\\-host another week, Dennis, backed up by Melanie, says to Artie that they want to bring Jon in as the permanent guest host or as he puts it: \"we want to make sure we have a backup [quarterback](/wiki/Quarterback \"Quarterback\")\".", "Dennis is first seen in the episode \"Life Behind Larry\" and last seen in the episode \"Everybody Loves Larry\". He was created by [Peter Tolan](/wiki/Peter_Tolan \"Peter Tolan\").", "#### Kenny Mitchell", "**Kenny Mitchell** *(seasons 2 and 6\\)* is a network executive in his thirties played by [Joshua Malina](/wiki/Joshua_Malina \"Joshua Malina\") who is brought in to administer major changes to the *Larry Sanders Show* in order to make it appeal to a younger demographic.", "Kenny is first introduced tagging along with Roger Bingham, when they drop into Larry's office unannounced in order to talk to him about \"doing a little fine\\-tuning to get the numbers up\" since he's losing to *[Keenan](/wiki/The_Keenen_Ivory_Wayans_Show \"The Keenen Ivory Wayans Show\")* in certain key cities. To that end, Kenny starts to inform Larry and Artie about the ideas/suggestions that the network's research department has come up with (a more enthusiastic [Leno](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_with_Jay_Leno \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\")\\-type opening with running through the audience and shaking their hands, different hairstyle for Larry), but is repeatedly interrupted by an uninterested Larry. As the fifth and last suggestion/idea, Kenny lists a snappier theme song at which point he plays a tape with the funky number done by \"the guy who did the *[Singled Out](/wiki/Singled_Out \"Singled Out\")* theme\".", "Very soon afterward, Kenny is assigned to the show as the creative consultant to oversee the implementation of the various changes. Not surprisingly, right from the start, he's despised by everyone, especially Artie who calls him a \"pimple\\-faced chaperone\". When Kenny crudely insults the show to Artie's face, Artie physically assaults Kenny. Mitchell is first seen in the episode \"Another List\" and last seen in the episode \"Adolf Hankler\".", "#### Melanie Parrish", "Melanie Parrish *(all seasons)*, a woman in her forties, is the Vice President of Programming played by [Deborah May](/wiki/Deborah_May \"Deborah May\") who often has conflicts with Larry. In the episode \"[The Garden Weasel](/wiki/The_Garden_Weasel \"The Garden Weasel\")\", it is mentioned that Melanie has recently been made the Vice President of Programming at the network, which means she is in charge of late night programming. Also in the episode, Melanie forces Larry to begin performing live commercials for products that sponsor the show. Larry tries to get out of it and ends up being hit in the face by Melanie.", "Melanie is tough and often uses foul language to prove her point. Artie mentions that Melanie reminds him of a man that he killed in [Korea](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\").", "She is last seen in the episode \"Adolf Hankler\". Parrish's character was created by [Peter Tolan](/wiki/Peter_Tolan \"Peter Tolan\").", "#### Roger Bingham", "**Roger Bingham** *(seasons 5–6\\)* is a slick network executive in his mid\\-to\\-late thirties, played by [Bruce Greenwood](/wiki/Bruce_Greenwood \"Bruce Greenwood\"), who favours [Jon Stewart](/wiki/Jon_Stewart \"Jon Stewart\") to be the host over Larry.", "Roger is first mentioned by another network executive, Dennis, during \"Everybody Loves Larry\" as being someone who \"feels very strongly about [Jon Stewart](/wiki/Jon_Stewart \"Jon Stewart\")\".", "Roger's first actual appearance on the show is in the episode \"Larry's New Love\" when he steps in along with Kenny Mitchell to retool the *Larry Sanders Show* after it starts to slip in the ratings. Bingham is first seen in the episode \"Larry's New Love\", and last seen in the episode \"The Beginning of the End\".", "#### Sheldon Davidoff", "**Sheldon \"Shel\" Davidoff** *(seasons 1–2\\)* is the president of the network, played by [James Karen](/wiki/James_Karen \"James Karen\"). He is close friends with Artie and they associate together outside of work.", "An old school executive, Sheldon carries himself in dignified manner, never swearing or raising his voice around the office. In stark contrast to other executives at \"the network\", he seems to display genuine care and compassion for the people he deals with at work.", "Davidoff's character was created by [Peter Tolan](/wiki/Peter_Tolan \"Peter Tolan\"), and is last seen in the episode \"Larry's Agent\".", "" ]
Responses from other autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches ------------------------------------------------------------ ### Church of Cyprus On 26 September 2018, the head of the [Church of Cyprus](/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus "Church of Cyprus"), [Archbishop Chrysostomos II](/wiki/Chrysostomos_II_of_Cyprus "Chrysostomos II of Cyprus"), had a meeting with the Ukrainian ambassador in Cyprus, Borys Humeniuk; during this meeting, the question of the ecclesiastical problems in Ukraine was discussed. During the meeting, Chrysostomos II "expressed his worry and concern about the latest events in the Ukrainian Church and the possibility of the creation of a schism that would harm the unity of all Orthodoxy" and declared that the Church of Cyprus was ready to be a "bridge for the normalization of the unstable situation" between the Patriarchates of Moscow and Constantinople concerning the question of the Orthodoxy in Ukraine. Those declarations were published on the official website of the Church of Cyprus.{{Cite news\|url\=http://churchofcyprus.org.cy/46043\|title\=Αρχιεπίσκοπος Κύπρου: Η Εκκλησιά Κύπρου θα γίνει η γέφυρα για την εξομάλυνση του έκρυθμου Ουκρανικού ζητήματος\|date\=26 September 2018\|work\=Εκκλησία της Κύπρου\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-26\|language\=el}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://orthochristian.com/116069\.html\|title\=Church of Cyprus prepared to become mediator in settlement of Ukrainian Church issue\|date\=28 September 2018\|work\=OrthoChristian.Com\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-26}} On 9 January 2019, Archbishop Chrysostomos declared: "What's most important right now is not autocephaly, but that Orthodoxy may not be divided" He added he would never commemorate the name of the [primate of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine](/wiki/Epiphanius_I_of_Ukraine "Epiphanius I of Ukraine") in the [diptych](/wiki/Diptych%23Ecclesiastical "Diptych#Ecclesiastical") of the Divine Liturgy.{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/whats\-most\-important\-right\-now\-is\-not\-autocephaly\-but\-that\-orthodoxy\-may\-not\-be\-divided/\|title\=What's most important right now is not autocephaly, but that Orthodoxy may not be divided\|last\=Cazabonne\|first\=Emma\|date\=2019\-01\-09\|website\=Orthodoxie.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-15}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.romfea.gr/ekklisia\-kyprou/26319\-arxiepiskopos\-kuprou\-auti\-tin\-stigmi\-den\-proexei\-i\-autokefalia\-alla\-na\-min\-dixastei\-i\-orthodojia\|title\=Αρχιεπίσκοπος Κύπρου: ''Αυτή την στιγμή δεν προέχει η Αυτοκεφαλία, αλλά να μην διχαστεί η Ορθοδοξία''\|date\=9 January 2019\|website\=ROMFEA\|language\=el\-gr\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-15}} On 25 January 2019, Archbishop Chrysostomos declared he considered the Ecumenical Patriarchate as the "[Mother Church](/wiki/Mother_church "Mother church")" and that he "maintains good relations with the Phanar, which he will preserve despite any difficulties." He added he would concelebrate one day with [Metropolitan Epiphanius](/wiki/Epiphanius_I_of_Ukraine "Epiphanius I of Ukraine") once the latter would have come in Cyprus.{{Cite web\|url\=http://fanarion.blogspot.com/2019/01/blog\-post\_25\.html\|title\=Φως Φαναρίου : Κύπρου Χρυσόστομος: "Το Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο είναι Μητέρα Εκκλησία"\|last\=Panagiotisandriopoulos\|date\=2019\-01\-25\|website\=Φως Φαναρίου\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-28}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxia.info/news/κύπρου\-χρυσόστομος\-το\-οικουμενικό\-πα/\|title\=Κύπρου Χρυσόστομος: "Το Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο είναι η Μητέρα Εκκλησία"\|last\=Παπαγεωργίου\|first\=Σπύρος\|date\=25 January 2019\|website\=Orthodoxia.info\|access\-date\=27 January 2019}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.unian.info/politics/10421883\-orthodox\-church\-of\-cyprus\-to\-recognize\-ocu\-head\-epifaniy.html\|title\=Orthodox Church of Cyprus to recognize OCU head Epifaniy\|date\=25 January 2019\|website\=www.unian.info\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-25}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://risu.org.ua/en/index/all\_news/confessional/orthodox\_relations/74467/\|title\=Church of Cyprus plans to recognize OCU\|date\=25 January 2019\|website\=risu.org.ua\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-27}} On 7 February 2019, the [holy synod](/wiki/Holy_Synod "Holy Synod") of the Church of Cyprus decided that on 18 February 2019 the holy synod of the Church of Cyprus will hold an extraordinary meeting to give its final decision concerning the Ukrainian question.{{Cite web\|url\=https://risu.org.ua/ua/index/all\_news/orthodox/orthodox\_world/74630/\|title\=Кіпрська Православна Церква визначилася з датою розгляду питання про визнання ПЦУ\|date\=8 February 2019\|website\=risu.org.ua\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-08}} On 18 February, the Church of Cyprus declared it did not doubt the goals of granting autocephaly in Ukraine was to heal the schism in Ukraine; the Church of Cyprus also stated that if the schism in Ukraine was not overcame in a certain amount of time, the Church of Cyprus "expect\[s] that the Ecumenical Patriarch, making use of his regulatory role given to him by his position as [First in Orthodoxy](/wiki/Primus_inter_pares%23Eastern_Orthodox_Church "Primus inter pares#Eastern Orthodox Church"), will convene either a Pan\-Orthodox Council or a Synaxis of the Primates to act upon the matter." In the same communiqué, the Church of Cyprus declared it offered to be a mediator on the issue.{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxsynaxis.org/2019/02/19/the\-church\-of\-cyprus\-statement\-on\-the\-ukrainian\-issue/\|title\=The Church of Cyprus's Statement on the Ukrainian Issue\|last\=Antiochenus\|first\=Petrus\|date\=2019\-02\-19\|website\=Orthodox Synaxis\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-21}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.romfea.news/church\-of\-cyprus\-we\-are\-not\-questioning\-the\-intention\-of\-the\-ecumenical\-patriarchate\-to\-grant\-autocephaly\-to\-the\-church\-of\-ukraine/\|title\=Church of Cyprus: We are not questioning Ecumenical Patriarchate's goal for the Church of Ukraine\|date\=2019\-02\-18\|website\=Romfea News\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-19}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.unian.info/politics/10451181\-cyprus\-church\-condemns\-russia\-s\-aggressive\-policy\-toward\-orthodox\-church\-of\-ukraine.html\|title\=Cyprus Church condemns Russia's aggressive policy toward Orthodox Church of Ukraine\|date\=19 February 2019\|website\=www.unian.info\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-19}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.romfea.gr/epikairotita\-xronika/27150\-oi\-apofaseis\-tis\-ekklisias\-tis\-kuprou\-gia\-tin\-oukrania\|title\=Οι αποφάσεις της Εκκλησίας της Κύπρου για την Ουκρανία\|date\=18 February 2019\|website\=ROMFEA\|language\=el\-gr\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-19}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://churchofcyprus.org.cy/50127\|title\=Ανακοινωθέν Έκτακτης Συνεδρίας της Ιεράς Συνόδου (18 Φεβρουαρίου 2019\)\|last\=Andreas Koshiaris\|website\=Εκκλησία της Κύπρου\|date\=18 February 2019\|language\=el\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-19}} The Church of Cyprus did not state it recognized the OCU.{{Cite web\|url\=https://risu.org.ua/ua/index/all\_news/orthodox/orthodox\_world/74772/\|title\=Позачерговий Синод Кіпрської Православної Церкви обговорив українське питання\|date\=19 February 2019\|website\=risu.org.ua\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-19}} #### Meeting with representatives of other churches On 18 April 2019, the primates of the [Church of Cyprus](/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus "Church of Cyprus"), the [Church of Alexandria](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria "Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria"), the [Church of Antioch](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch "Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch"), and the [Church of Jerusalem](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem "Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem") gathered.{{Cite web\|url\=http://basilica.ro/en/primates\-of\-orthodox\-churches\-in\-middle\-east\-release\-statement\-following\-meeting\-in\-cyprus/\|title\=Primates of Orthodox Churches in Middle East release statement following meeting in Cyprus\|last\=Iftimiu\|first\=Aurelian\|date\=2019\-04\-19\|website\=Basilica.ro\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-30}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.romfea.news/meeting\-of\-primates\-in\-cyprus\-about\-ukraine/\|title\=Meeting of Primates in Cyprus about Ukraine\|last\=Polygenis\|first\=Emilios\|date\=2019\-04\-18\|website\=Romfea News\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-30}} They released a communiqué in which they write that among other things they "looked into the problems that arose after [granting autocephaly to the Orthodox Church in Ukraine](/wiki/Autocephaly_of_the_Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine "Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine")". The primates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem supported the "initiative of mediation" of the primate of the Church of Cyprus.{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/communique\-of\-the\-meeting\-of\-the\-primates\-in\-cyprus/\|title\=Communiqué of the meeting of the primates in Cyprus\|last\=Cazabonne\|first\=Emma\|date\=2019\-04\-24\|website\=Orthodoxie.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-30}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://churchofcyprus.org.cy/51652\|title\=Ανακοινωθέν Συναντήσεως των Προκαθημένων των Ορθοδόξων Εκκλησιών Μέσης Ανατολής\|last\=Andreas Koshiaris\|website\=Εκκλησία της Κύπρου\|date\=19 April 2019 \|language\=el\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-30}} The primate of the Church of Cyprus released a communiqué on 14 May 2019 in which he said: "I have not received any order! I am leaving for Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece to discuss the Ukrainian issue"{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/i\-have\-not\-received\-any\-order\-i\-am\-leaving\-for\-serbia\-bulgaria\-and\-greece\-to\-discuss\-the\-ukrainian\-issue/\|title\=I have not received any order! I am leaving for Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece to discuss the Ukrainian issue\|last\=Cazabonne\|first\=Emma\|date\=2019\-05\-15\|website\=Orthodoxie.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-18}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.romfea.gr/ekklisia\-kyprou/29141\-arxiepiskopos\-kuprou\-den\-elaba\-kamia\-entoli\-anaxoro\-gia\-serbia\-boulgaria\-kai\-athina\|title\=Αρχιεπίσκοπος Κύπρου: ''Δεν έλαβα καμία εντολή! Αναχωρώ για Σερβία, Βουλγαρία και Αθήνα''\|date\=14 May 2019\|website\=ROMFEA\|language\=el\-gr\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-18}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.orthodoxianewsagency.gr/aytokefales\_ekklisies/ekklisia\_kiprou/o\-arxiep\-kyprou\-apanta\-sta\-dimosieymata\-gia\-ton\-oik\-patriarxi/\|title\=Ο Αρχιεπ. Κύπρου απαντά στα δημοσιεύματα για τον Οικ. Πατριάρχη\|date\=2019\-05\-15\|website\=Ορθοδοξία News Agency\|language\=el\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-18}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://churchofcyprus.org.cy/52351\|title\=Δήλωση του Αρχιεπισκόπου για Ουκρανικό – Αλβανίας\|date\=14 May 2019\|website\=Εκκλησία της Κύπρου\|language\=el\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-18}} From 17 May to 21 May he met the primates of the Bulgarian, Greek and Serbian Orthodox churches.{{Cite web\|url\=http://orthochristian.com/121321\.html\|title\=Archbishop of Cyprus visits primates of Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece to discuss Ukrainian problem\|date\=22 May 2019\|website\=OrthoChristian.Com\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-25}} In May 2019, Archbishop Chrysostomos was interviewed concerning his mediation role in which he said: "if one Church agrees with one side, another Church will agree with the other, and it will be a great evil! We could then reach a [schism](/wiki/Schism%23Christianity "Schism#Christianity")! The best is for us all to agree, and to make a decision all together, because the decision of only one Church will not serve any purpose, and what I am afraid of would happen. For myself, I could make a decision in favor of one side or the other, but I consider it wrong. That's why I didn't do it!"{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.romfea.gr/epikairotita\-xronika/29331\-arxiepiskopos\-kuprou\-prepei\-oloi\-na\-skeftomaste\-tin\-ekklisia\-kai\-oxi\-ta\-prosopika\-sumferonta\|title\=Αρχιεπίσκοπος Κύπρου: ''Πρέπει όλοι να σκεφτόμαστε την Εκκλησία και όχι τα προσωπικά συμφέροντα''\|date\=22 May 2019\|website\=ROMFEA\|language\=el\-gr\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-25}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/interview\-with\-archbishop\-chrysostomos\-of\-cyprus\-about\-his\-mediation\-concerning\-the\-ukrainian\-issue/\|title\=Interview with Archbishop Chrysostomos of Cyprus about his mediation concerning the Ukrainian issue\|last\=Cazabonne\|first\=Emma\|date\=2019\-05\-25\|website\=Orthodoxie.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-26}} In an interview given on 6 September 2019, the primate of the Church of Cyprus said the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew was displeased with the former's initiative of meetings: "We have taken the first step. We tried to begin seeing different Church primates and discovered that the Ecumenical Patriarch didn't want something like this. After that we just said, 'Did we commit a murder?' We stop here!" He also added: "As the Church of Cyprus we did not say we recognize \[the Orthodox Church of Ukraine], but we do not recognize it either. We maintain a neutral relationship, and we want to have good relations with everyone."{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.romfea.gr/ekklisia\-kyprou/31364\-arxiepiskopos\-kuprou\-theloume\-tin\-orthodojia\-enomeni\-kai\-ergazomaste\-na\-min\-proklithei\-sxisma\|title\=Αρχιεπίσκοπος Κύπρου: ''Θέλουμε την Ορθοδοξία ενωμένη και εργαζόμαστε να μην προκληθεί σχίσμα''\|date\=6 September 2019\|website\=ROMFEA\|language\=el\-gr\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-08}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://orthochristian.com/123741\.html\|title\=Pat. Bartholomew doesn't want primates to meet and discuss Ukrainian issue—Abp. of Cyprus\|date\=9 September 2019\|website\=OrthoChristian.Com\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-08}} In December 2019, the primate of the Church of Cyprus reiterated that his church had taken a neutral stance despite the actions of some of its [hierarchs](/wiki/Ordinary_%28church_officer%29 "Ordinary (church officer)"). He added that the Patriarchate of Moscow had asked him for his support; he replied that he disagreed with the decisions of the Moscow Patriarch to cease commemorating some other primates (the Ecumenical Patriarch, the [Archbishop of Athens](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Athens "Archbishop of Athens"), and the [Patriarch of Alexandria](/wiki/List_of_Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchs_of_Alexandria "List of Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria"){{Efn\|Thought at that time the Patriarch of Moscow is still commemorating the Patriarch of Alexandria.\|name\=\|group\=}}). He added: "\[The Patriarch of Moscow] is going to create a schism. And the schism is the greatest sin. I do not understand it. He wants to be [the first](/wiki/Primus_inter_pares%23Eastern_Orthodox_Church "Primus inter pares#Eastern Orthodox Church"). I told him you would never be the first. Over the past 17 centuries, the Patriarch of Constantinople has been established as first among all Eastern Orthodox primates. Full stop."{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxtimes.com/archbishop\-of\-cyprus\-i\-told\-patriarch\-of\-moscow\-he\-would\-never\-first\-among\-all\-orthodox\-primates/\|title\=Archbishop of Cyprus: I told Patriarch of Moscow he would never be first among Orthodox primates (upd)\|date\=2019\-12\-16\|website\=Orthodox Times\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-12\-16}} ### Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria On 22 October 2018, the [Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria_and_all_Africa "Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa") and the [Polish Orthodox Church](/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church "Polish Orthodox Church") issued a joint statement in which they "call upon all those on whom it depends to eliminate church misunderstandings associated with the bestowal of autocephaly to the Ukrainian Church; to please do whatever is within their might to avoid conflict over this issue in order to establish church order on Ukrainian territory." On 18 April 2019, the primates of the [Church of Cyprus](/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus "Church of Cyprus"), the [Church of Alexandria](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria "Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria"), the [Church of Antioch](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch "Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch"), and the [Church of Jerusalem](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem "Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem") gathered. They released a communiqué in which they write that among other things they "looked into the problems that arose after [granting autocephaly to the Orthodox Church in Ukraine](/wiki/Autocephaly_of_the_Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine "Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine")". The primates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem supported the "initiative of mediation" of the primate of the Church of Cyprus. In June 2019, the [Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria](/wiki/Patriarch_Theodore_II_of_Alexandria "Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria"), in an interview, took a stand on the Ukrainian issue for the first time. He said the Ecumenical Patriarch "had the right to grant" autocephaly, but that the question of [who received this autocephaly](/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine "Orthodox Church of Ukraine") is what created divisions among the Orthodox churches. He added: "Every problem has its solution. Our Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew is the Patriarch of [Romiosyne](/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks%23Romans_%28%E1%BF%AC%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%E1%BF%96%CE%BF%CE%B9%29 "Names of the Greeks#Romans (Ῥωμαῖοι)"), who we all respect and love. Do not forget that this issue is not a dogmatic one. There is a solution to the issue of Autocephaly."{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.romfea.news/patriarch\-of\-alexandria\-there\-is\-a\-solution\-to\-the\-issue\-of\-autocephaly\-of\-ukraine/\|title\=Patriarch of Alexandria: There is a solution to the issue of Autocephaly of Ukraine\|date\=2019\-06\-15\|website\=Orthodox Times\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-08}} ### Polish Orthodox Church In May 2018, the [Polish Orthodox Church](/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church "Polish Orthodox Church") (POC) declared it "express\[es] a clear position of the Polish Autocephalous Church, namely, that the ecclesiastic life of the canonical Orthodox Church should be based on the principles of dogmatiс theology and the holy canons of the Orthodox Church. \[...] The violation of this principle brings chaos to the life of the Church. In Ukraine, there are [certain schismatic groups](/wiki/Autocephaly_of_the_Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine%23Three_Eastern_Orthodox_churches_in_Ukraine "Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine#Three Eastern Orthodox churches in Ukraine") that must first repent and return to the canonical Church. Only then can we discuss the issue of granting autocephaly."{{Cite web\|url\=http://spzh.news/en/news/53425\-sinod\-polyskoj\-pravoslavnoj\-cerkvi\-vystupil\-s\-podderzhkoj\-upc\|title\=Synod of the Polish Orthodox Church speaks in support of UOC\|date\=20 May 2018\|website\=spzh.news\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-07}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://orthochristian.com/113031\.html\|title\=Serbian, Russian, Polish Orthodox Churches express support for canonical Ukrainian Church\|date\=18 May 2018\|website\=OrthoChristian.Com\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-07}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.romfea.gr/ekklisies\-ts/ekklisia\-polonias/21785\-ekklisia\-tis\-polonias\-antikanoniki\-i\-ekxorisi\-autokefalias\-stin\-oukrania\|title\=Εκκλησία της Πολωνίας: ''Αντικανονική η εκχώρηση αυτοκεφαλίας στην Ουκρανία''\|date\=17 May 2018\|website\=ROMFEA\|language\=el\-gr\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-07}} In September 2018, Secretary of the Chancellery of the POC sent a letter to rbc.ru in response to a request for a statement from the POC on the matter of Ukrainian autocephaly.{{Cite web\|url\=http://orthochristian.com/115750\.html\|title\=Ukrainian schismatics must repent and return before talk of autocephaly—Polish Orthodox Church\|date\=14 September 2018\|website\=OrthoChristian.Com\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-07}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5b9b6b619a7947bc29a15e05\|title\=Порошенко заявил о незаменимости Украины в "историческом проекте" ЕС\|date\=14 September 2018\|website\=РБК\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-07}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://mospat.ru/en/2018/09/14/news163760/\|title\=Polish Orthodox Church states that there must be no haste with regard to the autocephaly of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in order not to deepen the schism \|date\=14 September 2018\|website\=mospat.ru\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-29}} In this letter, the POC reinstate its May 2018 position and that "\[c]onsent of all the Local Churches is needed in order to grant the autocephaly to the Ukrainian Church, and a hasty decision can deepen the schism ... autocephaly is granted by the Mother Church after reaching agreement with the Primates of all the Local Churches\[.]"{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/en/db/text/5270048\.html\|title\=Polish Orthodox Church states that there must be no haste with regard to the autocephaly of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in order not to deepen the schism\|date\=14 September 2018\|website\=Patriarchate.ru\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-07}} On 22 October 2018, the [Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria_and_all_Africa "Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa") and the [Polish Orthodox Church](/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church "Polish Orthodox Church") issued a joint statement in which they "call upon all those on whom it depends to eliminate church misunderstandings associated with the bestowal of autocephaly to the Ukrainian Church; to please do whatever is within their might to avoid conflict over this issue in order to establish church order on Ukrainian territory."{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.patriarchateofalexandria.com/index.php?module\=news\&action\=details\&id\=1463\|title\=EKΚΛΗΣΗ ΤΩΝ ΔΥΟ ΠΡΟΚΑΘΗΜΕΝΩΝ\|website\=www.patriarchateofalexandria.com\|language\=el, pl, en\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-20}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.patriarchateofalexandria.com/index.php?module\=news\&action\=details\&id\=1463\|title\=APPEAL BY THE TWO PRIMATES\|website\=www.patriarchateofalexandria.com\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-29}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://mospat.ru/en/2018/09/22/news164129/\|title\=Primates of the Church of Alexandria and Polish Orthodox Church issue appeal concerning the situation of Orthodoxy in Ukraine \|website\=mospat.ru\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-29}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.romfea.gr/epikairotita\-xronika/23968\-koini\-ekklisi\-prokathimenon\-gia\-to\-oukraniko\-zitima\|title\=Κοινή έκκληση Προκαθημένων για το Ουκρανικό ζήτημα\|work\=ROMFEA\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-28\|language\=el, en, pl}}{{cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxia.info/news/%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF\-%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B7\-%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD\-%CE%B6%CE%B7/\|title\=ΑΠΟΚΛΕΙΣΤΙΚΟ: Σύναξη προκαθημένων ζητά από τον Οικουμενικό Πατριάρχη ο Αρχιεπίσκοπος Πολωνίας για το ουκρανικό\|date\=2018\-10\-04\|language\=el}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://vzcz.church.ua/en/2018/10/16/representatives\-from\-the\-alexandrian\-and\-polish\-churches\-appeal\-for\-church\-misunderstandings\-associated\-with\-the\-bestowal\-of\-autocephaly\-to\-the\-ukrainian\-church\-to\-be\-jointly\-resolved/\|title\=Representatives from the Alexandrian and Polish Churches appeal for "church misunderstandings associated with the bestowal of autocephaly to the Ukrainian Church" to be jointly resolved — Department for External Church Relations of the UOC\|website\=vzcz.church.ua\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-28\|archive\-date\=2018\-10\-29\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029030801/http://vzcz.church.ua/en/2018/10/16/representatives\-from\-the\-alexandrian\-and\-polish\-churches\-appeal\-for\-church\-misunderstandings\-associated\-with\-the\-bestowal\-of\-autocephaly\-to\-the\-ukrainian\-church\-to\-be\-jointly\-resolved/\|url\-status\=dead}} On 16 November 2018, the Polish Orthodox Church issued an official communiqué after the meeting of its synod on 15 November 2018\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.orthodox.pl/41419\-2/\|title\=Komunikat Kancelarii Św. Soboru Biskupów Polskiego Autokefalicznego Kościoła Prawosławnego 15 listopada 2018 roku\|date\=16 November 2018\|website\=www.orthodox.pl\|language\=pl\-PL\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-17}} The Polish Orthodox Church declared in this communiqué that it did not recognize the rehabilitation of the UAOC and the UOC\-KP and that the synod "forbids the priests of the Polish Orthodox Church from having liturgical and prayerful contact with the ‘clergy’ of the so\-called Kiev Patriarchate and the so\-called ‘Autocephalous Orthodox Church,’ which have committed much evil in the past". The communiqué also stated that "\[o]nly the observance of the dogmatic and canonical norms of the Church and the preservation of the centuries\-old tradition will protect Orthodoxy from severe ecclesiastical consequences on an international scale."{{Cite web\|url\=https://spzh.news/en/news/57585\-polyskaja\-cerkovy\-otkazalasy\-priznavaty\-vosstanovlenije\-filareta\-i\-makarija\|title\=Polish Church refuses to recognize reinstation of Filaret and Makariy\|date\=16 November 2018\|website\=spzh.news\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-17}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://mospat.ru/en/2018/11/16/news166738/\|title\=Bishops' Council of Polish Orthodox Church bans its clerics from entering into liturgical communion with Ukrainian schismatics that received Constantinople's recognition \|date\=16 November 2018\|website\=mospat.ru\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-23}} On 8 January 2019, Metropolitan [Sawa](/wiki/Sawa_%28Hrycuniak%29 "Sawa (Hrycuniak)"), primate of the [Polish Orthodox Church](/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church "Polish Orthodox Church"), declared that [Epiphanius](/wiki/Epiphanius_I_of_Ukraine "Epiphanius I of Ukraine") was a [layperson](/wiki/Laity "Laity") and not member of the [clergy](/wiki/Clergy%23Orthodoxy "Clergy#Orthodoxy"). He added that the [grant of autocephaly to the OCU](/wiki/Autocephaly_of_the_Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine "Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine") was a violation of the canon law.{{Cite web\|url\=http://spzh.news/en/news/59024\-glava\-polyskoj\-cerkvi\-jepifanijne\-svyashhennosluzhitely\|title\=Head of the Polish Church: Epiphany is not a member of the clergy\|last\=Filatova\|first\=Yekaterina\|date\=8 January 2019\|website\=spzh.news\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-08}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/kraj/1777214,1,autokefalia\-tak\-ale\-zgodna\-z\-prawem.read\|title\=Autokefalia tak, ale zgodna z prawem\|last\=Romanowski\|first\=Wiesław\|date\=6 January 2019\|website\=www.polityka.pl\|language\=pl\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-08}} On 2 April 2019, the Assembly of bishops of the POC released a communiqué. In it, it declared it reiterated its stance taken 9 May and 15 November 2018\. The communiqué says the POC is in favor of granting autocephaly to Ukraine, and that autocephaly should be given "according to the dogmatic and canonical norms of the whole Church, and not of a group of schismatics. Those who left the Church and have been deprived of their priestly ordination, cannot represent a healthy ecclesial body. It is an uncanonical act, violating the Eucharistic and inter\-Orthodox unity."{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/communique\-of\-the\-polish\-orthodox\-church\-assembly\-of\-bishops\-on\-ukrainian\-autocephaly/\|title\=Communiqué of the Polish Orthodox Church Assembly of Bishops on Ukrainian autocephaly\|date\=2019\-04\-09\|website\=Orthodoxie.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-10}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.orthodox.pl/komunikat\-kancelarii\-sw\-soboru\-biskupow\-9/\|title\=Komunikat Kancelarii Św. Soboru Biskupów\|date\=2 April 2019\|website\=www.orthodox.pl\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-07}} In the same communiqué, the POC declared that when it received schismatics they were [reordinated](/wiki/Ordination "Ordination"), however religious experts disagreed, saying that there is no documents or pictorial proofs proving the ordinations happened, and citing the case of bishops of the [Lusitanian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Lusitanian_Orthodox_Church "Lusitanian Orthodox Church") who were accepted into the POC without reordinations.{{Cite web\|url\=https://risu.org.ua/en/index/all\_news/confessional/orthodox\_relations/75321/\|title\=Polish Church supports Ukrainian autocephaly\|date\=5 April 2019\|website\=risu.org.ua\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-09}} ### Serbian Orthodox Church In August 2018, [Patriarch Irinej](/wiki/Irinej%2C_Serbian_Patriarch "Irinej, Serbian Patriarch"), primate of the [Serbian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church "Serbian Orthodox Church") (SOC), sent a letter to the [Ecumenical Patriarch](/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople "Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople") concerning the situation in Ukraine. In it, Irinej characterized as "very perilous or even catastrophic, probably as fatal for the unity of Holy Orthodoxy" the act "of exonerating and of restoring schismatics to the rank of bishops, especially the arch\-schismatic ones, such as ‘patriarch’ [Filaret Denysenko](/wiki/Filaret_%28Denysenko%29 "Filaret (Denysenko)") of Kyiv, and of bringing schismatics back into liturgical and canonical communion, without their repentance and their return to the unity of the [Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church "Russian Orthodox Church") from which they detached themselves. And all without the consent of the Moscow Patriarchate and without coordination with him" Irinej added he was afraid the schismatics of the [Montenegrin Orthodox Church](/wiki/Montenegrin_Orthodox_Church "Montenegrin Orthodox Church") would also be legitimised despite the fact that Montenegro is under the jurisdiction of the Serbian Orthodox Church.{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/patriarch\-irinej\-of\-serbia\-addressed\-a\-letter\-of\-protest\-to\-patriarch\-bartholomew\-of\-constantinople\-about\-the\-ukrainian\-autocephaly\-and\-other\-similar\-schismatic\-entities/\|title\=Patriarch Irinej of Serbia addressed a letter of protest to Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople about the Ukrainian "autocephaly" and other similar schismatic entities\|last\=Cazabonne\|first\=Emma\|date\=2018\-08\-31\|website\=Orthodoxie.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-22}} Not so long before the schism, head of the [Serbian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church "Serbian Orthodox Church"), Patriarch [Irinej](/wiki/Irinej%2C_Serbian_Patriarch "Irinej, Serbian Patriarch"), considered the presumable schism between Moscow and Constantinople would be the hardest of all those that have ever been, even greater quantitatively than the [schism of 1054](/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism "East–West Schism"). He stated that the Serbian Church does not accept the existence of two Orthodox Christianities \- "[Fanariotic](/wiki/Fener "Fener")" (i.e. Constantinople's) and "Moscow's". He added his church did not stand for Moscow nor was against Constantinople, but supported the established order and opposed any decisions that would certainly lead to dire consequences. He also declared that if [non\-canonical churches](/wiki/Autocephaly_of_the_Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine%23Three_Eastern_Orthodox_churches_in_Ukraine "Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine#Three Eastern Orthodox churches in Ukraine") were recognized, a similar phenomenon would happen "in [Macedonia](/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Ohrid_Archbishopric "Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric"), but also in [Montenegro](/wiki/Montenegrin_Orthodox_Church "Montenegrin Orthodox Church"), [Abkhazia](/wiki/Abkhazian_Orthodox_Church "Abkhazian Orthodox Church"), and wherever the contracting authorities and perpetrators have imagined, even, perhaps, in Greece."{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.b92\.net/eng/news/society.php?yyyy\=2018\&mm\=09ⅆ\=24\&nav\_id\=105126\|title\=Warning of "great schism" among Orthodox Christians \- English \- on B92\.net\|date\=September 24, 2018\|work\=B92\.net\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-28\|language\=en\|quote\="For the first time in the history of the Orthodox Church, it is faced with a real danger of a new big schism, this time not between the Christian East and West, but within the East itself. If that were to happen, and I hope that, despite everything, it will not, it would be a bigger and harder schism than all the previous ones in the history of the Church, quantitatively greater than the schism of 1054, given the present number of Orthodox churches and their widespread distribution in the world," Bishop Irinej has told the daily Politika. \[...] He also noted that the Serbian Orthodox Church does not accept the existence of two different and bickering Orthodox Christianities, one "Phanariotic", and the other of "Moscow" \- but instead believes in one, holy, communal and apostolic Church of Christ. "In short: we are not for Moscow, but for the full respect of the centuries\-old canonical order, and we are not against Constantinople, but against any initiative that, even independently of good intentions, would certainly cause even more severe shocks and divisions than we already have," he said."}} After the schism, Patriarch [Irinej](/wiki/Irinej%2C_Serbian_Patriarch "Irinej, Serbian Patriarch") gave an interview in which he condemned the 11 October decision of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. In his opinion, this decision increases the risks of new divisions in the Local Churches, while the Ecumenical Patriarch had no right to recognize the schismatic church and grant it an autocephaly.{{Cite web\|url\=https://balkaneu.com/serbian\-patriarch\-irinej\-ecumenical\-patriarchates\-decision\-about\-ukraine\-is\-leading\-to\-a\-schism/\|title\=Serbian Patriarch Irinej: Ecumenical Patriarchate's decision about Ukraine is leading to a schism\|date\=16 October 2018\|website\=balkaneu.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-28\|archive\-date\=2018\-10\-28\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225702/https://balkaneu.com/serbian\-patriarch\-irinej\-ecumenical\-patriarchates\-decision\-about\-ukraine\-is\-leading\-to\-a\-schism/\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://mospat.ru/en/2018/10/16/news165300/\|title\=Patriarch Irinej of Serbia: Patriarchate of Constantinople has taken a decision to which it has no right \|date\=16 October 2018\|website\=mospat.ru\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-29}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/serbian\-orthodox\-church\-align\-stance\-with\-russian\-patriarch\-10\-17\-2018\|title\=Serbian Bishops Back Russian Patriarch on Ukraine\|date\=17 October 2018\|work\=balkaninsight.com\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-28\|language\=en}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.romfea.gr/epikairotita\-xronika/24399\-patriarxis\-serbias\-protakousto\-auto\-pou\-kanei\-o\-oikoumenikos\-patriarxis\|title\=Πατριάρχης Σερβίας: "Πρωτάκουστο αυτό που κάνει ο Οικουμενικός Πατριάρχης"\|work\=ROMFEA\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-28\|language\=el\-gr}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://spzh.news/en/news/56694\-patriarkha\-varfolomeja\-postiglo\-bolyshoje\-iskushenije\-\-patriarkh\-irinej\|title\=Patriarch Irinej of Serbia: Temptation has befallen Patriarch Bartholomew\|date\=16 October 2018\|website\=spzh.news\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-26}} Some Serbian Church officials also expressed concerns that this decision would be followed by recognition of the [Macedonian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Ohrid_Archbishopric "Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric"), which had split from the Serbian Orthodox Church in 1967 and hadn't received recognition at the time of the Moscow–Constantinople schism.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rferl.org/a/29551213\.html\|title\=Will Macedonia's Orthodox Church Also Break Away?\|last\=Synovitz\|first\=Ron\|date\=18 October 2018\|website\=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-28}} On 20 October 2018, the [Serbian](/wiki/Irinej%2C_Serbian_Patriarch "Irinej, Serbian Patriarch") and [Antiochian](/wiki/John_X_of_Antioch "John X of Antioch") patriarchs made a common declaration in which they "appeal to their brother, His All Holiness the Ecumenical Patriarch, to restore the fraternal dialogue with the Orthodox Church of Russia in order to, with the fraternal assistance and participation of all the other primates of the Local Orthodox Autocephalous Churches, resolve the conflict between the Patriarchates of Constantinople and Moscow and to restore back the bond of peace in the Orthodox Church". On 12 November 2018, the synod of the Serbian Orthodox Church published a communiqué in which they declared they considered the reinstatement of Filaret and Makariy as "non\-binding for the Serbian Orthodox Church" and that they would therefore not communiate with them or their supporters. Synod also requested convocation of a Pan\-Orthodox Synod over the issue.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.spc.rs/eng/position\_serbian\_orthodox\_church\_church\_crisis\_ukraine\_after\_newest\_decisions\_patriarchate\_constanti\|title\=Position of the Serbian Orthodox Church on the Church Crisis in Ukraine After the Newest Decisions by the Patriarchate of Constantinople\|date\=20 November 2018\|website\=www.spc.rs\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-03\|archive\-date\=2018\-12\-03\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203221701/http://www.spc.rs/eng/position\_serbian\_orthodox\_church\_church\_crisis\_ukraine\_after\_newest\_decisions\_patriarchate\_constanti\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://spzh.news/en/news/57465\-serbskaja\-cerkovy\-otkazalasy\-priznavaty\-vosstanovlenije\-filareta\-i\-makarija\|title\=Serbian Church refuses to recognize "reinstatement" of Filaret and Makariy\|date\=12 November 2018\|website\=spzh.news\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-13}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://mospat.ru/en/2018/11/13/news166530/\|title\=Serbian Orthodox Church Bishops' Council expresses its position on situation resulting from Patriarchate of Constantinople's actions in Ukraine \|date\=13 November 2018\|website\=mospat.ru\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-22}} The patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church wrote on his christmas encyclical: "If, in accordance with the logic of this world, autocephaly is understood in any other way, as an element of a state's sovereignty, national individuality or separateness, then it does not contribute to the unity and building up of the Church, but it rather invites self\-sufficiency and living in isolation, and it becomes, paradoxically, a sin against the Holy Spirit. \[...] The temptation is the same in our very close and brotherly Ukraine, where the passion filled chauvinist\-Russophobes, led by corrupt politicians with the assistance of Uniates and, unfortunately, with the uncanonical cooperation of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, deepened and spread the existing schism and seriously jeopardized the unity of Orthodoxy in general."{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.spc.rs/eng/patriarchal\_nativity\_encyclical\_2018\|title\=Patriarchal Nativity Encyclical 2018\|date\=4 January 2019\|website\=www.spc.rs\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-05\|archive\-date\=2019\-01\-05\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105020940/http://www.spc.rs/eng/patriarchal\_nativity\_encyclical\_2018\|url\-status\=dead}} On 29 January 2019, during a visit for the 10th anniversary of the enthronement of [Patriarch Kirill of Moscow](/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow "Patriarch Kirill of Moscow"), Patriarch Irinej declared, among other things, that what is happening in Ukraine was comparable to a "bomb" thrown at [Orthodoxy](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church "Eastern Orthodox Church").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.interfax\-religion.com/?act\=news÷\=14894\|title\=Serbian patriarch compares situation in Ukrainian Orthodoxy to bomb explosion\|date\=29 January 2019\|website\=www.interfax\-religion.com\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-29}} On the same day, in an interview, he declared the Ukrainian question, in the 21st century, "can divide the Orthodox world and have serious repercussions."{{Cite web\|url\=https://mospat.ru/en/2019/01/29/news169687/\|title\=Patriarch Irinej of Serbia: Ukrainian problem can divide Orthodox world in the 21st century \|date\=2019\-01\-29\|website\=mospat.ru\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-30}} On 5 February 2019, Orthochristian informed that "there will be separate [Sunday of Orthodoxy](/wiki/Sunday_of_Orthodoxy "Sunday of Orthodoxy") celebrations in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") this year on March 17, \[...] with the Serbian Church and [ROCOR](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia "Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia") celebrating together separately from the [Greek Metropolis](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_America "Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America")."{{Cite web\|url\=http://orthochristian.com/119145\.html\|title\=Ukrainian crisis in the diaspora: Serbian Church, ROCOR to celebrate Sunday of Orthodoxy separate from Greek Metropolis in Chicago\|date\=5 February 2019\|website\=OrthoChristian.Com\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-15}} On 14 March the same source reported that the priests of the SOC "have been instructed not to serve with Constantinople clergy throughout America and Canada." On 28 February, the DECR of the ROC published a statement of the Serbian Orthodox Church, in which the SOC told his position concerning the Ukrainian question.{{Cite web\|url\=https://mospat.ru/en/2019/02/28/news170942/\|title\=Serbian Orthodox Church formulates its official position on ecclesiastical situation in Ukraine \|date\=28 February 2019\|website\=mospat.ru\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-14}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.interfax\-religion.com/?act\=news÷\=14984\|title\=Serbian Orthodox Church refuses to recognize Orthodox Church of Ukraine\|date\=28 February 2019\|website\=www.interfax\-religion.com\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-14}} However, some religious experts began to have doubts on the authenticity of the statement as there was no hyperlinks to the original statement.{{Cite web\|url\=https://risu.org.ua/ua/index/all\_news/confessional/orthodox\_relations/74914/\|title\=РПЦ розповсюдила фальшивку від імені "Бюро друку" Сербської Церкви про невизнання ПЦУ\|date\=1 March 2019\|website\=risu.org.ua\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-14}} On 13 March, the SOC published the same statement on its website.{{Cite web\|url\=https://risu.org.ua/ua/index/all\_news/confessional/orthodox\_relations/75048/\|title\=З Москвою навіки: Сербська Православна Церква визначилася із своїм ставленням до ПЦУ\|date\=13 March 2019\|website\=risu.org.ua\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-14}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.spc.rs/sr/stav\_srpske\_pravoslavne\_crkve\_o\_crkvenoj\_krizi\_u\_ukrajini\|title\=Став Српске Православне Цркве о црквеној кризи у Украјини \|date\=13 March 2019\|website\=www.spc.rs\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-14\|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-13\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313142623/http://www.spc.rs/sr/stav\_srpske\_pravoslavne\_crkve\_o\_crkvenoj\_krizi\_u\_ukrajini\|url\-status\=dead}} The SOC also sent its statement to all the local Orthodox churches. The head of the Serbian Church's Information and Publishing Department published a communiqué on 13 March in which he gave his personal opinion that "it is recommended, but not required, that Serbian hierarchs and clergy abstain from serving with those who have communion with the schismatics. Such a heavy decision as breaking communion can only be made by the Council of Bishops, not the Holy Synod, in the Serbian Orthodox Church."{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/bishop\-irinej\-of\-backas\-personal\-position\-on\-the\-serbian\-orthodox\-church\-decision\-regarding\-the\-crisis\-in\-ukraine/\|title\=Bishop Irinej of Bačka's personal position on the Serbian Orthodox Church decision regarding the crisis in Ukraine\|last\=Cazabonne\|first\=Emma\|date\=2019\-03\-14\|website\=Orthodoxie.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-15}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://orthochristian.com/119905\.html\|title\=Serbian Church maintains communion with Constantinople for now out of economia—Bp. Irinej of Bačka\|date\=14 March 2019\|website\=OrthoChristian.Com\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-14}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.spc.rs/sr/lichni\_stav\_uz\_stav\_srpske\_pravoslavne\_crkve\_o\_crkvenoj\_krizi\_u\_ukrajini\|title\=Епископ бачки Иринеј: Лични став уз "Став Српске Православне Цркве о црквеној кризи у Украјини" \|date\=13 March 2019\|website\=www.spc.rs\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-14\|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-14\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314192720/http://www.spc.rs/sr/lichni\_stav\_uz\_stav\_srpske\_pravoslavne\_crkve\_o\_crkvenoj\_krizi\_u\_ukrajini\|url\-status\=dead}} The council of bishops of the SOC, held from May 9 to 18, 2019, decided not to recognize the OCU.{{Cite web\|url\=https://risu.org.ua/en/index/all\_news/orthodox/orthodox\_world/75877\|title\=Council of Bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church decides not to recognize OCU\|date\=20 May 2019\|website\=risu.org.ua\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-22}} The council of bishops also stated: "The biggest problem of the Orthodox Church today is the Church schism in Ukraine and the unsuccessful attempts of the [Patriarchate of Constantinople](/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople "Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople") to solve the problem "on the knee," unilaterally, without dialogue with the [canonical Church in Ukraine](/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%28Moscow_Patriarchate%29 "Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)") and with the [Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church "Russian Orthodox Church"), and in general without pan\-Orthodox consultations."{{Cite web\|url\=http://orthochristian.com/121273\.html\|title\=Ukraine is biggest problem facing Orthodox Church today—Serbian Council of Bishops\|date\=20 May 2019\|website\=OrthoChristian.Com\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-22}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.spc.rs/eng/communique\_holy\_assembly\_bishops\_2\|title\=The Communique of the Holy Assembly of Bishops \|date\=22 May 2019\|website\=www.spc.rs\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-31\|archive\-date\=2019\-05\-31\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531173438/http://www.spc.rs/eng/communique\_holy\_assembly\_bishops\_2\|url\-status\=dead}} ### Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch On 6 October, the synod of the [Greek Patriarchate of Antioch](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch "Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch") announced its support for a pan\-Orthodox synaxis on the question of Ukraine's autocephaly.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.antiochpatriarchate.org/en/page/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86\-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1\-%D8%B9%D9%86\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF\-6\-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84\-2018/2042/\|title\=Statement of the Holy Synod of Antioch\|date\=6 October 2018\|website\=antiochpatriarchate.org\|access\-date\=16 December 2018}} On 20 October, the [Serbian](/wiki/Irinej%2C_Serbian_Patriarch "Irinej, Serbian Patriarch") and [Antiochian](/wiki/John_X_of_Antioch "John X of Antioch") patriarchs made a common declaration in which they "appeal to their brother, His All Holiness the Ecumenical Patriarch, to restore the fraternal dialogue with the [Orthodox Church of Russia](/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Russia "Orthodox Church of Russia") in order to, with the fraternal assistance and participation of all the other primates of the [Local Orthodox Autocephalous Churches](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_organization%23Autocephalous_Orthodox_churches "Eastern Orthodox Church organization#Autocephalous Orthodox churches"), resolve the conflict between the Patriarchates of Constantinople and Moscow and to restore back the bond of peace in the Orthodox Church".{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.spc.rs/eng/joint\_statement\_serbian\_and\_antiochian\_orthodox\_patriarchates\|title\=Joint Statement of the Serbian and Antiochian Orthodox Patriarchates\|date\=20 October 2018\|website\=www.spc.rs\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-03\|archive\-date\=2018\-12\-03\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203215704/http://www.spc.rs/eng/joint\_statement\_serbian\_and\_antiochian\_orthodox\_patriarchates\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://mospat.ru/en/2018/10/21/news165551/\|title\=Primates of the Antiochian and Serbian Orthodox Churches called Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople for dialogue with participation of heads of all Local Orthodox Churches \|date\=21 October 2018\|website\=mospat.ru\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-26}} The [primate of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch](/wiki/John_X_of_Antioch "John X of Antioch") answered to the 24 December 2018 letter of the [Ecumenical Patriarch](/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople "Bartholomew I of Constantinople"), which asked the primates of the local churches to recognize the autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine,{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxia.info/news/i\-call\-upon\-you\-to\-recognize\-uoc\-autocephaly\-bartholomew/\|title\=I call upon You to recognize UOC autocephaly: Bartholomew\|last\=Antoniadou\|first\=Maria\|date\=4 January 2019\|website\=Orthodoxia.info\|access\-date\=4 January 2019}} by asking the Ecumenical Patriarch to postpone the [grant of autocephaly to the Orthodox Church of Ukraine](/wiki/Grant_of_autocephaly_to_the_Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine "Grant of autocephaly to the Orthodox Church of Ukraine").{{Cite web\|url\=http://antiochian.org/regulararticle/221\|title\=Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America\|date\=9 January 2019\|website\=antiochian.org\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-10}} On 17 January 2019, [Patriarch John X of Antioch](/wiki/John_X_of_Antioch "John X of Antioch") declared he "fully supported" Russia on the question of Ukraine.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.interfax\-religion.com/?act\=news÷\=14875\|title\=Patriarch of Antioch says opposes actions aimed at dividing Orthodox\|date\=18 January 2019\|website\=www.interfax\-religion.com\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-18}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.interfax\-religion.ru/?act\=news÷\=71821\|title\=Интерфакс\-Религия: Антиохийский патриарх заявил о полной поддержке РПЦ в "украинском вопросе"\|date\=17 January 2019\|website\=www.interfax\-religion.ru\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-18}} On 29 January 2019, at a meeting with [Patriarch Kirill of Moscow](/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow "Patriarch Kirill of Moscow"), Patriarch John X declared: "We urged, and continue to urge, the Ecumenical patriarch and other supreme clergy to resolve existing problems, including those currently faced by our fraternal Russian Orthodox Church, through dialogue, through negotiation, through ordinary conversation".{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.interfax\-religion.com/?act\=news÷\=14896\|title\=Patriarch of Antioch asks Orthodox Churches not to remain silent on Ukrainian schism\|date\=29 January 2019\|website\=www.interfax\-religion.com\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-30}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://mospat.ru/en/2019/01/29/news169693/\|title\=Patriarch Kirill Meets with Patriarch John X of Antioch and All the East \|date\=2019\-01\-29\|website\=mospat.ru\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-30}} On 1 February 2019, in a homily for the 10th anniversary of the enthronement of [Kirill of Moscow](/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow "Patriarch Kirill of Moscow"), John X of Antioch expressed his "deep, heartily pain and great sorrow towards what is happening in our Orthodox Church these days and Her affliction as a result of individuality, lack of dialogue, and absence of conciliarity, and of what happened recently in Ukraine". John X also appealed to all the primates of the [Orthodox autocephalous churches](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_organization%23Autocephalous_Orthodox_churches "Eastern Orthodox Church organization#Autocephalous Orthodox churches") and said it was time "to gather and meet in order to proclaim our commitment to the unity of our Holy Orthodox Church, and our belief that Her light coming from the Light of Christ remains bright and glorious."{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/the\-world\-powers\-use\-the\-church\-as\-a\-toll\-for\-their\-policies\-and\-interests\-homily\-by\-patriarch\-john\-x\-of\-antioch\-on\-the\-10th\-anniversary\-of\-patriarch\-kirills\-enthronement/\|title\="The world powers use the Church as a toll for their policies and interests" \- Homily by Patriarch John X of Antioch on the 10th Anniversary of Patriarch Kirill's Enthronement\|last\=Cazabonne\|first\=Emma\|date\=2019\-02\-01\|website\=Orthodoxie.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-02}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.antiochpatriarchate.org/en/page/john\-x\-patriarch\-of\-antioch\-and\-all\-the\-east\-homily\-on\-the\-tenth\-anniversary\-of\-patriarch\-kirill\-s\-enthronement/2113/\|title\=John X Patriarch of Antioch and All the East Homily on the Tenth Anniversary of Patriarch Kirill's Enthronement\|date\=1 February 2019\|website\=www.antiochpatriarchate.org\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-02\|archive\-date\=2019\-02\-02\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202072930/https://www.antiochpatriarchate.org/en/page/john\-x\-patriarch\-of\-antioch\-and\-all\-the\-east\-homily\-on\-the\-tenth\-anniversary\-of\-patriarch\-kirill\-s\-enthronement/2113/\|url\-status\=dead}} On 18 April 2019, the primates of the [Church of Cyprus](/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus "Church of Cyprus"), the [Church of Alexandria](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria "Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria"), the [Church of Antioch](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch "Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch"), and the [Church of Jerusalem](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem "Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem") gathered. They released a communiqué in which they write that among other things they "looked into the problems that arose after [granting autocephaly to the Orthodox Church in Ukraine](/wiki/Autocephaly_of_the_Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine "Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine")". The primates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem supported the "initiative of mediation" of the primate of the Church of Cyprus. On 2 March 2022, the Holy Synod of the Church of Antioch released a statement, according to which its bishops "reiterated the position of the Patriarchate of Antioch stressing the necessity to return to the principle of consensus and unanimity of all Orthodox Churches \[...] to find solutions to controversial issues challenging the Orthodox world" and expressed "their sympathy to the shepherds of the [Ukrainian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%28Moscow_Patriarchate%29 "Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)") presided by His Beatitude Metropolitan [Onufriy](/wiki/Onufriy_%28Berezovsky%29 "Onufriy (Berezovsky)")" about the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine"), omitting both the Russian involvement and the [Orthodox Church of Ukraine](/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine "Orthodox Church of Ukraine") led by Epiphanius.{{cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxtimes.com/patriarchate\-of\-antioch\-on\-the\-same\-page\-with\-moscow\-patriarchate/\|date\=3 March 2022\|accessdate\=4 March 2022\|author\=Efi Efthimiou\|publisher\=Orthodox Times\|title\=Patriarchate of Antioch on the "same page" with Moscow Patriarchate}} ### Georgian Orthodox Church On 30 September, the [Georgian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church "Georgian Orthodox Church") published a statement on its website in which it encouraged the Patriarchates of [Moscow](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church "Russian Orthodox Church") and [Constantinople](/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople "Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople") to work together on the dispute over Ukraine.{{Cite web\|url\=http://orthochristian.com/116142\.html\|title\=Georgian Church: Ukrainian issue requires involvement of both Moscow and Constantinple\|date\=1 October 2018\|website\=OrthoChristian.Com\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-16}} Although Ukrainian parliament chairman [Andriy Parubiy](/wiki/Andriy_Parubiy "Andriy Parubiy") stated after an October 5 visit to [Tbilisi](/wiki/Tbilisi "Tbilisi") that the [Georgian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church "Georgian Orthodox Church") (GOC) was in support of Kiev, [Georgian Patriarch Ilia II](/wiki/Ilia_II_of_Georgia "Ilia II of Georgia") later denied this, and church spokesman Mikhail Botkoveli said: "We need more time to discuss the arguments of the Russian Orthodox Church, after which the Georgian Orthodox Church will announce its position". It is reported that there are sharp divisions within the Georgian Orthodox Church, which analysts see as "the most pro\-Russian institution in an anti\-Russian country". A major factor in the dispute within the GOC is the role of the [Abkhazian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Abkhazian_Orthodox_Church "Abkhazian Orthodox Church") (AOC) which itself broke from the GOC, the Russian Orthodox Church has offered to mediate the dispute between the GOC and the AOC. Some clerics see this as a reason to maintain the goodwill of the Russian Orthodox Church and others viewed the Abkhazian church as already "under the control of Moscow"; some accused Moscow of hypocrisy, with one theologian arguing publicly that "The (Moscow) patriarchate is betraying the biblical principle of ‘do unto others as you would have them do unto you'".{{cite news\|url\=https://eurasianet.org/as\-russian\-and\-ukrainian\-churches\-feud\-georgia\-bides\-time\|title\=As Russian and Ukrainian churches feud, Georgia bides time\|last\=Kucera\|first\=Joshua\|date\=16 October 2018\|access\-date\=16 November 2018\|agency\=EurasiaNet}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://jam\-news.net/orthodox\-churches\-of\-moldova\-georgia\-and\-belarus\-on\-moscow\-constantinople\-rift/\|title\=Orthodox churches of Moldova, Georgia and Belarus on Moscow\-Constantinople rift\|date\=16 October 2018\|work\=JAMnews\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-15\|language\=en\-US}} After its synod of 27 December 2018, the GOC said it waited further developments and would declare its position in January 2019\. According to a Metropolitan of the GOC, the GOC supports the Ukrainian autocephaly.{{Cite web\|url\=http://orthochristian.com/118268\.html\|title\=Georgian Church will voice its opinion on Ukraine in January\|date\=27 December 2018\|website\=OrthoChristian.Com\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-27}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/the\-georgia\-patriarchate\-may\-recognize\-the\-new\-autocephalous\-church\-of\-ukraine/\|title\=The Georgia Patriarchate may recognize the new Autocephalous Church of Ukraine\|last\=Cazabonne\|first\=Emma\|date\=2018\-12\-27\|website\=Orthodoxie.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-29}} After the granting of autocephaly to the [Orthodox Church of Ukraine](/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine "Orthodox Church of Ukraine") (5 January 2019\), officials of the GOC declared discussions concerning Ukrainian autocephaly would continue during subsequent meetings of the synod of the GOC.{{Cite news\|url\=https://jamestown.org/program/georgian\-orthodox\-church\-opts\-for\-caution\-regarding\-ukrainian\-autocephaly/\|title\=Georgian Orthodox Church Opts for Caution Regarding Ukrainian Autocephaly\|last\=Menabde\|first\=Giorgi\|date\=16 January 2019\|website\=Jamestown\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-17}} Some bishops of the GOC congratulated the Orthodox Church of Ukraine for its autocephaly.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.messenger.com.ge/issues/4311\_january\_15\_2019/4311\_tea.html\|title\=The Messenger \- Activists Call on Patriarchate to Congratulate Ukraine on Autocephaly\|last\=Mariamidze\|first\=Tea\|date\=15 January 2019\|website\=The Messenger Online\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-17}} On 29 January 2019, the GOC released a statement in which it stated that the main goal is now "to care for keeping the unity of Orthodox Church". Moreover, the statement reads: "The issuance of a tomos to the Ukrainian church drew various opinions in the entire Orthodox world, both in the secular world and in the clergy. We now have two parties that are defending their positions. None of the parties refrains from insults and blackmail".{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.interfax\-religion.com/?act\=news÷\=14899\|title\=Georgian Patriarchate calls for keeping unity of Orthodox faith in regard of Ukrainian issue\|date\=30 January 2019\|website\=www.interfax\-religion.com\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-30}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/statement\-by\-the\-georgian\-patriarchate\-on\-ukraine/\|title\=Statement by the Georgian Patriarchate on Ukraine\|last\=Cazabonne\|first\=Emma\|date\=2019\-01\-30\|website\=Orthodoxie.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-01}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://patriarchate.ge/geo/%e1%83%a1%e1%83%90%e1%83%a5%e1%83%90%e1%83%a0%e1%83%97%e1%83%95%e1%83%94%e1%83%9a%e1%83%9d%e1%83%a1\-%e1%83%a1%e1%83%90%e1%83%9e%e1%83%90%e1%83%a2%e1%83%a0%e1%83%98%e1%83%90%e1%83%a0%e1%83%a5\-3/\|title\=საქართველოს საპატრიარქოს განცხადება (29\.01\.2019\)\|date\=29 January 2019\|website\=patriarchate.ge \|access\-date\=2019\-01\-30}} On 29 January 2019, the GOC announced a delegation from the Ecumenical Patriarchate headed by {{Interlanguage link\|Emmanuel (Adamakis)\|lt\=Metropolitan Emmanuel of France\|fr\|Emmanuel Adamakis\|WD\=}} was going to visit Georgia to discuss Ukraine's autocephaly. It is the Ecumenical Patriarchate which initiated the visit.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.interfax\-religion.com/?act\=news÷\=14895\|title\=Georgian expecting delegation from Patriarchate of Constantinople to discuss Ukrainian church's autocephaly\|date\=29 January 2019\|website\=www.interfax\-religion.com\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-29}} On 30 January, after the meeting, Emmanuel of France declared: "We discussed the issue of the Ukrainian church's autocephaly and the tomos. Our purpose was to inform \[each other] about some details, we didn't want for force any positions. It was just an information meeting. We know that the catholicos\-patriarch has a lot of wisdom and can make the right decision".{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.interfax\-religion.com/?act\=news÷\=14902\|title\=Constantinople delegation visits Tbilisi to discuss Ukrainian autocephaly with Georgian patriarch\|date\=30 January 2019\|website\=www.interfax\-religion.com\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-30}} A Georgian theologian wrote a letter to [Metropolitan Hilarion](/wiki/Hilarion_%28Alfeyev%29 "Hilarion (Alfeyev)"), blaming the latter for using the authority of the [Catholicos\-Patriarch of Georgia](/wiki/Catholicos-Patriarch_of_All_Georgia "Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia") to silence those who supported the recognition of the [OCU](/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine "Orthodox Church of Ukraine") by the GOC. Extract of the letter were published by [Ukrinform](/wiki/Ukrinform "Ukrinform") on 5 February 2019\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric\-society/2633893\-georgian\-theologian\-says\-roc\-trying\-to\-discredit\-bishops\-who\-support\-ukraine.html\|title\=Georgian theologian says ROC trying to discredit bishops who support Ukraine\|date\=5 February 2019\|website\=www.ukrinform.net\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-05}} ### Romanian Orthodox Church {{See also\|People's Salvation Cathedral\#Ecumenical Patriarch, consecrated}} The [Romanian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church "Romanian Orthodox Church") on 26 October called for Constantinople to co\-operate with Moscow in resolving the issue, and stated that "unity is preserved through co\-responsibility and cooperation between the Local Orthodox Churches, by cultivating dialogue and synodality at the pan\-Orthodox level, this being a permanent necessity in the life of the Church."{{Cite news\|url\=http://basilica.ro/en/the\-holy\-synod\-calls\-for\-moscow\-and\-constantinople\-to\-resolve\-ukrainian\-issue\-together\-highlights\-pan\-orthodox\-cooperation/\|title\=The Holy Synod calls for Moscow and Constantinople to resolve Ukrainian issue together, highlights pan\-Orthodox cooperation\|last\=Anghel\|first\=Gheorghe\|date\=2018\-10\-26\|work\=Basilica.ro\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-28\|language\=en\-US}} On 23 November 2018, the [Ecumenical Patriarch](/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople "Bartholomew I of Constantinople") arrived in Romania to lead the consecration of the [Romanian People's Salvation Cathedral](/wiki/Romanian_People%27s_Salvation_Cathedral "Romanian People's Salvation Cathedral") which was planned on Sunday 25 November; the Ecumenical Patriarch was officially welcomed by [Patriarch Daniel of Romania](/wiki/Patriarch_Daniel_of_Romania "Patriarch Daniel of Romania").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.romania\-actualitati.ro/ecumenical\_patriarch\_bartholomew\_officially\_welcomed\_by\_patriarch\_daniel\-121338\|title\=Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew officially welcomed by Patriarch Daniel\|date\=23 November 2018\|website\=www.romania\-actualitati.ro\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-28}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://basilica.ro/en/ecumenical\-patriarch\-arrives\-in\-romania\-for\-historic\-consecration\-of\-national\-cathedral/\|title\=Ecumenical Patriarch arrives in Romania for historic consecration of National Cathedral\|last\=Anghel\|first\=Gheorghe\|date\=2018\-11\-23\|work\=Basilica.ro\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-28\|language\=en\-US}} On Sunday 25 November, the Ecumenical Patriarch and Patriarch Daniel of Romania consecrated together the Romanian People's Salvation Cathedral.{{Cite news\|url\=http://basilica.ro/en/the\-national\-cathedral\-act\-of\-consecration/\|title\=The National Cathedral: Act of consecration\|last\=Ioniţe\|first\=Sorin\|date\=2018\-11\-26\|work\=Basilica.ro\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-30\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://basilica.ro/en/consecration\-ceremony\-of\-romania\-national\-cathedral/\|title\=Consecration ceremony of Romania National Cathedral by Patriarchs of Constantinople, Romania\|last\=Iftimiu\|first\=Aurelian\|date\=2018\-11\-25\|work\=Basilica.ro\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-29\|language\=en\-US}}{{Citation\|last\=TRINITAS TV\|title\=CUNUNA CENTENARULUI: Catedrala Națională a fost sfințită\|date\=2018\-11\-25\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=3y\_kNPsLxwk\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-29}} (1 minute, 23 seconds) The Ecumenical Patriarch chaired the first mass of the Romanian People's Salvation Cathedral.{{Cite news\|url\=http://basilica.ro/en/national\-cathedral\-hah\-ecumenical\-patriarch\-bartholomew\-presides\-over\-the\-divine\-liturgy/\|title\=HAH Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew presides over Divine Liturgy at newly\-consecrated National Cathedral in Bucharest\|last\=Iftimiu\|first\=Aurelian\|date\=2018\-11\-25\|work\=Basilica.ro\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-29\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.romania\-insider.com/biggest\-cathedral\-romania\-consecrated/\|title\=Biggest cathedral in Romania consecrated\|date\=26 November 2018\|website\=www.romania\-insider.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-29}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.la\-croix.com/Religion/Orthodoxie/Roumanie\-inaugure\-grande\-cathedrale\-orthodoxe\-monde\-2018\-11\-25\-1200985392\|title\=La Roumanie inaugure la plus grande cathédrale orthodoxe du monde\|last\=La\-Croix.com\|date\=2018\-11\-25\|website\=La Croix\|language\=fr\|trans\-title\=Romania inaugurates the world's biggest Orthodox cathedral\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-28}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://basilica.ro/patriarhul\-ecumenic\-a\-prezidat\-prima\-liturghie\-oficiata\-in\-catedrala\-mantuirii\-neamului\-video/\|title\=Patriarhul Ecumenic a prezidat prima Liturghie oficiată în Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului {{!}} Video\|last\=Sorin\|first\=Ioniţe\|date\=2018\-11\-25\|work\=Basilica.ro\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-28\|language\=ro\-RO}} Both the [Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew](/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople "Bartholomew I of Constantinople") and the [Patriarch Daniel of Romania](/wiki/Patriarch_Daniel_of_Romania "Patriarch Daniel of Romania") led the church service this day; it was the very first church service in the cathedral.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/25/romania\-thousands\-attend\-blessing\-of\-controversial\-cathedral\|title\=Romania: thousands attend blessing of controversial cathedral\|last\=Agencies\|date\=2018\-11\-25\|newspaper\=the Guardian\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-28\|language\=en}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rferl.org/a/romania\-inaugurates\-orthodox\-cathedral\-amid\-controversy\-over\-costs/29619618\.html\|title\=Romania Inaugurates Orthodox Cathedral Amid Controversy Over Costs\|date\=25 November 2018\|website\=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-28}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/11/25/world/romania\-consecrates\-giant\-orthodox\-cathedral\-center\-bucharest/\|title\=Romania consecrates giant Orthodox cathedral in center of Bucharest\|date\=2018\-11\-25\|work\=The Japan Times Online\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-28\|language\=en\-US\|issn\=0447\-5763\|archive\-date\=2018\-11\-28\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128214134/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/11/25/world/romania\-consecrates\-giant\-orthodox\-cathedral\-center\-bucharest/\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.mississauga.com/community\-story/9049609\-ecumenical\-patriarch\-blesses\-romania\-cathedral\-1000s\-attend/\|title\=Ecumenical Patriarch blesses Romania cathedral, 1000s attend\|date\=2018\-11\-25\|work\=Mississauga.com\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-28\|language\=en\-CA}} The presence of Bartholomew and the absence of [Patriarch Kirill of Moscow](/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow "Patriarch Kirill of Moscow") at the cathedral inauguration "appears to suggest that Romania is siding with Constantinople in the dispute."{{Cite news\|url\=https://emerging\-europe.com/news/romania\-inaugurates\-grandiose\-new\-cathedral/\|title\=Romania inaugurates grandiose new cathedral\|last\=Turp\|first\=Craig\|date\=2018\-11\-25\|work\=Emerging Europe\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-28\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://risu.org.ua/en/index/all\_news/orthodox/orthodox\_world/73660/\|title\=Romanian Orthodox Church supports Patriarch Bartholomew\|date\=25 November 2018\|website\=risu.org.ua\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-01}} To the questions: "Will Patriarch Kiril in Romania come to the sanctification of the painting?" and "How will the presence of His Holiness Bartholomew I affect the relationship between the ROC \[Romanian Orthodox Church] and the Russian Patriarchate \[Russian Orthodox Church]?", the Romanian Patriarchate spokesman Vasile Bănescu{{Cite web\|url\=https://adevarul.ro/news/eveniment/vasile\-banescu\-purtatorul\-cuvant\-patriarhiei\-asistam\-asalt\-miscarii\-lgbt\-casatoriei\-1\_5bae55bfdf52022f75f439ec/index.html\|title\=Vasile Bănescu, purtătorul de cuvânt al Patriarhiei: "Asistăm la un asalt al mişcării LGBT împotriva căsătoriei"\|last\=Sirbu\|first\=Laurenţiu\|date\=28 September 2018\|website\=adevarul.ro\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-05}} answered: "I am absolutely convinced that Patriarch Kiril will return to Romania on the occasion of the sanctification of the painting and will not withdraw because the ROC had the wisdom to plead for a dialogue to heal the wound of this separation between the Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Patriarchate of Moscow and All Russia. \[...] We hope that this relationship, currently interrupted, will be resumed. The Romanian Patriarchate has a natural relationship with the Moscow Patriarchate and there are no tensions at the moment".{{Cite web\|url\=https://evz.ro/ce\-va\-face\-patriarhul\-rusiei.html\|title\=Ce va face Patriarhul Rusiei după ce Patriarhul Constantinopolului a sfințit Catedrala Națională\|last\=Tănase\|first\=Cristian\|date\=26 November 2018\|website\=\[\[Evenimentul Zilei]]\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-17}} On 21 February 2019, the [Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church](/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Holy_Synod_of_the_Romanian_Orthodox_Church "List of members of the Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church") discussed the Ukrainian question{{Cite web\|url\=http://basilica.ro/en/first\-2019\-holy\-synod\-working\-session\-kicks\-off\-with\-ukraine\-situation\-on\-the\-agenda/\|title\=First 2019 Holy Synod working session kicks off with Ukraine situation on the agenda\|last\=Iftimiu\|first\=Aurelian\|date\=2019\-02\-21\|website\=Basilica.ro\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-22}} and declared in a communiqué:{{Cite web\|url\=http://basilica.ro/en/holy\-synod\-examines\-ukrainian\-ecclesiastical\-issue\-at\-first\-2019\-working\-session/\|title\=Holy Synod examines Ukrainian ecclesiastical issue at first 2019 working session\|last\=Iftimiu\|first\=Aurelian\|date\=2019\-02\-21\|website\=Basilica.ro\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-22}} {{Blockquote\|text\=Regarding this tense ecclesiastical situation in Ukraine, the Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church reiterates its stance expressed during its previous working sessions of 24 May and 25 October 2018\. It was then recommended that, through dialogue, the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Moscow Patriarchate identify a solution to this ecclesiastical dispute by preserving the unity of faith, by respecting the administrative and pastoral freedom of the clergy and faithful in this country (including the right to autocephaly), and by restoring Eucharistic communion. In the event of an unsuccessful bilateral dialogue, it is necessary to convene a Synaxis of all Primates of Orthodox Churches to solve the existing problem.\|sign\=\|source\=}} The Romanian Orthodox Church also stated in the same communiqué: that once the schism in Ukraine will have been healed, once the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Moscow Patriarchate will have settled down their dispute over Ukraine, once the Romanian Orthodox Church will have "written assurances from Ukrainian ecclesiastical and state authorities that the ethnic and linguistic identity of \[the 127 Romanian Orthodox parishes in Ukraine currently administered by the [UOC\-MP](/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%28Moscow_Patriarchate%29 "Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)")] will be respected, and that these Romanian Orthodox will have the possibility to organise themselves within a *Romanian Orthodox Vicariate* and to be able to cultivate spiritual relations with the Romanian Patriarchate", and once the Ecumenical Patriarchate will have clarified "the problem of the non\-canonical hierarchs and priests in the West, who belonged to the former ‘[Kiev Patriarchate](/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Kiev_Patriarchate "Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kiev Patriarchate")’", then "the Holy Synod will express its official position on the situation of Orthodoxy in Ukraine." Patriarch Daniel wrote the preface of the Romanian edition of the book "The Everyday Years 'Quests" by Russian Patriarch Kirill.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.b1\.ro/stiri/eveniment/patriarhul\-daniel\-semneaza\-cartea\-lui\-kirill\-265345\.html\|title\=Preafericitul Daniel semnează prefaţa traducerii în română a unei cărți scrisă de Patriahului rus Kirill. Lucrarea s\-a lansat la Baia Mare, unde ambasadorul Kuzmin semna parteneriate cu primarul Cherecheş (FOTO)\|date\=2019\-03\-04\|website\=\[\[B1 TV]]\|language\=ro\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-12}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.g4media.ro/patriarhul\-daniel\-a\-semnat\-prefata\-unei\-carti\-scrise\-de\-patriarhul\-rus\-kirill.html\|title\=Patriarhul Daniel a semnat prefața unei cărți scrise de Patriarhul rus Kirill\|date\=2019\-03\-21\|website\=G4 Media\|language\=ro\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-12}} ### Albanian Orthodox Church On 10 October, [Archbishop Anastasios](/wiki/Anastasios_of_Albania "Anastasios of Albania"), head of the autocephalous [Albanian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church "Albanian Orthodox Church"), (AOC) sent a letter to the Moscow Patriarch. Extracts of this letter have been published on 22 November on the official website of the Department of External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church. In those extracts, the head of the Albanian Church declared that granting autocephaly to Ukraine was a "dangerous undertaking" and that "instead of the unity of Orthodox Christians in Ukraine, there has appeared a danger of schism in the unity of the universal Orthodoxy". He also said they should do everything to hold a pan\-Orthodox Council.{{Cite web\|url\=https://mospat.ru/en/2018/11/22/news166940/\|title\=His Beatitude Archbishop Anastasios of Tirana and All Albania: Instead of unity of Orthodox Christians in Ukraine, there has appeared a danger of schism in the unity of universal Orthodoxy\|date\=22 November 2018\|website\=mospat.ru\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-23}} The next day, the official website of the Albanian Orthodox Church published the full text of the letter of October 10, as well as the second letter, dated November 7,{{Cite web\|url\=http://orthodoxalbania.org/alb/index.php/en\-us/lajme\-3/blog/6815\-views\-of\-the\-orthodox\-autocephalous\-church\-of\-albania\-regarding\-the\-ukrainian\-ecclesiastical\-question\|title\=Views of the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania regarding the Ukrainian ecclesiastical question\|date\=23 November 2018\|website\=orthodoxalbania.org\|language\=en\-us\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-27\|archive\-date\=2018\-11\-28\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128034910/http://orthodoxalbania.org/alb/index.php/en\-us/lajme\-3/blog/6815\-views\-of\-the\-orthodox\-autocephalous\-church\-of\-albania\-regarding\-the\-ukrainian\-ecclesiastical\-question\|url\-status\=dead}} through the hosting service *DocDroid*, in English{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.docdroid.net/dAOO1nB/1ptrkirillen.pdf\|title\=1PtrKirillEN.pdf\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-27\|language\=en}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.docdroid.net/TSKJZOV/2ptrkirillen.pdf\|title\=2PtrKirillEN.pdf\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-27\|language\=en}} and in Greek.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.docdroid.net/OxtDQy8/1ptrkirill.pdf\|title\=1PtrKirill.pdf\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-27\|language\=en}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.docdroid.net/iP7VbNI/2ptrkirill.pdf\|title\=2PtrKirill.pdf\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-27\|language\=en}} In his first letter, Archbishop Anastasios declared the [14 September decision of Moscow](/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism_%282018%29%23September_2018:Russian_Orthodox_synod%27s_%22retaliatory_measures%22_and_the_aftermath "Russian Orthodox synod's ") had "dangerously complicated the whole matter" concerning Ukraine \- this passage had not been released among the extracts on the official website of the Department of External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church. In his second letter, Archbishop Anastasios disagreed with the decisions of the Moscow Patriarchate to break communion with the Church of Constantinople, stating: "It is unthinkable that the Divine Eucharist \[...] could be used as a weapon against another Church. \[...] We proclaim it is impossible for us to agree to such decisions." He also added that recent developments have made the convocation of a Pan\-Orthodox synaxis "extremely difficult" but that the Albanian Orthodox Church was willing to participate in it, if the Pan\-Orthodox synaxis was convoked canonically.{{Cite web\|url\=http://byztex.blogspot.com/2018/11/albanian\-church\-clarifies\-position\-on.html\|title\=Albanian Church clarifies position on Ukraine\|date\=23 November 2018\|website\=Byzantine, Texas\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-27}} The second letter was not published by Moscow.{{Cite news\|url\=http://orthochristian.com/117439\.html\|title\=Albanian Church publishes full text of letters to Pat. Kirill, opposes Russian Church's break in communion with Constantinople\|date\=24 November 2018\|work\=OrthoChristian.Com\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-27}} On 14 January 2019, the Holy Synod of the AOC sent a letter to Patriarch Bartholomew to ask the latter to hold a Pan\-Orthodox council "as soon as possible" to prevent "the evident risk of a painful schism."{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/archbishop\-anastasios\-of\-albania\-calls\-for\-a\-pan\-orthodox\-council\-to\-resolve\-the\-crisis\-in\-ukraine/\|title\=Archbishop Anastasios of Albania calls for a pan\-Orthodox Council to resolve the crisis in Ukraine ⋆ Orthodoxie.com\|date\=2019\-03\-11\|website\=Orthodoxie.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-02}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.romfea.news/archbishop\-of\-albania\-calls\-for\-a\-pan\-orthodox\-council\-for\-the\-orthodox\-church\-crisis\-in\-ukraine/\|title\=Archbishop of Albania calls for a Pan\-Orthodox Council for the crisis in Ukraine\|date\=2019\-03\-08\|website\=Romfea News\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-08}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.romfea.gr/epikairotita\-xronika/27416\-problimatismos\-tis\-ekklisias\-tis\-albanias\-gia\-to\-oukraniko\|title\=Προβληματισμός της Εκκλησίας της Αλβανίας για το Ουκρανικό\|date\=8 March 2019\|website\=ROMFEA\|language\=el\-gr\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-08}} The Holy Synod declared the ordinations performed by [Filaret](/wiki/Filaret_%28Denysenko%29 "Filaret (Denysenko)") were "non\-existent, void, deprived of the divine grace of the Holy Spirit. \[...] It is recognized by all of Orthodoxy as a fundamental ecclesiological principle that the ordinations of schismatics and heretics, as "mysteries" performed outside of the Church, are invalid, so all the more so ordinations by someone who is deposed and excommunicated".{{Cite web\|url\=http://orthodoxalbania.net/images/PDF/PatriarchConstantin2019\.pdf\|title\=Patriarch Constant in 2019\|website\=orthodoxalbania.net\|access\-date\=8 March 2019}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxsynaxis.org/2019/03/09/the\-holy\-synod\-of\-albanias\-letter\-to\-patriarch\-bartholomew/\|title\=The Holy Synod of Albania's Letter to Patriarch Bartholomew\|last\=Antiochenus\|first\=Petrus\|date\=2019\-03\-10\|website\=Orthodox Synaxis\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-03\-11}} The Ecumenical Patriarch answered with a letter containing arguments to prove the validity of the clergy of the [OCU](/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine "Orthodox Church of Ukraine"). On 21 March 2019, the Albanian Orthodox Church sent a new reply in which he gave counter arguments to the Ecumenical Patriarch's arguments.{{Cite web\|url\=http://orthodoxalbania.net/index.php/en\-us/lajme\-3/blog/6884\-on\-the\-ukrainian\-ecclesiastical\-question\-2nd\-reply\-speaking\-the\-truth\-in\-love\|title\=On the Ukrainian Ecclesiastical Question. 2nd Reply. Speaking the Truth in Love\|website\=Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania\|language\=en\-gb\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-02}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/archbishop\-anastasios\-of\-tiranas\-2nd\-reply\-to\-patriarch\-bartholomew/\|title\=Archbishop Anastasios of Tirana's 2nd Reply to Patriarch Bartholomew\|date\=2019\-04\-01\|website\=Orthodoxie.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-02}} ### Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia On 10 November, the head of the [Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia](/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Orthodox_Church "Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church") (OCCLS), Archbishop [Rastislav of Prešov](/wiki/Rastislav_%28Gont%29 "Rastislav (Gont)"), met with the head of the UOC\-MP, [Metropolitan Onufry](/wiki/Onufriy_%28Berezovsky%29 "Onufriy (Berezovsky)"). On this occasion, Archbishop Rastislav of Prešov declared his concern about the situation in Ukraine and condemned the Ecumenical Patriarchate's actions, stating that "it is impossible to create even a temporary good on the violation of the sacred canons of the Orthodox Church".{{Cite web\|url\=https://mospat.ru/en/2018/11/12/news166507/\|title\=Head of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church's Representation to the European Institutions meets with Primate of the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia \|date\=12 November 2018\|website\=mospat.ru\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-26}} On 24 November, Archbishop of Prague of the OCCLS, Michael, met with [Metropolitan Agafangel of Odessa](/wiki/orthodoxwiki:Agafangel_%28Pashkovsky%29_of_Odessa "Agafangel (Pashkovsky) of Odessa") of the UOC\-MP. Said Archbishop of Prague declared to the UOC\-MP members: "We have arrived to show our unity with you, as representatives of an autocephalous Church".{{Cite news\|url\=https://spzh.news/en/news/57784\-arkhijepiskop\-prazhskij\-prijehal\-v\-odessu\-molitvenno\-podderzhaty\-upc\|title\=Archbishop of Prague arrives in Оdessa to express prayerful support for UOC\|date\=26 November 2018\|newspaper\=Спж \| SPZH\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-26}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://eparhiya.od.ua/sobyitiya/sobyitiya/4963\-mitroplit\-agafangel\-vstretilsya\-s\-vyisokopreosvyaschenneyshim\-mihailom\_\-arhiepiskopom\-prajskim\-i\-cheshskih\-zemel\_\-video\|title\=Митроплит Агафангел встретился с Высокопреосвященнейшим Михаилом, архиепископом Пражским и Чешских земель. (Видео)\|date\=24 November 2018\|website\=eparhiya.od.ua\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-26\|archive\-date\=2018\-11\-26\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126183438/http://eparhiya.od.ua/sobyitiya/sobyitiya/4963\-mitroplit\-agafangel\-vstretilsya\-s\-vyisokopreosvyaschenneyshim\-mihailom\_\-arhiepiskopom\-prajskim\-i\-cheshskih\-zemel\_\-video\|url\-status\=dead}}{{Citation\|last\=Одесская епархия\|title\=Встреча м. Агафангела с архиепископом Пражским Михаилом\|date\=2018\-11\-24\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=yuq2cAQD5r8\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-26}}{{Citation\|last\=Orthodox Church\|title\=Metropolitan of Odessa and Archbishop of Prague talk about Ukraine's crises\|date\=2018\-11\-24\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=Ri1WKVeuqkQ\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-26}} In the end of January 2019, the holy synod of the OCCLS asked for a pan\-Orthodox meeting on the question of Ukraine to be held.{{Cite web\|url\=https://mospat.ru/en/2019/01/31/news169844/\|title\=His Beatitude Metropolitan Rostislav of the Czech Lands and Slovakia: There is no place for schism in church life \|date\=31 January 2019\|website\=mospat.ru\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-02\|quote\=The Holy Synod of the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia held its session the day before yesterday, and members of the Synod charged me with a duty to appeal to representatives of all the Local Orthodox Churches with a request to convene a pan\-Orthodox meeting over the Ukrainian issue. Until all the developments in the Ukrainian church life are discussed and a conciliar decision is taken, our position will remain unchanged.}} On 6 February 2019, commenting on the enthronement of [Metropolitan Epiphanius](/wiki/Epiphanius_I_of_Ukraine "Epiphanius I of Ukraine"), primate [Rastislav of Prešov](/wiki/Rastislav_%28Gont%29 "Rastislav (Gont)") declared Epiphanius was an impostor and that the canonical head of the Orthodox church in Ukraine was [Metropolitan Onuphry](/wiki/Onufriy_%28Berezovsky%29 "Onufriy (Berezovsky)").{{Cite web\|url\=https://mospat.ru/en/2019/02/06/news170200/\|title\=Primate of the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia: The Church of Ukraine has existed since the time Vladimir Equal\-to\-the\-Apostles, and His Beatitude Metropolitan Onufry is its Primate \|date\=6 February 2019\|website\=mospat.ru\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-08}} ### Bulgarian Orthodox Church The [Bulgarian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church "Bulgarian Orthodox Church") (BOC) first said it could not comment.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/balkan\-orthodox\-churches\-weigh\-stance\-on\-ecumenical\-patriarchate\-s\-decision\-10\-12\-2018\|title\=Ukraine Church Independence Leaves Balkan Churches Lost for Words\|date\=12 October 2018\|agency\=Balkan Insight}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/10/19/patriarch\-neofit\-bulgarian\-orthodox\-church\-still\-has\-no\-official\-position\-on\-independence\-of\-ukrainian\-church/\|title\=Patriarch Neofit: Bulgarian Orthodox Church still has no official position on independence of Ukrainian church\|date\=2018\-10\-19\|work\=The Sofia Globe\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-28\|language\=en\-US}} On 15 December, Metropolitan [Daniel (Nikolov)](/wiki/Daniel_%28Nikolov%29 "Daniel (Nikolov)") of Vidin, in an interview published on the official website of the BOC, declared the Ukrainian unification council was uncanonical and that the project to create an autocephalous church in Ukraine was only political.{{Cite web\|url\=http://spzh.news/en/news/58359\-ijerarkh\-bolgarskoj\-cerkvi\-obedinitelynyj\-soboreto\-sovet\-nechestivyh\|title\=Bulgarian Bishop Daniil: "Unification Council" is non\-canonical\|date\=15 December 2018\|website\=spzh.news\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-15}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/the\-council\-of\-ukraine\-is\-uncanonical/\|title\=The Council of Ukraine is uncanonical\|last\=Cazabonne\|first\=Emma\|date\=2018\-12\-18\|website\=Orthodoxie.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-18}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://bg\-patriarshia.bg/news.php?id\=278843\|title\=Митрополит Даниил: Съборът в Украйна е неканоничен\|date\=15 December 2018\|website\=bg\-patriarshia.bg\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-15\|archive\-date\=2018\-12\-18\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218024739/http://www.bg\-patriarshia.bg/news.php?id\=278843\|url\-status\=dead}} On 17 May 2019, Metropolitan [Daniel (Nikolov)](/wiki/Daniel_%28Nikolov%29 "Daniel (Nikolov)") of Vidin sent a letter to all the Metropolitans of the [Church of Greece](/wiki/Church_of_Greece "Church of Greece") telling them that the [actions of the Ecumenical Patriarch](/wiki/Autocephaly_of_the_Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine "Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine") "destroy, threaten and damage the Orthodox Church's unity and catholicity. In our opinion, the Orthodox Church is at a crossroads: show its catholic wisdom and protect unity, holiness, universality and apostolicity, or choose the path of Eastern papism, repeating the sad history of [1054](/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism "East–West Schism")."{{Cite web\|url\=http://spzh.news/en/news/62662\-patriarkh\-varfolomej\-razrushajet\-pravoslavijemitropolit\-bolgarskoj\-cerkvi\|title\=Bulgarian metropolitan: Patriarch Bartholomew destroys Orthodoxy\|date\=7 June 2019\|website\=spzh.news\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-13}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://fanarion.blogspot.com/2019/06/blog\-post\_31\.html\|title\=Φως Φαναρίου : Ο ΒΟΥΛΓΑΡΟΣ ΙΕΡΑΡΧΗΣ ΠΟΥ ΕΠΙΤΙΘΕΤΑΙ ΣΤΟΝ ΟΙΚΟΥΜΕΝΙΚΟ ΠΑΤΡΙΑΡΧΗ\|last\=Panagiotisandriopoulos\|date\=2019\-06\-03\|website\=Φως Φαναρίου\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-13}} However, the Holy Synod of the BOC declared on 12 June 2019 after its meeting that the letter of Metropolitan Daniel "is his personal view. The Holy Synod is categorically differentiated. In the questions raised by Metropolitan Daniel, the Synod has no solution."{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.romfea.news/the\-church\-of\-bulgaria\-differs\-from\-metropolitan\-daniels\-of\-vidin\-view/\|title\=The Church of Bulgaria differs from Metropolitan Daniel's of Vidin view\|date\=2019\-06\-12\|website\=Romfea News\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-13}} On 12 June, due to the pro\-ROC actions of Metropolitan [Daniel (Nikolov)](/wiki/Daniel_%28Nikolov%29 "Daniel (Nikolov)") \- the unauthorized distribution of anti\-Constantinople letters to representatives of local churches and a trip to [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow") without the blessing of the [Patriarch](/wiki/Neophyte_of_Bulgaria "Neophyte of Bulgaria") and the Synod, the Patriarch and the Synod having declared those actions harmed the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and the national security of Bulgaria \-, both Bulgarian metropolites [Nikolai of Plovdiv](/wiki/Nikolai_of_Plovdiv "Nikolai of Plovdiv") and [Daniel (Nikolov) of Vidin](/wiki/Daniel_%28Nikolov%29_of_Vidin "Daniel (Nikolov) of Vidin") announced they broke the Eucharistic communion between each others, refused to pray for each others, to recognize each others' existence and to [serve](/wiki/Divine_Liturgy "Divine Liturgy") each others. Allegedly, 75% of the BOC supports Nikolai of Plovdiv, while 25% supports Daniel of Vidin.{{Cite web\|url\=https://cerkvarium.org/novyny/pomistni\-tserkvy/terminovo\-bolgarski\-mitropoliti\-vidinskij\-ta\-plovdivskij\-rozirvali\-evkharistichne\-spilkuvannya\-cherez\-ukrajinu\|title\=Терміново: болгарські митрополити Видинський та Пловдивський розірвали євхаристичне спілкування через Україну – інтернет\-видавництво Церкваріум\|date\=18 June 2019\|website\=cerkvarium.org\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-18}} ### Church of Jerusalem On 18 April 2019, the primates of the [Church of Cyprus](/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus "Church of Cyprus"), the [Church of Alexandria](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria "Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria"), the [Church of Antioch](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch "Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch"), and the [Church of Jerusalem](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem "Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem") gathered. They released a communiqué in which they write that among other things they "looked into the problems that arose after [granting autocephaly to the Orthodox Church in Ukraine](/wiki/Autocephaly_of_the_Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine "Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine")". The primates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem supported the "initiative of mediation" of the primate of the Church of Cyprus. On 16 May 2019, [Patriarch of Jerusalem Theophilos III](/wiki/Patriarch_Theophilos_III_of_Jerusalem "Patriarch Theophilos III of Jerusalem") met with representatives of the Russian [Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society](/wiki/Imperial_Orthodox_Palestine_Society "Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society"). In his thank you speech, Theophilos III called the Church of Jerusalem "the Mother of all the Churches" and "the guarantor of the unity of the Orthodox Church"*.* The [Ecumenical Patriarchate](/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople "Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople") claims to be the only be the guarantor of Orthodox unity.{{Cite web\|url\=https://risu.org.ua/ua/index/all\_news/community/religion\_and\_policy/75867/\|title\=Патріарх Єрусалимський похвалив Путіна та назвав себе гарантом всеправославної єдності\|date\=19 May 2019\|website\=risu.org.ua\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-19}} ### Church of Greece On 28 August 2019, the Standing Holy Synod of the [Church of Greece](/wiki/Church_of_Greece "Church of Greece") stated that the Ecumenical Patriarch had the right to grant autocephaly, and that the [primate of the Church of Greece](/wiki/Ieronymos_II_of_Athens "Ieronymos II of Athens") had the "privilege" to "to further deal with the question of recognition of the Church of Ukraine".{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.romfea.news/the\-hierarchy\-of\-the\-church\-of\-greece\-to\-decide\-on\-the\-issue\-of\-ukrainian\-autocephaly/\|title\=The Synod of the Church of Greece recognizes the Ecumenical Patriarch's right to issue the status of Autocephaly (upd)\|date\=2019\-08\-28\|website\=Romfea News\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-08\-28}} On 7 October 2019,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.orthodoxianewsagency.gr/aytokefales\_ekklisies/ekklisia\_ellados/ektakti\-ierarxia\-to\-savvato\-gia\-to\-oukraniko\-zitima\-i\-eisigisi\-tou\-arxiepiskopou\-athinon/\|title\=Έκτακτη Ιεραρχία το Σάββατο για το Ουκρανικό Ζήτημα\- Η εισήγηση του Αρχιεπισκόπου Αθηνών\|date\=2019\-10\-07\|website\=Ορθοδοξία News Agency\|language\=el\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-11}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.romfea.gr/ekklisia\-ellados/32128\-apokleistiko\-ektakti\-ierarxia\-to\-sabbato\-12\-oktobriou\-gia\-tin\-oukrania\|title\=ΑΠΟΚΛΕΙΣΤΙΚΟ: Έκτακτη Ιεραρχία το Σάββατο 12 Οκτωβρίου για την Ουκρανία\|date\=7 October 2019\|website\=ROMFEA\|language\=el\-gr\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-12}} "a day before the start of the proceedings of the Synod of the Hierarchy of the Church of Greece, \[the [Archbishop of Athene](/wiki/Ieronymos_II_of_Athens "Ieronymos II of Athens")] informed in a letter the Body of Hierarchs that he would add another extraordinary meeting this coming Saturday regarding exclusively the Ukrainian issue."{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxtimes.com/what\-does\-ieronymos\-move\-to\-call\-the\-hierarchy\-on\-the\-ukrainian\-issue\-indicate/\|title\=What does Ieronymos' move to call the Hierarchy on the Ukrainian issue indicate\|date\=2019\-10\-07\|website\=Orthodox Times\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-11}} This meeting was scheduled for 12 October 2019\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxtimes.com/extraordinary\-meeting\-of\-the\-hierarchy\-of\-the\-church\-of\-greece\-to\-discuss\-the\-ukrainian\-autocephaly\-issue/\|title\=Extraordinary meeting of the Hierarchy of the Church of Greece to discuss the Ukrainian autocephaly issue\|date\=2019\-10\-07\|website\=Orthodox Times\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-12}} On 12 October 2019, the Orthodox Church of Greece recognized the autocephaly of the [Orthodox Church of Ukraine](/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine "Orthodox Church of Ukraine"), stating that "the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople has the right to granting autocephalies"{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.eleftherostypos.gr/ellada/472832\-ektakto\-i\-ekklisia\-tis\-ellados\-anagnorise\-tin\-ekklisia\-tis\-oykranias/\|title\=Η Εκκλησία της Ελλάδος αναγνώρισε την Αυτοκέφαλη Εκκλησία της Ουκρανίας\|date\=12 October 2019\|website\=eleftherostypos.gr\|publisher\=Eleutheros Typos\|trans\-title\=The Church of Greece recognized the Autocephalous Church of Ukraine\|access\-date\=12 October 2019}} During the debate preceding the recognition, more than 35 Metropolitans of the Church of Greece declared they had been pressured by the [ROC](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church "Russian Orthodox Church") but did not yield to it.{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxtimes.com/heated\-debate\-between\-hierarchs\-of\-church\-of\-greece\-on\-ukrainian\-autocephaly\-issue/\|title\=Heated debate between Hierarchs of Church of Greece on Ukrainian autocephaly issue\|date\=2019\-10\-12\|website\=Orthodox Times\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-14}} On 15 October the GoC released an official statement.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.orthodoxianewsagency.gr/epikairotita/i\-iera\-synodos\-gia\-tin\-anakoinosi\-tou\-mitr\-kythiron/\|title\=Η Ιερά Σύνοδος για την ανακοίνωση του Μητρ. Κυθήρων\|date\=2019\-10\-15\|website\=Ορθοδοξία News Agency\|language\=el\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-19}} According to news media reports, it had been tentatively expected that the official recognition of the OCU would take place on 19 October "in [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki "Thessaloniki") where Archbishop Ieronymos and Metropolitan [Epiphanius](/wiki/Epiphanius_I_of_Ukraine "Epiphanius I of Ukraine") w\[ould] possibly concelebrate the Divine Liturgy."{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxtimes.com/the\-church\-of\-greece\-has\-recognized\-the\-autocephalous\-church\-of\-ukraine/\|title\=The Church of Greece has recognized the Autocephalous Church of Ukraine (upd)\|date\=2019\-10\-12\|website\=Orthodox Times\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-12}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxie.com/grece\-la\-reconnaissance\-officielle\-de\-leglise\-orthodoxe\-dukraine\-le\-19\-septembre\-prochain/\|title\=Grèce : la reconnaissance officielle de l'Église orthodoxe d'Ukraine aura lieu le 19 octobre prochain\|date\=2019\-10\-12\|website\=Orthodoxie.com\|language\=fr\-FR\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-19}} On 19 October, the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew and Archbishop Ieronymos II of Athens jointly celebrated a [liturgy](/wiki/Liturgy "Liturgy") in the [Church of the Acheiropoietos](/wiki/Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos "Church of the Acheiropoietos") in [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki "Thessaloniki"), Greece, at which Metropolitan Epiphanius′ name was commemorated by the Patriarch. The fact was interpreted by Greek medias as a definitive acknowledgement (recognition) of Epiphanius by the Church of Greece.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.vimaorthodoxias.gr/mitropoleis/istorikes\-stigmes\-sti\-thessaloniki\-o\-patriarchis\-vartholomaios\-mnimonefse\-ton\-epifanio\-sto\-sylleitourgo\-me\-ton\-ieronymo/\|title\=Ιστορικές στιγμές στη Θεσσαλονίκη: Ο Πατριάρχης Βαρθολομαίος μνημόνευσε τον Επιφάνιο στο συλλείτουργο με τον Ιερώνυμο\|date\=2019\-10\-19\|website\=ΒΗΜΑ ΟΡΘΟΔΟΞΙΑΣ\|language\=el\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-20}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxia.info/news/%ce%ad%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%bd%ce%b5\-%ce%b7\-%ce%bc%ce%bd%ce%b7%ce%bc%cf%8c%ce%bd%ce%b5%cf%85%cf%83%ce%b7\-%cf%84%ce%bf%cf%85\-%ce%bf%cf%85%ce%ba%cf%81%ce%b1%ce%bd%ce%af%ce%b1%cf%82\-%ce%b1%cf%80%cf%8c\-%ce%b2/\|title\=Έγινε η μνημόνευση του Ουκρανίας από Βαρθολομαίο \- Ιερώνυμο\|date\=2019\-10\-19\|website\=ΟΡΘΟΔΟΞΙΑ INFO\|language\=el\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-19}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxtimes.com/ecumenical\-patriarch\-bartholomew\-and\-archbishop\-ieronymos\-acknowledged\-metropolitan\-epiphanius\-of\-kiev/\|title\=Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew and Archbishop Ieronymos acknowledged Metropolitan Epiphanius of Kiev\|date\=2019\-10\-19\|website\=Orthodox Times\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-19}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.ethnos.gr/ekklisia/oikoymeniko\-patriarheio/67535\_istoriko\-sylleitoyrgo\-kai\-eyharisties\-bartholomaioy\-ston\|title\=Ιστορικό συλλείτουργο και ευχαριστίες Βαρθολομαίου στον Ιερώνυμο για το Ουκρανικό: Σε κλίμα συγκίνησης ολοκληρώθηκε το συλλείτουργο του Οικουμενικού Πατριάρχη με τον Αρχιεπίσκοπο\|date\=2019\-10\-19\|work\=ethnos.gr\|language\=el\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-19}}{{Citation\|title\=Πατριαρχική Θεία Λειτουργία στον ιερό ναό Παναγίας Αχειροποιήτου\| date\=19 October 2019 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=NCA8yraRbyU\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-20}} In his speech toward the end of the liturgy,{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxie.com/le\-metropolite\-epiphane\-commemore\-pendant\-la\-divine\-liturgie\-celebree\-a\-thessalonique/\|title\=Le métropolite Épiphane commémoré pendant la divine liturgie célébrée à Thessalonique\|date\=2019\-10\-19\|website\=Orthodoxie.com\|language\=fr\-FR\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-20}} Patriarch Bartholomew thanked Ieronymos II because, Bartholomew said, Ieronymos II "identified with the canonical decisions of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. He also wrote the name of Metropolitan Epiphanius of Kiev and All Ukraine on the pages of the Diptychs."{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxtimes.com/ecumenical\-patriarch\-the\-autocephaly\-of\-the\-church\-of\-ukraine\-was\-a\-rightful\-demand/\|title\=Ecumenical Patriarch: The autocephaly of the Church of Ukraine was a rightful demand\|date\=2019\-10\-19\|website\=Orthodox Times\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-20}} A spokesman of the Moscow Patriarchate contested such interpretation pointing up the fact that Epiphanius' name was not said directly by the Archbishop.{{Cite web\|url\=https://ria.ru/20191019/1559968754\.html\|title\=В РПЦ прокомментировали совместную литургию Варфоломея и Иеронима\|date\=2019\-10\-19\|work\=\[\[RIA Novosti]]\|language\=ru\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-20}} On 21 October 2019, Archbishop Ieronymos II, the primate of the Church of Greece, sent a peaceful letter to Metropolitan Epiphanius, the primate of the OCU. The Archbishop′s letter meant that the Church of Greece had officially communicated to the OCU that the Church of Greece had recognized it.{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxtimes.com/the\-document\-of\-the\-recognition\-of\-the\-church\-of\-greece\-has\-arrived\-in\-kiev/\|title\=The document of the recognition of the Church of Greece has arrived in Kyiv (upd): The recognition of the Church of Greece is now officially in the hands of Metropolitan Epifaniy of Kyiv and all Ukraine.\|date\=2019\-10\-29\|website\=Orthodox Times\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-30}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.pomisna.info/uk/vsi\-novyny/synod\-elladskoyi\-tserkvy\-nadislav\-lysta\-na\-im\-ya\-mytropolyta\-epifaniya/\|title\=З Синоду Елладської Православної Церкви надійшов лист на ім'я Митрополита Епіфанія\|date\=2019\-10\-29\|website\=pomisna.info\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-30}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.interfax\-religion.com/?act\=news÷\=15333\|title\=Greek Orthodox Church de facto recognizes OCU, Ukrainian Orthodox Church calls it 'backstabbing'\|date\=30 October 2019\|website\=www.interfax\-religion.com\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-30}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.interfax\-religion.ru/?act\=news÷\=73651\|title\=Интерфакс\-Религия: Элладская церковь фактически признала ПЦУ, Украинская православная церковь назвала это "ножом в спину"\|date\=2019\-10\-29\|website\=www.interfax\-religion.ru\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-30}} ### Unrecognized or partially recognized Orthodox churches #### Belarusian, Macedonian and Montenegrin Orthodox churches and the Croatian Orthodox Union The unrecognized [Macedonian](/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Ohrid_Archbishopric "Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric") and [Montenegrin](/wiki/Montenegrin_Orthodox_Church "Montenegrin Orthodox Church") Orthodox churches have stated that they cannot yet comment.{{update needed\|date\=August 2024}} On 11 October, the [Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church](/wiki/Belarusian_Autocephalous_Orthodox_Church "Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church") announced that the abolition of the "Synodal Letter of the year 1686" would give rise to a disengagement from the ROC like the UOC.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.belapc.org/naviny\-\-\-galounaa/pastanovakanstancinopalskagapatryarhatupranevyznanneukazu1686gprapadparadkavannekieuskaemitrapoliimaskouskamupatryarhatu2018g\|title\=Прызнаньне дзеяньня ўказа несапраўдным дае падставу як Украінскай Царкве, так і Беларускай Царкве як былой частцы Кіеўскае Мітраполіі, быць незалежнымі ад РПЦ.\|trans\-title\=Repeal Decree action gives grounds as the Ukrainian Church and the Belarusian Church as part of the former Metropolitan of Kiev, to be independent of the ROC.\|website\=belapc.org\|language\=en, el, be\|access\-date\=2019\-12\-25\|archive\-date\=2019\-12\-25\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225175650/http://www.belapc.org/naviny\-\-\-galounaa/pastanovakanstancinopalskagapatryarhatupranevyznanneukazu1686gprapadparadkavannekieuskaemitrapoliimaskouskamupatryarhatu2018g\|url\-status\=dead}} The [Macedonian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Ohrid_Archbishopric "Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric") has asked to be canonically recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarch but was met with a harsh refusal, "Constantinople insisted on drawing a distinction between the situation with the Ukrainian Church and the Macedonian church \[... :] Constantinople had never given up its own jurisdiction over Ukraine in favour of Moscow, whereas it did so with the Macedonian eparchies in favour of the Serbian Church in 1922, when a Macedonian state did not exist."{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/macedonia\-church\-receives\-cold\-shower\-from\-constantinople\-10\-18\-2018\|title\=Ecumenical Patriarch Rebuffs Macedonian Church's Plea for Recognition\|date\=18 October 2018\|work\=BalkanInsight\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-28\|language\=en}} The MOC\-AO was granted autocephaly by the Serbian Orthodox Church in 2022\. Metropolitan [Miraš Dedeić](/wiki/Mira%C5%A1_Dedei%C4%87 "Miraš Dedeić") of the [Montenegrin Orthodox Church](/wiki/Montenegrin_Orthodox_Church "Montenegrin Orthodox Church") in November 2018 called on the Montenegrin government to solve the \[Montenegrin] church problem as with the Orthodox Church of Ukraine.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2020}} His successor Metropolitan [Boris Bojović](/wiki/Boris_Bojovi%C4%87 "Boris Bojović") took part in a conference with [Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church](/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church "Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church"), OCU, [Latin Church in Ukraine](/wiki/Latin_Church_in_Ukraine "Latin Church in Ukraine"), UOC\-MP and the {{ill\|German Evangelical Lutheran Church of Ukraine\|de\|Deutsche Evangelisch\-Lutherische Kirche in der Ukraine\|uk\|Німецька євангелічно\-лютеранська церква України}} with the title "Overcoming the Horrors of the War" where he denounced the "discriminat\[ion] \[of his church] by the current authorities in Montenegro, which are oriented towards Moscow."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.aktuelno.me/crna\-gora/mitropolit\-boris\-u\-posjeti\-ukrajini\-cpc\-diskriminisana\-od\-vlasti\-u\-crnoj\-gori\-koja\-je\-okrenuta\-moskvi/\|title\=Mitropolit Boris u posjeti Ukrajini: CPC diskriminisana od vlasti u Crnoj Gori koja je okrenuta Moskvi\|lang\=cnr\|date\=19 April 2024\|access\-date\=18 August 2024\|work\=Aktuelno.me}} In response to the news of the future granting of autocephaly to Ukraine, the [Croatian Orthodox Union](/wiki/Association_of_Croatian_Orthodox_Believers "Association of Croatian Orthodox Believers") in November 2018 criticized the [Croatian government](/wiki/Croatian_Government "Croatian Government") for not respecting the freedom of religion of the Croatian Orthodox Church and for not supporting the autocephaly of a [Croatian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Croatian_Orthodox_Church "Croatian Orthodox Church").{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.hrvatskipravoslavci.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=1171:carigradska\-patrijarhija\-dodjelila\-je\-autokefalnost\-ukrainskoj\-pravoslavnoj\-crkvi\&catid\=1:vijesti\&Itemid\=10\|title\=Carigradska Patrijarhija Dodjelila Je Autokefalnost Ukrainskoj Pravoslavnoj Crkvi\|date\=13 November 2018\|work\=hrvatskipravoslavci.com\|access\-date\=2019\-12\-26\|language\=hr\|trans\-title\=The Patriarchate of Constantinople Gives Autocephaly to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church}} #### Abkhazian and Turkish Orthodox Churches On October 16, 2018, the [Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate](/wiki/Autocephalous_Turkish_Orthodox_Patriarchate "Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate") filed a lawsuit against the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and Bartholomaios I because, according to the [Treaty of Lausanne](/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne "Treaty of Lausanne") of 1923, only services for Greek\-based Greeks should be performed by the Patriarch of Constantinople and therefore no exarchs may be sent to Ukraine and their church may not be granted autocephaly.{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2020}} On 22 October 2018, the unrecognized [Abkhazian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Abkhazian_Orthodox_Church "Abkhazian Orthodox Church") declared in an official statement: "We raise a prayer voice, because the actions of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, which are aimed at taking the Orthodox Church all over the world, violate church canons. Such an initiative of Patriarch Bartholomew will lead to a catastrophe for the Slavic peoples and the entire Orthodox world."{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.apsnypress.info/news/zayavlenie\-tserkovnogo\-soveta\-abkhazskoy\-pravoslavnoy\-tserkvi/\|date\=22 October 2018\|work\=\[\[Apsnypress]]\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-15\|language\=ru\|script\-title\=ru:Заявление Церковного Совета Абхазской Православной Церкви\|archive\-date\=2018\-12\-31\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043155/http://www.apsnypress.info/news/zayavlenie\-tserkovnogo\-soveta\-abkhazskoy\-pravoslavnoy\-tserkvi/\|url\-status\=dead}} #### Orthodox Church in America On 26 October, [Metropolitan Tikhon](/wiki/Tikhon_Mollard "Tikhon Mollard"), head of the [Orthodox Church in America](/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America "Orthodox Church in America") (OCA) issued an archpastoral letter in which he supported the idea of a pan\-Orthodox synaxis on the question of Ukraine.{{Cite news\|url\=https://oca.org/news/headline\-news/metropolitan\-tikhon\-issues\-archpastoral\-letter\-concerning\-recent\-developmen\|title\=Metropolitan Tikhon issues Archpastoral Letter concerning recent developments in Ukraine\|date\=26 September 2018\|work\=oca.org\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-20\|language\=en}} On 28 January 2019, the Holy Synod of the OCA, its primate included, issued an *Archpastoral Letter on Ukraine*. In this letter, the OCA declared it had decided:{{Cite web\|url\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/oca\-holy\-synod\-of\-bishops\-issued\-archpastoral\-letter\-on\-ukraine/\|title\=OCA Holy Synod of Bishops issued Archpastoral Letter on Ukraine\|last\=Cazabonne\|first\=Emma\|date\=2019\-01\-29\|website\=Orthodoxie.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-29}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://oca.org/news/headline\-news/holy\-synod\-of\-bishops\-issues\-archpastoral\-letter\-on\-ukraine\|title\=Holy Synod of Bishops issues Archpastoral Letter on Ukraine\|website\=oca.org\|date\=28 January 2019 \|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-29}} * + - * + {{Blockquote\|text\= \* To continue to recognize and support Metropolitan \[\[Onufriy (Berezovsky)\|Onufriy]] as the canonical head and Primate of the \[\[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)\|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]]; \* To withhold, with several of our sister Churches, recognition of the \[\[Orthodox Church of Ukraine]]; \* That no changes be made to the diptychs, noting that the Orthodox Church in America has not been formally requested to make such changes; \* That communion between clergy and faithful of all canonical Orthodox jurisdictions in North America be maintained and that any specific questions concerning the concelebration of clergy be directed to the local diocesan bishop; and \* That our clergy and faithful preserve an attitude of sobriety and restraint in any public discussions of these matters.\|sign\=\|source\=}}In a 16 May 2019{{Cite web\|url\=https://oca.org/holy\-synod/statements/holy\-synod\|title\=Holy Synod \- Official Statements and Speeches \- The Holy Synod of Bishops\|website\=oca.org\|language\=en\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531173944/https://oca.org/holy\-synod/statements/holy\-synod\|archive\-date\=31 May 2019\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-31}} encyclical, the Holy Synod of Bishops of the OCA reaffirmed its position taken in its 28 January 2019 pastoral letter.{{Cite web\|url\=https://oca.org/holy\-synod/statements/holy\-synod/holy\-synod\-reaffirms\-statement\-regarding\-external\-affairs\-in\-ukraine\|title\=Holy Synod reaffirms statement regarding External Affairs in Ukraine\|website\=oca.org\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-31}}
[ "Responses from other autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches\n------------------------------------------------------------", "### Church of Cyprus", "On 26 September 2018, the head of the [Church of Cyprus](/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus \"Church of Cyprus\"), [Archbishop Chrysostomos II](/wiki/Chrysostomos_II_of_Cyprus \"Chrysostomos II of Cyprus\"), had a meeting with the Ukrainian ambassador in Cyprus, Borys Humeniuk; during this meeting, the question of the ecclesiastical problems in Ukraine was discussed. During the meeting, Chrysostomos II \"expressed his worry and concern about the latest events in the Ukrainian Church and the possibility of the creation of a schism that would harm the unity of all Orthodoxy\" and declared that the Church of Cyprus was ready to be a \"bridge for the normalization of the unstable situation\" between the Patriarchates of Moscow and Constantinople concerning the question of the Orthodoxy in Ukraine. Those declarations were published on the official website of the Church of Cyprus.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://churchofcyprus.org.cy/46043\\|title\\=Αρχιεπίσκοπος Κύπρου: Η Εκκλησιά Κύπρου θα γίνει η γέφυρα για την εξομάλυνση του έκρυθμου Ουκρανικού ζητήματος\\|date\\=26 September 2018\\|work\\=Εκκλησία της Κύπρου\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-26\\|language\\=el}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://orthochristian.com/116069\\.html\\|title\\=Church of Cyprus prepared to become mediator in settlement of Ukrainian Church issue\\|date\\=28 September 2018\\|work\\=OrthoChristian.Com\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-26}}", "On 9 January 2019, Archbishop Chrysostomos declared: \"What's most important right now is not autocephaly, but that Orthodoxy may not be divided\" He added he would never commemorate the name of the [primate of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine](/wiki/Epiphanius_I_of_Ukraine \"Epiphanius I of Ukraine\") in the [diptych](/wiki/Diptych%23Ecclesiastical \"Diptych#Ecclesiastical\") of the Divine Liturgy.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/whats\\-most\\-important\\-right\\-now\\-is\\-not\\-autocephaly\\-but\\-that\\-orthodoxy\\-may\\-not\\-be\\-divided/\\|title\\=What's most important right now is not autocephaly, but that Orthodoxy may not be divided\\|last\\=Cazabonne\\|first\\=Emma\\|date\\=2019\\-01\\-09\\|website\\=Orthodoxie.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-15}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.romfea.gr/ekklisia\\-kyprou/26319\\-arxiepiskopos\\-kuprou\\-auti\\-tin\\-stigmi\\-den\\-proexei\\-i\\-autokefalia\\-alla\\-na\\-min\\-dixastei\\-i\\-orthodojia\\|title\\=Αρχιεπίσκοπος Κύπρου: ''Αυτή την στιγμή δεν προέχει η Αυτοκεφαλία, αλλά να μην διχαστεί η Ορθοδοξία''\\|date\\=9 January 2019\\|website\\=ROMFEA\\|language\\=el\\-gr\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-15}} On 25 January 2019, Archbishop Chrysostomos declared he considered the Ecumenical Patriarchate as the \"[Mother Church](/wiki/Mother_church \"Mother church\")\" and that he \"maintains good relations with the Phanar, which he will preserve despite any difficulties.\" He added he would concelebrate one day with [Metropolitan Epiphanius](/wiki/Epiphanius_I_of_Ukraine \"Epiphanius I of Ukraine\") once the latter would have come in Cyprus.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://fanarion.blogspot.com/2019/01/blog\\-post\\_25\\.html\\|title\\=Φως Φαναρίου : Κύπρου Χρυσόστομος: \"Το Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο είναι Μητέρα Εκκλησία\"\\|last\\=Panagiotisandriopoulos\\|date\\=2019\\-01\\-25\\|website\\=Φως Φαναρίου\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-28}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxia.info/news/κύπρου\\-χρυσόστομος\\-το\\-οικουμενικό\\-πα/\\|title\\=Κύπρου Χρυσόστομος: \"Το Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο είναι η Μητέρα Εκκλησία\"\\|last\\=Παπαγεωργίου\\|first\\=Σπύρος\\|date\\=25 January 2019\\|website\\=Orthodoxia.info\\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2019}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.unian.info/politics/10421883\\-orthodox\\-church\\-of\\-cyprus\\-to\\-recognize\\-ocu\\-head\\-epifaniy.html\\|title\\=Orthodox Church of Cyprus to recognize OCU head Epifaniy\\|date\\=25 January 2019\\|website\\=www.unian.info\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-25}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://risu.org.ua/en/index/all\\_news/confessional/orthodox\\_relations/74467/\\|title\\=Church of Cyprus plans to recognize OCU\\|date\\=25 January 2019\\|website\\=risu.org.ua\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-27}}", "On 7 February 2019, the [holy synod](/wiki/Holy_Synod \"Holy Synod\") of the Church of Cyprus decided that on 18 February 2019 the holy synod of the Church of Cyprus will hold an extraordinary meeting to give its final decision concerning the Ukrainian question.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://risu.org.ua/ua/index/all\\_news/orthodox/orthodox\\_world/74630/\\|title\\=Кіпрська Православна Церква визначилася з датою розгляду питання про визнання ПЦУ\\|date\\=8 February 2019\\|website\\=risu.org.ua\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-08}} On 18 February, the Church of Cyprus declared it did not doubt the goals of granting autocephaly in Ukraine was to heal the schism in Ukraine; the Church of Cyprus also stated that if the schism in Ukraine was not overcame in a certain amount of time, the Church of Cyprus \"expect\\[s] that the Ecumenical Patriarch, making use of his regulatory role given to him by his position as [First in Orthodoxy](/wiki/Primus_inter_pares%23Eastern_Orthodox_Church \"Primus inter pares#Eastern Orthodox Church\"), will convene either a Pan\\-Orthodox Council or a Synaxis of the Primates to act upon the matter.\" In the same communiqué, the Church of Cyprus declared it offered to be a mediator on the issue.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxsynaxis.org/2019/02/19/the\\-church\\-of\\-cyprus\\-statement\\-on\\-the\\-ukrainian\\-issue/\\|title\\=The Church of Cyprus's Statement on the Ukrainian Issue\\|last\\=Antiochenus\\|first\\=Petrus\\|date\\=2019\\-02\\-19\\|website\\=Orthodox Synaxis\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-21}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.romfea.news/church\\-of\\-cyprus\\-we\\-are\\-not\\-questioning\\-the\\-intention\\-of\\-the\\-ecumenical\\-patriarchate\\-to\\-grant\\-autocephaly\\-to\\-the\\-church\\-of\\-ukraine/\\|title\\=Church of Cyprus: We are not questioning Ecumenical Patriarchate's goal for the Church of Ukraine\\|date\\=2019\\-02\\-18\\|website\\=Romfea News\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-19}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.unian.info/politics/10451181\\-cyprus\\-church\\-condemns\\-russia\\-s\\-aggressive\\-policy\\-toward\\-orthodox\\-church\\-of\\-ukraine.html\\|title\\=Cyprus Church condemns Russia's aggressive policy toward Orthodox Church of Ukraine\\|date\\=19 February 2019\\|website\\=www.unian.info\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-19}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.romfea.gr/epikairotita\\-xronika/27150\\-oi\\-apofaseis\\-tis\\-ekklisias\\-tis\\-kuprou\\-gia\\-tin\\-oukrania\\|title\\=Οι αποφάσεις της Εκκλησίας της Κύπρου για την Ουκρανία\\|date\\=18 February 2019\\|website\\=ROMFEA\\|language\\=el\\-gr\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-19}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://churchofcyprus.org.cy/50127\\|title\\=Ανακοινωθέν Έκτακτης Συνεδρίας της Ιεράς Συνόδου (18 Φεβρουαρίου 2019\\)\\|last\\=Andreas Koshiaris\\|website\\=Εκκλησία της Κύπρου\\|date\\=18 February 2019\\|language\\=el\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-19}} The Church of Cyprus did not state it recognized the OCU.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://risu.org.ua/ua/index/all\\_news/orthodox/orthodox\\_world/74772/\\|title\\=Позачерговий Синод Кіпрської Православної Церкви обговорив українське питання\\|date\\=19 February 2019\\|website\\=risu.org.ua\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-19}}", "#### Meeting with representatives of other churches", "On 18 April 2019, the primates of the [Church of Cyprus](/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus \"Church of Cyprus\"), the [Church of Alexandria](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria \"Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria\"), the [Church of Antioch](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch \"Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch\"), and the [Church of Jerusalem](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem \"Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem\") gathered.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://basilica.ro/en/primates\\-of\\-orthodox\\-churches\\-in\\-middle\\-east\\-release\\-statement\\-following\\-meeting\\-in\\-cyprus/\\|title\\=Primates of Orthodox Churches in Middle East release statement following meeting in Cyprus\\|last\\=Iftimiu\\|first\\=Aurelian\\|date\\=2019\\-04\\-19\\|website\\=Basilica.ro\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-30}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.romfea.news/meeting\\-of\\-primates\\-in\\-cyprus\\-about\\-ukraine/\\|title\\=Meeting of Primates in Cyprus about Ukraine\\|last\\=Polygenis\\|first\\=Emilios\\|date\\=2019\\-04\\-18\\|website\\=Romfea News\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-30}} They released a communiqué in which they write that among other things they \"looked into the problems that arose after [granting autocephaly to the Orthodox Church in Ukraine](/wiki/Autocephaly_of_the_Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine \"Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine\")\". The primates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem supported the \"initiative of mediation\" of the primate of the Church of Cyprus.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/communique\\-of\\-the\\-meeting\\-of\\-the\\-primates\\-in\\-cyprus/\\|title\\=Communiqué of the meeting of the primates in Cyprus\\|last\\=Cazabonne\\|first\\=Emma\\|date\\=2019\\-04\\-24\\|website\\=Orthodoxie.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-30}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://churchofcyprus.org.cy/51652\\|title\\=Ανακοινωθέν Συναντήσεως των Προκαθημένων των Ορθοδόξων Εκκλησιών Μέσης Ανατολής\\|last\\=Andreas Koshiaris\\|website\\=Εκκλησία της Κύπρου\\|date\\=19 April 2019 \\|language\\=el\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-30}}", "The primate of the Church of Cyprus released a communiqué on 14 May 2019 in which he said: \"I have not received any order! I am leaving for Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece to discuss the Ukrainian issue\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/i\\-have\\-not\\-received\\-any\\-order\\-i\\-am\\-leaving\\-for\\-serbia\\-bulgaria\\-and\\-greece\\-to\\-discuss\\-the\\-ukrainian\\-issue/\\|title\\=I have not received any order! I am leaving for Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece to discuss the Ukrainian issue\\|last\\=Cazabonne\\|first\\=Emma\\|date\\=2019\\-05\\-15\\|website\\=Orthodoxie.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-18}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.romfea.gr/ekklisia\\-kyprou/29141\\-arxiepiskopos\\-kuprou\\-den\\-elaba\\-kamia\\-entoli\\-anaxoro\\-gia\\-serbia\\-boulgaria\\-kai\\-athina\\|title\\=Αρχιεπίσκοπος Κύπρου: ''Δεν έλαβα καμία εντολή! Αναχωρώ για Σερβία, Βουλγαρία και Αθήνα''\\|date\\=14 May 2019\\|website\\=ROMFEA\\|language\\=el\\-gr\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-18}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.orthodoxianewsagency.gr/aytokefales\\_ekklisies/ekklisia\\_kiprou/o\\-arxiep\\-kyprou\\-apanta\\-sta\\-dimosieymata\\-gia\\-ton\\-oik\\-patriarxi/\\|title\\=Ο Αρχιεπ. Κύπρου απαντά στα δημοσιεύματα για τον Οικ. Πατριάρχη\\|date\\=2019\\-05\\-15\\|website\\=Ορθοδοξία News Agency\\|language\\=el\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-18}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://churchofcyprus.org.cy/52351\\|title\\=Δήλωση του Αρχιεπισκόπου για Ουκρανικό – Αλβανίας\\|date\\=14 May 2019\\|website\\=Εκκλησία της Κύπρου\\|language\\=el\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-18}} From 17 May to 21 May he met the primates of the Bulgarian, Greek and Serbian Orthodox churches.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://orthochristian.com/121321\\.html\\|title\\=Archbishop of Cyprus visits primates of Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece to discuss Ukrainian problem\\|date\\=22 May 2019\\|website\\=OrthoChristian.Com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-25}}", "In May 2019, Archbishop Chrysostomos was interviewed concerning his mediation role in which he said: \"if one Church agrees with one side, another Church will agree with the other, and it will be a great evil! We could then reach a [schism](/wiki/Schism%23Christianity \"Schism#Christianity\")! The best is for us all to agree, and to make a decision all together, because the decision of only one Church will not serve any purpose, and what I am afraid of would happen. For myself, I could make a decision in favor of one side or the other, but I consider it wrong. That's why I didn't do it!\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.romfea.gr/epikairotita\\-xronika/29331\\-arxiepiskopos\\-kuprou\\-prepei\\-oloi\\-na\\-skeftomaste\\-tin\\-ekklisia\\-kai\\-oxi\\-ta\\-prosopika\\-sumferonta\\|title\\=Αρχιεπίσκοπος Κύπρου: ''Πρέπει όλοι να σκεφτόμαστε την Εκκλησία και όχι τα προσωπικά συμφέροντα''\\|date\\=22 May 2019\\|website\\=ROMFEA\\|language\\=el\\-gr\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-25}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/interview\\-with\\-archbishop\\-chrysostomos\\-of\\-cyprus\\-about\\-his\\-mediation\\-concerning\\-the\\-ukrainian\\-issue/\\|title\\=Interview with Archbishop Chrysostomos of Cyprus about his mediation concerning the Ukrainian issue\\|last\\=Cazabonne\\|first\\=Emma\\|date\\=2019\\-05\\-25\\|website\\=Orthodoxie.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-26}}", "In an interview given on 6 September 2019, the primate of the Church of Cyprus said the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew was displeased with the former's initiative of meetings: \"We have taken the first step. We tried to begin seeing different Church primates and discovered that the Ecumenical Patriarch didn't want something like this. After that we just said, 'Did we commit a murder?' We stop here!\" He also added: \"As the Church of Cyprus we did not say we recognize \\[the Orthodox Church of Ukraine], but we do not recognize it either. We maintain a neutral relationship, and we want to have good relations with everyone.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.romfea.gr/ekklisia\\-kyprou/31364\\-arxiepiskopos\\-kuprou\\-theloume\\-tin\\-orthodojia\\-enomeni\\-kai\\-ergazomaste\\-na\\-min\\-proklithei\\-sxisma\\|title\\=Αρχιεπίσκοπος Κύπρου: ''Θέλουμε την Ορθοδοξία ενωμένη και εργαζόμαστε να μην προκληθεί σχίσμα''\\|date\\=6 September 2019\\|website\\=ROMFEA\\|language\\=el\\-gr\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-08}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://orthochristian.com/123741\\.html\\|title\\=Pat. Bartholomew doesn't want primates to meet and discuss Ukrainian issue—Abp. of Cyprus\\|date\\=9 September 2019\\|website\\=OrthoChristian.Com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-08}}", "In December 2019, the primate of the Church of Cyprus reiterated that his church had taken a neutral stance despite the actions of some of its [hierarchs](/wiki/Ordinary_%28church_officer%29 \"Ordinary (church officer)\"). He added that the Patriarchate of Moscow had asked him for his support; he replied that he disagreed with the decisions of the Moscow Patriarch to cease commemorating some other primates (the Ecumenical Patriarch, the [Archbishop of Athens](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Athens \"Archbishop of Athens\"), and the [Patriarch of Alexandria](/wiki/List_of_Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchs_of_Alexandria \"List of Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria\"){{Efn\\|Thought at that time the Patriarch of Moscow is still commemorating the Patriarch of Alexandria.\\|name\\=\\|group\\=}}). He added: \"\\[The Patriarch of Moscow] is going to create a schism. And the schism is the greatest sin. I do not understand it. He wants to be [the first](/wiki/Primus_inter_pares%23Eastern_Orthodox_Church \"Primus inter pares#Eastern Orthodox Church\"). I told him you would never be the first. Over the past 17 centuries, the Patriarch of Constantinople has been established as first among all Eastern Orthodox primates. Full stop.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxtimes.com/archbishop\\-of\\-cyprus\\-i\\-told\\-patriarch\\-of\\-moscow\\-he\\-would\\-never\\-first\\-among\\-all\\-orthodox\\-primates/\\|title\\=Archbishop of Cyprus: I told Patriarch of Moscow he would never be first among Orthodox primates (upd)\\|date\\=2019\\-12\\-16\\|website\\=Orthodox Times\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-16}}", "### Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria", "On 22 October 2018, the [Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria_and_all_Africa \"Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa\") and the [Polish Orthodox Church](/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church \"Polish Orthodox Church\") issued a joint statement in which they \"call upon all those on whom it depends to eliminate church misunderstandings associated with the bestowal of autocephaly to the Ukrainian Church; to please do whatever is within their might to avoid conflict over this issue in order to establish church order on Ukrainian territory.\"", "On 18 April 2019, the primates of the [Church of Cyprus](/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus \"Church of Cyprus\"), the [Church of Alexandria](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria \"Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria\"), the [Church of Antioch](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch \"Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch\"), and the [Church of Jerusalem](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem \"Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem\") gathered. They released a communiqué in which they write that among other things they \"looked into the problems that arose after [granting autocephaly to the Orthodox Church in Ukraine](/wiki/Autocephaly_of_the_Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine \"Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine\")\". The primates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem supported the \"initiative of mediation\" of the primate of the Church of Cyprus.", "In June 2019, the [Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria](/wiki/Patriarch_Theodore_II_of_Alexandria \"Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria\"), in an interview, took a stand on the Ukrainian issue for the first time. He said the Ecumenical Patriarch \"had the right to grant\" autocephaly, but that the question of [who received this autocephaly](/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine \"Orthodox Church of Ukraine\") is what created divisions among the Orthodox churches. He added: \"Every problem has its solution. Our Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew is the Patriarch of [Romiosyne](/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks%23Romans_%28%E1%BF%AC%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%E1%BF%96%CE%BF%CE%B9%29 \"Names of the Greeks#Romans (Ῥωμαῖοι)\"), who we all respect and love. Do not forget that this issue is not a dogmatic one. There is a solution to the issue of Autocephaly.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.romfea.news/patriarch\\-of\\-alexandria\\-there\\-is\\-a\\-solution\\-to\\-the\\-issue\\-of\\-autocephaly\\-of\\-ukraine/\\|title\\=Patriarch of Alexandria: There is a solution to the issue of Autocephaly of Ukraine\\|date\\=2019\\-06\\-15\\|website\\=Orthodox Times\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-08}}", "### Polish Orthodox Church", "In May 2018, the [Polish Orthodox Church](/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church \"Polish Orthodox Church\") (POC) declared it \"express\\[es] a clear position of the Polish Autocephalous Church, namely, that the ecclesiastic life of the canonical Orthodox Church should be based on the principles of dogmatiс theology and the holy canons of the Orthodox Church. \\[...] The violation of this principle brings chaos to the life of the Church. In Ukraine, there are [certain schismatic groups](/wiki/Autocephaly_of_the_Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine%23Three_Eastern_Orthodox_churches_in_Ukraine \"Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine#Three Eastern Orthodox churches in Ukraine\") that must first repent and return to the canonical Church. Only then can we discuss the issue of granting autocephaly.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://spzh.news/en/news/53425\\-sinod\\-polyskoj\\-pravoslavnoj\\-cerkvi\\-vystupil\\-s\\-podderzhkoj\\-upc\\|title\\=Synod of the Polish Orthodox Church speaks in support of UOC\\|date\\=20 May 2018\\|website\\=spzh.news\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-07}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://orthochristian.com/113031\\.html\\|title\\=Serbian, Russian, Polish Orthodox Churches express support for canonical Ukrainian Church\\|date\\=18 May 2018\\|website\\=OrthoChristian.Com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-07}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.romfea.gr/ekklisies\\-ts/ekklisia\\-polonias/21785\\-ekklisia\\-tis\\-polonias\\-antikanoniki\\-i\\-ekxorisi\\-autokefalias\\-stin\\-oukrania\\|title\\=Εκκλησία της Πολωνίας: ''Αντικανονική η εκχώρηση αυτοκεφαλίας στην Ουκρανία''\\|date\\=17 May 2018\\|website\\=ROMFEA\\|language\\=el\\-gr\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-07}}", "In September 2018, Secretary of the Chancellery of the POC sent a letter to rbc.ru in response to a request for a statement from the POC on the matter of Ukrainian autocephaly.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://orthochristian.com/115750\\.html\\|title\\=Ukrainian schismatics must repent and return before talk of autocephaly—Polish Orthodox Church\\|date\\=14 September 2018\\|website\\=OrthoChristian.Com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-07}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5b9b6b619a7947bc29a15e05\\|title\\=Порошенко заявил о незаменимости Украины в \"историческом проекте\" ЕС\\|date\\=14 September 2018\\|website\\=РБК\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-07}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mospat.ru/en/2018/09/14/news163760/\\|title\\=Polish Orthodox Church states that there must be no haste with regard to the autocephaly of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in order not to deepen the schism \\|date\\=14 September 2018\\|website\\=mospat.ru\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-29}} In this letter, the POC reinstate its May 2018 position and that \"\\[c]onsent of all the Local Churches is needed in order to grant the autocephaly to the Ukrainian Church, and a hasty decision can deepen the schism ... autocephaly is granted by the Mother Church after reaching agreement with the Primates of all the Local Churches\\[.]\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.patriarchia.ru/en/db/text/5270048\\.html\\|title\\=Polish Orthodox Church states that there must be no haste with regard to the autocephaly of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in order not to deepen the schism\\|date\\=14 September 2018\\|website\\=Patriarchate.ru\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-07}}", "On 22 October 2018, the [Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria_and_all_Africa \"Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa\") and the [Polish Orthodox Church](/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church \"Polish Orthodox Church\") issued a joint statement in which they \"call upon all those on whom it depends to eliminate church misunderstandings associated with the bestowal of autocephaly to the Ukrainian Church; to please do whatever is within their might to avoid conflict over this issue in order to establish church order on Ukrainian territory.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.patriarchateofalexandria.com/index.php?module\\=news\\&action\\=details\\&id\\=1463\\|title\\=EKΚΛΗΣΗ ΤΩΝ ΔΥΟ ΠΡΟΚΑΘΗΜΕΝΩΝ\\|website\\=www.patriarchateofalexandria.com\\|language\\=el, pl, en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-20}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.patriarchateofalexandria.com/index.php?module\\=news\\&action\\=details\\&id\\=1463\\|title\\=APPEAL BY THE TWO PRIMATES\\|website\\=www.patriarchateofalexandria.com\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-29}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mospat.ru/en/2018/09/22/news164129/\\|title\\=Primates of the Church of Alexandria and Polish Orthodox Church issue appeal concerning the situation of Orthodoxy in Ukraine \\|website\\=mospat.ru\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-29}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.romfea.gr/epikairotita\\-xronika/23968\\-koini\\-ekklisi\\-prokathimenon\\-gia\\-to\\-oukraniko\\-zitima\\|title\\=Κοινή έκκληση Προκαθημένων για το Ουκρανικό ζήτημα\\|work\\=ROMFEA\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-28\\|language\\=el, en, pl}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxia.info/news/%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF\\-%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B7\\-%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD\\-%CE%B6%CE%B7/\\|title\\=ΑΠΟΚΛΕΙΣΤΙΚΟ: Σύναξη προκαθημένων ζητά από τον Οικουμενικό Πατριάρχη ο Αρχιεπίσκοπος Πολωνίας για το ουκρανικό\\|date\\=2018\\-10\\-04\\|language\\=el}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://vzcz.church.ua/en/2018/10/16/representatives\\-from\\-the\\-alexandrian\\-and\\-polish\\-churches\\-appeal\\-for\\-church\\-misunderstandings\\-associated\\-with\\-the\\-bestowal\\-of\\-autocephaly\\-to\\-the\\-ukrainian\\-church\\-to\\-be\\-jointly\\-resolved/\\|title\\=Representatives from the Alexandrian and Polish Churches appeal for \"church misunderstandings associated with the bestowal of autocephaly to the Ukrainian Church\" to be jointly resolved — Department for External Church Relations of the UOC\\|website\\=vzcz.church.ua\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-28\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-29\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029030801/http://vzcz.church.ua/en/2018/10/16/representatives\\-from\\-the\\-alexandrian\\-and\\-polish\\-churches\\-appeal\\-for\\-church\\-misunderstandings\\-associated\\-with\\-the\\-bestowal\\-of\\-autocephaly\\-to\\-the\\-ukrainian\\-church\\-to\\-be\\-jointly\\-resolved/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "On 16 November 2018, the Polish Orthodox Church issued an official communiqué after the meeting of its synod on 15 November 2018\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.orthodox.pl/41419\\-2/\\|title\\=Komunikat \nKancelarii Św. Soboru Biskupów \nPolskiego Autokefalicznego Kościoła Prawosławnego \n15 listopada 2018 roku\\|date\\=16 November 2018\\|website\\=www.orthodox.pl\\|language\\=pl\\-PL\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-17}} The Polish Orthodox Church declared in this communiqué that it did not recognize the rehabilitation of the UAOC and the UOC\\-KP and that the synod \"forbids the priests of the Polish Orthodox Church from having liturgical and prayerful contact with the ‘clergy’ of the so\\-called Kiev Patriarchate and the so\\-called ‘Autocephalous Orthodox Church,’ which have committed much evil in the past\". The communiqué also stated that \"\\[o]nly the observance of the dogmatic and canonical norms of the Church and the preservation of the centuries\\-old tradition will protect Orthodoxy from severe ecclesiastical consequences on an international scale.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://spzh.news/en/news/57585\\-polyskaja\\-cerkovy\\-otkazalasy\\-priznavaty\\-vosstanovlenije\\-filareta\\-i\\-makarija\\|title\\=Polish Church refuses to recognize reinstation of Filaret and Makariy\\|date\\=16 November 2018\\|website\\=spzh.news\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-17}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mospat.ru/en/2018/11/16/news166738/\\|title\\=Bishops' Council of Polish Orthodox Church bans its clerics from entering into liturgical communion with Ukrainian schismatics that received Constantinople's recognition \\|date\\=16 November 2018\\|website\\=mospat.ru\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-23}}", "On 8 January 2019, Metropolitan [Sawa](/wiki/Sawa_%28Hrycuniak%29 \"Sawa (Hrycuniak)\"), primate of the [Polish Orthodox Church](/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church \"Polish Orthodox Church\"), declared that [Epiphanius](/wiki/Epiphanius_I_of_Ukraine \"Epiphanius I of Ukraine\") was a [layperson](/wiki/Laity \"Laity\") and not member of the [clergy](/wiki/Clergy%23Orthodoxy \"Clergy#Orthodoxy\"). He added that the [grant of autocephaly to the OCU](/wiki/Autocephaly_of_the_Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine \"Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine\") was a violation of the canon law.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://spzh.news/en/news/59024\\-glava\\-polyskoj\\-cerkvi\\-jepifanijne\\-svyashhennosluzhitely\\|title\\=Head of the Polish Church: Epiphany is not a member of the clergy\\|last\\=Filatova\\|first\\=Yekaterina\\|date\\=8 January 2019\\|website\\=spzh.news\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-08}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/kraj/1777214,1,autokefalia\\-tak\\-ale\\-zgodna\\-z\\-prawem.read\\|title\\=Autokefalia tak, ale zgodna z prawem\\|last\\=Romanowski\\|first\\=Wiesław\\|date\\=6 January 2019\\|website\\=www.polityka.pl\\|language\\=pl\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-08}}", "On 2 April 2019, the Assembly of bishops of the POC released a communiqué. In it, it declared it reiterated its stance taken 9 May and 15 November 2018\\. The communiqué says the POC is in favor of granting autocephaly to Ukraine, and that autocephaly should be given \"according to the dogmatic and canonical norms of the whole Church, and not of a group of schismatics. Those who left the Church and have been deprived of their priestly ordination, cannot represent a healthy ecclesial body. It is an uncanonical act, violating the Eucharistic and inter\\-Orthodox unity.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/communique\\-of\\-the\\-polish\\-orthodox\\-church\\-assembly\\-of\\-bishops\\-on\\-ukrainian\\-autocephaly/\\|title\\=Communiqué of the Polish Orthodox Church Assembly of Bishops on Ukrainian autocephaly\\|date\\=2019\\-04\\-09\\|website\\=Orthodoxie.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-10}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.orthodox.pl/komunikat\\-kancelarii\\-sw\\-soboru\\-biskupow\\-9/\\|title\\=Komunikat Kancelarii Św. Soboru Biskupów\\|date\\=2 April 2019\\|website\\=www.orthodox.pl\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-07}} In the same communiqué, the POC declared that when it received schismatics they were [reordinated](/wiki/Ordination \"Ordination\"), however religious experts disagreed, saying that there is no documents or pictorial proofs proving the ordinations happened, and citing the case of bishops of the [Lusitanian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Lusitanian_Orthodox_Church \"Lusitanian Orthodox Church\") who were accepted into the POC without reordinations.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://risu.org.ua/en/index/all\\_news/confessional/orthodox\\_relations/75321/\\|title\\=Polish Church supports Ukrainian autocephaly\\|date\\=5 April 2019\\|website\\=risu.org.ua\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-09}}", "### Serbian Orthodox Church", "In August 2018, [Patriarch Irinej](/wiki/Irinej%2C_Serbian_Patriarch \"Irinej, Serbian Patriarch\"), primate of the [Serbian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church \"Serbian Orthodox Church\") (SOC), sent a letter to the [Ecumenical Patriarch](/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople \"Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople\") concerning the situation in Ukraine. In it, Irinej characterized as \"very perilous or even catastrophic, probably as fatal for the unity of Holy Orthodoxy\" the act \"of exonerating and of restoring schismatics to the rank of bishops, especially the arch\\-schismatic ones, such as ‘patriarch’ [Filaret Denysenko](/wiki/Filaret_%28Denysenko%29 \"Filaret (Denysenko)\") of Kyiv, and of bringing schismatics back into liturgical and canonical communion, without their repentance and their return to the unity of the [Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church \"Russian Orthodox Church\") from which they detached themselves. And all without the consent of the Moscow Patriarchate and without coordination with him\" Irinej added he was afraid the schismatics of the [Montenegrin Orthodox Church](/wiki/Montenegrin_Orthodox_Church \"Montenegrin Orthodox Church\") would also be legitimised despite the fact that Montenegro is under the jurisdiction of the Serbian Orthodox Church.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/patriarch\\-irinej\\-of\\-serbia\\-addressed\\-a\\-letter\\-of\\-protest\\-to\\-patriarch\\-bartholomew\\-of\\-constantinople\\-about\\-the\\-ukrainian\\-autocephaly\\-and\\-other\\-similar\\-schismatic\\-entities/\\|title\\=Patriarch Irinej of Serbia addressed a letter of protest to Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople about the Ukrainian \"autocephaly\" and other similar schismatic entities\\|last\\=Cazabonne\\|first\\=Emma\\|date\\=2018\\-08\\-31\\|website\\=Orthodoxie.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-22}}", "Not so long before the schism, head of the [Serbian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church \"Serbian Orthodox Church\"), Patriarch [Irinej](/wiki/Irinej%2C_Serbian_Patriarch \"Irinej, Serbian Patriarch\"), considered the presumable schism between Moscow and Constantinople would be the hardest of all those that have ever been, even greater quantitatively than the [schism of 1054](/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism \"East–West Schism\"). He stated that the Serbian Church does not accept the existence of two Orthodox Christianities \\- \"[Fanariotic](/wiki/Fener \"Fener\")\" (i.e. Constantinople's) and \"Moscow's\". He added his church did not stand for Moscow nor was against Constantinople, but supported the established order and opposed any decisions that would certainly lead to dire consequences. He also declared that if [non\\-canonical churches](/wiki/Autocephaly_of_the_Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine%23Three_Eastern_Orthodox_churches_in_Ukraine \"Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine#Three Eastern Orthodox churches in Ukraine\") were recognized, a similar phenomenon would happen \"in [Macedonia](/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Ohrid_Archbishopric \"Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric\"), but also in [Montenegro](/wiki/Montenegrin_Orthodox_Church \"Montenegrin Orthodox Church\"), [Abkhazia](/wiki/Abkhazian_Orthodox_Church \"Abkhazian Orthodox Church\"), and wherever the contracting authorities and perpetrators have imagined, even, perhaps, in Greece.\"{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.b92\\.net/eng/news/society.php?yyyy\\=2018\\&mm\\=09ⅆ\\=24\\&nav\\_id\\=105126\\|title\\=Warning of \"great schism\" among Orthodox Christians \\- English \\- on B92\\.net\\|date\\=September 24, 2018\\|work\\=B92\\.net\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-28\\|language\\=en\\|quote\\=\"For the first time in the history of the Orthodox Church, it is faced with a real danger of a new big schism, this time not between the Christian East and West, but within the East itself. If that were to happen, and I hope that, despite everything, it will not, it would be a bigger and harder schism than all the previous ones in the history of the Church, quantitatively greater than the schism of 1054, given the present number of Orthodox churches and their widespread distribution in the world,\" Bishop Irinej has told the daily Politika. \n\\[...] \nHe also noted that the Serbian Orthodox Church does not accept the existence of two different and bickering Orthodox Christianities, one \"Phanariotic\", and the other of \"Moscow\" \\- but instead believes in one, holy, communal and apostolic Church of Christ. \n\"In short: we are not for Moscow, but for the full respect of the centuries\\-old canonical order, and we are not against Constantinople, but against any initiative that, even independently of good intentions, would certainly cause even more severe shocks and divisions than we already have,\" he said.\"}}", "After the schism, Patriarch [Irinej](/wiki/Irinej%2C_Serbian_Patriarch \"Irinej, Serbian Patriarch\") gave an interview in which he condemned the 11 October decision of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. In his opinion, this decision increases the risks of new divisions in the Local Churches, while the Ecumenical Patriarch had no right to recognize the schismatic church and grant it an autocephaly.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://balkaneu.com/serbian\\-patriarch\\-irinej\\-ecumenical\\-patriarchates\\-decision\\-about\\-ukraine\\-is\\-leading\\-to\\-a\\-schism/\\|title\\=Serbian Patriarch Irinej: Ecumenical Patriarchate's decision about Ukraine is leading to a schism\\|date\\=16 October 2018\\|website\\=balkaneu.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-28\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-28\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225702/https://balkaneu.com/serbian\\-patriarch\\-irinej\\-ecumenical\\-patriarchates\\-decision\\-about\\-ukraine\\-is\\-leading\\-to\\-a\\-schism/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mospat.ru/en/2018/10/16/news165300/\\|title\\=Patriarch Irinej of Serbia: Patriarchate of Constantinople has taken a decision to which it has no right \\|date\\=16 October 2018\\|website\\=mospat.ru\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-29}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/serbian\\-orthodox\\-church\\-align\\-stance\\-with\\-russian\\-patriarch\\-10\\-17\\-2018\\|title\\=Serbian Bishops Back Russian Patriarch on Ukraine\\|date\\=17 October 2018\\|work\\=balkaninsight.com\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-28\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.romfea.gr/epikairotita\\-xronika/24399\\-patriarxis\\-serbias\\-protakousto\\-auto\\-pou\\-kanei\\-o\\-oikoumenikos\\-patriarxis\\|title\\=Πατριάρχης Σερβίας: \"Πρωτάκουστο αυτό που κάνει ο Οικουμενικός Πατριάρχης\"\\|work\\=ROMFEA\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-28\\|language\\=el\\-gr}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://spzh.news/en/news/56694\\-patriarkha\\-varfolomeja\\-postiglo\\-bolyshoje\\-iskushenije\\-\\-patriarkh\\-irinej\\|title\\=Patriarch Irinej of Serbia: Temptation has befallen Patriarch Bartholomew\\|date\\=16 October 2018\\|website\\=spzh.news\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-26}} Some Serbian Church officials also expressed concerns that this decision would be followed by recognition of the [Macedonian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Ohrid_Archbishopric \"Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric\"), which had split from the Serbian Orthodox Church in 1967 and hadn't received recognition at the time of the Moscow–Constantinople schism.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rferl.org/a/29551213\\.html\\|title\\=Will Macedonia's Orthodox Church Also Break Away?\\|last\\=Synovitz\\|first\\=Ron\\|date\\=18 October 2018\\|website\\=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-28}}", "On 20 October 2018, the [Serbian](/wiki/Irinej%2C_Serbian_Patriarch \"Irinej, Serbian Patriarch\") and [Antiochian](/wiki/John_X_of_Antioch \"John X of Antioch\") patriarchs made a common declaration in which they \"appeal to their brother, His All Holiness the Ecumenical Patriarch, to restore the fraternal dialogue with the Orthodox Church of Russia in order to, with the fraternal assistance and participation of all the other primates of the Local Orthodox Autocephalous Churches, resolve the conflict between the Patriarchates of Constantinople and Moscow and to restore back the bond of peace in the Orthodox Church\".", "On 12 November 2018, the synod of the Serbian Orthodox Church published a communiqué in which they declared they considered the reinstatement of Filaret and Makariy as \"non\\-binding for the Serbian Orthodox Church\" and that they would therefore not communiate with them or their supporters. Synod also requested convocation of a Pan\\-Orthodox Synod over the issue.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.spc.rs/eng/position\\_serbian\\_orthodox\\_church\\_church\\_crisis\\_ukraine\\_after\\_newest\\_decisions\\_patriarchate\\_constanti\\|title\\=Position of the Serbian Orthodox Church on the Church Crisis in Ukraine After the Newest Decisions by the Patriarchate of Constantinople\\|date\\=20 November 2018\\|website\\=www.spc.rs\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-03\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-03\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203221701/http://www.spc.rs/eng/position\\_serbian\\_orthodox\\_church\\_church\\_crisis\\_ukraine\\_after\\_newest\\_decisions\\_patriarchate\\_constanti\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://spzh.news/en/news/57465\\-serbskaja\\-cerkovy\\-otkazalasy\\-priznavaty\\-vosstanovlenije\\-filareta\\-i\\-makarija\\|title\\=Serbian Church refuses to recognize \"reinstatement\" of Filaret and Makariy\\|date\\=12 November 2018\\|website\\=spzh.news\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-13}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mospat.ru/en/2018/11/13/news166530/\\|title\\=Serbian Orthodox Church Bishops' Council expresses its position on situation resulting from Patriarchate of Constantinople's actions in Ukraine \\|date\\=13 November 2018\\|website\\=mospat.ru\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-22}}", "The patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church wrote on his christmas encyclical: \"If, in accordance with the logic of this world, autocephaly is understood in any other way, as an element of a state's sovereignty, national individuality or separateness, then it does not contribute to the unity and building up of the Church, but it rather invites self\\-sufficiency and living in isolation, and it becomes, paradoxically, a sin against the Holy Spirit. \\[...] The temptation is the same in our very close and brotherly Ukraine, where the passion filled chauvinist\\-Russophobes, led by corrupt politicians with the assistance of Uniates and, unfortunately, with the uncanonical cooperation of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, deepened and spread the existing schism and seriously jeopardized the unity of Orthodoxy in general.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.spc.rs/eng/patriarchal\\_nativity\\_encyclical\\_2018\\|title\\=Patriarchal Nativity Encyclical 2018\\|date\\=4 January 2019\\|website\\=www.spc.rs\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-05\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-05\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105020940/http://www.spc.rs/eng/patriarchal\\_nativity\\_encyclical\\_2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "On 29 January 2019, during a visit for the 10th anniversary of the enthronement of [Patriarch Kirill of Moscow](/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow \"Patriarch Kirill of Moscow\"), Patriarch Irinej declared, among other things, that what is happening in Ukraine was comparable to a \"bomb\" thrown at [Orthodoxy](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church \"Eastern Orthodox Church\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.interfax\\-religion.com/?act\\=news÷\\=14894\\|title\\=Serbian patriarch compares situation in Ukrainian Orthodoxy to bomb explosion\\|date\\=29 January 2019\\|website\\=www.interfax\\-religion.com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-29}} On the same day, in an interview, he declared the Ukrainian question, in the 21st century, \"can divide the Orthodox world and have serious repercussions.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mospat.ru/en/2019/01/29/news169687/\\|title\\=Patriarch Irinej of Serbia: Ukrainian problem can divide Orthodox world in the 21st century \\|date\\=2019\\-01\\-29\\|website\\=mospat.ru\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-30}}", "On 5 February 2019, Orthochristian informed that \"there will be separate [Sunday of Orthodoxy](/wiki/Sunday_of_Orthodoxy \"Sunday of Orthodoxy\") celebrations in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") this year on March 17, \\[...] with the Serbian Church and [ROCOR](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia \"Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia\") celebrating together separately from the [Greek Metropolis](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_America \"Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America\").\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://orthochristian.com/119145\\.html\\|title\\=Ukrainian crisis in the diaspora: Serbian Church, ROCOR to celebrate Sunday of Orthodoxy separate from Greek Metropolis in Chicago\\|date\\=5 February 2019\\|website\\=OrthoChristian.Com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-15}} On 14 March the same source reported that the priests of the SOC \"have been instructed not to serve with Constantinople clergy throughout America and Canada.\"", "On 28 February, the DECR of the ROC published a statement of the Serbian Orthodox Church, in which the SOC told his position concerning the Ukrainian question.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mospat.ru/en/2019/02/28/news170942/\\|title\\=Serbian Orthodox Church formulates its official position on ecclesiastical situation in Ukraine \\|date\\=28 February 2019\\|website\\=mospat.ru\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-14}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.interfax\\-religion.com/?act\\=news÷\\=14984\\|title\\=Serbian Orthodox Church refuses to recognize Orthodox Church of Ukraine\\|date\\=28 February 2019\\|website\\=www.interfax\\-religion.com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-14}} However, some religious experts began to have doubts on the authenticity of the statement as there was no hyperlinks to the original statement.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://risu.org.ua/ua/index/all\\_news/confessional/orthodox\\_relations/74914/\\|title\\=РПЦ розповсюдила фальшивку від імені \"Бюро друку\" Сербської Церкви про невизнання ПЦУ\\|date\\=1 March 2019\\|website\\=risu.org.ua\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-14}} On 13 March, the SOC published the same statement on its website.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://risu.org.ua/ua/index/all\\_news/confessional/orthodox\\_relations/75048/\\|title\\=З Москвою навіки: Сербська Православна Церква визначилася із своїм ставленням до ПЦУ\\|date\\=13 March 2019\\|website\\=risu.org.ua\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-14}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.spc.rs/sr/stav\\_srpske\\_pravoslavne\\_crkve\\_o\\_crkvenoj\\_krizi\\_u\\_ukrajini\\|title\\=Став Српске Православне Цркве о црквеној кризи у Украјини \\|date\\=13 March 2019\\|website\\=www.spc.rs\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-14\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-13\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313142623/http://www.spc.rs/sr/stav\\_srpske\\_pravoslavne\\_crkve\\_o\\_crkvenoj\\_krizi\\_u\\_ukrajini\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The SOC also sent its statement to all the local Orthodox churches. The head of the Serbian Church's Information and Publishing Department published a communiqué on 13 March in which he gave his personal opinion that \"it is recommended, but not required, that Serbian hierarchs and clergy abstain from serving with those who have communion with the schismatics. Such a heavy decision as breaking communion can only be made by the Council of Bishops, not the Holy Synod, in the Serbian Orthodox Church.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/bishop\\-irinej\\-of\\-backas\\-personal\\-position\\-on\\-the\\-serbian\\-orthodox\\-church\\-decision\\-regarding\\-the\\-crisis\\-in\\-ukraine/\\|title\\=Bishop Irinej of Bačka's personal position on the Serbian Orthodox Church decision regarding the crisis in Ukraine\\|last\\=Cazabonne\\|first\\=Emma\\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-14\\|website\\=Orthodoxie.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-15}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://orthochristian.com/119905\\.html\\|title\\=Serbian Church maintains communion with Constantinople for now out of economia—Bp. Irinej of Bačka\\|date\\=14 March 2019\\|website\\=OrthoChristian.Com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-14}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.spc.rs/sr/lichni\\_stav\\_uz\\_stav\\_srpske\\_pravoslavne\\_crkve\\_o\\_crkvenoj\\_krizi\\_u\\_ukrajini\\|title\\=Епископ бачки Иринеј: Лични став уз \"Став Српске Православне Цркве о црквеној кризи у Украјини\" \\|date\\=13 March 2019\\|website\\=www.spc.rs\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-14\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-14\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314192720/http://www.spc.rs/sr/lichni\\_stav\\_uz\\_stav\\_srpske\\_pravoslavne\\_crkve\\_o\\_crkvenoj\\_krizi\\_u\\_ukrajini\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "The council of bishops of the SOC, held from May 9 to 18, 2019, decided not to recognize the OCU.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://risu.org.ua/en/index/all\\_news/orthodox/orthodox\\_world/75877\\|title\\=Council of Bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church decides not to recognize OCU\\|date\\=20 May 2019\\|website\\=risu.org.ua\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-22}} The council of bishops also stated: \"The biggest problem of the Orthodox Church today is the Church schism in Ukraine and the unsuccessful attempts of the [Patriarchate of Constantinople](/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople \"Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople\") to solve the problem \"on the knee,\" unilaterally, without dialogue with the [canonical Church in Ukraine](/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%28Moscow_Patriarchate%29 \"Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)\") and with the [Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church \"Russian Orthodox Church\"), and in general without pan\\-Orthodox consultations.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://orthochristian.com/121273\\.html\\|title\\=Ukraine is biggest problem facing Orthodox Church today—Serbian Council of Bishops\\|date\\=20 May 2019\\|website\\=OrthoChristian.Com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-22}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.spc.rs/eng/communique\\_holy\\_assembly\\_bishops\\_2\\|title\\=The Communique of the Holy Assembly of Bishops \\|date\\=22 May 2019\\|website\\=www.spc.rs\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-31\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-31\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531173438/http://www.spc.rs/eng/communique\\_holy\\_assembly\\_bishops\\_2\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "### Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch", "On 6 October, the synod of the [Greek Patriarchate of Antioch](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch \"Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch\") announced its support for a pan\\-Orthodox synaxis on the question of Ukraine's autocephaly.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.antiochpatriarchate.org/en/page/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86\\-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1\\-%D8%B9%D9%86\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF\\-6\\-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84\\-2018/2042/\\|title\\=Statement of the Holy Synod of Antioch\\|date\\=6 October 2018\\|website\\=antiochpatriarchate.org\\|access\\-date\\=16 December 2018}}", "On 20 October, the [Serbian](/wiki/Irinej%2C_Serbian_Patriarch \"Irinej, Serbian Patriarch\") and [Antiochian](/wiki/John_X_of_Antioch \"John X of Antioch\") patriarchs made a common declaration in which they \"appeal to their brother, His All Holiness the Ecumenical Patriarch, to restore the fraternal dialogue with the [Orthodox Church of Russia](/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Russia \"Orthodox Church of Russia\") in order to, with the fraternal assistance and participation of all the other primates of the [Local Orthodox Autocephalous Churches](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_organization%23Autocephalous_Orthodox_churches \"Eastern Orthodox Church organization#Autocephalous Orthodox churches\"), resolve the conflict between the Patriarchates of Constantinople and Moscow and to restore back the bond of peace in the Orthodox Church\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.spc.rs/eng/joint\\_statement\\_serbian\\_and\\_antiochian\\_orthodox\\_patriarchates\\|title\\=Joint Statement of the Serbian and Antiochian Orthodox Patriarchates\\|date\\=20 October 2018\\|website\\=www.spc.rs\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-03\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-03\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203215704/http://www.spc.rs/eng/joint\\_statement\\_serbian\\_and\\_antiochian\\_orthodox\\_patriarchates\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mospat.ru/en/2018/10/21/news165551/\\|title\\=Primates of the Antiochian and Serbian Orthodox Churches called Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople for dialogue with participation of heads of all Local Orthodox Churches \\|date\\=21 October 2018\\|website\\=mospat.ru\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-26}}", "The [primate of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch](/wiki/John_X_of_Antioch \"John X of Antioch\") answered to the 24 December 2018 letter of the [Ecumenical Patriarch](/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople \"Bartholomew I of Constantinople\"), which asked the primates of the local churches to recognize the autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxia.info/news/i\\-call\\-upon\\-you\\-to\\-recognize\\-uoc\\-autocephaly\\-bartholomew/\\|title\\=I call upon You to recognize UOC autocephaly: Bartholomew\\|last\\=Antoniadou\\|first\\=Maria\\|date\\=4 January 2019\\|website\\=Orthodoxia.info\\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2019}} by asking the Ecumenical Patriarch to postpone the [grant of autocephaly to the Orthodox Church of Ukraine](/wiki/Grant_of_autocephaly_to_the_Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine \"Grant of autocephaly to the Orthodox Church of Ukraine\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://antiochian.org/regulararticle/221\\|title\\=Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America\\|date\\=9 January 2019\\|website\\=antiochian.org\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-10}}", "On 17 January 2019, [Patriarch John X of Antioch](/wiki/John_X_of_Antioch \"John X of Antioch\") declared he \"fully supported\" Russia on the question of Ukraine.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.interfax\\-religion.com/?act\\=news÷\\=14875\\|title\\=Patriarch of Antioch says opposes actions aimed at dividing Orthodox\\|date\\=18 January 2019\\|website\\=www.interfax\\-religion.com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-18}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.interfax\\-religion.ru/?act\\=news÷\\=71821\\|title\\=Интерфакс\\-Религия: Антиохийский патриарх заявил о полной поддержке РПЦ в \"украинском вопросе\"\\|date\\=17 January 2019\\|website\\=www.interfax\\-religion.ru\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-18}}", "On 29 January 2019, at a meeting with [Patriarch Kirill of Moscow](/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow \"Patriarch Kirill of Moscow\"), Patriarch John X declared: \"We urged, and continue to urge, the Ecumenical patriarch and other supreme clergy to resolve existing problems, including those currently faced by our fraternal Russian Orthodox Church, through dialogue, through negotiation, through ordinary conversation\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.interfax\\-religion.com/?act\\=news÷\\=14896\\|title\\=Patriarch of Antioch asks Orthodox Churches not to remain silent on Ukrainian schism\\|date\\=29 January 2019\\|website\\=www.interfax\\-religion.com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-30}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mospat.ru/en/2019/01/29/news169693/\\|title\\=Patriarch Kirill Meets with Patriarch John X of Antioch and All the East \\|date\\=2019\\-01\\-29\\|website\\=mospat.ru\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-30}}", "On 1 February 2019, in a homily for the 10th anniversary of the enthronement of [Kirill of Moscow](/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow \"Patriarch Kirill of Moscow\"), John X of Antioch expressed his \"deep, heartily pain and great sorrow towards what is happening in our Orthodox Church these days and Her affliction as a result of individuality, lack of dialogue, and absence of conciliarity, and of what happened recently in Ukraine\". John X also appealed to all the primates of the [Orthodox autocephalous churches](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_organization%23Autocephalous_Orthodox_churches \"Eastern Orthodox Church organization#Autocephalous Orthodox churches\") and said it was time \"to gather and meet in order to proclaim our commitment to the unity of our Holy Orthodox Church, and our belief that Her light coming from the Light of Christ remains bright and glorious.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/the\\-world\\-powers\\-use\\-the\\-church\\-as\\-a\\-toll\\-for\\-their\\-policies\\-and\\-interests\\-homily\\-by\\-patriarch\\-john\\-x\\-of\\-antioch\\-on\\-the\\-10th\\-anniversary\\-of\\-patriarch\\-kirills\\-enthronement/\\|title\\=\"The world powers use the Church as a toll for their policies and interests\" \\- Homily by Patriarch John X of Antioch on the 10th Anniversary of Patriarch Kirill's Enthronement\\|last\\=Cazabonne\\|first\\=Emma\\|date\\=2019\\-02\\-01\\|website\\=Orthodoxie.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-02}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.antiochpatriarchate.org/en/page/john\\-x\\-patriarch\\-of\\-antioch\\-and\\-all\\-the\\-east\\-homily\\-on\\-the\\-tenth\\-anniversary\\-of\\-patriarch\\-kirill\\-s\\-enthronement/2113/\\|title\\=John X Patriarch of Antioch and All the East Homily on the Tenth Anniversary of Patriarch Kirill's Enthronement\\|date\\=1 February 2019\\|website\\=www.antiochpatriarchate.org\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-02\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-02\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202072930/https://www.antiochpatriarchate.org/en/page/john\\-x\\-patriarch\\-of\\-antioch\\-and\\-all\\-the\\-east\\-homily\\-on\\-the\\-tenth\\-anniversary\\-of\\-patriarch\\-kirill\\-s\\-enthronement/2113/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "On 18 April 2019, the primates of the [Church of Cyprus](/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus \"Church of Cyprus\"), the [Church of Alexandria](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria \"Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria\"), the [Church of Antioch](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch \"Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch\"), and the [Church of Jerusalem](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem \"Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem\") gathered. They released a communiqué in which they write that among other things they \"looked into the problems that arose after [granting autocephaly to the Orthodox Church in Ukraine](/wiki/Autocephaly_of_the_Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine \"Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine\")\". The primates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem supported the \"initiative of mediation\" of the primate of the Church of Cyprus.", "On 2 March 2022, the Holy Synod of the Church of Antioch released a statement, according to which its bishops \"reiterated the position of the Patriarchate of Antioch stressing the necessity to return to the principle of consensus and unanimity of all Orthodox Churches \\[...] to find solutions to controversial issues challenging the Orthodox world\" and expressed \"their sympathy to the shepherds of the [Ukrainian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%28Moscow_Patriarchate%29 \"Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)\") presided by His Beatitude Metropolitan [Onufriy](/wiki/Onufriy_%28Berezovsky%29 \"Onufriy (Berezovsky)\")\" about the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\"), omitting both the Russian involvement and the [Orthodox Church of Ukraine](/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine \"Orthodox Church of Ukraine\") led by Epiphanius.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxtimes.com/patriarchate\\-of\\-antioch\\-on\\-the\\-same\\-page\\-with\\-moscow\\-patriarchate/\\|date\\=3 March 2022\\|accessdate\\=4 March 2022\\|author\\=Efi Efthimiou\\|publisher\\=Orthodox Times\\|title\\=Patriarchate of Antioch on the \"same page\" with Moscow Patriarchate}}", "### Georgian Orthodox Church", "On 30 September, the [Georgian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church \"Georgian Orthodox Church\") published a statement on its website in which it encouraged the Patriarchates of [Moscow](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church \"Russian Orthodox Church\") and [Constantinople](/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople \"Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople\") to work together on the dispute over Ukraine.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://orthochristian.com/116142\\.html\\|title\\=Georgian Church: Ukrainian issue requires involvement of both Moscow and Constantinple\\|date\\=1 October 2018\\|website\\=OrthoChristian.Com\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-16}}", "Although Ukrainian parliament chairman [Andriy Parubiy](/wiki/Andriy_Parubiy \"Andriy Parubiy\") stated after an October 5 visit to [Tbilisi](/wiki/Tbilisi \"Tbilisi\") that the [Georgian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church \"Georgian Orthodox Church\") (GOC) was in support of Kiev, [Georgian Patriarch Ilia II](/wiki/Ilia_II_of_Georgia \"Ilia II of Georgia\") later denied this, and church spokesman Mikhail Botkoveli said: \"We need more time to discuss the arguments of the Russian Orthodox Church, after which the Georgian Orthodox Church will announce its position\". It is reported that there are sharp divisions within the Georgian Orthodox Church, which analysts see as \"the most pro\\-Russian institution in an anti\\-Russian country\". A major factor in the dispute within the GOC is the role of the [Abkhazian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Abkhazian_Orthodox_Church \"Abkhazian Orthodox Church\") (AOC) which itself broke from the GOC, the Russian Orthodox Church has offered to mediate the dispute between the GOC and the AOC. Some clerics see this as a reason to maintain the goodwill of the Russian Orthodox Church and others viewed the Abkhazian church as already \"under the control of Moscow\"; some accused Moscow of hypocrisy, with one theologian arguing publicly that \"The (Moscow) patriarchate is betraying the biblical principle of ‘do unto others as you would have them do unto you'\".{{cite news\\|url\\=https://eurasianet.org/as\\-russian\\-and\\-ukrainian\\-churches\\-feud\\-georgia\\-bides\\-time\\|title\\=As Russian and Ukrainian churches feud, Georgia bides time\\|last\\=Kucera\\|first\\=Joshua\\|date\\=16 October 2018\\|access\\-date\\=16 November 2018\\|agency\\=EurasiaNet}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://jam\\-news.net/orthodox\\-churches\\-of\\-moldova\\-georgia\\-and\\-belarus\\-on\\-moscow\\-constantinople\\-rift/\\|title\\=Orthodox churches of Moldova, Georgia and Belarus on Moscow\\-Constantinople rift\\|date\\=16 October 2018\\|work\\=JAMnews\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-15\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "After its synod of 27 December 2018, the GOC said it waited further developments and would declare its position in January 2019\\. According to a Metropolitan of the GOC, the GOC supports the Ukrainian autocephaly.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://orthochristian.com/118268\\.html\\|title\\=Georgian Church will voice its opinion on Ukraine in January\\|date\\=27 December 2018\\|website\\=OrthoChristian.Com\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-27}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/the\\-georgia\\-patriarchate\\-may\\-recognize\\-the\\-new\\-autocephalous\\-church\\-of\\-ukraine/\\|title\\=The Georgia Patriarchate may recognize the new Autocephalous Church of Ukraine\\|last\\=Cazabonne\\|first\\=Emma\\|date\\=2018\\-12\\-27\\|website\\=Orthodoxie.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-29}}", "After the granting of autocephaly to the [Orthodox Church of Ukraine](/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine \"Orthodox Church of Ukraine\") (5 January 2019\\), officials of the GOC declared discussions concerning Ukrainian autocephaly would continue during subsequent meetings of the synod of the GOC.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://jamestown.org/program/georgian\\-orthodox\\-church\\-opts\\-for\\-caution\\-regarding\\-ukrainian\\-autocephaly/\\|title\\=Georgian Orthodox Church Opts for Caution Regarding Ukrainian Autocephaly\\|last\\=Menabde\\|first\\=Giorgi\\|date\\=16 January 2019\\|website\\=Jamestown\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-17}} Some bishops of the GOC congratulated the Orthodox Church of Ukraine for its autocephaly.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.messenger.com.ge/issues/4311\\_january\\_15\\_2019/4311\\_tea.html\\|title\\=The Messenger \\- Activists Call on Patriarchate to Congratulate Ukraine on Autocephaly\\|last\\=Mariamidze\\|first\\=Tea\\|date\\=15 January 2019\\|website\\=The Messenger Online\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-17}}", "On 29 January 2019, the GOC released a statement in which it stated that the main goal is now \"to care for keeping the unity of Orthodox Church\". Moreover, the statement reads: \"The issuance of a tomos to the Ukrainian church drew various opinions in the entire Orthodox world, both in the secular world and in the clergy. We now have two parties that are defending their positions. None of the parties refrains from insults and blackmail\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.interfax\\-religion.com/?act\\=news÷\\=14899\\|title\\=Georgian Patriarchate calls for keeping unity of Orthodox faith in regard of Ukrainian issue\\|date\\=30 January 2019\\|website\\=www.interfax\\-religion.com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-30}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/statement\\-by\\-the\\-georgian\\-patriarchate\\-on\\-ukraine/\\|title\\=Statement by the Georgian Patriarchate on Ukraine\\|last\\=Cazabonne\\|first\\=Emma\\|date\\=2019\\-01\\-30\\|website\\=Orthodoxie.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-01}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://patriarchate.ge/geo/%e1%83%a1%e1%83%90%e1%83%a5%e1%83%90%e1%83%a0%e1%83%97%e1%83%95%e1%83%94%e1%83%9a%e1%83%9d%e1%83%a1\\-%e1%83%a1%e1%83%90%e1%83%9e%e1%83%90%e1%83%a2%e1%83%a0%e1%83%98%e1%83%90%e1%83%a0%e1%83%a5\\-3/\\|title\\=საქართველოს საპატრიარქოს განცხადება (29\\.01\\.2019\\)\\|date\\=29 January 2019\\|website\\=patriarchate.ge \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-30}}", "On 29 January 2019, the GOC announced a delegation from the Ecumenical Patriarchate headed by {{Interlanguage link\\|Emmanuel (Adamakis)\\|lt\\=Metropolitan Emmanuel of France\\|fr\\|Emmanuel Adamakis\\|WD\\=}} was going to visit Georgia to discuss Ukraine's autocephaly. It is the Ecumenical Patriarchate which initiated the visit.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.interfax\\-religion.com/?act\\=news÷\\=14895\\|title\\=Georgian expecting delegation from Patriarchate of Constantinople to discuss Ukrainian church's autocephaly\\|date\\=29 January 2019\\|website\\=www.interfax\\-religion.com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-29}} On 30 January, after the meeting, Emmanuel of France declared: \"We discussed the issue of the Ukrainian church's autocephaly and the tomos. Our purpose was to inform \\[each other] about some details, we didn't want for force any positions. It was just an information meeting. We know that the catholicos\\-patriarch has a lot of wisdom and can make the right decision\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.interfax\\-religion.com/?act\\=news÷\\=14902\\|title\\=Constantinople delegation visits Tbilisi to discuss Ukrainian autocephaly with Georgian patriarch\\|date\\=30 January 2019\\|website\\=www.interfax\\-religion.com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-30}}", "A Georgian theologian wrote a letter to [Metropolitan Hilarion](/wiki/Hilarion_%28Alfeyev%29 \"Hilarion (Alfeyev)\"), blaming the latter for using the authority of the [Catholicos\\-Patriarch of Georgia](/wiki/Catholicos-Patriarch_of_All_Georgia \"Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia\") to silence those who supported the recognition of the [OCU](/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine \"Orthodox Church of Ukraine\") by the GOC. Extract of the letter were published by [Ukrinform](/wiki/Ukrinform \"Ukrinform\") on 5 February 2019\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric\\-society/2633893\\-georgian\\-theologian\\-says\\-roc\\-trying\\-to\\-discredit\\-bishops\\-who\\-support\\-ukraine.html\\|title\\=Georgian theologian says ROC trying to discredit bishops who support Ukraine\\|date\\=5 February 2019\\|website\\=www.ukrinform.net\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-05}}", "### Romanian Orthodox Church", "{{See also\\|People's Salvation Cathedral\\#Ecumenical Patriarch, consecrated}}\nThe [Romanian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church \"Romanian Orthodox Church\") on 26 October called for Constantinople to co\\-operate with Moscow in resolving the issue, and stated that \"unity is preserved through co\\-responsibility and cooperation between the Local Orthodox Churches, by cultivating dialogue and synodality at the pan\\-Orthodox level, this being a permanent necessity in the life of the Church.\"{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://basilica.ro/en/the\\-holy\\-synod\\-calls\\-for\\-moscow\\-and\\-constantinople\\-to\\-resolve\\-ukrainian\\-issue\\-together\\-highlights\\-pan\\-orthodox\\-cooperation/\\|title\\=The Holy Synod calls for Moscow and Constantinople to resolve Ukrainian issue together, highlights pan\\-Orthodox cooperation\\|last\\=Anghel\\|first\\=Gheorghe\\|date\\=2018\\-10\\-26\\|work\\=Basilica.ro\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-28\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "On 23 November 2018, the [Ecumenical Patriarch](/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople \"Bartholomew I of Constantinople\") arrived in Romania to lead the consecration of the [Romanian People's Salvation Cathedral](/wiki/Romanian_People%27s_Salvation_Cathedral \"Romanian People's Salvation Cathedral\") which was planned on Sunday 25 November; the Ecumenical Patriarch was officially welcomed by [Patriarch Daniel of Romania](/wiki/Patriarch_Daniel_of_Romania \"Patriarch Daniel of Romania\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.romania\\-actualitati.ro/ecumenical\\_patriarch\\_bartholomew\\_officially\\_welcomed\\_by\\_patriarch\\_daniel\\-121338\\|title\\=Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew officially welcomed by Patriarch Daniel\\|date\\=23 November 2018\\|website\\=www.romania\\-actualitati.ro\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-28}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://basilica.ro/en/ecumenical\\-patriarch\\-arrives\\-in\\-romania\\-for\\-historic\\-consecration\\-of\\-national\\-cathedral/\\|title\\=Ecumenical Patriarch arrives in Romania for historic consecration of National Cathedral\\|last\\=Anghel\\|first\\=Gheorghe\\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-23\\|work\\=Basilica.ro\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-28\\|language\\=en\\-US}} On Sunday 25 November, the Ecumenical Patriarch and Patriarch Daniel of Romania consecrated together the Romanian People's Salvation Cathedral.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://basilica.ro/en/the\\-national\\-cathedral\\-act\\-of\\-consecration/\\|title\\=The National Cathedral: Act of consecration\\|last\\=Ioniţe\\|first\\=Sorin\\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-26\\|work\\=Basilica.ro\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-30\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://basilica.ro/en/consecration\\-ceremony\\-of\\-romania\\-national\\-cathedral/\\|title\\=Consecration ceremony of Romania National Cathedral by Patriarchs of Constantinople, Romania\\|last\\=Iftimiu\\|first\\=Aurelian\\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-25\\|work\\=Basilica.ro\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-29\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Citation\\|last\\=TRINITAS TV\\|title\\=CUNUNA CENTENARULUI: Catedrala Națională a fost sfințită\\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-25\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=3y\\_kNPsLxwk\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-29}} (1 minute, 23 seconds) The Ecumenical Patriarch chaired the first mass of the Romanian People's Salvation Cathedral.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://basilica.ro/en/national\\-cathedral\\-hah\\-ecumenical\\-patriarch\\-bartholomew\\-presides\\-over\\-the\\-divine\\-liturgy/\\|title\\=HAH Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew presides over Divine Liturgy at newly\\-consecrated National Cathedral in Bucharest\\|last\\=Iftimiu\\|first\\=Aurelian\\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-25\\|work\\=Basilica.ro\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-29\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.romania\\-insider.com/biggest\\-cathedral\\-romania\\-consecrated/\\|title\\=Biggest cathedral in Romania consecrated\\|date\\=26 November 2018\\|website\\=www.romania\\-insider.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-29}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.la\\-croix.com/Religion/Orthodoxie/Roumanie\\-inaugure\\-grande\\-cathedrale\\-orthodoxe\\-monde\\-2018\\-11\\-25\\-1200985392\\|title\\=La Roumanie inaugure la plus grande cathédrale orthodoxe du monde\\|last\\=La\\-Croix.com\\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-25\\|website\\=La Croix\\|language\\=fr\\|trans\\-title\\=Romania inaugurates the world's biggest Orthodox cathedral\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-28}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://basilica.ro/patriarhul\\-ecumenic\\-a\\-prezidat\\-prima\\-liturghie\\-oficiata\\-in\\-catedrala\\-mantuirii\\-neamului\\-video/\\|title\\=Patriarhul Ecumenic a prezidat prima Liturghie oficiată în Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului {{!}} Video\\|last\\=Sorin\\|first\\=Ioniţe\\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-25\\|work\\=Basilica.ro\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-28\\|language\\=ro\\-RO}} Both the [Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew](/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople \"Bartholomew I of Constantinople\") and the [Patriarch Daniel of Romania](/wiki/Patriarch_Daniel_of_Romania \"Patriarch Daniel of Romania\") led the church service this day; it was the very first church service in the cathedral.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/25/romania\\-thousands\\-attend\\-blessing\\-of\\-controversial\\-cathedral\\|title\\=Romania: thousands attend blessing of controversial cathedral\\|last\\=Agencies\\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-25\\|newspaper\\=the Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-28\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rferl.org/a/romania\\-inaugurates\\-orthodox\\-cathedral\\-amid\\-controversy\\-over\\-costs/29619618\\.html\\|title\\=Romania Inaugurates Orthodox Cathedral Amid Controversy Over Costs\\|date\\=25 November 2018\\|website\\=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-28}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/11/25/world/romania\\-consecrates\\-giant\\-orthodox\\-cathedral\\-center\\-bucharest/\\|title\\=Romania consecrates giant Orthodox cathedral in center of Bucharest\\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-25\\|work\\=The Japan Times Online\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-28\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|issn\\=0447\\-5763\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-28\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128214134/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/11/25/world/romania\\-consecrates\\-giant\\-orthodox\\-cathedral\\-center\\-bucharest/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.mississauga.com/community\\-story/9049609\\-ecumenical\\-patriarch\\-blesses\\-romania\\-cathedral\\-1000s\\-attend/\\|title\\=Ecumenical Patriarch blesses Romania cathedral, 1000s attend\\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-25\\|work\\=Mississauga.com\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-28\\|language\\=en\\-CA}} The presence of Bartholomew and the absence of [Patriarch Kirill of Moscow](/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow \"Patriarch Kirill of Moscow\") at the cathedral inauguration \"appears to suggest that Romania is siding with Constantinople in the dispute.\"{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://emerging\\-europe.com/news/romania\\-inaugurates\\-grandiose\\-new\\-cathedral/\\|title\\=Romania inaugurates grandiose new cathedral\\|last\\=Turp\\|first\\=Craig\\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-25\\|work\\=Emerging Europe\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-28\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://risu.org.ua/en/index/all\\_news/orthodox/orthodox\\_world/73660/\\|title\\=Romanian Orthodox Church supports Patriarch Bartholomew\\|date\\=25 November 2018\\|website\\=risu.org.ua\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-01}}", "To the questions: \"Will Patriarch Kiril in Romania come to the sanctification of the painting?\" and \"How will the presence of His Holiness Bartholomew I affect the relationship between the ROC \\[Romanian Orthodox Church] and the Russian Patriarchate \\[Russian Orthodox Church]?\", the Romanian Patriarchate spokesman Vasile Bănescu{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://adevarul.ro/news/eveniment/vasile\\-banescu\\-purtatorul\\-cuvant\\-patriarhiei\\-asistam\\-asalt\\-miscarii\\-lgbt\\-casatoriei\\-1\\_5bae55bfdf52022f75f439ec/index.html\\|title\\=Vasile Bănescu, purtătorul de cuvânt al Patriarhiei: \"Asistăm la un asalt al mişcării LGBT împotriva căsătoriei\"\\|last\\=Sirbu\\|first\\=Laurenţiu\\|date\\=28 September 2018\\|website\\=adevarul.ro\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-05}} answered: \"I am absolutely convinced that Patriarch Kiril will return to Romania on the occasion of the sanctification of the painting and will not withdraw because the ROC had the wisdom to plead for a dialogue to heal the wound of this separation between the Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Patriarchate of Moscow and All Russia. \\[...] We hope that this relationship, currently interrupted, will be resumed. The Romanian Patriarchate has a natural relationship with the Moscow Patriarchate and there are no tensions at the moment\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://evz.ro/ce\\-va\\-face\\-patriarhul\\-rusiei.html\\|title\\=Ce va face Patriarhul Rusiei după ce Patriarhul Constantinopolului a sfințit Catedrala Națională\\|last\\=Tănase\\|first\\=Cristian\\|date\\=26 November 2018\\|website\\=\\[\\[Evenimentul Zilei]]\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-17}}", "On 21 February 2019, the [Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church](/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Holy_Synod_of_the_Romanian_Orthodox_Church \"List of members of the Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church\") discussed the Ukrainian question{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://basilica.ro/en/first\\-2019\\-holy\\-synod\\-working\\-session\\-kicks\\-off\\-with\\-ukraine\\-situation\\-on\\-the\\-agenda/\\|title\\=First 2019 Holy Synod working session kicks off with Ukraine situation on the agenda\\|last\\=Iftimiu\\|first\\=Aurelian\\|date\\=2019\\-02\\-21\\|website\\=Basilica.ro\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-22}} and declared in a communiqué:{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://basilica.ro/en/holy\\-synod\\-examines\\-ukrainian\\-ecclesiastical\\-issue\\-at\\-first\\-2019\\-working\\-session/\\|title\\=Holy Synod examines Ukrainian ecclesiastical issue at first 2019 working session\\|last\\=Iftimiu\\|first\\=Aurelian\\|date\\=2019\\-02\\-21\\|website\\=Basilica.ro\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-22}}", "{{Blockquote\\|text\\=Regarding this tense ecclesiastical situation in Ukraine, the Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church reiterates its stance expressed during its previous working sessions of 24 May and 25 October 2018\\. It was then recommended that, through dialogue, the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Moscow Patriarchate identify a solution to this ecclesiastical dispute by preserving the unity of faith, by respecting the administrative and pastoral freedom of the clergy and faithful in this country (including the right to autocephaly), and by restoring Eucharistic communion. In the event of an unsuccessful bilateral dialogue, it is necessary to convene a Synaxis of all Primates of Orthodox Churches to solve the existing problem.\\|sign\\=\\|source\\=}}", "The Romanian Orthodox Church also stated in the same communiqué: that once the schism in Ukraine will have been healed, once the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Moscow Patriarchate will have settled down their dispute over Ukraine, once the Romanian Orthodox Church will have \"written assurances from Ukrainian ecclesiastical and state authorities that the ethnic and linguistic identity of \\[the 127 Romanian Orthodox parishes in Ukraine currently administered by the [UOC\\-MP](/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%28Moscow_Patriarchate%29 \"Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)\")] will be respected, and that these Romanian Orthodox will have the possibility to organise themselves within a *Romanian Orthodox Vicariate* and to be able to cultivate spiritual relations with the Romanian Patriarchate\", and once the Ecumenical Patriarchate will have clarified \"the problem of the non\\-canonical hierarchs and priests in the West, who belonged to the former ‘[Kiev Patriarchate](/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Kiev_Patriarchate \"Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kiev Patriarchate\")’\", then \"the Holy Synod will express its official position on the situation of Orthodoxy in Ukraine.\"", "Patriarch Daniel wrote the preface of the Romanian edition of the book \"The Everyday Years 'Quests\" by Russian Patriarch Kirill.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.b1\\.ro/stiri/eveniment/patriarhul\\-daniel\\-semneaza\\-cartea\\-lui\\-kirill\\-265345\\.html\\|title\\=Preafericitul Daniel semnează prefaţa traducerii în română a unei cărți scrisă de Patriahului rus Kirill. Lucrarea s\\-a lansat la Baia Mare, unde ambasadorul Kuzmin semna parteneriate cu primarul Cherecheş (FOTO)\\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-04\\|website\\=\\[\\[B1 TV]]\\|language\\=ro\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-12}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.g4media.ro/patriarhul\\-daniel\\-a\\-semnat\\-prefata\\-unei\\-carti\\-scrise\\-de\\-patriarhul\\-rus\\-kirill.html\\|title\\=Patriarhul Daniel a semnat prefața unei cărți scrise de Patriarhul rus Kirill\\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-21\\|website\\=G4 Media\\|language\\=ro\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-12}}", "### Albanian Orthodox Church", "On 10 October, [Archbishop Anastasios](/wiki/Anastasios_of_Albania \"Anastasios of Albania\"), head of the autocephalous [Albanian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church \"Albanian Orthodox Church\"), (AOC) sent a letter to the Moscow Patriarch. Extracts of this letter have been published on 22 November on the official website of the Department of External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church. In those extracts, the head of the Albanian Church declared that granting autocephaly to Ukraine was a \"dangerous undertaking\" and that \"instead of the unity of Orthodox Christians in Ukraine, there has appeared a danger of schism in the unity of the universal Orthodoxy\". He also said they should do everything to hold a pan\\-Orthodox Council.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mospat.ru/en/2018/11/22/news166940/\\|title\\=His Beatitude Archbishop Anastasios of Tirana and All Albania: Instead of unity of Orthodox Christians in Ukraine, there has appeared a danger of schism in the unity of universal Orthodoxy\\|date\\=22 November 2018\\|website\\=mospat.ru\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-23}}", "The next day, the official website of the Albanian Orthodox Church published the full text of the letter of October 10, as well as the second letter, dated November 7,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://orthodoxalbania.org/alb/index.php/en\\-us/lajme\\-3/blog/6815\\-views\\-of\\-the\\-orthodox\\-autocephalous\\-church\\-of\\-albania\\-regarding\\-the\\-ukrainian\\-ecclesiastical\\-question\\|title\\=Views of the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania regarding the Ukrainian ecclesiastical question\\|date\\=23 November 2018\\|website\\=orthodoxalbania.org\\|language\\=en\\-us\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-27\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-28\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128034910/http://orthodoxalbania.org/alb/index.php/en\\-us/lajme\\-3/blog/6815\\-views\\-of\\-the\\-orthodox\\-autocephalous\\-church\\-of\\-albania\\-regarding\\-the\\-ukrainian\\-ecclesiastical\\-question\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} through the hosting service *DocDroid*, in English{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.docdroid.net/dAOO1nB/1ptrkirillen.pdf\\|title\\=1PtrKirillEN.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-27\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.docdroid.net/TSKJZOV/2ptrkirillen.pdf\\|title\\=2PtrKirillEN.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-27\\|language\\=en}} and in Greek.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.docdroid.net/OxtDQy8/1ptrkirill.pdf\\|title\\=1PtrKirill.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-27\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.docdroid.net/iP7VbNI/2ptrkirill.pdf\\|title\\=2PtrKirill.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-27\\|language\\=en}} In his first letter, Archbishop Anastasios declared the [14 September decision of Moscow](/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism_%282018%29%23September_2018:Russian_Orthodox_synod%27s_%22retaliatory_measures%22_and_the_aftermath \"Russian Orthodox synod's \") had \"dangerously complicated the whole matter\" concerning Ukraine \\- this passage had not been released among the extracts on the official website of the Department of External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church. In his second letter, Archbishop Anastasios disagreed with the decisions of the Moscow Patriarchate to break communion with the Church of Constantinople, stating: \"It is unthinkable that the Divine Eucharist \\[...] could be used as a weapon against another Church. \\[...] We proclaim it is impossible for us to agree to such decisions.\" He also added that recent developments have made the convocation of a Pan\\-Orthodox synaxis \"extremely difficult\" but that the Albanian Orthodox Church was willing to participate in it, if the Pan\\-Orthodox synaxis was convoked canonically.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://byztex.blogspot.com/2018/11/albanian\\-church\\-clarifies\\-position\\-on.html\\|title\\=Albanian Church clarifies position on Ukraine\\|date\\=23 November 2018\\|website\\=Byzantine, Texas\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-27}} The second letter was not published by Moscow.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://orthochristian.com/117439\\.html\\|title\\=Albanian Church publishes full text of letters to Pat. Kirill, opposes Russian Church's break in communion with Constantinople\\|date\\=24 November 2018\\|work\\=OrthoChristian.Com\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-27}}", "On 14 January 2019, the Holy Synod of the AOC sent a letter to Patriarch Bartholomew to ask the latter to hold a Pan\\-Orthodox council \"as soon as possible\" to prevent \"the evident risk of a painful schism.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/archbishop\\-anastasios\\-of\\-albania\\-calls\\-for\\-a\\-pan\\-orthodox\\-council\\-to\\-resolve\\-the\\-crisis\\-in\\-ukraine/\\|title\\=Archbishop Anastasios of Albania calls for a pan\\-Orthodox Council to resolve the crisis in Ukraine ⋆ Orthodoxie.com\\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-11\\|website\\=Orthodoxie.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-02}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.romfea.news/archbishop\\-of\\-albania\\-calls\\-for\\-a\\-pan\\-orthodox\\-council\\-for\\-the\\-orthodox\\-church\\-crisis\\-in\\-ukraine/\\|title\\=Archbishop of Albania calls for a Pan\\-Orthodox Council for the crisis in Ukraine\\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-08\\|website\\=Romfea News\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-08}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.romfea.gr/epikairotita\\-xronika/27416\\-problimatismos\\-tis\\-ekklisias\\-tis\\-albanias\\-gia\\-to\\-oukraniko\\|title\\=Προβληματισμός της Εκκλησίας της Αλβανίας για το Ουκρανικό\\|date\\=8 March 2019\\|website\\=ROMFEA\\|language\\=el\\-gr\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-08}} The Holy Synod declared the ordinations performed by [Filaret](/wiki/Filaret_%28Denysenko%29 \"Filaret (Denysenko)\") were \"non\\-existent, void, deprived of the divine grace of the Holy Spirit. \\[...] It is recognized by all of Orthodoxy as a fundamental ecclesiological principle that the ordinations of schismatics and heretics, as \"mysteries\" performed outside of the Church, are invalid, so all the more so ordinations by someone who is deposed and excommunicated\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://orthodoxalbania.net/images/PDF/PatriarchConstantin2019\\.pdf\\|title\\=Patriarch Constant in 2019\\|website\\=orthodoxalbania.net\\|access\\-date\\=8 March 2019}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxsynaxis.org/2019/03/09/the\\-holy\\-synod\\-of\\-albanias\\-letter\\-to\\-patriarch\\-bartholomew/\\|title\\=The Holy Synod of Albania's Letter to Patriarch Bartholomew\\|last\\=Antiochenus\\|first\\=Petrus\\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-10\\|website\\=Orthodox Synaxis\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-11}} The Ecumenical Patriarch answered with a letter containing arguments to prove the validity of the clergy of the [OCU](/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine \"Orthodox Church of Ukraine\"). On 21 March 2019, the Albanian Orthodox Church sent a new reply in which he gave counter arguments to the Ecumenical Patriarch's arguments.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://orthodoxalbania.net/index.php/en\\-us/lajme\\-3/blog/6884\\-on\\-the\\-ukrainian\\-ecclesiastical\\-question\\-2nd\\-reply\\-speaking\\-the\\-truth\\-in\\-love\\|title\\=On the Ukrainian Ecclesiastical Question. 2nd Reply. Speaking the Truth in Love\\|website\\=Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania\\|language\\=en\\-gb\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-02}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/archbishop\\-anastasios\\-of\\-tiranas\\-2nd\\-reply\\-to\\-patriarch\\-bartholomew/\\|title\\=Archbishop Anastasios of Tirana's 2nd Reply to Patriarch Bartholomew\\|date\\=2019\\-04\\-01\\|website\\=Orthodoxie.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-02}}", "### Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia", "On 10 November, the head of the [Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia](/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Orthodox_Church \"Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church\") (OCCLS), Archbishop [Rastislav of Prešov](/wiki/Rastislav_%28Gont%29 \"Rastislav (Gont)\"), met with the head of the UOC\\-MP, [Metropolitan Onufry](/wiki/Onufriy_%28Berezovsky%29 \"Onufriy (Berezovsky)\"). On this occasion, Archbishop Rastislav of Prešov declared his concern about the situation in Ukraine and condemned the Ecumenical Patriarchate's actions, stating that \"it is impossible to create even a temporary good on the violation of the sacred canons of the Orthodox Church\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mospat.ru/en/2018/11/12/news166507/\\|title\\=Head of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church's Representation to the European Institutions meets with Primate of the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia \\|date\\=12 November 2018\\|website\\=mospat.ru\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-26}}", "On 24 November, Archbishop of Prague of the OCCLS, Michael, met with [Metropolitan Agafangel of Odessa](/wiki/orthodoxwiki:Agafangel_%28Pashkovsky%29_of_Odessa \"Agafangel (Pashkovsky) of Odessa\") of the UOC\\-MP. Said Archbishop of Prague declared to the UOC\\-MP members: \"We have arrived to show our unity with you, as representatives of an autocephalous Church\".{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://spzh.news/en/news/57784\\-arkhijepiskop\\-prazhskij\\-prijehal\\-v\\-odessu\\-molitvenno\\-podderzhaty\\-upc\\|title\\=Archbishop of Prague arrives in Оdessa to express prayerful support for UOC\\|date\\=26 November 2018\\|newspaper\\=Спж \\| SPZH\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-26}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://eparhiya.od.ua/sobyitiya/sobyitiya/4963\\-mitroplit\\-agafangel\\-vstretilsya\\-s\\-vyisokopreosvyaschenneyshim\\-mihailom\\_\\-arhiepiskopom\\-prajskim\\-i\\-cheshskih\\-zemel\\_\\-video\\|title\\=Митроплит Агафангел встретился с Высокопреосвященнейшим Михаилом, архиепископом Пражским и Чешских земель. (Видео)\\|date\\=24 November 2018\\|website\\=eparhiya.od.ua\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-26\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-26\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126183438/http://eparhiya.od.ua/sobyitiya/sobyitiya/4963\\-mitroplit\\-agafangel\\-vstretilsya\\-s\\-vyisokopreosvyaschenneyshim\\-mihailom\\_\\-arhiepiskopom\\-prajskim\\-i\\-cheshskih\\-zemel\\_\\-video\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{Citation\\|last\\=Одесская епархия\\|title\\=Встреча м. Агафангела с архиепископом Пражским Михаилом\\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-24\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=yuq2cAQD5r8\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-26}}{{Citation\\|last\\=Orthodox Church\\|title\\=Metropolitan of Odessa and Archbishop of Prague talk about Ukraine's crises\\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-24\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=Ri1WKVeuqkQ\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-26}}", "In the end of January 2019, the holy synod of the OCCLS asked for a pan\\-Orthodox meeting on the question of Ukraine to be held.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mospat.ru/en/2019/01/31/news169844/\\|title\\=His Beatitude Metropolitan Rostislav of the Czech Lands and Slovakia: There is no place for schism in church life \\|date\\=31 January 2019\\|website\\=mospat.ru\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-02\\|quote\\=The Holy Synod of the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia held its session the day before yesterday, and members of the Synod charged me with a duty to appeal to representatives of all the Local Orthodox Churches with a request to convene a pan\\-Orthodox meeting over the Ukrainian issue. Until all the developments in the Ukrainian church life are discussed and a conciliar decision is taken, our position will remain unchanged.}}", "On 6 February 2019, commenting on the enthronement of [Metropolitan Epiphanius](/wiki/Epiphanius_I_of_Ukraine \"Epiphanius I of Ukraine\"), primate [Rastislav of Prešov](/wiki/Rastislav_%28Gont%29 \"Rastislav (Gont)\") declared Epiphanius was an impostor and that the canonical head of the Orthodox church in Ukraine was [Metropolitan Onuphry](/wiki/Onufriy_%28Berezovsky%29 \"Onufriy (Berezovsky)\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mospat.ru/en/2019/02/06/news170200/\\|title\\=Primate of the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia: The Church of Ukraine has existed since the time Vladimir Equal\\-to\\-the\\-Apostles, and His Beatitude Metropolitan Onufry is its Primate \\|date\\=6 February 2019\\|website\\=mospat.ru\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-08}}", "### Bulgarian Orthodox Church", "The [Bulgarian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church \"Bulgarian Orthodox Church\") (BOC) first said it could not comment.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/balkan\\-orthodox\\-churches\\-weigh\\-stance\\-on\\-ecumenical\\-patriarchate\\-s\\-decision\\-10\\-12\\-2018\\|title\\=Ukraine Church Independence Leaves Balkan Churches Lost for Words\\|date\\=12 October 2018\\|agency\\=Balkan Insight}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/10/19/patriarch\\-neofit\\-bulgarian\\-orthodox\\-church\\-still\\-has\\-no\\-official\\-position\\-on\\-independence\\-of\\-ukrainian\\-church/\\|title\\=Patriarch Neofit: Bulgarian Orthodox Church still has no official position on independence of Ukrainian church\\|date\\=2018\\-10\\-19\\|work\\=The Sofia Globe\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-28\\|language\\=en\\-US}} On 15 December, Metropolitan [Daniel (Nikolov)](/wiki/Daniel_%28Nikolov%29 \"Daniel (Nikolov)\") of Vidin, in an interview published on the official website of the BOC, declared the Ukrainian unification council was uncanonical and that the project to create an autocephalous church in Ukraine was only political.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://spzh.news/en/news/58359\\-ijerarkh\\-bolgarskoj\\-cerkvi\\-obedinitelynyj\\-soboreto\\-sovet\\-nechestivyh\\|title\\=Bulgarian Bishop Daniil: \"Unification Council\" is non\\-canonical\\|date\\=15 December 2018\\|website\\=spzh.news\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-15}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/the\\-council\\-of\\-ukraine\\-is\\-uncanonical/\\|title\\=The Council of Ukraine is uncanonical\\|last\\=Cazabonne\\|first\\=Emma\\|date\\=2018\\-12\\-18\\|website\\=Orthodoxie.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-18}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://bg\\-patriarshia.bg/news.php?id\\=278843\\|title\\=Митрополит Даниил: Съборът в Украйна е неканоничен\\|date\\=15 December 2018\\|website\\=bg\\-patriarshia.bg\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-15\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-18\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218024739/http://www.bg\\-patriarshia.bg/news.php?id\\=278843\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "On 17 May 2019, Metropolitan [Daniel (Nikolov)](/wiki/Daniel_%28Nikolov%29 \"Daniel (Nikolov)\") of Vidin sent a letter to all the Metropolitans of the [Church of Greece](/wiki/Church_of_Greece \"Church of Greece\") telling them that the [actions of the Ecumenical Patriarch](/wiki/Autocephaly_of_the_Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine \"Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine\") \"destroy, threaten and damage the Orthodox Church's unity and catholicity. In our opinion, the Orthodox Church is at a crossroads: show its catholic wisdom and protect unity, holiness, universality and apostolicity, or choose the path of Eastern papism, repeating the sad history of [1054](/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism \"East–West Schism\").\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://spzh.news/en/news/62662\\-patriarkh\\-varfolomej\\-razrushajet\\-pravoslavijemitropolit\\-bolgarskoj\\-cerkvi\\|title\\=Bulgarian metropolitan: Patriarch Bartholomew destroys Orthodoxy\\|date\\=7 June 2019\\|website\\=spzh.news\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-13}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://fanarion.blogspot.com/2019/06/blog\\-post\\_31\\.html\\|title\\=Φως Φαναρίου : Ο ΒΟΥΛΓΑΡΟΣ ΙΕΡΑΡΧΗΣ ΠΟΥ ΕΠΙΤΙΘΕΤΑΙ ΣΤΟΝ ΟΙΚΟΥΜΕΝΙΚΟ ΠΑΤΡΙΑΡΧΗ\\|last\\=Panagiotisandriopoulos\\|date\\=2019\\-06\\-03\\|website\\=Φως Φαναρίου\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-13}} However, the Holy Synod of the BOC declared on 12 June 2019 after its meeting that the letter of Metropolitan Daniel \"is his personal view. The Holy Synod is categorically differentiated. In the questions raised by Metropolitan Daniel, the Synod has no solution.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.romfea.news/the\\-church\\-of\\-bulgaria\\-differs\\-from\\-metropolitan\\-daniels\\-of\\-vidin\\-view/\\|title\\=The Church of Bulgaria differs from Metropolitan Daniel's of Vidin view\\|date\\=2019\\-06\\-12\\|website\\=Romfea News\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-13}}", "On 12 June, due to the pro\\-ROC actions of Metropolitan [Daniel (Nikolov)](/wiki/Daniel_%28Nikolov%29 \"Daniel (Nikolov)\") \\- the unauthorized distribution of anti\\-Constantinople letters to representatives of local churches and a trip to [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\") without the blessing of the [Patriarch](/wiki/Neophyte_of_Bulgaria \"Neophyte of Bulgaria\") and the Synod, the Patriarch and the Synod having declared those actions harmed the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and the national security of Bulgaria \\-, both Bulgarian metropolites [Nikolai of Plovdiv](/wiki/Nikolai_of_Plovdiv \"Nikolai of Plovdiv\") and [Daniel (Nikolov) of Vidin](/wiki/Daniel_%28Nikolov%29_of_Vidin \"Daniel (Nikolov) of Vidin\") announced they broke the Eucharistic communion between each others, refused to pray for each others, to recognize each others' existence and to [serve](/wiki/Divine_Liturgy \"Divine Liturgy\") each others. Allegedly, 75% of the BOC supports Nikolai of Plovdiv, while 25% supports Daniel of Vidin.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://cerkvarium.org/novyny/pomistni\\-tserkvy/terminovo\\-bolgarski\\-mitropoliti\\-vidinskij\\-ta\\-plovdivskij\\-rozirvali\\-evkharistichne\\-spilkuvannya\\-cherez\\-ukrajinu\\|title\\=Терміново: болгарські митрополити Видинський та Пловдивський розірвали євхаристичне спілкування через Україну – інтернет\\-видавництво Церкваріум\\|date\\=18 June 2019\\|website\\=cerkvarium.org\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-18}}", "### Church of Jerusalem", "On 18 April 2019, the primates of the [Church of Cyprus](/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus \"Church of Cyprus\"), the [Church of Alexandria](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria \"Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria\"), the [Church of Antioch](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch \"Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch\"), and the [Church of Jerusalem](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem \"Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem\") gathered. They released a communiqué in which they write that among other things they \"looked into the problems that arose after [granting autocephaly to the Orthodox Church in Ukraine](/wiki/Autocephaly_of_the_Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine \"Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine\")\". The primates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem supported the \"initiative of mediation\" of the primate of the Church of Cyprus.", "On 16 May 2019, [Patriarch of Jerusalem Theophilos III](/wiki/Patriarch_Theophilos_III_of_Jerusalem \"Patriarch Theophilos III of Jerusalem\") met with representatives of the Russian [Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society](/wiki/Imperial_Orthodox_Palestine_Society \"Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society\"). In his thank you speech, Theophilos III called the Church of Jerusalem \"the Mother of all the Churches\" and \"the guarantor of the unity of the Orthodox Church\"*.* The [Ecumenical Patriarchate](/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople \"Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople\") claims to be the only be the guarantor of Orthodox unity.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://risu.org.ua/ua/index/all\\_news/community/religion\\_and\\_policy/75867/\\|title\\=Патріарх Єрусалимський похвалив Путіна та назвав себе гарантом всеправославної єдності\\|date\\=19 May 2019\\|website\\=risu.org.ua\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-19}}", "### Church of Greece", "On 28 August 2019, the Standing Holy Synod of the [Church of Greece](/wiki/Church_of_Greece \"Church of Greece\") stated that the Ecumenical Patriarch had the right to grant autocephaly, and that the [primate of the Church of Greece](/wiki/Ieronymos_II_of_Athens \"Ieronymos II of Athens\") had the \"privilege\" to \"to further deal with the question of recognition of the Church of Ukraine\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.romfea.news/the\\-hierarchy\\-of\\-the\\-church\\-of\\-greece\\-to\\-decide\\-on\\-the\\-issue\\-of\\-ukrainian\\-autocephaly/\\|title\\=The Synod of the Church of Greece recognizes the Ecumenical Patriarch's right to issue the status of Autocephaly (upd)\\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-28\\|website\\=Romfea News\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-28}}", "On 7 October 2019,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.orthodoxianewsagency.gr/aytokefales\\_ekklisies/ekklisia\\_ellados/ektakti\\-ierarxia\\-to\\-savvato\\-gia\\-to\\-oukraniko\\-zitima\\-i\\-eisigisi\\-tou\\-arxiepiskopou\\-athinon/\\|title\\=Έκτακτη Ιεραρχία το Σάββατο για το Ουκρανικό Ζήτημα\\- Η εισήγηση του Αρχιεπισκόπου Αθηνών\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-07\\|website\\=Ορθοδοξία News Agency\\|language\\=el\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-11}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.romfea.gr/ekklisia\\-ellados/32128\\-apokleistiko\\-ektakti\\-ierarxia\\-to\\-sabbato\\-12\\-oktobriou\\-gia\\-tin\\-oukrania\\|title\\=ΑΠΟΚΛΕΙΣΤΙΚΟ: Έκτακτη Ιεραρχία το Σάββατο 12 Οκτωβρίου για την Ουκρανία\\|date\\=7 October 2019\\|website\\=ROMFEA\\|language\\=el\\-gr\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-12}} \"a day before the start of the proceedings of the Synod of the Hierarchy of the Church of Greece, \\[the [Archbishop of Athene](/wiki/Ieronymos_II_of_Athens \"Ieronymos II of Athens\")] informed in a letter the Body of Hierarchs that he would add another extraordinary meeting this coming Saturday regarding exclusively the Ukrainian issue.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxtimes.com/what\\-does\\-ieronymos\\-move\\-to\\-call\\-the\\-hierarchy\\-on\\-the\\-ukrainian\\-issue\\-indicate/\\|title\\=What does Ieronymos' move to call the Hierarchy on the Ukrainian issue indicate\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-07\\|website\\=Orthodox Times\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-11}} This meeting was scheduled for 12 October 2019\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxtimes.com/extraordinary\\-meeting\\-of\\-the\\-hierarchy\\-of\\-the\\-church\\-of\\-greece\\-to\\-discuss\\-the\\-ukrainian\\-autocephaly\\-issue/\\|title\\=Extraordinary meeting of the Hierarchy of the Church of Greece to discuss the Ukrainian autocephaly issue\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-07\\|website\\=Orthodox Times\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-12}}", "On 12 October 2019, the Orthodox Church of Greece recognized the autocephaly of the [Orthodox Church of Ukraine](/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine \"Orthodox Church of Ukraine\"), stating that \"the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople has the right to granting autocephalies\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.eleftherostypos.gr/ellada/472832\\-ektakto\\-i\\-ekklisia\\-tis\\-ellados\\-anagnorise\\-tin\\-ekklisia\\-tis\\-oykranias/\\|title\\=Η Εκκλησία της Ελλάδος αναγνώρισε την Αυτοκέφαλη Εκκλησία της Ουκρανίας\\|date\\=12 October 2019\\|website\\=eleftherostypos.gr\\|publisher\\=Eleutheros Typos\\|trans\\-title\\=The Church of Greece recognized the Autocephalous Church of Ukraine\\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2019}} During the debate preceding the recognition, more than 35 Metropolitans of the Church of Greece declared they had been pressured by the [ROC](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church \"Russian Orthodox Church\") but did not yield to it.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxtimes.com/heated\\-debate\\-between\\-hierarchs\\-of\\-church\\-of\\-greece\\-on\\-ukrainian\\-autocephaly\\-issue/\\|title\\=Heated debate between Hierarchs of Church of Greece on Ukrainian autocephaly issue\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-12\\|website\\=Orthodox Times\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-14}} On 15 October the GoC released an official statement.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.orthodoxianewsagency.gr/epikairotita/i\\-iera\\-synodos\\-gia\\-tin\\-anakoinosi\\-tou\\-mitr\\-kythiron/\\|title\\=Η Ιερά Σύνοδος για την ανακοίνωση του Μητρ. Κυθήρων\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-15\\|website\\=Ορθοδοξία News Agency\\|language\\=el\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-19}}", "According to news media reports, it had been tentatively expected that the official recognition of the OCU would take place on 19 October \"in [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki \"Thessaloniki\") where Archbishop Ieronymos and Metropolitan [Epiphanius](/wiki/Epiphanius_I_of_Ukraine \"Epiphanius I of Ukraine\") w\\[ould] possibly concelebrate the Divine Liturgy.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxtimes.com/the\\-church\\-of\\-greece\\-has\\-recognized\\-the\\-autocephalous\\-church\\-of\\-ukraine/\\|title\\=The Church of Greece has recognized the Autocephalous Church of Ukraine (upd)\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-12\\|website\\=Orthodox Times\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-12}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxie.com/grece\\-la\\-reconnaissance\\-officielle\\-de\\-leglise\\-orthodoxe\\-dukraine\\-le\\-19\\-septembre\\-prochain/\\|title\\=Grèce : la reconnaissance officielle de l'Église orthodoxe d'Ukraine aura lieu le 19 octobre prochain\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-12\\|website\\=Orthodoxie.com\\|language\\=fr\\-FR\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-19}} On 19 October, the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew and Archbishop Ieronymos II of Athens jointly celebrated a [liturgy](/wiki/Liturgy \"Liturgy\") in the [Church of the Acheiropoietos](/wiki/Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos \"Church of the Acheiropoietos\") in [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki \"Thessaloniki\"), Greece, at which Metropolitan Epiphanius′ name was commemorated by the Patriarch. The fact was interpreted by Greek medias as a definitive acknowledgement (recognition) of Epiphanius by the Church of Greece.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vimaorthodoxias.gr/mitropoleis/istorikes\\-stigmes\\-sti\\-thessaloniki\\-o\\-patriarchis\\-vartholomaios\\-mnimonefse\\-ton\\-epifanio\\-sto\\-sylleitourgo\\-me\\-ton\\-ieronymo/\\|title\\=Ιστορικές στιγμές στη Θεσσαλονίκη: Ο Πατριάρχης Βαρθολομαίος μνημόνευσε τον Επιφάνιο στο συλλείτουργο με τον Ιερώνυμο\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-19\\|website\\=ΒΗΜΑ ΟΡΘΟΔΟΞΙΑΣ\\|language\\=el\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-20}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxia.info/news/%ce%ad%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%bd%ce%b5\\-%ce%b7\\-%ce%bc%ce%bd%ce%b7%ce%bc%cf%8c%ce%bd%ce%b5%cf%85%cf%83%ce%b7\\-%cf%84%ce%bf%cf%85\\-%ce%bf%cf%85%ce%ba%cf%81%ce%b1%ce%bd%ce%af%ce%b1%cf%82\\-%ce%b1%cf%80%cf%8c\\-%ce%b2/\\|title\\=Έγινε η μνημόνευση του Ουκρανίας από Βαρθολομαίο \\- Ιερώνυμο\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-19\\|website\\=ΟΡΘΟΔΟΞΙΑ INFO\\|language\\=el\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-19}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxtimes.com/ecumenical\\-patriarch\\-bartholomew\\-and\\-archbishop\\-ieronymos\\-acknowledged\\-metropolitan\\-epiphanius\\-of\\-kiev/\\|title\\=Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew and Archbishop Ieronymos acknowledged Metropolitan Epiphanius of Kiev\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-19\\|website\\=Orthodox Times\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-19}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ethnos.gr/ekklisia/oikoymeniko\\-patriarheio/67535\\_istoriko\\-sylleitoyrgo\\-kai\\-eyharisties\\-bartholomaioy\\-ston\\|title\\=Ιστορικό συλλείτουργο και ευχαριστίες Βαρθολομαίου στον Ιερώνυμο για το Ουκρανικό: Σε κλίμα συγκίνησης ολοκληρώθηκε το συλλείτουργο του Οικουμενικού Πατριάρχη με τον Αρχιεπίσκοπο\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-19\\|work\\=ethnos.gr\\|language\\=el\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-19}}{{Citation\\|title\\=Πατριαρχική Θεία Λειτουργία στον ιερό ναό Παναγίας Αχειροποιήτου\\| date\\=19 October 2019 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=NCA8yraRbyU\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-20}} In his speech toward the end of the liturgy,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxie.com/le\\-metropolite\\-epiphane\\-commemore\\-pendant\\-la\\-divine\\-liturgie\\-celebree\\-a\\-thessalonique/\\|title\\=Le métropolite Épiphane commémoré pendant la divine liturgie célébrée à Thessalonique\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-19\\|website\\=Orthodoxie.com\\|language\\=fr\\-FR\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-20}} Patriarch Bartholomew thanked Ieronymos II because, Bartholomew said, Ieronymos II \"identified with the canonical decisions of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. He also wrote the name of Metropolitan Epiphanius of Kiev and All Ukraine on the pages of the Diptychs.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxtimes.com/ecumenical\\-patriarch\\-the\\-autocephaly\\-of\\-the\\-church\\-of\\-ukraine\\-was\\-a\\-rightful\\-demand/\\|title\\=Ecumenical Patriarch: The autocephaly of the Church of Ukraine was a rightful demand\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-19\\|website\\=Orthodox Times\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-20}} A spokesman of the Moscow Patriarchate contested such interpretation pointing up the fact that Epiphanius' name was not said directly by the Archbishop.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://ria.ru/20191019/1559968754\\.html\\|title\\=В РПЦ прокомментировали совместную литургию Варфоломея и Иеронима\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-19\\|work\\=\\[\\[RIA Novosti]]\\|language\\=ru\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-20}}", "On 21 October 2019, Archbishop Ieronymos II, the primate of the Church of Greece, sent a peaceful letter to Metropolitan Epiphanius, the primate of the OCU. The Archbishop′s letter meant that the Church of Greece had officially communicated to the OCU that the Church of Greece had recognized it.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxtimes.com/the\\-document\\-of\\-the\\-recognition\\-of\\-the\\-church\\-of\\-greece\\-has\\-arrived\\-in\\-kiev/\\|title\\=The document of the recognition of the Church of Greece has arrived in Kyiv (upd): The recognition of the Church of Greece is now officially in the hands of Metropolitan Epifaniy of Kyiv and all Ukraine.\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-29\\|website\\=Orthodox Times\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-30}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.pomisna.info/uk/vsi\\-novyny/synod\\-elladskoyi\\-tserkvy\\-nadislav\\-lysta\\-na\\-im\\-ya\\-mytropolyta\\-epifaniya/\\|title\\=З Синоду Елладської Православної Церкви надійшов лист на ім'я Митрополита Епіфанія\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-29\\|website\\=pomisna.info\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-30}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.interfax\\-religion.com/?act\\=news÷\\=15333\\|title\\=Greek Orthodox Church de facto recognizes OCU, Ukrainian Orthodox Church calls it 'backstabbing'\\|date\\=30 October 2019\\|website\\=www.interfax\\-religion.com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-30}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.interfax\\-religion.ru/?act\\=news÷\\=73651\\|title\\=Интерфакс\\-Религия: Элладская церковь фактически признала ПЦУ, Украинская православная церковь назвала это \"ножом в спину\"\\|date\\=2019\\-10\\-29\\|website\\=www.interfax\\-religion.ru\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-30}}", "### Unrecognized or partially recognized Orthodox churches", "#### Belarusian, Macedonian and Montenegrin Orthodox churches and the Croatian Orthodox Union", "The unrecognized [Macedonian](/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Ohrid_Archbishopric \"Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric\") and [Montenegrin](/wiki/Montenegrin_Orthodox_Church \"Montenegrin Orthodox Church\") Orthodox churches have stated that they cannot yet comment.{{update needed\\|date\\=August 2024}}", "On 11 October, the [Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church](/wiki/Belarusian_Autocephalous_Orthodox_Church \"Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church\") announced that the abolition of the \"Synodal Letter of the year 1686\" would give rise to a disengagement from the ROC like the UOC.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.belapc.org/naviny\\-\\-\\-galounaa/pastanovakanstancinopalskagapatryarhatupranevyznanneukazu1686gprapadparadkavannekieuskaemitrapoliimaskouskamupatryarhatu2018g\\|title\\=Прызнаньне дзеяньня ўказа несапраўдным дае падставу як Украінскай Царкве, так і Беларускай Царкве як былой частцы Кіеўскае Мітраполіі, быць незалежнымі ад РПЦ.\\|trans\\-title\\=Repeal Decree action gives grounds as the Ukrainian Church and the Belarusian Church as part of the former Metropolitan of Kiev, to be independent of the ROC.\\|website\\=belapc.org\\|language\\=en, el, be\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-25\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-25\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225175650/http://www.belapc.org/naviny\\-\\-\\-galounaa/pastanovakanstancinopalskagapatryarhatupranevyznanneukazu1686gprapadparadkavannekieuskaemitrapoliimaskouskamupatryarhatu2018g\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "The [Macedonian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Ohrid_Archbishopric \"Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric\") has asked to be canonically recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarch but was met with a harsh refusal, \"Constantinople insisted on drawing a distinction between the situation with the Ukrainian Church and the Macedonian church \\[... :] Constantinople had never given up its own jurisdiction over Ukraine in favour of Moscow, whereas it did so with the Macedonian eparchies in favour of the Serbian Church in 1922, when a Macedonian state did not exist.\"{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/macedonia\\-church\\-receives\\-cold\\-shower\\-from\\-constantinople\\-10\\-18\\-2018\\|title\\=Ecumenical Patriarch Rebuffs Macedonian Church's Plea for Recognition\\|date\\=18 October 2018\\|work\\=BalkanInsight\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-28\\|language\\=en}} The MOC\\-AO was granted autocephaly by the Serbian Orthodox Church in 2022\\.", "Metropolitan [Miraš Dedeić](/wiki/Mira%C5%A1_Dedei%C4%87 \"Miraš Dedeić\") of the [Montenegrin Orthodox Church](/wiki/Montenegrin_Orthodox_Church \"Montenegrin Orthodox Church\") in November 2018 called on the Montenegrin government to solve the \\[Montenegrin] church problem as with the Orthodox Church of Ukraine.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2020}} His successor Metropolitan [Boris Bojović](/wiki/Boris_Bojovi%C4%87 \"Boris Bojović\") took part in a conference with [Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church](/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church \"Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church\"), OCU, [Latin Church in Ukraine](/wiki/Latin_Church_in_Ukraine \"Latin Church in Ukraine\"), UOC\\-MP and the {{ill\\|German Evangelical Lutheran Church of Ukraine\\|de\\|Deutsche Evangelisch\\-Lutherische Kirche in der Ukraine\\|uk\\|Німецька євангелічно\\-лютеранська церква України}} with the title \"Overcoming the Horrors of the War\" where he denounced the \"discriminat\\[ion] \\[of his church] by the current authorities in Montenegro, which are oriented towards Moscow.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.aktuelno.me/crna\\-gora/mitropolit\\-boris\\-u\\-posjeti\\-ukrajini\\-cpc\\-diskriminisana\\-od\\-vlasti\\-u\\-crnoj\\-gori\\-koja\\-je\\-okrenuta\\-moskvi/\\|title\\=Mitropolit Boris u posjeti Ukrajini: CPC diskriminisana od vlasti u Crnoj Gori koja je okrenuta Moskvi\\|lang\\=cnr\\|date\\=19 April 2024\\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2024\\|work\\=Aktuelno.me}}", "In response to the news of the future granting of autocephaly to Ukraine, the [Croatian Orthodox Union](/wiki/Association_of_Croatian_Orthodox_Believers \"Association of Croatian Orthodox Believers\") in November 2018 criticized the [Croatian government](/wiki/Croatian_Government \"Croatian Government\") for not respecting the freedom of religion of the Croatian Orthodox Church and for not supporting the autocephaly of a [Croatian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Croatian_Orthodox_Church \"Croatian Orthodox Church\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.hrvatskipravoslavci.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=1171:carigradska\\-patrijarhija\\-dodjelila\\-je\\-autokefalnost\\-ukrainskoj\\-pravoslavnoj\\-crkvi\\&catid\\=1:vijesti\\&Itemid\\=10\\|title\\=Carigradska Patrijarhija Dodjelila Je Autokefalnost Ukrainskoj Pravoslavnoj Crkvi\\|date\\=13 November 2018\\|work\\=hrvatskipravoslavci.com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-26\\|language\\=hr\\|trans\\-title\\=The Patriarchate of Constantinople Gives Autocephaly to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church}}", "#### Abkhazian and Turkish Orthodox Churches", "On October 16, 2018, the [Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate](/wiki/Autocephalous_Turkish_Orthodox_Patriarchate \"Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate\") filed a lawsuit against the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and Bartholomaios I because, according to the [Treaty of Lausanne](/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne \"Treaty of Lausanne\") of 1923, only services for Greek\\-based Greeks should be performed by the Patriarch of Constantinople and therefore no exarchs may be sent to Ukraine and their church may not be granted autocephaly.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2020}}", "On 22 October 2018, the unrecognized [Abkhazian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Abkhazian_Orthodox_Church \"Abkhazian Orthodox Church\") declared in an official statement: \"We raise a prayer voice, because the actions of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, which are aimed at taking the Orthodox Church all over the world, violate church canons. Such an initiative of Patriarch Bartholomew will lead to a catastrophe for the Slavic peoples and the entire Orthodox world.\"{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.apsnypress.info/news/zayavlenie\\-tserkovnogo\\-soveta\\-abkhazskoy\\-pravoslavnoy\\-tserkvi/\\|date\\=22 October 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[Apsnypress]]\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-15\\|language\\=ru\\|script\\-title\\=ru:Заявление Церковного Совета Абхазской Православной Церкви\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-31\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043155/http://www.apsnypress.info/news/zayavlenie\\-tserkovnogo\\-soveta\\-abkhazskoy\\-pravoslavnoy\\-tserkvi/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "#### Orthodox Church in America", "On 26 October, [Metropolitan Tikhon](/wiki/Tikhon_Mollard \"Tikhon Mollard\"), head of the [Orthodox Church in America](/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America \"Orthodox Church in America\") (OCA) issued an archpastoral letter in which he supported the idea of a pan\\-Orthodox synaxis on the question of Ukraine.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://oca.org/news/headline\\-news/metropolitan\\-tikhon\\-issues\\-archpastoral\\-letter\\-concerning\\-recent\\-developmen\\|title\\=Metropolitan Tikhon issues Archpastoral Letter concerning recent developments in Ukraine\\|date\\=26 September 2018\\|work\\=oca.org\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-20\\|language\\=en}} On 28 January 2019, the Holy Synod of the OCA, its primate included, issued an *Archpastoral Letter on Ukraine*. In this letter, the OCA declared it had decided:{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://orthodoxie.com/en/oca\\-holy\\-synod\\-of\\-bishops\\-issued\\-archpastoral\\-letter\\-on\\-ukraine/\\|title\\=OCA Holy Synod of Bishops issued Archpastoral Letter on Ukraine\\|last\\=Cazabonne\\|first\\=Emma\\|date\\=2019\\-01\\-29\\|website\\=Orthodoxie.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-29}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://oca.org/news/headline\\-news/holy\\-synod\\-of\\-bishops\\-issues\\-archpastoral\\-letter\\-on\\-ukraine\\|title\\=Holy Synod of Bishops issues Archpastoral Letter on Ukraine\\|website\\=oca.org\\|date\\=28 January 2019 \\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-29}}", "* + - * + {{Blockquote\\|text\\=\n\t\t\t\t\\* To continue to recognize and support Metropolitan \\[\\[Onufriy (Berezovsky)\\|Onufriy]] as the canonical head and Primate of the \\[\\[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)\\|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]];\n\t\t\t\t\\* To withhold, with several of our sister Churches, recognition of the \\[\\[Orthodox Church of Ukraine]];\n\t\t\t\t\\* That no changes be made to the diptychs, noting that the Orthodox Church in America has not been formally requested to make such changes;\n\t\t\t\t\\* That communion between clergy and faithful of all canonical Orthodox jurisdictions in North America be maintained and that any specific questions concerning the concelebration of clergy be directed to the local diocesan bishop; and\n\t\t\t\t\\* That our clergy and faithful preserve an attitude of sobriety and restraint in any public discussions of these matters.\\|sign\\=\\|source\\=}}In a 16 May 2019{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://oca.org/holy\\-synod/statements/holy\\-synod\\|title\\=Holy Synod \\- Official Statements and Speeches \\- The Holy Synod of Bishops\\|website\\=oca.org\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531173944/https://oca.org/holy\\-synod/statements/holy\\-synod\\|archive\\-date\\=31 May 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-31}} encyclical, the Holy Synod of Bishops of the OCA reaffirmed its position taken in its 28 January 2019 pastoral letter.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://oca.org/holy\\-synod/statements/holy\\-synod/holy\\-synod\\-reaffirms\\-statement\\-regarding\\-external\\-affairs\\-in\\-ukraine\\|title\\=Holy Synod reaffirms statement regarding External Affairs in Ukraine\\|website\\=oca.org\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-31}}" ]
The basilica ------------ [thumb\|Façade of the basilica](/wiki/File:Basilica_Facciata.jpg "Basilica Facciata.jpg") Following the administrative merger of Barcellona and Pozzo di Gotto in 1836, the doubling of the population required a new larger church. The project was accelerated by the disastrous [1908 Messina earthquake](/wiki/1908_Messina_earthquake "1908 Messina earthquake") that damaged the old church of St. Sebastian, dating from 1606, and made it unusable. The old church would also have blocked the construction of the Via Roma, the natural access to the railway station. Together with the adjacent Chiesa degli Agonizzanti ("Church of the Dying"), the [Placido Mandanici](/wiki/Placido_Mandanici "Placido Mandanici") Theatre (destroyed by fire in 1967\) and the [Monte di Pietà](/wiki/Monte_di_Piet%C3%A0 "Monte di Pietà"), it formed the old city of Barcellona until it was completely demolished during the building of the new church. After the adoption of the plan on April 1, 1931, construction started on January 25, 1932, and ended on October 30, 1935\. The church was inaugurated on March 25, 1936, by the [Archbishop of Messina](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Messina "Archbishop of Messina"), Monsignor [Angelo Paino](/wiki/Angelo_Paino "Angelo Paino"). The laying out of the square in front ended with the elevation of the church to the status of a minor basilica by Cardinal [Angelo Sodano](/wiki/Angelo_Sodano "Angelo Sodano") on September 18, 1992\. ### Façade [thumb \| Northern side of the basilica](/wiki/File:Basilica_Minore_Nord.jpg "Basilica Minore Nord.jpg") The basilica's façade is reminiscent of that of the Basilica of [Sant'Andrea della Valle](/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_della_Valle "Sant'Andrea della Valle") in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome"). The dome drew inspiration from that of [Filippo Juvarra](/wiki/Filippo_Juvarra "Filippo Juvarra") for the [Basilica of Superga](/wiki/Basilica_of_Superga "Basilica of Superga") in Turin. The twin ribs of Juvarra's Turin dome, simplified and lightened, also appear in the dome of the [Shrine of Christ the King](/wiki/Shrine_of_Christ_the_King "Shrine of Christ the King"). Likewise, the dome for the new church of Barcellona was similar to that of the [New Cathedral of Brescia](/wiki/New_Cathedral%2C_Brescia "New Cathedral, Brescia") in shape, size and style, although the latter lacked the small circular windows round the base. In the Barcellona church, the terraces covering the side aisles are much wider, allowing the construction of two small front entrances. The façade is a modern representation of the neo\-classical style with two rows of columns surmounted by Corinthian capitals framing the main window, the main entrance and the side niches. The eight central columns are slightly advanced with respect to the side group, and the four central columns further advanced, enclosing an embossed [tympanum](/wiki/Tympanum_%28architecture%29 "Tympanum (architecture)") of a lively and dynamic character. Within the gable of the tympanum is a frieze decorated with carved elements of cardinal's symbols and festoons bearing a palm tree between two lions. The coat of arms and motto "*SOLUS CUM SOLO DEO*" can be traced back to the order of Saint Paul. Entrances and windows are framed by columns surmounted by arched triangular tympani. The niches are surmounted by triangular arched pediments. The niches of the main façade contain four statues of [Saint Peter](/wiki/Saint_Peter "Saint Peter"), [Saint Paul](/wiki/Saint_Paul "Saint Paul"), [Saint Francis of Assisi](/wiki/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi "Saint Francis of Assisi") and [Saint Catherine of Siena](/wiki/Saint_Catherine_of_Siena "Saint Catherine of Siena") by [Domenico Farina](/wiki/Domenico_Farina "Domenico Farina"), which contrast with the white of the marble statues and the stonework from the quarries of [Billiemi](/wiki/Billiemi "Billiemi") and [Comiso](/wiki/Comiso "Comiso"). On the inner wall of the entrance from top to bottom and from right to left are frescoes created by [Gino Colapietro](/wiki/Gino_Colapietro "Gino Colapietro") in 1997 depicting "*The Creation*","*The Expulsion from Eden*" or " *Original Sin*", "*God and the Tables of the Commandments*" and "*The Baptism in the Jordan*". ### Main nave [thumb \|Dome from the south side](/wiki/File:Basilica_Minore_Dud.jpg "Basilica Minore Dud.jpg") The basilica is in the form of a [Latin cross](/wiki/Latin_cross "Latin cross") with a large central nave under a barrel vault adorned with friezes, rosettes and stucco. The interior space is divided into three naves by means of strong pillars carrying large [arches](/wiki/Arch "Arch") embellished by twin [pilasters](/wiki/Pilasters "Pilasters"). The central nave is about 25 meters long from the inner entrance to the transept, 16 meters wide and 23 meters high, and both visually and acoustically constitutes the main architectural feature of the building. Within the five arches of each side aisle are arranged six altars and two side entrances. ### Right aisle, south side * In the first bay to the right is a marble inscription reproducing the text of the [papal bull](/wiki/Papal_bull "Papal bull") dated 9 November 1989 from [Pope John Paul II](/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II "Pope John Paul II") decreeing the church's elevation to basilica status. The elevation took place on 9 February 1991, with a dedication ceremony on 18 September 1992\. * Second bay: Altar dedicated to Our Lady of the Dying ({{lang\|it\|Madonna degli Agonizzanti}}) from the nearby Chiesa degli Agonizzanti (Church of the Dying) from the end of the 16th or early 17th century with an altarpiece by [Philip Jannelli](/wiki/Philip_Jannelli "Philip Jannelli") (circa 1621 – 1696\) painted in oil on canvas of Our Lady of the Dying in which the Virgin is depicted between [Saint Michael the Archangel](/wiki/Saint_Michael_the_Archangel "Saint Michael the Archangel"), Saint [Camillus de Lellis](/wiki/Camillus_de_Lellis "Camillus de Lellis") and [Saint Joseph](/wiki/Saint_Joseph "Saint Joseph") (1655, possibly). The elevation of the altar consists of pilasters surmounted by a symmetrical arched pediment. At the centre is a refined tabernacle depicting a Roman temple colonnade surmounted by a crown. * Third bay: Entrance from the south side. * Fourth bay: Altar dedicated to the Patriarch Saint Joseph brought from the old church (end of the 16th or early 17th century). The altarpiece is a 1942 painting of Saint Joseph by Santa Rugolo. The elevation is pilasters surmounted by a symmetrical arched pediment with central stele. The altar table has a precious marble frontal. * Fifth bay: Altar dedicated to [Our Lady of Graces](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Graces "Our Lady of Graces"), [patron saint](/wiki/Patron_saint "Patron saint") of the city, from the old church, with pilasters surmounted by symmetrical arched pediment with central stele. ### Left aisle, north side [thumb \|View from Pozzo di Gotto](/wiki/File:Cupola_Basilica_Cappuccini.JPG "Cupola Basilica Cappuccini.JPG") * In the first bay on the left was originally placed the [baptismal font](/wiki/Baptismal_font "Baptismal font") now moved to be near to the main altar. On the walls a commemorative plaque records the naming date of March 25, 1936, and the dedication date of June 8, 1936, and a second plaque credits the construction of the church to the [Archbishop of Messina](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Messina "Archbishop of Messina"), Monsignor Angelo Paino. * Second bay: Altar dedicated to Saint [Anthony of Padua](/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua "Anthony of Padua"), made in 1940, with pilasters surmounted by symmetrical pediment with central stele. In the niche is a statue of Saint Anthony. * Third bay: Entrance from the north side. * Fourth bay: Altar dedicated to the *Triumph of the Cross between Jesus and Mary* from the old church, with pilasters surmounted by symmetrical arched pediment with central stele and a precious marble [altar frontal](/wiki/Altar_frontal "Altar frontal"). The altarpiece by Filippo Jannelli is "*Jesus and Mary and the Triumph of the Cross*", painted in oil on canvas. * Fifth bay: Altar dedicated to the [Sacred Heart of Jesus](/wiki/Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus "Sacred Heart of Jesus") from the old church. It has a double pair of columns, the innermost advanced and surmounted by a symmetrical pediment. ### Transept In the south transept is a modern linear marble altar in the classical style by [Antonino Antonuccio](/wiki/Antonino_Antonuccio "Antonino Antonuccio"), consisting of pillars ([pilasters](/wiki/Pilasters "Pilasters")) combined with Corinthian capitals and surmounted by a symmetrical pediment with two [volutes](/wiki/Volute "Volute") supporting a disc under a vase. At either and of the [entablature](/wiki/Entablature "Entablature") are two further vases. In a niche framed by pilasters and an arched tympanum is preserved an 18th\-century wooden statue of Saint Sebastian which is carried in procession. Overlooking the [choir](/wiki/Choir_%28architecture%29 "Choir (architecture)") is a 17th\-century painting depicting scenes from the life of [Saint Christopher](/wiki/Saint_Christopher "Saint Christopher"). In the fresco depicting the *Miraculous shoal of fishes* by Gino Colapietro (1994\) on the north wall of the transept, the features of the characters recall the faces of local citizens amongst which the face of the then archpriest stands out. Below are three austere but valuable denominational works by the local cabinetmaker Antonio Genovese based on drawings by Salvatore Crinò from the 1960s. In a square frame is a painting of the *Virgin and Child with Saint Francis* by [Gaspare Camarda](/wiki/Gaspare_Camarda "Gaspare Camarda") (1606\). There are also four mosaics depicting *The Annunciation*, *The Nativity*, *The Adoration of the Magi* and *The Presentation of Jesus in the Temple* by [Claudio Traversi](/wiki/Claudio_Traversi "Claudio Traversi"). On the external wall are reproduced the figures of [Saint Nicholas of Bari](/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_of_Bari "Saint Nicholas of Bari") and Saint [Francis of Paola](/wiki/Francis_of_Paola "Francis of Paola") behind the bronze statue of Saint [Pio of Pietrelcina](/wiki/Pio_of_Pietrelcina "Pio of Pietrelcina") (2001\). | \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- North transept \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- | \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- South transept \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- | | --- | --- | | *The Nativity* | *The Annunciation* | | *Saint Nicholas of Bari* (External) | *Saint Francesco of Paola* (External) | | *The Adoration of the Magi* | *The Presentation of Jesus in the Temple* | | ### Altar [thumb\|Main altar](/wiki/File:Altare_Maggiore_Basilica.JPG "Altare Maggiore Basilica.JPG") The main altar is made of polychrome marble, in the form of the elevation of a Roman temple with a symmetrical double interrupted pediment with central memorial stele. The whole recalls the style of the façade. Between the columns with their Corinthian capitals is a canvas depicting the Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian where [Irene of Rome](/wiki/Irene_of_Rome "Irene of Rome") in mourning retrieves the body of the saint, and a maid and Saint Nicholas of Bari (former protector of the village of Barsalona) are kneeling, the work of [Giacomo Conti](/wiki/Giacomo_Conti_%28artist%29 "Giacomo Conti (artist)") in 1879\. Completing the scene the Madonna in Glory, with Our Lady of Graces, the co\-patron saint of Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, is pictured between hosts of angels, cherubim and seraphim, thrones and dominations. The marblework was undertaken by [Salvatore Manganaro](/wiki/Salvatore_Manganaro "Salvatore Manganaro"), directed by [Maria Mento](/wiki/Maria_Mento "Maria Mento") and [Angela Mento](/wiki/Angela_Mento "Angela Mento"), and completed in 1960\. The [Christ Pantocrator](/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator "Christ Pantocrator") in the apse is the work of [Filippo Minolfi](/wiki/Filippo_Minolfi "Filippo Minolfi") and was created in 1984\. The basilica contains many paintings of the 17th and 18th centuries. On the left side of the altar stands a 19th\-century painting by [Cesare De Napoli](/wiki/Cesare_De_Napoli "Cesare De Napoli") depicting the Madonna of Carmel with [Saint Roch](/wiki/Saint_Roch "Saint Roch"), Saint [Paulinus of Nola](/wiki/Paulinus_of_Nola "Paulinus of Nola") and [Saint Catherine of Alexandria](/wiki/Saint_Catherine_of_Alexandria "Saint Catherine of Alexandria"). ### Doors [thumb\|Altarpiece of the main altar](/wiki/File:Pala_Altare_Conti.JPG "Pala Altare Conti.JPG") The approach to the basilica from the front is secured by three doors, at one time made of wood but now of bronze. The great bronze door of the nave by [Ennio Tesei](/wiki/Ennio_Tesei "Ennio Tesei") has six panels depicting scenes from the life of Saint Sebastian: *The first martyrdom with arrows*, *The second martyrdom with flogging to death* (the palms of martyrdom are the handles of the two doors), *The care of St. Irene*, *The Sermons of St. Sebastian*, *The meeting with the Emperor [Diocletian](/wiki/Diocletian "Diocletian")* and *The [Cloaca Maxima](/wiki/Cloaca_Maxima "Cloaca Maxima")*, created in 1990\. The door is topped with a fluted frieze bearing the symbols of martyrdom: the arrows and a crown and palm. The right door, the work of [George Luzzietti](/wiki/George_Luzzietti "George Luzzietti"), has panels depicting *Pentecost*, *Ascension*, *The Multiplication of the Loaves and Fishes*, *The Miraculous*, *The Marriage at Cana* and *The Resurrection of Lazarus*. The left door, the work of [Claudio Traversi](/wiki/Claudio_Traversi "Claudio Traversi") in 1991, has panels depicting scenes from the *Flood*, *The Tables of the Law and the Burning Bush*, *The Church of the Basilian*, the old church of St. Sebastian, the new basilica and a panel dedicated to Monsignor Angelo Paino, called *The Rebuilder*. ### Dome [thumb \| The Evangelists in the pendentives of the dome](/wiki/File:Interno_Cupola_Basilica.jpg "Interno Cupola Basilica.jpg") The dome, emblem of the basilica and one of the symbols of the entire city, is 16 meters in diameter and 8 meters in height, surmounted by an octagonal lantern. It is illuminated by eight windows arranged around the drum and eight [oculi](/wiki/Oculi "Oculi") arranged around the cap. It rests on a high octagonal drum with eight rectangular windows, separated by [ribs](/wiki/Rib_vault "Rib vault") defined on the outside by pairs of coupled columns. At the base of each rib are shells containing doves. Internally the four [pendentives](/wiki/Pendentive "Pendentive") at the base of the drum are decorated with the [four Evangelists](/wiki/Four_Evangelists "Four Evangelists"), created in 1986 by [Filippo Minolfi](/wiki/Filippo_Minolfi "Filippo Minolfi"). The eight rectangular windows on the drum of the dome were made in the early 1990s by [Salvatore Gervasi](/wiki/Salvatore_Gervasi "Salvatore Gervasi"). ### Further detail The Basilica of Saint Sebastian is the second largest Catholic church in the province of Messina. Several events, especially the elevation to basilica status, have led to modifications, principally the disappearance of the original front staircase, the balustrade and railing that separated the transept from the high altar, the "table" under the dome that was replaced by the table altar "coram populo", the rearrangement of some of the works on display and the paintings that encircle the altar, and the replacement of the old windows with stained glass. In 2000, the new Chapel of the *Confessions*, the *Chapel of the Holy Sacrament*, was constructed and the rooms of the parish offices and corridors completely rearranged. The sacristy was fully restored with a new marble floor and new cabinets, the layout of the presbytery changed with a new pulpit, the baptismal font and the organ console moved and the wooden stage for the choir in the right transept built. * Windows in the apse: "Sacred Heart" on the right side, by the brothers [Lindo Grassi](/wiki/Lindo_Grassi "Lindo Grassi") and [Alessandro Grassi](/wiki/Alessandro_Grassi "Alessandro Grassi"){{Cite web \|url\=http://www.grassivetrate.it/home.html \|title\=Grassivetrate.it \|access\-date\=2013\-10\-02 \|archive\-date\=2013\-10\-04 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223158/http://www.grassivetrate.it/home.html \|url\-status\=dead }} (1970\) and "Immaculate Heart of Mary" on the left side, the work of [Cupelloni](/wiki/Cupelloni "Cupelloni") (1992\). * "Saint Sebastian" in the window of the main façade loggia, also by the brothers Grassi. * Windows in the nave: "Resurrection", "The Crucifixion", "Saint [Thomas the Apostle](/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle "Thomas the Apostle") and [Saint Jude](/wiki/Saint_Jude "Saint Jude")", "[Saint Dominic](/wiki/Saint_Dominic "Saint Dominic") and [Saint Francis of Assisi](/wiki/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi "Saint Francis of Assisi")", "Saint [Eustochia Smeralda Calafato](/wiki/Eustochia_Smeralda_Calafato "Eustochia Smeralda Calafato") and Saint [Clare of Assisi](/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi "Clare of Assisi")", "[Saint Andrew](/wiki/Saint_Andrew "Saint Andrew") and [Saint Philip](/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle "Philip the Apostle")", "Saint [James, son of Zebedee](/wiki/James%2C_son_of_Zebedee "James, son of Zebedee") and [Saint Bartholomew](/wiki/Saint_Bartholomew "Saint Bartholomew")", "[Saint Peter](/wiki/Saint_Peter "Saint Peter") and [Saint Paul](/wiki/Saint_Paul "Saint Paul")", "[Saint Simon](/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot "Simon the Zealot") and [Saint Matthew](/wiki/Saint_Matthew "Saint Matthew")", "Saint [John the Evangelist](/wiki/John_the_Evangelist "John the Evangelist") and [Saint Matthias](/wiki/Saint_Matthias "Saint Matthias")", "[Saint Nicholas](/wiki/Saint_Nicholas "Saint Nicholas") and [Saint Basil](/wiki/Saint_Basil "Saint Basil")", "[Saint Agatha](/wiki/Saint_Agatha "Saint Agatha") and [Saint Lucia](/wiki/Saint_Lucia "Saint Lucia")" (all created by Father [Alberto Farina](/wiki/Alberto_Farina "Alberto Farina") in 1991\). * Windows round chapels: "Sacred Heart of Jesus", "Our Lady of Fatima", "Saint Joseph", "Souls in Purgatory", "Triumph of the Cross", "Saint Anthony of Padua", "The Holy Spirit", " Saint Christopher" (all created by [Claudio Traversi](/wiki/Claudio_Traversi "Claudio Traversi") in 1992\). * Windows in the drum of the Dome: Eight rectangular windows in the drum of the dome by [Salvatore Gervasi](/wiki/Salvatore_Gervasi "Salvatore Gervasi"). ### Choir [thumb\|upright\|Fresco by Gino Colapietro (1997\) in the counterfaçade of the Baptism in the Jordan](/wiki/File:Affresco_Controfacciata.jpg "Affresco Controfacciata.jpg") The choir is composed of wooden seats in a classical style, made in September 1985 by Sanyi Diletti, designed by Angela and Maria Mento. ### Organ The organ of the basilica was built by [Tamburini](/wiki/Tamburini "Tamburini") of [Crema, Lombardy](/wiki/Crema%2C_Lombardy "Crema, Lombardy"), in 1967\. The organ is in two parts, located in the transepts of the choir of the basilica, the *Cornu Epistulae* and the *Cornu Evangelii*, and consists of 2,760 pipes, a console with three keyboards, 61 keys, 32 pedals and 41 real sound registers. After the instrument of Messina Cathedral, it was at the time of installation the second largest organ in the entire province. ### Bells In 1989 nine new bells from Catania foundry, the largest of which are 109 cm in diameter and perfectly matched in gradual decreasing tone replaced the bells from the old church. Finally, a [carillon](/wiki/Carillon "Carillon") clock complete with four quadrants of 169 cm in diameter each was installed.
[ "The basilica\n------------", "[thumb\\|Façade of the basilica](/wiki/File:Basilica_Facciata.jpg \"Basilica Facciata.jpg\")", "Following the administrative merger of Barcellona and Pozzo di Gotto in 1836, the doubling of the population required a new larger church. The project was accelerated by the disastrous [1908 Messina earthquake](/wiki/1908_Messina_earthquake \"1908 Messina earthquake\") that damaged the old church of St. Sebastian, dating from 1606, and made it unusable. The old church would also have blocked the construction of the Via Roma, the natural access to the railway station. Together with the adjacent Chiesa degli Agonizzanti (\"Church of the Dying\"), the [Placido Mandanici](/wiki/Placido_Mandanici \"Placido Mandanici\") Theatre (destroyed by fire in 1967\\) and the [Monte di Pietà](/wiki/Monte_di_Piet%C3%A0 \"Monte di Pietà\"), it formed the old city of Barcellona until it was completely demolished during the building of the new church.", "After the adoption of the plan on April 1, 1931, construction started on January 25, 1932, and ended on October 30, 1935\\. The church was inaugurated on March 25, 1936, by the [Archbishop of Messina](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Messina \"Archbishop of Messina\"), Monsignor [Angelo Paino](/wiki/Angelo_Paino \"Angelo Paino\"). The laying out of the square in front ended with the elevation of the church to the status of a minor basilica by Cardinal [Angelo Sodano](/wiki/Angelo_Sodano \"Angelo Sodano\") on September 18, 1992\\.", "### Façade", "[thumb \\| Northern side of the basilica](/wiki/File:Basilica_Minore_Nord.jpg \"Basilica Minore Nord.jpg\")", "The basilica's façade is reminiscent of that of the Basilica of [Sant'Andrea della Valle](/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_della_Valle \"Sant'Andrea della Valle\") in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\"). The dome drew inspiration from that of [Filippo Juvarra](/wiki/Filippo_Juvarra \"Filippo Juvarra\") for the [Basilica of Superga](/wiki/Basilica_of_Superga \"Basilica of Superga\") in Turin. The twin ribs of Juvarra's Turin dome, simplified and lightened, also appear in the dome of the [Shrine of Christ the King](/wiki/Shrine_of_Christ_the_King \"Shrine of Christ the King\"). Likewise, the dome for the new church of Barcellona was similar to that of the [New Cathedral of Brescia](/wiki/New_Cathedral%2C_Brescia \"New Cathedral, Brescia\") in shape, size and style, although the latter lacked the small circular windows round the base. In the Barcellona church, the terraces covering the side aisles are much wider, allowing the construction of two small front entrances.", "The façade is a modern representation of the neo\\-classical style with two rows of columns surmounted by Corinthian capitals framing the main window, the main entrance and the side niches. The eight central columns are slightly advanced with respect to the side group, and the four central columns further advanced, enclosing an embossed [tympanum](/wiki/Tympanum_%28architecture%29 \"Tympanum (architecture)\") of a lively and dynamic character. Within the gable of the tympanum is a frieze decorated with carved elements of cardinal's symbols and festoons bearing a palm tree between two lions. The coat of arms and motto \"*SOLUS CUM SOLO DEO*\" can be traced back to the order of Saint Paul.", "Entrances and windows are framed by columns surmounted by arched triangular tympani. The niches are surmounted by triangular arched pediments. The niches of the main façade contain four statues of [Saint Peter](/wiki/Saint_Peter \"Saint Peter\"), [Saint Paul](/wiki/Saint_Paul \"Saint Paul\"), [Saint Francis of Assisi](/wiki/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi \"Saint Francis of Assisi\") and [Saint Catherine of Siena](/wiki/Saint_Catherine_of_Siena \"Saint Catherine of Siena\") by [Domenico Farina](/wiki/Domenico_Farina \"Domenico Farina\"), which contrast with the white of the marble statues and the stonework from the quarries of [Billiemi](/wiki/Billiemi \"Billiemi\") and [Comiso](/wiki/Comiso \"Comiso\").", "On the inner wall of the entrance from top to bottom and from right to left are frescoes created by [Gino Colapietro](/wiki/Gino_Colapietro \"Gino Colapietro\") in 1997 depicting \"*The Creation*\",\"*The Expulsion from Eden*\" or \" *Original Sin*\", \"*God and the Tables of the Commandments*\" and \"*The Baptism in the Jordan*\".", "### Main nave", "[thumb \\|Dome from the south side](/wiki/File:Basilica_Minore_Dud.jpg \"Basilica Minore Dud.jpg\")", "The basilica is in the form of a [Latin cross](/wiki/Latin_cross \"Latin cross\") with a large central nave under a barrel vault adorned with friezes, rosettes and stucco.", "The interior space is divided into three naves by means of strong pillars carrying large [arches](/wiki/Arch \"Arch\") embellished by twin [pilasters](/wiki/Pilasters \"Pilasters\"). The central nave is about 25 meters long from the inner entrance to the transept, 16 meters wide and 23 meters high, and both visually and acoustically constitutes the main architectural feature of the building. Within the five arches of each side aisle are arranged six altars and two side entrances.", "### Right aisle, south side", "* In the first bay to the right is a marble inscription reproducing the text of the [papal bull](/wiki/Papal_bull \"Papal bull\") dated 9 November 1989 from [Pope John Paul II](/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II \"Pope John Paul II\") decreeing the church's elevation to basilica status. The elevation took place on 9 February 1991, with a dedication ceremony on 18 September 1992\\.\n* Second bay: Altar dedicated to Our Lady of the Dying ({{lang\\|it\\|Madonna degli Agonizzanti}}) from the nearby Chiesa degli Agonizzanti (Church of the Dying) from the end of the 16th or early 17th century with an altarpiece by [Philip Jannelli](/wiki/Philip_Jannelli \"Philip Jannelli\") (circa 1621 – 1696\\) painted in oil on canvas of Our Lady of the Dying in which the Virgin is depicted between [Saint Michael the Archangel](/wiki/Saint_Michael_the_Archangel \"Saint Michael the Archangel\"), Saint [Camillus de Lellis](/wiki/Camillus_de_Lellis \"Camillus de Lellis\") and [Saint Joseph](/wiki/Saint_Joseph \"Saint Joseph\") (1655, possibly). The elevation of the altar consists of pilasters surmounted by a symmetrical arched pediment. At the centre is a refined tabernacle depicting a Roman temple colonnade surmounted by a crown.\n* Third bay: Entrance from the south side.\n* Fourth bay: Altar dedicated to the Patriarch Saint Joseph brought from the old church (end of the 16th or early 17th century). The altarpiece is a 1942 painting of Saint Joseph by Santa Rugolo. The elevation is pilasters surmounted by a symmetrical arched pediment with central stele. The altar table has a precious marble frontal.\n* Fifth bay: Altar dedicated to [Our Lady of Graces](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Graces \"Our Lady of Graces\"), [patron saint](/wiki/Patron_saint \"Patron saint\") of the city, from the old church, with pilasters surmounted by symmetrical arched pediment with central stele.", "### Left aisle, north side", "[thumb \\|View from Pozzo di Gotto](/wiki/File:Cupola_Basilica_Cappuccini.JPG \"Cupola Basilica Cappuccini.JPG\")", "* In the first bay on the left was originally placed the [baptismal font](/wiki/Baptismal_font \"Baptismal font\") now moved to be near to the main altar. On the walls a commemorative plaque records the naming date of March 25, 1936, and the dedication date of June 8, 1936, and a second plaque credits the construction of the church to the [Archbishop of Messina](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Messina \"Archbishop of Messina\"), Monsignor Angelo Paino.\n* Second bay: Altar dedicated to Saint [Anthony of Padua](/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua \"Anthony of Padua\"), made in 1940, with pilasters surmounted by symmetrical pediment with central stele. In the niche is a statue of Saint Anthony.\n* Third bay: Entrance from the north side.\n* Fourth bay: Altar dedicated to the *Triumph of the Cross between Jesus and Mary* from the old church, with pilasters surmounted by symmetrical arched pediment with central stele and a precious marble [altar frontal](/wiki/Altar_frontal \"Altar frontal\"). The altarpiece by Filippo Jannelli is \"*Jesus and Mary and the Triumph of the Cross*\", painted in oil on canvas.\n* Fifth bay: Altar dedicated to the [Sacred Heart of Jesus](/wiki/Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus \"Sacred Heart of Jesus\") from the old church. It has a double pair of columns, the innermost advanced and surmounted by a symmetrical pediment.", "### Transept", "In the south transept is a modern linear marble altar in the classical style by [Antonino Antonuccio](/wiki/Antonino_Antonuccio \"Antonino Antonuccio\"), consisting of pillars ([pilasters](/wiki/Pilasters \"Pilasters\")) combined with Corinthian capitals and surmounted by a symmetrical pediment with two [volutes](/wiki/Volute \"Volute\") supporting a disc under a vase. At either and of the [entablature](/wiki/Entablature \"Entablature\") are two further vases. In a niche framed by pilasters and an arched tympanum is preserved an 18th\\-century wooden statue of Saint Sebastian which is carried in procession. Overlooking the [choir](/wiki/Choir_%28architecture%29 \"Choir (architecture)\") is a 17th\\-century painting depicting scenes from the life of [Saint Christopher](/wiki/Saint_Christopher \"Saint Christopher\"). In the fresco depicting the *Miraculous shoal of fishes* by Gino Colapietro (1994\\) on the north wall of the transept, the features of the characters recall the faces of local citizens amongst which the face of the then archpriest stands out. Below are three austere but valuable denominational works by the local cabinetmaker Antonio Genovese based on drawings by Salvatore Crinò from the 1960s. In a square frame is a painting of the *Virgin and Child with Saint Francis* by [Gaspare Camarda](/wiki/Gaspare_Camarda \"Gaspare Camarda\") (1606\\).", "There are also four mosaics depicting *The Annunciation*, *The Nativity*, *The Adoration of the Magi* and *The Presentation of Jesus in the Temple* by [Claudio Traversi](/wiki/Claudio_Traversi \"Claudio Traversi\"). On the external wall are reproduced the figures of [Saint Nicholas of Bari](/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_of_Bari \"Saint Nicholas of Bari\") and Saint [Francis of Paola](/wiki/Francis_of_Paola \"Francis of Paola\") behind the bronze statue of Saint [Pio of Pietrelcina](/wiki/Pio_of_Pietrelcina \"Pio of Pietrelcina\") (2001\\).", "", "| \\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\- North transept \\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\- | \\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\- South transept \\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\-\\- |\n| --- | --- |\n| *The Nativity* | *The Annunciation* |\n| *Saint Nicholas of Bari* (External) | *Saint Francesco of Paola* (External) |\n| *The Adoration of the Magi* | *The Presentation of Jesus in the Temple* |\n|", "### Altar", "[thumb\\|Main altar](/wiki/File:Altare_Maggiore_Basilica.JPG \"Altare Maggiore Basilica.JPG\")", "The main altar is made of polychrome marble, in the form of the elevation of a Roman temple with a symmetrical double interrupted pediment with central memorial stele. The whole recalls the style of the façade. Between the columns with their Corinthian capitals is a canvas depicting the Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian where [Irene of Rome](/wiki/Irene_of_Rome \"Irene of Rome\") in mourning retrieves the body of the saint, and a maid and Saint Nicholas of Bari (former protector of the village of Barsalona) are kneeling, the work of [Giacomo Conti](/wiki/Giacomo_Conti_%28artist%29 \"Giacomo Conti (artist)\") in 1879\\. Completing the scene the Madonna in Glory, with Our Lady of Graces, the co\\-patron saint of Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, is pictured between hosts of angels, cherubim and seraphim, thrones and dominations. The marblework was undertaken by [Salvatore Manganaro](/wiki/Salvatore_Manganaro \"Salvatore Manganaro\"), directed by [Maria Mento](/wiki/Maria_Mento \"Maria Mento\") and [Angela Mento](/wiki/Angela_Mento \"Angela Mento\"), and completed in 1960\\.", "The [Christ Pantocrator](/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator \"Christ Pantocrator\") in the apse is the work of [Filippo Minolfi](/wiki/Filippo_Minolfi \"Filippo Minolfi\") and was created in 1984\\. The basilica contains many paintings of the 17th and 18th centuries. On the left side of the altar stands a 19th\\-century painting by [Cesare De Napoli](/wiki/Cesare_De_Napoli \"Cesare De Napoli\") depicting the Madonna of Carmel with [Saint Roch](/wiki/Saint_Roch \"Saint Roch\"), Saint [Paulinus of Nola](/wiki/Paulinus_of_Nola \"Paulinus of Nola\") and [Saint Catherine of Alexandria](/wiki/Saint_Catherine_of_Alexandria \"Saint Catherine of Alexandria\").", "### Doors", "[thumb\\|Altarpiece of the main altar](/wiki/File:Pala_Altare_Conti.JPG \"Pala Altare Conti.JPG\")", "The approach to the basilica from the front is secured by three doors, at one time made of wood but now of bronze.", "The great bronze door of the nave by [Ennio Tesei](/wiki/Ennio_Tesei \"Ennio Tesei\") has six panels depicting scenes from the life of Saint Sebastian: *The first martyrdom with arrows*, *The second martyrdom with flogging to death* (the palms of martyrdom are the handles of the two doors), *The care of St. Irene*, *The Sermons of St. Sebastian*, *The meeting with the Emperor [Diocletian](/wiki/Diocletian \"Diocletian\")* and *The [Cloaca Maxima](/wiki/Cloaca_Maxima \"Cloaca Maxima\")*, created in 1990\\. The door is topped with a fluted frieze bearing the symbols of martyrdom: the arrows and a crown and palm.", "The right door, the work of [George Luzzietti](/wiki/George_Luzzietti \"George Luzzietti\"), has panels depicting *Pentecost*, *Ascension*, *The Multiplication of the Loaves and Fishes*, *The Miraculous*, *The Marriage at Cana* and *The Resurrection of Lazarus*.", "The left door, the work of [Claudio Traversi](/wiki/Claudio_Traversi \"Claudio Traversi\") in 1991, has panels depicting scenes from the *Flood*, *The Tables of the Law and the Burning Bush*, *The Church of the Basilian*, the old church of St. Sebastian, the new basilica and a panel dedicated to Monsignor Angelo Paino, called *The Rebuilder*.", "### Dome", "[thumb \\| The Evangelists in the pendentives of the dome](/wiki/File:Interno_Cupola_Basilica.jpg \"Interno Cupola Basilica.jpg\")\nThe dome, emblem of the basilica and one of the symbols of the entire city, is 16 meters in diameter and 8 meters in height, surmounted by an octagonal lantern. It is illuminated by eight windows arranged around the drum and eight [oculi](/wiki/Oculi \"Oculi\") arranged around the cap.", "It rests on a high octagonal drum with eight rectangular windows, separated by [ribs](/wiki/Rib_vault \"Rib vault\") defined on the outside by pairs of coupled columns. At the base of each rib are shells containing doves.", "Internally the four [pendentives](/wiki/Pendentive \"Pendentive\") at the base of the drum are decorated with the [four Evangelists](/wiki/Four_Evangelists \"Four Evangelists\"), created in 1986 by [Filippo Minolfi](/wiki/Filippo_Minolfi \"Filippo Minolfi\"). The eight rectangular windows on the drum of the dome were made in the early 1990s by [Salvatore Gervasi](/wiki/Salvatore_Gervasi \"Salvatore Gervasi\").", "### Further detail", "The Basilica of Saint Sebastian is the second largest Catholic church in the province of Messina.", "Several events, especially the elevation to basilica status, have led to modifications, principally the disappearance of the original front staircase, the balustrade and railing that separated the transept from the high altar, the \"table\" under the dome that was replaced by the table altar \"coram populo\", the rearrangement of some of the works on display and the paintings that encircle the altar, and the replacement of the old windows with stained glass. In 2000, the new Chapel of the *Confessions*, the *Chapel of the Holy Sacrament*, was constructed and the rooms of the parish offices and corridors completely rearranged. The sacristy was fully restored with a new marble floor and new cabinets, the layout of the presbytery changed with a new pulpit, the baptismal font and the organ console moved and the wooden stage for the choir in the right transept built.", "* Windows in the apse: \"Sacred Heart\" on the right side, by the brothers [Lindo Grassi](/wiki/Lindo_Grassi \"Lindo Grassi\") and [Alessandro Grassi](/wiki/Alessandro_Grassi \"Alessandro Grassi\"){{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.grassivetrate.it/home.html \\|title\\=Grassivetrate.it \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-02 \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-04 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223158/http://www.grassivetrate.it/home.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} (1970\\) and \"Immaculate Heart of Mary\" on the left side, the work of [Cupelloni](/wiki/Cupelloni \"Cupelloni\") (1992\\).\n* \"Saint Sebastian\" in the window of the main façade loggia, also by the brothers Grassi.\n* Windows in the nave: \"Resurrection\", \"The Crucifixion\", \"Saint [Thomas the Apostle](/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle \"Thomas the Apostle\") and [Saint Jude](/wiki/Saint_Jude \"Saint Jude\")\", \"[Saint Dominic](/wiki/Saint_Dominic \"Saint Dominic\") and [Saint Francis of Assisi](/wiki/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi \"Saint Francis of Assisi\")\", \"Saint [Eustochia Smeralda Calafato](/wiki/Eustochia_Smeralda_Calafato \"Eustochia Smeralda Calafato\") and Saint [Clare of Assisi](/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi \"Clare of Assisi\")\", \"[Saint Andrew](/wiki/Saint_Andrew \"Saint Andrew\") and [Saint Philip](/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle \"Philip the Apostle\")\", \"Saint [James, son of Zebedee](/wiki/James%2C_son_of_Zebedee \"James, son of Zebedee\") and [Saint Bartholomew](/wiki/Saint_Bartholomew \"Saint Bartholomew\")\", \"[Saint Peter](/wiki/Saint_Peter \"Saint Peter\") and [Saint Paul](/wiki/Saint_Paul \"Saint Paul\")\", \"[Saint Simon](/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot \"Simon the Zealot\") and [Saint Matthew](/wiki/Saint_Matthew \"Saint Matthew\")\", \"Saint [John the Evangelist](/wiki/John_the_Evangelist \"John the Evangelist\") and [Saint Matthias](/wiki/Saint_Matthias \"Saint Matthias\")\", \"[Saint Nicholas](/wiki/Saint_Nicholas \"Saint Nicholas\") and [Saint Basil](/wiki/Saint_Basil \"Saint Basil\")\", \"[Saint Agatha](/wiki/Saint_Agatha \"Saint Agatha\") and [Saint Lucia](/wiki/Saint_Lucia \"Saint Lucia\")\" (all created by Father [Alberto Farina](/wiki/Alberto_Farina \"Alberto Farina\") in 1991\\).\n* Windows round chapels: \"Sacred Heart of Jesus\", \"Our Lady of Fatima\", \"Saint Joseph\", \"Souls in Purgatory\", \"Triumph of the Cross\", \"Saint Anthony of Padua\", \"The Holy Spirit\", \" Saint Christopher\" (all created by [Claudio Traversi](/wiki/Claudio_Traversi \"Claudio Traversi\") in 1992\\).\n* Windows in the drum of the Dome: Eight rectangular windows in the drum of the dome by [Salvatore Gervasi](/wiki/Salvatore_Gervasi \"Salvatore Gervasi\").", "### Choir", "[thumb\\|upright\\|Fresco by Gino Colapietro (1997\\) in the counterfaçade of the Baptism in the Jordan](/wiki/File:Affresco_Controfacciata.jpg \"Affresco Controfacciata.jpg\")", "The choir is composed of wooden seats in a classical style, made in September 1985 by Sanyi Diletti, designed by Angela and Maria Mento.", "### Organ", "The organ of the basilica was built by [Tamburini](/wiki/Tamburini \"Tamburini\") of [Crema, Lombardy](/wiki/Crema%2C_Lombardy \"Crema, Lombardy\"), in 1967\\. The organ is in two parts, located in the transepts of the choir of the basilica, the *Cornu Epistulae* and the *Cornu Evangelii*, and consists of 2,760 pipes, a console with three keyboards, 61 keys, 32 pedals and 41 real sound registers. After the instrument of Messina Cathedral, it was at the time of installation the second largest organ in the entire province.", "### Bells", "In 1989 nine new bells from Catania foundry, the largest of which are 109 cm in diameter and perfectly matched in gradual decreasing tone replaced the bells from the old church. Finally, a [carillon](/wiki/Carillon \"Carillon\") clock complete with four quadrants of 169 cm in diameter each was installed.", "" ]
Manufacture ----------- A large number of [synthetic](/wiki/Chemical_synthesis "Chemical synthesis") routes have been described for the production of glycerol\-1,2\-carbonate,{{Cite book\|author\=J.I. Garcia, H. Garcia\-Marin, E. Pires \|title\=Glycerol based solvents: synthesis, properties, and applications \|series\=\[\[Green Chem.]] \|volume\=16 \|number\=3 \|date\=2014 \|pages\=1007–1033 \|doi\=10\.1039/C3GC41857J\|hdl\=10261/111769 }}{{Cite journal \|author\=J.R. Ochoa\-Gómez, O. Gómez\-Jiménez\-Aberasturi, C. Ramiréz\-López, M. Belsué \|title\=A brief review on industrial alternatives for the manufacturing of glycerol carbonate, a green chemical \|journal\=Organic Process Research \& Development \|series\=Org. Process Res. Dev. \|volume\=16 \|date\=2012 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=389–399 \|doi\=10\.1021/op200369v}} many of which do not meet the criteria for modern chemical processes in terms of economy, environmental compatibility and safety. [450px\|centre\|Synthesis of glycerol\-1,2\-carbonate](/wiki/File:Glycerincarbonat_Synthesewege.svg "Glycerincarbonat Synthesewege.svg") Non\-glycerol\-based syntheses, especially if they are based on expensive precursors such as [glycidol](/wiki/Glycidol "Glycidol"){{Cite journal \|author\=M. North, P. Villuendas, C. Young \|title\=Inter\- and intramolecular phosphonium salt cocatalysis in cyclic carbonate synthesis catalysed by a bimetallic aluminium(salen) complex \|journal\=Tetrahedron Letters \|series\=\[\[Tetrahedron Lett.]] \|volume\=53 \|number\=22 \|date\=2012 \|pages\=2736–2740 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.tetlet.2012\.03\.090}} or [3\-chloro\-1,2\-propanediol](/wiki/3-MCPD "3-MCPD") or [epichlorohydrin](/wiki/Epichlorohydrin "Epichlorohydrin") and expensive catalysts make no contribution to the economic solution of the huge glycerol oversupply (estimate for 2024: approx. 6\.3 million tons global production volume).{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.marketwatch.com/press\-release/glycerin\-market\-and\-industry\-analysis\-retail\-research\-survey\-global\-forecast\-to\-2018\-2018\-03\-20 \|publisher\=Market Watch \|title\= Glycerin Market And Industry Analysis, Retail Research, Survey, Global Forecast to 2018 \|date\=2018\-03\-20\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-22}} Of the indirect glycerol\-based syntheses, in which the cyclic carbonic acid ester glycerol carbonate is produced by inserting a carbonyl group, reactions with particularly inexpensive urea and with [dialkyl carbonates](/wiki/Dialkyl_carbonate "Dialkyl carbonate") such as [dimethyl carbonate](/wiki/Dimethyl_carbonate "Dimethyl carbonate") DMC and [ethylene carbonate](/wiki/Ethylene_carbonate "Ethylene carbonate") have been particularly studied. [450px\|centre\|glycerol\-1,2\-carbonate from Urea, Dimethyl carbonate and Ethylene carbonate](/wiki/File:Glycerincarbonat_via_Urea_DMC_EC.svg "Glycerincarbonat via Urea DMC EC.svg") The [transesterification](/wiki/Transesterification "Transesterification") produces methanol or, in the case of [urea](/wiki/Urea "Urea"), [ammonia](/wiki/Ammonia "Ammonia") as a by\-product, which can be easily removed from the reaction and have little disruption to the work\-up. Recently, a glycerol carbonate synthesis with urea under [microwave](/wiki/Microwave "Microwave") irradiation with anhydrous [zinc sulfate](/wiki/Zinc_sulfate "Zinc sulfate") as a heterogeneous catalyst was described. Under optimized conditions (150 °C, 100 min reaction time), glycerol carbonate could be obtained in 93\.7% yield.{{Cite journal \|author\=L. Zhang, Z. Zhang, C. Wu, Q. Qian, J. Ma, L. Jiang, B. Han \|title\=Microwave assisted synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and urea \|journal\=Pure and Applied Chemistry \|series\=Pure Appl. Chem. \|volume\=90 \|number\=1 \|date\=2018 \|pages\=1–6 \|doi\=10\.1515/pac\-2017\-0303\|doi\-access\=free }} Most frequently, transesterifications of dialkyl carbonates, predominantly of [dimethyl carbonate](/wiki/Dimethyl_carbonate "Dimethyl carbonate"), with acidic{{Cite journal\|author\=J.R. Ochoa\-Gómez \|title\=Synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate by transesterification: Catalyst screening and reaction optimization \|journal\=Applied Catalysis A: General \|series\=Appl. Catal. A: General \|volume\=366 \|number\=2 \|date\=2009 \|pages\=315–324 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.apcata.2009\.07\.020}} and especially basic{{Cite journal \|author\=F.S.H. Simanjuntak \|title\=CaO\-catalyzed synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate: Isolation and characterization of an active Ca species \|journal\=Applied Catalysis A: General \|series\=Appl. Catal. A: General \|volume\=401 \|number\=1–2 \|date\=2011 \|pages\=220–225 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.apcata.2011\.05\.024}} catalysts under homogeneous{{Cite journal \|author\=G. Rokicki, P. Rakoczy, P. Pazuchowski, M. Sobiecki \|title\=Hyperbranched aliphatic \[\[polyethers]] obtained from environmentally benign monomer: glycerol carbonate \|journal\=Green Chemistry \|series\=\[\[Green Chem.]] \|volume\=7 \|date\=2005 \|issue\=7 \|pages\=529–539 \|doi\=10\.1039/B501597A}}{{Cite journal \|author\=J.R. Ochoa\-Gómez, O. Gómez\-Jiménez\-Aberasturi, C. Ramirez\-López, B. Maestro\-Madurga \|title\=Synthesis of glycerol\-1,2\-carbonate by transesterification of glycerol with dimethyl carbonate using triethylamine as a facile separable homogeneous catalyst \|journal\=Green Chemistry \|series\=\[\[Green Chem.]] \|volume\=14 \|number\=12 \|date\=2012 \|pages\=3368–3376 \|doi\=10\.1039/C2GC35992H}} and heterogeneous catalysis have been investigated. Practically quantitative yields of glycerol 1,2\-carbonate are sometimes achieved in this way. In homogeneous catalysis, however, it is often difficult to separate mixtures, while the solid bases used in heterogeneous catalysis are often quickly exhausted and only costly, e.g. B. by [calcination](/wiki/Calcination "Calcination") at temperatures of 300 °C,{{Cite journal \|author\=J. Liu, Y. Li, J. Zhang, D. He \|title\=Glycerol carbonylation with CO2 to glycerol carbonate over CeO2 catalyst and the influence of CeO2 preparation methods and reaction parameters \|journal\=Applied Catalysis A: General \|series\=Appl. Catal. A: General \|volume\=513 \|number\= \|date\=2016 \|pages\=9–18 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.apcata.2015\.12\.030}} are recyclable. In addition, with high DMC excesses and long reaction times, by\-products such as the so\-called diglyceryl tricarbonate (**A**) and glycerol dicarbonate (**B**) are formed as a result of the reaction of DMC with the free hydroxyl group of the glycerol carbonate. [600px\|centre\|Reaktion products of von Glycerol with Dimethyl carbonate](/wiki/File:Reaktionsprodukte_Gly%2BDMC.svg "Reaktionsprodukte Gly+DMC.svg") The enzymatically catalyzed conversion of glycerol with DMC in polar solvents has also been described. Recently, continuous processes have also been published.{{Cite journal \|author\=S. van Mileghem, W.M. de Borggraeve, I.R. Baxendale \|title\=A robust and scalable continuous flow process for glycerol carbonate \|journal\=Chemical Engineering \& Technology \|series\=Chem. Eng. Technol. \|volume\=41 \|number\=10 \|date\=2018 \|pages\=2014–2023 \|doi\=10\.1002/ceat.201800012\|url\=https://dro.dur.ac.uk/25896/ }} Quite high space\-time yields could be achieved at moderate temperatures (140 °C) and short residence times (\<10 min). The efficient direct synthesis of glycerol\-1,2\-carbonate from glycerol and inert CO2 remains a major challenge. [500px\|centre\|Direct synthesis ofn glycerol\-1,2\-carbonate](/wiki/File:Glycerincarbonat_Direktsynthese.svg "Glycerincarbonat Direktsynthese.svg") Reports of yields of up to 35% in the reaction in [methanol](/wiki/Methanol "Methanol") with [dibutyltin oxide](/wiki/Dibutyltin_oxide "Dibutyltin oxide") as a [catalyst](/wiki/Catalyst "Catalyst") at 80 °C{{Cite journal \|author\=J. George, Y. Patel, S.M. Pillai, P. Munshi \|title\=Methanol assisted selective formation of 1,2\-glycerol carbonate from glycerol and carbon dioxide using \[\[Dibutyltin oxide\|nBu2SnO]] as a catalyst \|journal\=Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical \|series\=J. Mol. Catal. A: Chemical \|volume\=304 \|number\=1–2 \|date\=2009 \|pages\=1–7 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.molcata.2009\.01\.010}} could not be confirmed. The results actually achieved are a maximum of 17% when using [acetonitrile](/wiki/Acetonitrile "Acetonitrile"), which reacts in the basic ([potassium carbonate](/wiki/Potassium_carbonate "Potassium carbonate")) with the water formed to form [acetamide](/wiki/Acetamide "Acetamide"). The reaction conditions required on a 5 millimolar scale (80 bar CO2 pressure, 155 °C reaction temperature, 16 h reaction time) are not yet suitable for an economical industrial synthesis. When CO2 is passed through to strip the water of reaction, a maximum yield of 13% is achieved under optimized conditions.{{Cite thesis\|author\=Karolin Schenk \|title\=Direct Synthesis of Glycerol Carbonate from Glycerol and Carbon Dioxide by Brønsted Base Catalysis (Dissertation) \|date\=2018 \|location\=Aachen \|publisher\=\[\[RWTH Aachen]] \|url\=http://publications.rwth\-aachen.de/record/727008}} The direct [carbonylation](/wiki/Carbonylation "Carbonylation") of glycerol with CO2 over highly active [cerium(IV) oxide](/wiki/Cerium%28IV%29_oxide "Cerium(IV) oxide") CeO2 catalysts in the presence of the water\-binding reagent \[2\-cyanopyridine and the solvent [dimethylformamide](/wiki/Dimethylformamide "Dimethylformamide") DMF at 150 °C, 40 MPa CO2 pressure and 5 h reaction time gives in 10 millimolar batches "... the incredibly high yield of glycerol carbonate..." of up to 78\.9%, with the cerium oxide catalyst being regenerated after 5 cycles by [calcining](/wiki/Calcining "Calcining") at 400 °C.
[ "Manufacture\n-----------", "A large number of [synthetic](/wiki/Chemical_synthesis \"Chemical synthesis\") routes have been described for the production of glycerol\\-1,2\\-carbonate,{{Cite book\\|author\\=J.I. Garcia, H. Garcia\\-Marin, E. Pires \\|title\\=Glycerol based solvents: synthesis, properties, and applications \\|series\\=\\[\\[Green Chem.]] \\|volume\\=16 \\|number\\=3 \\|date\\=2014 \\|pages\\=1007–1033 \\|doi\\=10\\.1039/C3GC41857J\\|hdl\\=10261/111769 }}{{Cite journal \\|author\\=J.R. Ochoa\\-Gómez, O. Gómez\\-Jiménez\\-Aberasturi, C. Ramiréz\\-López, M. Belsué \\|title\\=A brief review on industrial alternatives for the manufacturing of glycerol carbonate, a green chemical \\|journal\\=Organic Process Research \\& Development \\|series\\=Org. Process Res. Dev. \\|volume\\=16 \\|date\\=2012 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=389–399 \\|doi\\=10\\.1021/op200369v}} many of which do not meet the criteria for modern chemical processes in terms of economy, environmental compatibility and safety.", "[450px\\|centre\\|Synthesis of glycerol\\-1,2\\-carbonate](/wiki/File:Glycerincarbonat_Synthesewege.svg \"Glycerincarbonat Synthesewege.svg\")", "Non\\-glycerol\\-based syntheses, especially if they are based on expensive precursors such as [glycidol](/wiki/Glycidol \"Glycidol\"){{Cite journal \\|author\\=M. North, P. Villuendas, C. Young \\|title\\=Inter\\- and intramolecular phosphonium salt cocatalysis in cyclic carbonate synthesis catalysed by a bimetallic aluminium(salen) complex \\|journal\\=Tetrahedron Letters \\|series\\=\\[\\[Tetrahedron Lett.]] \\|volume\\=53 \\|number\\=22 \\|date\\=2012 \\|pages\\=2736–2740 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.tetlet.2012\\.03\\.090}} or [3\\-chloro\\-1,2\\-propanediol](/wiki/3-MCPD \"3-MCPD\") or [epichlorohydrin](/wiki/Epichlorohydrin \"Epichlorohydrin\") and expensive catalysts make no contribution to the economic solution of the huge glycerol oversupply (estimate for 2024: approx. 6\\.3 million tons global production volume).{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.marketwatch.com/press\\-release/glycerin\\-market\\-and\\-industry\\-analysis\\-retail\\-research\\-survey\\-global\\-forecast\\-to\\-2018\\-2018\\-03\\-20 \\|publisher\\=Market Watch \\|title\\= Glycerin Market And Industry Analysis, Retail Research, Survey, Global Forecast to 2018 \\|date\\=2018\\-03\\-20\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-22}}", "Of the indirect glycerol\\-based syntheses, in which the cyclic carbonic acid ester glycerol carbonate is produced by inserting a carbonyl group, reactions with particularly inexpensive urea and with [dialkyl carbonates](/wiki/Dialkyl_carbonate \"Dialkyl carbonate\") such as [dimethyl carbonate](/wiki/Dimethyl_carbonate \"Dimethyl carbonate\") DMC and [ethylene carbonate](/wiki/Ethylene_carbonate \"Ethylene carbonate\") have been particularly studied.", "[450px\\|centre\\|glycerol\\-1,2\\-carbonate from Urea, Dimethyl carbonate and Ethylene carbonate](/wiki/File:Glycerincarbonat_via_Urea_DMC_EC.svg \"Glycerincarbonat via Urea DMC EC.svg\")", "The [transesterification](/wiki/Transesterification \"Transesterification\") produces methanol or, in the case of [urea](/wiki/Urea \"Urea\"), [ammonia](/wiki/Ammonia \"Ammonia\") as a by\\-product, which can be easily removed from the reaction and have little disruption to the work\\-up.", "Recently, a glycerol carbonate synthesis with urea under [microwave](/wiki/Microwave \"Microwave\") irradiation with anhydrous [zinc sulfate](/wiki/Zinc_sulfate \"Zinc sulfate\") as a heterogeneous catalyst was described. Under optimized conditions (150 °C, 100 min reaction time), glycerol carbonate could be obtained in 93\\.7% yield.{{Cite journal \\|author\\=L. Zhang, Z. Zhang, C. Wu, Q. Qian, J. Ma, L. Jiang, B. Han \\|title\\=Microwave assisted synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and urea \\|journal\\=Pure and Applied Chemistry \\|series\\=Pure Appl. Chem. \\|volume\\=90 \\|number\\=1 \\|date\\=2018 \\|pages\\=1–6 \\|doi\\=10\\.1515/pac\\-2017\\-0303\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}", "Most frequently, transesterifications of dialkyl carbonates, predominantly of [dimethyl carbonate](/wiki/Dimethyl_carbonate \"Dimethyl carbonate\"), with acidic{{Cite journal\\|author\\=J.R. Ochoa\\-Gómez \\|title\\=Synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate by transesterification: Catalyst screening and reaction optimization \\|journal\\=Applied Catalysis A: General \\|series\\=Appl. Catal. A: General \\|volume\\=366 \\|number\\=2 \\|date\\=2009 \\|pages\\=315–324 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.apcata.2009\\.07\\.020}} and especially basic{{Cite journal \\|author\\=F.S.H. Simanjuntak \\|title\\=CaO\\-catalyzed synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate: Isolation and characterization of an active Ca species \\|journal\\=Applied Catalysis A: General \\|series\\=Appl. Catal. A: General \\|volume\\=401 \\|number\\=1–2 \\|date\\=2011 \\|pages\\=220–225 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.apcata.2011\\.05\\.024}} catalysts under homogeneous{{Cite journal \\|author\\=G. Rokicki, P. Rakoczy, P. Pazuchowski, M. Sobiecki \\|title\\=Hyperbranched aliphatic \\[\\[polyethers]] obtained from environmentally benign monomer: glycerol carbonate \\|journal\\=Green Chemistry \\|series\\=\\[\\[Green Chem.]] \\|volume\\=7 \\|date\\=2005 \\|issue\\=7 \\|pages\\=529–539 \\|doi\\=10\\.1039/B501597A}}{{Cite journal \\|author\\=J.R. Ochoa\\-Gómez, O. Gómez\\-Jiménez\\-Aberasturi, C. Ramirez\\-López, B. Maestro\\-Madurga \\|title\\=Synthesis of glycerol\\-1,2\\-carbonate by transesterification of glycerol with dimethyl carbonate using triethylamine as a facile separable homogeneous catalyst \\|journal\\=Green Chemistry \\|series\\=\\[\\[Green Chem.]] \\|volume\\=14 \\|number\\=12 \\|date\\=2012 \\|pages\\=3368–3376 \\|doi\\=10\\.1039/C2GC35992H}} and heterogeneous catalysis have been investigated. Practically quantitative yields of glycerol 1,2\\-carbonate are sometimes achieved in this way. In homogeneous catalysis, however, it is often difficult to separate mixtures, while the solid bases used in heterogeneous catalysis are often quickly exhausted and only costly, e.g. B. by [calcination](/wiki/Calcination \"Calcination\") at temperatures of 300 °C,{{Cite journal \\|author\\=J. Liu, Y. Li, J. Zhang, D. He \\|title\\=Glycerol carbonylation with CO2 to glycerol carbonate over CeO2 catalyst and the influence of CeO2 preparation methods and reaction parameters \\|journal\\=Applied Catalysis A: General \\|series\\=Appl. Catal. A: General \\|volume\\=513 \\|number\\= \\|date\\=2016 \\|pages\\=9–18 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.apcata.2015\\.12\\.030}} are recyclable. In addition, with high DMC excesses and long reaction times, by\\-products such as the so\\-called diglyceryl tricarbonate (**A**) and glycerol dicarbonate (**B**) are formed as a result of the reaction of DMC with the free hydroxyl group of the glycerol carbonate.", "[600px\\|centre\\|Reaktion products of von Glycerol with Dimethyl carbonate](/wiki/File:Reaktionsprodukte_Gly%2BDMC.svg \"Reaktionsprodukte Gly+DMC.svg\")", "The enzymatically catalyzed conversion of glycerol with DMC in polar solvents has also been described.", "Recently, continuous processes have also been published.{{Cite journal \\|author\\=S. van Mileghem, W.M. de Borggraeve, I.R. Baxendale \\|title\\=A robust and scalable continuous flow process for glycerol carbonate \\|journal\\=Chemical Engineering \\& Technology \\|series\\=Chem. Eng. Technol. \\|volume\\=41 \\|number\\=10 \\|date\\=2018 \\|pages\\=2014–2023 \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/ceat.201800012\\|url\\=https://dro.dur.ac.uk/25896/ }} Quite high space\\-time yields could be achieved at moderate temperatures (140 °C) and short residence times (\\<10 min). \nThe efficient direct synthesis of glycerol\\-1,2\\-carbonate from glycerol and inert CO2 remains a major challenge.", "[500px\\|centre\\|Direct synthesis ofn glycerol\\-1,2\\-carbonate](/wiki/File:Glycerincarbonat_Direktsynthese.svg \"Glycerincarbonat Direktsynthese.svg\")", "Reports of yields of up to 35% in the reaction in [methanol](/wiki/Methanol \"Methanol\") with [dibutyltin oxide](/wiki/Dibutyltin_oxide \"Dibutyltin oxide\") as a [catalyst](/wiki/Catalyst \"Catalyst\") at 80 °C{{Cite journal \\|author\\=J. George, Y. Patel, S.M. Pillai, P. Munshi \\|title\\=Methanol assisted selective formation of 1,2\\-glycerol carbonate from glycerol and carbon dioxide using \\[\\[Dibutyltin oxide\\|nBu2SnO]] as a catalyst \\|journal\\=Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical \\|series\\=J. Mol. Catal. A: Chemical \\|volume\\=304 \\|number\\=1–2 \\|date\\=2009 \\|pages\\=1–7 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.molcata.2009\\.01\\.010}} could not be confirmed.", "The results actually achieved are a maximum of 17% when using [acetonitrile](/wiki/Acetonitrile \"Acetonitrile\"), which reacts in the basic ([potassium carbonate](/wiki/Potassium_carbonate \"Potassium carbonate\")) with the water formed to form [acetamide](/wiki/Acetamide \"Acetamide\"). The reaction conditions required on a 5 millimolar scale (80 bar CO2 pressure, 155 °C reaction temperature, 16 h reaction time) are not yet suitable for an economical industrial synthesis. When CO2 is passed through to strip the water of reaction, a maximum yield of 13% is achieved under optimized conditions.{{Cite thesis\\|author\\=Karolin Schenk \\|title\\=Direct Synthesis of Glycerol Carbonate from Glycerol and Carbon Dioxide by Brønsted Base Catalysis (Dissertation) \\|date\\=2018 \\|location\\=Aachen \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[RWTH Aachen]] \\|url\\=http://publications.rwth\\-aachen.de/record/727008}}", "The direct [carbonylation](/wiki/Carbonylation \"Carbonylation\") of glycerol with CO2 over highly active [cerium(IV) oxide](/wiki/Cerium%28IV%29_oxide \"Cerium(IV) oxide\") CeO2 catalysts in the presence of the water\\-binding reagent \\[2\\-cyanopyridine and the solvent [dimethylformamide](/wiki/Dimethylformamide \"Dimethylformamide\") DMF at 150 °C, 40 MPa CO2 pressure and 5 h reaction time gives in 10 millimolar batches \"... the incredibly high yield of glycerol carbonate...\" of up to 78\\.9%, with the cerium oxide catalyst being regenerated after 5 cycles by [calcining](/wiki/Calcining \"Calcining\") at 400 °C.", "" ]
League One ---------- The fixtures for the [2010–11 League One](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Football_League_One "2010–11 Football League One") season were published on 17 June 2010,{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/8745323\.stm \|title\=League One fixtures: Sheffield Wednesday host Daggers \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=17 June 2010 \|access\-date\=17 June 2010 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100621083812/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/8745323\.stm\| archive\-date\= 21 June 2010 \| url\-status\= live}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10280\~2072565,00\.html \|title\=New Fixtures Released! \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=17 June 2010 \|access\-date\=17 June 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619010303/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10280\~2072565%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=19 June 2010 \|url\-status\=live }} giving Southampton an opening day home tie against [Championship](/wiki/Football_League_Championship "Football League Championship") relegation victims [Plymouth Argyle](/wiki/Plymouth_Argyle_F.C. "Plymouth Argyle F.C.") on 7 August 2010\. The Saints' final game of the season will be against [Walsall](/wiki/Walsall_F.C. "Walsall F.C.") (whom they beat 3–1 and 5–1 in the previous season) at home on 7 May 2011; their first away game was scheduled to be against [Milton Keynes Dons](/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Dons_F.C. "Milton Keynes Dons F.C.") on 14 August but was postponed following the death of Markus Liebherr; and the local derby with [AFC Bournemouth](/wiki/AFC_Bournemouth "AFC Bournemouth") was scheduled for 2 October 2010 and 12 March 2011\. ### August–September 2010 The season got off to a disappointing start for Southampton, who lost 1–0 to Plymouth Argyle in the opening game of the season on 7 August 2010\. Despite dominating the first half, it was the visiting side who broke the deadlock when [Luke Summerfield](/wiki/Luke_Summerfield "Luke Summerfield") scored within two minutes of the beginning of the second half.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52644,00\.html \|title\=07 August 2010, Southampton 0 – 1 Plymouth \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=7 August 2010 \|access\-date\=7 August 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816002519/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\~52644%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=16 August 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }} Substitute [Adam Lallana](/wiki/Adam_Lallana "Adam Lallana") was the first to test Argyle goalkeeper [David Button](/wiki/David_Button "David Button") in the last quarter of the game, but the home side failed to regain their early momentum to slip to a defeat in their first game of the campaign despite a number of late chances. The club were due to play Milton Keynes Dons at [Stadium:mk](/wiki/Stadium:Mk "Mk") on 14 August, but due to the death of Markus Liebherr the match was rescheduled for 15 September.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10280\~2121729,00\.html \|title\=New Date For MK \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=13 August 2010 \|access\-date\=13 August 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814200809/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10280\~2121729%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=14 August 2010 \|url\-status\=live }} On 21 August Southampton picked up their first league point of the season against [Leyton Orient](/wiki/Leyton_Orient_F.C. "Leyton Orient F.C."), drawing 1–1 at St Mary's.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52736,00\.html \|title\=21 August 2010, Southampton 1 – 1 Leyton Orient \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=21 August 2010 \|access\-date\=23 August 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822155741/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\~52736%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=22 August 2010 \|url\-status\=live }} On his return to the team following injury, [Rickie Lambert](/wiki/Rickie_Lambert "Rickie Lambert") scored a free kick early in the game to put the Saints ahead, only for [Terrell Forbes](/wiki/Terrell_Forbes "Terrell Forbes") to equalise two minutes later with a headed goal. Momentum changed hands throughout the remainder of the game, and a number of chances were created but missed by Southampton players, not least [Lee Barnard](/wiki/Lee_Barnard "Lee Barnard"), but the game ended level to leave the Saints in the bottom quarter of the table. The following week the club recorded their first win of the season, with an emphatic 4–0 away victory over [Bristol Rovers](/wiki/Bristol_Rovers_F.C. "Bristol Rovers F.C."). The game saw defender [José Fonte](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Fonte "José Fonte") score his debut for the club, as well as goals from Adam Lallana and a penalty from Rickie Lambert, ending in the final minute with [Lee Barnard](/wiki/Lee_Barnard "Lee Barnard")'s first goal of the season. Despite this impressive win, it was the last game for manager [Alan Pardew](/wiki/Alan_Pardew "Alan Pardew"), who was sacked just days later. Assistant manager [Dean Wilkins](/wiki/Dean_Wilkins "Dean Wilkins") took over as caretaker manager following Pardew's sacking, and his first league game in charge was at home against recently promoted [Rochdale](/wiki/Rochdale_A.F.C. "Rochdale A.F.C.") on 4 September. The first period was largely dictated by the Saints, but a goal from [Chris O'Grady](/wiki/Chris_O%27Grady "Chris O'Grady") on the stroke of half time broke up the home side's momentum and they went into the second half trailing.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52805,00\.html \|title\=04 September 2010, Southampton 0 – 2 Rochdale \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=4 September 2010 \|access\-date\=6 September 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906174119/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\~52805%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=6 September 2010 \|url\-status\=live }} The game continued in the visitors' favour and Rochdale doubled their lead just after the hour mark courtesy of a volley from [Gary Jones](/wiki/Gary_Jones_%28footballer_born_1977%29 "Gary Jones (footballer born 1977)"), leaving the Saints in a precarious position leading up to the imminent appointment of a new manager. Saints, still without a replacement manager, played [Swindon Town](/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C. "Swindon Town F.C.") on 11 September after losing 3–0 to the club in the League Trophy less than two weeks before. The game was yet another disappointment for Dean Wilkins's side, who lost 1–0 courtesy of a 65th\-minute goal from [Charlie Austin](/wiki/Charlie_Austin "Charlie Austin"), despite hitting the frame of the goal twice and having an effort cleared off the line during the game.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280,00\.html \|title\=11 September 2010, Swindon 1 – 0 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=11 September 2010 \|access\-date\=14 September 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902172705/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=2 September 2010 \|url\-status\=live }} Following the appointment of [Nigel Adkins](/wiki/Nigel_Adkins "Nigel Adkins") as the club's new first team manager, the Saints played [Milton Keynes Dons](/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Dons_F.C. "Milton Keynes Dons F.C.") at [Stadium:mk](/wiki/Stadium:Mk "Mk") on 15 September, the game having been postponed following the death of Markuss Liebherr. Adkins began his time on the South Coast poorly, leading Southampton to their fourth consecutive goalless defeat at the hands of the Dons.{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/8968093\.stm \|title\=MK Dons 2 – 0 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=15 September 2010 \|access\-date\=16 September 2010 \|first\=Paul \|last\=Fletcher\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100916040927/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/8968093\.stm\| archive\-date\= 16 September 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} The first half ended goalless, with goalkeepers [David Martin](/wiki/David_Martin_%28footballer_born_1986%29 "David Martin (footballer born 1986)") and [Kelvin Davis](/wiki/Kelvin_Davis_%28footballer%29 "Kelvin Davis (footballer)") impressing with saves from [Rickie Lambert](/wiki/Rickie_Lambert "Rickie Lambert") and [Lewis Guy](/wiki/Lewis_Guy "Lewis Guy") respectively, but two goals in the last 20 minutes from [Angelo Balanta](/wiki/Angelo_Balanta "Angelo Balanta") and [Peter Leven](/wiki/Peter_Leven "Peter Leven") left the visitors in the relegation zone with their game in hand played.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280,00\.html \|title\=15 September 2010, Milton Keynes Dons 2 – 0 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=15 September 2010 \|access\-date\=16 September 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902172705/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=2 September 2010 \|url\-status\=live }} The club's disappointing run of results continued on 18 September with a goalless draw against [Colchester United](/wiki/Colchester_United_F.C. "Colchester United F.C."), leaving them in the relegation zone. The game itself was arguably evenly spread between Southampton and Colchester, with the home side said to be edging ahead in the second half culminating in three consecutive chances for [Rickie Lambert](/wiki/Rickie_Lambert "Rickie Lambert") in injury time at the end of the game.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52908,00\.html \|title\=18 September 2010, Colchester 0 – 0 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=18 September 2010 \|access\-date\=18 September 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920042920/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\~52908%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=20 September 2010 \|url\-status\=live }} On 25 September Southampton earned their first win in six games by beating [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C. "Sheffield Wednesday F.C.") at [Hillsborough Stadium](/wiki/Hillsborough_Stadium "Hillsborough Stadium").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52088,00\.html \|title\=25 September 2010, Sheff Wed 0 – 1 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=25 September 2010 \|access\-date\=25 September 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927223639/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\~52088%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=27 September 2010 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|url\=http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/saints/news/8414790\.SHEFFIELD\_WEDNESDAY\_0\_SAINTS\_1/ \|title\=Sheffield Wednesday 0 Saints 1 \|publisher\='\[\[Southern Daily Echo]] \|date\=25 September 2010 \|access\-date\=25 September 2010 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100928072915/http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/saints/news/8414790\.SHEFFIELD\_WEDNESDAY\_0\_SAINTS\_1/\| archive\-date\= 28 September 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} Lee Barnard scored his second league goal of the season (and the first under manager Nigel Adkins) to end the club's 510\-minute goal drought to help them out of the relegation zone. The game was largely dominant for the Saints, although for short periods of time throughout the game Wednesday looked to be on top of proceedings. Other chances came from [Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain](/wiki/Alex_Oxlade-Chamberlain "Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain") and [Rickie Lambert](/wiki/Rickie_Lambert "Rickie Lambert"), and at the very end of the game goalkeeper Kelvin Davis pulled off a string of impressive saves to hold on to the 1–0 for Southampton. In the final game of the month on 28 September, Southampton were unable to build on the previous weekend's win, drawing 1–1 at [Yeovil Town](/wiki/Yeovil_Town_F.C. "Yeovil Town F.C."). Brazilian loan signing [Guilherme do Prado](/wiki/Guilherme_do_Prado "Guilherme do Prado"), who came on as a substitute for the second half, scored his first goal of the season for the Saints just before the hour mark, only to be cancelled out by an [Adam Virgo](/wiki/Adam_Virgo "Adam Virgo") penalty less than ten minutes later.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51491,00\.html \|title\=28 September 2010, Yeovil 1 – 1 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=28 September 2010 \|access\-date\=29 September 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001040127/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\~51491%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=1 October 2010 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9031891\.stm \|title\=Yeovil Town 1–1 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=28 September 2010 \|access\-date\=29 September 2010 }} Guly almost won the game for the visiting side late on in the match, but was denied a second goal by Yeovil's post, leaving both sides to pick up a point from the match. ### October–December 2010 On 2 October the Saints picked up their second win in three matches by beating local rivals [AFC Bournemouth](/wiki/AFC_Bournemouth "AFC Bournemouth") 2–0 at St Mary's Stadium. The home side took command throughout the game, with Rickie Lambert scoring two [penalties](/wiki/Penalty_kick_%28association_football%29 "Penalty kick (association football)"), one in each half, to overpower the in\-form visitors.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51535,00\.html \|title\=02 October 2010, Southampton 2 – 0 Bournemouth \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=2 October 2010 \|access\-date\=2 October 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004172558/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\~51535%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=4 October 2010 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9036445\.stm \|title\=Southampton 2–0 Bournemouth \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=2 October 2010 \|access\-date\=2 October 2010 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101004043022/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9036445\.stm\| archive\-date\= 4 October 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} The first league meeting between the local rivals in over 50 years, the match was eventful throughout with a total of five bookings and one dismissal, numerous potential penalties and other controversies, and also saw the return of Adam Lallana and debut of loanee [Richard Chaplow](/wiki/Richard_Chaplow "Richard Chaplow"). The following week Southampton continued their winning streak with a 2–0 domination of visitors [Tranmere Rovers](/wiki/Tranmere_Rovers_F.C. "Tranmere Rovers F.C.").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51559,00\.html \|title\=09 October 2010, Southampton 2 – 0 Tranmere \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=9 October 2010 \|access\-date\=27 October 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012062636/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\~51559%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=12 October 2010 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9053056\.stm \|title\=Southampton 2–0 Tranmere \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=9 October 2010 \|access\-date\=27 October 2010 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101011053237/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9053056\.stm\| archive\-date\= 11 October 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} Rickie Lambert picked up his third goal in two games just before the end of the first period, followed by a goal from Adam Lallana on the outside of the box to send the club two places up to 13th in League One. Southampton faced defeat again on 16 October when they lost 2–0 to fellow promotion hopefuls [Huddersfield Town](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_F.C. "Huddersfield Town F.C.") at the [Galpharm Stadium](/wiki/Galpharm_Stadium "Galpharm Stadium").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51601,00\.html \|title\=16 October 2010, Huddersfield 2 – 0 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=16 October 2010 \|access\-date\=27 October 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019025606/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\~51601%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=19 October 2010 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9075066\.stm \|title\=Huddersfield Town 2–0 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=16 October 2010 \|access\-date\=27 October 2010 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101021080911/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9075066\.stm\| archive\-date\= 21 October 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} The home side broke the deadlock within the first six minutes of the game thanks to a goal from winger [Anthony Pilkington](/wiki/Anthony_Pilkington "Anthony Pilkington"), and continued to dominate the first half until [Joey Guðjónsson](/wiki/Joey_Gu%C3%B0j%C3%B3nsson "Joey Guðjónsson") doubled the lead in the final minute before half\-time. The second half continued largely in Huddersfield's favour, with sporadic moments of Southampton domination leading to little in terms of scoring chances. Late in the second period the game's fourth official, unable to continue, had to be replaced, which took some time to complete; the result was an astonishing 11 minutes of injury time (which also included time added on for a head injury to Rickie Lambert) added on at the end of the game, although even this was insufficient for the Saints to come back and they ultimately lost quite comprehensively. The Saints made it three consecutive home wins on 23 October when they came behind from a one\-goal deficit to beat [Oldham Athletic](/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_F.C. "Oldham Athletic F.C.") 2–1\.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51663,00\.html \|title\=23 October 2010, Southampton 2 – 1 Oldham \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=23 October 2010 \|access\-date\=27 October 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026034946/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\~51663%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=26 October 2010 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9092349\.stm \|title\=Southampton 2–1 Oldham \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=23 October 2010 \|access\-date\=27 October 2010 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101027083623/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9092349\.stm\| archive\-date\= 27 October 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} Defender José Fonte scored his second of the season on the stroke of half time, before young winger [Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain](/wiki/Alex_Oxlade-Chamberlain "Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain") scored his first league goal for the club in the second half to secure the win. The following week the Saints travelled to League One newcomers [Notts County](/wiki/Notts_County_F.C. "Notts County F.C."), with a team that included the return of defender [Frazer Richardson](/wiki/Frazer_Richardson "Frazer Richardson") after a long injury and captain [Dean Hammond](/wiki/Dean_Hammond "Dean Hammond") following suspension.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51707,00\.html \|title\=30 October 2010, Notts County 1 – 3 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=30 October 2010 \|access\-date\=30 October 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101235211/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\~51707%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=1 November 2010 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9096890\.stm \|title\=Notts County 1–3 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=30 October 2010 \|access\-date\=2 November 2010 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101101062545/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9096890\.stm\| archive\-date\= 1 November 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} The home side opened the scoring within ten minutes, with [Mike Edwards](/wiki/Mike_Edwards_%28footballer%2C_born_1980%29 "Mike Edwards (footballer, born 1980)") heading in a [Ben Davies](/wiki/Ben_Davies_%28footballer%2C_born_1981%29 "Ben Davies (footballer, born 1981)") free kick to give new manager [Paul Ince](/wiki/Paul_Ince "Paul Ince") a dream start to his managerial spell with the club. County held onto their lead until just before the 70\-minute mark, when captain [John Tompson](/wiki/John_Thompson_%28Irish_footballer%29 "John Thompson (Irish footballer)") was shown a straight red card for bringing down Lee Barnard in the box, subsequently resulting in a penalty for the visiting side. Rickie Lambert converted the spot kick to equalise for Southampton, before setting up Barnard himself for a goal just a few minutes later to take the lead. Winger Adam Lallana scored in injury time to seal the win against the ten\-man Notts County, sending the South Coast club up to 9th place in the league, their highest since the beginning of the campaign. On 2 November the Saints faced 23rd\-placed [Dagenham \& Redbridge](/wiki/Dagenham_%26_Redbridge_F.C. "Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.") at home, another recently promoted side, and picked up an extremely comfortable 4–0 win.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51733,00\.html \|title\=02 November 2010, Southampton 4 – 0 Dagenham Redbridge \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=2 November 2010 \|access\-date\=2 November 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105061324/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\~51733%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=5 November 2010 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9119115\.stm \|title\=Southampton 4–0 Dag \& Red \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=2 November 2010 \|access\-date\=2 November 2010 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101102081408/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9119115\.stm\| archive\-date\= 2 November 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain picked up two more goals to add to his impressive recent tally and put the home side 2–0 up going into half time, before Lee Barnard and José Fonte scored in the 56th and 69th minutes respectively to convert the dominant performance into another win for Southampton. As a result, the club moved into 6th place, the first time they had been in a playoff position all season. On 13 November the club's winning streak ended at the hands of [Carlisle United](/wiki/Carlisle_United_F.C. "Carlisle United F.C.") who picked up a 3–2 win over the Saints.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51817,00\.html \|title\=13 November 2010, Carlisle 3 – 2 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=13 November 2010 \|access\-date\=13 November 2010 \|archive\-date\=16 November 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116004137/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51817,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9171801\.stm \|title\=Carlisle 3–2 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=13 November 2010 \|access\-date\=13 November 2010 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140512212934/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9171801\.stm\| archive\-date\=12 May 2014\| url\-status\= live}} The first half saw Southampton display one of their worst performances of the season, with a [Dan Harding](/wiki/Dan_Harding "Dan Harding") own goal putting Carlisle into half\-time two goals up. Another goal from teenage winger Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain gave the Saints a lifeline, although Carlisle picked up one more to make [Dean Hammond](/wiki/Dean_Hammond "Dean Hammond")'s 81st\-minute long range strike a mere consolation. Southampton got back on track with their sixth consecutive home game win in all competitions against [Peterborough United](/wiki/Peterborough_United_F.C. "Peterborough United F.C.") on 20 November with a convincing 4–1 win.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52927,00\.html \|title\=20 November 2010, Southampton 4 – 1 Peterborough \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=20 November 2010 \|access\-date\=20 November 2010 \|archive\-date\=22 November 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122111305/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52927,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9204273\.stm \|title\=Southampton 4–1 Peterborough \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=20 November 2010 \|access\-date\=20 November 2010 \| archive\-url\= https://archive.today/20101122082323/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9204273\.stm\| archive\-date\= 22 November 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} Goals came from Lee Barnard, José Fonte, [Richard Chaplow](/wiki/Richard_Chaplow "Richard Chaplow") and Guly do Prado, which sent the club back into the playoff positions in preparation for the match against first\-place [Brighton \& Hove Albion](/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C. "Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.") later in the week. The game against Brighton, contested on 23 November, ended goalless after Southampton owned the first half and also arguably out\-performed the visitors in the second period.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52115,00\.html \|title\=23 November 2010, Southampton 0 – 0 Brighton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=23 November 2010 \|access\-date\=24 November 2010 \|archive\-date\=24 November 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124181622/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52115,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9206220\.stm \|title\=Southampton 0–0 Brighton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=23 November 2010 \|access\-date\=24 November 2010 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101125075149/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9206220\.stm\| archive\-date\= 25 November 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} [Kelvin Davis](/wiki/Kelvin_Davis_%28footballer%29 "Kelvin Davis (footballer)") notably saved a penalty, while Southampton had a large number of chances thwarted by the defensive Brighton side who ultimately held on to end Southampton's winning run at home. After a long break due to adverse weather conditions, Southampton hosted [Brentford](/wiki/Brentford_F.C. "Brentford F.C.") on 11 December and lost 2–0, with first half goals coming from strikers [Gary Alexander](/wiki/Gary_Alexander_%28footballer%29 "Gary Alexander (footballer)") and [Charlie MacDonald](/wiki/Charlie_MacDonald "Charlie MacDonald").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52228,00\.html \|title\=11 December 2010, Southampton 0 – 2 Brentford \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=11 December 2010 \|access\-date\=11 December 2010 \|archive\-date\=12 December 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212210500/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52228,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9254942\.stm \|title\=Southampton 0–2 Brentford \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=11 December 2010 \|access\-date\=11 December 2010 }} After more postponed matches, the Saints returned to St Mary's on 28 December to defeat Huddersfield Town 4–1 in the first return game of the season.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52039,00\.html \|title\=28 December 2010, Southampton 4 – 1 Huddersfield \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=28 December 2010 \|access\-date\=28 December 2010 \|archive\-date\=31 December 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231035939/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52039,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9305158\.stm \|title\=Southampton 4–1 Huddersfield \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=28 December 2010 \|access\-date\=28 December 2010 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110125161344/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9305158\.stm\| archive\-date\= 25 January 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} Despite going 1–0 down in the first half, the Saints dominated the majority of the game and goals from Rickie Lambert, Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain, [Radhi Jaïdi](/wiki/Radhi_Ja%C3%AFdi "Radhi Jaïdi") and Richard Chaplow helped the home side move swiftly to the playoff positions in 5th place. ### January–February 2011 Southampton began 2011 in top form, beating [Exeter City](/wiki/Exeter_City_F.C. "Exeter City F.C.") 4–0 on 1 January.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53211,00\.html \|title\=01 January 2011, Southampton 4 – 0 Exeter City \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=1 January 2011 \|access\-date\=3 January 2011 \|archive\-date\=2 January 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102214224/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53211,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9310212\.stm \|title\=Southampton 4–0 Exeter City \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=1 January 2011 \|access\-date\=3 January 2011 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110101045636/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9310212\.stm\| archive\-date\= 1 January 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} Winger Guly do Prado scored twice, before Adam Lallana and substitute Lee Barnard topped off the match with goals in the second half. Thanks to results elsewhere in the league, the result sent the club to the automatic promotion places for the first time in the season. Just two days later, the Saints travelled to play the return match against Dagenham \& Redbridge, after beating the side 4–0 in November. After a goalless first half and numerous Saints chances, the visiting club broke the deadlock less than two minutes after the break, when Adam Lallana scored his eighth of the season with an overhead kick.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53241,00\.html \|title\=05 January 2011, Dagenham \& Redbridge 1 – 3 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=3 January 2011 \|access\-date\=4 January 2011 \|archive\-date\=5 January 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105094441/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53241,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9312981\.stm \|title\=Dag \& Red 1–3 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=3 January 2011 \|access\-date\=4 January 2011 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110125161320/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9312981\.stm\| archive\-date\= 25 January 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} Guly do Prado made it 2–0 after 75 minutes, before [Josh Scott](/wiki/Josh_Scott_%28footballer%29 "Josh Scott (footballer)") headered in a goal for the home side in the last ten minutes. Dagenham were unable to make the goal count for anything, however, as striker Rickie Lambert finished the game off with a goal in the last minute to keep Saints in the automatic promotion places. On 11 January Southampton closed the gap on League leaders Brighton by thrashing [Oldham Athletic](/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_F.C. "Oldham Athletic F.C.") 6–0 at [Boundary Park](/wiki/Boundary_Park "Boundary Park").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53280,00\.html \|title\=11 January 2011, Oldham Athletic 0 – 6 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=11 January 2011 \|access\-date\=13 January 2011 \|archive\-date\=12 January 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112210059/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53280,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9354145\.stm \|title\=Oldham 0–6 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=11 January 2011 \|access\-date\=13 January 2011 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110125091541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9354145\.stm\| archive\-date\= 25 January 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} The scoring started early, as winger Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain scored within nine minutes before Adam Lallana made it two shortly before half time. In the second half though, the Saints made their advantage really count, converting a further four chances with Guly do Prado, Richard Chaplow, Rickie Lambert and substitute Lee Barnard adding to their season tallies to increase the pressure at the top of League One. Southampton's winning run came to an end on 15 January, as the match with Notts County ended goalless.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53327,00\.html \|title\=15 January 2011, Southampton 0 – 0 Notts County \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=15 January 2011 \|access\-date\=16 January 2011 \|archive\-date\=18 January 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118042623/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53327,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9359408\.stm \|title\=Southampton 0–0 Notts County \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=15 January 2011 \|access\-date\=16 January 2011 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110125091539/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9359408\.stm\| archive\-date\= 25 January 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} The Saints had the majority of possession throughout the game, José Fonte was denied a goal in the second half as his header was cleared off the line, and in the last minute [Ryan Dickson](/wiki/Ryan_Dickson "Ryan Dickson") cleared a County effort off the line to leave the match goalless. The misfortune continued when Southampton lost 2–0 to Tranmere Rovers in the return game at [Prenton Park](/wiki/Prenton_Park "Prenton Park").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53373,00\.html \|title\=22 January 2011, Tranmere Rovers 2 – 0 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=22 January 2011 \|access\-date\=1 February 2011 \|archive\-date\=26 January 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126001747/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53373,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9362045\.stm \|title\=Tranmere 2–0 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=22 January 2011 \|access\-date\=1 February 2011 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110201094107/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9362045\.stm\| archive\-date\= 1 February 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} The first half was dominated by the struggling home side, and marked by a goal for midfielder [John Welsh](/wiki/John_Welsh_%28English_footballer%29 "John Welsh (English footballer)") following a miscommunication between Saints goalkeeper Kelvin Davis and defender José Fonte. The visiting team continued to struggle in the second half, and under\-performances from players such as Rickie Lambert, Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain and Guly do Prado meant that Rovers doubled their lead thanks to a goal from [Dale Jennings](/wiki/Dale_Jennings_%28footballer_born_1992%29 "Dale Jennings (footballer born 1992)"), sending the Saints down to fourth below local rivals Bournemouth following their win over league leaders Brighton. On 1 February, Saints scraped a win at Exeter City to avoid a three\-game losing streak.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53433,00\.html \|title\=01 February 2011, Exeter City 1 – 2 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=1 February 2011 \|access\-date\=1 February 2011 \|archive\-date\=3 February 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203024452/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53433,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9377234\.stm \|title\=Exeter 1–2 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=1 February 2011 \|access\-date\=1 February 2011 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110201094103/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9377234\.stm\| archive\-date\= 1 February 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} The game ended 2–1 to Southampton after a brace of goals from Rickie Lambert, including a final\-minute winner, reversed the initial Exeter lead. [Daniel Nardiello](/wiki/Daniel_Nardiello "Daniel Nardiello") opened the scoring for the home side just before half time, and it took until 20 minutes before the end for the visitors to come back, when Lambert headed in a cross from new signing [Dany N'Guessan](/wiki/Dany_N%27Guessan "Dany N'Guessan") to equalise. Lambert doubled his tally in the last minute of normal time, heading in another cross this time from returning midfielder Dean Hammond. On 5 February Southampton dropped two points in the return match against Peterborough United, sharing the spoils in an eight\-goal thriller.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280,00\.html \|title\=05 February 2011, Peterborough United 4 – 4 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=5 February 2011 \|access\-date\=12 February 2011 \|archive\-date\=2 September 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902172705/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280%2C00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9379655\.stm \|title\=Peterborough 4–4 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=5 February 2011 \|access\-date\=12 February 2011 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110210130830/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9379655\.stm\| archive\-date\= 10 February 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} The visitors started off the game well, going 2–0 up within half an hour following a Richard Chaplow goal and a Rickie Lambert penalty, but in the last six minutes of the first half Peterborough equalised with strikes from [Craig Mackail\-Smith](/wiki/Craig_Mackail-Smith "Craig Mackail-Smith") and [Chris Whelpdale](/wiki/Chris_Whelpdale "Chris Whelpdale"). Lambert scored a second penalty just after the break to extend his lead as the club's top scorer of the season, and returning captain Dean Hammond restored the Saints' two\-goal lead just three minutes later. A further two penalties for Peterborough led to a 4–4 draw, with the final goal coming from [Lee Tomlin](/wiki/Lee_Tomlin "Lee Tomlin") in the third minute of injury time at the end of the match. A week later the Saints reduced Huddersfield Town's lead in 3rd place of the table when they defeated Carlisle United 1–0 at home in a relatively uneventful game.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52990,00\.html \|title\=12 February 2011, Southampton 1 – 0 Carlisle United \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=12 February 2011 \|access\-date\=13 February 2011 \|archive\-date\=15 February 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215090507/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52990,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9387852\.stm \|title\=Southampton 1–0 Carlisle \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=12 February 2011 \|access\-date\=13 February 2011 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110212055412/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9387852\.stm\| archive\-date\= 12 February 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} The game was initially brought alive within the last five minutes of the first half, when Carlisle defender [Gary Borrowdale](/wiki/Gary_Borrowdale "Gary Borrowdale") was sent off after receiving a second booking for arguing with the assistant referee, after which Rickie Lambert scored his 50th Southampton goal by heading in Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain's cross. In the second half, further chances were limited and Southampton nervously picked up three points while Huddersfield played out a goalless draw with Oldham Athletic meaning Southampton could go ahead of Huddersfield should they win their game\-in\-hand. Southampton remained fifth with several games in hand over Peterborough, Huddersfield and Bournemouth after drawing 0–0 with Hartlepool United on 22 February.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52178,00\.html \|title\=22 February 2011, Hartlepool United 0 – 0 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=22 February 2011 \|access\-date\=23 February 2011 \|archive\-date\=23 February 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223213618/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52178,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9401830\.stm \|title\=Hartlepool 0–0 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=22 February 2011 \|access\-date\=23 February 2011 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110222083438/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9401830\.stm\| archive\-date\= 22 February 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} Southampton upheld their unbeaten league run at the weekend, beating Swindon Town 4–1 at home in a convincing performance marked by only five minutes of Swindon dominance in the second half.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53057,00\.html \|title\=26 February 2011, Southampton 4 – 1 Swindon Town \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=26 February 2011 \|access\-date\=28 February 2011 \|archive\-date\=1 March 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301044842/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53057,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9401909\.stm \|title\=Southampton 4–1 Swindon \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=26 February 2011 \|access\-date\=28 February 2011 }} Adam Lallana opened the scoring for the home side after just 15 minutes, and chances for Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain and Guly do Prado could have increased the scoreline going into half\-time. In the second half, winger [Matt Ritchie](/wiki/Matt_Ritchie "Matt Ritchie") equalised for Swindon, but his effort was cancelled out within minutes when Rickie Lambert and Radhi Jaïdi both scored from set pieces within two minutes of one another to make it 3–1\. With more chances for Saints in the later stages of the game, substitute Lee Barnard eventually confirmed the win for Southampton with a goal in stoppage time. ### March–May 2011 On 1 March, Southampton lost away to Walsall, who before the match were in the relegation zone.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51949,00\.html \|title\=01 March 2011, Walsall 1 – 0 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=1 March 2011 \|access\-date\=3 March 2011 \|archive\-date\=4 March 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304055058/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51949,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9407294\.stm \|title\=Walsall 1–0 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=1 March 2011 \|access\-date\=3 March 2011 }} In terms of attempts and pressure, the visitors were largely on top for most of the game, but it was Walsall who made their chance count when [Jon Macken](/wiki/Jon_Macken "Jon Macken") scored in a period dominated by Saints chances in the second half. Despite late chances for Lallana, Barnard, Lambert and Jaïdi, Walsall rode out the 1–0 victory to leave Saints in 5th place in the table. The Saints won their return game against Colchester United 2–0 on 5 March, increasing the pressure in the top section of the table.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53098,00\.html \|title\=05 March 2011, Colchester United 0 – 2 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=5 March 2011 \|access\-date\=7 March 2011 \|archive\-date\=7 March 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307151239/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53098,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9407637\.stm \|title\=Colchester 0–2 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=5 March 2011 \|access\-date\=7 March 2011 }} After largely dominating the opening period, the visitors went one up after half an hour with Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain poaching a goal following a Rickie Lambert free kick. Within two minutes of the goal, Colchester were reduced to ten players as striker [David Mooney](/wiki/Dave_Mooney "Dave Mooney") was sent off for challenging [Danny Butterfield](/wiki/Danny_Butterfield "Danny Butterfield") off the ball, and Southampton's dominance was made easier for the remainder of the game. In the second half the team made their advantage count, as captain and former Colchester player Dean Hammond scored his third league goal of the season from inside to double Southampton's lead and secure the three points. Back at St Mary's on 8 March, Southampton beat struggling side Yeovil Town 3–0\.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53139,00\.html \|title\=08 March 2011, Southampton 3 – 0 Yeovil Town \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=8 March 2011 \|access\-date\=9 March 2011 \|archive\-date\=17 March 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317064052/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53139,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9414790\.stm \|title\=Southampton 3–0 Yeovil \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=8 March 2011 \|access\-date\=9 March 2011 }} Lee Barnard scored twice to bring his league tally to 10, and Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain finished off the scoring in the second half with a long\-range solo effort. The Saints remained fifth, however, as teams above them won their matches too. On 13 March, Southampton travelled to [Dean Court](/wiki/Dean_Court "Dean Court") for the second local derby against Bournemouth of the season.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53164,00\.html \|title\=12 March 2011, Bournemouth 1 – 3 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=12 March 2011 \|access\-date\=13 March 2011 \|archive\-date\=15 March 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315035529/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53164,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9418926\.stm \|title\=Bournemouth 1–3 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=12 March 2011 \|access\-date\=13 March 2011 }} Southampton won the game 3–1, meaning they moved above the home side in the league table. The game was an exciting encounter all\-round, with Finnish teenage striker [Lauri Dalla Valle](/wiki/Lauri_Dalla_Valle "Lauri Dalla Valle"), on loan from [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. "Fulham F.C."), opening the scoring for Bournemouth in the 6th minutes, despite Southampton players' protests of offside. Just five minutes later however, it was all level again when Lee Barnard's header was fumbled by the Bournemouth defence and found its way into the net for 1–1\. In the second half, Southampton took the lead thanks to a goal from captain Dean Hammond, and top scorer Rickie Lambert assured the win in the 88th minute with a solo effort. In injury time, Oscar Gobern received a red card, but Southampton cruised to victory to move up to 4th place in the table once again. Southampton picked up a fourth consecutive league game win on 19 March, beating Sheffield Wednesday 2–0 in a late kick\-off.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52310,00\.html \|title\=19 March 2011, Southampton 2 – 0 Sheffield Wednesday \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=19 March 2011 \|access\-date\=21 March 2011 \|archive\-date\=23 March 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323022720/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52310,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9422361\.stm \|title\=Southampton 2–0 Sheff Wed \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=19 March 2011 \|access\-date\=21 March 2011 }} Despite a number of good chances for the Saints in the opening 45 minutes, it took until 15 minutes into the second half for defender José Fonte to break the deadlock, heading in an Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain corner. With the team in full flow now, Rickie Lambert scored his 17th goal of the season just six minutes later to make it two for Southampton and secure the win. It could have been more though, with Adam Lallana hitting the post shortly after Lambert's goal and a great performance from Wednesday goalkeeper [Richard O'Donnell](/wiki/Richard_O%27Donnell "Richard O'Donnell") denying further opportunities from Oxlade\-Chamberlain and others. Southampton moved up to third place in the table on 24 March when they picked up a point against [Charlton Athletic](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. "Charlton Athletic F.C.") at [The Valley](/wiki/The_Valley_%28London%29 "The Valley (London)"), although missed out on the chance to move second with two games still in hand over Huddersfield Town.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51987,00\.html \|title\=24 March 2011, Charlton Athletic 1 – 1 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=24 March 2011 \|access\-date\=26 March 2011 \|archive\-date\=25 March 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325085908/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51987,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9429089\.stm \|title\=Charlton 1–1 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=24 March 2011 \|access\-date\=26 March 2011 }} The Saints largely edged out the home side throughout the game, with more possession and chances on goal, but it took until after the hour mark to break the deadlock when defender Radhi Jaïdi headed in a corner from Guly do Prado, who had only come on as a substitute three minutes earlier. Charlton increased the pressure in the last 20 minutes, and former Saints player [Bradley Wright\-Phillips](/wiki/Bradley_Wright-Phillips "Bradley Wright-Phillips") equalised the game in the 86th minute to crush Southampton's hopes of moving into the League One promotion places. After a two\-week break, Southampton returned to St Mary's to face Milton Keynes Dons on 2 April 2011 and won 3–2\.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51930,00\.html \|title\=02 April 2011, Southampton 3 – 2 Milton Keynes Dons \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=2 April 2011 \|access\-date\=3 April 2011 \|archive\-date\=4 April 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404015408/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51930,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9436579\.stm \|title\=Southampton 3–2 MK Dons \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=2 April 2011 \|access\-date\=3 April 2011 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110402041903/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9436579\.stm\| archive\-date\= 2 April 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} The visiting side were on top for most of the first half, and opened the scoring in the 34th minute when [Gary MacKenzie](/wiki/Gary_MacKenzie "Gary MacKenzie") headed in a [Peter Leven](/wiki/Peter_Leven "Peter Leven") corner. The Dons doubled their lead early in the second half courtesy of [Sam Baldock](/wiki/Sam_Baldock "Sam Baldock"), but after [Jonathan Forte](/wiki/Jonathan_Forte "Jonathan Forte") came on for the Saints shortly after the hour mark the dynamic of the game changed: Forte scored two goals in the space of two minutes, bringing Southampton level and giving them a chance to make the game their own. It only took another ten minutes for the home team to score another and take the lead, this time courtesy of Lee Barnard latching onto a Rickie Lambert assist. Southampton held out for the victory, and remained third in the table with three games in hand over Huddersfield and two over Brighton. Southampton's run of good form was continued when they played Charlton Athletic at St Mary's just two weeks after the match at The Valley, winning 2–0\.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53395,00\.html \|title\=05 April 2011, Southampton 2 – 0 Charlton Athletic \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=5 April 2011 \|access\-date\=6 April 2011 \|archive\-date\=9 April 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409235716/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53395,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/12930681\.stm \|title\=Southampton 2–0 Charlton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=5 April 2011 \|access\-date\=6 April 2011 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110405035052/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/12930681\.stm\| archive\-date\= 5 April 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} Goals came from Guly do Prado early in the first half and from Lee Barnard early in the second, with each scorer setting up the other for their goal. Southampton moved into the automatic promotion places of League One on 9 April by beating Leyton Orient 2–0 at [Brisbane Road](/wiki/Brisbane_Road "Brisbane Road").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52335,00\.html \|title\=09 April 2011, Leyton Orient 0 – 2 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=9 April 2011 \|access\-date\=13 April 2011 \|archive\-date\=12 April 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412074523/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52335,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/12945324\.stm \|title\=Leyton Orient 0–0 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=9 April 2011 \|access\-date\=13 April 2011 }} The Saints rode their luck somewhat throughout the game, as Orient playmaker [Jimmy Smith](/wiki/Jimmy_Smith_%28footballer_born_1987%29 "Jimmy Smith (footballer born 1987)") was denied two goals for offside and [Stephen Dawson](/wiki/Stephen_Dawson "Stephen Dawson") hit the post in the last minute. Rickie Lambert scored his 18th goal of the season in the 26th minute to put the Saints one up, and the victory was sealed in the 88th minute by a goal from Lee Barnard. The victory was complemented by Huddersfield Town drawing 1–1 with Peterborough United, which meant that Southampton could move past them into second place in the table, still with two games in hand. Three days later though, Southampton lost for the first time in ten games at Rochdale in one of their games\-in\-hand over third\-placed Huddersfield and leaders Brighton.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53022,00\.html \|title\=12 April 2011, Rochdale 2 – 0 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=12 April 2011 \|access\-date\=13 April 2011 \|archive\-date\=14 April 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414154707/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53022,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/12968099\.stm \|title\=Rochdale 2–0 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=12 April 2011 \|access\-date\=13 April 2011 }} Midfielder [Joe Thompson](/wiki/Joe_Thompson_%28footballer%29 "Joe Thompson (footballer)") opened the scoring just before the half\-hour mark with a headed goal before striker [Chris O'Grady](/wiki/Chris_O%27Grady "Chris O'Grady") made it two before half time. The visitors had more of the ball overall and more chances on goal, but Rochdale held onto the clean sheet and the two\-goal lead to leave Southampton trailing even further behind Brighton, who picked up another win to go 16 points ahead at the top of League One. Southampton picked up an important three points on 16 April against Bristol Rovers, when they won by a single goal at St Mary's.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52395,00\.html \|title\=16 April 2011, Southampton 1 – 0 Bristol Rovers \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=16 April 2011 \|access\-date\=23 April 2011 \|archive\-date\=19 April 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419014814/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52395,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/13022766\.stm \|title\=Southampton 1–0 Bristol Rovers \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=16 April 2011 \|access\-date\=23 April 2011 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110422100048/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/13022766\.stm\| archive\-date\= 22 April 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} The game was marked by the high number of bookings it heralded – four for the Saints and three for Rovers – as well as an injury to striker Lee Barnard which forced him to be carried off the pitch on a stretcher. Guly do Prado scored the only goal of the game, converting a solo effort into the winning strike in the 82nd minute to keep Southampton in second place. Brighton won their game against Walsall 3–1, which meant that they secured the League One title for the season, leaving Southampton to fight against Huddersfield, Peterborough United and Milton Keynes Dons for the second automatic promotion place. Southampton faced Brighton on 23 April, and after trailing for most of the game managed to beat the new League One champions 2–1\.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52435,00\.html \|title\=23 April 2011, Brighton \& Hove Albion 1 – 2 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=23 April 2011 \|access\-date\=25 April 2011 \|archive\-date\=25 April 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425025923/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52435,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/13103055\.stm \|title\=Brighton 1–2 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=23 April 2011 \|access\-date\=25 April 2011 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110423035144/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/13103055\.stm\| archive\-date\= 23 April 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} The first half was evenly matched, with the Saints maybe edging the home side out slightly, but it was Brighton who broke the deadlock just before half time thanks to a goal from [Ashley Barnes](/wiki/Ashley_Barnes "Ashley Barnes") following an incident of miscommunication between Radhi Jaïdi and Kelvin Davis. It took until the 84th minute for the Saints to equalise, and the goal came from substitute [David Connolly](/wiki/David_Connolly "David Connolly"), who had been on the pitch for less than ten minutes. Just five minutes later, in the last minute of normal time, José Fonte headed in a cross from Dean Hammond to put the visitors ahead and secure the three points. The Saints increased the pressure on Huddersfield by beating Hartlepool United 2–0 two days later.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52479,00\.html \|title\=25 April 2011, Southampton 2 – 0 Hartlepool United \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=25 April 2011 \|access\-date\=29 April 2011 \|archive\-date\=27 April 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427015855/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52479,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/13112111\.stm \|title\=Southampton 2–0 Hartlepool \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=25 April 2011 \|access\-date\=29 April 2011 }} The first half was dominated by the home side, with a goal from Guly do Prado being disallowed for offside. Rickie Lambert opened the scoring in the second half with a penalty following a foul by defender [Sam Collins](/wiki/Sam_Collins_%28footballer_born_1977%29 "Sam Collins (footballer born 1977)") which saw the visitors go down to ten men. José Fonte doubled the lead in the 82nd minute to secure the win and keep Southampton in the second automatic promotion place. Southampton beat Brentford 3–0 on 30 April to put them one win away from promotion.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52510,00\.html \|title\=30 April 2011, Brentford 0 – 3 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=30 April 2011 \|access\-date\=1 May 2011 \|archive\-date\=3 May 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503211937/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52510,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/13174469\.stm \|title\=Brentford 0–3 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=30 April 2011 \|access\-date\=1 May 2011 }} The Saints dominated from start to finish, with goals coming from Adam Lallana in the 16th minute, David Conolly on the half\-hour mark, and Oscar Gobern in the first minute of added time at the end of the match. Southampton essentially confirmed their promotion in the penultimate game of the season against Plymouth Argyle on 2 May, when they won 3–1 after dominating the entire match.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51888,00\.html \|title\=02 May 2011, Plymouth Argyle 1 – 3 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=2 May 2011 \|access\-date\=3 May 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505030253/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\~51888%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=5 May 2011 }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13184984\.stm \|title\=Plymouth 1–3 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=2 May 2011 \|access\-date\=3 May 2011 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110503040629/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13184984\.stm\| archive\-date\= 3 May 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} Despite their dominance, Southampton did not score until the stroke of half time, when Rickie Lambert scored his 20th goal of the season by heading in a Danny Butterfield cross. Defender Ryan Dickson made it two with his first of the season shortly after the break, before a foul gave the Saints a penalty which Lambert confidently converted to put the visitors three up within the hour and all\-but confirm the relegation of struggling Plymouth. [Yannick Bolasie](/wiki/Yannick_Bolasie "Yannick Bolasie") picked up a consolation for the home side in injury time, but it was not enough to save their League One status. Southampton confirmed their promotion in the last game of the season on 7 May against Walsall, winning 3–1\.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10280\~2355235,00\.html \|title\=07 May 2011, Southampton 3 – 1 Walsall \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=7 May 2011 \|access\-date\=7 May 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510052404/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10280\~2355235,00\.html \|archive\-date\=10 May 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13247222\.stm \|title\=Southampton 3–1 Walsall \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=7 May 2011 \|access\-date\=7 May 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://wayback.archive\-it.org/all/20110804185136/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/13247222\.stm \|archive\-date\=4 August 2011 \|url\-status\=live}} The game was largely dominated by the home side, who scored twice in a three\-minute period in the first half, with goals coming from Guly do Prado and David Connolly. A Walsall goal on the stroke of half time was a mere consolation, as returning winger Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain, on as a substitute, scored a solo goal in the 68th minute to make Southampton's promotion dream a reality. ### Matches {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 1 \| date \= 7 August 2010 \| time \= 12:15 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 0–1 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52644,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Plymouth Argyle F.C.\|Plymouth Argyle]] \| goals1 \= \| goals2 \= \[\[Luke Summerfield\|Summerfield]] {{goal\|47}} \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 21,727 \| referee \= Jon Moss \| result \= L }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 2 \| date \= 21 August 2010 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 1–1 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52736,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Leyton Orient F.C.\|Leyton Orient]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Rickie Lambert\|Lambert]] {{goal\|12}} \| goals2 \= \[\[Terrell Forbes\|Forbes]] {{goal\|15}} \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 21,468 \| referee \= Phil Gibbs \| result \= D }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 3 \| date \= 28 August 2010 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Bristol Rovers F.C.\|Bristol Rovers]] \| score \= 0–4 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52776,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \| goals2 \= \[\[José Fonte\|Fonte]] {{goal\|10}} \[\[Adam Lallana\|Lallana]] {{goal\|34}} \[\[Rickie Lambert\|Lambert]] {{goal\|59\|pen.}} \[\[Lee Barnard\|Barnard]] {{goal\|90\+1}} \| stadium \= \[\[Memorial Stadium (Bristol)\|Memorial Stadium]], \[\[Bristol]] \| attendance \= 8,226 \| referee \= Graham Scott \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 4 \| date \= 4 September 2010 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 0–2 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52805,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Rochdale A.F.C.\|Rochdale]] \| goals1 \= \| goals2 \= \[\[Chris O'Grady\|O'Grady]] {{goal\|45\+1}} \[\[Gary Jones (footballer born 1977\)\|Jones]] {{goal\|68}} \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 18,169 \| referee \= Andy Woolmer \| result \= L }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 5 \| date \= 11 September 2010 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Swindon Town F.C.\|Swindon Town]] \| score \= 1–0 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Charlie Austin\|Austin]] {{goal\|65}} \| goals2 \= \| stadium \= \[\[County Ground, Swindon\|County Ground]], \[\[Swindon]] \| attendance \= 11,087 \| referee \= Andy Penn \| result \= L }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 6 \| date \= 15 September 2010 \| time \= 19:45 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Milton Keynes Dons F.C.\|Milton Keynes Dons]] \| score \= 2–0 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Angelo Balanta\|Balanta]] {{goal\|72}} \[\[Peter Leven\|Leven]] {{goal\|87}} \| goals2 \= \| stadium \= \[\[Stadium:mk]], \[\[Milton Keynes]] \| attendance \= 8,133 \| referee \= Fred Graham \| result \= L }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 7 \| date \= 18 September 2010 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 0–0 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52908,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Colchester United F.C.\|Colchester United]] \| goals1 \= \| goals2 \= \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 17,857 \| referee \= Graham Horwood \| result \= D }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 8 \| date \= 25 September 2010 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.\|Sheffield Wednesday]] \| score \= 0–1 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52088,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \| goals2 \= \[\[Lee Barnard\|Barnard]] {{goal\|61}} \| stadium \= \[\[Hillsborough Stadium]], \[\[Sheffield]] \| attendance \= 18,198 \| referee \= Graham Salisbury \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 9 \| date \= 28 September 2010 \| time \= 19:45 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Yeovil Town F.C.\|Yeovil Town]] \| score \= 1–1 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51491,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Adam Virgo\|Virgo]] {{goal\|65\|pen.}} \| goals2 \= \[\[Guilherme do Prado\|do Prado]] {{goal\|56}} \| stadium \= \[\[Huish Park]], \[\[Yeovil]] \| attendance \= 5,854 \| referee \= Simon Hooper \| result \= D }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 10 \| date \= 2 October 2010 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 2–0 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51535,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[AFC Bournemouth]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Rickie Lambert\|Lambert]] {{goal\|19\|pen.\|55\|pen.}} \| goals2 \= \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 26,289 \| referee \= Kevin Wright \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 11 \| date \= 9 October 2010 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 2–0 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51559,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Tranmere Rovers F.C.\|Tranmere Rovers]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Rickie Lambert\|Lambert]] {{goal\|42}} \[\[Adam Lallana\|Lallana]] {{goal\|56}} \| goals2 \= \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 19,293 \| referee \= Gavin Ward \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 12 \| date \= 16 October 2010 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Huddersfield Town F.C.\|Huddersfield Town]] \| score \= 2–0 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51601,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Anthony Pilkington\|Pilkington]] {{goal\|6}} \[\[Joey Guðjónsson\|Guðjónsson]] {{goal\|45}} \| goals2 \= \| stadium \= \[\[Galpharm Stadium]], \[\[Huddersfield]] \| attendance \= 14,769 \| referee \= Colin Webster \| result \= L }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 13 \| date \= 23 October 2010 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 2–1 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51663,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Oldham Athletic F.C.\|Oldham Athletic]] \| goals1 \= \[\[José Fonte\|Fonte]] {{goal\|45\+2}} \[\[Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain\|Oxlade\-Chamberlain]] {{goal\|73}} \| goals2 \= \[\[Dean Furman\|Furman]] {{goal\|22}} \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 20,968 \| referee \= \[\[Andy D'Urso]] \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 14 \| date \= 30 October 2010 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Notts County F.C.\|Notts County]] \| score \= 1–3 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51707,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Mike Edwards (footballer, born 1980\)\|Edwards]] {{goal\|9}} \| goals2 \= \[\[Rickie Lambert\|Lambert]] {{goal\|68\|pen.}} \[\[Lee Barnard\|Barnard]] {{goal\|73}} \[\[Adam Lallana\|Lallana]] {{goal\|90\+4}} \| stadium \= \[\[Meadow Lane]], \[\[Nottingham]] \| attendance \= 9,457 \| referee \= Jock Waugh \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 15 \| date \= 2 November 2010 \| time \= 19:45 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 4–0 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51733,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Dagenham \& Redbridge F.C.\|Dagenham \& Redbridge]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain\|Oxlade\-Chamberlain]] {{goal\|11\|\|37}} \[\[Lee Barnard\|Barnard]] {{goal\|56}} \[\[José Fonte\|Fonte]] {{goal\|69}} \| goals2 \= \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 20,161 \| referee \= Danny McDermid \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 16 \| date \= 13 November 2010 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[Carlisle United F.C.\|Carlisle United]] \| score \= 3–2 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51817,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Ben Marshall (footballer)\|Marshall]] {{goal\|21}} \[\[Dan Harding\|Harding]] {{goal\|30\|o.g.}} \[\[James Chester\|Chester]] {{goal\|57}} \| goals2 \= \[\[Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain\|Oxlade\-Chamberlain]] {{goal\|49}} \[\[Dean Hammond\|Hammond]] {{goal\|81}} \| stadium \= \[\[Brunton Park]], \[\[Carlisle, Cumbria\|Carlisle]] \| attendance \= 6,578 \| referee \= Karl Evans \| result \= L }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 17 \| date \= 20 November 2010 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 4–1 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52927,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Peterborough United F.C.\|Peterborough United]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Lee Barnard\|Barnard]] {{goal\|28}} \[\[José Fonte\|Fonte]] {{goal\|46}} \[\[Richard Chaplow\|Chaplow]] {{goal\|50}} \[\[Guilherme do Prado\|do Prado]] {{goal\|80}} \| goals2 \= \[\[Aaron McLean\|McLean]] {{goal\|76}} \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 22,177 \| referee \= Chris Sarginson \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 18 \| date \= 23 November 2010 \| time \= 19:45 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 0–0 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52115,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Brighton \& Hove Albion F.C.\|Brighton \& Hove Albion]] \| goals1 \= \| goals2 \= \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 26,237 \| referee \= Iain Williamson \| result \= D }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 19 \| date \= 11 December 2010 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 0–2 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52228,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Brentford F.C.\|Brentford]] \| goals1 \= \| goals2 \= \[\[Gary Alexander (footballer)\|Alexander]] {{goal\|13}} \[\[Charlie MacDonald\|MacDonald]] {{goal\|28}} \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 19,641 \| referee \= Oliver Langford \| result \= L }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 20 \| date \= 28 December 2010 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 4–1 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52039,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Huddersfield Town F.C.\|Huddersfield Town]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Rickie Lambert\|Lambert]] {{goal\|28}} \[\[Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain\|Oxlade\-Chamberlain]] {{goal\|32}} \[\[Radhi Jaïdi\|Jaïdi]] {{goal\|51}} \[\[Richard Chaplow\|Chaplow]] {{goal\|72}} \| goals2 \= \[\[Lee Novak\|Novak]] {{goal\|15}} \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 24,483 \| referee \= James Linington \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 21 \| date \= 1 January 2011 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 4–0 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53211,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Exeter City F.C.\|Exeter City]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Guilherme do Prado\|do Prado]] {{goal\|19\|\|51}} \[\[Adam Lallana\|Lallana]] {{goal\|66}} \[\[Lee Barnard\|Barnard]] {{goal\|90\+2}} \| goals2 \= \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 22,465 \| referee \= Dave Phillips \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 22 \| date \= 3 January 2011 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[Dagenham \& Redbridge F.C.\|Dagenham \& Redbridge]] \| score \= 1–3 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53241,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Josh Scott (footballer)\|Scott]] {{goal\|84}} \| goals2 \= \[\[Adam Lallana\|Lallana]] {{goal\|47}} \[\[Guilherme do Prado\|do Prado]] {{goal\|75}} \[\[Rickie Lambert\|Lambert]] {{goal\|90}} \| stadium \= \[\[Victoria Road (Dagenham)\|Victoria Road]], \[\[London]] \| attendance \= 3,585 \| referee \= Mick Russell \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 23 \| date \= 11 January 2011 \| time \= 19:45 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[Oldham Athletic F.C.\|Oldham Athletic]] \| score \= 0–6 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53280,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \| goals2 \= \[\[Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain\|Oxlade\-Chamberlain]] {{goal\|9}} \[\[Adam Lallana\|Lallana]] {{goal\|38}} \[\[Guilherme do Prado\|do Prado]] {{goal\|52}} \[\[Richard Chaplow\|Chaplow]] {{goal\|69}} \[\[Rickie Lambert\|Lambert]] {{goal\|74}} \[\[Lee Barnard\|Barnard]] {{goal\|86}} \| stadium \= \[\[Boundary Park]], \[\[Oldham]] \| attendance \= 3,767 \| referee \= Geoff Eltringham \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 24 \| date \= 15 January 2011 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 0–0 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53327,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Notts County F.C.\|Notts County]] \| goals1 \= \| goals2 \= \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 20,201 \| referee \= Graham Scott \| result \= D }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 25 \| date \= 22 January 2011 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[Tranmere Rovers F.C.\|Tranmere Rovers]] \| score \= 2–0 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53373,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \[\[John Welsh (English footballer)\|Welsh]] {{goal\|13}} \[\[Dale Jennings (footballer born 1992\)\|Jennings]] {{goal\|60}} \| goals2 \= \| stadium \= \[\[Prenton Park]], \[\[Birkenhead]] \| attendance \= 5,504 \| referee \= David Webb \| result \= L }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 26 \| date \= 1 February 2011 \| time \= 19:45 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[Exeter City F.C.\|Exeter City]] \| score \= 1–2 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53433,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Daniel Nardiello\|Nardiello]] {{goal\|39}} \| goals2 \= \[\[Rickie Lambert\|Lambert]] {{goal\|70\|\|90}} \| stadium \= \[\[St James Park, Exeter\|St James Park]], \[\[Exeter]] \| attendance \= 6,370 \| referee \= Danny McDermid \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 27 \| date \= 5 February 2011 \| time \= 17:20 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[Peterborough United F.C.\|Peterborough United]] \| score \= 4–4 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53508,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Craig Mackail\-Smith\|Mackail\-Smith]] {{goal\|39}} \[\[Chris Whelpdale\|Whelpdale]] {{goal\|45}} \[\[Grant McCann\|McCann]] {{goal\|55\|pen.}} \[\[Lee Tomlin\|Tomlin]] {{goal\|90\+3\|pen.}} \| goals2 \= \[\[Richard Chaplow\|Chaplow]] {{goal\|18}} \[\[Rickie Lambert\|Lambert]] {{goal\|31\|pen.\|47\|pen.}} \[\[Dean Hammond\|Hammond]] {{goal\|50}} \| stadium \= \[\[London Road Stadium]], \[\[Peterborough]] \| attendance \= 6,905 \| referee \= Eddie Ilderton \| result \= D }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 28 \| date \= 12 February 2011 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 1–0 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52990,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Carlisle United F.C.\|Carlisle United]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Rickie Lambert\|Lambert]] {{goal\|43}} \| goals2 \= \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 25,076 \| referee \= Robert Lewis \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 29 \| date \= 22 February 2011 \| time \= 19:45 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[Hartlepool United F.C.\|Hartlepool United]] \| score \= 0–0 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52178,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \| goals2 \= \| stadium \= \[\[Victoria Park, Hartlepool\|Victoria Park]], \[\[Hartlepool]] \| attendance \= 3,301 \| referee \= Scott Mathieson \| result \= D }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 30 \| date \= 26 February 2011 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 4–1 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53057,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Swindon Town F.C.\|Swindon Town]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Adam Lallana\|Lallana]] {{goal\|15}} \[\[Rickie Lambert\|Lambert]] {{goal\|60}} \[\[Radhi Jaïdi\|Jaïdi]] {{goal\|61}} \[\[Lee Barnard\|Barnard]] {{goal\|90\+2}} \| goals2 \= \[\[Matt Ritchie\|Ritchie]] {{goal\|54}} \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 22,627 \| referee \= Steve Rushton \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 31 \| date \= 1 March 2011 \| time \= 19:45 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[Walsall F.C.\|Walsall]] \| score \= 1–0 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51949,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Jon Macken\|Macken]] {{goal\|69}} \| goals2 \= \| stadium \= \[\[Bescot Stadium]], \[\[Walsall]] \| attendance \= 4,684 \| referee \= Dean Whitestone \| result \= L }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 32 \| date \= 5 March 2011 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[Colchester United F.C.\|Colchester United]] \| score \= 0–2 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53098,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \| goals2 \= \[\[Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain\|Oxlade\-Chamberlain]] {{goal\|30}} \[\[Dean Hammond\|Hammond]] {{goal\|50}} \| stadium \= \[\[Colchester Community Stadium]], \[\[Colchester]] \| attendance \= 6,523 \| referee \= Phil Gibbs \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 33 \| date \= 8 March 2011 \| time \= 19:45 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 3–0 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53139,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Yeovil Town F.C.\|Yeovil Town]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Lee Barnard\|Barnard]] {{goal\|15\|\|55}} \[\[Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain\|Oxlade\-Chamberlain]] {{goal\|67}} \| goals2 \= \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 18,623 \| referee \= Keith Hill \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 34 \| date \= 12 March 2011 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[AFC Bournemouth]] \| score \= 1–3 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53164,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Lauri Dalla Valle\|Dalla Valle]] {{goal\|6}} \| goals2 \= \[\[Lee Barnard\|Barnard]] {{goal\|11}} \[\[Dean Hammond\|Hammond]] {{goal\|71}} \[\[Rickie Lambert\|Lambert]] {{goal\|88}} \| stadium \= \[\[Dean Court]], \[\[Bournemouth]] \| attendance \= 10,008 \| referee \= Andre Marriner \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 35 \| date \= 19 March 2011 \| time \= 17:20 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 2–0 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52310,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.\|Sheffield Wednesday]] \| goals1 \= \[\[José Fonte\|Fonte]] {{goal\|60}} \[\[Rickie Lambert\|Lambert]] {{goal\|66}} \| goals2 \= \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 20,234 \| referee \= Darren Deadman \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 36 \| date \= 22 March 2011 \| time \= 19:45 \[\[Greenwich Mean Time\|GMT]] \| team1 \= \[\[Charlton Athletic F.C.\|Charlton Athletic]] \| score \= 1–1 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51987,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Bradley Wright\-Phillips\|Wright\-Phillips]] {{goal\|86}} \| goals2 \= \[\[Radhi Jaïdi\|Jaïdi]] {{goal\|64}} \| stadium \= \[\[The Valley (London)\|The Valley]], \[\[London]] \| attendance \= 16,550 \| referee \= Andy D'Urso \| result \= D }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 37 \| date \= 2 April 2011 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 3–2 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51930,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Milton Keynes Dons F.C.\|Milton Keynes Dons]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Jonathan Forte\|Forte]] {{goal\|66\|\|67}} \[\[Lee Barnard\|Barnard]] {{goal\|77}} \| goals2 \= \[\[Gary MacKenzie\|MacKenzie]] {{goal\|34}} \[\[Sam Baldock\|Baldock]] {{goal\|52}} \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 22,377 \| referee \= Mick Russell \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 38 \| date \= 5 April 2011 \| time \= 19:45 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 2–0 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53395,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Charlton Athletic F.C.\|Charlton Athletic]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Guilherme do Prado\|do Prado]] {{goal\|11}} \[\[Lee Barnard\|Barnard]] {{goal\|58}} \| goals2 \= \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 20,112 \| referee \= Anthony Bates \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 39 \| date \= 9 April 2011 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Leyton Orient F.C.\|Leyton Orient]] \| score \= 0–2 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52335,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \| goals2 \= \[\[Rickie Lambert\|Lambert]] {{goal\|26}} \[\[Lee Barnard\|Barnard]] {{goal\|88}} \| stadium \= \[\[Brisbane Road]], \[\[London]] \| attendance \= 7,714 \| referee \= Mark Clattenburg \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 40 \| date \= 12 April 2011 \| time \= 19:45 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Rochdale A.F.C.\|Rochdale]] \| score \= 2–0 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53022,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Joe Thompson (footballer)\|Joe Thompson]] {{goal\|28}} \[\[Chris O'Grady\|O'Grady]] {{goal\|41}} \| goals2 \= \| stadium \= \[\[Spotland Stadium]], \[\[Manchester]] \| attendance \= 3,825 \| referee \= Mark Haywood \| result \= L }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 41 \| date \= 16 April 2011 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 1–0 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52395,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Bristol Rovers F.C.\|Bristol Rovers]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Guilherme do Prado\|do Prado]] {{goal\|82}} \| goals2 \= \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 23,647 \| referee \= Dean Whitestone \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 42 \| date \= 23 April 2011 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Brighton \& Hove Albion F.C.\|Brighton \& Hove Albion]] \| score \= 1–2 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52435,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Ashley Barnes\|Barnes]] {{goal\|45\+1}} \| goals2 \= \[\[David Connolly\|Connolly]] {{goal\|84}} \[\[José Fonte\|Fonte]] {{goal\|89}} \| stadium \= \[\[Withdean Stadium]], \[\[Brighton]] \| attendance \= 8,169 \| referee \= Scott Mathieson \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 43 \| date \= 25 April 2011 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 2–0 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52479,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Hartlepool United F.C.\|Hartlepool United]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Rickie Lambert\|Lambert]] {{goal\|50\|pen.}} \[\[José Fonte\|Fonte]] {{goal\|82}} \| goals2 \= \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 24,210 \| referee \= Simon Hooper \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 44 \| date \= 30 April 2011 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Brentford F.C.\|Brentford]] \| score \= 0–3 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52510,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \| goals2 \= \[\[Adam Lallana\|Lallana]] {{goal\|16}} \[\[David Connolly\|Connolly]] {{goal\|30}} \[\[Oscar Gobern\|Gobern]] {{goal\|90\+1}} \| stadium \= \[\[Griffin Park]], \[\[London]] \| attendance \= 7,015 \| referee \= Trevor Kettle \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 45 \| date \= 2 May 2011 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Plymouth Argyle F.C.\|Plymouth Argyle]] \| score \= 1–3 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51888,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Yannick Bolasie\|Bolasie]] {{goal\|90\+3}} \| goals2 \= \[\[Rickie Lambert\|Lambert]] {{goal\|45\|\|59\|pen.}} \[\[Ryan Dickson\|Dickson]] {{goal\|49}} \| stadium \= \[\[Home Park]], \[\[Plymouth]] \| attendance \= 13,118 \| referee \= Andy Woolmer \| result \= W }} {{football box collapsible \| round \= Match 46 \| date \= 7 May 2011 \| time \= 15:00 \[\[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 \= \[\[Southampton F.C.\|Southampton]] \| score \= 3–1 \| report \= \[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10280\~2355235,00\.html Report] \| team2 \= \[\[Walsall F.C.\|Walsall]] \| goals1 \= \[\[Guilherme do Prado\|do Prado]] {{goal\|26}} \[\[David Connolly\|Connolly]] {{goal\|29}} \[\[Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain\|Oxlade\-Chamberlain]] {{goal\|68}} \| goals2 \= \[\[Julian Gray\|Gray]] {{goal\|45\+3}} \| stadium \= \[\[St Mary's Stadium]], \[\[Southampton]] \| attendance \= 31,653 \| referee \= Graham Scott \| result \= W }} Match\-by\-match record {{\#invoke:sports rbr table\|table\|legendpos\=b \|header\=Round \|label1\= Ground \| res1\=\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[Memorial Stadium (Bristol)\|A]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[County Ground, Swindon\|A]] /\[\[stadium:mk\|A]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[Hillsborough Stadium\|A]] /\[\[Huish Park\|A]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[Galpharm Stadium\|A]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[Meadow Lane\|A]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[Brunton Park\|A]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[Victoria Road (Dagenham)\|A]] /\[\[Boundary Park\|A]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[Prenton Park\|A]] /\[\[St James Park, Exeter\|A]] /\[\[London Road Stadium\|A]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[Victoria Park, Hartlepool\|A]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[Bescot Stadium\|A]] /\[\[Colchester Community Stadium\|A]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[Dean Court\|A]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[The Valley (London)\|A]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[Brisbane Road\|A]] /\[\[Spotland Stadium\|A]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[Withdean Stadium\|A]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] /\[\[Griffin Park\|A]] /\[\[Home Park\|A]] /\[\[St Mary's Stadium\|H]] \|label2\= Result \| res2\=L /D /W /L /L /L /D /W /D /W /W /L /W /W /W /L /W /D /L /W /W /W /W /D /L /W /D /W /D /W /L /W /W /W /W /D /W /W /W /L /W /W /W /W /W /W \|label3\= Position \| res3\=20/20/14/18/22/22/22/18/17/15/13/15/14 /9 /6/10 /6 /7 /9 /5 /2 /2 /2 /3 /4 /4 /4 /4 /5 /5 /5 /5 /5 /4 /4 /3 /3 /3 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 \|text\_H\=Home\|text\_A\=Away \|color\_W\=green2\|text\_W\=Win \|color\_D\=yellow2\|text\_D\=Draw \|color\_L\=red2\|text\_L\=Loss \|color\_\-2\=green1\|color\_21\-\=red1 \|updated\=7 May 2011 \|source\=\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/FixturesResults/0,,10280,00\.html Southampton F.C.] \|date\=July 2012 }} League table |{{tooltip\|Pos\|Position}} Club | {{tooltip\|Pld\|Matches played}} {{tooltip\|W\|Matches won}} {{tooltip\|D\|Matches drawn}} {{tooltip\|L\|Matches lost}} {{tooltip\|GF\|Goals for}} {{tooltip\|GA\|Goals against}} {{tooltip\|GD\|Goal difference}} {{tooltip\|Pts\|Points}} | --- | | 1 |[Brighton \& Hove Albion](/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C. "Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.") 46 | 28 | 11 | 7 | 85 | 40 | \+45 | 95 | | **2** |**[Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_F.C. "Southampton F.C.")** **46** | **28** | **8** | **10** | **86** | **38** | **\+48** | **92** | | 3 |[Huddersfield Town](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_F.C. "Huddersfield Town F.C.") 46 | 25 | 12 | 9 | 77 | 48 | \+29 | 87 | | 4 |[Peterborough United](/wiki/Peterborough_United_F.C. "Peterborough United F.C.") 46 | 23 | 10 | 13 | 106 | 75 | \+31 | 79 | | 5 |[Milton Keynes Dons](/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Dons_F.C. "Milton Keynes Dons F.C.") 46 | 23 | 8 | 15 | 67 | 60 | \+7 | 77 | **Pld** \= Matches played; **W** \= Matches won; **D** \= Matches drawn; **L** \= Matches lost; **GF** \= Goals for; **GA** \= Goals against; **GD** \= Goal difference; **Pts** \= Points
[ "League One\n----------", "The fixtures for the [2010–11 League One](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Football_League_One \"2010–11 Football League One\") season were published on 17 June 2010,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/8745323\\.stm \\|title\\=League One fixtures: Sheffield Wednesday host Daggers \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=17 June 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100621083812/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/8745323\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 21 June 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10280\\~2072565,00\\.html \\|title\\=New Fixtures Released! \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=17 June 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619010303/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10280\\~2072565%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=19 June 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} giving Southampton an opening day home tie against [Championship](/wiki/Football_League_Championship \"Football League Championship\") relegation victims [Plymouth Argyle](/wiki/Plymouth_Argyle_F.C. \"Plymouth Argyle F.C.\") on 7 August 2010\\. The Saints' final game of the season will be against [Walsall](/wiki/Walsall_F.C. \"Walsall F.C.\") (whom they beat 3–1 and 5–1 in the previous season) at home on 7 May 2011; their first away game was scheduled to be against [Milton Keynes Dons](/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Dons_F.C. \"Milton Keynes Dons F.C.\") on 14 August but was postponed following the death of Markus Liebherr; and the local derby with [AFC Bournemouth](/wiki/AFC_Bournemouth \"AFC Bournemouth\") was scheduled for 2 October 2010 and 12 March 2011\\.", "### August–September 2010", "The season got off to a disappointing start for Southampton, who lost 1–0 to Plymouth Argyle in the opening game of the season on 7 August 2010\\. Despite dominating the first half, it was the visiting side who broke the deadlock when [Luke Summerfield](/wiki/Luke_Summerfield \"Luke Summerfield\") scored within two minutes of the beginning of the second half.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52644,00\\.html \\|title\\=07 August 2010, Southampton 0 – 1 Plymouth \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=7 August 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=7 August 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816002519/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\\~52644%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=16 August 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Substitute [Adam Lallana](/wiki/Adam_Lallana \"Adam Lallana\") was the first to test Argyle goalkeeper [David Button](/wiki/David_Button \"David Button\") in the last quarter of the game, but the home side failed to regain their early momentum to slip to a defeat in their first game of the campaign despite a number of late chances. The club were due to play Milton Keynes Dons at [Stadium:mk](/wiki/Stadium:Mk \"Mk\") on 14 August, but due to the death of Markus Liebherr the match was rescheduled for 15 September.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10280\\~2121729,00\\.html \\|title\\=New Date For MK \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=13 August 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814200809/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10280\\~2121729%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=14 August 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 21 August Southampton picked up their first league point of the season against [Leyton Orient](/wiki/Leyton_Orient_F.C. \"Leyton Orient F.C.\"), drawing 1–1 at St Mary's.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52736,00\\.html \\|title\\=21 August 2010, Southampton 1 – 1 Leyton Orient \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=21 August 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=23 August 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822155741/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\\~52736%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=22 August 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On his return to the team following injury, [Rickie Lambert](/wiki/Rickie_Lambert \"Rickie Lambert\") scored a free kick early in the game to put the Saints ahead, only for [Terrell Forbes](/wiki/Terrell_Forbes \"Terrell Forbes\") to equalise two minutes later with a headed goal. Momentum changed hands throughout the remainder of the game, and a number of chances were created but missed by Southampton players, not least [Lee Barnard](/wiki/Lee_Barnard \"Lee Barnard\"), but the game ended level to leave the Saints in the bottom quarter of the table. The following week the club recorded their first win of the season, with an emphatic 4–0 away victory over [Bristol Rovers](/wiki/Bristol_Rovers_F.C. \"Bristol Rovers F.C.\"). The game saw defender [José Fonte](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Fonte \"José Fonte\") score his debut for the club, as well as goals from Adam Lallana and a penalty from Rickie Lambert, ending in the final minute with [Lee Barnard](/wiki/Lee_Barnard \"Lee Barnard\")'s first goal of the season. Despite this impressive win, it was the last game for manager [Alan Pardew](/wiki/Alan_Pardew \"Alan Pardew\"), who was sacked just days later.", "Assistant manager [Dean Wilkins](/wiki/Dean_Wilkins \"Dean Wilkins\") took over as caretaker manager following Pardew's sacking, and his first league game in charge was at home against recently promoted [Rochdale](/wiki/Rochdale_A.F.C. \"Rochdale A.F.C.\") on 4 September. The first period was largely dictated by the Saints, but a goal from [Chris O'Grady](/wiki/Chris_O%27Grady \"Chris O'Grady\") on the stroke of half time broke up the home side's momentum and they went into the second half trailing.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52805,00\\.html \\|title\\=04 September 2010, Southampton 0 – 2 Rochdale \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=4 September 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906174119/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\\~52805%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=6 September 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The game continued in the visitors' favour and Rochdale doubled their lead just after the hour mark courtesy of a volley from [Gary Jones](/wiki/Gary_Jones_%28footballer_born_1977%29 \"Gary Jones (footballer born 1977)\"), leaving the Saints in a precarious position leading up to the imminent appointment of a new manager. Saints, still without a replacement manager, played [Swindon Town](/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C. \"Swindon Town F.C.\") on 11 September after losing 3–0 to the club in the League Trophy less than two weeks before. The game was yet another disappointment for Dean Wilkins's side, who lost 1–0 courtesy of a 65th\\-minute goal from [Charlie Austin](/wiki/Charlie_Austin \"Charlie Austin\"), despite hitting the frame of the goal twice and having an effort cleared off the line during the game.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280,00\\.html \\|title\\=11 September 2010, Swindon 1 – 0 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=11 September 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=14 September 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902172705/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2 September 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Following the appointment of [Nigel Adkins](/wiki/Nigel_Adkins \"Nigel Adkins\") as the club's new first team manager, the Saints played [Milton Keynes Dons](/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Dons_F.C. \"Milton Keynes Dons F.C.\") at [Stadium:mk](/wiki/Stadium:Mk \"Mk\") on 15 September, the game having been postponed following the death of Markuss Liebherr. Adkins began his time on the South Coast poorly, leading Southampton to their fourth consecutive goalless defeat at the hands of the Dons.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/8968093\\.stm \\|title\\=MK Dons 2 – 0 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=15 September 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2010 \\|first\\=Paul \\|last\\=Fletcher\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100916040927/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/8968093\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 16 September 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The first half ended goalless, with goalkeepers [David Martin](/wiki/David_Martin_%28footballer_born_1986%29 \"David Martin (footballer born 1986)\") and [Kelvin Davis](/wiki/Kelvin_Davis_%28footballer%29 \"Kelvin Davis (footballer)\") impressing with saves from [Rickie Lambert](/wiki/Rickie_Lambert \"Rickie Lambert\") and [Lewis Guy](/wiki/Lewis_Guy \"Lewis Guy\") respectively, but two goals in the last 20 minutes from [Angelo Balanta](/wiki/Angelo_Balanta \"Angelo Balanta\") and [Peter Leven](/wiki/Peter_Leven \"Peter Leven\") left the visitors in the relegation zone with their game in hand played.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280,00\\.html \\|title\\=15 September 2010, Milton Keynes Dons 2 – 0 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=15 September 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902172705/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2 September 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The club's disappointing run of results continued on 18 September with a goalless draw against [Colchester United](/wiki/Colchester_United_F.C. \"Colchester United F.C.\"), leaving them in the relegation zone. The game itself was arguably evenly spread between Southampton and Colchester, with the home side said to be edging ahead in the second half culminating in three consecutive chances for [Rickie Lambert](/wiki/Rickie_Lambert \"Rickie Lambert\") in injury time at the end of the game.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52908,00\\.html \\|title\\=18 September 2010, Colchester 0 – 0 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=18 September 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=18 September 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920042920/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\\~52908%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=20 September 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 25 September Southampton earned their first win in six games by beating [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C. \"Sheffield Wednesday F.C.\") at [Hillsborough Stadium](/wiki/Hillsborough_Stadium \"Hillsborough Stadium\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52088,00\\.html \\|title\\=25 September 2010, Sheff Wed 0 – 1 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=25 September 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=25 September 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927223639/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\\~52088%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=27 September 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/saints/news/8414790\\.SHEFFIELD\\_WEDNESDAY\\_0\\_SAINTS\\_1/ \\|title\\=Sheffield Wednesday 0 Saints 1 \\|publisher\\='\\[\\[Southern Daily Echo]] \\|date\\=25 September 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=25 September 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100928072915/http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/saints/news/8414790\\.SHEFFIELD\\_WEDNESDAY\\_0\\_SAINTS\\_1/\\| archive\\-date\\= 28 September 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Lee Barnard scored his second league goal of the season (and the first under manager Nigel Adkins) to end the club's 510\\-minute goal drought to help them out of the relegation zone. The game was largely dominant for the Saints, although for short periods of time throughout the game Wednesday looked to be on top of proceedings. Other chances came from [Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain](/wiki/Alex_Oxlade-Chamberlain \"Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain\") and [Rickie Lambert](/wiki/Rickie_Lambert \"Rickie Lambert\"), and at the very end of the game goalkeeper Kelvin Davis pulled off a string of impressive saves to hold on to the 1–0 for Southampton. In the final game of the month on 28 September, Southampton were unable to build on the previous weekend's win, drawing 1–1 at [Yeovil Town](/wiki/Yeovil_Town_F.C. \"Yeovil Town F.C.\"). Brazilian loan signing [Guilherme do Prado](/wiki/Guilherme_do_Prado \"Guilherme do Prado\"), who came on as a substitute for the second half, scored his first goal of the season for the Saints just before the hour mark, only to be cancelled out by an [Adam Virgo](/wiki/Adam_Virgo \"Adam Virgo\") penalty less than ten minutes later.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51491,00\\.html \\|title\\=28 September 2010, Yeovil 1 – 1 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=28 September 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001040127/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\\~51491%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=1 October 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9031891\\.stm \\|title\\=Yeovil Town 1–1 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=28 September 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2010 }} Guly almost won the game for the visiting side late on in the match, but was denied a second goal by Yeovil's post, leaving both sides to pick up a point from the match.", "### October–December 2010", "On 2 October the Saints picked up their second win in three matches by beating local rivals [AFC Bournemouth](/wiki/AFC_Bournemouth \"AFC Bournemouth\") 2–0 at St Mary's Stadium. The home side took command throughout the game, with Rickie Lambert scoring two [penalties](/wiki/Penalty_kick_%28association_football%29 \"Penalty kick (association football)\"), one in each half, to overpower the in\\-form visitors.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51535,00\\.html \\|title\\=02 October 2010, Southampton 2 – 0 Bournemouth \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=2 October 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004172558/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\\~51535%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=4 October 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9036445\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 2–0 Bournemouth \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=2 October 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101004043022/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9036445\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 4 October 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The first league meeting between the local rivals in over 50 years, the match was eventful throughout with a total of five bookings and one dismissal, numerous potential penalties and other controversies, and also saw the return of Adam Lallana and debut of loanee [Richard Chaplow](/wiki/Richard_Chaplow \"Richard Chaplow\"). The following week Southampton continued their winning streak with a 2–0 domination of visitors [Tranmere Rovers](/wiki/Tranmere_Rovers_F.C. \"Tranmere Rovers F.C.\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51559,00\\.html \\|title\\=09 October 2010, Southampton 2 – 0 Tranmere \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=9 October 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012062636/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\\~51559%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 October 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9053056\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 2–0 Tranmere \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=9 October 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101011053237/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9053056\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 11 October 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Rickie Lambert picked up his third goal in two games just before the end of the first period, followed by a goal from Adam Lallana on the outside of the box to send the club two places up to 13th in League One. Southampton faced defeat again on 16 October when they lost 2–0 to fellow promotion hopefuls [Huddersfield Town](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_F.C. \"Huddersfield Town F.C.\") at the [Galpharm Stadium](/wiki/Galpharm_Stadium \"Galpharm Stadium\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51601,00\\.html \\|title\\=16 October 2010, Huddersfield 2 – 0 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=16 October 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019025606/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\\~51601%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=19 October 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9075066\\.stm \\|title\\=Huddersfield Town 2–0 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=16 October 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101021080911/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9075066\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 21 October 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The home side broke the deadlock within the first six minutes of the game thanks to a goal from winger [Anthony Pilkington](/wiki/Anthony_Pilkington \"Anthony Pilkington\"), and continued to dominate the first half until [Joey Guðjónsson](/wiki/Joey_Gu%C3%B0j%C3%B3nsson \"Joey Guðjónsson\") doubled the lead in the final minute before half\\-time. The second half continued largely in Huddersfield's favour, with sporadic moments of Southampton domination leading to little in terms of scoring chances. Late in the second period the game's fourth official, unable to continue, had to be replaced, which took some time to complete; the result was an astonishing 11 minutes of injury time (which also included time added on for a head injury to Rickie Lambert) added on at the end of the game, although even this was insufficient for the Saints to come back and they ultimately lost quite comprehensively. The Saints made it three consecutive home wins on 23 October when they came behind from a one\\-goal deficit to beat [Oldham Athletic](/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_F.C. \"Oldham Athletic F.C.\") 2–1\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51663,00\\.html \\|title\\=23 October 2010, Southampton 2 – 1 Oldham \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=23 October 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026034946/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\\~51663%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=26 October 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9092349\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 2–1 Oldham \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=23 October 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101027083623/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9092349\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 27 October 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Defender José Fonte scored his second of the season on the stroke of half time, before young winger [Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain](/wiki/Alex_Oxlade-Chamberlain \"Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain\") scored his first league goal for the club in the second half to secure the win.", "The following week the Saints travelled to League One newcomers [Notts County](/wiki/Notts_County_F.C. \"Notts County F.C.\"), with a team that included the return of defender [Frazer Richardson](/wiki/Frazer_Richardson \"Frazer Richardson\") after a long injury and captain [Dean Hammond](/wiki/Dean_Hammond \"Dean Hammond\") following suspension.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51707,00\\.html \\|title\\=30 October 2010, Notts County 1 – 3 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=30 October 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=30 October 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101235211/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\\~51707%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=1 November 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9096890\\.stm \\|title\\=Notts County 1–3 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=30 October 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101101062545/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9096890\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 1 November 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The home side opened the scoring within ten minutes, with [Mike Edwards](/wiki/Mike_Edwards_%28footballer%2C_born_1980%29 \"Mike Edwards (footballer, born 1980)\") heading in a [Ben Davies](/wiki/Ben_Davies_%28footballer%2C_born_1981%29 \"Ben Davies (footballer, born 1981)\") free kick to give new manager [Paul Ince](/wiki/Paul_Ince \"Paul Ince\") a dream start to his managerial spell with the club. County held onto their lead until just before the 70\\-minute mark, when captain [John Tompson](/wiki/John_Thompson_%28Irish_footballer%29 \"John Thompson (Irish footballer)\") was shown a straight red card for bringing down Lee Barnard in the box, subsequently resulting in a penalty for the visiting side. Rickie Lambert converted the spot kick to equalise for Southampton, before setting up Barnard himself for a goal just a few minutes later to take the lead. Winger Adam Lallana scored in injury time to seal the win against the ten\\-man Notts County, sending the South Coast club up to 9th place in the league, their highest since the beginning of the campaign. On 2 November the Saints faced 23rd\\-placed [Dagenham \\& Redbridge](/wiki/Dagenham_%26_Redbridge_F.C. \"Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.\") at home, another recently promoted side, and picked up an extremely comfortable 4–0 win.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51733,00\\.html \\|title\\=02 November 2010, Southampton 4 – 0 Dagenham Redbridge \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=2 November 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105061324/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\\~51733%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=5 November 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9119115\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 4–0 Dag \\& Red \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=2 November 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101102081408/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9119115\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 2 November 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain picked up two more goals to add to his impressive recent tally and put the home side 2–0 up going into half time, before Lee Barnard and José Fonte scored in the 56th and 69th minutes respectively to convert the dominant performance into another win for Southampton. As a result, the club moved into 6th place, the first time they had been in a playoff position all season. On 13 November the club's winning streak ended at the hands of [Carlisle United](/wiki/Carlisle_United_F.C. \"Carlisle United F.C.\") who picked up a 3–2 win over the Saints.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51817,00\\.html \\|title\\=13 November 2010, Carlisle 3 – 2 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=13 November 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=13 November 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 November 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116004137/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51817,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9171801\\.stm \\|title\\=Carlisle 3–2 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=13 November 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=13 November 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140512212934/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9171801\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\=12 May 2014\\| url\\-status\\= live}} The first half saw Southampton display one of their worst performances of the season, with a [Dan Harding](/wiki/Dan_Harding \"Dan Harding\") own goal putting Carlisle into half\\-time two goals up. Another goal from teenage winger Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain gave the Saints a lifeline, although Carlisle picked up one more to make [Dean Hammond](/wiki/Dean_Hammond \"Dean Hammond\")'s 81st\\-minute long range strike a mere consolation.", "Southampton got back on track with their sixth consecutive home game win in all competitions against [Peterborough United](/wiki/Peterborough_United_F.C. \"Peterborough United F.C.\") on 20 November with a convincing 4–1 win.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52927,00\\.html \\|title\\=20 November 2010, Southampton 4 – 1 Peterborough \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=20 November 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 November 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122111305/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52927,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9204273\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 4–1 Peterborough \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=20 November 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://archive.today/20101122082323/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9204273\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 22 November 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Goals came from Lee Barnard, José Fonte, [Richard Chaplow](/wiki/Richard_Chaplow \"Richard Chaplow\") and Guly do Prado, which sent the club back into the playoff positions in preparation for the match against first\\-place [Brighton \\& Hove Albion](/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C. \"Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.\") later in the week. The game against Brighton, contested on 23 November, ended goalless after Southampton owned the first half and also arguably out\\-performed the visitors in the second period.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52115,00\\.html \\|title\\=23 November 2010, Southampton 0 – 0 Brighton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=23 November 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=24 November 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 November 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124181622/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52115,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9206220\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 0–0 Brighton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=23 November 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=24 November 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101125075149/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9206220\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 25 November 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} [Kelvin Davis](/wiki/Kelvin_Davis_%28footballer%29 \"Kelvin Davis (footballer)\") notably saved a penalty, while Southampton had a large number of chances thwarted by the defensive Brighton side who ultimately held on to end Southampton's winning run at home. After a long break due to adverse weather conditions, Southampton hosted [Brentford](/wiki/Brentford_F.C. \"Brentford F.C.\") on 11 December and lost 2–0, with first half goals coming from strikers [Gary Alexander](/wiki/Gary_Alexander_%28footballer%29 \"Gary Alexander (footballer)\") and [Charlie MacDonald](/wiki/Charlie_MacDonald \"Charlie MacDonald\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52228,00\\.html \\|title\\=11 December 2010, Southampton 0 – 2 Brentford \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=11 December 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 December 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212210500/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52228,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9254942\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 0–2 Brentford \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=11 December 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2010 }} After more postponed matches, the Saints returned to St Mary's on 28 December to defeat Huddersfield Town 4–1 in the first return game of the season.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52039,00\\.html \\|title\\=28 December 2010, Southampton 4 – 1 Huddersfield \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=28 December 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=28 December 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=31 December 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231035939/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52039,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9305158\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 4–1 Huddersfield \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=28 December 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=28 December 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110125161344/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9305158\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 25 January 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Despite going 1–0 down in the first half, the Saints dominated the majority of the game and goals from Rickie Lambert, Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain, [Radhi Jaïdi](/wiki/Radhi_Ja%C3%AFdi \"Radhi Jaïdi\") and Richard Chaplow helped the home side move swiftly to the playoff positions in 5th place.", "### January–February 2011", "Southampton began 2011 in top form, beating [Exeter City](/wiki/Exeter_City_F.C. \"Exeter City F.C.\") 4–0 on 1 January.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53211,00\\.html \\|title\\=01 January 2011, Southampton 4 – 0 Exeter City \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=1 January 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=3 January 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 January 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102214224/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53211,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9310212\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 4–0 Exeter City \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=1 January 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=3 January 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110101045636/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9310212\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 1 January 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Winger Guly do Prado scored twice, before Adam Lallana and substitute Lee Barnard topped off the match with goals in the second half. Thanks to results elsewhere in the league, the result sent the club to the automatic promotion places for the first time in the season. Just two days later, the Saints travelled to play the return match against Dagenham \\& Redbridge, after beating the side 4–0 in November. After a goalless first half and numerous Saints chances, the visiting club broke the deadlock less than two minutes after the break, when Adam Lallana scored his eighth of the season with an overhead kick.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53241,00\\.html \\|title\\=05 January 2011, Dagenham \\& Redbridge 1 – 3 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=3 January 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 January 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105094441/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53241,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9312981\\.stm \\|title\\=Dag \\& Red 1–3 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=3 January 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110125161320/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9312981\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 25 January 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Guly do Prado made it 2–0 after 75 minutes, before [Josh Scott](/wiki/Josh_Scott_%28footballer%29 \"Josh Scott (footballer)\") headered in a goal for the home side in the last ten minutes. Dagenham were unable to make the goal count for anything, however, as striker Rickie Lambert finished the game off with a goal in the last minute to keep Saints in the automatic promotion places. On 11 January Southampton closed the gap on League leaders Brighton by thrashing [Oldham Athletic](/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_F.C. \"Oldham Athletic F.C.\") 6–0 at [Boundary Park](/wiki/Boundary_Park \"Boundary Park\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53280,00\\.html \\|title\\=11 January 2011, Oldham Athletic 0 – 6 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=11 January 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=13 January 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112210059/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53280,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9354145\\.stm \\|title\\=Oldham 0–6 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=11 January 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=13 January 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110125091541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9354145\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 25 January 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The scoring started early, as winger Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain scored within nine minutes before Adam Lallana made it two shortly before half time. In the second half though, the Saints made their advantage really count, converting a further four chances with Guly do Prado, Richard Chaplow, Rickie Lambert and substitute Lee Barnard adding to their season tallies to increase the pressure at the top of League One. Southampton's winning run came to an end on 15 January, as the match with Notts County ended goalless.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53327,00\\.html \\|title\\=15 January 2011, Southampton 0 – 0 Notts County \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=15 January 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 January 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118042623/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53327,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9359408\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 0–0 Notts County \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=15 January 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110125091539/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9359408\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 25 January 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The Saints had the majority of possession throughout the game, José Fonte was denied a goal in the second half as his header was cleared off the line, and in the last minute [Ryan Dickson](/wiki/Ryan_Dickson \"Ryan Dickson\") cleared a County effort off the line to leave the match goalless. The misfortune continued when Southampton lost 2–0 to Tranmere Rovers in the return game at [Prenton Park](/wiki/Prenton_Park \"Prenton Park\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53373,00\\.html \\|title\\=22 January 2011, Tranmere Rovers 2 – 0 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=22 January 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 January 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126001747/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53373,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9362045\\.stm \\|title\\=Tranmere 2–0 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=22 January 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110201094107/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9362045\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 1 February 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The first half was dominated by the struggling home side, and marked by a goal for midfielder [John Welsh](/wiki/John_Welsh_%28English_footballer%29 \"John Welsh (English footballer)\") following a miscommunication between Saints goalkeeper Kelvin Davis and defender José Fonte. The visiting team continued to struggle in the second half, and under\\-performances from players such as Rickie Lambert, Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain and Guly do Prado meant that Rovers doubled their lead thanks to a goal from [Dale Jennings](/wiki/Dale_Jennings_%28footballer_born_1992%29 \"Dale Jennings (footballer born 1992)\"), sending the Saints down to fourth below local rivals Bournemouth following their win over league leaders Brighton.", "On 1 February, Saints scraped a win at Exeter City to avoid a three\\-game losing streak.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53433,00\\.html \\|title\\=01 February 2011, Exeter City 1 – 2 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=1 February 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 February 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203024452/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53433,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9377234\\.stm \\|title\\=Exeter 1–2 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=1 February 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110201094103/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9377234\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 1 February 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The game ended 2–1 to Southampton after a brace of goals from Rickie Lambert, including a final\\-minute winner, reversed the initial Exeter lead. [Daniel Nardiello](/wiki/Daniel_Nardiello \"Daniel Nardiello\") opened the scoring for the home side just before half time, and it took until 20 minutes before the end for the visitors to come back, when Lambert headed in a cross from new signing [Dany N'Guessan](/wiki/Dany_N%27Guessan \"Dany N'Guessan\") to equalise. Lambert doubled his tally in the last minute of normal time, heading in another cross this time from returning midfielder Dean Hammond. On 5 February Southampton dropped two points in the return match against Peterborough United, sharing the spoils in an eight\\-goal thriller.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280,00\\.html \\|title\\=05 February 2011, Peterborough United 4 – 4 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=5 February 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 September 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902172705/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280%2C00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9379655\\.stm \\|title\\=Peterborough 4–4 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=5 February 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110210130830/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9379655\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 10 February 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The visitors started off the game well, going 2–0 up within half an hour following a Richard Chaplow goal and a Rickie Lambert penalty, but in the last six minutes of the first half Peterborough equalised with strikes from [Craig Mackail\\-Smith](/wiki/Craig_Mackail-Smith \"Craig Mackail-Smith\") and [Chris Whelpdale](/wiki/Chris_Whelpdale \"Chris Whelpdale\"). Lambert scored a second penalty just after the break to extend his lead as the club's top scorer of the season, and returning captain Dean Hammond restored the Saints' two\\-goal lead just three minutes later. A further two penalties for Peterborough led to a 4–4 draw, with the final goal coming from [Lee Tomlin](/wiki/Lee_Tomlin \"Lee Tomlin\") in the third minute of injury time at the end of the match. A week later the Saints reduced Huddersfield Town's lead in 3rd place of the table when they defeated Carlisle United 1–0 at home in a relatively uneventful game.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52990,00\\.html \\|title\\=12 February 2011, Southampton 1 – 0 Carlisle United \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=12 February 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=13 February 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 February 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215090507/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52990,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9387852\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 1–0 Carlisle \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=12 February 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=13 February 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110212055412/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9387852\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 12 February 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The game was initially brought alive within the last five minutes of the first half, when Carlisle defender [Gary Borrowdale](/wiki/Gary_Borrowdale \"Gary Borrowdale\") was sent off after receiving a second booking for arguing with the assistant referee, after which Rickie Lambert scored his 50th Southampton goal by heading in Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain's cross. In the second half, further chances were limited and Southampton nervously picked up three points while Huddersfield played out a goalless draw with Oldham Athletic meaning Southampton could go ahead of Huddersfield should they win their game\\-in\\-hand. Southampton remained fifth with several games in hand over Peterborough, Huddersfield and Bournemouth after drawing 0–0 with Hartlepool United on 22 February.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52178,00\\.html \\|title\\=22 February 2011, Hartlepool United 0 – 0 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=22 February 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=23 February 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 February 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223213618/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52178,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9401830\\.stm \\|title\\=Hartlepool 0–0 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=22 February 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=23 February 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110222083438/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9401830\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 22 February 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Southampton upheld their unbeaten league run at the weekend, beating Swindon Town 4–1 at home in a convincing performance marked by only five minutes of Swindon dominance in the second half.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53057,00\\.html \\|title\\=26 February 2011, Southampton 4 – 1 Swindon Town \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=26 February 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=28 February 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 March 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301044842/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53057,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9401909\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 4–1 Swindon \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=26 February 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=28 February 2011 }} Adam Lallana opened the scoring for the home side after just 15 minutes, and chances for Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain and Guly do Prado could have increased the scoreline going into half\\-time. In the second half, winger [Matt Ritchie](/wiki/Matt_Ritchie \"Matt Ritchie\") equalised for Swindon, but his effort was cancelled out within minutes when Rickie Lambert and Radhi Jaïdi both scored from set pieces within two minutes of one another to make it 3–1\\. With more chances for Saints in the later stages of the game, substitute Lee Barnard eventually confirmed the win for Southampton with a goal in stoppage time.", "### March–May 2011", "On 1 March, Southampton lost away to Walsall, who before the match were in the relegation zone.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51949,00\\.html \\|title\\=01 March 2011, Walsall 1 – 0 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=1 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=3 March 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304055058/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51949,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9407294\\.stm \\|title\\=Walsall 1–0 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=1 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=3 March 2011 }} In terms of attempts and pressure, the visitors were largely on top for most of the game, but it was Walsall who made their chance count when [Jon Macken](/wiki/Jon_Macken \"Jon Macken\") scored in a period dominated by Saints chances in the second half. Despite late chances for Lallana, Barnard, Lambert and Jaïdi, Walsall rode out the 1–0 victory to leave Saints in 5th place in the table. The Saints won their return game against Colchester United 2–0 on 5 March, increasing the pressure in the top section of the table.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53098,00\\.html \\|title\\=05 March 2011, Colchester United 0 – 2 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=5 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=7 March 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 March 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307151239/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53098,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9407637\\.stm \\|title\\=Colchester 0–2 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=5 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=7 March 2011 }} After largely dominating the opening period, the visitors went one up after half an hour with Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain poaching a goal following a Rickie Lambert free kick. Within two minutes of the goal, Colchester were reduced to ten players as striker [David Mooney](/wiki/Dave_Mooney \"Dave Mooney\") was sent off for challenging [Danny Butterfield](/wiki/Danny_Butterfield \"Danny Butterfield\") off the ball, and Southampton's dominance was made easier for the remainder of the game. In the second half the team made their advantage count, as captain and former Colchester player Dean Hammond scored his third league goal of the season from inside to double Southampton's lead and secure the three points. Back at St Mary's on 8 March, Southampton beat struggling side Yeovil Town 3–0\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53139,00\\.html \\|title\\=08 March 2011, Southampton 3 – 0 Yeovil Town \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=8 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=9 March 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 March 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317064052/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53139,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9414790\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 3–0 Yeovil \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=8 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=9 March 2011 }} Lee Barnard scored twice to bring his league tally to 10, and Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain finished off the scoring in the second half with a long\\-range solo effort. The Saints remained fifth, however, as teams above them won their matches too.", "On 13 March, Southampton travelled to [Dean Court](/wiki/Dean_Court \"Dean Court\") for the second local derby against Bournemouth of the season.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53164,00\\.html \\|title\\=12 March 2011, Bournemouth 1 – 3 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=12 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=13 March 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 March 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315035529/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53164,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9418926\\.stm \\|title\\=Bournemouth 1–3 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=12 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=13 March 2011 }} Southampton won the game 3–1, meaning they moved above the home side in the league table. The game was an exciting encounter all\\-round, with Finnish teenage striker [Lauri Dalla Valle](/wiki/Lauri_Dalla_Valle \"Lauri Dalla Valle\"), on loan from [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. \"Fulham F.C.\"), opening the scoring for Bournemouth in the 6th minutes, despite Southampton players' protests of offside. Just five minutes later however, it was all level again when Lee Barnard's header was fumbled by the Bournemouth defence and found its way into the net for 1–1\\. In the second half, Southampton took the lead thanks to a goal from captain Dean Hammond, and top scorer Rickie Lambert assured the win in the 88th minute with a solo effort. In injury time, Oscar Gobern received a red card, but Southampton cruised to victory to move up to 4th place in the table once again. Southampton picked up a fourth consecutive league game win on 19 March, beating Sheffield Wednesday 2–0 in a late kick\\-off.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52310,00\\.html \\|title\\=19 March 2011, Southampton 2 – 0 Sheffield Wednesday \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=19 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=21 March 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 March 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323022720/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52310,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9422361\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 2–0 Sheff Wed \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=19 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=21 March 2011 }} Despite a number of good chances for the Saints in the opening 45 minutes, it took until 15 minutes into the second half for defender José Fonte to break the deadlock, heading in an Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain corner. With the team in full flow now, Rickie Lambert scored his 17th goal of the season just six minutes later to make it two for Southampton and secure the win. It could have been more though, with Adam Lallana hitting the post shortly after Lambert's goal and a great performance from Wednesday goalkeeper [Richard O'Donnell](/wiki/Richard_O%27Donnell \"Richard O'Donnell\") denying further opportunities from Oxlade\\-Chamberlain and others.", "Southampton moved up to third place in the table on 24 March when they picked up a point against [Charlton Athletic](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. \"Charlton Athletic F.C.\") at [The Valley](/wiki/The_Valley_%28London%29 \"The Valley (London)\"), although missed out on the chance to move second with two games still in hand over Huddersfield Town.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51987,00\\.html \\|title\\=24 March 2011, Charlton Athletic 1 – 1 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=24 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 March 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325085908/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51987,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9429089\\.stm \\|title\\=Charlton 1–1 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=24 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2011 }} The Saints largely edged out the home side throughout the game, with more possession and chances on goal, but it took until after the hour mark to break the deadlock when defender Radhi Jaïdi headed in a corner from Guly do Prado, who had only come on as a substitute three minutes earlier. Charlton increased the pressure in the last 20 minutes, and former Saints player [Bradley Wright\\-Phillips](/wiki/Bradley_Wright-Phillips \"Bradley Wright-Phillips\") equalised the game in the 86th minute to crush Southampton's hopes of moving into the League One promotion places. After a two\\-week break, Southampton returned to St Mary's to face Milton Keynes Dons on 2 April 2011 and won 3–2\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51930,00\\.html \\|title\\=02 April 2011, Southampton 3 – 2 Milton Keynes Dons \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=2 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 April 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404015408/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51930,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9436579\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 3–2 MK Dons \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=2 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110402041903/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9436579\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 2 April 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The visiting side were on top for most of the first half, and opened the scoring in the 34th minute when [Gary MacKenzie](/wiki/Gary_MacKenzie \"Gary MacKenzie\") headed in a [Peter Leven](/wiki/Peter_Leven \"Peter Leven\") corner. The Dons doubled their lead early in the second half courtesy of [Sam Baldock](/wiki/Sam_Baldock \"Sam Baldock\"), but after [Jonathan Forte](/wiki/Jonathan_Forte \"Jonathan Forte\") came on for the Saints shortly after the hour mark the dynamic of the game changed: Forte scored two goals in the space of two minutes, bringing Southampton level and giving them a chance to make the game their own. It only took another ten minutes for the home team to score another and take the lead, this time courtesy of Lee Barnard latching onto a Rickie Lambert assist. Southampton held out for the victory, and remained third in the table with three games in hand over Huddersfield and two over Brighton. Southampton's run of good form was continued when they played Charlton Athletic at St Mary's just two weeks after the match at The Valley, winning 2–0\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53395,00\\.html \\|title\\=05 April 2011, Southampton 2 – 0 Charlton Athletic \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=5 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 April 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409235716/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53395,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/12930681\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 2–0 Charlton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=5 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110405035052/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/12930681\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 5 April 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Goals came from Guly do Prado early in the first half and from Lee Barnard early in the second, with each scorer setting up the other for their goal.", "Southampton moved into the automatic promotion places of League One on 9 April by beating Leyton Orient 2–0 at [Brisbane Road](/wiki/Brisbane_Road \"Brisbane Road\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52335,00\\.html \\|title\\=09 April 2011, Leyton Orient 0 – 2 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=9 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 April 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412074523/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52335,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/12945324\\.stm \\|title\\=Leyton Orient 0–0 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=9 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2011 }} The Saints rode their luck somewhat throughout the game, as Orient playmaker [Jimmy Smith](/wiki/Jimmy_Smith_%28footballer_born_1987%29 \"Jimmy Smith (footballer born 1987)\") was denied two goals for offside and [Stephen Dawson](/wiki/Stephen_Dawson \"Stephen Dawson\") hit the post in the last minute. Rickie Lambert scored his 18th goal of the season in the 26th minute to put the Saints one up, and the victory was sealed in the 88th minute by a goal from Lee Barnard. The victory was complemented by Huddersfield Town drawing 1–1 with Peterborough United, which meant that Southampton could move past them into second place in the table, still with two games in hand. Three days later though, Southampton lost for the first time in ten games at Rochdale in one of their games\\-in\\-hand over third\\-placed Huddersfield and leaders Brighton.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53022,00\\.html \\|title\\=12 April 2011, Rochdale 2 – 0 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=12 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 April 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414154707/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53022,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/12968099\\.stm \\|title\\=Rochdale 2–0 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=12 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2011 }} Midfielder [Joe Thompson](/wiki/Joe_Thompson_%28footballer%29 \"Joe Thompson (footballer)\") opened the scoring just before the half\\-hour mark with a headed goal before striker [Chris O'Grady](/wiki/Chris_O%27Grady \"Chris O'Grady\") made it two before half time. The visitors had more of the ball overall and more chances on goal, but Rochdale held onto the clean sheet and the two\\-goal lead to leave Southampton trailing even further behind Brighton, who picked up another win to go 16 points ahead at the top of League One. Southampton picked up an important three points on 16 April against Bristol Rovers, when they won by a single goal at St Mary's.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52395,00\\.html \\|title\\=16 April 2011, Southampton 1 – 0 Bristol Rovers \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=16 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419014814/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52395,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/13022766\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 1–0 Bristol Rovers \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=16 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110422100048/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/13022766\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 22 April 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The game was marked by the high number of bookings it heralded – four for the Saints and three for Rovers – as well as an injury to striker Lee Barnard which forced him to be carried off the pitch on a stretcher. Guly do Prado scored the only goal of the game, converting a solo effort into the winning strike in the 82nd minute to keep Southampton in second place. Brighton won their game against Walsall 3–1, which meant that they secured the League One title for the season, leaving Southampton to fight against Huddersfield, Peterborough United and Milton Keynes Dons for the second automatic promotion place.", "Southampton faced Brighton on 23 April, and after trailing for most of the game managed to beat the new League One champions 2–1\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52435,00\\.html \\|title\\=23 April 2011, Brighton \\& Hove Albion 1 – 2 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=23 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=25 April 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 April 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425025923/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52435,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/13103055\\.stm \\|title\\=Brighton 1–2 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=23 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=25 April 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110423035144/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/13103055\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 23 April 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The first half was evenly matched, with the Saints maybe edging the home side out slightly, but it was Brighton who broke the deadlock just before half time thanks to a goal from [Ashley Barnes](/wiki/Ashley_Barnes \"Ashley Barnes\") following an incident of miscommunication between Radhi Jaïdi and Kelvin Davis. It took until the 84th minute for the Saints to equalise, and the goal came from substitute [David Connolly](/wiki/David_Connolly \"David Connolly\"), who had been on the pitch for less than ten minutes. Just five minutes later, in the last minute of normal time, José Fonte headed in a cross from Dean Hammond to put the visitors ahead and secure the three points. The Saints increased the pressure on Huddersfield by beating Hartlepool United 2–0 two days later.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52479,00\\.html \\|title\\=25 April 2011, Southampton 2 – 0 Hartlepool United \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=25 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=29 April 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 April 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427015855/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52479,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/13112111\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 2–0 Hartlepool \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=25 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=29 April 2011 }} The first half was dominated by the home side, with a goal from Guly do Prado being disallowed for offside. Rickie Lambert opened the scoring in the second half with a penalty following a foul by defender [Sam Collins](/wiki/Sam_Collins_%28footballer_born_1977%29 \"Sam Collins (footballer born 1977)\") which saw the visitors go down to ten men. José Fonte doubled the lead in the 82nd minute to secure the win and keep Southampton in the second automatic promotion place. Southampton beat Brentford 3–0 on 30 April to put them one win away from promotion.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52510,00\\.html \\|title\\=30 April 2011, Brentford 0 – 3 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=30 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=1 May 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 May 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503211937/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52510,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/13174469\\.stm \\|title\\=Brentford 0–3 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=30 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=1 May 2011 }} The Saints dominated from start to finish, with goals coming from Adam Lallana in the 16th minute, David Conolly on the half\\-hour mark, and Oscar Gobern in the first minute of added time at the end of the match.", "Southampton essentially confirmed their promotion in the penultimate game of the season against Plymouth Argyle on 2 May, when they won 3–1 after dominating the entire match.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51888,00\\.html \\|title\\=02 May 2011, Plymouth Argyle 1 – 3 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=2 May 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505030253/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\\~51888%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=5 May 2011 }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13184984\\.stm \\|title\\=Plymouth 1–3 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=2 May 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110503040629/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13184984\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 3 May 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Despite their dominance, Southampton did not score until the stroke of half time, when Rickie Lambert scored his 20th goal of the season by heading in a Danny Butterfield cross. Defender Ryan Dickson made it two with his first of the season shortly after the break, before a foul gave the Saints a penalty which Lambert confidently converted to put the visitors three up within the hour and all\\-but confirm the relegation of struggling Plymouth. [Yannick Bolasie](/wiki/Yannick_Bolasie \"Yannick Bolasie\") picked up a consolation for the home side in injury time, but it was not enough to save their League One status. Southampton confirmed their promotion in the last game of the season on 7 May against Walsall, winning 3–1\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10280\\~2355235,00\\.html \\|title\\=07 May 2011, Southampton 3 – 1 Walsall \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=7 May 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=7 May 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510052404/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10280\\~2355235,00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13247222\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 3–1 Walsall \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=7 May 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=7 May 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://wayback.archive\\-it.org/all/20110804185136/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/13247222\\.stm \\|archive\\-date\\=4 August 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The game was largely dominated by the home side, who scored twice in a three\\-minute period in the first half, with goals coming from Guly do Prado and David Connolly. A Walsall goal on the stroke of half time was a mere consolation, as returning winger Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain, on as a substitute, scored a solo goal in the 68th minute to make Southampton's promotion dream a reality.", "### Matches", "{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 1\n\\| date \\= 7 August 2010\n\\| time \\= 12:15 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 0–1\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52644,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Plymouth Argyle F.C.\\|Plymouth Argyle]]\n\\| goals1 \\=\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Luke Summerfield\\|Summerfield]] {{goal\\|47}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 21,727\n\\| referee \\= Jon Moss\n\\| result \\= L\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 2\n\\| date \\= 21 August 2010\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 1–1\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52736,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Leyton Orient F.C.\\|Leyton Orient]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Rickie Lambert\\|Lambert]] {{goal\\|12}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Terrell Forbes\\|Forbes]] {{goal\\|15}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 21,468\n\\| referee \\= Phil Gibbs\n\\| result \\= D\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 3\n\\| date \\= 28 August 2010\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Bristol Rovers F.C.\\|Bristol Rovers]]\n\\| score \\= 0–4\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52776,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\=\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[José Fonte\\|Fonte]] {{goal\\|10}} \n\\[\\[Adam Lallana\\|Lallana]] {{goal\\|34}} \n\\[\\[Rickie Lambert\\|Lambert]] {{goal\\|59\\|pen.}} \n\\[\\[Lee Barnard\\|Barnard]] {{goal\\|90\\+1}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Memorial Stadium (Bristol)\\|Memorial Stadium]], \\[\\[Bristol]]\n\\| attendance \\= 8,226\n\\| referee \\= Graham Scott\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 4\n\\| date \\= 4 September 2010\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 0–2\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52805,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Rochdale A.F.C.\\|Rochdale]]\n\\| goals1 \\=\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Chris O'Grady\\|O'Grady]] {{goal\\|45\\+1}} \n \\[\\[Gary Jones (footballer born 1977\\)\\|Jones]] {{goal\\|68}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 18,169\n\\| referee \\= Andy Woolmer\n\\| result \\= L\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 5\n\\| date \\= 11 September 2010\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Swindon Town F.C.\\|Swindon Town]]\n\\| score \\= 1–0\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Charlie Austin\\|Austin]] {{goal\\|65}}\n\\| goals2 \\=\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[County Ground, Swindon\\|County Ground]], \\[\\[Swindon]]\n\\| attendance \\= 11,087\n\\| referee \\= Andy Penn\n\\| result \\= L\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 6\n\\| date \\= 15 September 2010\n\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Milton Keynes Dons F.C.\\|Milton Keynes Dons]]\n\\| score \\= 2–0\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Angelo Balanta\\|Balanta]] {{goal\\|72}} \n\\[\\[Peter Leven\\|Leven]] {{goal\\|87}}\n\\| goals2 \\=\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Stadium:mk]], \\[\\[Milton Keynes]]\n\\| attendance \\= 8,133\n\\| referee \\= Fred Graham\n\\| result \\= L\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 7\n\\| date \\= 18 September 2010\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 0–0\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52908,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Colchester United F.C.\\|Colchester United]]\n\\| goals1 \\=\n\\| goals2 \\=\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 17,857\n\\| referee \\= Graham Horwood\n\\| result \\= D\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 8\n\\| date \\= 25 September 2010\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.\\|Sheffield Wednesday]]\n\\| score \\= 0–1\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52088,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\=\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Lee Barnard\\|Barnard]] {{goal\\|61}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Hillsborough Stadium]], \\[\\[Sheffield]]\n\\| attendance \\= 18,198\n\\| referee \\= Graham Salisbury\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 9\n\\| date \\= 28 September 2010\n\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Yeovil Town F.C.\\|Yeovil Town]]\n\\| score \\= 1–1\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51491,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Adam Virgo\\|Virgo]] {{goal\\|65\\|pen.}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Guilherme do Prado\\|do Prado]] {{goal\\|56}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Huish Park]], \\[\\[Yeovil]]\n\\| attendance \\= 5,854\n\\| referee \\= Simon Hooper\n\\| result \\= D\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 10\n\\| date \\= 2 October 2010\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 2–0\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51535,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[AFC Bournemouth]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Rickie Lambert\\|Lambert]] {{goal\\|19\\|pen.\\|55\\|pen.}}\n\\| goals2 \\=\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 26,289\n\\| referee \\= Kevin Wright\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 11\n\\| date \\= 9 October 2010\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 2–0\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51559,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Tranmere Rovers F.C.\\|Tranmere Rovers]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Rickie Lambert\\|Lambert]] {{goal\\|42}} \n\\[\\[Adam Lallana\\|Lallana]] {{goal\\|56}}\n\\| goals2 \\=\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 19,293\n\\| referee \\= Gavin Ward\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 12\n\\| date \\= 16 October 2010\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Huddersfield Town F.C.\\|Huddersfield Town]]\n\\| score \\= 2–0\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51601,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Anthony Pilkington\\|Pilkington]] {{goal\\|6}} \n\\[\\[Joey Guðjónsson\\|Guðjónsson]] {{goal\\|45}}\n\\| goals2 \\=\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Galpharm Stadium]], \\[\\[Huddersfield]]\n\\| attendance \\= 14,769\n\\| referee \\= Colin Webster\n\\| result \\= L\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 13\n\\| date \\= 23 October 2010\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 2–1\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51663,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Oldham Athletic F.C.\\|Oldham Athletic]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[José Fonte\\|Fonte]] {{goal\\|45\\+2}} \n\\[\\[Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain\\|Oxlade\\-Chamberlain]] {{goal\\|73}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Dean Furman\\|Furman]] {{goal\\|22}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 20,968\n\\| referee \\= \\[\\[Andy D'Urso]]\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 14\n\\| date \\= 30 October 2010\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Notts County F.C.\\|Notts County]]\n\\| score \\= 1–3\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51707,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Mike Edwards (footballer, born 1980\\)\\|Edwards]] {{goal\\|9}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Rickie Lambert\\|Lambert]] {{goal\\|68\\|pen.}} \n\\[\\[Lee Barnard\\|Barnard]] {{goal\\|73}} \n\\[\\[Adam Lallana\\|Lallana]] {{goal\\|90\\+4}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Meadow Lane]], \\[\\[Nottingham]]\n\\| attendance \\= 9,457\n\\| referee \\= Jock Waugh\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 15\n\\| date \\= 2 November 2010\n\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 4–0\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51733,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Dagenham \\& Redbridge F.C.\\|Dagenham \\& Redbridge]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain\\|Oxlade\\-Chamberlain]] {{goal\\|11\\|\\|37}} \n\\[\\[Lee Barnard\\|Barnard]] {{goal\\|56}} \n\\[\\[José Fonte\\|Fonte]] {{goal\\|69}}\n\\| goals2 \\=\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 20,161\n\\| referee \\= Danny McDermid\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 16\n\\| date \\= 13 November 2010\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Carlisle United F.C.\\|Carlisle United]]\n\\| score \\= 3–2\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51817,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Ben Marshall (footballer)\\|Marshall]] {{goal\\|21}} \n\\[\\[Dan Harding\\|Harding]] {{goal\\|30\\|o.g.}} \n\\[\\[James Chester\\|Chester]] {{goal\\|57}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain\\|Oxlade\\-Chamberlain]] {{goal\\|49}} \n\\[\\[Dean Hammond\\|Hammond]] {{goal\\|81}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Brunton Park]], \\[\\[Carlisle, Cumbria\\|Carlisle]]\n\\| attendance \\= 6,578\n\\| referee \\= Karl Evans\n\\| result \\= L\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 17\n\\| date \\= 20 November 2010\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 4–1\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52927,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Peterborough United F.C.\\|Peterborough United]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Lee Barnard\\|Barnard]] {{goal\\|28}} \n\\[\\[José Fonte\\|Fonte]] {{goal\\|46}} \n\\[\\[Richard Chaplow\\|Chaplow]] {{goal\\|50}} \n\\[\\[Guilherme do Prado\\|do Prado]] {{goal\\|80}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Aaron McLean\\|McLean]] {{goal\\|76}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 22,177\n\\| referee \\= Chris Sarginson\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 18\n\\| date \\= 23 November 2010\n\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 0–0\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52115,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Brighton \\& Hove Albion F.C.\\|Brighton \\& Hove Albion]]\n\\| goals1 \\=\n\\| goals2 \\=\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 26,237\n\\| referee \\= Iain Williamson\n\\| result \\= D\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 19\n\\| date \\= 11 December 2010\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 0–2\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52228,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Brentford F.C.\\|Brentford]]\n\\| goals1 \\=\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Gary Alexander (footballer)\\|Alexander]] {{goal\\|13}} \n\\[\\[Charlie MacDonald\\|MacDonald]] {{goal\\|28}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 19,641\n\\| referee \\= Oliver Langford\n\\| result \\= L\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 20\n\\| date \\= 28 December 2010\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 4–1\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52039,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Huddersfield Town F.C.\\|Huddersfield Town]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Rickie Lambert\\|Lambert]] {{goal\\|28}} \n\\[\\[Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain\\|Oxlade\\-Chamberlain]] {{goal\\|32}} \n\\[\\[Radhi Jaïdi\\|Jaïdi]] {{goal\\|51}} \n\\[\\[Richard Chaplow\\|Chaplow]] {{goal\\|72}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Lee Novak\\|Novak]] {{goal\\|15}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 24,483\n\\| referee \\= James Linington\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 21\n\\| date \\= 1 January 2011\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 4–0\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53211,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Exeter City F.C.\\|Exeter City]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Guilherme do Prado\\|do Prado]] {{goal\\|19\\|\\|51}} \n\\[\\[Adam Lallana\\|Lallana]] {{goal\\|66}} \n\\[\\[Lee Barnard\\|Barnard]] {{goal\\|90\\+2}}\n\\| goals2 \\=\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 22,465\n\\| referee \\= Dave Phillips\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 22\n\\| date \\= 3 January 2011\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Dagenham \\& Redbridge F.C.\\|Dagenham \\& Redbridge]]\n\\| score \\= 1–3\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53241,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Josh Scott (footballer)\\|Scott]] {{goal\\|84}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Adam Lallana\\|Lallana]] {{goal\\|47}} \n\\[\\[Guilherme do Prado\\|do Prado]] {{goal\\|75}} \n\\[\\[Rickie Lambert\\|Lambert]] {{goal\\|90}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Victoria Road (Dagenham)\\|Victoria Road]], \\[\\[London]]\n\\| attendance \\= 3,585\n\\| referee \\= Mick Russell\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 23\n\\| date \\= 11 January 2011\n\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Oldham Athletic F.C.\\|Oldham Athletic]]\n\\| score \\= 0–6\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53280,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\=\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain\\|Oxlade\\-Chamberlain]] {{goal\\|9}} \n\\[\\[Adam Lallana\\|Lallana]] {{goal\\|38}} \n\\[\\[Guilherme do Prado\\|do Prado]] {{goal\\|52}} \n\\[\\[Richard Chaplow\\|Chaplow]] {{goal\\|69}} \n\\[\\[Rickie Lambert\\|Lambert]] {{goal\\|74}} \n\\[\\[Lee Barnard\\|Barnard]] {{goal\\|86}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Boundary Park]], \\[\\[Oldham]]\n\\| attendance \\= 3,767\n\\| referee \\= Geoff Eltringham\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 24\n\\| date \\= 15 January 2011\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 0–0\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53327,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Notts County F.C.\\|Notts County]]\n\\| goals1 \\=\n\\| goals2 \\=\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 20,201\n\\| referee \\= Graham Scott\n\\| result \\= D\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 25\n\\| date \\= 22 January 2011\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Tranmere Rovers F.C.\\|Tranmere Rovers]]\n\\| score \\= 2–0\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53373,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[John Welsh (English footballer)\\|Welsh]] {{goal\\|13}} \n\\[\\[Dale Jennings (footballer born 1992\\)\\|Jennings]] {{goal\\|60}}\n\\| goals2 \\=\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Prenton Park]], \\[\\[Birkenhead]]\n\\| attendance \\= 5,504\n\\| referee \\= David Webb\n\\| result \\= L\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 26\n\\| date \\= 1 February 2011\n\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Exeter City F.C.\\|Exeter City]]\n\\| score \\= 1–2\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53433,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Daniel Nardiello\\|Nardiello]] {{goal\\|39}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Rickie Lambert\\|Lambert]] {{goal\\|70\\|\\|90}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St James Park, Exeter\\|St James Park]], \\[\\[Exeter]]\n\\| attendance \\= 6,370\n\\| referee \\= Danny McDermid\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 27\n\\| date \\= 5 February 2011\n\\| time \\= 17:20 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Peterborough United F.C.\\|Peterborough United]]\n\\| score \\= 4–4\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53508,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Craig Mackail\\-Smith\\|Mackail\\-Smith]] {{goal\\|39}} \n\\[\\[Chris Whelpdale\\|Whelpdale]] {{goal\\|45}} \n\\[\\[Grant McCann\\|McCann]] {{goal\\|55\\|pen.}} \n\\[\\[Lee Tomlin\\|Tomlin]] {{goal\\|90\\+3\\|pen.}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Richard Chaplow\\|Chaplow]] {{goal\\|18}} \n\\[\\[Rickie Lambert\\|Lambert]] {{goal\\|31\\|pen.\\|47\\|pen.}} \n\\[\\[Dean Hammond\\|Hammond]] {{goal\\|50}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[London Road Stadium]], \\[\\[Peterborough]]\n\\| attendance \\= 6,905\n\\| referee \\= Eddie Ilderton\n\\| result \\= D\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 28\n\\| date \\= 12 February 2011\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 1–0\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52990,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Carlisle United F.C.\\|Carlisle United]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Rickie Lambert\\|Lambert]] {{goal\\|43}}\n\\| goals2 \\=\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 25,076\n\\| referee \\= Robert Lewis\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 29\n\\| date \\= 22 February 2011\n\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Hartlepool United F.C.\\|Hartlepool United]]\n\\| score \\= 0–0\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52178,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\=\n\\| goals2 \\=\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Victoria Park, Hartlepool\\|Victoria Park]], \\[\\[Hartlepool]]\n\\| attendance \\= 3,301\n\\| referee \\= Scott Mathieson\n\\| result \\= D\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 30\n\\| date \\= 26 February 2011\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 4–1\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53057,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Swindon Town F.C.\\|Swindon Town]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Adam Lallana\\|Lallana]] {{goal\\|15}} \n\\[\\[Rickie Lambert\\|Lambert]] {{goal\\|60}} \n\\[\\[Radhi Jaïdi\\|Jaïdi]] {{goal\\|61}} \n\\[\\[Lee Barnard\\|Barnard]] {{goal\\|90\\+2}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Matt Ritchie\\|Ritchie]] {{goal\\|54}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 22,627\n\\| referee \\= Steve Rushton\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 31\n\\| date \\= 1 March 2011\n\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Walsall F.C.\\|Walsall]]\n\\| score \\= 1–0\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51949,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Jon Macken\\|Macken]] {{goal\\|69}}\n\\| goals2 \\=\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Bescot Stadium]], \\[\\[Walsall]]\n\\| attendance \\= 4,684\n\\| referee \\= Dean Whitestone\n\\| result \\= L\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 32\n\\| date \\= 5 March 2011\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Colchester United F.C.\\|Colchester United]]\n\\| score \\= 0–2\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53098,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\=\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain\\|Oxlade\\-Chamberlain]] {{goal\\|30}} \n\\[\\[Dean Hammond\\|Hammond]] {{goal\\|50}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Colchester Community Stadium]], \\[\\[Colchester]]\n\\| attendance \\= 6,523\n\\| referee \\= Phil Gibbs\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 33\n\\| date \\= 8 March 2011\n\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 3–0\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53139,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Yeovil Town F.C.\\|Yeovil Town]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Lee Barnard\\|Barnard]] {{goal\\|15\\|\\|55}} \n\\[\\[Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain\\|Oxlade\\-Chamberlain]] {{goal\\|67}}\n\\| goals2 \\=\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 18,623\n\\| referee \\= Keith Hill\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 34\n\\| date \\= 12 March 2011\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[AFC Bournemouth]]\n\\| score \\= 1–3\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53164,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Lauri Dalla Valle\\|Dalla Valle]] {{goal\\|6}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Lee Barnard\\|Barnard]] {{goal\\|11}} \n\\[\\[Dean Hammond\\|Hammond]] {{goal\\|71}} \n\\[\\[Rickie Lambert\\|Lambert]] {{goal\\|88}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Dean Court]], \\[\\[Bournemouth]]\n\\| attendance \\= 10,008\n\\| referee \\= Andre Marriner\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 35\n\\| date \\= 19 March 2011\n\\| time \\= 17:20 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 2–0\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52310,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.\\|Sheffield Wednesday]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[José Fonte\\|Fonte]] {{goal\\|60}} \n\\[\\[Rickie Lambert\\|Lambert]] {{goal\\|66}}\n\\| goals2 \\=\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 20,234\n\\| referee \\= Darren Deadman\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 36\n\\| date \\= 22 March 2011\n\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[Greenwich Mean Time\\|GMT]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Charlton Athletic F.C.\\|Charlton Athletic]]\n\\| score \\= 1–1\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51987,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Bradley Wright\\-Phillips\\|Wright\\-Phillips]] {{goal\\|86}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Radhi Jaïdi\\|Jaïdi]] {{goal\\|64}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[The Valley (London)\\|The Valley]], \\[\\[London]]\n\\| attendance \\= 16,550\n\\| referee \\= Andy D'Urso\n\\| result \\= D\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 37\n\\| date \\= 2 April 2011\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 3–2\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51930,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Milton Keynes Dons F.C.\\|Milton Keynes Dons]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Jonathan Forte\\|Forte]] {{goal\\|66\\|\\|67}} \n\\[\\[Lee Barnard\\|Barnard]] {{goal\\|77}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Gary MacKenzie\\|MacKenzie]] {{goal\\|34}} \n\\[\\[Sam Baldock\\|Baldock]] {{goal\\|52}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 22,377\n\\| referee \\= Mick Russell\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 38\n\\| date \\= 5 April 2011\n\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 2–0\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53395,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Charlton Athletic F.C.\\|Charlton Athletic]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Guilherme do Prado\\|do Prado]] {{goal\\|11}} \n\\[\\[Lee Barnard\\|Barnard]] {{goal\\|58}}\n\\| goals2 \\=\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 20,112\n\\| referee \\= Anthony Bates\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 39\n\\| date \\= 9 April 2011\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Leyton Orient F.C.\\|Leyton Orient]]\n\\| score \\= 0–2\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52335,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\=\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Rickie Lambert\\|Lambert]] {{goal\\|26}} \n\\[\\[Lee Barnard\\|Barnard]] {{goal\\|88}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Brisbane Road]], \\[\\[London]]\n\\| attendance \\= 7,714\n\\| referee \\= Mark Clattenburg\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 40\n\\| date \\= 12 April 2011\n\\| time \\= 19:45 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Rochdale A.F.C.\\|Rochdale]]\n\\| score \\= 2–0\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53022,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Joe Thompson (footballer)\\|Joe Thompson]] {{goal\\|28}} \n\\[\\[Chris O'Grady\\|O'Grady]] {{goal\\|41}}\n\\| goals2 \\=\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Spotland Stadium]], \\[\\[Manchester]]\n\\| attendance \\= 3,825\n\\| referee \\= Mark Haywood\n\\| result \\= L\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 41\n\\| date \\= 16 April 2011\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 1–0\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52395,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Bristol Rovers F.C.\\|Bristol Rovers]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Guilherme do Prado\\|do Prado]] {{goal\\|82}}\n\\| goals2 \\=\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 23,647\n\\| referee \\= Dean Whitestone\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 42\n\\| date \\= 23 April 2011\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Brighton \\& Hove Albion F.C.\\|Brighton \\& Hove Albion]]\n\\| score \\= 1–2\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52435,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Ashley Barnes\\|Barnes]] {{goal\\|45\\+1}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[David Connolly\\|Connolly]] {{goal\\|84}} \n\\[\\[José Fonte\\|Fonte]] {{goal\\|89}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Withdean Stadium]], \\[\\[Brighton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 8,169\n\\| referee \\= Scott Mathieson\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 43\n\\| date \\= 25 April 2011\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 2–0\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52479,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Hartlepool United F.C.\\|Hartlepool United]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Rickie Lambert\\|Lambert]] {{goal\\|50\\|pen.}} \n\\[\\[José Fonte\\|Fonte]] {{goal\\|82}}\n\\| goals2 \\=\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 24,210\n\\| referee \\= Simon Hooper\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 44\n\\| date \\= 30 April 2011\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Brentford F.C.\\|Brentford]]\n\\| score \\= 0–3\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52510,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\=\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Adam Lallana\\|Lallana]] {{goal\\|16}} \n\\[\\[David Connolly\\|Connolly]] {{goal\\|30}} \n\\[\\[Oscar Gobern\\|Gobern]] {{goal\\|90\\+1}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Griffin Park]], \\[\\[London]]\n\\| attendance \\= 7,015\n\\| referee \\= Trevor Kettle\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 45\n\\| date \\= 2 May 2011\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Plymouth Argyle F.C.\\|Plymouth Argyle]]\n\\| score \\= 1–3\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51888,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Yannick Bolasie\\|Bolasie]] {{goal\\|90\\+3}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Rickie Lambert\\|Lambert]] {{goal\\|45\\|\\|59\\|pen.}} \n\\[\\[Ryan Dickson\\|Dickson]] {{goal\\|49}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[Home Park]], \\[\\[Plymouth]]\n\\| attendance \\= 13,118\n\\| referee \\= Andy Woolmer\n\\| result \\= W\n}}\n{{football box collapsible\n\\| round \\= Match 46\n\\| date \\= 7 May 2011\n\\| time \\= 15:00 \\[\\[British Summer Time\\|BST]]\n\\| team1 \\= \\[\\[Southampton F.C.\\|Southampton]]\n\\| score \\= 3–1\n\\| report \\= \\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10280\\~2355235,00\\.html Report]\n\\| team2 \\= \\[\\[Walsall F.C.\\|Walsall]]\n\\| goals1 \\= \\[\\[Guilherme do Prado\\|do Prado]] {{goal\\|26}} \n\\[\\[David Connolly\\|Connolly]] {{goal\\|29}} \n\\[\\[Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain\\|Oxlade\\-Chamberlain]] {{goal\\|68}}\n\\| goals2 \\= \\[\\[Julian Gray\\|Gray]] {{goal\\|45\\+3}}\n\\| stadium \\= \\[\\[St Mary's Stadium]], \\[\\[Southampton]]\n\\| attendance \\= 31,653\n\\| referee \\= Graham Scott\n\\| result \\= W\n}}", "Match\\-by\\-match record\n{{\\#invoke:sports rbr table\\|table\\|legendpos\\=b\n\\|header\\=Round\n\\|label1\\= Ground\n\\| res1\\=\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[Memorial Stadium (Bristol)\\|A]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[County Ground, Swindon\\|A]] /\\[\\[stadium:mk\\|A]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[Hillsborough Stadium\\|A]] /\\[\\[Huish Park\\|A]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[Galpharm Stadium\\|A]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[Meadow Lane\\|A]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[Brunton Park\\|A]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[Victoria Road (Dagenham)\\|A]] /\\[\\[Boundary Park\\|A]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[Prenton Park\\|A]] /\\[\\[St James Park, Exeter\\|A]] /\\[\\[London Road Stadium\\|A]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[Victoria Park, Hartlepool\\|A]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[Bescot Stadium\\|A]] /\\[\\[Colchester Community Stadium\\|A]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[Dean Court\\|A]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[The Valley (London)\\|A]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[Brisbane Road\\|A]] /\\[\\[Spotland Stadium\\|A]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[Withdean Stadium\\|A]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]] /\\[\\[Griffin Park\\|A]] /\\[\\[Home Park\\|A]] /\\[\\[St Mary's Stadium\\|H]]\n\\|label2\\= Result\n\\| res2\\=L /D /W /L /L /L /D /W /D /W /W /L /W /W /W /L /W /D /L /W /W /W /W /D /L /W /D /W /D /W /L /W /W /W /W /D /W /W /W /L /W /W /W /W /W /W\n\\|label3\\= Position\n\\| res3\\=20/20/14/18/22/22/22/18/17/15/13/15/14 /9 /6/10 /6 /7 /9 /5 /2 /2 /2 /3 /4 /4 /4 /4 /5 /5 /5 /5 /5 /4 /4 /3 /3 /3 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2", "\\|text\\_H\\=Home\\|text\\_A\\=Away\n\\|color\\_W\\=green2\\|text\\_W\\=Win\n\\|color\\_D\\=yellow2\\|text\\_D\\=Draw\n\\|color\\_L\\=red2\\|text\\_L\\=Loss\n\\|color\\_\\-2\\=green1\\|color\\_21\\-\\=red1", "\\|updated\\=7 May 2011\n\\|source\\=\\[http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/FixturesResults/0,,10280,00\\.html Southampton F.C.]\n\\|date\\=July 2012\n}}\nLeague table", "|{{tooltip\\|Pos\\|Position}}", "Club |\n{{tooltip\\|Pld\\|Matches played}}", "{{tooltip\\|W\\|Matches won}}", "{{tooltip\\|D\\|Matches drawn}}", "{{tooltip\\|L\\|Matches lost}}", "{{tooltip\\|GF\\|Goals for}}", "{{tooltip\\|GA\\|Goals against}}", "{{tooltip\\|GD\\|Goal difference}}", "{{tooltip\\|Pts\\|Points}}", "| --- |\n| 1 |[Brighton \\& Hove Albion](/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C. \"Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.\")\n 46 | 28 | 11 | 7 | 85 | 40 | \\+45 | 95 |\n| **2** |**[Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_F.C. \"Southampton F.C.\")**\n **46** | **28** | **8** | **10** | **86** | **38** | **\\+48** | **92** |\n| 3 |[Huddersfield Town](/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_F.C. \"Huddersfield Town F.C.\")\n 46 | 25 | 12 | 9 | 77 | 48 | \\+29 | 87 |\n| 4 |[Peterborough United](/wiki/Peterborough_United_F.C. \"Peterborough United F.C.\")\n 46 | 23 | 10 | 13 | 106 | 75 | \\+31 | 79 |\n| 5 |[Milton Keynes Dons](/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Dons_F.C. \"Milton Keynes Dons F.C.\")\n 46 | 23 | 8 | 15 | 67 | 60 | \\+7 | 77 |", "**Pld** \\= Matches played; **W** \\= Matches won; **D** \\= Matches drawn; **L** \\= Matches lost; **GF** \\= Goals for; **GA** \\= Goals against; **GD** \\= Goal difference; **Pts** \\= Points" ]
### March–May 2011 On 1 March, Southampton lost away to Walsall, who before the match were in the relegation zone.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51949,00\.html \|title\=01 March 2011, Walsall 1 – 0 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=1 March 2011 \|access\-date\=3 March 2011 \|archive\-date\=4 March 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304055058/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51949,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9407294\.stm \|title\=Walsall 1–0 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=1 March 2011 \|access\-date\=3 March 2011 }} In terms of attempts and pressure, the visitors were largely on top for most of the game, but it was Walsall who made their chance count when [Jon Macken](/wiki/Jon_Macken "Jon Macken") scored in a period dominated by Saints chances in the second half. Despite late chances for Lallana, Barnard, Lambert and Jaïdi, Walsall rode out the 1–0 victory to leave Saints in 5th place in the table. The Saints won their return game against Colchester United 2–0 on 5 March, increasing the pressure in the top section of the table.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53098,00\.html \|title\=05 March 2011, Colchester United 0 – 2 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=5 March 2011 \|access\-date\=7 March 2011 \|archive\-date\=7 March 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307151239/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53098,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9407637\.stm \|title\=Colchester 0–2 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=5 March 2011 \|access\-date\=7 March 2011 }} After largely dominating the opening period, the visitors went one up after half an hour with Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain poaching a goal following a Rickie Lambert free kick. Within two minutes of the goal, Colchester were reduced to ten players as striker [David Mooney](/wiki/Dave_Mooney "Dave Mooney") was sent off for challenging [Danny Butterfield](/wiki/Danny_Butterfield "Danny Butterfield") off the ball, and Southampton's dominance was made easier for the remainder of the game. In the second half the team made their advantage count, as captain and former Colchester player Dean Hammond scored his third league goal of the season from inside to double Southampton's lead and secure the three points. Back at St Mary's on 8 March, Southampton beat struggling side Yeovil Town 3–0\.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53139,00\.html \|title\=08 March 2011, Southampton 3 – 0 Yeovil Town \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=8 March 2011 \|access\-date\=9 March 2011 \|archive\-date\=17 March 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317064052/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53139,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9414790\.stm \|title\=Southampton 3–0 Yeovil \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=8 March 2011 \|access\-date\=9 March 2011 }} Lee Barnard scored twice to bring his league tally to 10, and Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain finished off the scoring in the second half with a long\-range solo effort. The Saints remained fifth, however, as teams above them won their matches too. On 13 March, Southampton travelled to [Dean Court](/wiki/Dean_Court "Dean Court") for the second local derby against Bournemouth of the season.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53164,00\.html \|title\=12 March 2011, Bournemouth 1 – 3 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=12 March 2011 \|access\-date\=13 March 2011 \|archive\-date\=15 March 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315035529/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53164,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9418926\.stm \|title\=Bournemouth 1–3 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=12 March 2011 \|access\-date\=13 March 2011 }} Southampton won the game 3–1, meaning they moved above the home side in the league table. The game was an exciting encounter all\-round, with Finnish teenage striker [Lauri Dalla Valle](/wiki/Lauri_Dalla_Valle "Lauri Dalla Valle"), on loan from [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. "Fulham F.C."), opening the scoring for Bournemouth in the 6th minutes, despite Southampton players' protests of offside. Just five minutes later however, it was all level again when Lee Barnard's header was fumbled by the Bournemouth defence and found its way into the net for 1–1\. In the second half, Southampton took the lead thanks to a goal from captain Dean Hammond, and top scorer Rickie Lambert assured the win in the 88th minute with a solo effort. In injury time, Oscar Gobern received a red card, but Southampton cruised to victory to move up to 4th place in the table once again. Southampton picked up a fourth consecutive league game win on 19 March, beating Sheffield Wednesday 2–0 in a late kick\-off.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52310,00\.html \|title\=19 March 2011, Southampton 2 – 0 Sheffield Wednesday \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=19 March 2011 \|access\-date\=21 March 2011 \|archive\-date\=23 March 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323022720/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52310,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9422361\.stm \|title\=Southampton 2–0 Sheff Wed \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=19 March 2011 \|access\-date\=21 March 2011 }} Despite a number of good chances for the Saints in the opening 45 minutes, it took until 15 minutes into the second half for defender José Fonte to break the deadlock, heading in an Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain corner. With the team in full flow now, Rickie Lambert scored his 17th goal of the season just six minutes later to make it two for Southampton and secure the win. It could have been more though, with Adam Lallana hitting the post shortly after Lambert's goal and a great performance from Wednesday goalkeeper [Richard O'Donnell](/wiki/Richard_O%27Donnell "Richard O'Donnell") denying further opportunities from Oxlade\-Chamberlain and others. Southampton moved up to third place in the table on 24 March when they picked up a point against [Charlton Athletic](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. "Charlton Athletic F.C.") at [The Valley](/wiki/The_Valley_%28London%29 "The Valley (London)"), although missed out on the chance to move second with two games still in hand over Huddersfield Town.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51987,00\.html \|title\=24 March 2011, Charlton Athletic 1 – 1 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=24 March 2011 \|access\-date\=26 March 2011 \|archive\-date\=25 March 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325085908/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51987,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9429089\.stm \|title\=Charlton 1–1 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=24 March 2011 \|access\-date\=26 March 2011 }} The Saints largely edged out the home side throughout the game, with more possession and chances on goal, but it took until after the hour mark to break the deadlock when defender Radhi Jaïdi headed in a corner from Guly do Prado, who had only come on as a substitute three minutes earlier. Charlton increased the pressure in the last 20 minutes, and former Saints player [Bradley Wright\-Phillips](/wiki/Bradley_Wright-Phillips "Bradley Wright-Phillips") equalised the game in the 86th minute to crush Southampton's hopes of moving into the League One promotion places. After a two\-week break, Southampton returned to St Mary's to face Milton Keynes Dons on 2 April 2011 and won 3–2\.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51930,00\.html \|title\=02 April 2011, Southampton 3 – 2 Milton Keynes Dons \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=2 April 2011 \|access\-date\=3 April 2011 \|archive\-date\=4 April 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404015408/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51930,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9436579\.stm \|title\=Southampton 3–2 MK Dons \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=2 April 2011 \|access\-date\=3 April 2011 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110402041903/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/9436579\.stm\| archive\-date\= 2 April 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} The visiting side were on top for most of the first half, and opened the scoring in the 34th minute when [Gary MacKenzie](/wiki/Gary_MacKenzie "Gary MacKenzie") headed in a [Peter Leven](/wiki/Peter_Leven "Peter Leven") corner. The Dons doubled their lead early in the second half courtesy of [Sam Baldock](/wiki/Sam_Baldock "Sam Baldock"), but after [Jonathan Forte](/wiki/Jonathan_Forte "Jonathan Forte") came on for the Saints shortly after the hour mark the dynamic of the game changed: Forte scored two goals in the space of two minutes, bringing Southampton level and giving them a chance to make the game their own. It only took another ten minutes for the home team to score another and take the lead, this time courtesy of Lee Barnard latching onto a Rickie Lambert assist. Southampton held out for the victory, and remained third in the table with three games in hand over Huddersfield and two over Brighton. Southampton's run of good form was continued when they played Charlton Athletic at St Mary's just two weeks after the match at The Valley, winning 2–0\.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53395,00\.html \|title\=05 April 2011, Southampton 2 – 0 Charlton Athletic \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=5 April 2011 \|access\-date\=6 April 2011 \|archive\-date\=9 April 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409235716/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53395,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/12930681\.stm \|title\=Southampton 2–0 Charlton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=5 April 2011 \|access\-date\=6 April 2011 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110405035052/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/12930681\.stm\| archive\-date\= 5 April 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} Goals came from Guly do Prado early in the first half and from Lee Barnard early in the second, with each scorer setting up the other for their goal. Southampton moved into the automatic promotion places of League One on 9 April by beating Leyton Orient 2–0 at [Brisbane Road](/wiki/Brisbane_Road "Brisbane Road").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52335,00\.html \|title\=09 April 2011, Leyton Orient 0 – 2 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=9 April 2011 \|access\-date\=13 April 2011 \|archive\-date\=12 April 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412074523/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52335,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/12945324\.stm \|title\=Leyton Orient 0–0 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=9 April 2011 \|access\-date\=13 April 2011 }} The Saints rode their luck somewhat throughout the game, as Orient playmaker [Jimmy Smith](/wiki/Jimmy_Smith_%28footballer_born_1987%29 "Jimmy Smith (footballer born 1987)") was denied two goals for offside and [Stephen Dawson](/wiki/Stephen_Dawson "Stephen Dawson") hit the post in the last minute. Rickie Lambert scored his 18th goal of the season in the 26th minute to put the Saints one up, and the victory was sealed in the 88th minute by a goal from Lee Barnard. The victory was complemented by Huddersfield Town drawing 1–1 with Peterborough United, which meant that Southampton could move past them into second place in the table, still with two games in hand. Three days later though, Southampton lost for the first time in ten games at Rochdale in one of their games\-in\-hand over third\-placed Huddersfield and leaders Brighton.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53022,00\.html \|title\=12 April 2011, Rochdale 2 – 0 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=12 April 2011 \|access\-date\=13 April 2011 \|archive\-date\=14 April 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414154707/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~53022,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/12968099\.stm \|title\=Rochdale 2–0 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=12 April 2011 \|access\-date\=13 April 2011 }} Midfielder [Joe Thompson](/wiki/Joe_Thompson_%28footballer%29 "Joe Thompson (footballer)") opened the scoring just before the half\-hour mark with a headed goal before striker [Chris O'Grady](/wiki/Chris_O%27Grady "Chris O'Grady") made it two before half time. The visitors had more of the ball overall and more chances on goal, but Rochdale held onto the clean sheet and the two\-goal lead to leave Southampton trailing even further behind Brighton, who picked up another win to go 16 points ahead at the top of League One. Southampton picked up an important three points on 16 April against Bristol Rovers, when they won by a single goal at St Mary's.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52395,00\.html \|title\=16 April 2011, Southampton 1 – 0 Bristol Rovers \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=16 April 2011 \|access\-date\=23 April 2011 \|archive\-date\=19 April 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419014814/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52395,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/13022766\.stm \|title\=Southampton 1–0 Bristol Rovers \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=16 April 2011 \|access\-date\=23 April 2011 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110422100048/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/13022766\.stm\| archive\-date\= 22 April 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} The game was marked by the high number of bookings it heralded – four for the Saints and three for Rovers – as well as an injury to striker Lee Barnard which forced him to be carried off the pitch on a stretcher. Guly do Prado scored the only goal of the game, converting a solo effort into the winning strike in the 82nd minute to keep Southampton in second place. Brighton won their game against Walsall 3–1, which meant that they secured the League One title for the season, leaving Southampton to fight against Huddersfield, Peterborough United and Milton Keynes Dons for the second automatic promotion place. Southampton faced Brighton on 23 April, and after trailing for most of the game managed to beat the new League One champions 2–1\.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52435,00\.html \|title\=23 April 2011, Brighton \& Hove Albion 1 – 2 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=23 April 2011 \|access\-date\=25 April 2011 \|archive\-date\=25 April 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425025923/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52435,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/13103055\.stm \|title\=Brighton 1–2 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=23 April 2011 \|access\-date\=25 April 2011 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110423035144/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/13103055\.stm\| archive\-date\= 23 April 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} The first half was evenly matched, with the Saints maybe edging the home side out slightly, but it was Brighton who broke the deadlock just before half time thanks to a goal from [Ashley Barnes](/wiki/Ashley_Barnes "Ashley Barnes") following an incident of miscommunication between Radhi Jaïdi and Kelvin Davis. It took until the 84th minute for the Saints to equalise, and the goal came from substitute [David Connolly](/wiki/David_Connolly "David Connolly"), who had been on the pitch for less than ten minutes. Just five minutes later, in the last minute of normal time, José Fonte headed in a cross from Dean Hammond to put the visitors ahead and secure the three points. The Saints increased the pressure on Huddersfield by beating Hartlepool United 2–0 two days later.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52479,00\.html \|title\=25 April 2011, Southampton 2 – 0 Hartlepool United \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=25 April 2011 \|access\-date\=29 April 2011 \|archive\-date\=27 April 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427015855/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52479,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/13112111\.stm \|title\=Southampton 2–0 Hartlepool \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=25 April 2011 \|access\-date\=29 April 2011 }} The first half was dominated by the home side, with a goal from Guly do Prado being disallowed for offside. Rickie Lambert opened the scoring in the second half with a penalty following a foul by defender [Sam Collins](/wiki/Sam_Collins_%28footballer_born_1977%29 "Sam Collins (footballer born 1977)") which saw the visitors go down to ten men. José Fonte doubled the lead in the 82nd minute to secure the win and keep Southampton in the second automatic promotion place. Southampton beat Brentford 3–0 on 30 April to put them one win away from promotion.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52510,00\.html \|title\=30 April 2011, Brentford 0 – 3 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=30 April 2011 \|access\-date\=1 May 2011 \|archive\-date\=3 May 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503211937/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~52510,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/13174469\.stm \|title\=Brentford 0–3 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=30 April 2011 \|access\-date\=1 May 2011 }} The Saints dominated from start to finish, with goals coming from Adam Lallana in the 16th minute, David Conolly on the half\-hour mark, and Oscar Gobern in the first minute of added time at the end of the match. Southampton essentially confirmed their promotion in the penultimate game of the season against Plymouth Argyle on 2 May, when they won 3–1 after dominating the entire match.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\~51888,00\.html \|title\=02 May 2011, Plymouth Argyle 1 – 3 Southampton \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=2 May 2011 \|access\-date\=3 May 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505030253/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\~51888%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\=5 May 2011 }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13184984\.stm \|title\=Plymouth 1–3 Southampton \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=2 May 2011 \|access\-date\=3 May 2011 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110503040629/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13184984\.stm\| archive\-date\= 3 May 2011 \| url\-status\= live}} Despite their dominance, Southampton did not score until the stroke of half time, when Rickie Lambert scored his 20th goal of the season by heading in a Danny Butterfield cross. Defender Ryan Dickson made it two with his first of the season shortly after the break, before a foul gave the Saints a penalty which Lambert confidently converted to put the visitors three up within the hour and all\-but confirm the relegation of struggling Plymouth. [Yannick Bolasie](/wiki/Yannick_Bolasie "Yannick Bolasie") picked up a consolation for the home side in injury time, but it was not enough to save their League One status. Southampton confirmed their promotion in the last game of the season on 7 May against Walsall, winning 3–1\.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10280\~2355235,00\.html \|title\=07 May 2011, Southampton 3 – 1 Walsall \|publisher\=\[\[Southampton F.C.]] \|date\=7 May 2011 \|access\-date\=7 May 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510052404/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10280\~2355235,00\.html \|archive\-date\=10 May 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13247222\.stm \|title\=Southampton 3–1 Walsall \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=7 May 2011 \|access\-date\=7 May 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://wayback.archive\-it.org/all/20110804185136/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/13247222\.stm \|archive\-date\=4 August 2011 \|url\-status\=live}} The game was largely dominated by the home side, who scored twice in a three\-minute period in the first half, with goals coming from Guly do Prado and David Connolly. A Walsall goal on the stroke of half time was a mere consolation, as returning winger Alex Oxlade\-Chamberlain, on as a substitute, scored a solo goal in the 68th minute to make Southampton's promotion dream a reality.
[ "### March–May 2011", "On 1 March, Southampton lost away to Walsall, who before the match were in the relegation zone.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51949,00\\.html \\|title\\=01 March 2011, Walsall 1 – 0 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=1 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=3 March 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304055058/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51949,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9407294\\.stm \\|title\\=Walsall 1–0 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=1 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=3 March 2011 }} In terms of attempts and pressure, the visitors were largely on top for most of the game, but it was Walsall who made their chance count when [Jon Macken](/wiki/Jon_Macken \"Jon Macken\") scored in a period dominated by Saints chances in the second half. Despite late chances for Lallana, Barnard, Lambert and Jaïdi, Walsall rode out the 1–0 victory to leave Saints in 5th place in the table. The Saints won their return game against Colchester United 2–0 on 5 March, increasing the pressure in the top section of the table.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53098,00\\.html \\|title\\=05 March 2011, Colchester United 0 – 2 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=5 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=7 March 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 March 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307151239/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53098,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9407637\\.stm \\|title\\=Colchester 0–2 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=5 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=7 March 2011 }} After largely dominating the opening period, the visitors went one up after half an hour with Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain poaching a goal following a Rickie Lambert free kick. Within two minutes of the goal, Colchester were reduced to ten players as striker [David Mooney](/wiki/Dave_Mooney \"Dave Mooney\") was sent off for challenging [Danny Butterfield](/wiki/Danny_Butterfield \"Danny Butterfield\") off the ball, and Southampton's dominance was made easier for the remainder of the game. In the second half the team made their advantage count, as captain and former Colchester player Dean Hammond scored his third league goal of the season from inside to double Southampton's lead and secure the three points. Back at St Mary's on 8 March, Southampton beat struggling side Yeovil Town 3–0\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53139,00\\.html \\|title\\=08 March 2011, Southampton 3 – 0 Yeovil Town \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=8 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=9 March 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 March 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317064052/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53139,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9414790\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 3–0 Yeovil \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=8 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=9 March 2011 }} Lee Barnard scored twice to bring his league tally to 10, and Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain finished off the scoring in the second half with a long\\-range solo effort. The Saints remained fifth, however, as teams above them won their matches too.", "On 13 March, Southampton travelled to [Dean Court](/wiki/Dean_Court \"Dean Court\") for the second local derby against Bournemouth of the season.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53164,00\\.html \\|title\\=12 March 2011, Bournemouth 1 – 3 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=12 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=13 March 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 March 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315035529/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53164,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9418926\\.stm \\|title\\=Bournemouth 1–3 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=12 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=13 March 2011 }} Southampton won the game 3–1, meaning they moved above the home side in the league table. The game was an exciting encounter all\\-round, with Finnish teenage striker [Lauri Dalla Valle](/wiki/Lauri_Dalla_Valle \"Lauri Dalla Valle\"), on loan from [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. \"Fulham F.C.\"), opening the scoring for Bournemouth in the 6th minutes, despite Southampton players' protests of offside. Just five minutes later however, it was all level again when Lee Barnard's header was fumbled by the Bournemouth defence and found its way into the net for 1–1\\. In the second half, Southampton took the lead thanks to a goal from captain Dean Hammond, and top scorer Rickie Lambert assured the win in the 88th minute with a solo effort. In injury time, Oscar Gobern received a red card, but Southampton cruised to victory to move up to 4th place in the table once again. Southampton picked up a fourth consecutive league game win on 19 March, beating Sheffield Wednesday 2–0 in a late kick\\-off.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52310,00\\.html \\|title\\=19 March 2011, Southampton 2 – 0 Sheffield Wednesday \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=19 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=21 March 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 March 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323022720/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52310,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9422361\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 2–0 Sheff Wed \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=19 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=21 March 2011 }} Despite a number of good chances for the Saints in the opening 45 minutes, it took until 15 minutes into the second half for defender José Fonte to break the deadlock, heading in an Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain corner. With the team in full flow now, Rickie Lambert scored his 17th goal of the season just six minutes later to make it two for Southampton and secure the win. It could have been more though, with Adam Lallana hitting the post shortly after Lambert's goal and a great performance from Wednesday goalkeeper [Richard O'Donnell](/wiki/Richard_O%27Donnell \"Richard O'Donnell\") denying further opportunities from Oxlade\\-Chamberlain and others.", "Southampton moved up to third place in the table on 24 March when they picked up a point against [Charlton Athletic](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. \"Charlton Athletic F.C.\") at [The Valley](/wiki/The_Valley_%28London%29 \"The Valley (London)\"), although missed out on the chance to move second with two games still in hand over Huddersfield Town.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51987,00\\.html \\|title\\=24 March 2011, Charlton Athletic 1 – 1 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=24 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 March 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325085908/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51987,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9429089\\.stm \\|title\\=Charlton 1–1 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=24 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2011 }} The Saints largely edged out the home side throughout the game, with more possession and chances on goal, but it took until after the hour mark to break the deadlock when defender Radhi Jaïdi headed in a corner from Guly do Prado, who had only come on as a substitute three minutes earlier. Charlton increased the pressure in the last 20 minutes, and former Saints player [Bradley Wright\\-Phillips](/wiki/Bradley_Wright-Phillips \"Bradley Wright-Phillips\") equalised the game in the 86th minute to crush Southampton's hopes of moving into the League One promotion places. After a two\\-week break, Southampton returned to St Mary's to face Milton Keynes Dons on 2 April 2011 and won 3–2\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51930,00\\.html \\|title\\=02 April 2011, Southampton 3 – 2 Milton Keynes Dons \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=2 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 April 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404015408/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51930,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9436579\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 3–2 MK Dons \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=2 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110402041903/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/9436579\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 2 April 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The visiting side were on top for most of the first half, and opened the scoring in the 34th minute when [Gary MacKenzie](/wiki/Gary_MacKenzie \"Gary MacKenzie\") headed in a [Peter Leven](/wiki/Peter_Leven \"Peter Leven\") corner. The Dons doubled their lead early in the second half courtesy of [Sam Baldock](/wiki/Sam_Baldock \"Sam Baldock\"), but after [Jonathan Forte](/wiki/Jonathan_Forte \"Jonathan Forte\") came on for the Saints shortly after the hour mark the dynamic of the game changed: Forte scored two goals in the space of two minutes, bringing Southampton level and giving them a chance to make the game their own. It only took another ten minutes for the home team to score another and take the lead, this time courtesy of Lee Barnard latching onto a Rickie Lambert assist. Southampton held out for the victory, and remained third in the table with three games in hand over Huddersfield and two over Brighton. Southampton's run of good form was continued when they played Charlton Athletic at St Mary's just two weeks after the match at The Valley, winning 2–0\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53395,00\\.html \\|title\\=05 April 2011, Southampton 2 – 0 Charlton Athletic \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=5 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 April 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409235716/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53395,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/12930681\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 2–0 Charlton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=5 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110405035052/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/12930681\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 5 April 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Goals came from Guly do Prado early in the first half and from Lee Barnard early in the second, with each scorer setting up the other for their goal.", "Southampton moved into the automatic promotion places of League One on 9 April by beating Leyton Orient 2–0 at [Brisbane Road](/wiki/Brisbane_Road \"Brisbane Road\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52335,00\\.html \\|title\\=09 April 2011, Leyton Orient 0 – 2 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=9 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 April 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412074523/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52335,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/12945324\\.stm \\|title\\=Leyton Orient 0–0 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=9 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2011 }} The Saints rode their luck somewhat throughout the game, as Orient playmaker [Jimmy Smith](/wiki/Jimmy_Smith_%28footballer_born_1987%29 \"Jimmy Smith (footballer born 1987)\") was denied two goals for offside and [Stephen Dawson](/wiki/Stephen_Dawson \"Stephen Dawson\") hit the post in the last minute. Rickie Lambert scored his 18th goal of the season in the 26th minute to put the Saints one up, and the victory was sealed in the 88th minute by a goal from Lee Barnard. The victory was complemented by Huddersfield Town drawing 1–1 with Peterborough United, which meant that Southampton could move past them into second place in the table, still with two games in hand. Three days later though, Southampton lost for the first time in ten games at Rochdale in one of their games\\-in\\-hand over third\\-placed Huddersfield and leaders Brighton.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53022,00\\.html \\|title\\=12 April 2011, Rochdale 2 – 0 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=12 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 April 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414154707/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~53022,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/12968099\\.stm \\|title\\=Rochdale 2–0 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=12 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2011 }} Midfielder [Joe Thompson](/wiki/Joe_Thompson_%28footballer%29 \"Joe Thompson (footballer)\") opened the scoring just before the half\\-hour mark with a headed goal before striker [Chris O'Grady](/wiki/Chris_O%27Grady \"Chris O'Grady\") made it two before half time. The visitors had more of the ball overall and more chances on goal, but Rochdale held onto the clean sheet and the two\\-goal lead to leave Southampton trailing even further behind Brighton, who picked up another win to go 16 points ahead at the top of League One. Southampton picked up an important three points on 16 April against Bristol Rovers, when they won by a single goal at St Mary's.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52395,00\\.html \\|title\\=16 April 2011, Southampton 1 – 0 Bristol Rovers \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=16 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419014814/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52395,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/13022766\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 1–0 Bristol Rovers \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=16 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=23 April 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110422100048/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/13022766\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 22 April 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The game was marked by the high number of bookings it heralded – four for the Saints and three for Rovers – as well as an injury to striker Lee Barnard which forced him to be carried off the pitch on a stretcher. Guly do Prado scored the only goal of the game, converting a solo effort into the winning strike in the 82nd minute to keep Southampton in second place. Brighton won their game against Walsall 3–1, which meant that they secured the League One title for the season, leaving Southampton to fight against Huddersfield, Peterborough United and Milton Keynes Dons for the second automatic promotion place.", "Southampton faced Brighton on 23 April, and after trailing for most of the game managed to beat the new League One champions 2–1\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52435,00\\.html \\|title\\=23 April 2011, Brighton \\& Hove Albion 1 – 2 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=23 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=25 April 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 April 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425025923/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52435,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/13103055\\.stm \\|title\\=Brighton 1–2 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=23 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=25 April 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110423035144/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/13103055\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 23 April 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The first half was evenly matched, with the Saints maybe edging the home side out slightly, but it was Brighton who broke the deadlock just before half time thanks to a goal from [Ashley Barnes](/wiki/Ashley_Barnes \"Ashley Barnes\") following an incident of miscommunication between Radhi Jaïdi and Kelvin Davis. It took until the 84th minute for the Saints to equalise, and the goal came from substitute [David Connolly](/wiki/David_Connolly \"David Connolly\"), who had been on the pitch for less than ten minutes. Just five minutes later, in the last minute of normal time, José Fonte headed in a cross from Dean Hammond to put the visitors ahead and secure the three points. The Saints increased the pressure on Huddersfield by beating Hartlepool United 2–0 two days later.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52479,00\\.html \\|title\\=25 April 2011, Southampton 2 – 0 Hartlepool United \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=25 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=29 April 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 April 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427015855/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52479,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/13112111\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 2–0 Hartlepool \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=25 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=29 April 2011 }} The first half was dominated by the home side, with a goal from Guly do Prado being disallowed for offside. Rickie Lambert opened the scoring in the second half with a penalty following a foul by defender [Sam Collins](/wiki/Sam_Collins_%28footballer_born_1977%29 \"Sam Collins (footballer born 1977)\") which saw the visitors go down to ten men. José Fonte doubled the lead in the 82nd minute to secure the win and keep Southampton in the second automatic promotion place. Southampton beat Brentford 3–0 on 30 April to put them one win away from promotion.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52510,00\\.html \\|title\\=30 April 2011, Brentford 0 – 3 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=30 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=1 May 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 May 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503211937/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~52510,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/13174469\\.stm \\|title\\=Brentford 0–3 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=30 April 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=1 May 2011 }} The Saints dominated from start to finish, with goals coming from Adam Lallana in the 16th minute, David Conolly on the half\\-hour mark, and Oscar Gobern in the first minute of added time at the end of the match.", "Southampton essentially confirmed their promotion in the penultimate game of the season against Plymouth Argyle on 2 May, when they won 3–1 after dominating the entire match.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280\\~51888,00\\.html \\|title\\=02 May 2011, Plymouth Argyle 1 – 3 Southampton \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=2 May 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505030253/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280\\~51888%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=5 May 2011 }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13184984\\.stm \\|title\\=Plymouth 1–3 Southampton \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=2 May 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2011 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110503040629/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13184984\\.stm\\| archive\\-date\\= 3 May 2011 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} Despite their dominance, Southampton did not score until the stroke of half time, when Rickie Lambert scored his 20th goal of the season by heading in a Danny Butterfield cross. Defender Ryan Dickson made it two with his first of the season shortly after the break, before a foul gave the Saints a penalty which Lambert confidently converted to put the visitors three up within the hour and all\\-but confirm the relegation of struggling Plymouth. [Yannick Bolasie](/wiki/Yannick_Bolasie \"Yannick Bolasie\") picked up a consolation for the home side in injury time, but it was not enough to save their League One status. Southampton confirmed their promotion in the last game of the season on 7 May against Walsall, winning 3–1\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10280\\~2355235,00\\.html \\|title\\=07 May 2011, Southampton 3 – 1 Walsall \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southampton F.C.]] \\|date\\=7 May 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=7 May 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510052404/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10280\\~2355235,00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13247222\\.stm \\|title\\=Southampton 3–1 Walsall \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=7 May 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=7 May 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://wayback.archive\\-it.org/all/20110804185136/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/13247222\\.stm \\|archive\\-date\\=4 August 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The game was largely dominated by the home side, who scored twice in a three\\-minute period in the first half, with goals coming from Guly do Prado and David Connolly. A Walsall goal on the stroke of half time was a mere consolation, as returning winger Alex Oxlade\\-Chamberlain, on as a substitute, scored a solo goal in the 68th minute to make Southampton's promotion dream a reality.", "" ]
History ------- ### Early years The British School of Amsterdam was founded in 1978 by three families who were on two\-year contracts in [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam") and did not want their children to fall behind the [English system](/wiki/Education_in_England "Education in England") when they returned to the UK. Initially the "school" as it was then was situated in one of the families' [living rooms](/wiki/Living_room "Living room"). By the summer of 1980, the families secured the use of a building in Jekerstraat 86 in the then\-borough of [Amsterdam Nieuw\-Zuid](/wiki/Amsterdam_Nieuw-Zuid "Amsterdam Nieuw-Zuid") which it shared with another school. At the time, the British School only taught [kindergarten](/wiki/Kindergarten "Kindergarten") and [primary school](/wiki/Primary_school "Primary school") pupils. Initially, there was not a [headmaster](/wiki/Headmaster "Headmaster") (with a brief exception in the second half of 1981\), but there was a head\-teacher by the name of Linda Duffy. In the summer of 1982, the school moved to the top floor of the [Nicolaas Maas School](/wiki/Nicolaas_Maas_School "Nicolaas Maas School") in Heinzestraat 9 in [Amsterdam Oud\-Zuid](/wiki/Amsterdam_Oud-Zuid "Amsterdam Oud-Zuid"). The two schools shared a [playground](/wiki/Playground "Playground") and a [gymnasium](/wiki/Gym "Gym"). The children in the school were aged between 3 and 11 years old. ### Mr. Roberts takes over In 1983, all of the full\-time teaching\-staff resigned, but for separate reasons (however, continuity was ensured by the auxiliary teaching\-staff, [supply teachers](/wiki/Supply_teacher "Supply teacher") and other staff, board of governors, [PTA](/wiki/Parent-Teacher_Association "Parent-Teacher Association"), etc.). While recruiting new teachers, the school decided to employ a headmaster. [Michael W. G. Roberts](/wiki/Michael_W._G._Roberts "Michael W. G. Roberts"), who had been deputy head of a school in [Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne "Newcastle upon Tyne"), England moved to Amsterdam and joined the school in 1983 as Headmaster and class teacher of the oldest children, a mixed group from 8 to 11 years of age. In January 1985 the Amsterdam [Gemeente Amsterdam](/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands "Municipalities of the Netherlands") (city council) allowed the school to take over the Jan van Eijckstraat 21 site (in Amsterdam Nieuw\-Zuid) which had been used as a temporary residence for schools undergoing major [renovation](/wiki/Renovation "Renovation") etc. The school occupied this site until April 2021\. This was also the first time the school had an entire building all to itself. At this time there were five members of full\-time teaching\-staff and 40 pupils in the school. Until this time the three to five\-year\-old children had all been in one class but when the school moved this group was divided and the first Nursery class was created. As the number of children increased the decision was made to create classrooms and a staff common room in the roof of the Jan van Eijckstraat building which meant the school could take in more children gradually creating year group classes rather than ones that were partially [vertically grouped](/wiki/Vertical_tutoring "Vertical tutoring"). ### Expansion In 1999 the numbers grew so rapidly that the school needed to rent another building for a year while the Board of Governors and Headmaster looked for a long\-term solution to the growing need for suitable space as pupil numbers grew. The oldest children in the school were relocated in the West of Amsterdam, to a school in Orteliusstraat. School buses were arranged to take the children every morning and afternoon from Jan van Eijckstraat to and from the other site and the Gemeente gave the school its very own British School of Amsterdam bus stop. In 2002 the school bought the site at Anthonie van Dijckstraat and leased the building across the road, next to the [Montessori School](/wiki/Montessori_Lyceum_Amsterdam "Montessori Lyceum Amsterdam"), which was named the Jubilee Building. The school offices and one of the three nursery classes were in the Jubilee Building and the two other nursery classes, [Reception](/wiki/Reception_%28school%29 "Reception (school)"), Year 1 and Year 2 were in Anthonie van Dijckstraat. The rest of the school was still located at Jan van Eijckstraat. During these years the pupil numbers were always greatest in the Nursery and Reception and gradually decreased as the children grew older as many families made the decision to return to their home countries for their children to continue a more familiar system of education. However, as pupil numbers and demand increased the school gradually added year groups, building up to the point where there were enough older children to create a [Senior School](/wiki/Secondary_school "Secondary school") and offer [British examinations](/wiki/National_qualifications_frameworks_in_the_United_Kingdom "National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom"). In 2004 the Senior School moved to the site at Frederick Roeskestraat. In 2010, The British School of Amsterdam was changed into a [stichting](/wiki/Stichting "Stichting") (a foundation). The main office is located at Havenstraat 6\. The current school roll is just over 1,000\. In April of 2021, The British School of Amsterdam Switched buildings from the site at Frederick Roeskestraat to the building at Havenstraat 6, a renovated prison from World War 2\. ### School principals * 1981 \- 1981 David F. Jones * 1983 \- 2010 Michael W. G. Roberts OBE (former [deputy headmaster](/wiki/Deputy_headmaster "Deputy headmaster") in Newcastle, England And Gaming, Austria unberg) * 2010 \- 2013 John D. Light (former [Rector](/wiki/Rector_%28academia%29 "Rector (academia)") at [Edinburgh Academy](/wiki/Edinburgh_Academy "Edinburgh Academy"), Scotland) * 2013 \- 2016 Jonnie Goyer (former Head at [Farlington School](/wiki/Farlington_School "Farlington School"), England) * 2016 \- 2022 Paul Morgan (former Deputy Headmaster at [St Paul's School, Brazil](/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School%2C_Brazil "St Paul's School, Brazil")) * 2022 \- Present Ruth Sanderson (former Senior Vice Principal \- Head of Secondary at [Doha College](/wiki/Doha_College "Doha College")) #### Headteacher * 1978(?)\- 1983 Linda Duffy *(née Whitten)*
[ "History\n-------", "### Early years", "The British School of Amsterdam was founded in 1978 by three families who were on two\\-year contracts in [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") and did not want their children to fall behind the [English system](/wiki/Education_in_England \"Education in England\") when they returned to the UK. Initially the \"school\" as it was then was situated in one of the families' [living rooms](/wiki/Living_room \"Living room\").", "By the summer of 1980, the families secured the use of a building in Jekerstraat 86 in the then\\-borough of [Amsterdam Nieuw\\-Zuid](/wiki/Amsterdam_Nieuw-Zuid \"Amsterdam Nieuw-Zuid\") which it shared with another school. At the time, the British School only taught [kindergarten](/wiki/Kindergarten \"Kindergarten\") and [primary school](/wiki/Primary_school \"Primary school\") pupils. Initially, there was not a [headmaster](/wiki/Headmaster \"Headmaster\") (with a brief exception in the second half of 1981\\), but there was a head\\-teacher by the name of Linda Duffy.", "In the summer of 1982, the school moved to the top floor of the [Nicolaas Maas School](/wiki/Nicolaas_Maas_School \"Nicolaas Maas School\") in Heinzestraat 9 in [Amsterdam Oud\\-Zuid](/wiki/Amsterdam_Oud-Zuid \"Amsterdam Oud-Zuid\"). The two schools shared a [playground](/wiki/Playground \"Playground\") and a [gymnasium](/wiki/Gym \"Gym\"). The children in the school were aged between 3 and 11 years old.", "### Mr. Roberts takes over", "In 1983, all of the full\\-time teaching\\-staff resigned, but for separate reasons (however, continuity was ensured by the auxiliary teaching\\-staff, [supply teachers](/wiki/Supply_teacher \"Supply teacher\") and other staff, board of governors, [PTA](/wiki/Parent-Teacher_Association \"Parent-Teacher Association\"), etc.). While recruiting new teachers, the school decided to employ a headmaster. [Michael W. G. Roberts](/wiki/Michael_W._G._Roberts \"Michael W. G. Roberts\"), who had been deputy head of a school in [Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne \"Newcastle upon Tyne\"), England moved to Amsterdam and joined the school in 1983 as Headmaster and class teacher of the oldest children, a mixed group from 8 to 11 years of age.", "In January 1985 the Amsterdam [Gemeente Amsterdam](/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands \"Municipalities of the Netherlands\") (city council) allowed the school to take over the Jan van Eijckstraat 21 site (in Amsterdam Nieuw\\-Zuid) which had been used as a temporary residence for schools undergoing major [renovation](/wiki/Renovation \"Renovation\") etc. The school occupied this site until April 2021\\. This was also the first time the school had an entire building all to itself. At this time there were five members of full\\-time teaching\\-staff and 40 pupils in the school. Until this time the three to five\\-year\\-old children had all been in one class but when the school moved this group was divided and the first Nursery class was created.", "As the number of children increased the decision was made to create classrooms and a staff common room in the roof of the Jan van Eijckstraat building which meant the school could take in more children gradually creating year group classes rather than ones that were partially [vertically grouped](/wiki/Vertical_tutoring \"Vertical tutoring\").", "### Expansion", "In 1999 the numbers grew so rapidly that the school needed to rent another building for a year while the Board of Governors and Headmaster looked for a long\\-term solution to the growing need for suitable space as pupil numbers grew. The oldest children in the school were relocated in the West of Amsterdam, to a school in Orteliusstraat. School buses were arranged to take the children every morning and afternoon from Jan van Eijckstraat to and from the other site and the Gemeente gave the school its very own British School of Amsterdam bus stop.", "In 2002 the school bought the site at Anthonie van Dijckstraat and leased the building across the road, next to the [Montessori School](/wiki/Montessori_Lyceum_Amsterdam \"Montessori Lyceum Amsterdam\"), which was named the Jubilee Building. The school offices and one of the three nursery classes were in the Jubilee Building and the two other nursery classes, [Reception](/wiki/Reception_%28school%29 \"Reception (school)\"), Year 1 and Year 2 were in Anthonie van Dijckstraat. The rest of the school was still located at Jan van Eijckstraat.", "During these years the pupil numbers were always greatest in the Nursery and Reception and gradually decreased as the children grew older as many families made the decision to return to their home countries for their children to continue a more familiar system of education. However, as pupil numbers and demand increased the school gradually added year groups, building up to the point where there were enough older children to create a [Senior School](/wiki/Secondary_school \"Secondary school\") and offer [British examinations](/wiki/National_qualifications_frameworks_in_the_United_Kingdom \"National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom\"). In 2004 the Senior School moved to the site at Frederick Roeskestraat.", "In 2010, The British School of Amsterdam was changed into a [stichting](/wiki/Stichting \"Stichting\") (a foundation). The main office is located at Havenstraat 6\\. The current school roll is just over 1,000\\.", "In April of 2021, The British School of Amsterdam Switched buildings from the site at Frederick Roeskestraat to the building at Havenstraat 6, a renovated prison from World War 2\\.", "### School principals", "* 1981 \\- 1981 David F. Jones\n* 1983 \\- 2010 Michael W. G. Roberts OBE (former [deputy headmaster](/wiki/Deputy_headmaster \"Deputy headmaster\") in Newcastle, England And Gaming, Austria unberg)\n* 2010 \\- 2013 John D. Light (former [Rector](/wiki/Rector_%28academia%29 \"Rector (academia)\") at [Edinburgh Academy](/wiki/Edinburgh_Academy \"Edinburgh Academy\"), Scotland)\n* 2013 \\- 2016 Jonnie Goyer (former Head at [Farlington School](/wiki/Farlington_School \"Farlington School\"), England)\n* 2016 \\- 2022 Paul Morgan (former Deputy Headmaster at [St Paul's School, Brazil](/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School%2C_Brazil \"St Paul's School, Brazil\"))\n* 2022 \\- Present Ruth Sanderson (former Senior Vice Principal \\- Head of Secondary at [Doha College](/wiki/Doha_College \"Doha College\"))", "#### Headteacher", "* 1978(?)\\- 1983 Linda Duffy *(née Whitten)*" ]
### Expansion In 1999 the numbers grew so rapidly that the school needed to rent another building for a year while the Board of Governors and Headmaster looked for a long\-term solution to the growing need for suitable space as pupil numbers grew. The oldest children in the school were relocated in the West of Amsterdam, to a school in Orteliusstraat. School buses were arranged to take the children every morning and afternoon from Jan van Eijckstraat to and from the other site and the Gemeente gave the school its very own British School of Amsterdam bus stop. In 2002 the school bought the site at Anthonie van Dijckstraat and leased the building across the road, next to the [Montessori School](/wiki/Montessori_Lyceum_Amsterdam "Montessori Lyceum Amsterdam"), which was named the Jubilee Building. The school offices and one of the three nursery classes were in the Jubilee Building and the two other nursery classes, [Reception](/wiki/Reception_%28school%29 "Reception (school)"), Year 1 and Year 2 were in Anthonie van Dijckstraat. The rest of the school was still located at Jan van Eijckstraat. During these years the pupil numbers were always greatest in the Nursery and Reception and gradually decreased as the children grew older as many families made the decision to return to their home countries for their children to continue a more familiar system of education. However, as pupil numbers and demand increased the school gradually added year groups, building up to the point where there were enough older children to create a [Senior School](/wiki/Secondary_school "Secondary school") and offer [British examinations](/wiki/National_qualifications_frameworks_in_the_United_Kingdom "National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom"). In 2004 the Senior School moved to the site at Frederick Roeskestraat. In 2010, The British School of Amsterdam was changed into a [stichting](/wiki/Stichting "Stichting") (a foundation). The main office is located at Havenstraat 6\. The current school roll is just over 1,000\. In April of 2021, The British School of Amsterdam Switched buildings from the site at Frederick Roeskestraat to the building at Havenstraat 6, a renovated prison from World War 2\.
[ "### Expansion", "In 1999 the numbers grew so rapidly that the school needed to rent another building for a year while the Board of Governors and Headmaster looked for a long\\-term solution to the growing need for suitable space as pupil numbers grew. The oldest children in the school were relocated in the West of Amsterdam, to a school in Orteliusstraat. School buses were arranged to take the children every morning and afternoon from Jan van Eijckstraat to and from the other site and the Gemeente gave the school its very own British School of Amsterdam bus stop.", "In 2002 the school bought the site at Anthonie van Dijckstraat and leased the building across the road, next to the [Montessori School](/wiki/Montessori_Lyceum_Amsterdam \"Montessori Lyceum Amsterdam\"), which was named the Jubilee Building. The school offices and one of the three nursery classes were in the Jubilee Building and the two other nursery classes, [Reception](/wiki/Reception_%28school%29 \"Reception (school)\"), Year 1 and Year 2 were in Anthonie van Dijckstraat. The rest of the school was still located at Jan van Eijckstraat.", "During these years the pupil numbers were always greatest in the Nursery and Reception and gradually decreased as the children grew older as many families made the decision to return to their home countries for their children to continue a more familiar system of education. However, as pupil numbers and demand increased the school gradually added year groups, building up to the point where there were enough older children to create a [Senior School](/wiki/Secondary_school \"Secondary school\") and offer [British examinations](/wiki/National_qualifications_frameworks_in_the_United_Kingdom \"National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom\"). In 2004 the Senior School moved to the site at Frederick Roeskestraat.", "In 2010, The British School of Amsterdam was changed into a [stichting](/wiki/Stichting \"Stichting\") (a foundation). The main office is located at Havenstraat 6\\. The current school roll is just over 1,000\\.", "In April of 2021, The British School of Amsterdam Switched buildings from the site at Frederick Roeskestraat to the building at Havenstraat 6, a renovated prison from World War 2\\.", "" ]
Breeding -------- The stripe\-backed wren has attracted considerable scientific attention because it is a good example of [co\-operative breeding](/wiki/Co-operative_breeding "Co-operative breeding"). It lives in groups ranging from 2 to 10 adult birds. Of these, only one pair breeds, laying eggs at the beginning of the rainy season (May to September). However, all members of the group participate in defence of the [territory](/wiki/Territory_%28animal%29 "Territory (animal)"), and in feeding the young both in the nest and after fledging. They therefore qualify as [helpers at the nest](/wiki/Helpers_at_the_nest "Helpers at the nest"). The non\-breeding members of the group are usually offspring or siblings of the current breeding parents. After one or two seasons, females normally leave their natal groups and join another nest as helpers, typically in a neighbouring territory. Males, however, usually remain at their natal nest and if they survive will inherit the position of breeding male (though under some circumstances they too disperse). If the current breeding male dies or is removed, the next oldest male in the group normally takes over its position. This breeding system may have evolved as a result of [kin selection](/wiki/Kin_selection "Kin selection"), but in addition it has been shown by Wiley and Rabenold (1984\) that the males' behaviour of "queueing" for the status of breeding male can be an [evolutionarily stable strategy](/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy "Evolutionarily stable strategy") provided some plausible conditions are met. Formally, the situation has the characteristics of a [prisoner's dilemma](/wiki/Prisoner%27s_dilemma "Prisoner's dilemma") game that is played repeatedly between the same partners, and in this case "defection" \- jumping the queue \- would not be advantageous. Some of the calls of stripe\-backed wrens show individual variations that are consistent from father to son. This is a potential example of the formation of a dialect in [bird song](/wiki/Bird_song "Bird song"). The distinctive family calls seem to be used to maintain social contact between members of the co\-operatively breeding group. As would be expected in a species where both sexes share in parental care, the stripe\-backed wren shows no [sexual dimorphism](/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism "Sexual dimorphism") in appearance.
[ "Breeding\n--------", "The stripe\\-backed wren has attracted considerable scientific attention because it is a good example of [co\\-operative breeding](/wiki/Co-operative_breeding \"Co-operative breeding\"). It lives in groups ranging from 2 to 10 adult birds. Of these, only one pair breeds, laying eggs at the beginning of the rainy season (May to September). However, all members of the group participate in defence of the [territory](/wiki/Territory_%28animal%29 \"Territory (animal)\"), and in feeding the young both in the nest and after fledging. They therefore qualify as [helpers at the nest](/wiki/Helpers_at_the_nest \"Helpers at the nest\").", "The non\\-breeding members of the group are usually offspring or siblings of the current breeding parents. After one or two seasons, females normally leave their natal groups and join another nest as helpers, typically in a neighbouring territory. Males, however, usually remain at their natal nest and if they survive will inherit the position of breeding male (though under some circumstances they too disperse). If the current breeding male dies or is removed, the next oldest male in the group normally takes over its position.", "This breeding system may have evolved as a result of [kin selection](/wiki/Kin_selection \"Kin selection\"), but in addition it has been shown by Wiley and Rabenold (1984\\) that the males' behaviour of \"queueing\" for the status of breeding male can be an [evolutionarily stable strategy](/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy \"Evolutionarily stable strategy\") provided some plausible conditions are met. Formally, the situation has the characteristics of a [prisoner's dilemma](/wiki/Prisoner%27s_dilemma \"Prisoner's dilemma\") game that is played repeatedly between the same partners, and in this case \"defection\" \\- jumping the queue \\- would not be advantageous.", "Some of the calls of stripe\\-backed wrens show individual variations that are consistent from father to son. This is a potential example of the formation of a dialect in [bird song](/wiki/Bird_song \"Bird song\"). The distinctive family calls seem to be used to maintain social contact between members of the co\\-operatively breeding group.", "As would be expected in a species where both sexes share in parental care, the stripe\\-backed wren shows no [sexual dimorphism](/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism \"Sexual dimorphism\") in appearance.", "" ]
Categories ---------- Lipids have been classified into eight categories by the [Lipid MAPS](/wiki/LIPID_MAPS "LIPID MAPS") consortium as follows: ### Fatty acyls {{Main\|Fatty acid}} [thumb\|[I2 – Prostacyclin](/wiki/Prostacyclin "Prostacyclin") (an example of a [prostaglandin](/wiki/Prostaglandin "Prostaglandin"), an eicosanoid fatty acid)](/wiki/File:Prostacyclin-2D-skeletal.png "Prostacyclin-2D-skeletal.png") [right\|thumb\|[LTB4](/wiki/Leukotriene_B4 "Leukotriene B4") (an example of a [leukotriene](/wiki/Leukotriene "Leukotriene"), an eicosanoid fatty acid)](/wiki/Image:Leukotriene_B4.svg "Leukotriene B4.svg") Fatty acyls, a generic term for describing fatty acids, their conjugates and derivatives, are a diverse group of molecules synthesized by chain\-elongation of an [acetyl\-CoA](/wiki/Acetyl-CoA "Acetyl-CoA") primer with [malonyl\-CoA](/wiki/Malonyl-CoA "Malonyl-CoA") or [methylmalonyl\-CoA](/wiki/Methylmalonyl-CoA "Methylmalonyl-CoA") groups in a process called [fatty acid synthesis](/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis "Fatty acid synthesis"). They are made of a [hydrocarbon chain](/wiki/Hydrocarbon_chain "Hydrocarbon chain") that terminates with a [carboxylic acid](/wiki/Carboxylic_acid "Carboxylic acid") group; this arrangement confers the molecule with a [polar](/wiki/Chemical_polarity "Chemical polarity"), [hydrophilic](/wiki/Hydrophilic "Hydrophilic") end, and a nonpolar, [hydrophobic](/wiki/Hydrophobic "Hydrophobic") end that is [insoluble](/wiki/Insoluble "Insoluble") in water. The fatty acid structure is one of the most fundamental categories of biological lipids and is commonly used as a building\-block of more structurally complex lipids. The carbon chain, typically between four and 24 carbons long, may be saturated or [unsaturated](/wiki/Unsaturated_compound "Unsaturated compound"), and may be attached to [functional groups](/wiki/Functional_group "Functional group") containing [oxygen](/wiki/Oxygen "Oxygen"), [halogens](/wiki/Halogen "Halogen"), [nitrogen](/wiki/Nitrogen "Nitrogen"), and [sulfur](/wiki/Sulfur "Sulfur"). If a fatty acid contains a double bond, there is the possibility of either a *cis* or *trans* [geometric isomerism](/wiki/Cis%E2%80%93trans_isomerism "Cis–trans isomerism"), which significantly affects the molecule's [configuration](/wiki/Molecular_configuration "Molecular configuration"). *Cis*\-double bonds cause the fatty acid chain to bend, an effect that is compounded with more double bonds in the chain. Three double bonds in 18\-carbon *[linolenic acid](/wiki/Linolenic_acid "Linolenic acid")*, the most abundant fatty\-acyl chains of plant *thylakoid membranes*, render these membranes highly *fluid* despite environmental low\-temperatures, and also makes linolenic acid give dominating sharp peaks in high resolution 13\-C NMR spectra of chloroplasts. This in turn plays an important role in the structure and function of cell membranes.{{rp\|193–5}} Most naturally occurring fatty acids are of the *cis* configuration, although the *trans* form does exist in some natural and partially hydrogenated fats and oils. Examples of biologically important fatty acids include the [eicosanoids](/wiki/Eicosanoid "Eicosanoid"), derived primarily from [arachidonic acid](/wiki/Arachidonic_acid "Arachidonic acid") and [eicosapentaenoic acid](/wiki/Eicosapentaenoic_acid "Eicosapentaenoic acid"), that include [prostaglandins](/wiki/Prostaglandin "Prostaglandin"), [leukotrienes](/wiki/Leukotriene "Leukotriene"), and [thromboxanes](/wiki/Thromboxane "Thromboxane"). [Docosahexaenoic acid](/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acid "Docosahexaenoic acid") is also important in biological systems, particularly with respect to sight.{{cite web\|title\=A Long Lipid, a Long Name: Docosahexaenoic Acid\|url\=http://www.samuelfurse.com/2011/12/a\-long\-name\-a\-long\-lipid\-docosahexaenoic\-acid/ \| vauthors \= Furse S \|work\=The Lipid Chronicles\|date\=2011\-12\-02}}{{cite web\|title\=DHA for Optimal Brain and Visual Functioning\|url\=http://www.dhaomega3\.org/Overview/DHA\-for\-Optimal\-Brain\-and\-Visual\-Functioning\|publisher\=DHA/EPA Omega\-3 Institute}} Other major lipid classes in the fatty acid category are the fatty esters and fatty amides. Fatty esters include important biochemical intermediates such as [wax esters](/wiki/Wax_ester "Wax ester"), fatty acid thioester [coenzyme A](/wiki/Coenzyme_A "Coenzyme A") derivatives, fatty acid thioester [ACP](/wiki/Acyl_carrier_protein "Acyl carrier protein") derivatives and fatty acid carnitines. The fatty amides include [N\-acyl ethanolamines](/wiki/N-acylethanolamine "N-acylethanolamine"), such as the [cannabinoid](/wiki/Cannabinoid "Cannabinoid") neurotransmitter [anandamide](/wiki/Anandamide "Anandamide"). ### Glycerolipids [thumb\|upright\=1\.3\|Example of an unsaturated fat triglyceride (C55H98O6). Left part: [glycerol](/wiki/Glycerol "Glycerol"); right part, from top to bottom: [palmitic acid](/wiki/Palmitic_acid "Palmitic acid"), [oleic acid](/wiki/Oleic_acid "Oleic acid"), [alpha\-linolenic acid](/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid "Alpha-linolenic acid").](/wiki/Image:Fat_triglyceride_shorthand_formula.PNG "Fat triglyceride shorthand formula.PNG") Glycerolipids are composed of mono\-, di\-, and tri\-substituted [glycerols](/wiki/Glycerol "Glycerol"), the best\-known being the fatty acid [triesters](/wiki/Ester "Ester") of glycerol, called [triglycerides](/wiki/Triglyceride "Triglyceride"). The word "triacylglycerol" is sometimes used synonymously with "triglyceride". In these compounds, the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol are each esterified, typically by different fatty acids. Because they function as an energy store, these lipids comprise the bulk of storage [fat](/wiki/Fat "Fat") in animal tissues. The hydrolysis of the ester bonds of triglycerides and the release of glycerol and fatty acids from [adipose tissue](/wiki/Adipose_tissue "Adipose tissue") are the initial steps in metabolizing fat.{{rp\|630–1}} Additional subclasses of glycerolipids are represented by glycosylglycerols, which are characterized by the presence of one or more [sugar residues](/wiki/Monosaccharide "Monosaccharide") attached to glycerol via a [glycosidic linkage](/wiki/Glycosidic_linkage "Glycosidic linkage"). Examples of structures in this category are the digalactosyldiacylglycerols found in plant membranes and seminolipid from mammalian [sperm cells](/wiki/Sperm_cells "Sperm cells"). ### Glycerophospholipids {{Main\|Glycerophospholipid}} [thumb\|300px\|[Phosphatidylethanolamine](/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine "Phosphatidylethanolamine")](/wiki/File:Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine.svg "Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine.svg") Glycerophospholipids, usually referred to as [phospholipids](/wiki/Phospholipid "Phospholipid") (though [sphingomyelins](/wiki/Sphingomyelin "Sphingomyelin") are also classified as phospholipids), are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the [lipid bilayer](/wiki/Lipid_bilayer "Lipid bilayer") of cells,{{cite news\|title\=The Structure of a Membrane\|url\=http://www.samuelfurse.com/2011/11/the\-structure\-of\-a\-membrane/\|work\=The Lipid Chronicles\|access\-date\=2011\-12\-31\|date\=2011\-11\-05}} as well as being involved in [metabolism](/wiki/Metabolism "Metabolism") and [cell signaling](/wiki/Cell_signaling "Cell signaling"). Neural tissue (including the brain) contains relatively high amounts of glycerophospholipids, and alterations in their composition has been implicated in various neurological disorders.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Farooqui AA, Horrocks LA, Farooqui T \| title \= Glycerophospholipids in brain: their metabolism, incorporation into membranes, functions, and involvement in neurological disorders \| journal \= Chemistry and Physics of Lipids \| volume \= 106 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 1–29 \| date \= June 2000 \| pmid \= 10878232 \| doi \= 10\.1016/S0009\-3084(00\)00128\-6 }} Glycerophospholipids may be subdivided into distinct classes, based on the nature of the polar headgroup at the *sn*\-3 position of the glycerol backbone in [eukaryotes](/wiki/Eukaryote "Eukaryote") and eubacteria, or the *sn*\-1 position in the case of [archaebacteria](/wiki/Archaebacteria "Archaebacteria"). Examples of glycerophospholipids found in [biological membranes](/wiki/Biological_membrane "Biological membrane") are [phosphatidylcholine](/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine "Phosphatidylcholine") (also known as PC, GPCho or [lecithin](/wiki/Lecithin "Lecithin")), [phosphatidylethanolamine](/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine "Phosphatidylethanolamine") (PE or GPEtn) and [phosphatidylserine](/wiki/Phosphatidylserine "Phosphatidylserine") (PS or GPSer). In addition to serving as a primary component of cellular membranes and binding sites for intra\- and intercellular proteins, some glycerophospholipids in eukaryotic cells, such as [phosphatidylinositols](/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol "Phosphatidylinositol") and [phosphatidic acids](/wiki/Phosphatidic_acid "Phosphatidic acid") are either precursors of or, themselves, membrane\-derived [second messengers](/wiki/Second_messenger_system "Second messenger system").{{rp\|844}} Typically, one or both of these hydroxyl groups are acylated with long\-chain fatty acids, but there are also alkyl\-linked and 1Z\-alkenyl\-linked ([plasmalogen](/wiki/Plasmalogen "Plasmalogen")) glycerophospholipids, as well as dialkylether variants in archaebacteria. ### Sphingolipids {{Main\|Sphingolipid}} [thumb\|300px\|[Sphingomyelin](/wiki/Sphingomyelin "Sphingomyelin")](/wiki/File:Sphingomyelin-horizontal-2D-skeletal.png "Sphingomyelin-horizontal-2D-skeletal.png") Sphingolipids are a complicated family of compounds{{cite book \| veditors \= Vance JE, Vance EE \| vauthors \= Merrill AH, Sandoff K \| title\=Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes \| date \= 2002 \| publisher \= Elsevier \| location \= Amsterdam \| isbn \= 978\-0\-444\-51138\-6 \| edition \= 4th \| chapter \= Chapter 14: Sphingolipids: Metabolism and Cell Signaling \| chapter\-url \= http://bio.ijs.si/\~krizaj/group/Predavanja%202011/Biochemistry%20Lipids%20Lipoproteins%20and%20Membranes/14\.pdf \| pages \= 373–407 }} that share a common structural feature, a [sphingoid base](/wiki/Sphingoid_base "Sphingoid base") backbone that is synthesized [*de novo*](/wiki/De_novo_synthesis "De novo synthesis") from the amino acid [serine](/wiki/Serine "Serine") and a long\-chain fatty acyl CoA, then converted into [ceramides](/wiki/Ceramide "Ceramide"), phosphosphingolipids, glycosphingolipids and other compounds. The major sphingoid base of mammals is commonly referred to as [sphingosine](/wiki/Sphingosine "Sphingosine"). Ceramides (N\-acyl\-sphingoid bases) are a major subclass of sphingoid base derivatives with an [amide](/wiki/Amide "Amide")\-linked fatty acid. The fatty acids are typically saturated or mono\-unsaturated with chain lengths from 16 to 26 carbon atoms.{{rp\|421–2}} The major phosphosphingolipids of mammals are [sphingomyelins](/wiki/Sphingomyelin "Sphingomyelin") (ceramide phosphocholines), whereas insects contain mainly ceramide phosphoethanolamines and fungi have phytoceramide phosphoinositols and [mannose](/wiki/Mannose "Mannose")\-containing headgroups. The glycosphingolipids are a diverse family of molecules composed of one or more sugar residues linked via a [glycosidic bond](/wiki/Glycosidic_bond "Glycosidic bond") to the sphingoid base. Examples of these are the simple and complex glycosphingolipids such as [cerebrosides](/wiki/Cerebroside "Cerebroside") and [gangliosides](/wiki/Ganglioside "Ganglioside"). ### Sterols [thumb\|280px\|alt\=Chemical diagram\|Chemical structure of [cholesterol](/wiki/Cholesterol "Cholesterol")](/wiki/File:Cholesterol.svg "Cholesterol.svg") {{Main\|Sterol}} Sterols, such as [cholesterol](/wiki/Cholesterol "Cholesterol") and its derivatives, are an important component of membrane lipids, along with the glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelins. Other examples of sterols are the [bile acids](/wiki/Bile_acid "Bile acid") and their conjugates, which in mammals are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol and are synthesized in the liver. The plant equivalents are the [phytosterols](/wiki/Phytosterols "Phytosterols"), such as [β\-sitosterol](/wiki/%CE%92-sitosterol "Β-sitosterol"), [stigmasterol](/wiki/Stigmasterol "Stigmasterol"), and [brassicasterol](/wiki/Brassicasterol "Brassicasterol"); the latter compound is also used as a [biomarker](/wiki/Biomarker "Biomarker") for [algal](/wiki/Algae "Algae") growth. The predominant sterol in [fungal](/wiki/Fungal "Fungal") cell membranes is [ergosterol](/wiki/Ergosterol "Ergosterol"). Sterols are [steroids](/wiki/Steroid "Steroid") in which one of the hydrogen atoms is substituted with a [hydroxyl group](/wiki/Hydroxyl_group "Hydroxyl group"), at position 3 in the carbon chain. They have in common with steroids the same fused four\-ring core structure. Steroids have different biological roles as [hormones](/wiki/Hormone "Hormone") and [signaling molecules](/wiki/Signaling_molecules "Signaling molecules"). The eighteen\-carbon (C18\) steroids include the [estrogen](/wiki/Estrogen "Estrogen") family whereas the C19 steroids comprise the [androgens](/wiki/Androgen "Androgen") such as [testosterone](/wiki/Testosterone "Testosterone") and [androsterone](/wiki/Androsterone "Androsterone"). The C21 subclass includes the [progestogens](/wiki/Progestogens "Progestogens") as well as the [glucocorticoids](/wiki/Glucocorticoid "Glucocorticoid") and [mineralocorticoids](/wiki/Mineralocorticoids "Mineralocorticoids").{{rp\|749}} The [secosteroids](/wiki/Secosteroid "Secosteroid"), comprising various forms of [vitamin D](/wiki/Vitamin_D "Vitamin D"), are characterized by cleavage of the B ring of the core structure. ### Prenols [thumb\|Prenol lipid (2*E*\-geraniol)](/wiki/File:Geraniol_structure.png "Geraniol structure.png") [Prenol](/wiki/Prenol "Prenol") lipids are synthesized from the five\-carbon\-unit precursors [isopentenyl diphosphate](/wiki/Isopentenyl_diphosphate "Isopentenyl diphosphate") and [dimethylallyl diphosphate](/wiki/Dimethylallyl_diphosphate "Dimethylallyl diphosphate"), which are produced mainly via the [mevalonic acid](/wiki/Mevalonic_acid "Mevalonic acid") (MVA) pathway. The simple isoprenoids (linear alcohols, diphosphates, etc.) are formed by the successive addition of C5 units, and are classified according to number of these [terpene](/wiki/Terpene "Terpene") units. Structures containing greater than 40 carbons are known as polyterpenes. [Carotenoids](/wiki/Carotenoid "Carotenoid") are important simple isoprenoids that function as [antioxidants](/wiki/Antioxidant "Antioxidant") and as precursors of [vitamin A](/wiki/Vitamin_A "Vitamin A"). Another biologically important class of molecules is exemplified by the [quinones](/wiki/Quinone "Quinone") and [hydroquinones](/wiki/Hydroquinone "Hydroquinone"), which contain an isoprenoid tail attached to a quinonoid core of non\-isoprenoid origin. [Vitamin E](/wiki/Vitamin_E "Vitamin E") and [vitamin K](/wiki/Vitamin_K "Vitamin K"), as well as the [ubiquinones](/wiki/Ubiquinone "Ubiquinone"), are examples of this class. Prokaryotes synthesize polyprenols (called [bactoprenols](/wiki/Bactoprenol "Bactoprenol")) in which the terminal isoprenoid unit attached to oxygen remains unsaturated, whereas in animal polyprenols ([dolichols](/wiki/Dolichol "Dolichol")) the terminal isoprenoid is reduced. ### Saccharolipids [thumb\|right\|300px\|Structure of the saccharolipid Kdo2\-lipid A. [Glucosamine](/wiki/Glucosamine "Glucosamine") residues in blue, [Kdo](/wiki/3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic_acid "3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid") residues in red, [acyl](/wiki/Acyl "Acyl") chains in black and [phosphate](/wiki/Phosphate "Phosphate") groups in green.](/wiki/File:Kdo2-lipidA.png "Kdo2-lipidA.png") [Saccharolipids](/wiki/Saccharolipid "Saccharolipid") describe compounds in which fatty acids are linked to a sugar backbone, forming structures that are compatible with membrane bilayers. In the saccharolipids, a [monosaccharide](/wiki/Monosaccharide "Monosaccharide") substitutes for the glycerol backbone present in glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids. The most familiar saccharolipids are the acylated [glucosamine](/wiki/Glucosamine "Glucosamine") precursors of the [Lipid A](/wiki/Lipid_A "Lipid A") component of the [lipopolysaccharides](/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide "Lipopolysaccharide") in [Gram\-negative bacteria](/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria "Gram-negative bacteria"). Typical lipid A molecules are [disaccharides](/wiki/Disaccharides "Disaccharides") of glucosamine, which are derivatized with as many as seven fatty\-acyl chains. The minimal lipopolysaccharide required for growth in [*E. coli*](/wiki/Escherichia_coli "Escherichia coli") is Kdo2\-Lipid A, a hexa\-acylated disaccharide of glucosamine that is glycosylated with two 3\-deoxy\-D\-manno\-octulosonic acid (Kdo) residues. ### Polyketides Polyketides are synthesized by polymerization of [acetyl](/wiki/Acetyl "Acetyl") and [propionyl](/wiki/Propionyl-CoA "Propionyl-CoA") subunits by classic enzymes as well as iterative and multimodular enzymes that share mechanistic features with the [fatty acid synthases](/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthase "Fatty acid synthase"). They comprise many [secondary metabolites](/wiki/Secondary_metabolite "Secondary metabolite") and [natural products](/wiki/Natural_products "Natural products") from animal, plant, bacterial, fungal and marine sources, and have great structural diversity. Many [polyketides](/wiki/Polyketide "Polyketide") are cyclic molecules whose backbones are often further modified by [glycosylation](/wiki/Glycosylation "Glycosylation"), [methylation](/wiki/Methylation "Methylation"), [hydroxylation](/wiki/Hydroxylation "Hydroxylation"), [oxidation](/wiki/Oxidation "Oxidation"), or other processes. Many commonly used [antimicrobial](/wiki/Antimicrobial "Antimicrobial"), [antiparasitic](/wiki/Antiparasitic "Antiparasitic"), and [anticancer](/wiki/Anticancer "Anticancer") agents are polyketides or polyketide derivatives, such as [erythromycins](/wiki/Erythromycin "Erythromycin"), [tetracyclines](/wiki/Tetracycline_antibiotics "Tetracycline antibiotics"), [avermectins](/wiki/Avermectin "Avermectin"), and antitumor [epothilones](/wiki/Epothilone "Epothilone").
[ "Categories\n----------", "Lipids have been classified into eight categories by the [Lipid MAPS](/wiki/LIPID_MAPS \"LIPID MAPS\") consortium as follows:", "### Fatty acyls", "{{Main\\|Fatty acid}}\n[thumb\\|[I2 – Prostacyclin](/wiki/Prostacyclin \"Prostacyclin\") (an example of a [prostaglandin](/wiki/Prostaglandin \"Prostaglandin\"), an eicosanoid fatty acid)](/wiki/File:Prostacyclin-2D-skeletal.png \"Prostacyclin-2D-skeletal.png\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|[LTB4](/wiki/Leukotriene_B4 \"Leukotriene B4\") (an example of a [leukotriene](/wiki/Leukotriene \"Leukotriene\"), an eicosanoid fatty acid)](/wiki/Image:Leukotriene_B4.svg \"Leukotriene B4.svg\")", "Fatty acyls, a generic term for describing fatty acids, their conjugates and derivatives, are a diverse group of molecules synthesized by chain\\-elongation of an [acetyl\\-CoA](/wiki/Acetyl-CoA \"Acetyl-CoA\") primer with [malonyl\\-CoA](/wiki/Malonyl-CoA \"Malonyl-CoA\") or [methylmalonyl\\-CoA](/wiki/Methylmalonyl-CoA \"Methylmalonyl-CoA\") groups in a process called [fatty acid synthesis](/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis \"Fatty acid synthesis\"). They are made of a [hydrocarbon chain](/wiki/Hydrocarbon_chain \"Hydrocarbon chain\") that terminates with a [carboxylic acid](/wiki/Carboxylic_acid \"Carboxylic acid\") group; this arrangement confers the molecule with a [polar](/wiki/Chemical_polarity \"Chemical polarity\"), [hydrophilic](/wiki/Hydrophilic \"Hydrophilic\") end, and a nonpolar, [hydrophobic](/wiki/Hydrophobic \"Hydrophobic\") end that is [insoluble](/wiki/Insoluble \"Insoluble\") in water. The fatty acid structure is one of the most fundamental categories of biological lipids and is commonly used as a building\\-block of more structurally complex lipids. The carbon chain, typically between four and 24 carbons long, may be saturated or [unsaturated](/wiki/Unsaturated_compound \"Unsaturated compound\"), and may be attached to [functional groups](/wiki/Functional_group \"Functional group\") containing [oxygen](/wiki/Oxygen \"Oxygen\"), [halogens](/wiki/Halogen \"Halogen\"), [nitrogen](/wiki/Nitrogen \"Nitrogen\"), and [sulfur](/wiki/Sulfur \"Sulfur\"). If a fatty acid contains a double bond, there is the possibility of either a *cis* or *trans* [geometric isomerism](/wiki/Cis%E2%80%93trans_isomerism \"Cis–trans isomerism\"), which significantly affects the molecule's [configuration](/wiki/Molecular_configuration \"Molecular configuration\"). *Cis*\\-double bonds cause the fatty acid chain to bend, an effect that is compounded with more double bonds in the chain. Three double bonds in 18\\-carbon *[linolenic acid](/wiki/Linolenic_acid \"Linolenic acid\")*, the most abundant fatty\\-acyl chains of plant *thylakoid membranes*, render these membranes highly *fluid* despite environmental low\\-temperatures, and also makes linolenic acid give dominating sharp peaks in high resolution 13\\-C NMR spectra of chloroplasts. This in turn plays an important role in the structure and function of cell membranes.{{rp\\|193–5}} Most naturally occurring fatty acids are of the *cis* configuration, although the *trans* form does exist in some natural and partially hydrogenated fats and oils.", "Examples of biologically important fatty acids include the [eicosanoids](/wiki/Eicosanoid \"Eicosanoid\"), derived primarily from [arachidonic acid](/wiki/Arachidonic_acid \"Arachidonic acid\") and [eicosapentaenoic acid](/wiki/Eicosapentaenoic_acid \"Eicosapentaenoic acid\"), that include [prostaglandins](/wiki/Prostaglandin \"Prostaglandin\"), [leukotrienes](/wiki/Leukotriene \"Leukotriene\"), and [thromboxanes](/wiki/Thromboxane \"Thromboxane\"). [Docosahexaenoic acid](/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acid \"Docosahexaenoic acid\") is also important in biological systems, particularly with respect to sight.{{cite web\\|title\\=A Long Lipid, a Long Name: Docosahexaenoic Acid\\|url\\=http://www.samuelfurse.com/2011/12/a\\-long\\-name\\-a\\-long\\-lipid\\-docosahexaenoic\\-acid/ \\| vauthors \\= Furse S \\|work\\=The Lipid Chronicles\\|date\\=2011\\-12\\-02}}{{cite web\\|title\\=DHA for Optimal Brain and Visual Functioning\\|url\\=http://www.dhaomega3\\.org/Overview/DHA\\-for\\-Optimal\\-Brain\\-and\\-Visual\\-Functioning\\|publisher\\=DHA/EPA Omega\\-3 Institute}} Other major lipid classes in the fatty acid category are the fatty esters and fatty amides. Fatty esters include important biochemical intermediates such as [wax esters](/wiki/Wax_ester \"Wax ester\"), fatty acid thioester [coenzyme A](/wiki/Coenzyme_A \"Coenzyme A\") derivatives, fatty acid thioester [ACP](/wiki/Acyl_carrier_protein \"Acyl carrier protein\") derivatives and fatty acid carnitines. The fatty amides include [N\\-acyl ethanolamines](/wiki/N-acylethanolamine \"N-acylethanolamine\"), such as the [cannabinoid](/wiki/Cannabinoid \"Cannabinoid\") neurotransmitter [anandamide](/wiki/Anandamide \"Anandamide\").", "### Glycerolipids", "[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.3\\|Example of an unsaturated fat triglyceride (C55H98O6). Left part: [glycerol](/wiki/Glycerol \"Glycerol\"); right part, from top to bottom: [palmitic acid](/wiki/Palmitic_acid \"Palmitic acid\"), [oleic acid](/wiki/Oleic_acid \"Oleic acid\"), [alpha\\-linolenic acid](/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid \"Alpha-linolenic acid\").](/wiki/Image:Fat_triglyceride_shorthand_formula.PNG \"Fat triglyceride shorthand formula.PNG\")", "Glycerolipids are composed of mono\\-, di\\-, and tri\\-substituted [glycerols](/wiki/Glycerol \"Glycerol\"), the best\\-known being the fatty acid [triesters](/wiki/Ester \"Ester\") of glycerol, called [triglycerides](/wiki/Triglyceride \"Triglyceride\"). The word \"triacylglycerol\" is sometimes used synonymously with \"triglyceride\". In these compounds, the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol are each esterified, typically by different fatty acids. Because they function as an energy store, these lipids comprise the bulk of storage [fat](/wiki/Fat \"Fat\") in animal tissues. The hydrolysis of the ester bonds of triglycerides and the release of glycerol and fatty acids from [adipose tissue](/wiki/Adipose_tissue \"Adipose tissue\") are the initial steps in metabolizing fat.{{rp\\|630–1}}", "Additional subclasses of glycerolipids are represented by glycosylglycerols, which are characterized by the presence of one or more [sugar residues](/wiki/Monosaccharide \"Monosaccharide\") attached to glycerol via a [glycosidic linkage](/wiki/Glycosidic_linkage \"Glycosidic linkage\"). Examples of structures in this category are the digalactosyldiacylglycerols found in plant membranes and seminolipid from mammalian [sperm cells](/wiki/Sperm_cells \"Sperm cells\").", "### Glycerophospholipids", "{{Main\\|Glycerophospholipid}}\n[thumb\\|300px\\|[Phosphatidylethanolamine](/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine \"Phosphatidylethanolamine\")](/wiki/File:Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine.svg \"Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine.svg\")", "Glycerophospholipids, usually referred to as [phospholipids](/wiki/Phospholipid \"Phospholipid\") (though [sphingomyelins](/wiki/Sphingomyelin \"Sphingomyelin\") are also classified as phospholipids), are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the [lipid bilayer](/wiki/Lipid_bilayer \"Lipid bilayer\") of cells,{{cite news\\|title\\=The Structure of a Membrane\\|url\\=http://www.samuelfurse.com/2011/11/the\\-structure\\-of\\-a\\-membrane/\\|work\\=The Lipid Chronicles\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-31\\|date\\=2011\\-11\\-05}} as well as being involved in [metabolism](/wiki/Metabolism \"Metabolism\") and [cell signaling](/wiki/Cell_signaling \"Cell signaling\"). Neural tissue (including the brain) contains relatively high amounts of glycerophospholipids, and alterations in their composition has been implicated in various neurological disorders.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Farooqui AA, Horrocks LA, Farooqui T \\| title \\= Glycerophospholipids in brain: their metabolism, incorporation into membranes, functions, and involvement in neurological disorders \\| journal \\= Chemistry and Physics of Lipids \\| volume \\= 106 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 1–29 \\| date \\= June 2000 \\| pmid \\= 10878232 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/S0009\\-3084(00\\)00128\\-6 }} Glycerophospholipids may be subdivided into distinct classes, based on the nature of the polar headgroup at the *sn*\\-3 position of the glycerol backbone in [eukaryotes](/wiki/Eukaryote \"Eukaryote\") and eubacteria, or the *sn*\\-1 position in the case of [archaebacteria](/wiki/Archaebacteria \"Archaebacteria\").", "Examples of glycerophospholipids found in [biological membranes](/wiki/Biological_membrane \"Biological membrane\") are [phosphatidylcholine](/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine \"Phosphatidylcholine\") (also known as PC, GPCho or [lecithin](/wiki/Lecithin \"Lecithin\")), [phosphatidylethanolamine](/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine \"Phosphatidylethanolamine\") (PE or GPEtn) and [phosphatidylserine](/wiki/Phosphatidylserine \"Phosphatidylserine\") (PS or GPSer). In addition to serving as a primary component of cellular membranes and binding sites for intra\\- and intercellular proteins, some glycerophospholipids in eukaryotic cells, such as [phosphatidylinositols](/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol \"Phosphatidylinositol\") and [phosphatidic acids](/wiki/Phosphatidic_acid \"Phosphatidic acid\") are either precursors of or, themselves, membrane\\-derived [second messengers](/wiki/Second_messenger_system \"Second messenger system\").{{rp\\|844}} Typically, one or both of these hydroxyl groups are acylated with long\\-chain fatty acids, but there are also alkyl\\-linked and 1Z\\-alkenyl\\-linked ([plasmalogen](/wiki/Plasmalogen \"Plasmalogen\")) glycerophospholipids, as well as dialkylether variants in archaebacteria.", "### Sphingolipids", "{{Main\\|Sphingolipid}}\n[thumb\\|300px\\|[Sphingomyelin](/wiki/Sphingomyelin \"Sphingomyelin\")](/wiki/File:Sphingomyelin-horizontal-2D-skeletal.png \"Sphingomyelin-horizontal-2D-skeletal.png\")", "Sphingolipids are a complicated family of compounds{{cite book \\| veditors \\= Vance JE, Vance EE \\| vauthors \\= Merrill AH, Sandoff K \\| title\\=Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes \\| date \\= 2002 \\| publisher \\= Elsevier \\| location \\= Amsterdam \\| isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-444\\-51138\\-6 \\| edition \\= 4th \\| chapter \\= Chapter 14: Sphingolipids: Metabolism and Cell Signaling \\| chapter\\-url \\= http://bio.ijs.si/\\~krizaj/group/Predavanja%202011/Biochemistry%20Lipids%20Lipoproteins%20and%20Membranes/14\\.pdf \\| pages \\= 373–407 }} that share a common structural feature, a [sphingoid base](/wiki/Sphingoid_base \"Sphingoid base\") backbone that is synthesized [*de novo*](/wiki/De_novo_synthesis \"De novo synthesis\") from the amino acid [serine](/wiki/Serine \"Serine\") and a long\\-chain fatty acyl CoA, then converted into [ceramides](/wiki/Ceramide \"Ceramide\"), phosphosphingolipids, glycosphingolipids and other compounds. The major sphingoid base of mammals is commonly referred to as [sphingosine](/wiki/Sphingosine \"Sphingosine\"). Ceramides (N\\-acyl\\-sphingoid bases) are a major subclass of sphingoid base derivatives with an [amide](/wiki/Amide \"Amide\")\\-linked fatty acid. The fatty acids are typically saturated or mono\\-unsaturated with chain lengths from 16 to 26 carbon atoms.{{rp\\|421–2}}", "The major phosphosphingolipids of mammals are [sphingomyelins](/wiki/Sphingomyelin \"Sphingomyelin\") (ceramide phosphocholines), whereas insects contain mainly ceramide phosphoethanolamines and fungi have phytoceramide phosphoinositols and [mannose](/wiki/Mannose \"Mannose\")\\-containing headgroups. The glycosphingolipids are a diverse family of molecules composed of one or more sugar residues linked via a [glycosidic bond](/wiki/Glycosidic_bond \"Glycosidic bond\") to the sphingoid base. Examples of these are the simple and complex glycosphingolipids such as [cerebrosides](/wiki/Cerebroside \"Cerebroside\") and [gangliosides](/wiki/Ganglioside \"Ganglioside\").", "### Sterols", "[thumb\\|280px\\|alt\\=Chemical diagram\\|Chemical structure of [cholesterol](/wiki/Cholesterol \"Cholesterol\")](/wiki/File:Cholesterol.svg \"Cholesterol.svg\")\n{{Main\\|Sterol}}\nSterols, such as [cholesterol](/wiki/Cholesterol \"Cholesterol\") and its derivatives, are an important component of membrane lipids, along with the glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelins. Other examples of sterols are the [bile acids](/wiki/Bile_acid \"Bile acid\") and their conjugates, which in mammals are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol and are synthesized in the liver. The plant equivalents are the [phytosterols](/wiki/Phytosterols \"Phytosterols\"), such as [β\\-sitosterol](/wiki/%CE%92-sitosterol \"Β-sitosterol\"), [stigmasterol](/wiki/Stigmasterol \"Stigmasterol\"), and [brassicasterol](/wiki/Brassicasterol \"Brassicasterol\"); the latter compound is also used as a [biomarker](/wiki/Biomarker \"Biomarker\") for [algal](/wiki/Algae \"Algae\") growth. The predominant sterol in [fungal](/wiki/Fungal \"Fungal\") cell membranes is [ergosterol](/wiki/Ergosterol \"Ergosterol\").", "Sterols are [steroids](/wiki/Steroid \"Steroid\") in which one of the hydrogen atoms is substituted with a [hydroxyl group](/wiki/Hydroxyl_group \"Hydroxyl group\"), at position 3 in the carbon chain. They have in common with steroids the same fused four\\-ring core structure. Steroids have different biological roles as [hormones](/wiki/Hormone \"Hormone\") and [signaling molecules](/wiki/Signaling_molecules \"Signaling molecules\"). The eighteen\\-carbon (C18\\) steroids include the [estrogen](/wiki/Estrogen \"Estrogen\") family whereas the C19 steroids comprise the [androgens](/wiki/Androgen \"Androgen\") such as [testosterone](/wiki/Testosterone \"Testosterone\") and [androsterone](/wiki/Androsterone \"Androsterone\"). The C21 subclass includes the [progestogens](/wiki/Progestogens \"Progestogens\") as well as the [glucocorticoids](/wiki/Glucocorticoid \"Glucocorticoid\") and [mineralocorticoids](/wiki/Mineralocorticoids \"Mineralocorticoids\").{{rp\\|749}} The [secosteroids](/wiki/Secosteroid \"Secosteroid\"), comprising various forms of [vitamin D](/wiki/Vitamin_D \"Vitamin D\"), are characterized by cleavage of the B ring of the core structure.", "### Prenols", "[thumb\\|Prenol lipid (2*E*\\-geraniol)](/wiki/File:Geraniol_structure.png \"Geraniol structure.png\")\n[Prenol](/wiki/Prenol \"Prenol\") lipids are synthesized from the five\\-carbon\\-unit precursors [isopentenyl diphosphate](/wiki/Isopentenyl_diphosphate \"Isopentenyl diphosphate\") and [dimethylallyl diphosphate](/wiki/Dimethylallyl_diphosphate \"Dimethylallyl diphosphate\"), which are produced mainly via the [mevalonic acid](/wiki/Mevalonic_acid \"Mevalonic acid\") (MVA) pathway. The simple isoprenoids (linear alcohols, diphosphates, etc.) are formed by the successive addition of C5 units, and are classified according to number of these [terpene](/wiki/Terpene \"Terpene\") units. Structures containing greater than 40 carbons are known as polyterpenes. [Carotenoids](/wiki/Carotenoid \"Carotenoid\") are important simple isoprenoids that function as [antioxidants](/wiki/Antioxidant \"Antioxidant\") and as precursors of [vitamin A](/wiki/Vitamin_A \"Vitamin A\"). Another biologically important class of molecules is exemplified by the [quinones](/wiki/Quinone \"Quinone\") and [hydroquinones](/wiki/Hydroquinone \"Hydroquinone\"), which contain an isoprenoid tail attached to a quinonoid core of non\\-isoprenoid origin. [Vitamin E](/wiki/Vitamin_E \"Vitamin E\") and [vitamin K](/wiki/Vitamin_K \"Vitamin K\"), as well as the [ubiquinones](/wiki/Ubiquinone \"Ubiquinone\"), are examples of this class. Prokaryotes synthesize polyprenols (called [bactoprenols](/wiki/Bactoprenol \"Bactoprenol\")) in which the terminal isoprenoid unit attached to oxygen remains unsaturated, whereas in animal polyprenols ([dolichols](/wiki/Dolichol \"Dolichol\")) the terminal isoprenoid is reduced.", "### Saccharolipids", "[thumb\\|right\\|300px\\|Structure of the saccharolipid Kdo2\\-lipid A. [Glucosamine](/wiki/Glucosamine \"Glucosamine\") residues in blue, [Kdo](/wiki/3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic_acid \"3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid\") residues in red, [acyl](/wiki/Acyl \"Acyl\") chains in black and [phosphate](/wiki/Phosphate \"Phosphate\") groups in green.](/wiki/File:Kdo2-lipidA.png \"Kdo2-lipidA.png\")", "[Saccharolipids](/wiki/Saccharolipid \"Saccharolipid\") describe compounds in which fatty acids are linked to a sugar backbone, forming structures that are compatible with membrane bilayers. In the saccharolipids, a [monosaccharide](/wiki/Monosaccharide \"Monosaccharide\") substitutes for the glycerol backbone present in glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids. The most familiar saccharolipids are the acylated [glucosamine](/wiki/Glucosamine \"Glucosamine\") precursors of the [Lipid A](/wiki/Lipid_A \"Lipid A\") component of the [lipopolysaccharides](/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide \"Lipopolysaccharide\") in [Gram\\-negative bacteria](/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria \"Gram-negative bacteria\"). Typical lipid A molecules are [disaccharides](/wiki/Disaccharides \"Disaccharides\") of glucosamine, which are derivatized with as many as seven fatty\\-acyl chains. The minimal lipopolysaccharide required for growth in [*E. coli*](/wiki/Escherichia_coli \"Escherichia coli\") is Kdo2\\-Lipid A, a hexa\\-acylated disaccharide of glucosamine that is glycosylated with two 3\\-deoxy\\-D\\-manno\\-octulosonic acid (Kdo) residues.", "### Polyketides", "Polyketides are synthesized by polymerization of [acetyl](/wiki/Acetyl \"Acetyl\") and [propionyl](/wiki/Propionyl-CoA \"Propionyl-CoA\") subunits by classic enzymes as well as iterative and multimodular enzymes that share mechanistic features with the [fatty acid synthases](/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthase \"Fatty acid synthase\"). They comprise many [secondary metabolites](/wiki/Secondary_metabolite \"Secondary metabolite\") and [natural products](/wiki/Natural_products \"Natural products\") from animal, plant, bacterial, fungal and marine sources, and have great structural diversity. Many [polyketides](/wiki/Polyketide \"Polyketide\") are cyclic molecules whose backbones are often further modified by [glycosylation](/wiki/Glycosylation \"Glycosylation\"), [methylation](/wiki/Methylation \"Methylation\"), [hydroxylation](/wiki/Hydroxylation \"Hydroxylation\"), [oxidation](/wiki/Oxidation \"Oxidation\"), or other processes. Many commonly used [antimicrobial](/wiki/Antimicrobial \"Antimicrobial\"), [antiparasitic](/wiki/Antiparasitic \"Antiparasitic\"), and [anticancer](/wiki/Anticancer \"Anticancer\") agents are polyketides or polyketide derivatives, such as [erythromycins](/wiki/Erythromycin \"Erythromycin\"), [tetracyclines](/wiki/Tetracycline_antibiotics \"Tetracycline antibiotics\"), [avermectins](/wiki/Avermectin \"Avermectin\"), and antitumor [epothilones](/wiki/Epothilone \"Epothilone\").", "" ]
Life ---- [thumb\|Coat of Arms of 1st Count of Alixares](/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Count_of_Alixares.svg "Coat of Arms of Count of Alixares.svg") Emilio García Gómez decided to pursue Arabic as a career after attending [Arabic language](/wiki/Arabic_language "Arabic language") classes taught by Prof. [Miguel Asín Palacios](/wiki/Miguel_As%C3%ADn_Palacios "Miguel Asín Palacios") at the [Complutense University of Madrid](/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid "Complutense University of Madrid"). He had been a student of law. In his Arabic studies he was mentored by the professors [Julián Ribera y Tarragó](/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Ribera "Julián Ribera"), and by Asín. Recipient of a scholarship to [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo "Cairo") he studied there under Prof. [Ahmad Zaki Pasha](/wiki/Ahmad_Zaki_Pasha "Ahmad Zaki Pasha") and the Egyptian writer [Taha Husayn](/wiki/Taha_Husayn "Taha Husayn"). His doctoral thesis on the [Alexander legend](/wiki/Alexander_Romance "Alexander Romance") in the [Maghrib](/wiki/Maghreb "Maghreb") won the Fastenrath Prize. In 1930 he became Professor of Arabic at the [University of Granada](/wiki/University_of_Granada "University of Granada"), until he returned to [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid "Madrid") in 1944\.James T. Monroe, *Islam and the Arabs in Spanish Scholarship* (Leiden: Brill 1970, [Reprint Cambridge: ILEX Editions/Harvard University Press 2021](https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674251694)) at 202–203, 206\. While living in [Granada](/wiki/Granada "Granada") he had become friends with [Manuel de Falla](/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla "Manuel de Falla") the classical music composer and with [Federico García Lorca](/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca "Federico García Lorca") the poet, both *aficionados* of [Flamenco](/wiki/Flamenco "Flamenco").Both de Falla and García Lorca were involved in the Flamenco revival *Concurso y Fiesta del Cante Jondo* held in Granada in 1922\. Cf., Eduardo Molina Fajardo, *Manuel de Falla y el "Cante Jondo"* (Universidad de Granada 1998\). Inspired by the translations of Gómez, García Lorca wrote his *Diván de Tamarit*. Here, the poet was not following in imitation of a traditional Arabic verse but rather paying it contemporary homage, García Gómez favorably observed.García Gómez, "Nota al *Divan del Tamarit*" {1934} in *Silla del Moro y Nuevas Escenas Andaluas* (1948, 1954\) at 88–92, 92; Monroe, *Islam and the Arabs in Spanish Scholarship* at 204–206 He was again in [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt") during 1947\. The following year García Gómez spent in [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus "Damascus"), [Syria](/wiki/Syria "Syria"), where he was appointed to the Arabic Academy \[Al\-Majma' Al\-Ilmi Al\-Arabi], a notable distinction for a westerner. He gave lectures at the [University of Cairo](/wiki/University_of_Cairo "University of Cairo") in 1951 during celebrations on its silver jubilee. Later, he served as the [Spanish](/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_Spain "Diplomatic missions of Spain") [Ambassador](/wiki/Ambassador "Ambassador") to various States in the Middle East, namely, [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq") ([Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad")), [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon "Lebanon") ([Beirut](/wiki/Beirut "Beirut")), and [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") ([Ankara](/wiki/Ankara "Ankara")), as well as to [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan"), during the years 1958 to 1969\.[The Emilio García Gómez Article at the Spanish Wikipedia site](/wiki/Emilio_Garc%C3%ADa_G%C3%B3mez "Emilio García Gómez"). Throughout his career, Emilio García Gómez was widely admired.E.g., Ángel Valbuena Prat, *Historia de la literatura española* (Barcelona, 6th ed., 1960\) at vol. 3: 784–786, cited by Monroe at 218; Gerald Brennan, *The Literary History of the Spanish People* (Cambridge Univ. 1951, 2nd ed. 1953, reprint Meridian 1957\) at 21, 454\. He would receive several prestigious academic and literary awards. He lived until he reached the age of ninety. On 7 October 1994 García Gómez was raised into the [Spanish nobility](/wiki/Spanish_nobility "Spanish nobility") by [King Juan Carlos I](/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain "Juan Carlos I of Spain") and received the hereditary title *conde de los Alixares* (English: Count of Alixares). García Gómez died in 1995, and since he had no successors his title became extinct.
[ "Life\n----", "[thumb\\|Coat of Arms of 1st Count of Alixares](/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Count_of_Alixares.svg \"Coat of Arms of Count of Alixares.svg\")\nEmilio García Gómez decided to pursue Arabic as a career after attending [Arabic language](/wiki/Arabic_language \"Arabic language\") classes taught by Prof. [Miguel Asín Palacios](/wiki/Miguel_As%C3%ADn_Palacios \"Miguel Asín Palacios\") at the [Complutense University of Madrid](/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid \"Complutense University of Madrid\"). He had been a student of law. In his Arabic studies he was mentored by the professors [Julián Ribera y Tarragó](/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Ribera \"Julián Ribera\"), and by Asín.", "Recipient of a scholarship to [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo \"Cairo\") he studied there under Prof. [Ahmad Zaki Pasha](/wiki/Ahmad_Zaki_Pasha \"Ahmad Zaki Pasha\") and the Egyptian writer [Taha Husayn](/wiki/Taha_Husayn \"Taha Husayn\"). His doctoral thesis on the [Alexander legend](/wiki/Alexander_Romance \"Alexander Romance\") in the [Maghrib](/wiki/Maghreb \"Maghreb\") won the Fastenrath Prize. In 1930 he became Professor of Arabic at the [University of Granada](/wiki/University_of_Granada \"University of Granada\"), until he returned to [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") in 1944\\.James T. Monroe, *Islam and the Arabs in Spanish Scholarship* (Leiden: Brill 1970, [Reprint Cambridge: ILEX Editions/Harvard University Press 2021](https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674251694)) at 202–203, 206\\.", "While living in [Granada](/wiki/Granada \"Granada\") he had become friends with [Manuel de Falla](/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla \"Manuel de Falla\") the classical music composer and with [Federico García Lorca](/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca \"Federico García Lorca\") the poet, both *aficionados* of [Flamenco](/wiki/Flamenco \"Flamenco\").Both de Falla and García Lorca were involved in the Flamenco revival *Concurso y Fiesta del Cante Jondo* held in Granada in 1922\\. Cf., Eduardo Molina Fajardo, *Manuel de Falla y el \"Cante Jondo\"* (Universidad de Granada 1998\\). Inspired by the translations of Gómez, García Lorca wrote his *Diván de Tamarit*. Here, the poet was not following in imitation of a traditional Arabic verse but rather paying it contemporary homage, García Gómez favorably observed.García Gómez, \"Nota al *Divan del Tamarit*\" {1934} in *Silla del Moro y Nuevas Escenas Andaluas* (1948, 1954\\) at 88–92, 92; Monroe, *Islam and the Arabs in Spanish Scholarship* at 204–206", "He was again in [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") during 1947\\. The following year García Gómez spent in [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus \"Damascus\"), [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\"), where he was appointed to the Arabic Academy \\[Al\\-Majma' Al\\-Ilmi Al\\-Arabi], a notable distinction for a westerner. He gave lectures at the [University of Cairo](/wiki/University_of_Cairo \"University of Cairo\") in 1951 during celebrations on its silver jubilee.", "Later, he served as the [Spanish](/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_Spain \"Diplomatic missions of Spain\") [Ambassador](/wiki/Ambassador \"Ambassador\") to various States in the Middle East, namely, [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\") ([Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad \"Baghdad\")), [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\") ([Beirut](/wiki/Beirut \"Beirut\")), and [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\") ([Ankara](/wiki/Ankara \"Ankara\")), as well as to [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\"), during the years 1958 to 1969\\.[The Emilio García Gómez Article at the Spanish Wikipedia site](/wiki/Emilio_Garc%C3%ADa_G%C3%B3mez \"Emilio García Gómez\").", "Throughout his career, Emilio García Gómez was widely admired.E.g., Ángel Valbuena Prat, *Historia de la literatura española* (Barcelona, 6th ed., 1960\\) at vol. 3: 784–786, cited by Monroe at 218; Gerald Brennan, *The Literary History of the Spanish People* (Cambridge Univ. 1951, 2nd ed. 1953, reprint Meridian 1957\\) at 21, 454\\. He would receive several prestigious academic and literary awards. He lived until he reached the age of ninety.", "On 7 October 1994 García Gómez was raised into the [Spanish nobility](/wiki/Spanish_nobility \"Spanish nobility\") by [King Juan Carlos I](/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain \"Juan Carlos I of Spain\") and received the hereditary title *conde de los Alixares* (English: Count of Alixares). García Gómez died in 1995, and since he had no successors his title became extinct.", "" ]
Works ----- A major focus of his academic work was [Arabic poetry](/wiki/Arabic_poetry "Arabic poetry"), acting as a [literary historian](/wiki/History_of_literature "History of literature") and [critic](/wiki/Literary_criticism "Literary criticism") as well as [translator](/wiki/Translation "Translation"). As a Spanish Arabist, of course, he interpret Muslim culture generally. [A. J. Arberry](/wiki/Arthur_John_Arberry "Arthur John Arberry") praised the "wide scholarship and literary judgement that has characterized Prof. Gómez's numerous contributions to [Islamic studies](/wiki/Islamic_studies "Islamic studies")."A. J. Arberry, *Moorish Poetry* (Cambridge 1953\) at ix–x. In a series of articles published over many years, he developed a theory of the origin and development of the [Andaluz](/wiki/Andaluz "Andaluz") Arabic [*muwashshahat*](/wiki/Muwashshah "Muwashshah") genre of popular strophic verse, which is often sung. It is said to be related to the [Mozarabic](/wiki/Andalusi_Romance "Andalusi Romance") [*jarchas*](/wiki/Jarcha "Jarcha") (Arabic [kharja](/wiki/Kharja "Kharja")) poetic form.Monroe, *Islam and the Arabs in Spanish Scholarship* at 203, 210, 213–219\. In general, see: Benjamin M. Liu and James T. Monroe, *Ten Hispano\-Arabic Strophic Songs in the Modern Oral Tradition* (Univ. of California 1989\), e.g., at 6–9; and, Gerald Brennan, *The Literary History of the Spanish People* (1951, 1953\) at 466–470\. [Ramon Menendez Pidal](/wiki/Ramon_Menendez_Pidal "Ramon Menendez Pidal") treats of the *zejel* (related strophic verse and music) in his *Poesía árabe y poesía europea* \[1937] (1941, 1943, 1946\) at 9–67\. His many translations of Arabic poetry were received with acclaim by the literary public, as well as by many [Spanish poets](/wiki/Spanish_poetry "Spanish poetry"), including [Federico García Lorca](/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca "Federico García Lorca"),Regarding García Lorca's *Diván de Tamarit*, see "Life" at note 3, here above. and artists, e.g., [Manuel de Falla](/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla "Manuel de Falla"). Particular mention may be made of his translation of [Ibn Said al\-Maghribi](/wiki/Ibn_Said_al-Maghribi "Ibn Said al-Maghribi")'s 1243 anthology of poetry, the *[Pennants of the Champions](/wiki/R%C4%81y%C4%81t_al-mubarriz%C4%ABn_wa-gh%C4%81y%C4%81t_al-mumayyaz%C4%ABn "Rāyāt al-mubarrizīn wa-ghāyāt al-mumayyazīn")*, and of later translation of and commentary on the Andalusian poet and scholar [Ibn Hazm](/wiki/Ibn_Hazm "Ibn Hazm") (994–1064\).*El collar de la paloma* \[Dove's Neck Ring] (1952\); cf. Monroe, at 212–213\. García Gómez also published a collection of his literary essays, *Silla del Moro y nuevas escenas andaluzas*, which drew on his experiences while living in [Granada](/wiki/Granada "Granada") during the early thirties.Madrid 1948, reprint Buenos Aires 1954; cf., Monroe, *Islam and the Arabs in Spanish Scholarship* at 209, 218\. Assisting two of his mentor professors, García Gómez edited shorter, more popular versions (though still rigorous) of the well\-known tomes by [Julián Ribera y Tarragó](/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Ribera "Julián Ribera")Ribera, *La música de las Cantigas* (Madrid 1922\), edited by García Gómez as *La música árabe y su influencia en la española* (Madrid 1927, reprinted Madrid, Mayo de Oro, 1985\). and Miguel Asín PalaciosAsín, *La [Escatologia](/wiki/Eschatology "Eschatology") musulmana en la "[Divina Comedia](/wiki/Divine_Comedy "Divine Comedy")"* (Madrid 1919\), edited by García Gómez as *[Dante](/wiki/Dante "Dante") y el Islam* (Madrid 1927\). Later, he and Prof. [Rafael Lapesa](/wiki/Rafael_Lapesa "Rafael Lapesa") produced several articles on their teacher and elder [Miguel Asín Palacios](/wiki/Miguel_As%C3%ADn_Palacios "Miguel Asín Palacios").*En el centanario del nacimiento de don Miguel Asín* (1969\); cf., his in *Al Andalus* 34: 460–469 (1969\). After returning from his travels to the Middle East in the late 1940s and early 1950s, he published (under the title *Los Días*) his translation of the Egyptian writer [Taha Husayn](/wiki/Taha_Husayn "Taha Husayn")'s recent autobiographical work *Al\-Ayyam*.Taha Husein, *Los Días* (Valencia: Castalia 1954\). In 1955 he translated another modern work of Arabic literature, about an Egyptian rural prosecutor.Tawfik al\-Hakim, *Diario de un fiscal rural* (Madrid 1955\); cited by Monroe at 214\. Though his main academic work was in Arabic poetry, he also approached the social issues involved in understanding the Islamic presence in medieval Spain. García Gómez collaborated with the French historian [Évariste Lévi\-Provençal](/wiki/%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al "Évariste Lévi-Provençal") in editing and translating an anonymous chronicle written in medieval [Córdoba](/wiki/Caliphate_of_Cordoba "Caliphate of Cordoba") when under the rule of the Caliph 'Abd al\-Rahman III. He also translated into Spanish Lévi\-Provençal's well known history of Muslim Spain.Lévi\-Provençal, *Espana musulmana hasta la caida del califato de Córdoba (711–1031 de J.C.)* (2 volumes, Madrid, 1950, 1957\) appearing as volumes 4 and 5 of the *Historia de España* as directed by [Ramon Menéndez Pidal](/wiki/Ramon_Menendez_Pidal "Ramon Menendez Pidal"), translated from the original French by Emilio García Gómez. For the first volume he wrote a prologue commenting on the significance of the [Muslim period](/wiki/Al-Andalus "Al-Andalus") in [Spanish history](/wiki/Spanish_history "Spanish history"), where he refers approvingly to the work of [Américo Castro](/wiki/Am%C3%A9rico_Castro "Américo Castro").Monroe, *Islam and the Arabs in Spanish Scholarship* at 210–212, 214\. In his later years García Gómez labored on the various facets of the literary events surrounding the [Alhambra](/wiki/Alhambra "Alhambra"), an architectural gem, site of the government offices and the residence of the Muslim rulers of [Granada](/wiki/Granada "Granada"), where the Islamic presence lingered the longest.
[ "Works\n-----", "A major focus of his academic work was [Arabic poetry](/wiki/Arabic_poetry \"Arabic poetry\"), acting as a [literary historian](/wiki/History_of_literature \"History of literature\") and [critic](/wiki/Literary_criticism \"Literary criticism\") as well as [translator](/wiki/Translation \"Translation\"). As a Spanish Arabist, of course, he interpret Muslim culture generally. [A. J. Arberry](/wiki/Arthur_John_Arberry \"Arthur John Arberry\") praised the \"wide scholarship and literary judgement that has characterized Prof. Gómez's numerous contributions to [Islamic studies](/wiki/Islamic_studies \"Islamic studies\").\"A. J. Arberry, *Moorish Poetry* (Cambridge 1953\\) at ix–x. In a series of articles published over many years, he developed a theory of the origin and development of the [Andaluz](/wiki/Andaluz \"Andaluz\") Arabic [*muwashshahat*](/wiki/Muwashshah \"Muwashshah\") genre of popular strophic verse, which is often sung. It is said to be related to the [Mozarabic](/wiki/Andalusi_Romance \"Andalusi Romance\") [*jarchas*](/wiki/Jarcha \"Jarcha\") (Arabic [kharja](/wiki/Kharja \"Kharja\")) poetic form.Monroe, *Islam and the Arabs in Spanish Scholarship* at 203, 210, 213–219\\. In general, see: Benjamin M. Liu and James T. Monroe, *Ten Hispano\\-Arabic Strophic Songs in the Modern Oral Tradition* (Univ. of California 1989\\), e.g., at 6–9; and, Gerald Brennan, *The Literary History of the Spanish People* (1951, 1953\\) at 466–470\\. [Ramon Menendez Pidal](/wiki/Ramon_Menendez_Pidal \"Ramon Menendez Pidal\") treats of the *zejel* (related strophic verse and music) in his *Poesía árabe y poesía europea* \\[1937] (1941, 1943, 1946\\) at 9–67\\.", "His many translations of Arabic poetry were received with acclaim by the literary public, as well as by many [Spanish poets](/wiki/Spanish_poetry \"Spanish poetry\"), including [Federico García Lorca](/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca \"Federico García Lorca\"),Regarding García Lorca's *Diván de Tamarit*, see \"Life\" at note 3, here above. and artists, e.g., [Manuel de Falla](/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla \"Manuel de Falla\"). Particular mention may be made of his translation of [Ibn Said al\\-Maghribi](/wiki/Ibn_Said_al-Maghribi \"Ibn Said al-Maghribi\")'s 1243 anthology of poetry, the *[Pennants of the Champions](/wiki/R%C4%81y%C4%81t_al-mubarriz%C4%ABn_wa-gh%C4%81y%C4%81t_al-mumayyaz%C4%ABn \"Rāyāt al-mubarrizīn wa-ghāyāt al-mumayyazīn\")*, and of later translation of and commentary on the Andalusian poet and scholar [Ibn Hazm](/wiki/Ibn_Hazm \"Ibn Hazm\") (994–1064\\).*El collar de la paloma* \\[Dove's Neck Ring] (1952\\); cf. Monroe, at 212–213\\. García Gómez also published a collection of his literary essays, *Silla del Moro y nuevas escenas andaluzas*, which drew on his experiences while living in [Granada](/wiki/Granada \"Granada\") during the early thirties.Madrid 1948, reprint Buenos Aires 1954; cf., Monroe, *Islam and the Arabs in Spanish Scholarship* at 209, 218\\.", "Assisting two of his mentor professors, García Gómez edited shorter, more popular versions (though still rigorous) of the well\\-known tomes by [Julián Ribera y Tarragó](/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Ribera \"Julián Ribera\")Ribera, *La música de las Cantigas* (Madrid 1922\\), edited by García Gómez as *La música árabe y su influencia en la española* (Madrid 1927, reprinted Madrid, Mayo de Oro, 1985\\). and Miguel Asín PalaciosAsín, *La [Escatologia](/wiki/Eschatology \"Eschatology\") musulmana en la \"[Divina Comedia](/wiki/Divine_Comedy \"Divine Comedy\")\"* (Madrid 1919\\), edited by García Gómez as *[Dante](/wiki/Dante \"Dante\") y el Islam* (Madrid 1927\\). Later, he and Prof. [Rafael Lapesa](/wiki/Rafael_Lapesa \"Rafael Lapesa\") produced several articles on their teacher and elder [Miguel Asín Palacios](/wiki/Miguel_As%C3%ADn_Palacios \"Miguel Asín Palacios\").*En el centanario del nacimiento de don Miguel Asín* (1969\\); cf., his in *Al Andalus* 34: 460–469 (1969\\).", "After returning from his travels to the Middle East in the late 1940s and early 1950s, he published (under the title *Los Días*) his translation of the Egyptian writer [Taha Husayn](/wiki/Taha_Husayn \"Taha Husayn\")'s recent autobiographical work *Al\\-Ayyam*.Taha Husein, *Los Días* (Valencia: Castalia 1954\\). In 1955 he translated another modern work of Arabic literature, about an Egyptian rural prosecutor.Tawfik al\\-Hakim, *Diario de un fiscal rural* (Madrid 1955\\); cited by Monroe at 214\\.", "Though his main academic work was in Arabic poetry, he also approached the social issues involved in understanding the Islamic presence in medieval Spain. García Gómez collaborated with the French historian [Évariste Lévi\\-Provençal](/wiki/%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al \"Évariste Lévi-Provençal\") in editing and translating an anonymous chronicle written in medieval [Córdoba](/wiki/Caliphate_of_Cordoba \"Caliphate of Cordoba\") when under the rule of the Caliph 'Abd al\\-Rahman III. He also translated into Spanish Lévi\\-Provençal's well known history of Muslim Spain.Lévi\\-Provençal, *Espana musulmana hasta la caida del califato de Córdoba (711–1031 de J.C.)* (2 volumes, Madrid, 1950, 1957\\) appearing as volumes 4 and 5 of the *Historia de España* as directed by [Ramon Menéndez Pidal](/wiki/Ramon_Menendez_Pidal \"Ramon Menendez Pidal\"), translated from the original French by Emilio García Gómez. For the first volume he wrote a prologue commenting on the significance of the [Muslim period](/wiki/Al-Andalus \"Al-Andalus\") in [Spanish history](/wiki/Spanish_history \"Spanish history\"), where he refers approvingly to the work of [Américo Castro](/wiki/Am%C3%A9rico_Castro \"Américo Castro\").Monroe, *Islam and the Arabs in Spanish Scholarship* at 210–212, 214\\.", "In his later years García Gómez labored on the various facets of the literary events surrounding the [Alhambra](/wiki/Alhambra \"Alhambra\"), an architectural gem, site of the government offices and the residence of the Muslim rulers of [Granada](/wiki/Granada \"Granada\"), where the Islamic presence lingered the longest.", "" ]
Overview -------- Sarajevo's economy reached its peak in the 1980s, thanks in large part to the culmination of several decades of industrial development and a tourist boom following the [1984 Winter Olympics](/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics "1984 Winter Olympics"), as well as increased international investment. During the [Siege of Sarajevo](/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo "Siege of Sarajevo"), the [Bosnian Serb forces](/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska "Army of Republika Srpska") often targeted structures key to the city’s economic health, including the headquarters of companies and many services and public utilities. Since then, the Sarajevo economy has made tremendous progress, significantly better than its post\-war state in 1996\. Sarajevo's manufacturing deals with a wide array of products. This includes production of Foods and Beverages, [textiles](/wiki/Textile "Textile"), [furniture](/wiki/Furniture "Furniture"), [automobiles](/wiki/Car "Car"), [pharmaceuticals](/wiki/Medication "Medication") and [metalworking](/wiki/Metalworking "Metalworking"). Sarajevo companies also produce unique brands of [alcohol](/wiki/Alcohol_%28drug%29 "Alcohol (drug)") and [cigarettes](/wiki/Cigarette "Cigarette"). According to [Sarajevo Canton](/wiki/Sarajevo_Canton "Sarajevo Canton") statistics, the greater Sarajevo area in 2002 had a workforce of 278,341\. 86,012 (30\.6%) of these were, on average, actually employed. Of those 86,012, some 37,253, or 43,3%, were women. The largest number of people were employed in industry (19\.4%), trade (12\.9%), transport (9\.9%) and education (8\.7%). The largest concentration of jobs is in [Centar municipality](/wiki/Centar%2C_Sarajevo "Centar, Sarajevo") (34\.5%) and [Novo Sarajevo](/wiki/Novo_Sarajevo "Novo Sarajevo") (20\.8%). In 2002, the total export for the greater Sarajevo region was worth about 259\.569\.000 [KM](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_convertible_mark "Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark"). This was an increase of 21\.9% from the previous year. Most of Sarajevo's exports (28\.2%) head to [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"), with the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") following behind at 16\.8% and [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia "Serbia") thirds with 12\.8%. The largest amount of imported goods come from Germany, at 15\.8%. With a worth of total import at about 1\.322\.585\.000 KM, the total import is almost 5\.1 times the total export. A variety of important economic institutions are to be found in Sarajevo. The [Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina") is found in the city, as are numerous other independent banks. Overall, 19 different banks have their headquarters in Sarajevo. The city also holds the Sarajevo Exchange of securities, Institute for [accounting](/wiki/Accounting "Accounting") and auditing of the [Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina"), Board for valuable papers of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Register of valuable papers of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Foreign companies with a foothold in the Sarajevo region include [Brown \& Root](/wiki/KBR_%28company%29 "KBR (company)"), [Burger King](/wiki/Burger_King "Burger King"), [Coca\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola "Coca-Cola"), [KFC](/wiki/KFC "KFC"), [Porsche](/wiki/Porsche "Porsche"), [Philip Morris International](/wiki/Philip_Morris_International "Philip Morris International"), [Zara](/wiki/Zara_%28retailer%29 "Zara (retailer)") and so on. The Bosnian\-Malaysian firm [Bosmal](/wiki/Bosmal_City_Center "Bosmal City Center") is also situated in the city. Their main exports are clothing and electrical goods.
[ "Overview\n--------", "Sarajevo's economy reached its peak in the 1980s, thanks in large part to the culmination of several decades of industrial development and a tourist boom following the [1984 Winter Olympics](/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics \"1984 Winter Olympics\"), as well as increased international investment. During the [Siege of Sarajevo](/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo \"Siege of Sarajevo\"), the [Bosnian Serb forces](/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska \"Army of Republika Srpska\") often targeted structures key to the city’s economic health, including the headquarters of companies and many services and public utilities. Since then, the Sarajevo economy has made tremendous progress, significantly better than its post\\-war state in 1996\\.", "Sarajevo's manufacturing deals with a wide array of products. This includes production of Foods and Beverages, [textiles](/wiki/Textile \"Textile\"), [furniture](/wiki/Furniture \"Furniture\"), [automobiles](/wiki/Car \"Car\"), [pharmaceuticals](/wiki/Medication \"Medication\") and [metalworking](/wiki/Metalworking \"Metalworking\"). Sarajevo companies also produce unique brands of [alcohol](/wiki/Alcohol_%28drug%29 \"Alcohol (drug)\") and [cigarettes](/wiki/Cigarette \"Cigarette\").", "According to [Sarajevo Canton](/wiki/Sarajevo_Canton \"Sarajevo Canton\") statistics, the greater Sarajevo area in 2002 had a workforce of 278,341\\. 86,012 (30\\.6%) of these were, on average, actually employed. Of those 86,012, some 37,253, or 43,3%, were women. The largest number of people were employed in industry (19\\.4%), trade (12\\.9%), transport (9\\.9%) and education (8\\.7%). The largest concentration of jobs is in [Centar municipality](/wiki/Centar%2C_Sarajevo \"Centar, Sarajevo\") (34\\.5%) and [Novo Sarajevo](/wiki/Novo_Sarajevo \"Novo Sarajevo\") (20\\.8%).", "In 2002, the total export for the greater Sarajevo region was worth about 259\\.569\\.000 [KM](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_convertible_mark \"Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark\"). This was an increase of 21\\.9% from the previous year. Most of Sarajevo's exports (28\\.2%) head to [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"), with the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") following behind at 16\\.8% and [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia \"Serbia\") thirds with 12\\.8%. The largest amount of imported goods come from Germany, at 15\\.8%. With a worth of total import at about 1\\.322\\.585\\.000 KM, the total import is almost 5\\.1 times the total export.", "A variety of important economic institutions are to be found in Sarajevo. The [Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina\") is found in the city, as are numerous other independent banks. Overall, 19 different banks have their headquarters in Sarajevo. The city also holds the Sarajevo Exchange of securities, Institute for [accounting](/wiki/Accounting \"Accounting\") and auditing of the [Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina\"), Board for valuable papers of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Register of valuable papers of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "Foreign companies with a foothold in the Sarajevo region include [Brown \\& Root](/wiki/KBR_%28company%29 \"KBR (company)\"), [Burger King](/wiki/Burger_King \"Burger King\"), [Coca\\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola \"Coca-Cola\"), [KFC](/wiki/KFC \"KFC\"), [Porsche](/wiki/Porsche \"Porsche\"), [Philip Morris International](/wiki/Philip_Morris_International \"Philip Morris International\"), [Zara](/wiki/Zara_%28retailer%29 \"Zara (retailer)\") and so on. The Bosnian\\-Malaysian firm [Bosmal](/wiki/Bosmal_City_Center \"Bosmal City Center\") is also situated in the city. Their main exports are clothing and electrical goods.", "" ]
Regional Offices ---------------- BORDA's main areas of operation are [South Asia](/wiki/South_Asia "South Asia"), including [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh"), [Bhutan](/wiki/Bhutan "Bhutan"), India, and [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal "Nepal"); [Southeast Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia "Southeast Asia"), including [Cambodia](/wiki/Cambodia "Cambodia"), Indonesia, [Laos](/wiki/Laos "Laos"), [Myanmar](/wiki/Myanmar "Myanmar"), [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), and [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam"); [Africa](/wiki/Africa "Africa"), comprising [Mali](/wiki/Mali "Mali") and the [SADC](/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community "Southern African Development Community") region states of [Lesotho](/wiki/Lesotho "Lesotho"), [Zambia](/wiki/Zambia "Zambia"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa"), and Tanzania; [West](/wiki/Western_Asia "Western Asia") \& [Central Asia](/wiki/Central_Asia "Central Asia"), including Afghanistan and [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq"); and [Latin America](/wiki/Latin_America "Latin America") and [the caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean"), including [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba "Cuba"), [Ecuador](/wiki/Ecuador "Ecuador"), [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti "Haiti"), Mexico, and [Nicaragua](/wiki/Nicaragua "Nicaragua"). ### Africa In September 2006, BORDA started the SADC BNS program through cooperation with TED (Technology for Economic Development), a [Lesotho](/wiki/Lesotho "Lesotho")\-based NGO. In February 2010, a regional office was established in [Dar es Salaam](/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam "Dar es Salaam"), [Tanzania](/wiki/Tanzania "Tanzania"). The regional office coordinates the program activities, facilitates a constantly growing BNS network within the SADC region and links up with BNS networks in South and [South\-East Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia "Southeast Asia"). Further, BORDA cooperates with the Water and Sanitation Association of [Zambia](/wiki/Zambia "Zambia") (WASAZA), based in [Lusaka](/wiki/Lusaka "Lusaka"). The BORDA BNS network develops and delivers the following service packages: decentralized wastewater and urban sludge management; community\-based sanitation (CBS) with integrated wastewater treatment for community and public sanitation centers and simplified sewer systems; school\-based sanitation (SBS); decentralized solid waste management (DESWAM); biogas technologies; city\-wide planning; health and hygiene education (HE); health impact assessment (HIA); and quality management. All service packages are adapted to the conditions and requirements of the individual country and are supported by an adequate [quality management system](/wiki/Quality_management_system "Quality management system") (QMS). In February 2009, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between BORDA and the Department of Water and Sanitation of the eThekwini Municipality (EWS) in the province [KwaZulu Natal](/wiki/KwaZulu_Natal "KwaZulu Natal"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa"), for a demonstration and research DEWATS plant to be designed, constructed, commissioned and operated at Newlands\-Mashu, [Durban](/wiki/Durban "Durban"). In October 2010, the biogas settler and the [anaerobic baffled reactors](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/anaerobic-baffled-reactor) (ABR) were seeded with biomass. In June 2010, EWS, HERING South Africa, the Pollution Research Group (PRG) of the University of KwaZulu\-Natal (UKZN), and BORDA agreed to cooperate to achieve the transfer of technology and know\-how for the planning, installation, and operation of prefabricated community ablution blocks (CABs) to offer improved sanitation services to communities. Based on this Public\-Private\-Partnership\-Project BORDA SADC established a new office in Shakas Head, in the north of Durban. The premises are shared with HERING South Africa. ### South Asia BORDA has worked in India since 1979, making it the oldest region to be served by the organization. Programs implemented span the range of BORDA services, from Decentralized Wastewater Treatment (DEWATS) to Decentralized Energy Supplies. Currently, BORDA\-South Asia (BORDA\-SA) works in nine Indian states, as well as neighboring regions. In Nepal, BORDA co\-operates with ENPHO. BORDA\-SA and its partners have been contracted by international development organizations, including GIZ (Germany, in particular with the former GTZ and In Went), AusAID (Australia), and CEU, as well as national and local governments. BORDA\-SA supports a development cooperation network of 13 partner organizations and, by extension, over 100 development experts in providing basic needs services. Over 110 DEWATS projects have been implemented, together with more than 65 Decentralized Energy Supplies and 60 Water Supplies. ### Southeast Asia The main emphasis of BORDA SEA is DEWATS, in particular DEWATS CBS, SME's and the establishment of community\-based organizations to provide sustainable operation and maintenance of the facilities. For upscaling the DESWAM (decentralized solid waste management for low\-income urban communities) service package, BORDA SEA develops, in cooperation with IDRC (International Research Development Centre), a pro\-poor carbon financing scheme under the Kyoto protocol. In [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia"), BORDA places a strong emphasis on the enhancement of DESWAM as well as continuing the national program of community\-based sanitation (SANIMAS) through the dissemination of DEWATS. Best practices are transferred into technical and social implementation standard as well as improving the involved human resources capacity through training and certification. The working group on Indonesia's national policy on water supply and sanitation is cooperating with BORDA and its local NGO partners as the main supporting network for community\-based sanitation (CBS) with more than 500 implementations, including school\-based sanitation and 14 DESWAM, until the end of 2010\. Local NGO partners are Bilious, LPTP (Lembaga Engemann Technology Pedestal—Center for Community\-Based Environmental Technology), and B.E.S.T. In the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), BORDA is cooperating with BNS Philippines to introduce DEWATS as a viable option for wastewater and environmental health problems in urban areas. Transferring know\-how was conducted by Indonesian experts within the context of the BORDA south\-south dissemination program. By now, BNS is a well\-known service provider for DEWATS in the Philippines. In Cambodia, specialists on DEWATS from Indonesia have been facilitated by BORDA and its partner organization, ESC (Environmental Services Cambodia), to enhance its capacity concerning DEWATS know\-how. 3 DEWATS plants were inaugurated in 2010\. Cooperation with national and international stakeholders will allow the start\-up of DEWATS as an application for wastewater management in Cambodia, mainly for communities, schools and hospitals. In [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam"), the BORDA maintains a branch office. Indonesian specialists support the capacity building at the Vietnam Partners at the Vietnam Institute for Water Resources concerning DEWATS applications. In earlier years, the organization implemented the [Hydraulic Ram](/wiki/Hydraulic_Ram "Hydraulic Ram") (Hyram) technology as well as the use of [biogas](/wiki/Biogas "Biogas"), energy\-saving stoves, and [solar panels](/wiki/Solar_panels "Solar panels"), supported the introduction of HPC (Hydro Power Centre)'s [turbine](/wiki/Turbine "Turbine") [pumps](/wiki/Pumps "Pumps") and Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System (DEWATS) technology. In [Laos](/wiki/Laos "Laos"), BORDA opened a project office in February 2013 to implement DEWATS service packages in one of Southeast Asia's least developed countries. Institutional cooperation takes place at the national and local level, particularly with the Ministry of Public Works and Transport and the Department of Housing and Urban Planning, to promote both improved public health within low\-income urban and peri\-urban settlements, and the reduction of organic pollution of precious fresh water sources for the benefit of the [Lao people](/wiki/Lao_people "Lao people") and nation. ### West \& Central Asia Under the project title “Capacity Building for local craftsmen and small medium enterprises for the sustainable implementation of decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DEWATS)”, BORDA has run project offices in Kabul and Herat since July 2012 with projects focused on vocational training. Many years of civil war and military intervention have brought about a massive destruction of infrastructure and the loss of capacities for civil reconstruction in Afghanistan. The current growth of the country's urban centers intensifies the need for feasible waste disposal solutions and increases the demand for trained staff in the water, sanitation, and hygiene sectors. BORDA Afghanistan promotes DEWATS through training programs and learning projects. An emphasis is given to glass\-fiber reinforced plastic (GRFP) technologies, which reduce the risk and cost of implementation. BORDA also provides school\-based Sanitation (SBh), Health \& Hygiene Education (Hei and Health Impact Assessments (HIA) in Afghanistan. So far, such services have been deployed hospitalism's, Hospitals and Mosques in the provinces Kabul, Bamiyan Balkh, Badakhshan, Herat, and Nangahar. BORDA Afghanistan coordinates closely with national institutions such as the Ministry of Urban Development Affairs and the Environmental Protection Agency. For the vocational training of Afghan craftsmen and small\-scale entrepreneurs, BORDA cooperates with its local partners.
[ "Regional Offices\n----------------", "BORDA's main areas of operation are [South Asia](/wiki/South_Asia \"South Asia\"), including [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\"), [Bhutan](/wiki/Bhutan \"Bhutan\"), India, and [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal \"Nepal\"); [Southeast Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia \"Southeast Asia\"), including [Cambodia](/wiki/Cambodia \"Cambodia\"), Indonesia, [Laos](/wiki/Laos \"Laos\"), [Myanmar](/wiki/Myanmar \"Myanmar\"), [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"), and [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam \"Vietnam\"); [Africa](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\"), comprising [Mali](/wiki/Mali \"Mali\") and the [SADC](/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community \"Southern African Development Community\") region states of [Lesotho](/wiki/Lesotho \"Lesotho\"), [Zambia](/wiki/Zambia \"Zambia\"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"), and Tanzania; [West](/wiki/Western_Asia \"Western Asia\") \\& [Central Asia](/wiki/Central_Asia \"Central Asia\"), including Afghanistan and [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\"); and [Latin America](/wiki/Latin_America \"Latin America\") and [the caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean \"Caribbean\"), including [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\"), [Ecuador](/wiki/Ecuador \"Ecuador\"), [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti \"Haiti\"), Mexico, and [Nicaragua](/wiki/Nicaragua \"Nicaragua\").", "### Africa", "In September 2006, BORDA started the SADC BNS program through cooperation with TED (Technology for Economic Development), a [Lesotho](/wiki/Lesotho \"Lesotho\")\\-based NGO. In February 2010, a regional office was established in [Dar es Salaam](/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam \"Dar es Salaam\"), [Tanzania](/wiki/Tanzania \"Tanzania\"). The regional office coordinates the program activities, facilitates a constantly growing BNS network within the SADC region and links up with BNS networks in South and [South\\-East Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia \"Southeast Asia\"). Further, BORDA cooperates with the Water and Sanitation Association of [Zambia](/wiki/Zambia \"Zambia\") (WASAZA), based in [Lusaka](/wiki/Lusaka \"Lusaka\"). The BORDA BNS network develops and delivers the following service packages: decentralized wastewater and urban sludge management; community\\-based sanitation (CBS) with integrated wastewater treatment for community and public sanitation centers and simplified sewer systems; school\\-based sanitation (SBS); decentralized solid waste management (DESWAM); biogas technologies; city\\-wide planning; health and hygiene education (HE); health impact assessment (HIA); and quality management. All service packages are adapted to the conditions and requirements of the individual country and are supported by an adequate [quality management system](/wiki/Quality_management_system \"Quality management system\") (QMS).", "In February 2009, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between BORDA and the Department of Water and Sanitation of the eThekwini Municipality (EWS) in the province [KwaZulu Natal](/wiki/KwaZulu_Natal \"KwaZulu Natal\"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"), for a demonstration and research DEWATS plant to be designed, constructed, commissioned and operated at Newlands\\-Mashu, [Durban](/wiki/Durban \"Durban\"). In October 2010, the biogas settler and the [anaerobic baffled reactors](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/anaerobic-baffled-reactor) (ABR) were seeded with biomass.", "In June 2010, EWS, HERING South Africa, the Pollution Research Group (PRG) of the University of KwaZulu\\-Natal (UKZN), and BORDA agreed to cooperate to achieve the transfer of technology and know\\-how for the planning, installation, and operation of prefabricated community ablution blocks (CABs) to offer improved sanitation services to communities. Based on this Public\\-Private\\-Partnership\\-Project BORDA SADC established a new office in Shakas Head, in the north of Durban. The premises are shared with HERING South Africa.", "### South Asia", "BORDA has worked in India since 1979, making it the oldest region to be served by the organization. Programs implemented span the range of BORDA services, from Decentralized Wastewater Treatment (DEWATS) to Decentralized Energy Supplies.", "Currently, BORDA\\-South Asia (BORDA\\-SA) works in nine Indian states, as well as neighboring regions. In Nepal, BORDA co\\-operates with ENPHO. BORDA\\-SA and its partners have been contracted by international development organizations, including GIZ (Germany, in particular with the former GTZ and In Went), AusAID (Australia), and CEU, as well as national and local governments.", "BORDA\\-SA supports a development cooperation network of 13 partner organizations and, by extension, over 100 development experts in providing basic needs services. Over 110 DEWATS projects have been implemented, together with more than 65 Decentralized Energy Supplies and 60 Water Supplies.", "### Southeast Asia", "The main emphasis of BORDA SEA is DEWATS, in particular DEWATS CBS, SME's and the establishment of community\\-based organizations to provide sustainable operation and maintenance of the facilities. For upscaling the DESWAM (decentralized solid waste management for low\\-income urban communities) service package, BORDA SEA develops, in cooperation with IDRC (International Research Development Centre), a pro\\-poor carbon financing scheme under the Kyoto protocol.", "In [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\"), BORDA places a strong emphasis on the enhancement of DESWAM as well as continuing the national program of community\\-based sanitation (SANIMAS) through the dissemination of DEWATS. Best practices are transferred into technical and social implementation standard as well as improving the involved human resources capacity through training and certification.", "The working group on Indonesia's national policy on water supply and sanitation is cooperating with BORDA and its local NGO partners as the main supporting network for community\\-based sanitation (CBS) with more than 500 implementations, including school\\-based sanitation and 14 DESWAM, until the end of 2010\\. Local NGO partners are Bilious, LPTP (Lembaga Engemann Technology Pedestal—Center for Community\\-Based Environmental Technology), and B.E.S.T.", "In the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"), BORDA is cooperating with BNS Philippines to introduce DEWATS as a viable option for wastewater and environmental health problems in urban areas. Transferring know\\-how was conducted by Indonesian experts within the context of the BORDA south\\-south dissemination program. By now, BNS is a well\\-known service provider for DEWATS in the Philippines.", "In Cambodia, specialists on DEWATS from Indonesia have been facilitated by BORDA and its partner organization, ESC (Environmental Services Cambodia), to enhance its capacity concerning DEWATS know\\-how. 3 DEWATS plants were inaugurated in 2010\\. Cooperation with national and international stakeholders will allow the start\\-up of DEWATS as an application for wastewater management in Cambodia, mainly for communities, schools and hospitals.", "In [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam \"Vietnam\"), the BORDA maintains a branch office. Indonesian specialists support the capacity building at the Vietnam Partners at the Vietnam Institute for Water Resources concerning DEWATS applications. In earlier years, the organization implemented the [Hydraulic Ram](/wiki/Hydraulic_Ram \"Hydraulic Ram\") (Hyram) technology as well as the use of [biogas](/wiki/Biogas \"Biogas\"), energy\\-saving stoves, and [solar panels](/wiki/Solar_panels \"Solar panels\"), supported the introduction of HPC (Hydro Power Centre)'s [turbine](/wiki/Turbine \"Turbine\") [pumps](/wiki/Pumps \"Pumps\") and Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System (DEWATS) technology.", "In [Laos](/wiki/Laos \"Laos\"), BORDA opened a project office in February 2013 to implement DEWATS service packages in one of Southeast Asia's least developed countries. Institutional cooperation takes place at the national and local level, particularly with the Ministry of Public Works and Transport and the Department of Housing and Urban Planning, to promote both improved public health within low\\-income urban and peri\\-urban settlements, and the reduction of organic pollution of precious fresh water sources for the benefit of the [Lao people](/wiki/Lao_people \"Lao people\") and nation.", "### West \\& Central Asia", "Under the project title “Capacity Building for local craftsmen and small medium enterprises for the sustainable implementation of decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DEWATS)”, BORDA has run project offices in Kabul and Herat since July 2012 with projects focused on vocational training.", "Many years of civil war and military intervention have brought about a massive destruction of infrastructure and the loss of capacities for civil reconstruction in Afghanistan.", "The current growth of the country's urban centers intensifies the need for feasible waste disposal solutions and increases the demand for trained staff in the water, sanitation, and hygiene sectors.", "BORDA Afghanistan promotes DEWATS through training programs and learning projects. An emphasis is given to glass\\-fiber reinforced plastic (GRFP) technologies, which reduce the risk and cost of implementation. BORDA also provides school\\-based Sanitation (SBh), Health \\& Hygiene Education (Hei and Health Impact Assessments (HIA) in Afghanistan. So far, such services have been deployed hospitalism's, Hospitals and Mosques in the provinces Kabul, Bamiyan Balkh, Badakhshan, Herat, and Nangahar.", "BORDA Afghanistan coordinates closely with national institutions such as the Ministry of Urban Development Affairs and the Environmental Protection Agency. For the vocational training of Afghan craftsmen and small\\-scale entrepreneurs, BORDA cooperates with its local partners.", "" ]
### Southeast Asia The main emphasis of BORDA SEA is DEWATS, in particular DEWATS CBS, SME's and the establishment of community\-based organizations to provide sustainable operation and maintenance of the facilities. For upscaling the DESWAM (decentralized solid waste management for low\-income urban communities) service package, BORDA SEA develops, in cooperation with IDRC (International Research Development Centre), a pro\-poor carbon financing scheme under the Kyoto protocol. In [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia"), BORDA places a strong emphasis on the enhancement of DESWAM as well as continuing the national program of community\-based sanitation (SANIMAS) through the dissemination of DEWATS. Best practices are transferred into technical and social implementation standard as well as improving the involved human resources capacity through training and certification. The working group on Indonesia's national policy on water supply and sanitation is cooperating with BORDA and its local NGO partners as the main supporting network for community\-based sanitation (CBS) with more than 500 implementations, including school\-based sanitation and 14 DESWAM, until the end of 2010\. Local NGO partners are Bilious, LPTP (Lembaga Engemann Technology Pedestal—Center for Community\-Based Environmental Technology), and B.E.S.T. In the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), BORDA is cooperating with BNS Philippines to introduce DEWATS as a viable option for wastewater and environmental health problems in urban areas. Transferring know\-how was conducted by Indonesian experts within the context of the BORDA south\-south dissemination program. By now, BNS is a well\-known service provider for DEWATS in the Philippines. In Cambodia, specialists on DEWATS from Indonesia have been facilitated by BORDA and its partner organization, ESC (Environmental Services Cambodia), to enhance its capacity concerning DEWATS know\-how. 3 DEWATS plants were inaugurated in 2010\. Cooperation with national and international stakeholders will allow the start\-up of DEWATS as an application for wastewater management in Cambodia, mainly for communities, schools and hospitals. In [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam"), the BORDA maintains a branch office. Indonesian specialists support the capacity building at the Vietnam Partners at the Vietnam Institute for Water Resources concerning DEWATS applications. In earlier years, the organization implemented the [Hydraulic Ram](/wiki/Hydraulic_Ram "Hydraulic Ram") (Hyram) technology as well as the use of [biogas](/wiki/Biogas "Biogas"), energy\-saving stoves, and [solar panels](/wiki/Solar_panels "Solar panels"), supported the introduction of HPC (Hydro Power Centre)'s [turbine](/wiki/Turbine "Turbine") [pumps](/wiki/Pumps "Pumps") and Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System (DEWATS) technology. In [Laos](/wiki/Laos "Laos"), BORDA opened a project office in February 2013 to implement DEWATS service packages in one of Southeast Asia's least developed countries. Institutional cooperation takes place at the national and local level, particularly with the Ministry of Public Works and Transport and the Department of Housing and Urban Planning, to promote both improved public health within low\-income urban and peri\-urban settlements, and the reduction of organic pollution of precious fresh water sources for the benefit of the [Lao people](/wiki/Lao_people "Lao people") and nation.
[ "### Southeast Asia", "The main emphasis of BORDA SEA is DEWATS, in particular DEWATS CBS, SME's and the establishment of community\\-based organizations to provide sustainable operation and maintenance of the facilities. For upscaling the DESWAM (decentralized solid waste management for low\\-income urban communities) service package, BORDA SEA develops, in cooperation with IDRC (International Research Development Centre), a pro\\-poor carbon financing scheme under the Kyoto protocol.", "In [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\"), BORDA places a strong emphasis on the enhancement of DESWAM as well as continuing the national program of community\\-based sanitation (SANIMAS) through the dissemination of DEWATS. Best practices are transferred into technical and social implementation standard as well as improving the involved human resources capacity through training and certification.", "The working group on Indonesia's national policy on water supply and sanitation is cooperating with BORDA and its local NGO partners as the main supporting network for community\\-based sanitation (CBS) with more than 500 implementations, including school\\-based sanitation and 14 DESWAM, until the end of 2010\\. Local NGO partners are Bilious, LPTP (Lembaga Engemann Technology Pedestal—Center for Community\\-Based Environmental Technology), and B.E.S.T.", "In the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"), BORDA is cooperating with BNS Philippines to introduce DEWATS as a viable option for wastewater and environmental health problems in urban areas. Transferring know\\-how was conducted by Indonesian experts within the context of the BORDA south\\-south dissemination program. By now, BNS is a well\\-known service provider for DEWATS in the Philippines.", "In Cambodia, specialists on DEWATS from Indonesia have been facilitated by BORDA and its partner organization, ESC (Environmental Services Cambodia), to enhance its capacity concerning DEWATS know\\-how. 3 DEWATS plants were inaugurated in 2010\\. Cooperation with national and international stakeholders will allow the start\\-up of DEWATS as an application for wastewater management in Cambodia, mainly for communities, schools and hospitals.", "In [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam \"Vietnam\"), the BORDA maintains a branch office. Indonesian specialists support the capacity building at the Vietnam Partners at the Vietnam Institute for Water Resources concerning DEWATS applications. In earlier years, the organization implemented the [Hydraulic Ram](/wiki/Hydraulic_Ram \"Hydraulic Ram\") (Hyram) technology as well as the use of [biogas](/wiki/Biogas \"Biogas\"), energy\\-saving stoves, and [solar panels](/wiki/Solar_panels \"Solar panels\"), supported the introduction of HPC (Hydro Power Centre)'s [turbine](/wiki/Turbine \"Turbine\") [pumps](/wiki/Pumps \"Pumps\") and Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System (DEWATS) technology.", "In [Laos](/wiki/Laos \"Laos\"), BORDA opened a project office in February 2013 to implement DEWATS service packages in one of Southeast Asia's least developed countries. Institutional cooperation takes place at the national and local level, particularly with the Ministry of Public Works and Transport and the Department of Housing and Urban Planning, to promote both improved public health within low\\-income urban and peri\\-urban settlements, and the reduction of organic pollution of precious fresh water sources for the benefit of the [Lao people](/wiki/Lao_people \"Lao people\") and nation.", "" ]
### West \& Central Asia Under the project title “Capacity Building for local craftsmen and small medium enterprises for the sustainable implementation of decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DEWATS)”, BORDA has run project offices in Kabul and Herat since July 2012 with projects focused on vocational training. Many years of civil war and military intervention have brought about a massive destruction of infrastructure and the loss of capacities for civil reconstruction in Afghanistan. The current growth of the country's urban centers intensifies the need for feasible waste disposal solutions and increases the demand for trained staff in the water, sanitation, and hygiene sectors. BORDA Afghanistan promotes DEWATS through training programs and learning projects. An emphasis is given to glass\-fiber reinforced plastic (GRFP) technologies, which reduce the risk and cost of implementation. BORDA also provides school\-based Sanitation (SBh), Health \& Hygiene Education (Hei and Health Impact Assessments (HIA) in Afghanistan. So far, such services have been deployed hospitalism's, Hospitals and Mosques in the provinces Kabul, Bamiyan Balkh, Badakhshan, Herat, and Nangahar. BORDA Afghanistan coordinates closely with national institutions such as the Ministry of Urban Development Affairs and the Environmental Protection Agency. For the vocational training of Afghan craftsmen and small\-scale entrepreneurs, BORDA cooperates with its local partners.
[ "### West \\& Central Asia", "Under the project title “Capacity Building for local craftsmen and small medium enterprises for the sustainable implementation of decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DEWATS)”, BORDA has run project offices in Kabul and Herat since July 2012 with projects focused on vocational training.", "Many years of civil war and military intervention have brought about a massive destruction of infrastructure and the loss of capacities for civil reconstruction in Afghanistan.", "The current growth of the country's urban centers intensifies the need for feasible waste disposal solutions and increases the demand for trained staff in the water, sanitation, and hygiene sectors.", "BORDA Afghanistan promotes DEWATS through training programs and learning projects. An emphasis is given to glass\\-fiber reinforced plastic (GRFP) technologies, which reduce the risk and cost of implementation. BORDA also provides school\\-based Sanitation (SBh), Health \\& Hygiene Education (Hei and Health Impact Assessments (HIA) in Afghanistan. So far, such services have been deployed hospitalism's, Hospitals and Mosques in the provinces Kabul, Bamiyan Balkh, Badakhshan, Herat, and Nangahar.", "BORDA Afghanistan coordinates closely with national institutions such as the Ministry of Urban Development Affairs and the Environmental Protection Agency. For the vocational training of Afghan craftsmen and small\\-scale entrepreneurs, BORDA cooperates with its local partners.", "" ]
Career ------ ### Amateur {{for\|jump abbreviations\|Figure skating jumps}} #### Early competitions In his first competition, the 1943 Eastern States Novice Championship, Button finished second to [Jean\-Pierre Brunet](/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Brunet "Jean-Pierre Brunet"). In 1944, he won the Eastern States junior title which earned him the opportunity to compete at the National Novice Championships. He won the event. In 1945, his third year of serious skating, he won the Eastern States senior title and the national junior title. He was also skating [pairs](/wiki/Pair_skating "Pair skating"), and competed with Barbara Jones in junior pairs at the 1946 Eastern States Championships. They performed Button's singles program side\-by\-side with minor modifications and won. This competition, where Button also competed as a single skater, led into the 1946 [U.S. Championships](/wiki/United_States_Figure_Skating_Championships "United States Figure Skating Championships"). At age 16, Button won the 1946 U.S. Championships by a unanimous vote. According to Button, this was the first time anyone had won the men's novice, junior, and senior titles in three consecutive years. This win earned Button a spot at the [1947 World Championships](/wiki/1947_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "1947 World Figure Skating Championships"). #### 1947 World Championships At the 1947 World Championships, Button was second behind rival [Hans Gerschwiler](/wiki/Hans_Gerschwiler "Hans Gerschwiler") following the [compulsory figures](/wiki/Compulsory_figures "Compulsory figures") part of the competition, with 34\.9 points separating them. He won the [free skating](/wiki/Free_skating "Free skating") portion, but Gerschwiler had the majority of first places from the judges, three to Button's two. Button won the silver medal at his first World Championships. It was the last time he placed lower than first in competition. At the competition, Button was befriended by [Ulrich Salchow](/wiki/Ulrich_Salchow "Ulrich Salchow"). Salchow, who was disappointed when Button did not win, presented him with the first International Cup Salchow had won in 1901\. Button later passed on this trophy to [John Misha Petkevich](/wiki/John_Misha_Petkevich "John Misha Petkevich") following the [1972 Olympics](/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics "1972 Winter Olympics") and [World Championships](/wiki/1972_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "1972 World Figure Skating Championships"). Acknowledging that Gerschwiler had a better understanding of outdoor ice, Button decided to spend some time training outdoors on the Lake Placid club tennis courts. #### 1948 European Championships Button faced Gerschwiler again at the [1948 European Championships](/wiki/1948_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "1948 European Figure Skating Championships"). Button led after figures in points, having 749 points to Gerschwiler's 747\.8, but Gerschwiler led in placings, with 14 to Button's 15\. During the free skating, Button performed his Olympic program for the first time. He won, with 11 placings to Gerschwiler's 18\. Following this year, when North Americans took home the men's and ladies' titles, non\-Europeans were no longer allowed to enter into the European Championships. Button is the only American to have won the European Championships. #### 1948 Olympic Gold medal At the [1948 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics"), Button led Gerschwiler by a 29\.6 point lead following the figures portion of the competition, having won four of the five figures. Button had been attempting the double [Axel jump](/wiki/Axel_jump "Axel jump") in practice but had never landed it. In practice on the day before the free skating event, Button landed one in practice for the first time. He decided to put it into his free skating for the next day. Button landed it in competition, becoming the first skater in the world to do so. Button received eight firsts and two seconds, for a total of 10 places. Gerschwiler had 23\. That combined with the figures results gave Button the gold medal. He became, and remains, the youngest man to win the Olympic gold in figure skating. As of 2022, he remains the last living male winner of 1948 Winter Olympics. #### 1948 World Championships Button went on to win the [1948 World Championships](/wiki/1948_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "1948 World Figure Skating Championships"), where he faced Gerschwiler for the last time. Button won the event. At the time, the U.S. Championships were held after the World Championships, and Button finished his season by defending his national title. In February 1948, Button, his coach, and his mother were in [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague") to perform an exhibition. They were stranded there after the [Communist](/wiki/Communism "Communism") uprising and had to be extracted by the [U.S. Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army"). In 1949, Button won the [Sullivan Award](/wiki/James_E._Sullivan_Award "James E. Sullivan Award") as the outstanding amateur athlete in the United States. He is one of only two male figure skaters to win this award. [Evan Lysacek](/wiki/Evan_Lysacek "Evan Lysacek") is the other. #### College years Button had intended to attend [Yale University](/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") beginning in the fall of 1947, but deferred a year due to the Olympics. Although he had originally been assured that his skating would not be a problem as long as his grades were good, he was later informed that he could not continue competing if he wanted to attend Yale. On advice from people from the [Skating Club of Boston](/wiki/Skating_Club_of_Boston "Skating Club of Boston"), Button applied to, and was accepted at, [Harvard College](/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College"). Button was a full\-time student at Harvard while skating competitively and graduated in 1952 and was a member of The [Delphic Club](/wiki/Delphic_Club "Delphic Club"), one of the University's select "[Final Clubs](/wiki/Final_Clubs "Final Clubs")". As reigning and defending champion, as well as being the first skater to perform a double Axel and a flying camel, Button was under pressure to perform a new jump or spin every season. In 1949, he performed a 2Lo\-2Lo combination. He was the winner of the [James E. Sullivan Award](/wiki/James_E._Sullivan_Award "James E. Sullivan Award") as the top U.S. amateur athlete of 1949, becoming the first figure skater to win the award. In 1950, he performed the 2Lo\-2Lo\-2Lo. In 1951, he performed a 2A\-2Lo combination and a 2A\-2A sequence. For the [1952 Winter Olympics](/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics "1952 Winter Olympics"), Button and Lussi began working on a triple jump. They settled on training the triple loop. Button landed it for the first time in practice in December 1951 at the Skating Club of Boston, and for the first time in exhibition in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") following the European Championships. #### 1952 Olympic Gold medal At the [1952 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics"), Button had the lead after figures, with nine first places, over [Helmut Seibt](/wiki/Helmut_Seibt "Helmut Seibt"). Button's point total was 1,000\.2 to Seibt's 957\.7\.{{Citation needed\|date\=July 2024}} During his free skate program, Button successfully landed the triple loop, becoming the first person to complete a triple jump in competition.{{Cite book \|last\=Hines \|first\=James R. \|title\=Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating \|date\=2011 \|publisher\=Scarecrow Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-8108\-6859\-5 \|location\=Lanham, Maryland \|page\=xxv}} He became the third male figure skater to win two Olympic gold medals after [Gillis Grafström](/wiki/Gillis_Grafstr%C3%B6m "Gillis Grafström") and [Karl Schäfer](/wiki/Karl_Sch%C3%A4fer_%28figure_skater%29 "Karl Schäfer (figure skater)"). He was the last man to defend his Olympic title in figure skating until [Yuzuru Hanyu](/wiki/Yuzuru_Hanyu "Yuzuru Hanyu") won his second Olympic gold in [2018](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles "Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's singles"). He repeated as Gold medalist, then went on to defend his titles at the [1952 World Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/1952_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "1952 World Figure Skating Championships") and U.S. Championships. ### Professional Button decided to enter [Harvard Law School](/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School") in the fall of 1952\. Because of the time commitments, Button retired from amateur skating that year to focus on law school. He completed a [Bachelor of Laws](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws "Bachelor of Laws") (LL.B.) degree in 1956 and was [admitted to the bar](/wiki/Bar_association "Bar association") in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") Following his retirement from competition, Button signed on to skate with the [Ice Capades](/wiki/Ice_Capades "Ice Capades") during his law school vacations. He toured with [Holiday on Ice](/wiki/Holiday_on_Ice "Holiday on Ice"). He co\-produced "Dick Button's Ice\-Travaganza" for the [1964 New York World's Fair](/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair "1964 New York World's Fair"), starring 1963 World Champion [Donald McPherson](/wiki/Donald_McPherson_%28figure_skater%29 "Donald McPherson (figure skater)"), but the ice show lost money and closed after a few months. As founder of **Candid Productions**, he created a variety of made\-for\-television sports events, including the *[World Professional Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/World_Professional_Figure_Skating_Championships "World Professional Figure Skating Championships")*, *[Challenge of Champions](/wiki/Challenge_of_Champions "Challenge of Champions")*, [Dorothy Hamill](/wiki/Dorothy_Hamill "Dorothy Hamill") specials for HBO. As an actor, Button performed in such films as *[The Young Doctors](/wiki/The_Young_Doctors "The Young Doctors")* and *[The Bad News Bears Go to Japan](/wiki/The_Bad_News_Bears_Go_to_Japan "The Bad News Bears Go to Japan")* starring [Tony Curtis](/wiki/Tony_Curtis "Tony Curtis"). He appeared in television roles, including *[Hans Brinker](/wiki/Hans_Brinker "Hans Brinker")* and *[Mr. Broadway](/wiki/Mr._Broadway_%28TV_series%29 "Mr. Broadway (TV series)")*. Button provided commentary for CBS's broadcast of the [1960 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics"), launching a decades\-long career in television broadcast journalism. He did commentary for CBS's broadcast of the [1961 United States Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/1961_United_States_Figure_Skating_Championships "1961 United States Figure Skating Championships"). Beginning in 1962, he worked as a figure skating analyst for [ABC Sports](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"), which had acquired the rights to the [United States Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/United_States_Figure_Skating_Championships "United States Figure Skating Championships") as well as the [1962 World Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/1962_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "1962 World Figure Skating Championships"). During ABC's coverage of figure skating events in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, Button became the sport's best\-known analyst, well known for his frank and often caustic appraisal of skaters' performances. He won an [Emmy Award](/wiki/Emmy_Award "Emmy Award") in 1981 for Outstanding Sports Personality – Analyst. Although other U.S. television networks aired the Winter Olympics from the 1990s onward, Button still appeared on ABC's broadcasts of the [U.S.](/wiki/United_States_Figure_Skating_Championships "United States Figure Skating Championships") and [World Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/World_Figure_Skating_Championships "World Figure Skating Championships") until ABC removed them from its broadcast schedule in 2008\. According to writer and figure skating historian Ellyn Kestnbaum, Button "in effect educated \[an] entire generation in how to watch skating", viewers who had never viewed the sport as live spectators before seeing it on television.Kestnbaum, p. 109 During the [2006 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics"), Button appeared on loan from ABC to once again provide commentary on the Olympics. Also during the [2006 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics"), [USA Network](/wiki/USA_Network "USA Network") ran a show called *[Olympic Ice](/wiki/Olympic_Ice "Olympic Ice")*. A recurring segment, called "Push Dick's Button," invited viewers to send in questions which Button answered on the air. The segment proved very popular so ABC and ESPN put it into various broadcasts, most notably the [2006 Skate America](/wiki/2006_Skate_America "2006 Skate America"), the [2007 United States Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/2007_United_States_Figure_Skating_Championships "2007 United States Figure Skating Championships"), and the [2007 World Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/2007_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "2007 World Figure Skating Championships"). In late 2010, he was lead judge on *[Skating with the Stars](/wiki/Skating_with_the_Stars "Skating with the Stars")*, produced by BBC Worldwide, producers of *[Dancing with the Stars](/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars "Dancing with the Stars")*. In 2009, Button served as a judge on the CBC's *[Battle of the Blades](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Blades "Battle of the Blades")* reality show. He again appeared on NBC to do commentary for [2010 Games](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics").
[ "Career\n------", "### Amateur", "{{for\\|jump abbreviations\\|Figure skating jumps}}", "#### Early competitions", "In his first competition, the 1943 Eastern States Novice Championship, Button finished second to [Jean\\-Pierre Brunet](/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Brunet \"Jean-Pierre Brunet\"). In 1944, he won the Eastern States junior title which earned him the opportunity to compete at the National Novice Championships. He won the event. In 1945, his third year of serious skating, he won the Eastern States senior title and the national junior title. He was also skating [pairs](/wiki/Pair_skating \"Pair skating\"), and competed with Barbara Jones in junior pairs at the 1946 Eastern States Championships. They performed Button's singles program side\\-by\\-side with minor modifications and won. This competition, where Button also competed as a single skater, led into the 1946 [U.S. Championships](/wiki/United_States_Figure_Skating_Championships \"United States Figure Skating Championships\"). At age 16, Button won the 1946 U.S. Championships by a unanimous vote. According to Button, this was the first time anyone had won the men's novice, junior, and senior titles in three consecutive years. This win earned Button a spot at the [1947 World Championships](/wiki/1947_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1947 World Figure Skating Championships\").", "#### 1947 World Championships", "At the 1947 World Championships, Button was second behind rival [Hans Gerschwiler](/wiki/Hans_Gerschwiler \"Hans Gerschwiler\") following the [compulsory figures](/wiki/Compulsory_figures \"Compulsory figures\") part of the competition, with 34\\.9 points separating them. He won the [free skating](/wiki/Free_skating \"Free skating\") portion, but Gerschwiler had the majority of first places from the judges, three to Button's two. Button won the silver medal at his first World Championships. It was the last time he placed lower than first in competition. At the competition, Button was befriended by [Ulrich Salchow](/wiki/Ulrich_Salchow \"Ulrich Salchow\"). Salchow, who was disappointed when Button did not win, presented him with the first International Cup Salchow had won in 1901\\. Button later passed on this trophy to [John Misha Petkevich](/wiki/John_Misha_Petkevich \"John Misha Petkevich\") following the [1972 Olympics](/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics \"1972 Winter Olympics\") and [World Championships](/wiki/1972_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1972 World Figure Skating Championships\"). Acknowledging that Gerschwiler had a better understanding of outdoor ice, Button decided to spend some time training outdoors on the Lake Placid club tennis courts.", "#### 1948 European Championships", "Button faced Gerschwiler again at the [1948 European Championships](/wiki/1948_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1948 European Figure Skating Championships\"). Button led after figures in points, having 749 points to Gerschwiler's 747\\.8, but Gerschwiler led in placings, with 14 to Button's 15\\. During the free skating, Button performed his Olympic program for the first time. He won, with 11 placings to Gerschwiler's 18\\. Following this year, when North Americans took home the men's and ladies' titles, non\\-Europeans were no longer allowed to enter into the European Championships. Button is the only American to have won the European Championships.", "#### 1948 Olympic Gold medal", "At the [1948 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics \"Figure skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics\"), Button led Gerschwiler by a 29\\.6 point lead following the figures portion of the competition, having won four of the five figures. Button had been attempting the double [Axel jump](/wiki/Axel_jump \"Axel jump\") in practice but had never landed it. In practice on the day before the free skating event, Button landed one in practice for the first time. He decided to put it into his free skating for the next day. Button landed it in competition, becoming the first skater in the world to do so. Button received eight firsts and two seconds, for a total of 10 places. Gerschwiler had 23\\. That combined with the figures results gave Button the gold medal. He became, and remains, the youngest man to win the Olympic gold in figure skating. As of 2022, he remains the last living male winner of 1948 Winter Olympics.", "#### 1948 World Championships", "Button went on to win the [1948 World Championships](/wiki/1948_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1948 World Figure Skating Championships\"), where he faced Gerschwiler for the last time. Button won the event. At the time, the U.S. Championships were held after the World Championships, and Button finished his season by defending his national title. In February 1948, Button, his coach, and his mother were in [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\") to perform an exhibition. They were stranded there after the [Communist](/wiki/Communism \"Communism\") uprising and had to be extracted by the [U.S. Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\"). In 1949, Button won the [Sullivan Award](/wiki/James_E._Sullivan_Award \"James E. Sullivan Award\") as the outstanding amateur athlete in the United States. He is one of only two male figure skaters to win this award. [Evan Lysacek](/wiki/Evan_Lysacek \"Evan Lysacek\") is the other.", "#### College years", "Button had intended to attend [Yale University](/wiki/Yale_University \"Yale University\") beginning in the fall of 1947, but deferred a year due to the Olympics. Although he had originally been assured that his skating would not be a problem as long as his grades were good, he was later informed that he could not continue competing if he wanted to attend Yale. On advice from people from the [Skating Club of Boston](/wiki/Skating_Club_of_Boston \"Skating Club of Boston\"), Button applied to, and was accepted at, [Harvard College](/wiki/Harvard_College \"Harvard College\"). Button was a full\\-time student at Harvard while skating competitively and graduated in 1952 and was a member of The [Delphic Club](/wiki/Delphic_Club \"Delphic Club\"), one of the University's select \"[Final Clubs](/wiki/Final_Clubs \"Final Clubs\")\".", "As reigning and defending champion, as well as being the first skater to perform a double Axel and a flying camel, Button was under pressure to perform a new jump or spin every season. In 1949, he performed a 2Lo\\-2Lo combination. He was the winner of the [James E. Sullivan Award](/wiki/James_E._Sullivan_Award \"James E. Sullivan Award\") as the top U.S. amateur athlete of 1949, becoming the first figure skater to win the award. In 1950, he performed the 2Lo\\-2Lo\\-2Lo. In 1951, he performed a 2A\\-2Lo combination and a 2A\\-2A sequence. For the [1952 Winter Olympics](/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics \"1952 Winter Olympics\"), Button and Lussi began working on a triple jump. They settled on training the triple loop. Button landed it for the first time in practice in December 1951 at the Skating Club of Boston, and for the first time in exhibition in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") following the European Championships.", "#### 1952 Olympic Gold medal", "At the [1952 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics \"Figure skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics\"), Button had the lead after figures, with nine first places, over [Helmut Seibt](/wiki/Helmut_Seibt \"Helmut Seibt\"). Button's point total was 1,000\\.2 to Seibt's 957\\.7\\.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=July 2024}} During his free skate program, Button successfully landed the triple loop, becoming the first person to complete a triple jump in competition.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Hines \\|first\\=James R. \\|title\\=Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating \\|date\\=2011 \\|publisher\\=Scarecrow Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8108\\-6859\\-5 \\|location\\=Lanham, Maryland \\|page\\=xxv}} He became the third male figure skater to win two Olympic gold medals after [Gillis Grafström](/wiki/Gillis_Grafstr%C3%B6m \"Gillis Grafström\") and [Karl Schäfer](/wiki/Karl_Sch%C3%A4fer_%28figure_skater%29 \"Karl Schäfer (figure skater)\"). He was the last man to defend his Olympic title in figure skating until [Yuzuru Hanyu](/wiki/Yuzuru_Hanyu \"Yuzuru Hanyu\") won his second Olympic gold in [2018](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles \"Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's singles\"). He repeated as Gold medalist, then went on to defend his titles at the [1952 World Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/1952_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1952 World Figure Skating Championships\") and U.S. Championships.", "### Professional", "Button decided to enter [Harvard Law School](/wiki/Harvard_Law_School \"Harvard Law School\") in the fall of 1952\\. Because of the time commitments, Button retired from amateur skating that year to focus on law school. He completed a [Bachelor of Laws](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws \"Bachelor of Laws\") (LL.B.) degree in 1956 and was [admitted to the bar](/wiki/Bar_association \"Bar association\") in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\")", "Following his retirement from competition, Button signed on to skate with the [Ice Capades](/wiki/Ice_Capades \"Ice Capades\") during his law school vacations. He toured with [Holiday on Ice](/wiki/Holiday_on_Ice \"Holiday on Ice\"). He co\\-produced \"Dick Button's Ice\\-Travaganza\" for the [1964 New York World's Fair](/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair \"1964 New York World's Fair\"), starring 1963 World Champion [Donald McPherson](/wiki/Donald_McPherson_%28figure_skater%29 \"Donald McPherson (figure skater)\"), but the ice show lost money and closed after a few months.", "As founder of **Candid Productions**, he created a variety of made\\-for\\-television sports events, including the *[World Professional Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/World_Professional_Figure_Skating_Championships \"World Professional Figure Skating Championships\")*, *[Challenge of Champions](/wiki/Challenge_of_Champions \"Challenge of Champions\")*, [Dorothy Hamill](/wiki/Dorothy_Hamill \"Dorothy Hamill\") specials for HBO. As an actor, Button performed in such films as *[The Young Doctors](/wiki/The_Young_Doctors \"The Young Doctors\")* and *[The Bad News Bears Go to Japan](/wiki/The_Bad_News_Bears_Go_to_Japan \"The Bad News Bears Go to Japan\")* starring [Tony Curtis](/wiki/Tony_Curtis \"Tony Curtis\"). He appeared in television roles, including *[Hans Brinker](/wiki/Hans_Brinker \"Hans Brinker\")* and *[Mr. Broadway](/wiki/Mr._Broadway_%28TV_series%29 \"Mr. Broadway (TV series)\")*.", "Button provided commentary for CBS's broadcast of the [1960 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics \"Figure skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics\"), launching a decades\\-long career in television broadcast journalism. He did commentary for CBS's broadcast of the [1961 United States Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/1961_United_States_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1961 United States Figure Skating Championships\"). Beginning in 1962, he worked as a figure skating analyst for [ABC Sports](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"), which had acquired the rights to the [United States Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/United_States_Figure_Skating_Championships \"United States Figure Skating Championships\") as well as the [1962 World Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/1962_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1962 World Figure Skating Championships\"). During ABC's coverage of figure skating events in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, Button became the sport's best\\-known analyst, well known for his frank and often caustic appraisal of skaters' performances. He won an [Emmy Award](/wiki/Emmy_Award \"Emmy Award\") in 1981 for Outstanding Sports Personality – Analyst. Although other U.S. television networks aired the Winter Olympics from the 1990s onward, Button still appeared on ABC's broadcasts of the [U.S.](/wiki/United_States_Figure_Skating_Championships \"United States Figure Skating Championships\") and [World Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"World Figure Skating Championships\") until ABC removed them from its broadcast schedule in 2008\\.", "According to writer and figure skating historian Ellyn Kestnbaum, Button \"in effect educated \\[an] entire generation in how to watch skating\", viewers who had never viewed the sport as live spectators before seeing it on television.Kestnbaum, p. 109", "During the [2006 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics \"Figure skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics\"), Button appeared on loan from ABC to once again provide commentary on the Olympics. Also during the [2006 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics \"2006 Winter Olympics\"), [USA Network](/wiki/USA_Network \"USA Network\") ran a show called *[Olympic Ice](/wiki/Olympic_Ice \"Olympic Ice\")*. A recurring segment, called \"Push Dick's Button,\" invited viewers to send in questions which Button answered on the air. The segment proved very popular so ABC and ESPN put it into various broadcasts, most notably the [2006 Skate America](/wiki/2006_Skate_America \"2006 Skate America\"), the [2007 United States Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/2007_United_States_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2007 United States Figure Skating Championships\"), and the [2007 World Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/2007_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2007 World Figure Skating Championships\"). In late 2010, he was lead judge on *[Skating with the Stars](/wiki/Skating_with_the_Stars \"Skating with the Stars\")*, produced by BBC Worldwide, producers of *[Dancing with the Stars](/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars \"Dancing with the Stars\")*. In 2009, Button served as a judge on the CBC's *[Battle of the Blades](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Blades \"Battle of the Blades\")* reality show. He again appeared on NBC to do commentary for [2010 Games](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics \"Figure skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics\").", "" ]
### Amateur {{for\|jump abbreviations\|Figure skating jumps}} #### Early competitions In his first competition, the 1943 Eastern States Novice Championship, Button finished second to [Jean\-Pierre Brunet](/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Brunet "Jean-Pierre Brunet"). In 1944, he won the Eastern States junior title which earned him the opportunity to compete at the National Novice Championships. He won the event. In 1945, his third year of serious skating, he won the Eastern States senior title and the national junior title. He was also skating [pairs](/wiki/Pair_skating "Pair skating"), and competed with Barbara Jones in junior pairs at the 1946 Eastern States Championships. They performed Button's singles program side\-by\-side with minor modifications and won. This competition, where Button also competed as a single skater, led into the 1946 [U.S. Championships](/wiki/United_States_Figure_Skating_Championships "United States Figure Skating Championships"). At age 16, Button won the 1946 U.S. Championships by a unanimous vote. According to Button, this was the first time anyone had won the men's novice, junior, and senior titles in three consecutive years. This win earned Button a spot at the [1947 World Championships](/wiki/1947_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "1947 World Figure Skating Championships"). #### 1947 World Championships At the 1947 World Championships, Button was second behind rival [Hans Gerschwiler](/wiki/Hans_Gerschwiler "Hans Gerschwiler") following the [compulsory figures](/wiki/Compulsory_figures "Compulsory figures") part of the competition, with 34\.9 points separating them. He won the [free skating](/wiki/Free_skating "Free skating") portion, but Gerschwiler had the majority of first places from the judges, three to Button's two. Button won the silver medal at his first World Championships. It was the last time he placed lower than first in competition. At the competition, Button was befriended by [Ulrich Salchow](/wiki/Ulrich_Salchow "Ulrich Salchow"). Salchow, who was disappointed when Button did not win, presented him with the first International Cup Salchow had won in 1901\. Button later passed on this trophy to [John Misha Petkevich](/wiki/John_Misha_Petkevich "John Misha Petkevich") following the [1972 Olympics](/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics "1972 Winter Olympics") and [World Championships](/wiki/1972_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "1972 World Figure Skating Championships"). Acknowledging that Gerschwiler had a better understanding of outdoor ice, Button decided to spend some time training outdoors on the Lake Placid club tennis courts. #### 1948 European Championships Button faced Gerschwiler again at the [1948 European Championships](/wiki/1948_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "1948 European Figure Skating Championships"). Button led after figures in points, having 749 points to Gerschwiler's 747\.8, but Gerschwiler led in placings, with 14 to Button's 15\. During the free skating, Button performed his Olympic program for the first time. He won, with 11 placings to Gerschwiler's 18\. Following this year, when North Americans took home the men's and ladies' titles, non\-Europeans were no longer allowed to enter into the European Championships. Button is the only American to have won the European Championships. #### 1948 Olympic Gold medal At the [1948 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics"), Button led Gerschwiler by a 29\.6 point lead following the figures portion of the competition, having won four of the five figures. Button had been attempting the double [Axel jump](/wiki/Axel_jump "Axel jump") in practice but had never landed it. In practice on the day before the free skating event, Button landed one in practice for the first time. He decided to put it into his free skating for the next day. Button landed it in competition, becoming the first skater in the world to do so. Button received eight firsts and two seconds, for a total of 10 places. Gerschwiler had 23\. That combined with the figures results gave Button the gold medal. He became, and remains, the youngest man to win the Olympic gold in figure skating. As of 2022, he remains the last living male winner of 1948 Winter Olympics. #### 1948 World Championships Button went on to win the [1948 World Championships](/wiki/1948_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "1948 World Figure Skating Championships"), where he faced Gerschwiler for the last time. Button won the event. At the time, the U.S. Championships were held after the World Championships, and Button finished his season by defending his national title. In February 1948, Button, his coach, and his mother were in [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague") to perform an exhibition. They were stranded there after the [Communist](/wiki/Communism "Communism") uprising and had to be extracted by the [U.S. Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army"). In 1949, Button won the [Sullivan Award](/wiki/James_E._Sullivan_Award "James E. Sullivan Award") as the outstanding amateur athlete in the United States. He is one of only two male figure skaters to win this award. [Evan Lysacek](/wiki/Evan_Lysacek "Evan Lysacek") is the other. #### College years Button had intended to attend [Yale University](/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") beginning in the fall of 1947, but deferred a year due to the Olympics. Although he had originally been assured that his skating would not be a problem as long as his grades were good, he was later informed that he could not continue competing if he wanted to attend Yale. On advice from people from the [Skating Club of Boston](/wiki/Skating_Club_of_Boston "Skating Club of Boston"), Button applied to, and was accepted at, [Harvard College](/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College"). Button was a full\-time student at Harvard while skating competitively and graduated in 1952 and was a member of The [Delphic Club](/wiki/Delphic_Club "Delphic Club"), one of the University's select "[Final Clubs](/wiki/Final_Clubs "Final Clubs")". As reigning and defending champion, as well as being the first skater to perform a double Axel and a flying camel, Button was under pressure to perform a new jump or spin every season. In 1949, he performed a 2Lo\-2Lo combination. He was the winner of the [James E. Sullivan Award](/wiki/James_E._Sullivan_Award "James E. Sullivan Award") as the top U.S. amateur athlete of 1949, becoming the first figure skater to win the award. In 1950, he performed the 2Lo\-2Lo\-2Lo. In 1951, he performed a 2A\-2Lo combination and a 2A\-2A sequence. For the [1952 Winter Olympics](/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics "1952 Winter Olympics"), Button and Lussi began working on a triple jump. They settled on training the triple loop. Button landed it for the first time in practice in December 1951 at the Skating Club of Boston, and for the first time in exhibition in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") following the European Championships. #### 1952 Olympic Gold medal At the [1952 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics"), Button had the lead after figures, with nine first places, over [Helmut Seibt](/wiki/Helmut_Seibt "Helmut Seibt"). Button's point total was 1,000\.2 to Seibt's 957\.7\.{{Citation needed\|date\=July 2024}} During his free skate program, Button successfully landed the triple loop, becoming the first person to complete a triple jump in competition.{{Cite book \|last\=Hines \|first\=James R. \|title\=Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating \|date\=2011 \|publisher\=Scarecrow Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-8108\-6859\-5 \|location\=Lanham, Maryland \|page\=xxv}} He became the third male figure skater to win two Olympic gold medals after [Gillis Grafström](/wiki/Gillis_Grafstr%C3%B6m "Gillis Grafström") and [Karl Schäfer](/wiki/Karl_Sch%C3%A4fer_%28figure_skater%29 "Karl Schäfer (figure skater)"). He was the last man to defend his Olympic title in figure skating until [Yuzuru Hanyu](/wiki/Yuzuru_Hanyu "Yuzuru Hanyu") won his second Olympic gold in [2018](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles "Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's singles"). He repeated as Gold medalist, then went on to defend his titles at the [1952 World Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/1952_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "1952 World Figure Skating Championships") and U.S. Championships.
[ "### Amateur", "{{for\\|jump abbreviations\\|Figure skating jumps}}", "#### Early competitions", "In his first competition, the 1943 Eastern States Novice Championship, Button finished second to [Jean\\-Pierre Brunet](/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Brunet \"Jean-Pierre Brunet\"). In 1944, he won the Eastern States junior title which earned him the opportunity to compete at the National Novice Championships. He won the event. In 1945, his third year of serious skating, he won the Eastern States senior title and the national junior title. He was also skating [pairs](/wiki/Pair_skating \"Pair skating\"), and competed with Barbara Jones in junior pairs at the 1946 Eastern States Championships. They performed Button's singles program side\\-by\\-side with minor modifications and won. This competition, where Button also competed as a single skater, led into the 1946 [U.S. Championships](/wiki/United_States_Figure_Skating_Championships \"United States Figure Skating Championships\"). At age 16, Button won the 1946 U.S. Championships by a unanimous vote. According to Button, this was the first time anyone had won the men's novice, junior, and senior titles in three consecutive years. This win earned Button a spot at the [1947 World Championships](/wiki/1947_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1947 World Figure Skating Championships\").", "#### 1947 World Championships", "At the 1947 World Championships, Button was second behind rival [Hans Gerschwiler](/wiki/Hans_Gerschwiler \"Hans Gerschwiler\") following the [compulsory figures](/wiki/Compulsory_figures \"Compulsory figures\") part of the competition, with 34\\.9 points separating them. He won the [free skating](/wiki/Free_skating \"Free skating\") portion, but Gerschwiler had the majority of first places from the judges, three to Button's two. Button won the silver medal at his first World Championships. It was the last time he placed lower than first in competition. At the competition, Button was befriended by [Ulrich Salchow](/wiki/Ulrich_Salchow \"Ulrich Salchow\"). Salchow, who was disappointed when Button did not win, presented him with the first International Cup Salchow had won in 1901\\. Button later passed on this trophy to [John Misha Petkevich](/wiki/John_Misha_Petkevich \"John Misha Petkevich\") following the [1972 Olympics](/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics \"1972 Winter Olympics\") and [World Championships](/wiki/1972_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1972 World Figure Skating Championships\"). Acknowledging that Gerschwiler had a better understanding of outdoor ice, Button decided to spend some time training outdoors on the Lake Placid club tennis courts.", "#### 1948 European Championships", "Button faced Gerschwiler again at the [1948 European Championships](/wiki/1948_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1948 European Figure Skating Championships\"). Button led after figures in points, having 749 points to Gerschwiler's 747\\.8, but Gerschwiler led in placings, with 14 to Button's 15\\. During the free skating, Button performed his Olympic program for the first time. He won, with 11 placings to Gerschwiler's 18\\. Following this year, when North Americans took home the men's and ladies' titles, non\\-Europeans were no longer allowed to enter into the European Championships. Button is the only American to have won the European Championships.", "#### 1948 Olympic Gold medal", "At the [1948 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics \"Figure skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics\"), Button led Gerschwiler by a 29\\.6 point lead following the figures portion of the competition, having won four of the five figures. Button had been attempting the double [Axel jump](/wiki/Axel_jump \"Axel jump\") in practice but had never landed it. In practice on the day before the free skating event, Button landed one in practice for the first time. He decided to put it into his free skating for the next day. Button landed it in competition, becoming the first skater in the world to do so. Button received eight firsts and two seconds, for a total of 10 places. Gerschwiler had 23\\. That combined with the figures results gave Button the gold medal. He became, and remains, the youngest man to win the Olympic gold in figure skating. As of 2022, he remains the last living male winner of 1948 Winter Olympics.", "#### 1948 World Championships", "Button went on to win the [1948 World Championships](/wiki/1948_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1948 World Figure Skating Championships\"), where he faced Gerschwiler for the last time. Button won the event. At the time, the U.S. Championships were held after the World Championships, and Button finished his season by defending his national title. In February 1948, Button, his coach, and his mother were in [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\") to perform an exhibition. They were stranded there after the [Communist](/wiki/Communism \"Communism\") uprising and had to be extracted by the [U.S. Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\"). In 1949, Button won the [Sullivan Award](/wiki/James_E._Sullivan_Award \"James E. Sullivan Award\") as the outstanding amateur athlete in the United States. He is one of only two male figure skaters to win this award. [Evan Lysacek](/wiki/Evan_Lysacek \"Evan Lysacek\") is the other.", "#### College years", "Button had intended to attend [Yale University](/wiki/Yale_University \"Yale University\") beginning in the fall of 1947, but deferred a year due to the Olympics. Although he had originally been assured that his skating would not be a problem as long as his grades were good, he was later informed that he could not continue competing if he wanted to attend Yale. On advice from people from the [Skating Club of Boston](/wiki/Skating_Club_of_Boston \"Skating Club of Boston\"), Button applied to, and was accepted at, [Harvard College](/wiki/Harvard_College \"Harvard College\"). Button was a full\\-time student at Harvard while skating competitively and graduated in 1952 and was a member of The [Delphic Club](/wiki/Delphic_Club \"Delphic Club\"), one of the University's select \"[Final Clubs](/wiki/Final_Clubs \"Final Clubs\")\".", "As reigning and defending champion, as well as being the first skater to perform a double Axel and a flying camel, Button was under pressure to perform a new jump or spin every season. In 1949, he performed a 2Lo\\-2Lo combination. He was the winner of the [James E. Sullivan Award](/wiki/James_E._Sullivan_Award \"James E. Sullivan Award\") as the top U.S. amateur athlete of 1949, becoming the first figure skater to win the award. In 1950, he performed the 2Lo\\-2Lo\\-2Lo. In 1951, he performed a 2A\\-2Lo combination and a 2A\\-2A sequence. For the [1952 Winter Olympics](/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics \"1952 Winter Olympics\"), Button and Lussi began working on a triple jump. They settled on training the triple loop. Button landed it for the first time in practice in December 1951 at the Skating Club of Boston, and for the first time in exhibition in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") following the European Championships.", "#### 1952 Olympic Gold medal", "At the [1952 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics \"Figure skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics\"), Button had the lead after figures, with nine first places, over [Helmut Seibt](/wiki/Helmut_Seibt \"Helmut Seibt\"). Button's point total was 1,000\\.2 to Seibt's 957\\.7\\.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=July 2024}} During his free skate program, Button successfully landed the triple loop, becoming the first person to complete a triple jump in competition.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Hines \\|first\\=James R. \\|title\\=Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating \\|date\\=2011 \\|publisher\\=Scarecrow Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8108\\-6859\\-5 \\|location\\=Lanham, Maryland \\|page\\=xxv}} He became the third male figure skater to win two Olympic gold medals after [Gillis Grafström](/wiki/Gillis_Grafstr%C3%B6m \"Gillis Grafström\") and [Karl Schäfer](/wiki/Karl_Sch%C3%A4fer_%28figure_skater%29 \"Karl Schäfer (figure skater)\"). He was the last man to defend his Olympic title in figure skating until [Yuzuru Hanyu](/wiki/Yuzuru_Hanyu \"Yuzuru Hanyu\") won his second Olympic gold in [2018](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles \"Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's singles\"). He repeated as Gold medalist, then went on to defend his titles at the [1952 World Figure Skating Championships](/wiki/1952_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"1952 World Figure Skating Championships\") and U.S. Championships.", "" ]
Simplifications and data reductions ----------------------------------- Instances of closest string may contain information that is not essential to the problem. In some sense, the usual input of closest string contains information, that does not contribute to the hardness of the problem. For example, if some strings contain the character *a*, but none contains the character *z*, replacing all *a*s with *z*s would yield an essentially equivalent instance, that is: from a solution of the modified instance, the original solution can be restored, and vice versa. ### Normalizing the input When all input strings that share the same length are written on top of each other, they form a matrix. Certain row types have essentially the same implications to the solution. For example, replacing a column with entries (*a*, *a*, *b*) with another column (*x*, *x*, *y*) might lead to a different solution string, but cannot affect solvability, because both columns express the same structure, viz. the first two entries being equal, but different from the third one. An input instance can be *normalized* by replacing, in each column, the character that occurs the most often with *a*, the character that occurs the second most often with *b*, and so forth. Given a solution to the normalized instance, the original instance can be found by remapping the characters of the solution to its original version in every column. The order of the columns does not contribute to the hardness of the problem. That means, if we permute all input strings according to a certain permutation π and obtain a solution string *s* to that modified instance, then π−1(*s*) will be a solution to the original instance. #### Example [thumb\|Search space for the normalized problem. The center string *aaaa* and *aaab* leads to Hamming distances 1,2,1 and 2,1,1, respectively.](/wiki/File:Closest-string_problem_example_svg.svg "Closest-string problem example svg.svg") Given an instance with three input strings *uvwx*, *xuwv*, and *xvwu*. This could be written as a matrix like this: | *u* | *v* | *w* | *x* | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | *x* | *u* | *w* | *v* | | *x* | *v* | *w* | *u* | The first column has the values (*u*, *x*, *x*). As *x* is the character that appears the most often, we replace it by *a*, and we replace *u*, the second most often character, by *b*, obtaining the new first column (*b*, *a*, *a*). The second column has the values (*v*, *u*, *v*). As for the first column, *v* is replaced by *a* and *u* is replaced by *b*, obtaining the new second column (*a*, *b*, *a*). Doing the same with all columns gives the normalized instance | *b* | *a* | *a* | *a* | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | *a* | *b* | *a* | *b* | | *a* | *a* | *a* | *c* | #### Data reduction obtained from normalization Normalizing the input reduces the alphabet size to at most the number of input strings. This can be useful for algorithms whose running times depend on the alphabet size.
[ "Simplifications and data reductions\n-----------------------------------", "Instances of closest string may contain information that is not essential to the problem. In some sense, the usual input of closest string contains information, that does not contribute to the hardness of the problem. For example, if some strings contain the character *a*, but none contains the character *z*, replacing all *a*s with *z*s would yield an essentially equivalent instance, that is: from a solution of the modified instance, the original solution can be restored, and vice versa.", "### Normalizing the input", "When all input strings that share the same length are written on top of each other, they form a matrix. Certain row types have essentially the same implications to the solution. For example, replacing a column with entries (*a*, *a*, *b*) with another column (*x*, *x*, *y*) might lead to a different solution string, but cannot affect solvability, because both columns express the same structure, viz. the first two entries being equal, but different from the third one.", "An input instance can be *normalized* by replacing, in each column, the character that occurs the most often with *a*, the character that occurs the second most often with *b*, and so forth. Given a solution to the normalized instance, the original instance can be found by remapping the characters of the solution to its original version in every column.", "The order of the columns does not contribute to the hardness of the problem. That means, if we permute all input strings according to a certain permutation π and obtain a solution string *s* to that modified instance, then π−1(*s*) will be a solution to the original instance.", "#### Example", "[thumb\\|Search space for the normalized problem. The center string *aaaa* and *aaab* leads to Hamming distances 1,2,1 and 2,1,1, respectively.](/wiki/File:Closest-string_problem_example_svg.svg \"Closest-string problem example svg.svg\")\nGiven an instance with three input strings *uvwx*, *xuwv*, and *xvwu*. This could be written as a matrix like this:", "", "| *u* | *v* | *w* | *x* |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| *x* | *u* | *w* | *v* |\n| *x* | *v* | *w* | *u* |", "The first column has the values (*u*, *x*, *x*). As *x* is the character that appears the most often, we replace it by *a*, and we replace *u*, the second most often character, by *b*, obtaining the new first column (*b*, *a*, *a*). The second column has the values (*v*, *u*, *v*). As for the first column, *v* is replaced by *a* and *u* is replaced by *b*, obtaining the new second column (*a*, *b*, *a*). Doing the same with all columns gives the normalized instance", "", "| *b* | *a* | *a* | *a* |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| *a* | *b* | *a* | *b* |\n| *a* | *a* | *a* | *c* |", "#### Data reduction obtained from normalization", "Normalizing the input reduces the alphabet size to at most the number of input strings. This can be useful for algorithms whose running times depend on the alphabet size.", "" ]
Explanations ------------ Researchers have proposed a number of theories to explain sexual jealousy in both males and females. In addition, some of these explanations can be used to explain the sex differences in sexual jealousy and why there may be differences in the degree to which people experience jealousy. ### Evolutionary psychology perspective Evolutionary psychologists propose that the core function of sexual jealousy is to retain access to a valuable mate.{{Cite journal \| last \= Buss, D. M. \| date \= 2013 \| title \= Sexual jealousy \| url \= http://hrcak.srce.hr/108507 \| journal \= Psihologijske Teme \| volume \= 22 \| issue \= 22 \| pages \= 155–182 }} This explanation is known as *jealousy as a specific innate module*, "**JSIM**".{{Cite journal\|last\=Harris\|first\=Christine R.\|title\=Psychophysiological responses to imagined infidelity: The specific innate modular view of jealousy reconsidered.\|journal\=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology\|volume\=78\|issue\=6\|pages\=1082–1091\|doi\=10\.1037/0022\-3514\.78\.6\.1082\|year\=2000\|pmid\=10870910\|s2cid\=18180981}} According to this perspective, sexual jealousy should be activated by threats to the relationship; in particular, threats of sexual infidelity by the female and threats that the male may share his resources (money, protection, or time) with another woman. For males, their biggest concern when they commit to a relationship is ensuring that any offspring produced is biologically theirs, therefore, sexual infidelity is a huge threat to them as there is then a chance that they are not the [genetic](/wiki/Genetics "Genetics") parent.{{Cite journal \| last \= Carpenter, C. J. \| date \= 2012 \| title \= Meta\-analyses of sex differences in responses to sexual versus emotional infidelity men and women are more similar than different \| url \= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230584162 \| journal \= Psychology of Women Quarterly \| volume \= 36 \| pages \= 25–37 \| doi \= 10\.1177/0361684311414537 \| s2cid \= 145698926 }} If a male raises a child that is not genetically his own, he has effectively wasted his resources raising another man's child who will not pass on any of his genes. As women have genetic certainty when they bear a child, this is not a concern to them. However, they do face a different evolutionary problem. If the woman's partner becomes emotionally attached to another woman, there is a real chance that the male may share his resources with the other woman or leave their current relationship altogether. Either way, the female loses some of the male parental investment, and the loss of her mate's resources may significantly reduce the survival of herself and her offspring.{{Cite book \| title \= The dangerous passion: Why jealousy is as necessary as love and sex. \| last \= Buss, D. M. \| publisher \= Simon and Schuster. \| year \= 2000 \| location \= New York, NY }} The evolutionary psychology perspective has been supported by a study conducted by David Buss.{{Cite journal\|last\=Buss\|first\=David M.\|date\=2013\|title\=Sexual jealousy\|journal\=Psychological Topics\|volume\=22\|pages\=155–182}} He observed that male sexual jealousy is triggered by sexual infidelity, whereas female sexual jealousy is triggered by emotional infidelity. The study concluded that sexual jealousy may be an adaptive function that is triggered in order to retain access to a valuable mate. Researchers David Buss and Todd Shackleford propose and test several hypotheses about sexual jealousy:{{Cite journal\|last1\=Buss\|first1\=David M.\|last2\=Shackleford\|first2\=Todd K.\|date\=1997\|title\=From vigilance to violence: Mate retention tactics in married couples\|journal\=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology\|volume\=72\|issue\=2\|pages\=346–361\|doi\=10\.1037/0022\-3514\.72\.2\.346\|pmid\=9107005\|citeseerx\=10\.1\.1\.387\.7053}} 1. **Men will devote more resources to mate retention when their partner is younger than them than men whose partner is older than them**. This hypothesis rests on the evolutionary principle of [mate value](/wiki/Mate_Value "Mate Value"). Younger women are likely to have more mate value because they are more [fertile](/wiki/Fertility "Fertility"). Therefore, it is predicted that men are likely to engage in mate retention behaviours more often when their partner is younger rather than older than them. 2. Again based on the principle of mate value is the prediction that **men will devote more resources to mate retention when their partner is perceived to be more [physically attractive](/wiki/Physical_attractiveness "Physical attractiveness") than when their partner is perceived to be less physically attractive**. Females who are physically attractive have a higher mate value than those who are less physically attractive. 3. **Women will allocate more resources to mate retention when their partner has a wealth of resources than women whose partners have few resources**. This hypothesis also rests on the mate value principle. Men who have more resources and wealth have a higher mate value than those who do not. 4. **If a man perceives his partner as having a higher mate value than him, then he is more likely to engage in efforts towards mate retention than men who perceive their partners as having a lower or equal mate value than them.** This hypothesis rests on perceived mate value. If a male's partner has a higher mate value than him, she is more likely to be able to attract other men who may be of a similar mate value to her. As such, the male is at a greater risk of losing her to another man with a higher mate value. 5. **Individuals who suspect their partners are being unfaithful are more likely to devote effort towards mate retention than those who do not suspect their partners are being unfaithful.** This hypothesis relies on the perceived probability of infidelity. Men risk being cuckolded into raising children that are not genetically theirs, and women risk losing their mate's resources and time. Their research provided evidence to support all above hypotheses except for hypothesis 5; this effect was unique to men only. This suggests that a woman who suspects her male partner of being unfaithful is not necessarily more likely to devote more effort to retaining them: > One could speculate that a partner's sexual infidelity signals less of a loss for women than for men given the reproductive logic of paternity uncertainty, but this explanation does not square with the findings that women become just as upset as men by a partner's infidelity, particularly when it represents a serious, emotionally involved relationship (Buss et al., 1992\). ### The double\-shot hypothesis This hypothesis contradicts the evolutionary perspective.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Buss\|first1\=D.M.\|last2\=Larsen\|first2\=R.J.\|last3\=Westen\|first3\=D\|date\=1996\|title\=Special Section Commentary: Sex Differences in Jealousy: Not Gone, Not Forgotten, and Not Explained by Alternative Hypotheses.\|journal\=Psychological Science\|doi\=10\.1111/j.1467\-9280\.1996\.tb00392\.x\|jstor\=40062983\|volume\=7\|issue\=6\|pages\=373–375\|s2cid\=8729149}} It proposes that these gender differences in feelings of sexual jealousy stem from beliefs as opposed to being evolved traits. The double\-shot hypothesis (also known as the two\-for\-one hypothesis{{Cite journal\|last1\=Whitty\|first1\=M.T\|last2\=Quigley\|first2\=L.L.\|date\=2008\|title\=Emotional and sexual infidelity offline and in cyberspace.\|journal\=Journal of Marital and Family Therapy\|doi\=10\.1111/j.1752\-0606\.2008\.00088\.x\|pmid\=19017185\|volume\=34\|issue\=4\|pages\=461–468\|url\=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/83753/7/WRAP\_Emotional%20and%20Sexual%20infidelity\_Whitty.pdf\|hdl\=2381/10041}}) suggests that women have a belief that men can have sexual relations without emotionally committing themselves. Women also believe that for men to have emotional commitment, sex is a prerequisite.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Desteno\|first1\=D.A\|last2\=Salovey\|first2\=P\|date\=1996\|title\=Evolutionary origins of sex differences in jealousy? Questioning the "fitness" of the model.\|journal\=Psychological Science\|doi\=10\.1111/j.1467\-9280\.1996\.tb00391\.x\|volume\=7\|issue\=6\|pages\=367–372\|s2cid\=12606080}} Therefore, if men and women place importance on different aspects of relationship, this explains why they may also be upset by different types of sexual jealousy differently.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Wiederman\|first1\=M.W.\|last2\=Kendall\|first2\=E\|date\=1999\|title\=Evolution, sex, and jealousy: Investigation with a sample from Sweden.\|journal\=Evolution and Human Behavior\|doi\=10\.1016/S1090\-5138(98\)00046\-4 \|volume\=20\|issue\=2\|pages\=121–128\|bibcode\=1999EHumB..20\..121W }} ### Social\-cognitive perspective As both forms of jealousy are threatening to men and women, the social\-cognitive perspective suggests that there are no inherent, evolutionarily induced gender differences. Instead, both emotional and sexual jealousy are believed to occur when an individual believes that a rival is posing a threat to what one perceives to be a valuable interpersonal relationship. When the relationship or one's self\-esteem is threatened, jealousy is evoked. The perspective also provides explanations as to why men would be more upset by sexual infidelity than women. Men are socialized to be masculine, which includes having great sexual prowess. If a man's partner commits sexual infidelity, this brings into question his sexual prowess and therefore threatens his masculinity. This results a strong, negative reaction in response to the sexual infidelity, which does not tend to occur in response to emotional infidelity. In contrast, women are taught to be emotional nurturers in a relationship, therefore, if their partner commits emotional infidelity, this may threaten her sense of self more than if her partner commits sexual infidelity.{{Cite book \| title \= Handbook of jealousy: Theory, research, and multidisciplinary approaches. \| last \= Hart, S. L., \& Legerstee, M. (Eds.) \| publisher \= Blackwell Publishing Ltd \| year \= 2013 \| location \= West Sussex }} The social\-cognitive perspective also proposes the ***transactional model of jealousy***, which can be used to explain why there may be differences in the degree to which individuals experience sexual jealousy within genders, as well as between genders. This model examines how three variables – (1\) [arousability](/wiki/Physiological_arousal "Physiological arousal"), (2\) [commitment](/wiki/Personal_commitment "Personal commitment") and, (3\) insecurity – moderate jealousy.{{Cite book \| title \= Intimate relationships: Issues, theories, and research. \| last \= Erber, R., \& Erber, M. W. \| publisher \= Routledge \| year \= 2016 \| location \= New York, NY }} 1. Individual differences in sexual jealousy are determined by the difference in levels of *physiological arousal*: individuals who are easily aroused have more intense jealous reactions than those with lower physiological arousal 2. *Commitment* refers to the degree of dedication a person has in the relationship: the more committed a person is to a relationship, the greater the threat of loss, which leads to greater feelings of jealousy 3. *Insecurity* refers to the perceived level of commitment of the partner: if we perceive our partner to be un\-involved or disinterested in the relationship, we feel more insecure.{{Cite journal \| last \= Sagarin, B.J., Martin, A.L., Coutinho, S.A., Edlund, J.E., Patel, L., Skowronski, J.J., \& Zengel, B. \| date \= 2012 \| title \= Sex differences in jealousy: A meta\-analytic examination \| url \= http://www.niu.edu/jskowronski/publications/2012SagarinEtAl.pdf \| journal \= Evolution and Human Behavior \| volume \= 33 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= 595–614 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012\.02\.006 \| bibcode \= 2012EHumB..33\..595S }} The degree to which these factors are experienced together determine the intensity of sexual jealousy felt by an individual.
[ "Explanations\n------------", "Researchers have proposed a number of theories to explain sexual jealousy in both males and females. In addition, some of these explanations can be used to explain the sex differences in sexual jealousy and why there may be differences in the degree to which people experience jealousy.", "### Evolutionary psychology perspective", "Evolutionary psychologists propose that the core function of sexual jealousy is to retain access to a valuable mate.{{Cite journal\n\\| last \\= Buss, D. M.\n\\| date \\= 2013\n\\| title \\= Sexual jealousy\n\\| url \\= http://hrcak.srce.hr/108507\n\\| journal \\= Psihologijske Teme\n\\| volume \\= 22\n\\| issue \\= 22\n\\| pages \\= 155–182\n}} This explanation is known as *jealousy as a specific innate module*, \"**JSIM**\".{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Harris\\|first\\=Christine R.\\|title\\=Psychophysiological responses to imagined infidelity: The specific innate modular view of jealousy reconsidered.\\|journal\\=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology\\|volume\\=78\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=1082–1091\\|doi\\=10\\.1037/0022\\-3514\\.78\\.6\\.1082\\|year\\=2000\\|pmid\\=10870910\\|s2cid\\=18180981}} According to this perspective, sexual jealousy should be activated by threats to the relationship; in particular, threats of sexual infidelity by the female and threats that the male may share his resources (money, protection, or time) with another woman. For males, their biggest concern when they commit to a relationship is ensuring that any offspring produced is biologically theirs, therefore, sexual infidelity is a huge threat to them as there is then a chance that they are not the [genetic](/wiki/Genetics \"Genetics\") parent.{{Cite journal\n\\| last \\= Carpenter, C. J.\n\\| date \\= 2012\n\\| title \\= Meta\\-analyses of sex differences in responses to sexual versus emotional infidelity men and women are more similar than different\n\\| url \\= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230584162\n\\| journal \\= Psychology of Women Quarterly\n\\| volume \\= 36\n\\| pages \\= 25–37\n\\| doi \\= 10\\.1177/0361684311414537\n\\| s2cid \\= 145698926\n}} If a male raises a child that is not genetically his own, he has effectively wasted his resources raising another man's child who will not pass on any of his genes.", "As women have genetic certainty when they bear a child, this is not a concern to them. However, they do face a different evolutionary problem. If the woman's partner becomes emotionally attached to another woman, there is a real chance that the male may share his resources with the other woman or leave their current relationship altogether. Either way, the female loses some of the male parental investment, and the loss of her mate's resources may significantly reduce the survival of herself and her offspring.{{Cite book\n\\| title \\= The dangerous passion: Why jealousy is as necessary as love and sex.\n\\| last \\= Buss, D. M.\n\\| publisher \\= Simon and Schuster.\n\\| year \\= 2000\n\\| location \\= New York, NY\n}}", "The evolutionary psychology perspective has been supported by a study conducted by David Buss.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Buss\\|first\\=David M.\\|date\\=2013\\|title\\=Sexual jealousy\\|journal\\=Psychological Topics\\|volume\\=22\\|pages\\=155–182}} He observed that male sexual jealousy is triggered by sexual infidelity, whereas female sexual jealousy is triggered by emotional infidelity. The study concluded that sexual jealousy may be an adaptive function that is triggered in order to retain access to a valuable mate.", "Researchers David Buss and Todd Shackleford propose and test several hypotheses about sexual jealousy:{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Buss\\|first1\\=David M.\\|last2\\=Shackleford\\|first2\\=Todd K.\\|date\\=1997\\|title\\=From vigilance to violence: Mate retention tactics in married couples\\|journal\\=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology\\|volume\\=72\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=346–361\\|doi\\=10\\.1037/0022\\-3514\\.72\\.2\\.346\\|pmid\\=9107005\\|citeseerx\\=10\\.1\\.1\\.387\\.7053}}\n1. **Men will devote more resources to mate retention when their partner is younger than them than men whose partner is older than them**. This hypothesis rests on the evolutionary principle of [mate value](/wiki/Mate_Value \"Mate Value\"). Younger women are likely to have more mate value because they are more [fertile](/wiki/Fertility \"Fertility\"). Therefore, it is predicted that men are likely to engage in mate retention behaviours more often when their partner is younger rather than older than them.\n2. Again based on the principle of mate value is the prediction that **men will devote more resources to mate retention when their partner is perceived to be more [physically attractive](/wiki/Physical_attractiveness \"Physical attractiveness\") than when their partner is perceived to be less physically attractive**. Females who are physically attractive have a higher mate value than those who are less physically attractive.\n3. **Women will allocate more resources to mate retention when their partner has a wealth of resources than women whose partners have few resources**. This hypothesis also rests on the mate value principle. Men who have more resources and wealth have a higher mate value than those who do not.\n4. **If a man perceives his partner as having a higher mate value than him, then he is more likely to engage in efforts towards mate retention than men who perceive their partners as having a lower or equal mate value than them.** This hypothesis rests on perceived mate value. If a male's partner has a higher mate value than him, she is more likely to be able to attract other men who may be of a similar mate value to her. As such, the male is at a greater risk of losing her to another man with a higher mate value.\n5. **Individuals who suspect their partners are being unfaithful are more likely to devote effort towards mate retention than those who do not suspect their partners are being unfaithful.** This hypothesis relies on the perceived probability of infidelity. Men risk being cuckolded into raising children that are not genetically theirs, and women risk losing their mate's resources and time.", "Their research provided evidence to support all above hypotheses except for hypothesis 5; this effect was unique to men only. This suggests that a woman who suspects her male partner of being unfaithful is not necessarily more likely to devote more effort to retaining them:\n> One could speculate that a partner's sexual infidelity signals less of a loss for women than for men given the reproductive logic of paternity uncertainty, but this explanation does not square with the findings that women become just as upset as men by a partner's infidelity, particularly when it represents a serious, emotionally involved relationship (Buss et al., 1992\\).", "", "### The double\\-shot hypothesis", "This hypothesis contradicts the evolutionary perspective.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Buss\\|first1\\=D.M.\\|last2\\=Larsen\\|first2\\=R.J.\\|last3\\=Westen\\|first3\\=D\\|date\\=1996\\|title\\=Special Section Commentary: Sex Differences in Jealousy: Not Gone, Not Forgotten, and Not Explained by Alternative Hypotheses.\\|journal\\=Psychological Science\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1467\\-9280\\.1996\\.tb00392\\.x\\|jstor\\=40062983\\|volume\\=7\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=373–375\\|s2cid\\=8729149}} It proposes that these gender differences in feelings of sexual jealousy stem from beliefs as opposed to being evolved traits.", "The double\\-shot hypothesis (also known as the two\\-for\\-one hypothesis{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Whitty\\|first1\\=M.T\\|last2\\=Quigley\\|first2\\=L.L.\\|date\\=2008\\|title\\=Emotional and sexual infidelity offline and in cyberspace.\\|journal\\=Journal of Marital and Family Therapy\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1752\\-0606\\.2008\\.00088\\.x\\|pmid\\=19017185\\|volume\\=34\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=461–468\\|url\\=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/83753/7/WRAP\\_Emotional%20and%20Sexual%20infidelity\\_Whitty.pdf\\|hdl\\=2381/10041}}) suggests that women have a belief that men can have sexual relations without emotionally committing themselves. Women also believe that for men to have emotional commitment, sex is a prerequisite.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Desteno\\|first1\\=D.A\\|last2\\=Salovey\\|first2\\=P\\|date\\=1996\\|title\\=Evolutionary origins of sex differences in jealousy? Questioning the \"fitness\" of the model.\\|journal\\=Psychological Science\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1467\\-9280\\.1996\\.tb00391\\.x\\|volume\\=7\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=367–372\\|s2cid\\=12606080}} Therefore, if men and women place importance on different aspects of relationship, this explains why they may also be upset by different types of sexual jealousy differently.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Wiederman\\|first1\\=M.W.\\|last2\\=Kendall\\|first2\\=E\\|date\\=1999\\|title\\=Evolution, sex, and jealousy: Investigation with a sample from Sweden.\\|journal\\=Evolution and Human Behavior\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S1090\\-5138(98\\)00046\\-4\n\\|volume\\=20\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=121–128\\|bibcode\\=1999EHumB..20\\..121W }}", "### Social\\-cognitive perspective", "As both forms of jealousy are threatening to men and women, the social\\-cognitive perspective suggests that there are no inherent, evolutionarily induced gender differences. Instead, both emotional and sexual jealousy are believed to occur when an individual believes that a rival is posing a threat to what one perceives to be a valuable interpersonal relationship. When the relationship or one's self\\-esteem is threatened, jealousy is evoked.", "The perspective also provides explanations as to why men would be more upset by sexual infidelity than women. Men are socialized to be masculine, which includes having great sexual prowess. If a man's partner commits sexual infidelity, this brings into question his sexual prowess and therefore threatens his masculinity. This results a strong, negative reaction in response to the sexual infidelity, which does not tend to occur in response to emotional infidelity. In contrast, women are taught to be emotional nurturers in a relationship, therefore, if their partner commits emotional infidelity, this may threaten her sense of self more than if her partner commits sexual infidelity.{{Cite book\n\\| title \\= Handbook of jealousy: Theory, research, and multidisciplinary approaches.\n\\| last \\= Hart, S. L., \\& Legerstee, M. (Eds.)\n\\| publisher \\= Blackwell Publishing Ltd\n\\| year \\= 2013\n\\| location \\= West Sussex\n}}", "The social\\-cognitive perspective also proposes the ***transactional model of jealousy***, which can be used to explain why there may be differences in the degree to which individuals experience sexual jealousy within genders, as well as between genders. This model examines how three variables – (1\\) [arousability](/wiki/Physiological_arousal \"Physiological arousal\"), (2\\) [commitment](/wiki/Personal_commitment \"Personal commitment\") and, (3\\) insecurity – moderate jealousy.{{Cite book\n\\| title \\= Intimate relationships: Issues, theories, and research.\n\\| last \\= Erber, R., \\& Erber, M. W.\n\\| publisher \\= Routledge\n\\| year \\= 2016\n\\| location \\= New York, NY\n}}\n1. Individual differences in sexual jealousy are determined by the difference in levels of *physiological arousal*: individuals who are easily aroused have more intense jealous reactions than those with lower physiological arousal\n2. *Commitment* refers to the degree of dedication a person has in the relationship: the more committed a person is to a relationship, the greater the threat of loss, which leads to greater feelings of jealousy\n3. *Insecurity* refers to the perceived level of commitment of the partner: if we perceive our partner to be un\\-involved or disinterested in the relationship, we feel more insecure.{{Cite journal\n\\| last \\= Sagarin, B.J., Martin, A.L., Coutinho, S.A., Edlund, J.E., Patel, L., Skowronski, J.J., \\& Zengel, B.\n\\| date \\= 2012\n\\| title \\= Sex differences in jealousy: A meta\\-analytic examination\n\\| url \\= http://www.niu.edu/jskowronski/publications/2012SagarinEtAl.pdf\n\\| journal \\= Evolution and Human Behavior\n\\| volume \\= 33\n\\| issue \\= 6\n\\| pages \\= 595–614\n\\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012\\.02\\.006\n\\| bibcode \\= 2012EHumB..33\\..595S\n}}\nThe degree to which these factors are experienced together determine the intensity of sexual jealousy felt by an individual.", "" ]
Background ---------- Founded in 1947 by a small group of religiously committed scientists, the AOJS is an organization devoted to the orientation of science within the framework of Orthodox Jewish tradition. The organization aims to assist those endeavors which will help improve the Torah way of life for Jews throughout the modern world, both intellectually and practically. The AOJS provides an intellectual meeting ground for people who can contribute to the constructive incorporation of scientific knowledge and thinking into the Torah way of life through their professional qualifications, interests and activities. Concern is paid to ideological problems relating to the apparent points of conflict between scientific theory and Orthodox Judaism. At the time of its founding, the association formulated five purposes: 1. clarifying the connection between science and [Torah](/wiki/Torah "Torah"); 2. considering the application of the principles of [halakha](/wiki/Halakha "Halakha") in particular issues; 3. providing an opportunity for education and interaction with professionals sharing a common interest; 4. providing guidance to [Orthodox Jewish](/wiki/Orthodox_Jew "Orthodox Jew") students considering a career in science; 5. providing study and training in areas of science needed in [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel").[The History of AOJS](http://www.aojs.org/history.asp) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211060702/http://www.aojs.org/history.asp \|date\=2009\-02\-11 }}, Association of Orthodox Jewish Scientists. Accessed October 23, 2008\. By the early 1960s, the organization reached nearly 2,000 dues\-paying members. *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)")* magazine reported that the organization had over 1,000 members by the late 1960s.Staff. [Orthodoxy's New Look](https://web.archive.org/web/20081228050029/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,841195,00.html), *[Time (magazine)](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 "Time (magazine)")*, January 19, 1968\. Accessed October 23, 2008\. ### Activities In terms of education and guidance, Assistance to individuals and institutions in the solution of practical problems encountered by Orthodox Jews and their children in the study or practice of scientific pursuits; support for the educational ideal of a true synthesis of Jewish and secular studies. For example, the AOJS Medical\-Dental section maintains a list of [shomer Shabbos](/wiki/Shomer_Shabbos "Shomer Shabbos") [medical residency](/wiki/Medical_residency "Medical residency") positions available around the U.S. In terms of the intersection between science and [Jewish law](/wiki/Halacha "Halacha"), association members provide consulting services to rabbinical authorities concerned with the implications of technological developments for the Jewish rituals and religious practices. AOJS convention themes often center on Jewish religious perspectives on [Darwin](/wiki/Charles_Darwin "Charles Darwin")'s theory of [evolution](/wiki/Evolution "Evolution").
[ "Background\n----------", "Founded in 1947 by a small group of religiously committed scientists, the AOJS is an organization devoted to the orientation of science within the framework of Orthodox Jewish tradition. The organization aims to assist those endeavors which will help improve the Torah way of life for Jews throughout the modern world, both intellectually and practically. The AOJS provides an intellectual meeting ground for people who can contribute to the constructive incorporation of scientific knowledge and thinking into the Torah way of life through their professional qualifications, interests and activities. Concern is paid to ideological problems relating to the apparent points of conflict between scientific theory and Orthodox Judaism. At the time of its founding, the association formulated five purposes:\n1. clarifying the connection between science and [Torah](/wiki/Torah \"Torah\");\n2. considering the application of the principles of [halakha](/wiki/Halakha \"Halakha\") in particular issues;\n3. providing an opportunity for education and interaction with professionals sharing a common interest;\n4. providing guidance to [Orthodox Jewish](/wiki/Orthodox_Jew \"Orthodox Jew\") students considering a career in science;\n5. providing study and training in areas of science needed in [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\").[The History of AOJS](http://www.aojs.org/history.asp) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211060702/http://www.aojs.org/history.asp \\|date\\=2009\\-02\\-11 }}, Association of Orthodox Jewish Scientists. Accessed October 23, 2008\\.", "By the early 1960s, the organization reached nearly 2,000 dues\\-paying members. *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")* magazine reported that the organization had over 1,000 members by the late 1960s.Staff. [Orthodoxy's New Look](https://web.archive.org/web/20081228050029/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,841195,00.html), *[Time (magazine)](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")*, January 19, 1968\\. Accessed October 23, 2008\\.", "### Activities", "In terms of education and guidance, Assistance to individuals and institutions in the solution of practical problems encountered by Orthodox Jews and their children in the study or practice of scientific pursuits; support for the educational ideal of a true synthesis of Jewish and secular studies. For example, the AOJS Medical\\-Dental section maintains a list of [shomer Shabbos](/wiki/Shomer_Shabbos \"Shomer Shabbos\") [medical residency](/wiki/Medical_residency \"Medical residency\") positions available around the U.S.", "In terms of the intersection between science and [Jewish law](/wiki/Halacha \"Halacha\"), association members provide consulting services to rabbinical authorities concerned with the implications of technological developments for the Jewish rituals and religious practices.", "AOJS convention themes often center on Jewish religious perspectives on [Darwin](/wiki/Charles_Darwin \"Charles Darwin\")'s theory of [evolution](/wiki/Evolution \"Evolution\").", "" ]
History ------- Previously, the idea of an Orthodox Jewish scientist was considered abnormal on the Jewish scene. In the 1940s, despite general shock over the [Holocaust](/wiki/The_Holocaust "The Holocaust"), some of the most prestigious universities still had formal or informal quotas limiting the number of Jews and exams were often held on [Shabbat](/wiki/Shabbat "Shabbat") and Jewish holidays. As a result, for every 1 Orthodox Jewish science student there were 1,000 other Jewish students. In the U.S. today, religiously observant Jewish university students are common from the observant doctor, physicist, computer programmer to the engineer and psychologist. Often called upon by the [rabbi](/wiki/Rabbi "Rabbi") to explain the scientific principles that will guide him in his halachic decision making, the Orthodox Jewish scientist has become an integral part of Orthodox Jewish observance in the ever\-changing modern world. Rabbis faced with the need to apply the halacha to a rapidly changing technological world find it easier to communicate their needs to Torah scholars who are equally well versed in the sciences. The Orthodox Jewish scientist has indeed come a long way in the synthesis of Torah and science. On December 28, 1947, a group of scientists, most of them graduate students in the natural sciences, sat down at the first meeting of AOJS. The founding group set down five goals: to clarify the bond between science and the Torah; to apply Torah principles in solving specific problems; to further themselves professionally and socially by associating with others who had common interests; to advise religious students interested in science; and to train in areas of science needed in Israel. The organization reached its peak in the early 1960s when they had nearly 2,000 dues\-paying members. Since its inception in 1947, the AOJS has been at the forefront of addressing the interface of science and halacha. Initially, AOJS served as a safe haven and social outlet for a few religious physicists and chemists to share their ideas, and as an agency to resolve apparent conflicts between scientific findings and Torah beliefs. It also became the address for those seeking halachic guidance in areas where halacha and science interfaced. In the 1960s, AOJS expanded its domain to service those in the medical, nursing, computer psychological and social sciences. It was also during this period that AOJS became involved in social activism. It would decry, raise public awareness, and create and/or assist agencies working in the areas of spousal, child and drug abuse in the Orthodox community. It was also active in seeking the release of Jewish scientists from the [USSR](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"). The AOJS is divided into three major sections: physical \& computer sciences, medical \& life sciences, and behavioral sciences. The Orthodox Jewish scientist working through the AOJS, has become a major source of reliable scientific information for the Torah community all over the world, and is recognized as having made important contributions in very practical ways to the development of the halacha. From the perspective of Jewish law and theology, AOJS provides a forum for research, innovation and discussion of these increasingly difficult areas. AOJS, as well, has created an open forum in which scientists can consult, network and concur with fellow professionals in their discipline. There are, to date, over 2000 members and friends of the AOJS, worldwide \- including professionals (doctors, psychologists, research scientists, etc.), academicians, rabbis, students and informed people. AOJS has hosted hundreds of conventions, conferences, symposiums and lecture series' that have broadly focused on these subjects. Thousands of articles have been published and circulated to the Orthodox Jewish public pertaining to the science/halacha interface. Books have been published, scientific advances have been made, difficult areas in halacha have been clarified.
[ "History\n-------", "Previously, the idea of an Orthodox Jewish scientist was considered abnormal on the Jewish scene. In the 1940s, despite general shock over the [Holocaust](/wiki/The_Holocaust \"The Holocaust\"), some of the most prestigious universities still had formal or informal quotas limiting the number of Jews and exams were often held on [Shabbat](/wiki/Shabbat \"Shabbat\") and Jewish holidays. As a result, for every 1 Orthodox Jewish science student there were 1,000 other Jewish students. In the U.S. today, religiously observant Jewish university students are common from the observant doctor, physicist, computer programmer to the engineer and psychologist.", "Often called upon by the [rabbi](/wiki/Rabbi \"Rabbi\") to explain the scientific principles that will guide him in his halachic decision making, the Orthodox Jewish scientist has become an integral part of Orthodox Jewish observance in the ever\\-changing modern world. Rabbis faced with the need to apply the halacha to a rapidly changing technological world find it easier to communicate their needs to Torah scholars who are equally well versed in the sciences. The Orthodox Jewish scientist has indeed come a long way in the synthesis of Torah and science.", "On December 28, 1947, a group of scientists, most of them graduate students in the natural sciences, sat down at the first meeting of AOJS. The founding group set down five goals: to clarify the bond between science and the Torah; to apply Torah principles in solving specific problems; to further themselves professionally and socially by associating with others who had common interests; to advise religious students interested in science; and to train in areas of science needed in Israel. The organization reached its peak in the early 1960s when they had nearly 2,000 dues\\-paying members.", "Since its inception in 1947, the AOJS has been at the forefront of addressing the interface of science and halacha. Initially, AOJS served as a safe haven and social outlet for a few religious physicists and chemists to share their ideas, and as an agency to resolve apparent conflicts between scientific findings and Torah beliefs. It also became the address for those seeking halachic guidance in areas where halacha and science interfaced.", "In the 1960s, AOJS expanded its domain to service those in the medical, nursing, computer psychological and social sciences. It was also during this period that AOJS became involved in social activism. It would decry, raise public awareness, and create and/or assist agencies working in the areas of spousal, child and drug abuse in the Orthodox community. It was also active in seeking the release of Jewish scientists from the [USSR](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\").", "The AOJS is divided into three major sections: physical \\& computer sciences, medical \\& life sciences, and behavioral sciences. The Orthodox Jewish scientist working through the AOJS, has become a major source of reliable scientific information for the Torah community all over the world, and is recognized as having made important contributions in very practical ways to the development of the halacha.", "From the perspective of Jewish law and theology, AOJS provides a forum for research, innovation and discussion of these increasingly difficult areas. AOJS, as well, has created an open forum in which scientists can consult, network and concur with fellow professionals in their discipline. There are, to date, over 2000 members and friends of the AOJS, worldwide \\- including professionals (doctors, psychologists, research scientists, etc.), academicians, rabbis, students and informed people.", "AOJS has hosted hundreds of conventions, conferences, symposiums and lecture series' that have broadly focused on these subjects. Thousands of articles have been published and circulated to the Orthodox Jewish public pertaining to the science/halacha interface. Books have been published, scientific advances have been made, difficult areas in halacha have been clarified.", "" ]
Building -------- The post office is located on the north side of South Street, on the southeast corner of a large, triangular [lot](/wiki/Lot_%28real_estate%29 "Lot (real estate)") it has all to itself. The ground slopes down to the north. Across the street are [Peekskill Presbyterian Church](/wiki/Peekskill_Presbyterian_Church "Peekskill Presbyterian Church") and an assortment of commercial and residential buildings, similar to the neighborhood to the east, which has [mixed\-use](/wiki/Mixed-use_development "Mixed-use development") apartment buildings. A row of mature oak trees screens the front of the building. It is a one\-story rectangular building [sided](/wiki/Siding_%28construction%29 "Siding (construction)") in brick laid in [English bond](/wiki/Brickwork "Brickwork") with [limestone](/wiki/Limestone "Limestone") and wood trim. The south (front) facade features a projecting central [pavilion](/wiki/Pavilion "Pavilion") with three semicircular wood\-arched windows with keystones and rectangular blocks at the springlines. Such tripartite windows unified by a fanlike recessed tympanum, here typically with the radiating fluting of a [patera](/wiki/Patera "Patera"), are elements of English [Neoclassical architecture](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture "Neoclassical architecture") as practiced most familiarly by [Robert Adam](/wiki/Robert_Adam "Robert Adam").see Adam's [his Boat House at Kedleston, 1769](/wiki/Robert_AdamFishing_Room_and_Boat_House_at_Kedleston_Circa_1769.JPG "Robert AdamFishing Room and Boat House at Kedleston Circa 1769.JPG"), for the very same window motif. The two [bays](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 "Bay (architecture)") on the ends have regular rectangular windows with keystones and a decorative recessed panel above. Below the two front windows flanking the main entrance are [balustrades](/wiki/Balustrades "Balustrades") and [cast iron](/wiki/Cast_iron "Cast iron") fences around window wells allowing light into the basement. Above the arches is raised metal lettering saying "UNITED STATES POST OFFICE" below a limestone [frieze](/wiki/Frieze "Frieze") with geometric decoration. The roofline is marked by a plain [cornice](/wiki/Cornice "Cornice"), topped with a limestone\-[coped](/wiki/Coping_%28architecture%29 "Coping (architecture)") brick [parapet](/wiki/Parapet "Parapet") interrupted by stone [balustrades](/wiki/Balustrade "Balustrade") above each of the three central bays. A similar window treatment is found along the east profile. The west profile of the building has one window similar to the others, with a large wing projecting outwards for the [loading dock](/wiki/Loading_dock "Loading dock"). It wraps around the north as well. Stone steps flanked by cast iron lampposts rise to the main entrance. The modern glass door is framed by projecting [Doric](/wiki/Doric_order "Doric order") [pilasters](/wiki/Pilaster "Pilaster"). These support a plain frieze and denticulated cornice, above which is the same [archivolt](/wiki/Archivolt "Archivolt") found on the flanking windows. Inside, the lobby has marble [wainscoting](/wiki/Wainscoting "Wainscoting") and high plaster ceilings with a deep cornice. The windows have [Adamesque](/wiki/Adam_style "Adam style") [carved](/wiki/Woodcarving "Woodcarving") wood surrounds. A [Palladian window](/wiki/Palladian_window "Palladian window") is on the inside wall. The entrance to the [postmaster](/wiki/Postmaster "Postmaster")'s office has two narrow stop\-[fluted](/wiki/Fluting_%28architecture%29 "Fluting (architecture)") pilasters supporting blocks with carved urns and a [swagged](/wiki/Festoon "Festoon") frieze.
[ "Building\n--------", "The post office is located on the north side of South Street, on the southeast corner of a large, triangular [lot](/wiki/Lot_%28real_estate%29 \"Lot (real estate)\") it has all to itself. The ground slopes down to the north. Across the street are [Peekskill Presbyterian Church](/wiki/Peekskill_Presbyterian_Church \"Peekskill Presbyterian Church\") and an assortment of commercial and residential buildings, similar to the neighborhood to the east, which has [mixed\\-use](/wiki/Mixed-use_development \"Mixed-use development\") apartment buildings. A row of mature oak trees screens the front of the building.", "It is a one\\-story rectangular building [sided](/wiki/Siding_%28construction%29 \"Siding (construction)\") in brick laid in [English bond](/wiki/Brickwork \"Brickwork\") with [limestone](/wiki/Limestone \"Limestone\") and wood trim. The south (front) facade features a projecting central [pavilion](/wiki/Pavilion \"Pavilion\") with three semicircular wood\\-arched windows with keystones and rectangular blocks at the springlines. Such tripartite windows unified by a fanlike recessed tympanum, here typically with the radiating fluting of a [patera](/wiki/Patera \"Patera\"), are elements of English [Neoclassical architecture](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture \"Neoclassical architecture\") as practiced most familiarly by [Robert Adam](/wiki/Robert_Adam \"Robert Adam\").see Adam's [his Boat House at Kedleston, 1769](/wiki/Robert_AdamFishing_Room_and_Boat_House_at_Kedleston_Circa_1769.JPG \"Robert AdamFishing Room and Boat House at Kedleston Circa 1769.JPG\"), for the very same window motif. The two [bays](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 \"Bay (architecture)\") on the ends have regular rectangular windows with keystones and a decorative recessed panel above. Below the two front windows flanking the main entrance are [balustrades](/wiki/Balustrades \"Balustrades\") and [cast iron](/wiki/Cast_iron \"Cast iron\") fences around window wells allowing light into the basement.", "Above the arches is raised metal lettering saying \"UNITED STATES POST OFFICE\" below a limestone [frieze](/wiki/Frieze \"Frieze\") with geometric decoration. The roofline is marked by a plain [cornice](/wiki/Cornice \"Cornice\"), topped with a limestone\\-[coped](/wiki/Coping_%28architecture%29 \"Coping (architecture)\") brick [parapet](/wiki/Parapet \"Parapet\") interrupted by stone [balustrades](/wiki/Balustrade \"Balustrade\") above each of the three central bays.", "A similar window treatment is found along the east profile. The west profile of the building has one window similar to the others, with a large wing projecting outwards for the [loading dock](/wiki/Loading_dock \"Loading dock\"). It wraps around the north as well.", "Stone steps flanked by cast iron lampposts rise to the main entrance. The modern glass door is framed by projecting [Doric](/wiki/Doric_order \"Doric order\") [pilasters](/wiki/Pilaster \"Pilaster\"). These support a plain frieze and denticulated cornice, above which is the same [archivolt](/wiki/Archivolt \"Archivolt\") found on the flanking windows.", "Inside, the lobby has marble [wainscoting](/wiki/Wainscoting \"Wainscoting\") and high plaster ceilings with a deep cornice. The windows have [Adamesque](/wiki/Adam_style \"Adam style\") [carved](/wiki/Woodcarving \"Woodcarving\") wood surrounds. A [Palladian window](/wiki/Palladian_window \"Palladian window\") is on the inside wall. The entrance to the [postmaster](/wiki/Postmaster \"Postmaster\")'s office has two narrow stop\\-[fluted](/wiki/Fluting_%28architecture%29 \"Fluting (architecture)\") pilasters supporting blocks with carved urns and a [swagged](/wiki/Festoon \"Festoon\") frieze.", "" ]
Criticism --------- Ethnosymbolist critics such as [Anthony D. Smith](/wiki/Anthony_D._Smith "Anthony D. Smith") and [Philip Gorski](/wiki/Philip_S._Gorski "Philip S. Gorski") argue that, contrary to the assertions of the modernists, nationalism did exist prior to [modernity](/wiki/Modernity "Modernity"),{{Cite journal\|last\=Maxwell\|first\=Alexander\|date\=2020\|title\=Primordialism for Scholars Who Ought to Know Better: Anthony D. Smith's Critique of Modernization Theory\|url\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities\-papers/article/abs/primordialism\-for\-scholars\-who\-ought\-to\-know\-better\-anthony\-d\-smiths\-critique\-of\-modernization\-theory/781AD528CCC34DD89ADC276E7EE12519\|journal\=Nationalities Papers\|language\=en\|volume\=48\|issue\=5\|pages\=826–842\|doi\=10\.1017/nps.2019\.93\|s2cid\=216244981 \|issn\=0090\-5992}} although [this view has itself been criticized](/wiki/Ethnosymbolism%23Criticism "Ethnosymbolism#Criticism"). Critics like Adria Lawrence have argued that modernization theory's applicability to nationalism in European colonies is limited, as more modernized colonies did not undergo nationalist mobilization earlier.{{Cite book\|last\=Lawrence\|first\=Adria K.\|url\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/imperial\-rule\-and\-the\-politics\-of\-nationalism/C25DB67F2AABEA1097273FF7D0518556\|title\=Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism: Anti\-Colonial Protest in the French Empire\|date\=2013\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\|isbn\=978\-1\-107\-03709\-0\|pages\=38–39\|doi\=10\.1017/cbo9781139583732}} Likewise, Anderson's specific contention that national liberation movements in the Americas constitute the earliest examples of modern nationalism has also been challenged by [Adrian Hastings](/wiki/Adrian_Hastings "Adrian Hastings"), [Liah Greenfeld](/wiki/Liah_Greenfeld "Liah Greenfeld") and [Elie Kedourie](/wiki/Elie_Kedourie "Elie Kedourie").Özkirimli, p.131 Anderson dismissed such criticisms as [Eurocentric](/wiki/Eurocentrism "Eurocentrism"). In turn, Hastings responded that Anderson does not explain why the first wave of nation\-making was the American nor why "the growth in books did not have in the sixteenth century the effect he postulates for the late eighteenth". Fellow modernist [John Breuilly](/wiki/John_Breuilly "John Breuilly") criticizes Anderson as well for underestimating the political dimension of nationalism, and exaggerating the importance of cultural nationalism in nineteenth century Europe.Özkirimli, p.134 For Breuilly, Anderson neglects the lack of congruence between ‘cultural’ and ‘political’ nationalism in certain contexts, citing the [unification of Germany](/wiki/Unification_of_Germany "Unification of Germany") as one in which political unification was not accompanied by a ‘cultural’ unification. According to Özkirimli, Breuilly accepts the "cultural dimension is important for understanding nationalism, but adds that this dimension can only explain why certain small groups might be disposed to imagine themselves as a nation and act politically on the basis of this assumption". Further, to Breuilly, Anderson’s theory cannot answer why those groups are important or why anyone in power or in the society take these arguments seriously. Gellner's theory has also been subject to various criticisms.{{cite journal\|last1\=O'Leary\|first1\=Brendan\|author\-link\=Brendan O'Leary\|title\=On the Nature of Nationalism: An Appraisal of Ernest Gellner's Writings on Nationalism\|journal\=British Journal of Political Science\|date\=April 1997\|volume\=27\|issue\=2\|pages\=191–222\|doi\=10\.1017/S0007123497000112\|s2cid\=37319474 \|url\=https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1046\&context\=economicsperg\_ppe}} Tambini argues it is too [functionalist](/wiki/Structural_functionalism "Structural functionalism"), as it explains the phenomenon with reference to the outcome. That is, that industrial society could not 'function' without nationalism.{{cite journal\|last1\=Tambini\|first1\=Damian\|title\=Explaining monoculturalism: Beyond Gellner's theory of nationalism\|journal\=Critical Review\|date\=March 1996\|volume\=10\|issue\=2\|pages\=251–270\|doi\=10\.1080/08913819608443420}} [Anthony D Smith](/wiki/Anthony_D_Smith "Anthony D Smith") has argued Gellner's theory misreads the relationship between nationalism and industrialization{{cite book\|first\=Anthony D.\|last\=Smith\|author\-link\=Anthony D. Smith\|title\=Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=WN9QWehYDKIC\|year\=1998\|publisher\=Routledge\|isbn\=978\-0\-415\-06341\-8}} {{page needed\|date\=March 2015}} and fails to account for either nationalism in non\-industrial society and resurgences of nationalism in [post\-industrial society](/wiki/Post-industrial_society "Post-industrial society"). Similarly, Smith criticizes Gellner for tying nationalism to modernity, thus failing to account for nationalism in 16th\-century Europe{{cite journal\|last1\=Smith\|first1\=Anthony D.\|title\=Nationalism in Early Modern Europe\|journal\=History and Theory\|date\=October 2005\|volume\=44\|issue\=3\|pages\=404–415\|doi\=10\.1111/j.1468\-2303\.2005\.00332\.x}} and perceived "national" movements of [Ancient Rome](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome") and [Greece](/wiki/Ancient_Greece "Ancient Greece").{{cite book\|first\=Anthony D.\|last\=Smith\|title\=Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=nM4hKNaPo\_cC\|date\=3 August 1995\|publisher\=Wiley\|isbn\=978\-0\-7456\-1019\-1}} {{page needed\|date\=March 2015}} [Daniele Conversi](/wiki/Daniele_Conversi "Daniele Conversi") believes Gellner ignores the role of war and the military in fostering cultural homogenization and nationalism, as well as the relationship between [militarism](/wiki/Militarism "Militarism") and [compulsory education](/wiki/Compulsory_education "Compulsory education").{{cite journal\|last1\=Conversi\|first1\=Daniele\|title\=Homogenisation, nationalism and war: Should we still read Ernest Gellner?\|journal\=Nations and Nationalism\|date\=July 2007\|volume\=13\|issue\=3\|pages\=371–394\|doi\=10\.1111/j.1469\-8129\.2007\.00292\.x}}
[ "Criticism\n---------", "Ethnosymbolist critics such as [Anthony D. Smith](/wiki/Anthony_D._Smith \"Anthony D. Smith\") and [Philip Gorski](/wiki/Philip_S._Gorski \"Philip S. Gorski\") argue that, contrary to the assertions of the modernists, nationalism did exist prior to [modernity](/wiki/Modernity \"Modernity\"),{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Maxwell\\|first\\=Alexander\\|date\\=2020\\|title\\=Primordialism for Scholars Who Ought to Know Better: Anthony D. Smith's Critique of Modernization Theory\\|url\\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities\\-papers/article/abs/primordialism\\-for\\-scholars\\-who\\-ought\\-to\\-know\\-better\\-anthony\\-d\\-smiths\\-critique\\-of\\-modernization\\-theory/781AD528CCC34DD89ADC276E7EE12519\\|journal\\=Nationalities Papers\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=48\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=826–842\\|doi\\=10\\.1017/nps.2019\\.93\\|s2cid\\=216244981 \\|issn\\=0090\\-5992}} although [this view has itself been criticized](/wiki/Ethnosymbolism%23Criticism \"Ethnosymbolism#Criticism\").", "Critics like Adria Lawrence have argued that modernization theory's applicability to nationalism in European colonies is limited, as more modernized colonies did not undergo nationalist mobilization earlier.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Lawrence\\|first\\=Adria K.\\|url\\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/imperial\\-rule\\-and\\-the\\-politics\\-of\\-nationalism/C25DB67F2AABEA1097273FF7D0518556\\|title\\=Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism: Anti\\-Colonial Protest in the French Empire\\|date\\=2013\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-107\\-03709\\-0\\|pages\\=38–39\\|doi\\=10\\.1017/cbo9781139583732}}", "Likewise, Anderson's specific contention that national liberation movements in the Americas constitute the earliest examples of modern nationalism has also been challenged by [Adrian Hastings](/wiki/Adrian_Hastings \"Adrian Hastings\"), [Liah Greenfeld](/wiki/Liah_Greenfeld \"Liah Greenfeld\") and [Elie Kedourie](/wiki/Elie_Kedourie \"Elie Kedourie\").Özkirimli, p.131 Anderson dismissed such criticisms as [Eurocentric](/wiki/Eurocentrism \"Eurocentrism\"). In turn, Hastings responded that Anderson does not explain why the first wave of nation\\-making was the American nor why \"the growth in books did not have in the sixteenth century the effect he postulates for the late\neighteenth\".", "Fellow modernist [John Breuilly](/wiki/John_Breuilly \"John Breuilly\") criticizes Anderson as well for underestimating the political dimension of nationalism, and exaggerating the importance of cultural nationalism in nineteenth century Europe.Özkirimli, p.134 For Breuilly, Anderson neglects the\nlack of congruence between ‘cultural’ and ‘political’ nationalism in certain contexts, citing the [unification of Germany](/wiki/Unification_of_Germany \"Unification of Germany\") as one in which political unification was not accompanied by a ‘cultural’ unification.", "According to Özkirimli, Breuilly accepts the \"cultural dimension is important for understanding nationalism, but adds that this dimension can only explain why certain small groups might be disposed to imagine themselves as a nation and act politically on the basis of this assumption\". Further, to Breuilly, Anderson’s theory cannot answer why those groups are important or why anyone in power or in the society take these arguments seriously.", "Gellner's theory has also been subject to various criticisms.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=O'Leary\\|first1\\=Brendan\\|author\\-link\\=Brendan O'Leary\\|title\\=On the Nature of Nationalism: An Appraisal of Ernest Gellner's Writings on Nationalism\\|journal\\=British Journal of Political Science\\|date\\=April 1997\\|volume\\=27\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=191–222\\|doi\\=10\\.1017/S0007123497000112\\|s2cid\\=37319474 \\|url\\=https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1046\\&context\\=economicsperg\\_ppe}} Tambini argues it is too [functionalist](/wiki/Structural_functionalism \"Structural functionalism\"), as it explains the phenomenon with reference to the outcome. That is, that industrial society could not 'function' without nationalism.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Tambini\\|first1\\=Damian\\|title\\=Explaining monoculturalism: Beyond Gellner's theory of nationalism\\|journal\\=Critical Review\\|date\\=March 1996\\|volume\\=10\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=251–270\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/08913819608443420}} [Anthony D Smith](/wiki/Anthony_D_Smith \"Anthony D Smith\") has argued Gellner's theory misreads the relationship between nationalism and industrialization{{cite book\\|first\\=Anthony D.\\|last\\=Smith\\|author\\-link\\=Anthony D. Smith\\|title\\=Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=WN9QWehYDKIC\\|year\\=1998\\|publisher\\=Routledge\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-415\\-06341\\-8}} {{page needed\\|date\\=March 2015}} and fails to account for either nationalism in non\\-industrial society and resurgences of nationalism in [post\\-industrial society](/wiki/Post-industrial_society \"Post-industrial society\").", "Similarly, Smith criticizes Gellner for tying nationalism to modernity, thus failing to account for nationalism in 16th\\-century Europe{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Smith\\|first1\\=Anthony D.\\|title\\=Nationalism in Early Modern Europe\\|journal\\=History and Theory\\|date\\=October 2005\\|volume\\=44\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=404–415\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1468\\-2303\\.2005\\.00332\\.x}} and perceived \"national\" movements of [Ancient Rome](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\") and [Greece](/wiki/Ancient_Greece \"Ancient Greece\").{{cite book\\|first\\=Anthony D.\\|last\\=Smith\\|title\\=Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=nM4hKNaPo\\_cC\\|date\\=3 August 1995\\|publisher\\=Wiley\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7456\\-1019\\-1}} {{page needed\\|date\\=March 2015}}", "[Daniele Conversi](/wiki/Daniele_Conversi \"Daniele Conversi\") believes Gellner ignores the role of war and the military in fostering cultural homogenization and nationalism, as well as the relationship between [militarism](/wiki/Militarism \"Militarism\") and [compulsory education](/wiki/Compulsory_education \"Compulsory education\").{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Conversi\\|first1\\=Daniele\\|title\\=Homogenisation, nationalism and war: Should we still read Ernest Gellner?\\|journal\\=Nations and Nationalism\\|date\\=July 2007\\|volume\\=13\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=371–394\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1469\\-8129\\.2007\\.00292\\.x}}", "" ]
Kidnapping ---------- [thumb\|300px\|The site of the abduction](/wiki/File:Institutes_building_in_Netanya.JPG "Institutes building in Netanya.JPG") Several weeks earlier, Irgun had learned about a Jewish refugee from [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") named Aaron Weinberg, who had fled to Palestine and was working as a clerk at a British military resort camp in north [Netanya](/wiki/Netanya "Netanya"). This information was already known to the local [SHAI](/wiki/SHAI "SHAI") (the intelligence arm of the [Haganah](/wiki/Haganah "Haganah")) commander, Yehoshua Bar\-Ziv. Weinberg, who was a SHAI agent, was entrusted by Bar\-Ziv with striking up a relationship with two sergeants from the British Army Intelligence Corps, Clifford Martin and Mervyn Paice, who used to spend a lot of time in the camp. The sergeants were of interest to SHAI since they belonged to the field security unit and worked with the [Tulkarm](/wiki/Tulkarm "Tulkarm") police, which was in charge of the [Sharon](/wiki/Sharon_plain "Sharon plain") district. Their mission was to circulate within the local population and pick up information on the Irgun and Lehi and their supporters. They often operated in civilian clothes and were not subject to standing orders intended to prevent abduction attempts. Notably, they did not have to leave camp in groups of four, and sometimes went unarmed.Hoffman, Bruce: *Anonymous Soldiers* (2015\){{Page needed\|date\=May 2015}} Weinberg was very successful in his task, and occasionally got the sergeants to go out to the Netanya beach. On one of those visits, on the night of Saturday, 4 July, they were noted by an Irgun member sitting in the Gan Vered café who heard them speaking English and who followed them back to the camp. Based on his information, a week later Irgun made arrangements to kidnap them in the hope that they would return to the café. On 11 July 1947, a group of Irgun men retrieved weapons, [chloroform](/wiki/Chloroform "Chloroform"), cloths and ropes from a hidden cache. After the recent failures, the Irgun militants in Netanya were sceptical regarding the chances of this kidnapping attempt. Because of this they did not go to any great lengths to cover their tracks, considering the complicated operation they were planning: they did not steal or borrow a vehicle or bring in non\-local members who were less likely to be recognized. Furthermore, Yosef Meller, a longtime Netanya resident and newly recruited Irgun member, volunteered to use his black taxi cab, which was well known around town, for the kidnapping. The abduction operation was led by Benjamin Kaplan, who had been freed in the Acre Prison break. At nightfall one basic precaution was taken; the taxi's license plates were changed in an attempt to prevent it being recognized in the course of the abduction. That evening Weinberg and the intended victims showed up once more at the café. Martin and Paice were in civilian clothes, were unarmed, were outside their camp at hours typically forbidden for British soldiers to be outside camp, and were not part of a group of four.{{cite book \|title\=The Palestine Triangle \|last\=Bethell \|first\=Nicholas \|author\-link\=Nicholas Bethell \|year\=1979 \|publisher\=André Deutsch \|location\=London \|isbn\=0\-233\-97069\-X \|pages\=323–340}} After being informed that his intended victims were there, Kaplan posted his men around the coffee shop and along the road leading north to the camp and waited for an opportunity to perform the abduction. Weinberg and the two sergeants did not leave the coffee shop until after midnight. The two sergeants had decided to walk Weinberg home before returning to camp. Meller's cab, with Kaplan and three others inside, started after them. It pulled over and the four men emerged, masked and holding guns, and assaulted their targets. After resistance by one of the sergeants, they were forced into the car and Meller drove off. Weinberg was left, under guard, in an orchard in north Netanya, from where he was later taken to another orchard and released. The hostages were taken to the inactive "Feldman" diamond polishing plant in the industrial area on the south side of Netanya, and were held in a specially\-built underground chamber that had been built in the plant's cellar. It was sealed with an aluminum\-ringed airtight hatch that was hidden by a thick layer of sand, and there were sandbags under the hatch to prevent any hollow sound if it were tapped. Inside was a canvas bucket, a week's supply of food and two cylinders of oxygen which the sergeants were instructed to use to refresh the air in their cell. Every few days while they were there, the bucket was emptied and the food re\-stocked.
[ "Kidnapping\n----------", "[thumb\\|300px\\|The site of the abduction](/wiki/File:Institutes_building_in_Netanya.JPG \"Institutes building in Netanya.JPG\")\nSeveral weeks earlier, Irgun had learned about a Jewish refugee from [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") named Aaron Weinberg, who had fled to Palestine and was working as a clerk at a British military resort camp in north [Netanya](/wiki/Netanya \"Netanya\"). This information was already known to the local [SHAI](/wiki/SHAI \"SHAI\") (the intelligence arm of the [Haganah](/wiki/Haganah \"Haganah\")) commander, Yehoshua Bar\\-Ziv. Weinberg, who was a SHAI agent, was entrusted by Bar\\-Ziv with striking up a relationship with two sergeants from the British Army Intelligence Corps, Clifford Martin and Mervyn Paice, who used to spend a lot of time in the camp.", "The sergeants were of interest to SHAI since they belonged to the field security unit and worked with the [Tulkarm](/wiki/Tulkarm \"Tulkarm\") police, which was in charge of the [Sharon](/wiki/Sharon_plain \"Sharon plain\") district. Their mission was to circulate within the local population and pick up information on the Irgun and Lehi and their supporters. They often operated in civilian clothes and were not subject to standing orders intended to prevent abduction attempts. Notably, they did not have to leave camp in groups of four, and sometimes went unarmed.Hoffman, Bruce: *Anonymous Soldiers* (2015\\){{Page needed\\|date\\=May 2015}} Weinberg was very successful in his task, and occasionally got the sergeants to go out to the Netanya beach.", "On one of those visits, on the night of Saturday, 4 July, they were noted by an Irgun member sitting in the Gan Vered café who heard them speaking English and who followed them back to the camp. Based on his information, a week later Irgun made arrangements to kidnap them in the hope that they would return to the café.", "On 11 July 1947, a group of Irgun men retrieved weapons, [chloroform](/wiki/Chloroform \"Chloroform\"), cloths and ropes from a hidden cache. After the recent failures, the Irgun militants in Netanya were sceptical regarding the chances of this kidnapping attempt. Because of this they did not go to any great lengths to cover their tracks, considering the complicated operation they were planning: they did not steal or borrow a vehicle or bring in non\\-local members who were less likely to be recognized. Furthermore, Yosef Meller, a longtime Netanya resident and newly recruited Irgun member, volunteered to use his black taxi cab, which was well known around town, for the kidnapping. The abduction operation was led by Benjamin Kaplan, who had been freed in the Acre Prison break. At nightfall one basic precaution was taken; the taxi's license plates were changed in an attempt to prevent it being recognized in the course of the abduction.", "That evening Weinberg and the intended victims showed up once more at the café. Martin and Paice were in civilian clothes, were unarmed, were outside their camp at hours typically forbidden for British soldiers to be outside camp, and were not part of a group of four.{{cite book \\|title\\=The Palestine Triangle \\|last\\=Bethell \\|first\\=Nicholas \\|author\\-link\\=Nicholas Bethell \\|year\\=1979 \\|publisher\\=André Deutsch \\|location\\=London \\|isbn\\=0\\-233\\-97069\\-X \\|pages\\=323–340}} After being informed that his intended victims were there, Kaplan posted his men around the coffee shop and along the road leading north to the camp and waited for an opportunity to perform the abduction. Weinberg and the two sergeants did not leave the coffee shop until after midnight. The two sergeants had decided to walk Weinberg home before returning to camp. Meller's cab, with Kaplan and three others inside, started after them. It pulled over and the four men emerged, masked and holding guns, and assaulted their targets. After resistance by one of the sergeants, they were forced into the car and Meller drove off. Weinberg was left, under guard, in an orchard in north Netanya, from where he was later taken to another orchard and released.", "The hostages were taken to the inactive \"Feldman\" diamond polishing plant in the industrial area on the south side of Netanya, and were held in a specially\\-built underground chamber that had been built in the plant's cellar. It was sealed with an aluminum\\-ringed airtight hatch that was hidden by a thick layer of sand, and there were sandbags under the hatch to prevent any hollow sound if it were tapped. Inside was a canvas bucket, a week's supply of food and two cylinders of oxygen which the sergeants were instructed to use to refresh the air in their cell. Every few days while they were there, the bucket was emptied and the food re\\-stocked.", "" ]
The search for Paice and Martin ------------------------------- Weinberg remained in the orchard until daybreak, and was found by a watchman at 5:30 AM. He reported the kidnapping to the British Army. Shortly afterwards he was interviewed by the [Palestine Police Force](/wiki/Palestine_Police_Force "Palestine Police Force"), and gave them the details of what had happened. Reports of the kidnapping also reached the Haganah in Netanya. [Oved Ben\-Ami](/wiki/Oved_Ben-Ami "Oved Ben-Ami"), the mayor of Netanya, called an emergency council meeting. He did not invite the Revisionist party members, who were identified with the Irgun. The decision was made in accordance with the [Yishuv](/wiki/Yishuv "Yishuv")'s position, which was published the next day, calling the kidnapping a provocation that might jeopardize what hope was left for clemency for the Irgun members condemned to death. It pleaded for every decent civilian to assist in the search for the hostages. Meanwhile, Haganah set out to find and release the kidnapped men, by force if necessary. Until that time period, the Haganah had avoided collaboration with the British authorities since the end of the [Saison](/wiki/The_Hunting_Season "The Hunting Season"), and on occasion, it had mounted anti\-British operations and collaborated with the Irgun and Lehi. However, in the summer of 1947, it began trying to sabotage Irgun and Lehi operations as part of the "Little Saison" due to the fact that [UNSCOP](/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Committee_on_Palestine "United Nations Special Committee on Palestine") was present in Palestine at the time. As a result, it assisted in the search. The SHAI commander in the region arrived in order to personally oversee the search. Unlike the British, the Haganah was familiar with the area, and knew every potential hideout within a ten\-mile radius. Despite this, it found no trace of the hostages. Searches by the [Jewish Settlement Police](/wiki/Jewish_Settlement_Police "Jewish Settlement Police") and the Palestine Police's Criminal Investigations Department were also fruitless. Yehoshua Bar\-Ziv, who had resigned as SHAI commander in Netanya in the meantime, provided his successor with information about a recently built underground bunker under the house of Irgun member Haim Banai in [Ramat Tiomkin](/wiki/Ramat_Tiomkin "Ramat Tiomkin"). They were convinced that this was where the hostages were kept, and passed that information to Haganah. All the while, Ben\-Ami was desperately trying to pacify the British authorities and promise them that Yishuv would do anything to find the hostages. However, after his conversation with Netanya council members of the Revisionist party, he published an announcement in a newspaper saying that he had been told by Irgun that the hostages would not be returned until the condemned Irgun members' fate was made clear. Subsequently, the British Army placed a cordon around Netanya and the surrounding area of [Emek Hefer](/wiki/Emek_Hefer "Emek Hefer"), which had 20 outlying settlements, a total area of 15,000 people, and on 13 July, began an extensive search effort, codenamed Operation Tiger, to find the sergeants. The area was placed under martial law as 5,000 British troops conducted searches and questioned residents. A total of 1,427 people were interrogated during the operation. Local residents were kept under curfew, and Netanya became a virtual [ghost town](/wiki/Ghost_town "Ghost town"); its streets were empty save for patrolling British soldiers and armored vehicles.{{Page needed\|date\=May 2015}} At this point Haganah believed that they had accurate information on the location of the hostages. The information made it all the way up to the Haganah chief of staff, [Yisrael Galili](/wiki/Yisrael_Galili "Yisrael Galili") who passed it on to the Haganah high commander and chairman of the [Jewish Agency](/wiki/Jewish_Agency "Jewish Agency"), [David Ben\-Gurion](/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion "David Ben-Gurion"). Although the Haganah, acting under the Jewish Agency's direction, had at times cooperated with the Irgun and Lehi and carried out anti\-British operations, it was at the time conducting the ["Little Saison"](/wiki/The_Hunting_Season%23The_%22Little_Saison%22 "The Hunting Season#The ") against the two groups, attempting to suppress their activities by foiling some of their operations.{{Page needed\|date\=May 2015}} Galili, who opposed any collaboration with the British, had ordered preparations for a forced release by the Haganah. Ben\-Gurion thought that a forced release, no matter by whom, would lead to the hanging of the condemned in Acre, and Irgun's finger would be pointed at the Agency, Haganah and SHAI. He therefore made two decisions: First, the hostages were to be released by force; but not by Haganah, as Galili suggested, but by the British. Second, the information regarding the location of the hostages was to be passed anonymously not only to the British, but to Ben\-Ami as well. By doing this he hoped to give the impression that Ben Ami had passed the information to the British. Ben\-Gurion was relying on this, plus Ben Ami's call to the Netanya residents "to leave no stone unturned"{{Cite book \| publisher \= Zmora Beitan \| pages \= 307–312 \| last \= Eshel \| first \= Aryeh \| title \= The Breaking of the Gallows \| year \= 1990 \|language\=he}} to attract reprisals from Irgun if the hostages were rescued. On 17 July, British [MPs](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament "Member of Parliament") [Richard Crossman](/wiki/Richard_Crossman "Richard Crossman") and [Maurice Edelman](/wiki/Maurice_Edelman "Maurice Edelman") appealed for the release of the sergeants, as did other public figures and private citizens in Britain. The father of Mervyn Paice wrote a letter to Menachem Begin asking him to spare his son's life. The letter was sent to Palestine addressed to the commander of the Irgun. In Palestine, a postal worker who was a member of the Irgun ensured it found its way to Begin, who in an open radio broadcast on [Kol Tsion HaLokhemet](/wiki/Kol_Tsion_HaLokhemet "Kol Tsion HaLokhemet") (the Irgun's radio station) responded "You must appeal to your government that thirsts for oil and blood."{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.haaretz.com/2012\-08\-07/ty\-article/the\-story\-of\-a\-mandate\-era\-cruel\-revenge/0000017f\-f414\-d487\-abff\-f7fe09b10000\|title\=The 'Cruel Revenge' That Helped Drive the British Out of Palestine\|newspaper\=Haaretz}} ### Leak of information to Irgun Ben\-Gurion's plan did not work. In the course of a meeting with Revisionist party member Yaakov Chinsky, Ben Ami told him that Haganah knew the kidnapped soldiers were being imprisoned under Banai's house. Chinsky, who knew the information was wrong, passed it to Avraham Assaf, the Irgun's district commander in the Netanya area. Assaf knew the hostages were not in Banai's cellar, but it did contain the equipment used in the kidnapping, and he thought its discovery might assist the British in finding the kidnappers or their hostages. He therefore arranged to have the evidence removed. The next day, during the extension given by the British to the Yishuv for the Haganah to conduct its own search, the residents of Netanya were placed under curfew. The British, acting on the information from Haganah, decided to search Banai's house. In the late afternoon the neighbourhood was surrounded by military vehicles, including tanks and armoured cars. Banai and his neighbours were arrested as searches began. However, as the equipment had already been removed, nothing was found. All the while the hostages were kept in the polishing plant. They had been drugged with [chloroform](/wiki/Chloroform "Chloroform") during their abduction and when they came to, Kaplan told them they had been taken hostage. On the advice of [Amichai Paglin](/wiki/Amichai_Paglin "Amichai Paglin"), the Irgun's Chief of Operations, who arrived from Tel Aviv on the day of the kidnapping, a decoy was arranged: a pickup truck was loaded with kidnapping equipment and sent to [Herzliya](/wiki/Herzliya "Herzliya"), where it was left at the beach, leaving clear traces. Paglin also arranged for oxygen tanks to be brought to the bunker, before returning to Tel Aviv. ### Near discovery of hostages by police The diamond polishing plant where the hostages were being held was searched twice by the British, but both searches failed to turn up the hostages. A few hours after Paglin's departure, an incident took place that could have led to the discovery of the hostages: the two lookouts at the plant noticed a police car patrolling the area. Fearing it was heading towards the plant, they hid themselves. The police car was on routine patrol and went on its way, but the guard in the nearby plant noticed them slipping through the window, assumed they were burglars, and called the police. On an ordinary day the police might not have taken his report seriously, but this time a strong force was sent to investigate, accompanied by a plain\-clothes officer. They conducted a search of the plant. However, one of the plant's owners, who did not know about Irgun's unauthorized use of his property, naively convinced them there was nothing in there to concern them. Having found nothing, the policemen left the scene. The plant was later searched a second time by a British patrol. As the soldiers pushed open the doors, an Irgun guard inside heard them and escaped through a back window. The soldiers heard him and conducted a painstaking search of the plant, but failed to find the hatch.{{rp\|228}}
[ "The search for Paice and Martin\n-------------------------------", "Weinberg remained in the orchard until daybreak, and was found by a watchman at 5:30 AM. He reported the kidnapping to the British Army. Shortly afterwards he was interviewed by the [Palestine Police Force](/wiki/Palestine_Police_Force \"Palestine Police Force\"), and gave them the details of what had happened. Reports of the kidnapping also reached the Haganah in Netanya. [Oved Ben\\-Ami](/wiki/Oved_Ben-Ami \"Oved Ben-Ami\"), the mayor of Netanya, called an emergency council meeting. He did not invite the Revisionist party members, who were identified with the Irgun. The decision was made in accordance with the [Yishuv](/wiki/Yishuv \"Yishuv\")'s position, which was published the next day, calling the kidnapping a provocation that might jeopardize what hope was left for clemency for the Irgun members condemned to death. It pleaded for every decent civilian to assist in the search for the hostages.", "Meanwhile, Haganah set out to find and release the kidnapped men, by force if necessary. Until that time period, the Haganah had avoided collaboration with the British authorities since the end of the [Saison](/wiki/The_Hunting_Season \"The Hunting Season\"), and on occasion, it had mounted anti\\-British operations and collaborated with the Irgun and Lehi. However, in the summer of 1947, it began trying to sabotage Irgun and Lehi operations as part of the \"Little Saison\" due to the fact that [UNSCOP](/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Committee_on_Palestine \"United Nations Special Committee on Palestine\") was present in Palestine at the time. As a result, it assisted in the search. The SHAI commander in the region arrived in order to personally oversee the search. Unlike the British, the Haganah was familiar with the area, and knew every potential hideout within a ten\\-mile radius. Despite this, it found no trace of the hostages. Searches by the [Jewish Settlement Police](/wiki/Jewish_Settlement_Police \"Jewish Settlement Police\") and the Palestine Police's Criminal Investigations Department were also fruitless.", "Yehoshua Bar\\-Ziv, who had resigned as SHAI commander in Netanya in the meantime, provided his successor with information about a recently built underground bunker under the house of Irgun member Haim Banai in [Ramat Tiomkin](/wiki/Ramat_Tiomkin \"Ramat Tiomkin\"). They were convinced that this was where the hostages were kept, and passed that information to Haganah.", "All the while, Ben\\-Ami was desperately trying to pacify the British authorities and promise them that Yishuv would do anything to find the hostages. However, after his conversation with Netanya council members of the Revisionist party, he published an announcement in a newspaper saying that he had been told by Irgun that the hostages would not be returned until the condemned Irgun members' fate was made clear. Subsequently, the British Army placed a cordon around Netanya and the surrounding area of [Emek Hefer](/wiki/Emek_Hefer \"Emek Hefer\"), which had 20 outlying settlements, a total area of 15,000 people, and on 13 July, began an extensive search effort, codenamed Operation Tiger, to find the sergeants. The area was placed under martial law as 5,000 British troops conducted searches and questioned residents. A total of 1,427 people were interrogated during the operation. Local residents were kept under curfew, and Netanya became a virtual [ghost town](/wiki/Ghost_town \"Ghost town\"); its streets were empty save for patrolling British soldiers and armored vehicles.{{Page needed\\|date\\=May 2015}}", "At this point Haganah believed that they had accurate information on the location of the hostages. The information made it all the way up to the Haganah chief of staff, [Yisrael Galili](/wiki/Yisrael_Galili \"Yisrael Galili\") who passed it on to the Haganah high commander and chairman of the [Jewish Agency](/wiki/Jewish_Agency \"Jewish Agency\"), [David Ben\\-Gurion](/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion \"David Ben-Gurion\"). Although the Haganah, acting under the Jewish Agency's direction, had at times cooperated with the Irgun and Lehi and carried out anti\\-British operations, it was at the time conducting the [\"Little Saison\"](/wiki/The_Hunting_Season%23The_%22Little_Saison%22 \"The Hunting Season#The \") against the two groups, attempting to suppress their activities by foiling some of their operations.{{Page needed\\|date\\=May 2015}} Galili, who opposed any collaboration with the British, had ordered preparations for a forced release by the Haganah. Ben\\-Gurion thought that a forced release, no matter by whom, would lead to the hanging of the condemned in Acre, and Irgun's finger would be pointed at the Agency, Haganah and SHAI. He therefore made two decisions: First, the hostages were to be released by force; but not by Haganah, as Galili suggested, but by the British. Second, the information regarding the location of the hostages was to be passed anonymously not only to the British, but to Ben\\-Ami as well. By doing this he hoped to give the impression that Ben Ami had passed the information to the British. Ben\\-Gurion was relying on this, plus Ben Ami's call to the Netanya residents \"to leave no stone unturned\"{{Cite book\n\\| publisher \\= Zmora Beitan\n\\| pages \\= 307–312\n\\| last \\= Eshel\n\\| first \\= Aryeh\n\\| title \\= The Breaking of the Gallows\n\\| year \\= 1990\n\\|language\\=he}} to attract reprisals from Irgun if the hostages were rescued.", "On 17 July, British [MPs](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament \"Member of Parliament\") [Richard Crossman](/wiki/Richard_Crossman \"Richard Crossman\") and [Maurice Edelman](/wiki/Maurice_Edelman \"Maurice Edelman\") appealed for the release of the sergeants, as did other public figures and private citizens in Britain. The father of Mervyn Paice wrote a letter to Menachem Begin asking him to spare his son's life. The letter was sent to Palestine addressed to the commander of the Irgun. In Palestine, a postal worker who was a member of the Irgun ensured it found its way to Begin, who in an open radio broadcast on [Kol Tsion HaLokhemet](/wiki/Kol_Tsion_HaLokhemet \"Kol Tsion HaLokhemet\") (the Irgun's radio station) responded \"You must appeal to your government that thirsts for oil and blood.\"{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.haaretz.com/2012\\-08\\-07/ty\\-article/the\\-story\\-of\\-a\\-mandate\\-era\\-cruel\\-revenge/0000017f\\-f414\\-d487\\-abff\\-f7fe09b10000\\|title\\=The 'Cruel Revenge' That Helped Drive the British Out of Palestine\\|newspaper\\=Haaretz}}", "### Leak of information to Irgun", "Ben\\-Gurion's plan did not work. In the course of a meeting with Revisionist party member Yaakov Chinsky, Ben Ami told him that Haganah knew the kidnapped soldiers were being imprisoned under Banai's house. Chinsky, who knew the information was wrong, passed it to Avraham Assaf, the Irgun's district commander in the Netanya area. Assaf knew the hostages were not in Banai's cellar, but it did contain the equipment used in the kidnapping, and he thought its discovery might assist the British in finding the kidnappers or their hostages. He therefore arranged to have the evidence removed.", "The next day, during the extension given by the British to the Yishuv for the Haganah to conduct its own search, the residents of Netanya were placed under curfew. The British, acting on the information from Haganah, decided to search Banai's house. In the late afternoon the neighbourhood was surrounded by military vehicles, including tanks and armoured cars. Banai and his neighbours were arrested as searches began. However, as the equipment had already been removed, nothing was found.", "All the while the hostages were kept in the polishing plant. They had been drugged with [chloroform](/wiki/Chloroform \"Chloroform\") during their abduction and when they came to, Kaplan told them they had been taken hostage. On the advice of [Amichai Paglin](/wiki/Amichai_Paglin \"Amichai Paglin\"), the Irgun's Chief of Operations, who arrived from Tel Aviv on the day of the kidnapping, a decoy was arranged: a pickup truck was loaded with kidnapping equipment and sent to [Herzliya](/wiki/Herzliya \"Herzliya\"), where it was left at the beach, leaving clear traces. Paglin also arranged for oxygen tanks to be brought to the bunker, before returning to Tel Aviv.", "### Near discovery of hostages by police", "The diamond polishing plant where the hostages were being held was searched twice by the British, but both searches failed to turn up the hostages.", "A few hours after Paglin's departure, an incident took place that could have led to the discovery of the hostages: the two lookouts at the plant noticed a police car patrolling the area. Fearing it was heading towards the plant, they hid themselves. The police car was on routine patrol and went on its way, but the guard in the nearby plant noticed them slipping through the window, assumed they were burglars, and called the police.", "On an ordinary day the police might not have taken his report seriously, but this time a strong force was sent to investigate, accompanied by a plain\\-clothes officer. They conducted a search of the plant. However, one of the plant's owners, who did not know about Irgun's unauthorized use of his property, naively convinced them there was nothing in there to concern them. Having found nothing, the policemen left the scene.", "The plant was later searched a second time by a British patrol. As the soldiers pushed open the doors, an Irgun guard inside heard them and escaped through a back window. The soldiers heard him and conducted a painstaking search of the plant, but failed to find the hatch.{{rp\\|228}}", "" ]
Reactions in Palestine ---------------------- At 11:00 on 30 July the Irgun publicly announced the hangings with an announcement on its clandestine radio station and on posters pasted on walls throughout Palestine. The British security forces and Haganah searched intensively for the bodies, but had not found them by the end of the day. Fearing that the mine they had planted might injure a Haganah patrol, the Irgun telephoned the Netanya town council, giving the location of the bodies and a warning about the mine. At 07:00 on the morning of 31 July, the bodies were located by a [Jewish Settlement Police](/wiki/Jewish_Settlement_Police "Jewish Settlement Police") patrol, who, because of the warning, stayed clear. Soon British soldiers, Yishuv representatives and reporters arrived at the scene. They observed that the bodies had been partly stripped, their shirts wrapped around their heads and that the bodies appeared "blackened, bloodied."{{Cite news \| issn\=0040\-781X \| title \= Eye for an Eye for an Eye \| work \= Time Magazine \| accessdate \= 2008\-01\-24 \| url \= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,887512,00\.html \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070712123116/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,887512,00\.html \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-date \= 12 July 2007 \| date\=11 August 1947 }} Having thoroughly checked the surrounding area, the officer in command, Captain D.H. Galatti, began cutting down the body of Clifford Martin using a knife fastened to a pole. When it fell, the mine went off, blowing Martin's body to pieces and knocking sideways the tree from which Paice's body was hung. Despite jumping back, the captain received wounds to his face and a shoulder. According to a [Palestine Police](/wiki/Palestine_Police_Force "Palestine Police Force") report: > They were hanging from two eucalyptus trees five yards apart. Their faces were heavily bandaged so it was impossible to distinguish their features... Their bodies were a dull black colour and blood had run down their chests which made it appear at first that they had been shot.... The press were allowed to take photographs of the spectacle. When this had been done, it was decided to cut down the bodies. The RE \[Royal Engineers] captain and CSM \[company sergeant major] lopped branches off the tree which held the right hand body, and started to cut the hang rope with a saw. As the body fell there was a large explosion... The two trees had been completely blown up and their \[sic] were large craters where the roots had been. One body was found horribly mangled about twenty yards away... The other body had disintegrated, and small pieces were picked up as much as 200 yards away.Fisk, Robert:*The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East* As news regarding the bodies became known throughout Netanya, the residents, fearing reprisals, began stocking food and some even left the city. The council called upon the residents not to believe false rumors and Haganah men stood in the central bus station to prevent people from leaving the city. Irgun boasted about the hangings and a response written by [Shmuel Katz](/wiki/Shmuel_Katz_%28politician%29 "Shmuel Katz (politician)") was delivered in the Irgun press: > We recognize no one\-sided [laws of war](/wiki/Geneva_Convention_on_Prisoners_of_War_%281929%29 "Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)"). If the British are determined that their way out of the country should be lined by an avenue of gallows and of weeping fathers, mothers, wives, and sweethearts, we shall see to it that in this there is no racial discrimination. The gallows will not be all of one color.... Their price will be paid in full.{{Cite book\|title \= The Complete Idiot's Guide to Middle East Conflict\|url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=ft\-BgQpMvmUC\&q\=this%2520there%2520is%2520no%2520racial%2520discrimination.%2520The%2520gallows%2520will%2520not%2520be%2520all%2520of%2520one%2520color\&pg\=PA150\|publisher \= Penguin\|date \= 1999\-09\-01\|isbn \= 9780786542376\|language \= en\|first \= Mitchell D. Bard\|last \= Ph.D\|page \= 150}} The first response came from Ben\-Ami, who said that "of all the crimes committed to this day in this country this is the most despicable one, defiling our war of liberation.... I testify that most of our population made desperate efforts to free the kidnapped and prevent this disgrace." The memorial grove was established and still exists.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.flowersinisrael.com/fieldtrip2010\_1\_29\_Net\_Sergeant.htm\|title\=Flowers and nature \| Israel \| Netanya, Sergeant's Grove\|website\=www.flowersinisrael.com}} The Yishuv's official institutions gave similar responses, condemning the perpetrators as murderers of two innocent persons, who took upon themselves the authority to decide in life and death issues. [Jamal al\-Husayni](/wiki/Jamal_al-Husayni "Jamal al-Husayni"), head of the [Arab Higher Committee](/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee "Arab Higher Committee") compared it with the [1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine](/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine "1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine"), saying that the Arabs had not performed such actions. ### Reprisals by British troops and policemen On the evening of 31 July, groups of British policemen and soldiers went on the rampage in Tel Aviv, breaking the windows of shops and buses, overturning cars, stealing a taxi and assaulting members of the Jewish community. Groups of young Jews then took to the streets and started stoning police foot patrols, which were then withdrawn from the city. On learning of the stonings, without waiting for orders, members of mobile police units temporarily based at the Citrus House security compound drove into Tel Aviv in six armoured vehicles. These policemen opened fire on two buses, killing one Jew and injuring three others on the first bus and killing three more Jews on the second. Policemen also beat passersby, smashed shop windows, and raided two cafés, detonating a grenade in one of them. In one café, they attempted to abduct a Jew, and were beaten back by the patrons.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.jta.org/archive/four\-jews\-killed\-many\-injured\-when\-british\-police\-riot\-in\-tel\-aviv\|title\=Four Jews Killed, Many Injured when British Police Riot in Tel Aviv\|date\=20 March 2015 }} Five Jews were killed and 15 injured. The dead were identified as Tova Harson, Victor Yedidia Mizrahi, Ze'ev Noviakovsky, Kalman Reich, and Yosef Azpai.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.jta.org/archive/troops\-and\-jews\-clash\-in\-tel\-aviv\-following\-riots\-police\-attempt\-to\-disrupt\-funeral\|title\=Troops and Jews Clash in Tel Aviv Following Riots; Police Attempt to Disrupt Funeral\|date\=20 March 2015 }}*The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle*, 8 August 1947 Investigators trying to find out who was responsible for the killings examined each armoured car's guns and ammunition, but the guns had been cleaned and ammunition replenished. Members of the regular mobile patrols who must have known the truth were interrogated, but refused to divulge any information. In the end, a few policemen were disciplined and the Lydda mobile police units reformed, but no criminal charges were brought. On 1 August, Paice and Martin were buried in the [Ramleh Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery](/wiki/Ramleh_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_cemetery "Ramleh Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery"), while at the funeral for some of the Jews killed in the police reprisals, mourners and police clashed again; one Jew was killed and 33 more Jews were injured. ### Government reactions On 5 August, the British arrested 35 Jewish political leaders in Palestine, all of whom were members of the [Revisionist](/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism "Revisionist Zionism") party or the right\-wing branch of the General Zionists' party. The mayors of Netanya, Tel Aviv, and Ramat Gan were among those arrested due to them being "known to be able to contact the terrorists." They were held without trial in the Latrun detention camp. The British authorities also announced that henceforth, all Palestinian Jews were forbidden to leave the country until further notice. A long\-standing plan to outlaw the Revisionist youth movement [Betar](/wiki/Betar "Betar") as a fertile recruiting ground for the Irgun and Lehi was implemented. Betar's headquarters were occupied, and Revisionist newspapers were shut down. Cunningham authorized the British Army to begin demolishing Jewish homes, a tactic it had previously failed to use during the Jewish insurgency. A Jewish home where an arms cache had been discovered in a routine search was demolished in Jerusalem on 5 August.
[ "Reactions in Palestine\n----------------------", "At 11:00 on 30 July the Irgun publicly announced the hangings with an announcement on its clandestine radio station and on posters pasted on walls throughout Palestine. The British security forces and Haganah searched intensively for the bodies, but had not found them by the end of the day. Fearing that the mine they had planted might injure a Haganah patrol, the Irgun telephoned the Netanya town council, giving the location of the bodies and a warning about the mine. At 07:00 on the morning of 31 July, the bodies were located by a [Jewish Settlement Police](/wiki/Jewish_Settlement_Police \"Jewish Settlement Police\") patrol, who, because of the warning, stayed clear. Soon British soldiers, Yishuv representatives and reporters arrived at the scene. They observed that the bodies had been partly stripped, their shirts wrapped around their heads and that the bodies appeared \"blackened, bloodied.\"{{Cite news\n\\| issn\\=0040\\-781X\n\\| title \\= Eye for an Eye for an Eye\n\\| work \\= Time Magazine\n\\| accessdate \\= 2008\\-01\\-24\n\\| url \\= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,887512,00\\.html\n\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070712123116/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,887512,00\\.html\n\\| url\\-status \\= dead\n\\| archive\\-date \\= 12 July 2007\n\\| date\\=11 August 1947\n}}", "Having thoroughly checked the surrounding area, the officer in command, Captain D.H. Galatti, began cutting down the body of Clifford Martin using a knife fastened to a pole. When it fell, the mine went off, blowing Martin's body to pieces and knocking sideways the tree from which Paice's body was hung. Despite jumping back, the captain received wounds to his face and a shoulder.", "According to a [Palestine Police](/wiki/Palestine_Police_Force \"Palestine Police Force\") report:", "", "> They were hanging from two eucalyptus trees five yards apart. Their faces were heavily bandaged so it was impossible to distinguish their features... Their bodies were a dull black colour and blood had run down their chests which made it appear at first that they had been shot.... The press were allowed to take photographs of the spectacle. When this had been done, it was decided to cut down the bodies. The RE \\[Royal Engineers] captain and CSM \\[company sergeant major] lopped branches off the tree which held the right hand body, and started to cut the hang rope with a saw. As the body fell there was a large explosion... The two trees had been completely blown up and their \\[sic] were large craters where the roots had been. One body was found horribly mangled about twenty yards away... The other body had disintegrated, and small pieces were picked up as much as 200 yards away.Fisk, Robert:*The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East*", "As news regarding the bodies became known throughout Netanya, the residents, fearing reprisals, began stocking food and some even left the city. The council called upon the residents not to believe false rumors and Haganah men stood in the central bus station to prevent people from leaving the city.\nIrgun boasted about the hangings and a response written by [Shmuel Katz](/wiki/Shmuel_Katz_%28politician%29 \"Shmuel Katz (politician)\") was delivered in the Irgun press:", "", "> We recognize no one\\-sided [laws of war](/wiki/Geneva_Convention_on_Prisoners_of_War_%281929%29 \"Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)\"). If the British are determined that their way out of the country should be lined by an avenue of gallows and of weeping fathers, mothers, wives, and sweethearts, we shall see to it that in this there is no racial discrimination. The gallows will not be all of one color.... Their price will be paid in full.{{Cite book\\|title \\= The Complete Idiot's Guide to Middle East Conflict\\|url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ft\\-BgQpMvmUC\\&q\\=this%2520there%2520is%2520no%2520racial%2520discrimination.%2520The%2520gallows%2520will%2520not%2520be%2520all%2520of%2520one%2520color\\&pg\\=PA150\\|publisher \\= Penguin\\|date \\= 1999\\-09\\-01\\|isbn \\= 9780786542376\\|language \\= en\\|first \\= Mitchell D. Bard\\|last \\= Ph.D\\|page \\= 150}}", "The first response came from Ben\\-Ami, who said that \"of all the crimes committed to this day in this country this is the most despicable one, defiling our war of liberation.... I testify that most of our population made desperate efforts to free the kidnapped and prevent this disgrace.\" The memorial grove was established and still exists.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.flowersinisrael.com/fieldtrip2010\\_1\\_29\\_Net\\_Sergeant.htm\\|title\\=Flowers and nature \\| Israel \\| Netanya, Sergeant's Grove\\|website\\=www.flowersinisrael.com}}", "The Yishuv's official institutions gave similar responses, condemning the perpetrators as murderers of two innocent persons, who took upon themselves the authority to decide in life and death issues. [Jamal al\\-Husayni](/wiki/Jamal_al-Husayni \"Jamal al-Husayni\"), head of the [Arab Higher Committee](/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee \"Arab Higher Committee\") compared it with the [1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine](/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine \"1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine\"), saying that the Arabs had not performed such actions.", "### Reprisals by British troops and policemen", "On the evening of 31 July, groups of British policemen and soldiers went on the rampage in Tel Aviv, breaking the windows of shops and buses, overturning cars, stealing a taxi and assaulting members of the Jewish community. Groups of young Jews then took to the streets and started stoning police foot patrols, which were then withdrawn from the city. On learning of the stonings, without waiting for orders, members of mobile police units temporarily based at the Citrus House security compound drove into Tel Aviv in six armoured vehicles. These policemen opened fire on two buses, killing one Jew and injuring three others on the first bus and killing three more Jews on the second. Policemen also beat passersby, smashed shop windows, and raided two cafés, detonating a grenade in one of them. In one café, they attempted to abduct a Jew, and were beaten back by the patrons.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.jta.org/archive/four\\-jews\\-killed\\-many\\-injured\\-when\\-british\\-police\\-riot\\-in\\-tel\\-aviv\\|title\\=Four Jews Killed, Many Injured when British Police Riot in Tel Aviv\\|date\\=20 March 2015 }} Five Jews were killed and 15 injured. The dead were identified as Tova Harson, Victor Yedidia Mizrahi, Ze'ev Noviakovsky, Kalman Reich, and Yosef Azpai.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.jta.org/archive/troops\\-and\\-jews\\-clash\\-in\\-tel\\-aviv\\-following\\-riots\\-police\\-attempt\\-to\\-disrupt\\-funeral\\|title\\=Troops and Jews Clash in Tel Aviv Following Riots; Police Attempt to Disrupt Funeral\\|date\\=20 March 2015 }}*The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle*, 8 August 1947", "Investigators trying to find out who was responsible for the killings examined each armoured car's guns and ammunition, but the guns had been cleaned and ammunition replenished. Members of the regular mobile patrols who must have known the truth were interrogated, but refused to divulge any information. In the end, a few policemen were disciplined and the Lydda mobile police units reformed, but no criminal charges were brought.", "On 1 August, Paice and Martin were buried in the [Ramleh Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery](/wiki/Ramleh_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_cemetery \"Ramleh Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery\"), while at the funeral for some of the Jews killed in the police reprisals, mourners and police clashed again; one Jew was killed and 33 more Jews were injured.", "### Government reactions", "On 5 August, the British arrested 35 Jewish political leaders in Palestine, all of whom were members of the [Revisionist](/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism \"Revisionist Zionism\") party or the right\\-wing branch of the General Zionists' party. The mayors of Netanya, Tel Aviv, and Ramat Gan were among those arrested due to them being \"known to be able to contact the terrorists.\" They were held without trial in the Latrun detention camp. The British authorities also announced that henceforth, all Palestinian Jews were forbidden to leave the country until further notice. A long\\-standing plan to outlaw the Revisionist youth movement [Betar](/wiki/Betar \"Betar\") as a fertile recruiting ground for the Irgun and Lehi was implemented. Betar's headquarters were occupied, and Revisionist newspapers were shut down.", "Cunningham authorized the British Army to begin demolishing Jewish homes, a tactic it had previously failed to use during the Jewish insurgency. A Jewish home where an arms cache had been discovered in a routine search was demolished in Jerusalem on 5 August.", "" ]
History ------- [thumb\|Students of the Basic Tactical Operations Course at the Joint Maritime Training Center aboard Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune fire SIG Sauer P229s at the range.](/wiki/File:Firing-Sig-Sauer-P229s-at-the-range1.jpg "Firing-Sig-Sauer-P229s-at-the-range1.jpg") The origins of the Special Missions Training Center lie in the Coast Guard [Deployable Specialized Forces](/wiki/Deployable_Specialized_Forces "Deployable Specialized Forces"), [Port Security Unit](/wiki/Port_Security_Unit "Port Security Unit") Training Detachment (PSU TRADET). Originally located in Port Clinton, Ohio, the PSU TRADET was tasked with improving the mission effectiveness, unit readiness, and providing pre\-deployment support for the Coast Guard PSU's. In November 1998 PSU TRADET relocated to Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina and by the summer of 2001 its mission had expanded to include [non\-lethal weapons](/wiki/Less-lethal_weapon "Less-lethal weapon") and the Fast Boat Center of Excellence, as well as conducting training for [cutter small boats](/wiki/Over_the_horizon_boat "Over the horizon boat") over\-the\-horizon tactics designed to enhance interdiction abilities in [counter narcotics operations](/wiki/War_on_drugs "War on drugs"). After the [terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks"), the PSU TRADET began training the newly created Coast Guard [Maritime Safety and Security Teams (MSSTs)](/wiki/Maritime_Safety_and_Security_Team "Maritime Safety and Security Team"). The unit grew and evolved to accommodate the broadened responsibilities and growing inter\-agency and international training requests. In August 2002, the name of the command changed to Coast Guard Special Missions Training Center (SMTC) to better incorporate its multi\-faceted capabilities. SMTC was commissioned as a Headquarters unit on 29 July 2003\. [thumb\|Sailors aboard riverine assault boats execute a hot extract](/wiki/File:US_Navy_120207-N-YX920-291_ailors_assigned_to_Riverine_Squadron_%28RIVRON%29_1_board_a_riverine_assault_boat_after_executing_a_hot_extract_drill_during.jpg "US Navy 120207-N-YX920-291 ailors assigned to Riverine Squadron (RIVRON) 1 board a riverine assault boat after executing a hot extract drill during.jpg") In 2003, the U.S. Navy established a training detachment within SMTC to train Mobile Security Force (MSF) personnel as Tactical Coxswains and Crewmen, and in 2004 added crew served weapons training. The Marine Corps also established a small boat training detachment (SBTD) to support USMC operational requirements. In 2006, the NAVDET and MARDET commenced a two\-year training surge for the Navy's new [Naval Expeditionary Combat Command (NECC)](/wiki/Naval_Expeditionary_Combat_Command "Naval Expeditionary Combat Command") [Riverine Forces](/wiki/Brown-water_navy "Brown-water navy"). [thumb\|Marines with 8th Engineer Support Battalion, 2nd Marine Logistics Group tie a MKIII Bridge Erection Boat to the side of a raft during an operation at JMTC](/wiki/File:USMC-120330-M-UV027-005.jpg "USMC-120330-M-UV027-005.jpg") In 2008, SMTC completed the move to four new buildings within Courthouse Bay, and the unit was renamed for the second time as the Joint Maritime Training Center (JMTC) to more accurately reflect the unit's diverse range of multi\-service military personnel and training center.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.uscg.mil/smtc/Info\_History.asp \|title\=JMTC History \|publisher\=Uscg.mil \|access\-date\=19 May 2011}} Currently, Coast Guard [Deployable Specialized Forces](/wiki/Deployable_Specialized_Forces "Deployable Specialized Forces") (DSF) members and select specialized Navy units attend training at Special Missions Training Center. All Coast Guardsmen who have been selected to serve in the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East") in support of [Patrol Forces Southwest Asia](/wiki/Patrol_Forces_Southwest_Asia "Patrol Forces Southwest Asia") and [Operation Inherent Resolve](/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve "Operation Inherent Resolve") also attend pre\-deployment training at SMTC.
[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\|Students of the Basic Tactical Operations Course at the Joint Maritime Training Center aboard Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune fire SIG Sauer P229s at the range.](/wiki/File:Firing-Sig-Sauer-P229s-at-the-range1.jpg \"Firing-Sig-Sauer-P229s-at-the-range1.jpg\")", "The origins of the Special Missions Training Center lie in the Coast Guard [Deployable Specialized Forces](/wiki/Deployable_Specialized_Forces \"Deployable Specialized Forces\"), [Port Security Unit](/wiki/Port_Security_Unit \"Port Security Unit\") Training Detachment (PSU TRADET). Originally located in Port Clinton, Ohio, the PSU TRADET was tasked with improving the mission effectiveness, unit readiness, and providing pre\\-deployment support for the Coast Guard PSU's.", "In November 1998 PSU TRADET relocated to Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina and by the summer of 2001 its mission had expanded to include [non\\-lethal weapons](/wiki/Less-lethal_weapon \"Less-lethal weapon\") and the Fast Boat Center of Excellence, as well as conducting training for [cutter small boats](/wiki/Over_the_horizon_boat \"Over the horizon boat\") over\\-the\\-horizon tactics designed to enhance interdiction abilities in [counter narcotics operations](/wiki/War_on_drugs \"War on drugs\").\nAfter the [terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\"), the PSU TRADET began training the newly created Coast Guard [Maritime Safety and Security Teams (MSSTs)](/wiki/Maritime_Safety_and_Security_Team \"Maritime Safety and Security Team\").", "The unit grew and evolved to accommodate the broadened responsibilities and growing inter\\-agency and international training requests. In August 2002, the name of the command changed to Coast Guard Special Missions Training Center (SMTC) to better incorporate its multi\\-faceted capabilities. SMTC was commissioned as a Headquarters unit on 29 July 2003\\.", "[thumb\\|Sailors aboard riverine assault boats execute a hot extract](/wiki/File:US_Navy_120207-N-YX920-291_ailors_assigned_to_Riverine_Squadron_%28RIVRON%29_1_board_a_riverine_assault_boat_after_executing_a_hot_extract_drill_during.jpg \"US Navy 120207-N-YX920-291 ailors assigned to Riverine Squadron (RIVRON) 1 board a riverine assault boat after executing a hot extract drill during.jpg\")", "In 2003, the U.S. Navy established a training detachment within SMTC to train Mobile Security Force (MSF) personnel as Tactical Coxswains and Crewmen, and in 2004 added crew served weapons training. The Marine Corps also established a small boat training detachment (SBTD) to support USMC operational requirements. In 2006, the NAVDET and MARDET commenced a two\\-year training surge for the Navy's new [Naval Expeditionary Combat Command (NECC)](/wiki/Naval_Expeditionary_Combat_Command \"Naval Expeditionary Combat Command\") [Riverine Forces](/wiki/Brown-water_navy \"Brown-water navy\").", "[thumb\\|Marines with 8th Engineer Support Battalion, 2nd Marine Logistics Group tie a MKIII Bridge Erection Boat to the side of a raft during an operation at JMTC](/wiki/File:USMC-120330-M-UV027-005.jpg \"USMC-120330-M-UV027-005.jpg\")", "In 2008, SMTC completed the move to four new buildings within Courthouse Bay, and the unit was renamed for the second time as the Joint Maritime Training Center (JMTC) to more accurately reflect the unit's diverse range of multi\\-service military personnel and training center.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.uscg.mil/smtc/Info\\_History.asp \\|title\\=JMTC History \\|publisher\\=Uscg.mil \\|access\\-date\\=19 May 2011}}", "Currently, Coast Guard [Deployable Specialized Forces](/wiki/Deployable_Specialized_Forces \"Deployable Specialized Forces\") (DSF) members and select specialized Navy units attend training at Special Missions Training Center. All Coast Guardsmen who have been selected to serve in the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\") in support of [Patrol Forces Southwest Asia](/wiki/Patrol_Forces_Southwest_Asia \"Patrol Forces Southwest Asia\") and [Operation Inherent Resolve](/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve \"Operation Inherent Resolve\") also attend pre\\-deployment training at SMTC.", "" ]
Case studies ------------ ### Paroxetine hydrochloride [Paroxetine hydrochloride](/wiki/Paroxetine "Paroxetine") was developed in the 1970s by scientists at [Ferrosan](/wiki/Novo_Nordisk "Novo Nordisk") and patented as US4007196A in 1976\.{{Cite patent\|number\=US4007196A\|title\=4\-Phenylpiperidine compounds\|gdate\=1977\-02\-08\|invent1\=Christensen\|invent2\=Squires\|inventor1\-first\=Jorgen Anders\|inventor2\-first\=Richard Felt\|url\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4007196A/en}} Ferrosan licensed this patent to the [Beecham Group](/wiki/Beecham_Group "Beecham Group"), which later merged into [GSK](/wiki/GSK_plc "GSK plc") (GlaxoSmithKline at the time). The Paroxetine developed at that time was paroxetine anhydrate, which is a chalky powder that was [hygroscopic](/wiki/Hygroscopy "Hygroscopy"). This made it difficult to handle. In late 1984, while scaling up the production of Paroxetine, a new crystal form ([hemihydrate](/wiki/Hemihydrate "Hemihydrate")) suddenly appeared at two Beecham sites in the UK within a few weeks of each other. In the presence of water or humidity, mere contact with hemihydrate converts anhydrate into hemihydrate. Alan Curzons, working for GSK, wrote down the "Paroxetine Polymorphism" memorandum on May 29, 1985, a memorandum vital to later litigations.{{Cite book \| vauthors \= Abramson B \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=DoT8hw4phQ8C\&dq\=disappearing\+polymorphs\+in\+%22fiction%22\&pg\=PA107 \|title\=The Secret Circuit: The Little\-known Court where the Rules of the Information Age Unfold \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=Rowman \& Littlefield \|isbn\=978\-0\-7425\-5281\-4 \|pages\=93–106 \|language\=en}} When the patent for paroxetine anhydrate (the "original" polymorph) ran out, other companies wanted to make [generic antidepressants](/wiki/Generic_drug "Generic drug") using the chemical. The only problem was that by the time other companies began manufacturing, Earth's atmosphere was already seeded with microscopic quantities of paroxetine hemihydrate from GSK's manufacturing plants, which meant that anyone trying to manufacture the original polymorph would find it transformed into the still\-patented version, which GSK refused to give manufacturing rights for. Thus, GSK sued the Canadian generic pharmaceutical company [Apotex](/wiki/Apotex "Apotex") (*SmithKline Beecham Corp. v Apotex Corp*) for [patent infringement](/wiki/Patent_infringement "Patent infringement") by producing quantities of the newer paroxetine polymorph in their generic pills, asking for their products to be blocked from entering the market. GSK claimed that the anhydrate "inevitably" converts to hemihydrate due to the presence of seeds. Apotex rejected the seeding theory as "junk science", and "alchemy". Both the [District Court](/wiki/District_court "District court") and the [Federal Circuit Court](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit "United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit") accepted the seeding theory of GSK, but nevertheless both judged in favor of Apotex. The District Court judged that Apotex was not responsible for unintentional presence of seeding in facility. The Federal Circuit Court invalidated the newer patent concerning the hemihydrates, on the argument of prior public use from the clinical trials.{{Cite book \|title\=Polymorphism in the pharmaceutical industry \|date\=2006 \|publisher\=WILEY\-VCH \|isbn\=978\-3\-527\-31146\-0 \|veditors\=Hilfiker R \|location\=Weinheim \|chapter\=14\. Polymorphism and Patents from a Chemist’s Point of View \[1]}}{{Cite journal \| vauthors \= Rakoczy WA, Mazzochi DM \|date\=January 2006 \|title\=The Case of the Disappearing Polymorph: ‘Inherent Anticipation’ and the Impact of SmithKline Beecham Corp. v Apotex Corp. (Paxil®) on Patent Validity and Infringement by Inevitable Conversion \|journal\=Journal of Generic Medicines: The Business Journal for the Generic Medicines Sector \|language\=en \|volume\=3 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=131–139 \|doi\=10\.1057/palgrave.jgm.4940110 \|issn\=1741\-1343}} Later research showed that the "anhydrate" was in fact a nonstoichiometric hydrate that rapidly dehydrates and rehydrates. The hemihydrate form is more stable due to a higher number of hydrogen bonds.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Pina MF, Pinto JF, Sousa JJ, Fábián L, Zhao M, Craig DQ \| title \= Identification and characterization of stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric hydrate forms of paroxetine HCl: reversible changes in crystal dimensions as a function of water absorption \| journal \= Molecular Pharmaceutics \| volume \= 9 \| issue \= 12 \| pages \= 3515–3525 \| date \= December 2012 \| pmid \= 23051151 \| doi \= 10\.1021/mp3003573 }} ### Paroxetine mesylate In order to avoid patents on paroxetine hydrochloride, some companies developed alternative salts of paroxetine. In the mid\-1990s [SmithKline Beecham](/wiki/SmithKline_Beecham "SmithKline Beecham") (now a part of GSK) and [Synthon](/wiki/Synthon_%28company%29 "Synthon (company)") independently developed paroxetine [mesylate](/wiki/Mesylate "Mesylate"). They obtained two separate patents. Subsequently, all attempts to produce Synthon's version of paroxetine mesylate ended up with Beecham's version. There were two possibilities: either Synthon's version is a disappearing polymorph, or Synthon's patent application contained erroneous data. Many litigations later, there was no legal consensus on which possibility was correct. ### Ritonavir Released to the public in 1996, [ritonavir](/wiki/Ritonavir "Ritonavir") is an [antiretroviral medication](/wiki/Antiretroviral_medication "Antiretroviral medication") used to help treat [HIV/AIDS](/wiki/HIV/AIDS "HIV/AIDS"). It has been listed on the [World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines](/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines").{{cite book \|title\=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 \|vauthors\=((World Health Organization)) \|publisher\=World Health Organization \|year\=2019 \|location\=Geneva \|hdl\=10665/325771 \|id\=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019\.06\. License: CC BY\-NC\-SA 3\.0 IGO \|author\-link\=World Health Organization \|hdl\-access\=free}} The original medication was manufactured in the form of semisolid [gel capsules](/wiki/Gel_capsule "Gel capsule"), based on the only known crystal form of the drug ("Form I"). In 1998, however, a second crystal form ("Form II") was unexpectedly discovered. It had significantly lower [solubility](/wiki/Solubility "Solubility") and was not medically effective.{{Cite web \| vauthors \= Lowe D \|title\=Down At the Crystal Surface \|url\=https://www.science.org/content/blog\-post/down\-crystal\-surface \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-08 \| work \= In the Pipeline \| publisher \= American Association for the Advancement of Science \|language\=en}} Form II was of sufficiently lower energy that it became impossible to produce Form I in any laboratory where Form II was introduced, even indirectly. Scientists who had been exposed to Form II in the past seemingly contaminated entire manufacturing plants by their presence, probably because they carried over microscopic seed crystals of the new polymorph. The drug was temporarily recalled from the market. Tens of thousands of AIDS patients went without medication for their condition until ritonavir was reformulated, approved, and re\-released to the market in 1999\. It is estimated that [Abbott](/wiki/Abbott_Laboratories "Abbott Laboratories"), the company which produced ritonavir under the brand name [Norvir](/wiki/Norvir "Norvir"), lost over $250 million USD as a result of the incident. A later study found 3 additional morphs: a metastable polymorph, a trihydrate, and a formamide solvate.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Morissette SL, Soukasene S, Levinson D, Cima MJ, Almarsson O \| title \= Elucidation of crystal form diversity of the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir by high\-throughput crystallization \| journal \= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \| volume \= 100 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 2180–2184 \| date \= March 2003 \| pmid \= 12604798 \| pmc \= 151315 \| doi \= 10\.1073/pnas.0437744100 }} ### Rotigotine [Rotigotine](/wiki/Rotigotine "Rotigotine") (sold under the brand name Neupro among others) is a [dopamine agonist](/wiki/Dopamine_agonist "Dopamine agonist") indicated for the treatment of [Parkinson's disease](/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease "Parkinson's disease") (PD) and [restless legs syndrome](/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome "Restless legs syndrome") (RLS).{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Chen JJ, Swope DM, Dashtipour K, Lyons KE \| title \= Transdermal rotigotine: a clinically innovative dopamine\-receptor agonist for the management of Parkinson's disease \| journal \= Pharmacotherapy \| volume \= 29 \| issue \= 12 \| pages \= 1452–1467 \| date \= December 2009 \| pmid \= 19947805 \| doi \= 10\.1592/phco.29\.12\.1452 \| s2cid \= 40466260 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Davies S \| title \= Rotigotine for restless legs syndrome \| journal \= Drugs of Today \| volume \= 45 \| issue \= 9 \| pages \= 663–668 \| date \= September 2009 \| pmid \= 19956807 \| doi \= 10\.1358/dot.2009\.45\.9\.1399952 }} In 2007, the Neupro patch was approved by the [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") (FDA) as the first [transdermal patch treatment](/wiki/Transdermal_patch "Transdermal patch") of Parkinson's disease in the United States. The drug had been established in 1980, and no prior polymorphism had been observed. In 2008, a more stable polymorph unexpectedly emerged, which was described as resembling "snow\-like crystals". The new polymorph did not display any observable reduction in efficacy, but nonetheless, [Schwarz Pharma](/wiki/Schwarz_Pharma "Schwarz Pharma") recalled all Neupro patches in the United States and some in Europe. Those with remaining patches in Europe were told to refrigerate their stock, since refrigeration seemed to reduce crystallization rates. The patch was reformulated in 2012, as per FDA recommendations, and was reintroduced in the United States without requiring refrigeration.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.pdf.org/en/media\_pr/release/pr\_1342559027 \|title\=Neupro Patch Re\-launches in the US \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-08 \|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-23 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323100931/http://www.pdf.org/en/media\_pr/release/pr\_1342559027 \|url\-status\=dead }} ### Progesterone [Progesterone](/wiki/Progesterone_%28medication%29 "Progesterone (medication)") is a naturally occurring [steroid hormone](/wiki/Steroid_hormone "Steroid hormone") and is used in [hormone therapy](/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy "Hormone replacement therapy") and [birth control pills](/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_pill "Oral contraceptive pill"), among other applications. There are two known forms of naturally\-occurring progesterone (or *nat*‐progesterone), and other synthetic polymorphs of the hormone have also been created and studied.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Lancaster RW, Karamertzanis PG, Hulme AT, Tocher DA, Lewis TC, Price SL \| title \= The polymorphism of progesterone: stabilization of a 'disappearing' polymorph by co\-crystallization \| journal \= Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences \| volume \= 96 \| issue \= 12 \| pages \= 3419–3431 \| date \= December 2007 \| pmid \= 17621678 \| doi \= 10\.1002/jps.20983 }} Early scientists reported being able to crystallize both forms of *nat*‐progesterone, and they could convert form 2 into form 1 (which is more thermodynamically stable and melts at a different temperature). When later scientists tried to crystallize form 2 from pure materials, they could not. Attempts to replicate older instructions (and variations on those instructions) for crystallization of form 2 invariably produced form 1 instead, sometimes even leading to crystals of exceptional purity but still of form 1\. Researchers have tentatively suggested that form 2 became gradually harder to produce around 1975, based on a review of production difficulties documented or alluded to in existing literature. Form 2 was eventually successfully synthesized by using [pregnenolone](/wiki/Pregnenolone "Pregnenolone"), a structurally similar compound, as an additive in the crystallization process. The additive seemed to reverse the [order of stability](/wiki/Ostwald%27s_rule "Ostwald's rule") of the polymorphs. Multiple theories were proposed for why earlier research was able to produce form 2 from "pure" ingredients, ranging from the possibility that the early researchers were unintentionally working with impure materials to the possibility that seed crystals of form 1 had become more common in the atmosphere of laboratories since the 1970s. ### Beta\-melibiose Pfanstiehl Chemical Company in [Waukegan, Illinois](/wiki/Waukegan%2C_Illinois "Waukegan, Illinois"), was known for isolating and purifying natural substances, including [melibiose](/wiki/Melibiose "Melibiose"). The final step of purifying melibiose was to crystallize it. However, one day, all new melibiose crystals appeared in a different morph. The old morph was called beta\-melibiose and the new morph, alpha\-melibiose. The chemists theorized that tiny traces of the alpha morph in the air or on the lab equipment could be causing this change, but they never found out where the contamination was coming from. Ultimately, the company gave up. However, they suggested that if the process were attempted in a different location, where there was absolutely no trace of alpha morph, it might still be possible to successfully crystallize the beta morph. As of 1995, this issue might still exist. According to a survey of catalogs from various chemical companies including Merck, Fluka, BDH, Aldrich, and Sigma, only the alpha\-melibiose was available. Beta\-melibiose is in fact an [epimer](/wiki/Epimer "Epimer") of alpha\-melibiose. However, since when in solution, alpha\- and beta\-melibiose rapidly convert to each other, this may still be productively considered a case of crystal polymorphism. ### Xylitol [Xylitol](/wiki/Xylitol "Xylitol"), a type of sugar, was first synthesized from [beech](/wiki/Beech "Beech") wood chips in September 1890 in the form of syrups, but no one reported its crystal forms for 50 years. It has two different crystal morphs. One is a metastable, moisture\-absorbing form that melts at 61 °C, and the other is a more stable form that melts at 94 °C. Notably, its metastable morph was prepared before the stable form, conforming to [Ostwald's rule](/wiki/Ostwald%27s_rule "Ostwald's rule"). When a sample of xylitol in the metastable form is brought into a lab where the stable form had previously been made, the sample would change into the stable form after a few days in the open air. The structure of only the stable crystal was determined by [X\-ray diffraction](/wiki/X-ray_crystallography "X-ray crystallography") in a 1969 publication.{{Cite journal \| vauthors \= Kim HS, Jeffrey GA \|date\=1969\-12\-15 \|title\=The crystal structure of xylitol \|url\=https://scripts.iucr.org/cgi\-bin/paper?a07025 \|journal\=Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry \|language\=en \|volume\=25 \|issue\=12 \|pages\=2607–2613 \|doi\=10\.1107/S0567740869006133 \|issn\=0567\-7408}} The researchers failed to obtain the metastable form from a solution in alcohol, either at room temperature or near freezing; they invariably grew only the stable form. This seems to be because once the stable form has been made in a lab, its "seeds" or nuclei can disperse in air, influencing new crystals to grow the same way. ### Cephadroxil [Cefadroxil](/wiki/Cefadroxil "Cefadroxil") is an antibiotic. [Bristol\-Myers Squibb](/wiki/Bristol_Myers_Squibb "Bristol Myers Squibb") (BMS) patented the "Bouzard form" under US Patent No. 4,504,657 ('657\) in 1985\.{{Cite patent\|number\=US4504657A\|title\=Cephadroxil monohydrate\|gdate\=1985\-03\-12\|invent1\=Bouzard\|invent2\=Weber\|invent3\=Stemer\|inventor1\-first\=Daniel\|inventor2\-first\=Abraham\|inventor3\-first\=Jacques\|url\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4504657A/en}} The patenting took 6 years due to disputes about polymorphs. An earlier patent (US Patent No. 3,781,282\){{Cite patent\|number\=US3781282A\|title\=Cephalosporin process and product\|gdate\=1973\-12\-25\|invent1\=Garbrecht\|inventor1\-first\=W.\|url\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3781282A/en}} covered a different form, the "Micetich form". Attempts to replicate the Micetich form according to Example 19 in the '282 patent consistently yielded the Bouzard form, leading to challenges that the '657 patent was already *inherent* in the '282 patent, thus invalidated by [prior art](/wiki/Prior_art "Prior art"). BMS argued that the prevalence of the Bouzard form in manufacturing facilities led to unintentional seeding. Experimental tests of the seeding theory were ambiguous, but eventually the patent was granted. Later, Zenith Laboratories marketed a cefadroxil hemihydrate. BMS sued for "gastrointestinal infringement", claiming it converted to the patented Bouzard form in the stomach.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Trask AV \| title \= An overview of pharmaceutical cocrystals as intellectual property \| journal \= Molecular Pharmaceutics \| volume \= 4 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 301–9 \| date \= 2007 \| pmid \= 17477544 \| doi \= 10\.1021/mp070001z }} The case hinged on the interpretation of X\-ray diffraction data, with BMS arguing it demonstrated the presence of the Bouzard form in patients who ingested Zenith's product. However, the court sided with Zenith. ### Ranitidine [Ranitidine](/wiki/Ranitidine "Ranitidine"), a medicine for [peptic ulcers](/wiki/Peptic_ulcer_disease "Peptic ulcer disease") sold under the name of Zantac, was developed by [Allen \& Hanburys](/wiki/Allen_%26_Hanburys "Allen & Hanburys") (then a part of [Glaxo Group Research](/wiki/GSK_plc "GSK plc"), now GSK), and patented in 1978 (US4128658A, Example 32{{Cite patent\|number\=US4128658A\|title\=Aminoalkyl furan derivatives\|gdate\=1978\-12\-05\|invent1\=Price\|invent2\=Clitherow\|invent3\=Bradshaw\|inventor1\-first\=Barry J.\|inventor2\-first\=John W.\|inventor3\-first\=John\|url\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4128658A/en}}). Originally, its crystals were all in **Form 1**, but the batch prepared on April 15, 1980 exhibited a new [infrared spectrogram peak](/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy "Infrared spectroscopy") at 1045 cm^{\-1}, demonstrating that a new crystal had appeared, designated **Form 2**. Subsequent batches produced more and more Form 2 despite using the same procedure, until Form 1 completely disappeared. The group patented Form 2 in 1985 (US4521431A {{Cite patent\|number\=US4521431A\|title\=Aminoalkyl furan derivative\|gdate\=1985\-06\-04\|invent1\=Crookes\|inventor1\-first\=Derek L.\|url\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4521431A/en}}) and 1987 (US4672133A{{Cite patent\|number\=US4672133A\|title\=Process for forming Form 2 ranitidine hydrochloride\|gdate\=1987\-06\-09\|invent1\=Crookes\|inventor1\-first\=Derek L.\|url\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4672133A/en}}).{{Cite journal \|date\=May 1995\|title\={BLR 2023} Azeotroping Process – CAFC – Glaxo – Novopharm – Ranitidine \|url\=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10\.1089/blr.1995\.14\.423 \|journal\=Biotechnology Law Report \|volume\=14 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=423–504 \|doi\=10\.1089/blr.1995\.14\.423 \|issn\=0730\-031X}} Though it is very difficult to crystalize Form 1 in the presence of seeds of Form 2, once Form 1 crystals are obtained, they can coexist indefinitely with Form 2 crystals when mixed together. As the 1978 patent was nearing its 1995 expiration, many generics companies attempted to develop generics using the procedure described in 1978 patent, but they all ended up with Form 2\. Some generics companies (such as [Novopharm](/wiki/Teva_Canada "Teva Canada")) claimed that Glaxo never produced Form 1, and thus the 1978 patent *inherently anticipated* Form 2, thus invalidating the 1985 and 1987 patents (since double patenting is invalid). If the argument holds, then Form 2 could be marketed as generics in 1995 at the expiration of the 1978 patent. Since an additional seven years of exclusive marketing is highly profitable, Glaxo fought back. In order to win the first *Glaxo, Inc. v. Novopharm, Ltd* case,*Glaxo Inc. v. Novopharm Ltd.*, 931 F. Supp. 1280 (E.D.N.C. 1996\){{Cite web \|title\=Glaxo Wellcome Launches Appeals Vs Novopharm Zantac Ruling \|url\=https://apnews.com/article/eb031a2970f2eaf00fdc7fc6701532d6 \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-31 \|website\=AP NEWS \|language\=en}} Glaxo argued successfully that Form 1 could be produced according to the 1978 patent procedure in a carefully quarantined environment, and that Novopharm had been producing Form 2 due to disappearing polymorphs. The organic chemist [Jack Baldwin](/wiki/Jack_Baldwin_%28chemist%29 "Jack Baldwin (chemist)"), acting as a witness to Glaxo, had two of his [postdoctoral researchers](/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher "Postdoctoral researcher"), for three times, produce Form 1 according to the 1978 patent procedure. Consequently, the court ruled that Form 2 is covered by the 1985 patent. Subsequent to losing the case, Novopharm attempted to bring Form 1 to market, so Glaxo sued them again in the second *Glaxo, Inc. v. Novopharm, Ltd* case. Glaxo argued that Novopharm could not market generics containing even trace amounts of Form 2\. In particular, that means any generic Zantac containing an infrared spectrogram peak at 1045 cm^{\-1} infringes their 1985 patent. However, during the prosecution of the first case, Glaxo had already accepted that the 1985 patent covered only products containing chemicals with a specific, 29\-peak infrared (IR) spectrum. This was intended to avoid [double patenting](/wiki/Double_patenting "Double patenting")—Glaxo had to emphasize the unique aspects of Form 2 to distinguish it from the invention described in the 1978 patent. Since Glaxo could not establish the presence of the 29\-peak IR spectrogram in Novopharm's product, the court ruled in favor of Novopharm.[110 F. 3d 1562 – Glaxo Inc v. Novopharm Ltd. No. 96\-1466\. United States Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit. April 4, 1997\.](https://openjurist.org/110/f3d/1562) {{Blockquote\|text\=... the claims at issue all identify Form 2 RHCl by reference to a 29\-peak IR spectrum... proof of infringement requires proof that the drug alleged to infringe would exhibit all of those peaks, not a single, potentially meaningless peak.\|title\=110 F. 3d 1562 – Glaxo Inc v. Novopharm Ltd\|author\=\|source\=}}
[ "Case studies\n------------", "### Paroxetine hydrochloride", "[Paroxetine hydrochloride](/wiki/Paroxetine \"Paroxetine\") was developed in the 1970s by scientists at [Ferrosan](/wiki/Novo_Nordisk \"Novo Nordisk\") and patented as US4007196A in 1976\\.{{Cite patent\\|number\\=US4007196A\\|title\\=4\\-Phenylpiperidine compounds\\|gdate\\=1977\\-02\\-08\\|invent1\\=Christensen\\|invent2\\=Squires\\|inventor1\\-first\\=Jorgen Anders\\|inventor2\\-first\\=Richard Felt\\|url\\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4007196A/en}} Ferrosan licensed this patent to the [Beecham Group](/wiki/Beecham_Group \"Beecham Group\"), which later merged into [GSK](/wiki/GSK_plc \"GSK plc\") (GlaxoSmithKline at the time).", "The Paroxetine developed at that time was paroxetine anhydrate, which is a chalky powder that was [hygroscopic](/wiki/Hygroscopy \"Hygroscopy\"). This made it difficult to handle. In late 1984, while scaling up the production of Paroxetine, a new crystal form ([hemihydrate](/wiki/Hemihydrate \"Hemihydrate\")) suddenly appeared at two Beecham sites in the UK within a few weeks of each other. In the presence of water or humidity, mere contact with hemihydrate converts anhydrate into hemihydrate.", "Alan Curzons, working for GSK, wrote down the \"Paroxetine Polymorphism\" memorandum on May 29, 1985, a memorandum vital to later litigations.{{Cite book \\| vauthors \\= Abramson B \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DoT8hw4phQ8C\\&dq\\=disappearing\\+polymorphs\\+in\\+%22fiction%22\\&pg\\=PA107 \\|title\\=The Secret Circuit: The Little\\-known Court where the Rules of the Information Age Unfold \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=Rowman \\& Littlefield \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7425\\-5281\\-4 \\|pages\\=93–106 \\|language\\=en}}", "When the patent for paroxetine anhydrate (the \"original\" polymorph) ran out, other companies wanted to make [generic antidepressants](/wiki/Generic_drug \"Generic drug\") using the chemical. The only problem was that by the time other companies began manufacturing, Earth's atmosphere was already seeded with microscopic quantities of paroxetine hemihydrate from GSK's manufacturing plants, which meant that anyone trying to manufacture the original polymorph would find it transformed into the still\\-patented version, which GSK refused to give manufacturing rights for. Thus, GSK sued the Canadian generic pharmaceutical company [Apotex](/wiki/Apotex \"Apotex\") (*SmithKline Beecham Corp. v Apotex Corp*) for [patent infringement](/wiki/Patent_infringement \"Patent infringement\") by producing quantities of the newer paroxetine polymorph in their generic pills, asking for their products to be blocked from entering the market.", "GSK claimed that the anhydrate \"inevitably\" converts to hemihydrate due to the presence of seeds. Apotex rejected the seeding theory as \"junk science\", and \"alchemy\". Both the [District Court](/wiki/District_court \"District court\") and the [Federal Circuit Court](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit \"United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit\") accepted the seeding theory of GSK, but nevertheless both judged in favor of Apotex. The District Court judged that Apotex was not responsible for unintentional presence of seeding in facility. The Federal Circuit Court invalidated the newer patent concerning the hemihydrates, on the argument of prior public use from the clinical trials.{{Cite book \\|title\\=Polymorphism in the pharmaceutical industry \\|date\\=2006 \\|publisher\\=WILEY\\-VCH \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-527\\-31146\\-0 \\|veditors\\=Hilfiker R \\|location\\=Weinheim \\|chapter\\=14\\. Polymorphism and Patents from a Chemist’s Point of View \\[1]}}{{Cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Rakoczy WA, Mazzochi DM \\|date\\=January 2006 \\|title\\=The Case of the Disappearing Polymorph: ‘Inherent Anticipation’ and the Impact of SmithKline Beecham Corp. v Apotex Corp. (Paxil®) on Patent Validity and Infringement by Inevitable Conversion \\|journal\\=Journal of Generic Medicines: The Business Journal for the Generic Medicines Sector \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=3 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=131–139 \\|doi\\=10\\.1057/palgrave.jgm.4940110 \\|issn\\=1741\\-1343}}", "Later research showed that the \"anhydrate\" was in fact a nonstoichiometric hydrate that rapidly dehydrates and rehydrates. The hemihydrate form is more stable due to a higher number of hydrogen bonds.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Pina MF, Pinto JF, Sousa JJ, Fábián L, Zhao M, Craig DQ \\| title \\= Identification and characterization of stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric hydrate forms of paroxetine HCl: reversible changes in crystal dimensions as a function of water absorption \\| journal \\= Molecular Pharmaceutics \\| volume \\= 9 \\| issue \\= 12 \\| pages \\= 3515–3525 \\| date \\= December 2012 \\| pmid \\= 23051151 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1021/mp3003573 }}", "### Paroxetine mesylate", "In order to avoid patents on paroxetine hydrochloride, some companies developed alternative salts of paroxetine. In the mid\\-1990s [SmithKline Beecham](/wiki/SmithKline_Beecham \"SmithKline Beecham\") (now a part of GSK) and [Synthon](/wiki/Synthon_%28company%29 \"Synthon (company)\") independently developed paroxetine [mesylate](/wiki/Mesylate \"Mesylate\"). They obtained two separate patents.", "Subsequently, all attempts to produce Synthon's version of paroxetine mesylate ended up with Beecham's version. There were two possibilities: either Synthon's version is a disappearing polymorph, or Synthon's patent application contained erroneous data. Many litigations later, there was no legal consensus on which possibility was correct.", "### Ritonavir", "Released to the public in 1996, [ritonavir](/wiki/Ritonavir \"Ritonavir\") is an [antiretroviral medication](/wiki/Antiretroviral_medication \"Antiretroviral medication\") used to help treat [HIV/AIDS](/wiki/HIV/AIDS \"HIV/AIDS\"). It has been listed on the [World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines](/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines \"WHO Model List of Essential Medicines\").{{cite book \\|title\\=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 \\|vauthors\\=((World Health Organization)) \\|publisher\\=World Health Organization \\|year\\=2019 \\|location\\=Geneva \\|hdl\\=10665/325771 \\|id\\=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019\\.06\\. License: CC BY\\-NC\\-SA 3\\.0 IGO \\|author\\-link\\=World Health Organization \\|hdl\\-access\\=free}} The original medication was manufactured in the form of semisolid [gel capsules](/wiki/Gel_capsule \"Gel capsule\"), based on the only known crystal form of the drug (\"Form I\"). In 1998, however, a second crystal form (\"Form II\") was unexpectedly discovered. It had significantly lower [solubility](/wiki/Solubility \"Solubility\") and was not medically effective.{{Cite web \\| vauthors \\= Lowe D \\|title\\=Down At the Crystal Surface \\|url\\=https://www.science.org/content/blog\\-post/down\\-crystal\\-surface \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-08 \\| work \\= In the Pipeline \\| publisher \\= American Association for the Advancement of Science \\|language\\=en}}", "Form II was of sufficiently lower energy that it became impossible to produce Form I in any laboratory where Form II was introduced, even indirectly. Scientists who had been exposed to Form II in the past seemingly contaminated entire manufacturing plants by their presence, probably because they carried over microscopic seed crystals of the new polymorph. The drug was temporarily recalled from the market. Tens of thousands of AIDS patients went without medication for their condition until ritonavir was reformulated, approved, and re\\-released to the market in 1999\\. It is estimated that [Abbott](/wiki/Abbott_Laboratories \"Abbott Laboratories\"), the company which produced ritonavir under the brand name [Norvir](/wiki/Norvir \"Norvir\"), lost over $250 million USD as a result of the incident.", "A later study found 3 additional morphs: a metastable polymorph, a trihydrate, and a formamide solvate.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Morissette SL, Soukasene S, Levinson D, Cima MJ, Almarsson O \\| title \\= Elucidation of crystal form diversity of the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir by high\\-throughput crystallization \\| journal \\= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \\| volume \\= 100 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 2180–2184 \\| date \\= March 2003 \\| pmid \\= 12604798 \\| pmc \\= 151315 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1073/pnas.0437744100 }}", "### Rotigotine", "[Rotigotine](/wiki/Rotigotine \"Rotigotine\") (sold under the brand name Neupro among others) is a [dopamine agonist](/wiki/Dopamine_agonist \"Dopamine agonist\") indicated for the treatment of [Parkinson's disease](/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease \"Parkinson's disease\") (PD) and [restless legs syndrome](/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome \"Restless legs syndrome\") (RLS).{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Chen JJ, Swope DM, Dashtipour K, Lyons KE \\| title \\= Transdermal rotigotine: a clinically innovative dopamine\\-receptor agonist for the management of Parkinson's disease \\| journal \\= Pharmacotherapy \\| volume \\= 29 \\| issue \\= 12 \\| pages \\= 1452–1467 \\| date \\= December 2009 \\| pmid \\= 19947805 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1592/phco.29\\.12\\.1452 \\| s2cid \\= 40466260 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Davies S \\| title \\= Rotigotine for restless legs syndrome \\| journal \\= Drugs of Today \\| volume \\= 45 \\| issue \\= 9 \\| pages \\= 663–668 \\| date \\= September 2009 \\| pmid \\= 19956807 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1358/dot.2009\\.45\\.9\\.1399952 }} In 2007, the Neupro patch was approved by the [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) as the first [transdermal patch treatment](/wiki/Transdermal_patch \"Transdermal patch\") of Parkinson's disease in the United States. The drug had been established in 1980, and no prior polymorphism had been observed. In 2008, a more stable polymorph unexpectedly emerged, which was described as resembling \"snow\\-like crystals\". The new polymorph did not display any observable reduction in efficacy, but nonetheless, [Schwarz Pharma](/wiki/Schwarz_Pharma \"Schwarz Pharma\") recalled all Neupro patches in the United States and some in Europe. Those with remaining patches in Europe were told to refrigerate their stock, since refrigeration seemed to reduce crystallization rates. The patch was reformulated in 2012, as per FDA recommendations, and was reintroduced in the United States without requiring refrigeration.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.pdf.org/en/media\\_pr/release/pr\\_1342559027 \\|title\\=Neupro Patch Re\\-launches in the US \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-08 \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-23 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323100931/http://www.pdf.org/en/media\\_pr/release/pr\\_1342559027 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "### Progesterone", "[Progesterone](/wiki/Progesterone_%28medication%29 \"Progesterone (medication)\") is a naturally occurring [steroid hormone](/wiki/Steroid_hormone \"Steroid hormone\") and is used in [hormone therapy](/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy \"Hormone replacement therapy\") and [birth control pills](/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_pill \"Oral contraceptive pill\"), among other applications. There are two known forms of naturally\\-occurring progesterone (or *nat*‐progesterone), and other synthetic polymorphs of the hormone have also been created and studied.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Lancaster RW, Karamertzanis PG, Hulme AT, Tocher DA, Lewis TC, Price SL \\| title \\= The polymorphism of progesterone: stabilization of a 'disappearing' polymorph by co\\-crystallization \\| journal \\= Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences \\| volume \\= 96 \\| issue \\= 12 \\| pages \\= 3419–3431 \\| date \\= December 2007 \\| pmid \\= 17621678 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1002/jps.20983 }}", "Early scientists reported being able to crystallize both forms of *nat*‐progesterone, and they could convert form 2 into form 1 (which is more thermodynamically stable and melts at a different temperature). When later scientists tried to crystallize form 2 from pure materials, they could not. Attempts to replicate older instructions (and variations on those instructions) for crystallization of form 2 invariably produced form 1 instead, sometimes even leading to crystals of exceptional purity but still of form 1\\. Researchers have tentatively suggested that form 2 became gradually harder to produce around 1975, based on a review of production difficulties documented or alluded to in existing literature.", "Form 2 was eventually successfully synthesized by using [pregnenolone](/wiki/Pregnenolone \"Pregnenolone\"), a structurally similar compound, as an additive in the crystallization process. The additive seemed to reverse the [order of stability](/wiki/Ostwald%27s_rule \"Ostwald's rule\") of the polymorphs. Multiple theories were proposed for why earlier research was able to produce form 2 from \"pure\" ingredients, ranging from the possibility that the early researchers were unintentionally working with impure materials to the possibility that seed crystals of form 1 had become more common in the atmosphere of laboratories since the 1970s.", "### Beta\\-melibiose", "Pfanstiehl Chemical Company in [Waukegan, Illinois](/wiki/Waukegan%2C_Illinois \"Waukegan, Illinois\"), was known for isolating and purifying natural substances, including [melibiose](/wiki/Melibiose \"Melibiose\"). The final step of purifying melibiose was to crystallize it. However, one day, all new melibiose crystals appeared in a different morph. The old morph was called beta\\-melibiose and the new morph, alpha\\-melibiose. The chemists theorized that tiny traces of the alpha morph in the air or on the lab equipment could be causing this change, but they never found out where the contamination was coming from. Ultimately, the company gave up. However, they suggested that if the process were attempted in a different location, where there was absolutely no trace of alpha morph, it might still be possible to successfully crystallize the beta morph.", "As of 1995, this issue might still exist. According to a survey of catalogs from various chemical companies including Merck, Fluka, BDH, Aldrich, and Sigma, only the alpha\\-melibiose was available.", "Beta\\-melibiose is in fact an [epimer](/wiki/Epimer \"Epimer\") of alpha\\-melibiose. However, since when in solution, alpha\\- and beta\\-melibiose rapidly convert to each other, this may still be productively considered a case of crystal polymorphism.", "### Xylitol", "[Xylitol](/wiki/Xylitol \"Xylitol\"), a type of sugar, was first synthesized from [beech](/wiki/Beech \"Beech\") wood chips in September 1890 in the form of syrups, but no one reported its crystal forms for 50 years. It has two different crystal morphs. One is a metastable, moisture\\-absorbing form that melts at 61 °C, and the other is a more stable form that melts at 94 °C. Notably, its metastable morph was prepared before the stable form, conforming to [Ostwald's rule](/wiki/Ostwald%27s_rule \"Ostwald's rule\").", "When a sample of xylitol in the metastable form is brought into a lab where the stable form had previously been made, the sample would change into the stable form after a few days in the open air. The structure of only the stable crystal was determined by [X\\-ray diffraction](/wiki/X-ray_crystallography \"X-ray crystallography\") in a 1969 publication.{{Cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Kim HS, Jeffrey GA \\|date\\=1969\\-12\\-15 \\|title\\=The crystal structure of xylitol \\|url\\=https://scripts.iucr.org/cgi\\-bin/paper?a07025 \\|journal\\=Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=25 \\|issue\\=12 \\|pages\\=2607–2613 \\|doi\\=10\\.1107/S0567740869006133 \\|issn\\=0567\\-7408}} The researchers failed to obtain the metastable form from a solution in alcohol, either at room temperature or near freezing; they invariably grew only the stable form. This seems to be because once the stable form has been made in a lab, its \"seeds\" or nuclei can disperse in air, influencing new crystals to grow the same way.", "### Cephadroxil", "[Cefadroxil](/wiki/Cefadroxil \"Cefadroxil\") is an antibiotic. [Bristol\\-Myers Squibb](/wiki/Bristol_Myers_Squibb \"Bristol Myers Squibb\") (BMS) patented the \"Bouzard form\" under US Patent No. 4,504,657 ('657\\) in 1985\\.{{Cite patent\\|number\\=US4504657A\\|title\\=Cephadroxil monohydrate\\|gdate\\=1985\\-03\\-12\\|invent1\\=Bouzard\\|invent2\\=Weber\\|invent3\\=Stemer\\|inventor1\\-first\\=Daniel\\|inventor2\\-first\\=Abraham\\|inventor3\\-first\\=Jacques\\|url\\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4504657A/en}} The patenting took 6 years due to disputes about polymorphs. An earlier patent (US Patent No. 3,781,282\\){{Cite patent\\|number\\=US3781282A\\|title\\=Cephalosporin process and product\\|gdate\\=1973\\-12\\-25\\|invent1\\=Garbrecht\\|inventor1\\-first\\=W.\\|url\\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3781282A/en}} covered a different form, the \"Micetich form\". Attempts to replicate the Micetich form according to Example 19 in the '282 patent consistently yielded the Bouzard form, leading to challenges that the '657 patent was already *inherent* in the '282 patent, thus invalidated by [prior art](/wiki/Prior_art \"Prior art\"). BMS argued that the prevalence of the Bouzard form in manufacturing facilities led to unintentional seeding. Experimental tests of the seeding theory were ambiguous, but eventually the patent was granted.", "Later, Zenith Laboratories marketed a cefadroxil hemihydrate. BMS sued for \"gastrointestinal infringement\", claiming it converted to the patented Bouzard form in the stomach.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Trask AV \\| title \\= An overview of pharmaceutical cocrystals as intellectual property \\| journal \\= Molecular Pharmaceutics \\| volume \\= 4 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 301–9 \\| date \\= 2007 \\| pmid \\= 17477544 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1021/mp070001z }} The case hinged on the interpretation of X\\-ray diffraction data, with BMS arguing it demonstrated the presence of the Bouzard form in patients who ingested Zenith's product. However, the court sided with Zenith.", "### Ranitidine", "[Ranitidine](/wiki/Ranitidine \"Ranitidine\"), a medicine for [peptic ulcers](/wiki/Peptic_ulcer_disease \"Peptic ulcer disease\") sold under the name of Zantac, was developed by [Allen \\& Hanburys](/wiki/Allen_%26_Hanburys \"Allen & Hanburys\") (then a part of [Glaxo Group Research](/wiki/GSK_plc \"GSK plc\"), now GSK), and patented in 1978 (US4128658A, Example 32{{Cite patent\\|number\\=US4128658A\\|title\\=Aminoalkyl furan derivatives\\|gdate\\=1978\\-12\\-05\\|invent1\\=Price\\|invent2\\=Clitherow\\|invent3\\=Bradshaw\\|inventor1\\-first\\=Barry J.\\|inventor2\\-first\\=John W.\\|inventor3\\-first\\=John\\|url\\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4128658A/en}}). Originally, its crystals were all in **Form 1**, but the batch prepared on April 15, 1980 exhibited a new [infrared spectrogram peak](/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy \"Infrared spectroscopy\") at 1045 cm^{\\-1}, demonstrating that a new crystal had appeared, designated **Form 2**. Subsequent batches produced more and more Form 2 despite using the same procedure, until Form 1 completely disappeared. The group patented Form 2 in 1985 (US4521431A {{Cite patent\\|number\\=US4521431A\\|title\\=Aminoalkyl furan derivative\\|gdate\\=1985\\-06\\-04\\|invent1\\=Crookes\\|inventor1\\-first\\=Derek L.\\|url\\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4521431A/en}}) and 1987 (US4672133A{{Cite patent\\|number\\=US4672133A\\|title\\=Process for forming Form 2 ranitidine hydrochloride\\|gdate\\=1987\\-06\\-09\\|invent1\\=Crookes\\|inventor1\\-first\\=Derek L.\\|url\\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4672133A/en}}).{{Cite journal \\|date\\=May 1995\\|title\\={BLR 2023} Azeotroping Process – CAFC – Glaxo – Novopharm – Ranitidine \\|url\\=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10\\.1089/blr.1995\\.14\\.423 \\|journal\\=Biotechnology Law Report \\|volume\\=14 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=423–504 \\|doi\\=10\\.1089/blr.1995\\.14\\.423 \\|issn\\=0730\\-031X}}", "Though it is very difficult to crystalize Form 1 in the presence of seeds of Form 2, once Form 1 crystals are obtained, they can coexist indefinitely with Form 2 crystals when mixed together.", "As the 1978 patent was nearing its 1995 expiration, many generics companies attempted to develop generics using the procedure described in 1978 patent, but they all ended up with Form 2\\. Some generics companies (such as [Novopharm](/wiki/Teva_Canada \"Teva Canada\")) claimed that Glaxo never produced Form 1, and thus the 1978 patent *inherently anticipated* Form 2, thus invalidating the 1985 and 1987 patents (since double patenting is invalid). If the argument holds, then Form 2 could be marketed as generics in 1995 at the expiration of the 1978 patent. Since an additional seven years of exclusive marketing is highly profitable, Glaxo fought back.", "In order to win the first *Glaxo, Inc. v. Novopharm, Ltd* case,*Glaxo Inc. v. Novopharm Ltd.*, 931 F. Supp. 1280 (E.D.N.C. 1996\\){{Cite web \\|title\\=Glaxo Wellcome Launches Appeals Vs Novopharm Zantac Ruling \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/eb031a2970f2eaf00fdc7fc6701532d6 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-31 \\|website\\=AP NEWS \\|language\\=en}} Glaxo argued successfully that Form 1 could be produced according to the 1978 patent procedure in a carefully quarantined environment, and that Novopharm had been producing Form 2 due to disappearing polymorphs. The organic chemist [Jack Baldwin](/wiki/Jack_Baldwin_%28chemist%29 \"Jack Baldwin (chemist)\"), acting as a witness to Glaxo, had two of his [postdoctoral researchers](/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher \"Postdoctoral researcher\"), for three times, produce Form 1 according to the 1978 patent procedure. Consequently, the court ruled that Form 2 is covered by the 1985 patent.", "Subsequent to losing the case, Novopharm attempted to bring Form 1 to market, so Glaxo sued them again in the second *Glaxo, Inc. v. Novopharm, Ltd* case. Glaxo argued that Novopharm could not market generics containing even trace amounts of Form 2\\. In particular, that means any generic Zantac containing an infrared spectrogram peak at 1045 cm^{\\-1} infringes their 1985 patent. However, during the prosecution of the first case, Glaxo had already accepted that the 1985 patent covered only products containing chemicals with a specific, 29\\-peak infrared (IR) spectrum. This was intended to avoid [double patenting](/wiki/Double_patenting \"Double patenting\")—Glaxo had to emphasize the unique aspects of Form 2 to distinguish it from the invention described in the 1978 patent. Since Glaxo could not establish the presence of the 29\\-peak IR spectrogram in Novopharm's product, the court ruled in favor of Novopharm.[110 F. 3d 1562 – Glaxo Inc v. Novopharm Ltd. No. 96\\-1466\\. United States Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit. April 4, 1997\\.](https://openjurist.org/110/f3d/1562)", "{{Blockquote\\|text\\=... the claims at issue all identify Form 2 RHCl by reference to a 29\\-peak IR spectrum... proof of infringement requires proof that the drug alleged to infringe would exhibit all of those peaks, not a single, potentially meaningless peak.\\|title\\=110 F. 3d 1562 – Glaxo Inc v. Novopharm Ltd\\|author\\=\\|source\\=}}", "" ]
Life and work ------------- Born 1986 in [Kyzyl](/wiki/Kyzyl "Kyzyl") ([Tuva Republic](/wiki/Tuva_Republic "Tuva Republic")), Antufiev graduated from the [Institute of Contemporary Art (Moscow)](/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art_Moscow "Institute of Contemporary Art Moscow") in 2009\. His artistic career began with the *Objects of Protection* solo exhibition, which took place on the Start Platform in Winzavod (Moscow) in late 2008 – early 2009\. His debut show expressed Antufiev's key creative method and the primary topic in the focus of his practice: working with non\-typical, ‘organic’ materials such as bones, hair, teeth, and skin, the artist contemplates the immortality of form and the transformation of content while making visual references to [shamanic](/wiki/Shamanism "Shamanism") practices common in Tuva region, as well as to other archaic cultures. In 2009 Antufiev took part in a number of group shows in Moscow and St. Petersburg: *Needlework* (PROUN Gallery, Moscow), *The Space of Silence* (The Red Flag Factory, St. Petersburg), and had his second solo exhibition *Myths of My Childhood* (Globe Gallery, ETAGI loft project, St. Petersburg). The same year Antufiev became the winner in the “Young artist. Project of the year” category of the [Kandinsky Prize](/wiki/Kandinsky_Prize "Kandinsky Prize") for his debut show, *Objects of Protection*. Well received by critics, he continued working in Moscow where Winzavod Contemporary Art Center provided him with a free studio, while Anton Belov's White Gallery project opened with the artist's installation *Bones*. In 2011 the [New Museum](/wiki/New_Museum "New Museum") (New York, USA) held a group show *Ostalgia*, where Antufiev's works drew attention of collector and businessman Luigi Maramotti. He invited the artist to visit Italy, and later in 2013 Collezione Maramotti (Reggio Emilia, Italy) organized Antufiev's large\-scale solo exhibition *Twelve, wood, dolphin, knife, bowl, mask, crystal, marble and bones – fusion. Exploring materials*. The show was partly reproduced in 2014 by [Multimedia Art Museum](/wiki/Multimedia_Art_Museum%2C_Moscow "Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow") (Moscow) as a special project of the 6th Moscow Biennale. In 2015\-2016 Antufiev's solo exhibitions took place in Moscow and Rome: the *Immortality Forever* project (2015, MMOMA, Moscow), *Seven Underground Kings, or a Brief Story of the Shadow* (Regina Gallery, Moscow), *Fusion and Absorption* (2015, z2o Gallery, Rome), and *Fragile Things* (2016, Pechersky Gallery, Moscow). In 2016 Evgeny Antufiev participated in the main project of Manifesta\-11, the European biennale for contemporary art. The same year one of the leading media resources on contemporary art in Russia, Artguide Editions, ranked Antufiev first among the 20 most influential artists nationwide. Apart from his individual practice, Antufiev also works as a curator, and since 2012 he has been coordinating Garage Museum's Program in support of emerging Russian artists. In 2014 he curated project *11* for Garage Museum's Project Space, presenting works by the first eleven recipients of the scholarship. In 2015 Antufiev was announced as the winner of the *Collecting Young Russian Art*, V\-A\-C (Moscow)/M HKA (Antwerp) scheme, and he was also one of the award winners of Cosmoscow Contemporary Art Fair 2015 Patron Program in support of young Russian artists. Antufiev lives and works in Moscow and Moscow region. His works can be found in various private and public collections: Collezione Maramotti (Reggio Emilia, Italy), [Museum of Contemporary Art, Antwerp](/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art%2C_Antwerp "Museum of Contemporary Art, Antwerp") M HKA (Belgium), Moscow Museum of Modern Art, and [Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow](/wiki/Multimedia_Art_Museum%2C_Moscow "Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow").
[ "Life and work\n-------------", "Born 1986 in [Kyzyl](/wiki/Kyzyl \"Kyzyl\") ([Tuva Republic](/wiki/Tuva_Republic \"Tuva Republic\")), Antufiev graduated from the [Institute of Contemporary Art (Moscow)](/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art_Moscow \"Institute of Contemporary Art Moscow\") in 2009\\. His artistic career began with the *Objects of Protection* solo exhibition, which took place on the Start Platform in Winzavod (Moscow) in late 2008 – early 2009\\. His debut show expressed Antufiev's key creative method and the primary topic in the focus of his practice: working with non\\-typical, ‘organic’ materials such as bones, hair, teeth, and skin, the artist contemplates the immortality of form and the transformation of content while making visual references to [shamanic](/wiki/Shamanism \"Shamanism\") practices common in Tuva region, as well as to other archaic cultures.", "In 2009 Antufiev took part in a number of group shows in Moscow and St. Petersburg: *Needlework* (PROUN Gallery, Moscow), *The Space of Silence* (The Red Flag Factory, St. Petersburg), and had his second solo exhibition *Myths of My Childhood* (Globe Gallery, ETAGI loft project, St. Petersburg). The same year Antufiev became the winner in the “Young artist. Project of the year” category of the [Kandinsky Prize](/wiki/Kandinsky_Prize \"Kandinsky Prize\") for his debut show, *Objects of Protection*. Well received by critics, he continued working in Moscow where Winzavod Contemporary Art Center provided him with a free studio, while Anton Belov's White Gallery project opened with the artist's installation *Bones*.", "In 2011 the [New Museum](/wiki/New_Museum \"New Museum\") (New York, USA) held a group show *Ostalgia*, where Antufiev's works drew attention of collector and businessman Luigi Maramotti. He invited the artist to visit Italy, and later in 2013 Collezione Maramotti (Reggio Emilia, Italy) organized Antufiev's large\\-scale solo exhibition *Twelve, wood, dolphin, knife, bowl, mask, crystal, marble and bones – fusion. Exploring materials*. The show was partly reproduced in 2014 by [Multimedia Art Museum](/wiki/Multimedia_Art_Museum%2C_Moscow \"Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow\") (Moscow) as a special project of the 6th Moscow Biennale. In 2015\\-2016 Antufiev's solo exhibitions took place in Moscow and Rome: the *Immortality Forever* project (2015, MMOMA, Moscow), *Seven Underground Kings, or a Brief Story of the Shadow* (Regina Gallery, Moscow), *Fusion and Absorption* (2015, z2o Gallery, Rome), and *Fragile Things* (2016, Pechersky Gallery, Moscow).", "In 2016 Evgeny Antufiev participated in the main project of Manifesta\\-11, the European biennale for contemporary art. The same year one of the leading media resources on contemporary art in Russia, Artguide Editions, ranked Antufiev first among the 20 most influential artists nationwide.", "Apart from his individual practice, Antufiev also works as a curator, and since 2012 he has been coordinating Garage Museum's Program in support of emerging Russian artists. In 2014 he curated project *11* for Garage Museum's Project Space, presenting works by the first eleven recipients of the scholarship.", "In 2015 Antufiev was announced as the winner of the *Collecting Young Russian Art*, V\\-A\\-C (Moscow)/M HKA (Antwerp) scheme, and he was also one of the award winners of Cosmoscow Contemporary Art Fair 2015 Patron Program in support of young Russian artists.", "Antufiev lives and works in Moscow and Moscow region. His works can be found in various private and public collections: Collezione Maramotti (Reggio Emilia, Italy), [Museum of Contemporary Art, Antwerp](/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art%2C_Antwerp \"Museum of Contemporary Art, Antwerp\") M HKA (Belgium), Moscow Museum of Modern Art, and [Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow](/wiki/Multimedia_Art_Museum%2C_Moscow \"Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow\").", "" ]
Literary career --------------- Halkin translates [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_literature "Hebrew literature") and [Yiddish literature](/wiki/Yiddish_literature "Yiddish literature") into [English](/wiki/English_language "English language"). He has translated [Sholem Aleichem](/wiki/Sholem_Aleichem "Sholem Aleichem")'s *[Tevye the Dairyman](/wiki/Tevye "Tevye")*, and major [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language "Hebrew language") and Israeli novelists, among them [Yosef Haim Brenner](/wiki/Yosef_Haim_Brenner "Yosef Haim Brenner"), [S. Y. Agnon](/wiki/Shmuel_Yosef_Agnon "Shmuel Yosef Agnon"), [Shulamith Hareven](/wiki/Shulamith_Hareven "Shulamith Hareven"), [A. B. Yehoshua](/wiki/A._B._Yehoshua "A. B. Yehoshua"), [Amos Oz](/wiki/Amos_Oz "Amos Oz"), and [Meir Shalev](/wiki/Meir_Shalev "Meir Shalev"). Halkin won a [National Jewish Book Award](/wiki/National_Jewish_Book_Award "National Jewish Book Award") in 1978 for his first original book *Letters to an American Jewish Friend: A Zionist's Polemic* (1977\).{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/awards/national\-jewish\-book\-awards/past\-winners\|title\=Past Winners of the National Jewish Book Award for the Israel category\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=Jewish Book Council\|language\=en\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308182757/https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/awards/national\-jewish\-book\-awards/past\-winners\|archive\-date\=2020\-03\-08\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-07}} He expressed why [American Jews](/wiki/American_Jews "American Jews") should immigrate to Israel. Halkin's second book, *Across the Sabbath River* (2002\), is a work of [travel literature](/wiki/Travel_literature "Travel literature") in which he goes in search of the truth behind the mystery of the [Ten Lost Tribes](/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes "Ten Lost Tribes"). He became increasingly interested in the [Bnei Menashe](/wiki/Bnei_Menashe "Bnei Menashe")—who began to immigrate to Israel from [India](/wiki/India "India") in the late 20th century—and helped to arrange [DNA testing](/wiki/Genetic_testing "Genetic testing") for the group in 2003 in [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa "Haifa").Caryl Phillips, "[The Disappeared](http://www.powells.com/review/2002_09_26.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007002052/http://www.powells.com/review/2002\_09\_26\.html \|date\=2013\-10\-07 }}," *[The New Republic](/wiki/The_New_Republic "The New Republic")* (September 26, 2002\). Since then, he has written *A Strange Death:* a novel based on the local history of [Zikhron Ya'akov](/wiki/Zikhron_Ya%27akov "Zikhron Ya'akov"), where he resides. His intellectual biography of [Yehuda Halevi](/wiki/Judah_Halevi "Judah Halevi") won a 2010 National Jewish Book Award.[Marc Tracy](/wiki/Marc_Tracy "Marc Tracy"), "[Halkin Wins National Jewish Book Award](http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/55708/halkin-wins-national-jewish-book-award/)," *[Tablet](/wiki/Tablet_%28magazine%29 "Tablet (magazine)")*, January 11, 2011\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/awards/national\-jewish\-book\-awards/past\-winners?category\=30776\|title\=Past Winners\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=Jewish Book Council\|language\=en\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-21}} In 2012, Halkin published his first novel, *Melisande! What Are Dreams?* The critic [D. G. Myers](/wiki/David_Myers_%28academic%29 "David Myers (academic)") described it as a "unique and moving study of marriage, a love letter to conjugal love."D. G. Myers, "[Let My People Go](http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/let-my-people-go)," *Commentary* 113 (April 2012\): 69\. In 2014, Halkin published a new biography of [Vladimir Jabotinsky](/wiki/Vladimir_Jabotinsky "Vladimir Jabotinsky"). Halkin writes frequently on Israel and [Jewish culture](/wiki/Jewish_culture "Jewish culture") and [politics](/wiki/Politics "Politics"). His articles have been published in *[Commentary](/wiki/Commentary_%28magazine%29 "Commentary (magazine)")*, *[The New Republic](/wiki/The_New_Republic "The New Republic")*, *[The Jerusalem Post](/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post "The Jerusalem Post")*, and other publications. He is a member of the [editorial board](/wiki/Editorial_board "Editorial board") of the *[Jewish Review of Books](/wiki/Jewish_Review_of_Books "Jewish Review of Books")*. Halkin is the author of the [Philologos](/wiki/Philologos "Philologos") column, originally in *[The Forward](/wiki/The_Forward "The Forward"),* and later in *Mosaic.* The American literary critic, [Edward Alexander](/wiki/Edward_Alexander_%28professor%29 "Edward Alexander (professor)"), identified him as the author of the column. Mira Sucharov of *[Canadian Jewish News](/wiki/Canadian_Jewish_News "Canadian Jewish News")* claimed that "Philologos" is Halkin's [pseudonym](/wiki/Pseudonym "Pseudonym").{{cite news\|last1\=Edward Alexander\|author\-link\=Edward Alexander (professor)\|title\=Reflections on Death, Mourning and the Afterlife in the Jewish Tradition\|url\=https://www.algemeiner.com/2017/02/09/reflections\-on\-death\-mourning\-and\-the\-afterlife\-in\-the\-jewish\-tradition/\|accessdate\=13 February 2017\|publisher\=\[\[Algemeiner Journal]]\|date\=9 February 2017}}{{cite news\|last1\=Sucharov\|first1\=Mira\|title\=Making Hatikvah an anthem for all of Israel's citizens\|url\=http://www.cjnews.com/perspectives/opinions/making\-hatikvah\-anthem\-israels\-citizens\|accessdate\=13 February 2017\|publisher\=\[\[Canadian Jewish News]]\|date\=24 May 2016}} Halkin later admitted to being the author.{{cite news\|last1\=Ivry\|first1\=Benjamin\|title\=Why a master of languages decided to reveal his true identity\|url\=https://forward.com/culture/474735/why\-a\-master\-of\-languages\-decided\-to\-reveal\-his\-true\-identity\-hillel/\|accessdate\=31 August 2021\|publisher\=\[\[The Forward]]\|date\=31 August 2021}}
[ "Literary career\n---------------", "Halkin translates [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_literature \"Hebrew literature\") and [Yiddish literature](/wiki/Yiddish_literature \"Yiddish literature\") into [English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\"). He has translated [Sholem Aleichem](/wiki/Sholem_Aleichem \"Sholem Aleichem\")'s *[Tevye the Dairyman](/wiki/Tevye \"Tevye\")*, and major [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language \"Hebrew language\") and Israeli novelists, among them [Yosef Haim Brenner](/wiki/Yosef_Haim_Brenner \"Yosef Haim Brenner\"), [S. Y. Agnon](/wiki/Shmuel_Yosef_Agnon \"Shmuel Yosef Agnon\"), [Shulamith Hareven](/wiki/Shulamith_Hareven \"Shulamith Hareven\"), [A. B. Yehoshua](/wiki/A._B._Yehoshua \"A. B. Yehoshua\"), [Amos Oz](/wiki/Amos_Oz \"Amos Oz\"), and [Meir Shalev](/wiki/Meir_Shalev \"Meir Shalev\").", "Halkin won a [National Jewish Book Award](/wiki/National_Jewish_Book_Award \"National Jewish Book Award\") in 1978 for his first original book *Letters to an American Jewish Friend: A Zionist's Polemic* (1977\\).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/awards/national\\-jewish\\-book\\-awards/past\\-winners\\|title\\=Past Winners of the National Jewish Book Award for the Israel category\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=Jewish Book Council\\|language\\=en\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308182757/https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/awards/national\\-jewish\\-book\\-awards/past\\-winners\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-08\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-07}} He expressed why [American Jews](/wiki/American_Jews \"American Jews\") should immigrate to Israel.", "Halkin's second book, *Across the Sabbath River* (2002\\), is a work of [travel literature](/wiki/Travel_literature \"Travel literature\") in which he goes in search of the truth behind the mystery of the [Ten Lost Tribes](/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes \"Ten Lost Tribes\"). He became increasingly interested in the [Bnei Menashe](/wiki/Bnei_Menashe \"Bnei Menashe\")—who began to immigrate to Israel from [India](/wiki/India \"India\") in the late 20th century—and helped to arrange [DNA testing](/wiki/Genetic_testing \"Genetic testing\") for the group in 2003 in [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa \"Haifa\").Caryl Phillips, \"[The Disappeared](http://www.powells.com/review/2002_09_26.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007002052/http://www.powells.com/review/2002\\_09\\_26\\.html \\|date\\=2013\\-10\\-07 }},\" *[The New Republic](/wiki/The_New_Republic \"The New Republic\")* (September 26, 2002\\). Since then, he has written *A Strange Death:* a novel based on the local history of [Zikhron Ya'akov](/wiki/Zikhron_Ya%27akov \"Zikhron Ya'akov\"), where he resides. His intellectual biography of [Yehuda Halevi](/wiki/Judah_Halevi \"Judah Halevi\") won a 2010 National Jewish Book Award.[Marc Tracy](/wiki/Marc_Tracy \"Marc Tracy\"), \"[Halkin Wins National Jewish Book Award](http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/55708/halkin-wins-national-jewish-book-award/),\" *[Tablet](/wiki/Tablet_%28magazine%29 \"Tablet (magazine)\")*, January 11, 2011\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/awards/national\\-jewish\\-book\\-awards/past\\-winners?category\\=30776\\|title\\=Past Winners\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=Jewish Book Council\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-21}}", "In 2012, Halkin published his first novel, *Melisande! What Are Dreams?* The critic [D. G. Myers](/wiki/David_Myers_%28academic%29 \"David Myers (academic)\") described it as a \"unique and moving study of marriage, a love letter to conjugal love.\"D. G. Myers, \"[Let My People Go](http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/let-my-people-go),\" *Commentary* 113 (April 2012\\): 69\\.", "In 2014, Halkin published a new biography of [Vladimir Jabotinsky](/wiki/Vladimir_Jabotinsky \"Vladimir Jabotinsky\").", "Halkin writes frequently on Israel and [Jewish culture](/wiki/Jewish_culture \"Jewish culture\") and [politics](/wiki/Politics \"Politics\"). His articles have been published in *[Commentary](/wiki/Commentary_%28magazine%29 \"Commentary (magazine)\")*, *[The New Republic](/wiki/The_New_Republic \"The New Republic\")*, *[The Jerusalem Post](/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post \"The Jerusalem Post\")*, and other publications. He is a member of the [editorial board](/wiki/Editorial_board \"Editorial board\") of the *[Jewish Review of Books](/wiki/Jewish_Review_of_Books \"Jewish Review of Books\")*.", "Halkin is the author of the [Philologos](/wiki/Philologos \"Philologos\") column, originally in *[The Forward](/wiki/The_Forward \"The Forward\"),* and later in *Mosaic.* The American literary critic, [Edward Alexander](/wiki/Edward_Alexander_%28professor%29 \"Edward Alexander (professor)\"), identified him as the author of the column. Mira Sucharov of *[Canadian Jewish News](/wiki/Canadian_Jewish_News \"Canadian Jewish News\")* claimed that \"Philologos\" is Halkin's [pseudonym](/wiki/Pseudonym \"Pseudonym\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Edward Alexander\\|author\\-link\\=Edward Alexander (professor)\\|title\\=Reflections on Death, Mourning and the Afterlife in the Jewish Tradition\\|url\\=https://www.algemeiner.com/2017/02/09/reflections\\-on\\-death\\-mourning\\-and\\-the\\-afterlife\\-in\\-the\\-jewish\\-tradition/\\|accessdate\\=13 February 2017\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Algemeiner Journal]]\\|date\\=9 February 2017}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Sucharov\\|first1\\=Mira\\|title\\=Making Hatikvah an anthem for all of Israel's citizens\\|url\\=http://www.cjnews.com/perspectives/opinions/making\\-hatikvah\\-anthem\\-israels\\-citizens\\|accessdate\\=13 February 2017\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Canadian Jewish News]]\\|date\\=24 May 2016}} Halkin later admitted to being the author.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Ivry\\|first1\\=Benjamin\\|title\\=Why a master of languages decided to reveal his true identity\\|url\\=https://forward.com/culture/474735/why\\-a\\-master\\-of\\-languages\\-decided\\-to\\-reveal\\-his\\-true\\-identity\\-hillel/\\|accessdate\\=31 August 2021\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Forward]]\\|date\\=31 August 2021}}", "" ]
Description ----------- St Mark's Anglican Church is a sandstone building located on the intersection of Grafton and Albion Streets, Warwick. The building conforms to a traditional [cruciform](/wiki/Cruciform "Cruciform") plan, with additions in the corners of the chancel and transepts, and a tower abutting the western end of the nave, adjacent to the entrance. The building is constructed of coursed [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone "Sandstone") blocks, from the Sidling Quarry, with picked surfaces. Window reveals and [sills](/wiki/Window_sill "Window sill"), [tracery](/wiki/Tracery "Tracery"), carvings and [buttress](/wiki/Buttress "Buttress") facings are all of smooth faced sandstone. Encircling the whole building, two courses from ground level, is a course of projecting rock\-faced stonework, approximately half the height of the sandstone blocks. The various stages of construction of the church are manifest in slight variations in the colour and wearing of the stonework. The (modern) [Colorbond](/wiki/BlueScope "BlueScope") roof of the building, is gabled over the transepts, nave and chancel, with discrete gables over the infill sections between the chancel and transepts on the eastern end. Entrance is gained to the church from the western [elevation](/wiki/Elevation_%28architecture%29 "Elevation (architecture)"), which addresses not a street but a [driveway](/wiki/Driveway "Driveway") from Grafton Street. The projecting entrance [porch](/wiki/Porch "Porch") is surrounded by a concrete stair of three steps. Three pointed arched openings, separated by buttressed [piers](/wiki/Pier_%28architecture%29 "Pier (architecture)") surmounted by gabled [pinnacles](/wiki/Pinnacle "Pinnacle"), open onto the small single storeyed porch. The roof of the porch is concealed behind a [parapet](/wiki/Parapet "Parapet") with a moulded stone [coping](/wiki/Coping_%28architecture%29 "Coping (architecture)"), interrupted by the pinnacles of the buttressing. Above the porch, on the face of the western wall is a gable [rose window](/wiki/Rose_window "Rose window"), with heavy circular tracery. This is glazed with panels of multi\-paned diamond shaped coloured glass. The tower, extending through two stories and a [bell tower](/wiki/Bell_tower "Bell tower"), sits on an [arrised](/wiki/Arris "Arris") [plinth](/wiki/Plinth "Plinth") with [string course](/wiki/String_course "String course") mouldings. The tower was built in two sections, the base and first storey of sandstone and the belltower, which is of cement rendered brick. Single [lancet windows](/wiki/Lancet_window "Lancet window") on the tower extend from slightly above the plinth, to just below the bell tower extension. These windows have hood mouldings and traceried [awnings](/wiki/Awnings "Awnings"). Tripartite elongated rectangular window openings are found on the upper, cement rendered, section of the tower. The north and south elevations of the church consist of the transepts with small entrance porches and the nave and 1939 chancel extensions. Entrance is through a pointed arched opening above which is an inverted eyelet window in the transept porches, which have steeply pitched gabled roofs, with smooth faced sandstone coping terminating in carved [corbels](/wiki/Corbel "Corbel") at the base of the sides of the gable. The steps on the north have been replaced by a ramp providing access for people with disabilities. Above the porches in the gable of the transepts are circular windows with heavy circular tracery, above which are [trefoil](/wiki/Trefoil "Trefoil") window openings. The nave elevations are characterised by bipartite lancet openings, in pointed archways, separated by buttressing. The 1939 extension of the western, entrance end is distinguishable by squared headed window openings and wider buttress spacing. The eastern elevation of the building comprises three gabled sections, the central earlier section projecting slightly from the flanking wings. A large traceried window is featured in this central section, and above this is a recent trefoil opening. The flanking gables have a single centrally located lancet opening. Internally, St Mark's Church, is composed of a six [bay](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 "Bay (architecture)") nave intersecting with transepts and terminated by a chancel, these being separated from the nave by pointed arched openings. The interior is generally of coursed rock faced sandstone, with arch linings, corbels and interior detailing of smooth faced sandstone. The chancel, which is housed in a gabled section of lower height than the body of the church, has a ceiling lined with timber [rafters](/wiki/Rafter "Rafter") which are supported on simple sandstone corbels. The eastern wall of the chancel features a quinpartite lancet window arrangement, above which, partially concealed by the roof framing, is a trefoil window. Lining the lower part of this rear wall is a stained timber [reredos](/wiki/Reredos "Reredos"), with panels of pointed arches and carved trefoil and [quatrefoil](/wiki/Quatrefoil "Quatrefoil") motif. A brass [communion rail](/wiki/Communion-rail "Communion-rail") separates the chancel from the body of the church. St Mark's has [hammerbeam](/wiki/Hammerbeam_roof "Hammerbeam roof") roof [trusses](/wiki/Trusses "Trusses") and the underside of the roof is lined with diagonally arranged timber boarding. High level openings, which are now generally of glass [louvres](/wiki/Louver "Louver"), were previously filled with timber panels, operable from inside the church, allowing light and ventilation. Some of these panels remain. The north transept of the church, which was extended with the 1939 addition between this and the chancel, is now a [chapel](/wiki/Chapel "Chapel"). The addition was added through a square opening with a timber [bulkhead](/wiki/Bulkhead_%28partition%29 "Bulkhead (partition)") above. The south transept is also a smaller chapel. A vestry, in the addition between the south transept and chancel, has rendered walls and a plaster ceiling, with sandstone [quoining](/wiki/Quoining "Quoining") around the openings. A reinforced concrete [strong room](/wiki/Strong_room "Strong room") in found in the vestry. [thumb\|Pipe organ](/wiki/File:Organ_in_the_second_St_Marks_Church_of_England_Warwick.jpg "Organ in the second St Marks Church of England Warwick.jpg") An organ gallery is located in the most western bay of the church, and is accessed via [stairs](/wiki/Stairs "Stairs") in the base of the tower. Two pointed arched openings, under the gallery, in the southern wall, provide access to the tower, which consists of a first floor and bell tower. A particularly noteworthy feature of the interior are the stained glass lancet panels, paired in the nave and, singularly in the transepts of the church. These [William Bustard](/wiki/William_Bustard "William Bustard") designed panels are very finely worked with figures housed in Gothic inspired architectonic forms. This stained glass, which is generally read over the coupled panels, depict various [biblical stories](/wiki/Bible_Stories "Bible Stories"), including [Jesus](/wiki/Jesus "Jesus") welcoming the children; the [birth of Jesus](/wiki/Birth_of_Jesus "Birth of Jesus"); and the visitation of the [Archangel Gabriel](/wiki/Gabriel "Gabriel") to [Mary](/wiki/Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus "Mary, mother of Jesus").
[ "Description\n-----------", "St Mark's Anglican Church is a sandstone building located on the intersection of Grafton and Albion Streets, Warwick. The building conforms to a traditional [cruciform](/wiki/Cruciform \"Cruciform\") plan, with additions in the corners of the chancel and transepts, and a tower abutting the western end of the nave, adjacent to the entrance.", "The building is constructed of coursed [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone \"Sandstone\") blocks, from the Sidling Quarry, with picked surfaces. Window reveals and [sills](/wiki/Window_sill \"Window sill\"), [tracery](/wiki/Tracery \"Tracery\"), carvings and [buttress](/wiki/Buttress \"Buttress\") facings are all of smooth faced sandstone. Encircling the whole building, two courses from ground level, is a course of projecting rock\\-faced stonework, approximately half the height of the sandstone blocks. The various stages of construction of the church are manifest in slight variations in the colour and wearing of the stonework.", "The (modern) [Colorbond](/wiki/BlueScope \"BlueScope\") roof of the building, is gabled over the transepts, nave and chancel, with discrete gables over the infill sections between the chancel and transepts on the eastern end.", "Entrance is gained to the church from the western [elevation](/wiki/Elevation_%28architecture%29 \"Elevation (architecture)\"), which addresses not a street but a [driveway](/wiki/Driveway \"Driveway\") from Grafton Street. The projecting entrance [porch](/wiki/Porch \"Porch\") is surrounded by a concrete stair of three steps. Three pointed arched openings, separated by buttressed [piers](/wiki/Pier_%28architecture%29 \"Pier (architecture)\") surmounted by gabled [pinnacles](/wiki/Pinnacle \"Pinnacle\"), open onto the small single storeyed porch. The roof of the porch is concealed behind a [parapet](/wiki/Parapet \"Parapet\") with a moulded stone [coping](/wiki/Coping_%28architecture%29 \"Coping (architecture)\"), interrupted by the pinnacles of the buttressing. Above the porch, on the face of the western wall is a gable [rose window](/wiki/Rose_window \"Rose window\"), with heavy circular tracery. This is glazed with panels of multi\\-paned diamond shaped coloured glass.", "The tower, extending through two stories and a [bell tower](/wiki/Bell_tower \"Bell tower\"), sits on an [arrised](/wiki/Arris \"Arris\") [plinth](/wiki/Plinth \"Plinth\") with [string course](/wiki/String_course \"String course\") mouldings. The tower was built in two sections, the base and first storey of sandstone and the belltower, which is of cement rendered brick. Single [lancet windows](/wiki/Lancet_window \"Lancet window\") on the tower extend from slightly above the plinth, to just below the bell tower extension. These windows have hood mouldings and traceried [awnings](/wiki/Awnings \"Awnings\"). Tripartite elongated rectangular window openings are found on the upper, cement rendered, section of the tower.", "The north and south elevations of the church consist of the transepts with small entrance porches and the nave and 1939 chancel extensions. Entrance is through a pointed arched opening above which is an inverted eyelet window in the transept porches, which have steeply pitched gabled roofs, with smooth faced sandstone coping terminating in carved [corbels](/wiki/Corbel \"Corbel\") at the base of the sides of the gable. The steps on the north have been replaced by a ramp providing access for people with disabilities. Above the porches in the gable of the transepts are circular windows with heavy circular tracery, above which are [trefoil](/wiki/Trefoil \"Trefoil\") window openings. The nave elevations are characterised by bipartite lancet openings, in pointed archways, separated by buttressing. The 1939 extension of the western, entrance end is distinguishable by squared headed window openings and wider buttress spacing.", "The eastern elevation of the building comprises three gabled sections, the central earlier section projecting slightly from the flanking wings. A large traceried window is featured in this central section, and above this is a recent trefoil opening. The flanking gables have a single centrally located lancet opening.", "Internally, St Mark's Church, is composed of a six [bay](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 \"Bay (architecture)\") nave intersecting with transepts and terminated by a chancel, these being separated from the nave by pointed arched openings. The interior is generally of coursed rock faced sandstone, with arch linings, corbels and interior detailing of smooth faced sandstone.", "The chancel, which is housed in a gabled section of lower height than the body of the church, has a ceiling lined with timber [rafters](/wiki/Rafter \"Rafter\") which are supported on simple sandstone corbels. The eastern wall of the chancel features a quinpartite lancet window arrangement, above which, partially concealed by the roof framing, is a trefoil window. Lining the lower part of this rear wall is a stained timber [reredos](/wiki/Reredos \"Reredos\"), with panels of pointed arches and carved trefoil and [quatrefoil](/wiki/Quatrefoil \"Quatrefoil\") motif. A brass [communion rail](/wiki/Communion-rail \"Communion-rail\") separates the chancel from the body of the church.", "St Mark's has [hammerbeam](/wiki/Hammerbeam_roof \"Hammerbeam roof\") roof [trusses](/wiki/Trusses \"Trusses\") and the underside of the roof is lined with diagonally arranged timber boarding. High level openings, which are now generally of glass [louvres](/wiki/Louver \"Louver\"), were previously filled with timber panels, operable from inside the church, allowing light and ventilation. Some of these panels remain.", "The north transept of the church, which was extended with the 1939 addition between this and the chancel, is now a [chapel](/wiki/Chapel \"Chapel\"). The addition was added through a square opening with a timber [bulkhead](/wiki/Bulkhead_%28partition%29 \"Bulkhead (partition)\") above. The south transept is also a smaller chapel. A vestry, in the addition between the south transept and chancel, has rendered walls and a plaster ceiling, with sandstone [quoining](/wiki/Quoining \"Quoining\") around the openings. A reinforced concrete [strong room](/wiki/Strong_room \"Strong room\") in found in the vestry.\n[thumb\\|Pipe organ](/wiki/File:Organ_in_the_second_St_Marks_Church_of_England_Warwick.jpg \"Organ in the second St Marks Church of England Warwick.jpg\")\nAn organ gallery is located in the most western bay of the church, and is accessed via [stairs](/wiki/Stairs \"Stairs\") in the base of the tower. Two pointed arched openings, under the gallery, in the southern wall, provide access to the tower, which consists of a first floor and bell tower.", "A particularly noteworthy feature of the interior are the stained glass lancet panels, paired in the nave and, singularly in the transepts of the church. These [William Bustard](/wiki/William_Bustard \"William Bustard\") designed panels are very finely worked with figures housed in Gothic inspired architectonic forms. This stained glass, which is generally read over the coupled panels, depict various [biblical stories](/wiki/Bible_Stories \"Bible Stories\"), including [Jesus](/wiki/Jesus \"Jesus\") welcoming the children; the [birth of Jesus](/wiki/Birth_of_Jesus \"Birth of Jesus\"); and the visitation of the [Archangel Gabriel](/wiki/Gabriel \"Gabriel\") to [Mary](/wiki/Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus \"Mary, mother of Jesus\").", "" ]
Heritage listing ---------------- St Marks Anglican Church was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register "Queensland Heritage Register") on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria. **The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.** St Mark's Anglican Church, Warwick, demonstrates the growth of Warwick as a provincial centre, and the development of the Church of England in Queensland. The church has associations with prominent early Brisbane architect, Richard George Suter, and with the first Rector of Warwick, Benjamin Glennie. **The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.** The church demonstrates the principal characteristics of a nineteenth century Church of England in Queensland, influenced by the interest in Gothic revival ecclesiastical architecture. **The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.** St Mark's is of considerable aesthetic value; it is a well composed building on a prominent site, which is an important element of the surrounding streetscape. The building contains many finely crafted elements including internal joinery such as the ceiling and roof trusses, reredos and seating pews; glazing and stonework. **The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.** The William Bustard stained glass windows of St Mark's are of considerable creative and technical achievement. The provision of ventilation and diffused lighting via the high level louvred openings is a considerably innovative achievement. **The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.** The church has a strong association with the Warwick community, and in particular, with members of the Anglican community who have used the building as their church for nearly 130 years.
[ "Heritage listing\n----------------", "St Marks Anglican Church was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register \"Queensland Heritage Register\") on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.", "**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**", "St Mark's Anglican Church, Warwick, demonstrates the growth of Warwick as a provincial centre, and the development of the Church of England in Queensland.", "The church has associations with prominent early Brisbane architect, Richard George Suter, and with the first Rector of Warwick, Benjamin Glennie.", "**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**", "The church demonstrates the principal characteristics of a nineteenth century Church of England in Queensland, influenced by the interest in Gothic revival ecclesiastical architecture.", "**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**", "St Mark's is of considerable aesthetic value; it is a well composed building on a prominent site, which is an important element of the surrounding streetscape. The building contains many finely crafted elements including internal joinery such as the ceiling and roof trusses, reredos and seating pews; glazing and stonework.", "**The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.**", "The William Bustard stained glass windows of St Mark's are of considerable creative and technical achievement. The provision of ventilation and diffused lighting via the high level louvred openings is a considerably innovative achievement.", "**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**", "The church has a strong association with the Warwick community, and in particular, with members of the Anglican community who have used the building as their church for nearly 130 years.", "" ]
Instrumentation --------------- The orchestra consists of 2 [flutes](/wiki/Western_concert_flute "Western concert flute"), 2 [piccolos](/wiki/Piccolo "Piccolo"), 2 [oboes](/wiki/Oboe "Oboe"), [cor anglais](/wiki/Cor_anglais "Cor anglais"), 2 [clarinets](/wiki/Clarinet "Clarinet"), [bass clarinet](/wiki/Bass_clarinet "Bass clarinet"), 2 [bassoons](/wiki/Bassoon "Bassoon"), [contrabassoon](/wiki/Contrabassoon "Contrabassoon"), 5 [horns](/wiki/French_horn "French horn"), 3 [trumpets](/wiki/Trumpet "Trumpet"), 3 [trombones](/wiki/Trombone "Trombone"), [tuba](/wiki/Tuba "Tuba"), [timpani](/wiki/Timpani "Timpani") (five drums in total) with a large [percussion](/wiki/Percussion "Percussion") section for 3 players as well as 12 first [violins](/wiki/Violin "Violin"), 10 second violins, 8 [violas](/wiki/Viola "Viola"), 6 [cellos](/wiki/Cello "Cello"), 4 [double basses](/wiki/Double_bass "Double bass"). The first percussionist plays [glockenspiel](/wiki/Glockenspiel "Glockenspiel"), [vibraphone](/wiki/Vibraphone "Vibraphone") (with two double bass [bows](/wiki/Bow_%28music%29 "Bow (music)")), [triangle](/wiki/Triangle_%28musical_instrument%29 "Triangle (musical instrument)"), [whistle](/wiki/Whistle "Whistle"), [geophone](/wiki/Geophone_%28percussion_instrument%29 "Geophone (percussion instrument)"), [whip](/wiki/Whip_%28instrument%29 "Whip (instrument)"), [tambourine](/wiki/Tambourine "Tambourine"), 1 bodrán, [bass drum](/wiki/Bass_drum "Bass drum"), 2 Peking [gongs](/wiki/Gong "Gong"). The second percussionist plays the same glockenspiel as the first percussionist, [tubular bells](/wiki/Tubular_bells "Tubular bells"), the same geophone as the first percussionist, 5 [wood blocks](/wiki/Woodblock_%28instrument%29 "Woodblock (instrument)") (graded), [anvil](/wiki/Anvil "Anvil"), [snare drum](/wiki/Snare_drum "Snare drum") and [suspended cymbal](/wiki/Suspended_cymbal "Suspended cymbal"). The third percussionist plays 2 chromatic octaves of [crotales](/wiki/Crotales "Crotales") (with two double bass bows), 5 tuned gongs (one large, three medium and one small), [güiro](/wiki/G%C3%BCiro "Güiro"), [vibraslap](/wiki/Vibraslap "Vibraslap"), 1 metal sheet, [tenor drum](/wiki/Tenor_drum "Tenor drum"), a pair of [crash cymbals](/wiki/Crash_cymbal "Crash cymbal") and tam\-tam. Also required are [harp](/wiki/Harp "Harp"), [electric piano](/wiki/Electric_piano "Electric piano") and onstage two [tambourines](/wiki/Tambourine "Tambourine") and an [electric guitar](/wiki/Electric_guitar "Electric guitar").
[ "Instrumentation\n---------------", "The orchestra consists of 2 [flutes](/wiki/Western_concert_flute \"Western concert flute\"), 2 [piccolos](/wiki/Piccolo \"Piccolo\"), 2 [oboes](/wiki/Oboe \"Oboe\"), [cor anglais](/wiki/Cor_anglais \"Cor anglais\"), 2 [clarinets](/wiki/Clarinet \"Clarinet\"), [bass clarinet](/wiki/Bass_clarinet \"Bass clarinet\"), 2 [bassoons](/wiki/Bassoon \"Bassoon\"), [contrabassoon](/wiki/Contrabassoon \"Contrabassoon\"), 5 [horns](/wiki/French_horn \"French horn\"), 3 [trumpets](/wiki/Trumpet \"Trumpet\"), 3 [trombones](/wiki/Trombone \"Trombone\"), [tuba](/wiki/Tuba \"Tuba\"), [timpani](/wiki/Timpani \"Timpani\") (five drums in total) with a large [percussion](/wiki/Percussion \"Percussion\") section for 3 players as well as 12 first [violins](/wiki/Violin \"Violin\"), 10 second violins, 8 [violas](/wiki/Viola \"Viola\"), 6 [cellos](/wiki/Cello \"Cello\"), 4 [double basses](/wiki/Double_bass \"Double bass\").", "The first percussionist plays [glockenspiel](/wiki/Glockenspiel \"Glockenspiel\"), [vibraphone](/wiki/Vibraphone \"Vibraphone\") (with two double bass [bows](/wiki/Bow_%28music%29 \"Bow (music)\")), [triangle](/wiki/Triangle_%28musical_instrument%29 \"Triangle (musical instrument)\"), [whistle](/wiki/Whistle \"Whistle\"), [geophone](/wiki/Geophone_%28percussion_instrument%29 \"Geophone (percussion instrument)\"), [whip](/wiki/Whip_%28instrument%29 \"Whip (instrument)\"), [tambourine](/wiki/Tambourine \"Tambourine\"), 1 bodrán, [bass drum](/wiki/Bass_drum \"Bass drum\"), 2 Peking [gongs](/wiki/Gong \"Gong\").", "The second percussionist plays the same glockenspiel as the first percussionist, [tubular bells](/wiki/Tubular_bells \"Tubular bells\"), the same geophone as the first percussionist, 5 [wood blocks](/wiki/Woodblock_%28instrument%29 \"Woodblock (instrument)\") (graded), [anvil](/wiki/Anvil \"Anvil\"), [snare drum](/wiki/Snare_drum \"Snare drum\") and [suspended cymbal](/wiki/Suspended_cymbal \"Suspended cymbal\").", "The third percussionist plays 2 chromatic octaves of [crotales](/wiki/Crotales \"Crotales\") (with two double bass bows), 5 tuned gongs (one large, three medium and one small), [güiro](/wiki/G%C3%BCiro \"Güiro\"), [vibraslap](/wiki/Vibraslap \"Vibraslap\"), 1 metal sheet, [tenor drum](/wiki/Tenor_drum \"Tenor drum\"), a pair of [crash cymbals](/wiki/Crash_cymbal \"Crash cymbal\") and tam\\-tam.", "Also required are [harp](/wiki/Harp \"Harp\"), [electric piano](/wiki/Electric_piano \"Electric piano\") and onstage two [tambourines](/wiki/Tambourine \"Tambourine\") and an [electric guitar](/wiki/Electric_guitar \"Electric guitar\").", "" ]
Coaching career --------------- ### Warriors FC Gavin was [Warriors FC](/wiki/Warriors_FC "Warriors FC")'s assistant coach in their title winning season in 2014\. Gavin left the club in October 2015\. ### Tampines Rovers In 2018, Gavin joined [Tampines Rovers](/wiki/Tampines_Rovers_FC "Tampines Rovers FC") as an assistant coach under head coach [Kadir Yahaya](/wiki/Kadir_Yahaya "Kadir Yahaya"). The following year, in 2019, he became their head coach despite lacking the required Asian Football Confederation 'A' License to become the head coach.{{cite web \|title\=Tampines first\-team coach Lee earns respect despite being younger than some players \|url\=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/sports/singapore\-football/tampines\-first\-team\-coach\-lee\-earns\-respect\-despite\-being\-younger\-some \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20200604042630/https://www.tnp.sg/sports/singapore\-football/tampines\-first\-team\-coach\-lee\-earns\-respect\-despite\-being\-younger\-some \|archive\-date\=4 June 2020 \|access\-date\=24 July 2020}} Lee was appointed as head coach based on his past performance as Warriors FC's assistant coach and impressed Tampines Rovers' staff and players with his knowledge. Gavin would then led the club to second place back to back placing in the [Singapore Premier League](/wiki/Singapore_Premier_League "Singapore Premier League") and won the [2019 Singapore Cup](/wiki/2019_Singapore_Cup "2019 Singapore Cup") in his first season in charge. During the 2021 season, he led the team to their first ever [AFC Champions League](/wiki/2021_AFC_Champions_League "2021 AFC Champions League") debut in [Tashkent](/wiki/Tashkent "Tashkent"), [Uzbekistan](/wiki/Uzbekistan "Uzbekistan") which they are drawn in Group H with [2020 K League 1](/wiki/2020_K_League_1 "2020 K League 1") champions and [2020 Korean FA Cup](/wiki/2020_Korean_FA_Cup "2020 Korean FA Cup") winners, [Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors](/wiki/Jeonbuk_Hyundai_Motors "Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors"), [2020 J1 League](/wiki/2020_J1_League "2020 J1 League") runners\-up, [Gamba Osaka](/wiki/Gamba_Osaka "Gamba Osaka") and Thailand [Chiangrai United](/wiki/Chiangrai_United_F.C. "Chiangrai United F.C."). On 16 June 2021, Gavin has extended his contract until 2024\. ### Singapore On 7 March 2024, Gavin was invited to be part of the backroom staff of the [Singapore national team](/wiki/Singapore_national_football_team "Singapore national football team") by the newly appointed Japanese head coach [Tsutomu Ogura](/wiki/Tsutomu_Ogura "Tsutomu Ogura") for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification match against [China](/wiki/China_national_football_team "China national football team").{{cite web \| url\=https://www.fas.org.sg/coach\-appointments\-singapore\-men\-national\-team\-coach/ \| title\=Tsutomu Ogura strengthens backroom staff with key coach appointments \| access\-date\=27 March 2024}} On 11 June 2024, Gavin was appointed in charge of the national team against [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand_national_football_team "Thailand national football team") after Ogura tested positive for COVID\-19\.
[ "Coaching career\n---------------", "### Warriors FC", "Gavin was [Warriors FC](/wiki/Warriors_FC \"Warriors FC\")'s assistant coach in their title winning season in 2014\\. Gavin left the club in October 2015\\.", "### Tampines Rovers", "In 2018, Gavin joined [Tampines Rovers](/wiki/Tampines_Rovers_FC \"Tampines Rovers FC\") as an assistant coach under head coach [Kadir Yahaya](/wiki/Kadir_Yahaya \"Kadir Yahaya\"). The following year, in 2019, he became their head coach despite lacking the required Asian Football Confederation 'A' License to become the head coach.{{cite web \\|title\\=Tampines first\\-team coach Lee earns respect despite being younger than some players \\|url\\=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/sports/singapore\\-football/tampines\\-first\\-team\\-coach\\-lee\\-earns\\-respect\\-despite\\-being\\-younger\\-some \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20200604042630/https://www.tnp.sg/sports/singapore\\-football/tampines\\-first\\-team\\-coach\\-lee\\-earns\\-respect\\-despite\\-being\\-younger\\-some \\|archive\\-date\\=4 June 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=24 July 2020}} Lee was appointed as head coach based on his past performance as Warriors FC's assistant coach and impressed Tampines Rovers' staff and players with his knowledge.", "Gavin would then led the club to second place back to back placing in the [Singapore Premier League](/wiki/Singapore_Premier_League \"Singapore Premier League\") and won the [2019 Singapore Cup](/wiki/2019_Singapore_Cup \"2019 Singapore Cup\") in his first season in charge.", "During the 2021 season, he led the team to their first ever [AFC Champions League](/wiki/2021_AFC_Champions_League \"2021 AFC Champions League\") debut in [Tashkent](/wiki/Tashkent \"Tashkent\"), [Uzbekistan](/wiki/Uzbekistan \"Uzbekistan\") which they are drawn in Group H with [2020 K League 1](/wiki/2020_K_League_1 \"2020 K League 1\") champions and [2020 Korean FA Cup](/wiki/2020_Korean_FA_Cup \"2020 Korean FA Cup\") winners, [Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors](/wiki/Jeonbuk_Hyundai_Motors \"Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors\"), [2020 J1 League](/wiki/2020_J1_League \"2020 J1 League\") runners\\-up, [Gamba Osaka](/wiki/Gamba_Osaka \"Gamba Osaka\") and Thailand [Chiangrai United](/wiki/Chiangrai_United_F.C. \"Chiangrai United F.C.\").", "On 16 June 2021, Gavin has extended his contract until 2024\\.", "### Singapore", "On 7 March 2024, Gavin was invited to be part of the backroom staff of the [Singapore national team](/wiki/Singapore_national_football_team \"Singapore national football team\") by the newly appointed Japanese head coach [Tsutomu Ogura](/wiki/Tsutomu_Ogura \"Tsutomu Ogura\") for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification match against [China](/wiki/China_national_football_team \"China national football team\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.fas.org.sg/coach\\-appointments\\-singapore\\-men\\-national\\-team\\-coach/ \\| title\\=Tsutomu Ogura strengthens backroom staff with key coach appointments \\| access\\-date\\=27 March 2024}} On 11 June 2024, Gavin was appointed in charge of the national team against [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand_national_football_team \"Thailand national football team\") after Ogura tested positive for COVID\\-19\\.", "" ]
Electoral system ---------------- The president was elected using a modified form of the [two\-round system](/wiki/Two-round_system "Two-round system"); a candidate would be elected in the first round if they received over 50% of the vote, or if they received over 40% of the vote and were at least 10 percentage points ahead of their nearest rival. If neither threshold were, a run\-off was planned for 7 December.Articles 52 and 53\. [Ley del Régimen Electoral](http://www.lexivox.org/norms/BO-L-N26.xhtml), 30 June 2010\. The 130 members in the [Chamber of Deputies](/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Bolivia "Chamber of Deputies of Bolivia") (*Cámara de Diputados*) are elected using a [seat linkage](/wiki/Seat_linkage "Seat linkage") based mixed [compensatory](/wiki/Compensation_%28electoral_systems%29 "Compensation (electoral systems)") system using two votes: 63 deputies are elected by [first\-preference plurality](/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting "First-past-the-post voting") to represent single\-member [electoral districts](/wiki/Electoral_district "Electoral district"), 60 are elected by [closed list](/wiki/Closed_list "Closed list") [party\-list proportional representation](/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation "Party-list proportional representation") from party lists on a departmental basis (in districts of varying sizes corresponding to Bolivia's nine departments with a threshold of 3%).{{cite web \|title\=Bolivia: Ley del Régimen Electoral, 30 de junio de 2010 \|url\=http://www.lexivox.org/norms/BO\-L\-N26\.xhtml \|access\-date\=10 February 2015 \|website\=Lexivox}} The list seats in each region are awarded proportionally based on the vote for the presidential candidates, subtracting the number of single\-member districts won (to provide [mixed\-member proportional representation](/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation "Mixed-member proportional representation")). The remaining seven seats are reserved indigenous seats elected by the *[usos y costumbres](/wiki/Usos_y_costumbres "Usos y costumbres")*. A voter can only vote in one of either the normal constituencies or special constituencies ([coexistence](/wiki/Coexistence_%28electoral_systems%29 "Coexistence (electoral systems)")). Party lists are required to alternate between men and women, and in the single\-member districts, men are required to run with a female alternate, and vice versa. At least 50% of the deputies from single\-member districts are required to be women. The [Chamber of Senators](/wiki/Senate_of_Bolivia "Senate of Bolivia") (*Cámara de Senadores*) has 36 members, four from each the country's nine departments, which are also elected using closed party\-lists, using the [D'Hondt method](/wiki/D%27Hondt_method "D'Hondt method"). The senate seats are also awarded based on the vote for president. The election uses the same votes to elect the President (first round), the Chamber and the Senate, making it a [double (triple) simultaneous vote](/wiki/Double_simultaneous_vote "Double simultaneous vote"). Voters may therefore not [split their ticket](/wiki/Split-ticket_voting "Split-ticket voting") between these elections, but they may vote for a candidate of a different list in the election of the Chamber as the deputies from the single\-member districts are elected using separate votes. Each candidate was required to have an elected alternate from the same party. All candidate lists had to alternate between men and women; in the uninominal districts, the alternates were required to be from the opposite gender.[Ley del Régimen Electoral](http://www.lexivox.org/norms/BO-L-N26.xhtml), 30 June 2010\. | Department | Totaldeputies | Uninominaldeputies | Plurinominaldeputies | Indigenous orCampesino deputies | Senators | |La Paz **29** | 14 | 14 | 1 | **4** | |Santa Cruz **28** | 14 | 13 | 1 | **4** | |Cochabamba **19** | 9 | 9 | 1 | **4** | |Potosí **13** | 7 | 6 | 0 | **4** | |Chuquisaca **10** | 5 | 5 | 0 | **4** | |Oruro **9** | 4 | 4 | 1 | **4** | |Tarija **9** | 4 | 4 | 1 | **4** | |Beni **8** | 4 | 3 | 1 | **4** | |Pando **5** | 2 | 2 | 1 | **4** | |**Total** **130** | 63 | 60 | 7 | **36** | |Source: [Ley de distribución de escaños entre departamentos](http://www.lexivox.org/norms/BO-L-N421.xhtml)
[ "Electoral system\n----------------", "The president was elected using a modified form of the [two\\-round system](/wiki/Two-round_system \"Two-round system\"); a candidate would be elected in the first round if they received over 50% of the vote, or if they received over 40% of the vote and were at least 10 percentage points ahead of their nearest rival. If neither threshold were, a run\\-off was planned for 7 December.Articles 52 and 53\\. [Ley del Régimen Electoral](http://www.lexivox.org/norms/BO-L-N26.xhtml), 30 June 2010\\.", "The 130 members in the [Chamber of Deputies](/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Bolivia \"Chamber of Deputies of Bolivia\") (*Cámara de Diputados*) are elected using a [seat linkage](/wiki/Seat_linkage \"Seat linkage\") based mixed [compensatory](/wiki/Compensation_%28electoral_systems%29 \"Compensation (electoral systems)\") system using two votes: 63 deputies are elected by [first\\-preference plurality](/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting \"First-past-the-post voting\") to represent single\\-member [electoral districts](/wiki/Electoral_district \"Electoral district\"), 60 are elected by [closed list](/wiki/Closed_list \"Closed list\") [party\\-list proportional representation](/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation \"Party-list proportional representation\") from party lists on a departmental basis (in districts of varying sizes corresponding to Bolivia's nine departments with a threshold of 3%).{{cite web \\|title\\=Bolivia: Ley del Régimen Electoral, 30 de junio de 2010 \\|url\\=http://www.lexivox.org/norms/BO\\-L\\-N26\\.xhtml \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2015 \\|website\\=Lexivox}} The list seats in each region are awarded proportionally based on the vote for the presidential candidates, subtracting the number of single\\-member districts won (to provide [mixed\\-member proportional representation](/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation \"Mixed-member proportional representation\")). The remaining seven seats are reserved indigenous seats elected by the *[usos y costumbres](/wiki/Usos_y_costumbres \"Usos y costumbres\")*. A voter can only vote in one of either the normal constituencies or special constituencies ([coexistence](/wiki/Coexistence_%28electoral_systems%29 \"Coexistence (electoral systems)\")). Party lists are required to alternate between men and women, and in the single\\-member districts, men are required to run with a female alternate, and vice versa. At least 50% of the deputies from single\\-member districts are required to be women.", "The [Chamber of Senators](/wiki/Senate_of_Bolivia \"Senate of Bolivia\") (*Cámara de Senadores*) has 36 members, four from each the country's nine departments, which are also elected using closed party\\-lists, using the [D'Hondt method](/wiki/D%27Hondt_method \"D'Hondt method\"). The senate seats are also awarded based on the vote for president.", "The election uses the same votes to elect the President (first round), the Chamber and the Senate, making it a [double (triple) simultaneous vote](/wiki/Double_simultaneous_vote \"Double simultaneous vote\"). Voters may therefore not [split their ticket](/wiki/Split-ticket_voting \"Split-ticket voting\") between these elections, but they may vote for a candidate of a different list in the election of the Chamber as the deputies from the single\\-member districts are elected using separate votes.", "Each candidate was required to have an elected alternate from the same party. All candidate lists had to alternate between men and women; in the uninominal districts, the alternates were required to be from the opposite gender.[Ley del Régimen Electoral](http://www.lexivox.org/norms/BO-L-N26.xhtml), 30 June 2010\\.", "", "| Department | Totaldeputies | Uninominaldeputies | Plurinominaldeputies | Indigenous orCampesino deputies | Senators |", "|La Paz **29** | 14 | 14 | 1 | **4** |\n|Santa Cruz **28** | 14 | 13 | 1 | **4** |\n|Cochabamba **19** | 9 | 9 | 1 | **4** |\n|Potosí **13** | 7 | 6 | 0 | **4** |\n|Chuquisaca **10** | 5 | 5 | 0 | **4** |\n|Oruro **9** | 4 | 4 | 1 | **4** |\n|Tarija **9** | 4 | 4 | 1 | **4** |\n|Beni **8** | 4 | 3 | 1 | **4** |\n|Pando **5** | 2 | 2 | 1 | **4** |\n|**Total** **130** | 63 | 60 | 7 | **36** |\n|Source: [Ley de distribución de escaños entre departamentos](http://www.lexivox.org/norms/BO-L-N421.xhtml)", "" ]
Parties and candidates ---------------------- Five parties (including one party alliance) contested the presidential elections. ### Movement for Socialism Sitting President [Evo Morales Ayma](/wiki/Evo_Morales_Ayma "Evo Morales Ayma") and Vice President [Álvaro García Linera](/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Garc%C3%ADa_Linera "Álvaro García Linera") were seeking re\-election, following victories in 2005 and 2009\. Their candidacy was endorsed by the [Movement for Socialism – Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples](/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism_%E2%80%93_Political_Instrument_for_the_Sovereignty_of_the_Peoples "Movement for Socialism – Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples") (MAS\-IPSP) at its 18th anniversary gathering in March 2013 and its Seventh General Congress in October 2013\.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} ### Without Fear Movement The center\-left [Without Fear Movement](/wiki/Without_Fear_Movement "Without Fear Movement") (MSM) nominated party founder, and 2000–2010 Mayor of [La Paz](/wiki/La_Paz "La Paz") [Juan del Granado](/wiki/Juan_del_Granado "Juan del Granado") as its candidate for president on November 11, 2013\.{{Cite news \| title \= A 11 meses de comicios exsocio de Evo es el primer candidato a la presidencia \| work \= Opinión \| location \= Cochabamba, Bolivia \| access\-date \= 2013\-11\-12 \| date \= 2013\-11\-12 \| url \= http://www.opinion.com.bo/opinion/articulos/2013/1112/noticias.php?id\=111617 }} Both the party and its candidate were allies with the first Evo Morales administration, and the MSM ran on a joint slate with the MAS\-IPSP in the [2009 election](/wiki/2009_Bolivian_general_election "2009 Bolivian general election"), but the alliance ruptured shortly afterwards. ### Democrat Unity Coalition The largest opposition parties—the Democrats (MDS), National Unity Front (UN; convener of the Broad Front), and Without Fear Movement—held a variety of talks discussing possible alliances from late 2013 through June 2014\. On June 17, the Democrats and National Unity announced the formation of the Democrat Unity Coalition ({{lang\-es\|Concertación Unidad Demócrata}}; CUD). CUD's candidates for president and vice president were UN leader Samuel Doria Medina and Ernesto Suárez, respectively.{{Cite news \| last \= Cuiza \| first \= Paulo \| title \= Demócratas y UN sellan alianza electoral y lanzan el binomio Samuel Doria Medina \- Ernesto Suárez Sattori \- La Razón \| work \= La Razón \| access\-date \= 2014\-06\-19 \| date \= 2014\-06\-17 \| url \= http://www.la\-razon.com/nacional/Democratas\-Doria\-Medina\-Ernesto\-Suarez\_0\_2072192866\.html }} Suárez is the former governor of Beni and leader of the [Beni First](/wiki/Beni_First "Beni First") party, which collaborated in the formation of the MDS. #### Democrat Social Movement [Rubén Costas](/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Costas "Rubén Costas"), governor of Santa Cruz department, founded the [Democrat Social Movement](/wiki/Democrat_Social_Movement "Democrat Social Movement") to contest the 2014 elections.{{Cite news \| last \= Candori \| first \= Iván \| title \= Costas da forma a un nuevo partido \| work \= La Razón \| access\-date \= 2013\-11\-24 \| date \= 2013\-03\-29 \| url \= http://www.la\-razon.com/nacional/Costas\-da\-forma\-nuevo\-partido\_0\_1805219492\.html \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20191113000508/http://www.la\-razon.com/nacional/Costas\-da\-forma\-nuevo\-partido\_0\_1805219492\.html \| archive\-date \= 2019\-11\-13 \| url\-status \= dead }} The party fused Costas' [Truth and Social Democracy](/wiki/Truth_and_Social_Democracy "Truth and Social Democracy") (VERDES) party, Renewing Freedom and Democracy (*Libertad y Democracia Renovadora*; LIDER), and [Popular Consensus](/wiki/Popular_Consensus "Popular Consensus"), although the merger was not legally recognized.{{Cite news \| title \= TSE inscribe al Movimiento Demócratas \| work \= Los Tiempos \| location \= Cochabamba, Bolivia \| access\-date \= 2013\-11\-24 \| date \= 2013\-08\-28 \| url \= http://www.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/nacional/20130828/tse\-inscribe\-al\-movimiento\-democratas\_226225\_488572\.html \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000645/http://www.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/nacional/20130828/tse\-inscribe\-al\-movimiento\-democratas\_226225\_488572\.html \| archive\-date \= 2013\-12\-03 }} Costas was chosen as the party's presidential nominee at its National Congress on December 15, 2013\.{{Cite news \| edition \= 15 December 2013 \| title \= El MDS elige a Rubén Costas como candidato presidencial para 2014 \| work \= La Razón \| access\-date \= 2014\-04\-29 \| url \= http://www.la\-razon.com/nacional/MDS\-Ruben\-Costas\-candidato\-presidencial\_0\_1961803818\.html }}{{Cite news \| title \= Demócratas arrancan previas y Costas no descarta ser candidato \| work \= Opinión \| location \= Cochabamba, Bolivia \| access\-date \= 2013\-11\-24 \| date \= 2013\-11\-05 \| url \= http://www.opinion.com.bo/opinion/articulos/2013/1105/noticias.php?id\=110950 }} However, the party entered into an alliance with the National Unity Front, and supported the latter group's candidate Samuel Doria Medina. #### Broad Front [National Unity Front](/wiki/National_Unity_Front "National Unity Front"), the party led by [Samuel Doria Medina](/wiki/Samuel_Doria_Medina "Samuel Doria Medina"), named its alliance for 2014 the Broad Front ({{lang\-es\|Frente Amplio}}). Doria Medina, a presidential candidate in 2005 and 2009, was the presumed candidate for the Front for months.{{Cite news \| last \= Mealla \| first \= Luis \| title \= Opositores elegirán candidatos un año antes de los comicios de 2014 \| work \= La Razón \| location \= La Paz, Bolivia \| access\-date \= 2013\-11\-24 \| date \= 2013\-09\-15 \| url \= http://www.la\-razon.com/nacional/Opositores\-elegiran\-candidatos\-ano\-comicios\_0\_1906609419\.html }}{{Cite news \| last \= Aguilar Agramont \| first \= Ricardo \| title \= El MSM ya tiene 20 aliados, 13 los Demócratas y 11 el Frente Amplio \| work \= La Razón \| location \= La Paz, Bolivia \| access\-date \= 2013\-11\-24 \| date \= 2013\-11\-24 \| url \= http://www.la\-razon.com/suplementos/animal\_politico/MSM\-aliados\-Democratas\-Frente\-Amplio\_0\_1948605126\.html \| archive\-date \= 2013\-12\-02 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235020/http://www.la\-razon.com/suplementos/animal\_politico/MSM\-aliados\-Democratas\-Frente\-Amplio\_0\_1948605126\.html \| url\-status \= dead }} On December 23, 2013, the Broad Front and the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR) signed an agreement to present a common candidate, to be selected by an internal primary election. Leaders of both parties said they were seeking a coalition with the Democrats and the Without Fear Movement.[Frente Amplio y MNR buscan un candidato](http://www.la-razon.com/nacional/Frente-Amplio-MNR-buscan-candidato_0_1967203399.html) {{webarchive\|date\=27 December 2013\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227221610/http://www.la\-razon.com/nacional/Frente\-Amplio\-MNR\-buscan\-candidato\_0\_1967203399\.html}} On April 19–20, 2014, the Broad Front held a poll of its members in the nine [departmental](/wiki/Departments_of_Bolivia "Departments of Bolivia") capitals of Bolivia. Doria Medina received a majority of 69% among the 2,652 people polled, making him the party's official presidential candidate. Other candidates participating were: indigenous leader Rafael Quispe of [CONAMAQ](/wiki/CONAMAQ "CONAMAQ"), political scientist Jimena Costa and MNR faction leader Erick Morón. While the party did not officially announce the vote totals received by other contenders, the newspaper *La Razón* reported that Costa received 14%, Quispe 10%, and Morón 6%.{{Cite news \| last \= Ariñez \| first \= Rubén \| title \= El candidato del Frente Amplio es Doria Medina \| work \= La Razón \| access\-date \= 2014\-04\-29 \| date \= 2014\-04\-29 \| url \= http://www.la\-razon.com/nacional/Elecciones\-candidato\-Frente\_Amplio\-Doria\_Medina\_0\_2042795750\.html }} ### Christian Democratic Party Former president [Jorge Fernando "Tuto" Quiroga Ramírez](/wiki/Jorge_Quiroga "Jorge Quiroga") was the candidate of the [Christian Democratic Party](/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_%28Bolivia%29 "Christian Democratic Party (Bolivia)"), which had recently been part of the PODEMOS opposition front. His running mate was [Tomasa Yarhui](/wiki/Tomasa_Yarhui "Tomasa Yarhui"), a lawyer and former Minister of Campesino Affairs. ### Green Party The Green Party, led by Margot Soria Saravia and affiliated with the [Global Greens](/wiki/Global_Greens "Global Greens"), sealed an alliance with the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu (CONAMAQ) to campaign jointly for the 2014 elections.{{Cite news \| title \= El Partido Verde y Conamaq firman acuerdo político rumbo a las elecciones \| work \= Opinión \| location \= Cochabamba, Bolivia \| access\-date \= 2013\-11\-29 \| date \= 2013\-11\-28 \| url \= http://www.opinion.com.bo/opinion/articulos/2013/1128/noticias.php?id\=113154 }} CONAMAQ leader Rafael Quispe had considered heading the ticket, but he publicly stated that his organization's goal is not to win the presidency but to gain independent representation in the Plurinational Assembly: "God willing I am wrong, but I don't think that we will arrive to power yet in 2014, as we have discussed \[among ourselves]. We could put in assembly members and those assembly members will have to work for a Plurinational State and in \[the] 2019 \[elections] we would arrive in power to transform the Colonial State into a Plurinational State.""ojalá que me equivoque, no creo que este 2014 lleguemos al poder todavía, eso hemos hablado. Podemos meter asambleístas y esos asambleístas tendrían que trabajar por un Estado Plurinacional y el 2019 llegaríamos al poder para transformar un Estado Colonial en un Estado Plurinacional” {{Cite news \| title \= Quispe: No creo que lleguemos al poder este 2014 \| work \= Erbol Digital \| access\-date \= 2013\-11\-29 \| date \= 2013\-11\-04 \| url \= http://www.erbol.com.bo/noticia/indigenas/04112013/quispe\_no\_creo\_que\_lleguemos\_al\_poder\_este\_2014 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203081225/http://www.erbol.com.bo/noticia/indigenas/04112013/quispe\_no\_creo\_que\_lleguemos\_al\_poder\_este\_2014 \| archive\-date \= 2013\-12\-03 \| url\-status \= dead }} The Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Bolivia separately committed to contest the elections in alliance with CONAMAQ, and independently of the MAS and other major parties (Without Fear, National Unity, or Social Democrat).{{Cite news \| title \= CIDOB y CONAMAQ pactan ir juntas a las elecciones \| work \= Erbol Digital \| access\-date \= 2013\-11\-29 \| date \= 2013\-11\-27 \| url \= http://www.erbol.com.bo/noticia/indigenas/27112013/cidob\_y\_conamaq\_pactan\_ir\_juntas\_las\_elecciones \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131129074355/http://www.erbol.com.bo/noticia/indigenas/27112013/cidob\_y\_conamaq\_pactan\_ir\_juntas\_las\_elecciones \| archive\-date \= 2013\-11\-29 \| url\-status \= dead }} On June 26, the Green Party finalized its candidates: [Fernando Vargas](/wiki/Fernando_Vargas_Mosua "Fernando Vargas Mosua"), leader of the indigenous communities of the [Isiboro Sécure National Park and Indigenous Territory](/wiki/Isiboro_S%C3%A9cure_National_Park_and_Indigenous_Territory "Isiboro Sécure National Park and Indigenous Territory") for president, and Margot Soria Saravia for vice president.{{Cite news \| last \= asam.E2012d \| title \= El Partido Verde lanza su binomio, Vargas y Soria \| work \= Erbol Digital \| access\-date \= 2014\-08\-04 \| date \= 2014\-06\-26 \| url \= http://www.erbol.com.bo/noticia/indigenas/26062014/el\_partido\_verde\_lanza\_su\_binomio\_vargas\_y\_soria \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20141019154925/http://www.erbol.com.bo/noticia/indigenas/26062014/el\_partido\_verde\_lanza\_su\_binomio\_vargas\_y\_soria \| archive\-date \= 2014\-10\-19 \| url\-status \= dead }} ### Other alliances among parties Official alliances between parties allow for joint candidates and ballot lines. These must be finalized by the July 14 deadline for candidacies. Aside from the Democrat Unity Coalition, other political forces engaged in alliance talks. The largest opposition parties—the Democrats (MDS), National Unity Front (UN; convener of the Broad Front), and Without Fear Movement—held a variety of talks discussing possible alliances from late 2013 through June 2014\. In the end, the Democrats and National Unity were able to reach an agreement, while the Without Fear Movement remained separate. Seven smaller parties—Revolutionary Nationalist Movement, Nationalist Democratic Action, [New Republican Force](/wiki/New_Republican_Force "New Republican Force"), Civic Solidarity Union, Front for Victory, Andean Amazonic Power, and Colla Power—reported progress towards a common alliance on June 18\. The bloc would be called United for Bolivia (*Unidos por Bolivia*), and a congressional deputy involved in alliance talks promised it would be finalized on June 25\.{{Cite news \| title \= 7 agrupaciones políticas buscan alianza electoral \| work \= Los Tiempos \| access\-date \= 2014\-06\-19 \| date \= 2014\-06\-19 \| url \= http://www.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/nacional/20140619/7\-agrupaciones\-politicas\-buscan\-alianza\-electoral\-\_263308\_576327\.html \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171615/http://www.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/nacional/20140619/7\-agrupaciones\-politicas\-buscan\-alianza\-electoral\-\_263308\_576327\.html\# \| archive\-date \= 2014\-07\-14 \| url\-status \= dead }} Several of these parties—Nationalist Democratic Action, [New Republican Force](/wiki/New_Republican_Force "New Republican Force"), the faction of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement led by Johnny Torres, as well the [Revolutionary Left Movement](/wiki/Revolutionary_Left_Movement_%28Bolivia%29 "Revolutionary Left Movement (Bolivia)") (MIR), [Bolivian Socialist Falange](/wiki/Bolivian_Socialist_Falange "Bolivian Socialist Falange") (FSB), and New Citizen Power (NPC)—threw their support behind the Christian Democrats and candidate Jorge Tuto Quiroga.{{Cite news \| title \= Tuto suma respaldo de partidos y organizaciones \| work \= El Día \| access\-date \= 2014\-08\-05 \| date \= 2014\-08\-05 \| url \= http://www.eldia.com.bo/index.php?c\=Portada\&articulo\=Tuto\-suma\-respaldo\-de\-partidos\-y\-organizaciones\&cat\=1\&pla\=3\&id\_articulo\=151407 }} ### Eligible parties As of November 2013, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal deemed twelve political parties eligible to participate in the election at a national level: * [Nationalist Democratic Action](/wiki/Nationalist_Democratic_Action "Nationalist Democratic Action") (ADN) * [Revolutionary Left Front](/wiki/Revolutionary_Left_Front_%28Bolivia%29 "Revolutionary Left Front (Bolivia)") (FRI) * [Revolutionary Nationalist Movement](/wiki/Revolutionary_Nationalist_Movement "Revolutionary Nationalist Movement") (MNR), * [Christian Democratic Party (Bolivia)](/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_%28Bolivia%29 "Christian Democratic Party (Bolivia)") (PDC) * [Movement for Socialism](/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism_%E2%80%93_Political_Instrument_for_the_Sovereignty_of_the_Peoples "Movement for Socialism – Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples") (MAS) * [Civic Solidarity Union](/wiki/Civic_Solidarity_Union "Civic Solidarity Union") (UCS) * [Without Fear Movement](/wiki/Without_Fear_Movement "Without Fear Movement") (MSM), * [National Unity Front](/wiki/National_Unity_Front "National Unity Front") (UN) * [Plan Progress for Bolivia](/wiki/Plan_Progress_for_Bolivia_%E2%80%93_National_Convergence "Plan Progress for Bolivia – National Convergence") (PPB) * [Front for Victory](/wiki/Front_for_Victory_%28Bolivia%29 "Front for Victory (Bolivia)") (FPV) * [Green Party of Bolivia](/wiki/Green_Party_of_Bolivia "Green Party of Bolivia") (PVB) * [Popular Consensus](/wiki/Popular_Consensus "Popular Consensus") (CP){{Cite news \| title \= TSE: 12 frentes pueden participar de elecciones 2014 \| work \= Erbol Digital \| access\-date \= 2013\-11\-29 \| date \= 2013\-11\-09 \| url \= http://www.erbol.com.bo/noticia/politica/11092013/tse\_12\_frentes\_pueden\_participar\_de\_elecciones\_2014 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203065350/http://www.erbol.com.bo/noticia/politica/11092013/tse\_12\_frentes\_pueden\_participar\_de\_elecciones\_2014 \| archive\-date \= 2013\-12\-03 \| url\-status \= dead }} Eleven further applications were still being considered as of November 9, 2013\.
[ "Parties and candidates\n----------------------", "Five parties (including one party alliance) contested the presidential elections.", "### Movement for Socialism", "Sitting President [Evo Morales Ayma](/wiki/Evo_Morales_Ayma \"Evo Morales Ayma\") and Vice President [Álvaro García Linera](/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Garc%C3%ADa_Linera \"Álvaro García Linera\") were seeking re\\-election, following victories in 2005 and 2009\\. Their candidacy was endorsed by the [Movement for Socialism – Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples](/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism_%E2%80%93_Political_Instrument_for_the_Sovereignty_of_the_Peoples \"Movement for Socialism – Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples\") (MAS\\-IPSP) at its 18th anniversary gathering in March 2013 and its Seventh General Congress in October 2013\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}}", "### Without Fear Movement", "The center\\-left [Without Fear Movement](/wiki/Without_Fear_Movement \"Without Fear Movement\") (MSM) nominated party founder, and 2000–2010 Mayor of [La Paz](/wiki/La_Paz \"La Paz\") [Juan del Granado](/wiki/Juan_del_Granado \"Juan del Granado\") as its candidate for president on November 11, 2013\\.{{Cite news \\| title \\= A 11 meses de comicios exsocio de Evo es el primer candidato a la presidencia \\| work \\= Opinión \\| location \\= Cochabamba, Bolivia \\| access\\-date \\= 2013\\-11\\-12 \\| date \\= 2013\\-11\\-12 \\| url \\= http://www.opinion.com.bo/opinion/articulos/2013/1112/noticias.php?id\\=111617 }} Both the party and its candidate were allies with the first Evo Morales administration, and the MSM ran on a joint slate with the MAS\\-IPSP in the [2009 election](/wiki/2009_Bolivian_general_election \"2009 Bolivian general election\"), but the alliance ruptured shortly afterwards.", "### Democrat Unity Coalition", "The largest opposition parties—the Democrats (MDS), National Unity Front (UN; convener of the Broad Front), and Without Fear Movement—held a variety of talks discussing possible alliances from late 2013 through June 2014\\. On June 17, the Democrats and National Unity announced the formation of the Democrat Unity Coalition ({{lang\\-es\\|Concertación Unidad Demócrata}}; CUD). CUD's candidates for president and vice president were UN leader Samuel Doria Medina and Ernesto Suárez, respectively.{{Cite news \\| last \\= Cuiza \\| first \\= Paulo \\| title \\= Demócratas y UN sellan alianza electoral y lanzan el binomio Samuel Doria Medina \\- Ernesto Suárez Sattori \\- La Razón \\| work \\= La Razón \\| access\\-date \\= 2014\\-06\\-19 \\| date \\= 2014\\-06\\-17 \\| url \\= http://www.la\\-razon.com/nacional/Democratas\\-Doria\\-Medina\\-Ernesto\\-Suarez\\_0\\_2072192866\\.html }} Suárez is the former governor of Beni and leader of the [Beni First](/wiki/Beni_First \"Beni First\") party, which collaborated in the formation of the MDS.", "#### Democrat Social Movement", "[Rubén Costas](/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Costas \"Rubén Costas\"), governor of Santa Cruz department, founded the [Democrat Social Movement](/wiki/Democrat_Social_Movement \"Democrat Social Movement\") to contest the 2014 elections.{{Cite news \\| last \\= Candori \\| first \\= Iván \\| title \\= Costas da forma a un nuevo partido \\| work \\= La Razón \\| access\\-date \\= 2013\\-11\\-24 \\| date \\= 2013\\-03\\-29 \\| url \\= http://www.la\\-razon.com/nacional/Costas\\-da\\-forma\\-nuevo\\-partido\\_0\\_1805219492\\.html \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20191113000508/http://www.la\\-razon.com/nacional/Costas\\-da\\-forma\\-nuevo\\-partido\\_0\\_1805219492\\.html \\| archive\\-date \\= 2019\\-11\\-13 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }} The party fused Costas' [Truth and Social Democracy](/wiki/Truth_and_Social_Democracy \"Truth and Social Democracy\") (VERDES) party, Renewing Freedom and Democracy (*Libertad y Democracia Renovadora*; LIDER), and [Popular Consensus](/wiki/Popular_Consensus \"Popular Consensus\"), although the merger was not legally recognized.{{Cite news \\| title \\= TSE inscribe al Movimiento Demócratas \\| work \\= Los Tiempos \\| location \\= Cochabamba, Bolivia \\| access\\-date \\= 2013\\-11\\-24 \\| date \\= 2013\\-08\\-28 \\| url \\= http://www.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/nacional/20130828/tse\\-inscribe\\-al\\-movimiento\\-democratas\\_226225\\_488572\\.html \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000645/http://www.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/nacional/20130828/tse\\-inscribe\\-al\\-movimiento\\-democratas\\_226225\\_488572\\.html \\| archive\\-date \\= 2013\\-12\\-03 }} Costas was chosen as the party's presidential nominee at its National Congress on December 15, 2013\\.{{Cite news \\| edition \\= 15 December 2013 \\| title \\= El MDS elige a Rubén Costas como candidato presidencial para 2014 \\| work \\= La Razón \\| access\\-date \\= 2014\\-04\\-29 \\| url \\= http://www.la\\-razon.com/nacional/MDS\\-Ruben\\-Costas\\-candidato\\-presidencial\\_0\\_1961803818\\.html }}{{Cite news \\| title \\= Demócratas arrancan previas y Costas no descarta ser candidato \\| work \\= Opinión \\| location \\= Cochabamba, Bolivia \\| access\\-date \\= 2013\\-11\\-24 \\| date \\= 2013\\-11\\-05 \\| url \\= http://www.opinion.com.bo/opinion/articulos/2013/1105/noticias.php?id\\=110950 }} However, the party entered into an alliance with the National Unity Front, and supported the latter group's candidate Samuel Doria Medina.", "#### Broad Front", "[National Unity Front](/wiki/National_Unity_Front \"National Unity Front\"), the party led by [Samuel Doria Medina](/wiki/Samuel_Doria_Medina \"Samuel Doria Medina\"), named its alliance for 2014 the Broad Front ({{lang\\-es\\|Frente Amplio}}). Doria Medina, a presidential candidate in 2005 and 2009, was the presumed candidate for the Front for months.{{Cite news \\| last \\= Mealla \\| first \\= Luis \\| title \\= Opositores elegirán candidatos un año antes de los comicios de 2014 \\| work \\= La Razón \\| location \\= La Paz, Bolivia \\| access\\-date \\= 2013\\-11\\-24 \\| date \\= 2013\\-09\\-15 \\| url \\= http://www.la\\-razon.com/nacional/Opositores\\-elegiran\\-candidatos\\-ano\\-comicios\\_0\\_1906609419\\.html }}{{Cite news \\| last \\= Aguilar Agramont \\| first \\= Ricardo \\| title \\= El MSM ya tiene 20 aliados, 13 los Demócratas y 11 el Frente Amplio \\| work \\= La Razón \\| location \\= La Paz, Bolivia \\| access\\-date \\= 2013\\-11\\-24 \\| date \\= 2013\\-11\\-24 \\| url \\= http://www.la\\-razon.com/suplementos/animal\\_politico/MSM\\-aliados\\-Democratas\\-Frente\\-Amplio\\_0\\_1948605126\\.html \\| archive\\-date \\= 2013\\-12\\-02 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235020/http://www.la\\-razon.com/suplementos/animal\\_politico/MSM\\-aliados\\-Democratas\\-Frente\\-Amplio\\_0\\_1948605126\\.html \\| url\\-status \\= dead }} On December 23, 2013, the Broad Front and the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR) signed an agreement to present a common candidate, to be selected by an internal primary election. Leaders of both parties said they were seeking a coalition with the Democrats and the Without Fear Movement.[Frente Amplio y MNR buscan un candidato](http://www.la-razon.com/nacional/Frente-Amplio-MNR-buscan-candidato_0_1967203399.html) {{webarchive\\|date\\=27 December 2013\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227221610/http://www.la\\-razon.com/nacional/Frente\\-Amplio\\-MNR\\-buscan\\-candidato\\_0\\_1967203399\\.html}}", "On April 19–20, 2014, the Broad Front held a poll of its members in the nine [departmental](/wiki/Departments_of_Bolivia \"Departments of Bolivia\") capitals of Bolivia. Doria Medina received a majority of 69% among the 2,652 people polled, making him the party's official presidential candidate. Other candidates participating were: indigenous leader Rafael Quispe of [CONAMAQ](/wiki/CONAMAQ \"CONAMAQ\"), political scientist Jimena Costa and MNR faction leader Erick Morón. While the party did not officially announce the vote totals received by other contenders, the newspaper *La Razón* reported that Costa received 14%, Quispe 10%, and Morón 6%.{{Cite news \\| last \\= Ariñez \\| first \\= Rubén \\| title \\= El candidato del Frente Amplio es Doria Medina \\| work \\= La Razón \\| access\\-date \\= 2014\\-04\\-29 \\| date \\= 2014\\-04\\-29 \\| url \\= http://www.la\\-razon.com/nacional/Elecciones\\-candidato\\-Frente\\_Amplio\\-Doria\\_Medina\\_0\\_2042795750\\.html }}", "### Christian Democratic Party", "Former president [Jorge Fernando \"Tuto\" Quiroga Ramírez](/wiki/Jorge_Quiroga \"Jorge Quiroga\") was the candidate of the [Christian Democratic Party](/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_%28Bolivia%29 \"Christian Democratic Party (Bolivia)\"), which had recently been part of the PODEMOS opposition front. His running mate was [Tomasa Yarhui](/wiki/Tomasa_Yarhui \"Tomasa Yarhui\"), a lawyer and former Minister of Campesino Affairs.", "### Green Party", "The Green Party, led by Margot Soria Saravia and affiliated with the [Global Greens](/wiki/Global_Greens \"Global Greens\"), sealed an alliance with the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu (CONAMAQ) to campaign jointly for the 2014 elections.{{Cite news \\| title \\= El Partido Verde y Conamaq firman acuerdo político rumbo a las elecciones \\| work \\= Opinión \\| location \\= Cochabamba, Bolivia \\| access\\-date \\= 2013\\-11\\-29 \\| date \\= 2013\\-11\\-28 \\| url \\= http://www.opinion.com.bo/opinion/articulos/2013/1128/noticias.php?id\\=113154 }} CONAMAQ leader Rafael Quispe had considered heading the ticket, but he publicly stated that his organization's goal is not to win the presidency but to gain independent representation in the Plurinational Assembly: \"God willing I am wrong, but I don't think that we will arrive to power yet in 2014, as we have discussed \\[among ourselves]. We could put in assembly members and those assembly members will have to work for a Plurinational State and in \\[the] 2019 \\[elections] we would arrive in power to transform the Colonial State into a Plurinational State.\"\"ojalá que me equivoque, no creo que este 2014 lleguemos al poder todavía, eso hemos hablado. Podemos meter asambleístas y esos asambleístas tendrían que trabajar por un Estado Plurinacional y el 2019 llegaríamos al poder para transformar un Estado Colonial en un Estado Plurinacional” {{Cite news \\| title \\= Quispe: No creo que lleguemos al poder este 2014 \\| work \\= Erbol Digital \\| access\\-date \\= 2013\\-11\\-29 \\| date \\= 2013\\-11\\-04 \\| url \\= http://www.erbol.com.bo/noticia/indigenas/04112013/quispe\\_no\\_creo\\_que\\_lleguemos\\_al\\_poder\\_este\\_2014 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203081225/http://www.erbol.com.bo/noticia/indigenas/04112013/quispe\\_no\\_creo\\_que\\_lleguemos\\_al\\_poder\\_este\\_2014 \\| archive\\-date \\= 2013\\-12\\-03 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }} The Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Bolivia separately committed to contest the elections in alliance with CONAMAQ, and independently of the MAS and other major parties (Without Fear, National Unity, or Social Democrat).{{Cite news \\| title \\= CIDOB y CONAMAQ pactan ir juntas a las elecciones \\| work \\= Erbol Digital \\| access\\-date \\= 2013\\-11\\-29 \\| date \\= 2013\\-11\\-27 \\| url \\= http://www.erbol.com.bo/noticia/indigenas/27112013/cidob\\_y\\_conamaq\\_pactan\\_ir\\_juntas\\_las\\_elecciones \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131129074355/http://www.erbol.com.bo/noticia/indigenas/27112013/cidob\\_y\\_conamaq\\_pactan\\_ir\\_juntas\\_las\\_elecciones \\| archive\\-date \\= 2013\\-11\\-29 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }}", "On June 26, the Green Party finalized its candidates: [Fernando Vargas](/wiki/Fernando_Vargas_Mosua \"Fernando Vargas Mosua\"), leader of the indigenous communities of the [Isiboro Sécure National Park and Indigenous Territory](/wiki/Isiboro_S%C3%A9cure_National_Park_and_Indigenous_Territory \"Isiboro Sécure National Park and Indigenous Territory\") for president, and Margot Soria Saravia for vice president.{{Cite news \\| last \\= asam.E2012d \\| title \\= El Partido Verde lanza su binomio, Vargas y Soria \\| work \\= Erbol Digital \\| access\\-date \\= 2014\\-08\\-04 \\| date \\= 2014\\-06\\-26 \\| url \\= http://www.erbol.com.bo/noticia/indigenas/26062014/el\\_partido\\_verde\\_lanza\\_su\\_binomio\\_vargas\\_y\\_soria \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20141019154925/http://www.erbol.com.bo/noticia/indigenas/26062014/el\\_partido\\_verde\\_lanza\\_su\\_binomio\\_vargas\\_y\\_soria \\| archive\\-date \\= 2014\\-10\\-19 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }}", "### Other alliances among parties", "Official alliances between parties allow for joint candidates and ballot lines. These must be finalized by the July 14 deadline for candidacies. Aside from the Democrat Unity Coalition, other political forces engaged in alliance talks.", "The largest opposition parties—the Democrats (MDS), National Unity Front (UN; convener of the Broad Front), and Without Fear Movement—held a variety of talks discussing possible alliances from late 2013 through June 2014\\. In the end, the Democrats and National Unity were able to reach an agreement, while the Without Fear Movement remained separate.", "Seven smaller parties—Revolutionary Nationalist Movement, Nationalist Democratic Action, [New Republican Force](/wiki/New_Republican_Force \"New Republican Force\"), Civic Solidarity Union, Front for Victory, Andean Amazonic Power, and Colla Power—reported progress towards a common alliance on June 18\\. The bloc would be called United for Bolivia (*Unidos por Bolivia*), and a congressional deputy involved in alliance talks promised it would be finalized on June 25\\.{{Cite news \\| title \\= 7 agrupaciones políticas buscan alianza electoral \\| work \\= Los Tiempos \\| access\\-date \\= 2014\\-06\\-19 \\| date \\= 2014\\-06\\-19 \\| url \\= http://www.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/nacional/20140619/7\\-agrupaciones\\-politicas\\-buscan\\-alianza\\-electoral\\-\\_263308\\_576327\\.html \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171615/http://www.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/nacional/20140619/7\\-agrupaciones\\-politicas\\-buscan\\-alianza\\-electoral\\-\\_263308\\_576327\\.html\\# \\| archive\\-date \\= 2014\\-07\\-14 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }} Several of these parties—Nationalist Democratic Action, [New Republican Force](/wiki/New_Republican_Force \"New Republican Force\"), the faction of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement led by Johnny Torres, as well the [Revolutionary Left Movement](/wiki/Revolutionary_Left_Movement_%28Bolivia%29 \"Revolutionary Left Movement (Bolivia)\") (MIR), [Bolivian Socialist Falange](/wiki/Bolivian_Socialist_Falange \"Bolivian Socialist Falange\") (FSB), and New Citizen Power (NPC)—threw their support behind the Christian Democrats and candidate Jorge Tuto Quiroga.{{Cite news \\| title \\= Tuto suma respaldo de partidos y organizaciones \\| work \\= El Día \\| access\\-date \\= 2014\\-08\\-05 \\| date \\= 2014\\-08\\-05 \\| url \\= http://www.eldia.com.bo/index.php?c\\=Portada\\&articulo\\=Tuto\\-suma\\-respaldo\\-de\\-partidos\\-y\\-organizaciones\\&cat\\=1\\&pla\\=3\\&id\\_articulo\\=151407 }}", "### Eligible parties", "As of November 2013, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal deemed twelve political parties eligible to participate in the election at a national level:\n* [Nationalist Democratic Action](/wiki/Nationalist_Democratic_Action \"Nationalist Democratic Action\") (ADN)\n* [Revolutionary Left Front](/wiki/Revolutionary_Left_Front_%28Bolivia%29 \"Revolutionary Left Front (Bolivia)\") (FRI)\n* [Revolutionary Nationalist Movement](/wiki/Revolutionary_Nationalist_Movement \"Revolutionary Nationalist Movement\") (MNR),\n* [Christian Democratic Party (Bolivia)](/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_%28Bolivia%29 \"Christian Democratic Party (Bolivia)\") (PDC)\n* [Movement for Socialism](/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism_%E2%80%93_Political_Instrument_for_the_Sovereignty_of_the_Peoples \"Movement for Socialism – Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples\") (MAS)\n* [Civic Solidarity Union](/wiki/Civic_Solidarity_Union \"Civic Solidarity Union\") (UCS)\n* [Without Fear Movement](/wiki/Without_Fear_Movement \"Without Fear Movement\") (MSM),\n* [National Unity Front](/wiki/National_Unity_Front \"National Unity Front\") (UN)\n* [Plan Progress for Bolivia](/wiki/Plan_Progress_for_Bolivia_%E2%80%93_National_Convergence \"Plan Progress for Bolivia – National Convergence\") (PPB)\n* [Front for Victory](/wiki/Front_for_Victory_%28Bolivia%29 \"Front for Victory (Bolivia)\") (FPV)\n* [Green Party of Bolivia](/wiki/Green_Party_of_Bolivia \"Green Party of Bolivia\") (PVB)\n* [Popular Consensus](/wiki/Popular_Consensus \"Popular Consensus\") (CP){{Cite news \\| title \\= TSE: 12 frentes pueden participar de elecciones 2014 \\| work \\= Erbol Digital \\| access\\-date \\= 2013\\-11\\-29 \\| date \\= 2013\\-11\\-09 \\| url \\= http://www.erbol.com.bo/noticia/politica/11092013/tse\\_12\\_frentes\\_pueden\\_participar\\_de\\_elecciones\\_2014 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203065350/http://www.erbol.com.bo/noticia/politica/11092013/tse\\_12\\_frentes\\_pueden\\_participar\\_de\\_elecciones\\_2014 \\| archive\\-date \\= 2013\\-12\\-03 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }}\nEleven further applications were still being considered as of November 9, 2013\\.", "" ]
Plot ---- The play opens with a Prologue delivered by the goddess Extravagant Living ({{lang\|la\|Luxuria}}) and her daughter Poverty ({{lang\|la\|Inopia}}). They explain that the house behind them is occupied by a young man who has used up all his father's money and has become poor. An Athenian gentleman, Callicles, is reproached by his friend Megaronides for having purchased the house of his neighbour Charmides, who is away in Syria, at a cheap price from Charmides' spendthrift son Lesbonicus. Callicles explains that he has not done anything dishonourable, but that he wanted to protect the house and the treasure which Charmides told him is buried in it for his friend, to avoid Charmides' wealth being frittered away by his son's extravagance. Meanwhile the young man Lysiteles, who lives next door, tells his father Philto that he wishes to marry Charmides' daughter, without receiving a dowry, since he is anxious to help Lesbonicus. Philto goes to Lesbonicus to ask for the sister's hand in marriage for Lysiteles. He says that he will agree to the marriage even though Lesbonicus has no money for a dowry. Lesbonicus, however, refuses, as it would dishonour his sister. He offers some land as a marriage portion, but Charmides's slave Stasimus, trying to prevent any more of his master's property being lost, puts Philto off by telling him that the land is poisoned. When Stasimus tells Callicles about the proposal, Callicles goes to consult his friend Megaronides, who suggests that Callicles should use Charmides' buried treasure as a dowry. Callicles likes the idea, but fearing that Lesbonicus will claim the treasure for himself if he hears about it, he devises a plan to dress up an imposter in Syrian costume for three coins (Latin {{lang\|la\|trinummus}}) and make him pretend that he has been sent bringing dowry money from Charmides. At this point Charmides suddenly arrives back and has an amusing conversation with the imposter. At first Charmides reproaches Callicles for buying up the house, but when Callicles explains everything Charmides is delighted. Lysiteles is allowed to marry Charmides' daughter, and Lesbonicus is betrothed to Callicles' daughter.
[ "Plot\n----", "The play opens with a Prologue delivered by the goddess Extravagant Living ({{lang\\|la\\|Luxuria}}) and her daughter Poverty ({{lang\\|la\\|Inopia}}). They explain that the house behind them is occupied by a young man who has used up all his father's money and has become poor.", "An Athenian gentleman, Callicles, is reproached by his friend Megaronides for having purchased the house of his neighbour Charmides, who is away in Syria, at a cheap price from Charmides' spendthrift son Lesbonicus. Callicles explains that he has not done anything dishonourable, but that he wanted to protect the house and the treasure which Charmides told him is buried in it for his friend, to avoid Charmides' wealth being frittered away by his son's extravagance.", "Meanwhile the young man Lysiteles, who lives next door, tells his father Philto that he wishes to marry Charmides' daughter, without receiving a dowry, since he is anxious to help Lesbonicus. Philto goes to Lesbonicus to ask for the sister's hand in marriage for Lysiteles. He says that he will agree to the marriage even though Lesbonicus has no money for a dowry. Lesbonicus, however, refuses, as it would dishonour his sister. He offers some land as a marriage portion, but Charmides's slave Stasimus, trying to prevent any more of his master's property being lost, puts Philto off by telling him that the land is poisoned.", "When Stasimus tells Callicles about the proposal, Callicles goes to consult his friend Megaronides, who suggests that Callicles should use Charmides' buried treasure as a dowry. Callicles likes the idea, but fearing that Lesbonicus will claim the treasure for himself if he hears about it, he devises a plan to dress up an imposter in Syrian costume for three coins (Latin {{lang\\|la\\|trinummus}}) and make him pretend that he has been sent bringing dowry money from Charmides.", "At this point Charmides suddenly arrives back and has an amusing conversation with the imposter. At first Charmides reproaches Callicles for buying up the house, but when Callicles explains everything Charmides is delighted. Lysiteles is allowed to marry Charmides' daughter, and Lesbonicus is betrothed to Callicles' daughter.", "" ]
Sources of early Chola history ------------------------------ {{see also\|Tamil literature\|Sangam literature}} The genealogy of the Chola kings as found in Tamil literature and in the many inscriptions left by the later Chola kings. It contain records of kings for whom no verifiable historic evidence survives. Many versions of this lineage exist. The main source is the Sangam literature – particularly, religious literature such as *[Periyapuranam](/wiki/Periya_Puranam "Periya Puranam")*, semi\-biographical poems of the later Chola period such as the temple and cave inscriptions and left by medieval Cholas. Irrespective of the source, no list of the kings has a strong evidentiary basis and, while they generally are similar to each other, no two lists are identical. Some historians consider these lists as comprehensive conglomerations of various Hindu deities and Puranic characters attributed to local chieftains and invented ancestry of dynasty attempting to re\-establish their legitimacy and supremacy in a land they were trying to conquer. ### Origin of Cholas and Literary sources {{see also\|Agastya\|Tamil copper\-plate inscriptions}} Typical hero and [demi\-gods](/wiki/Demigod "Demigod") found their place in the ancestry claimed by the later Cholas in the genealogies incorporated into the copper\-plate charters and stone inscription of the tenth and eleventh centuries. The earliest version of this is found in the [Kilbil Plates](/wiki/Tamil_copper-plate_inscriptions "Tamil copper-plate inscriptions") which give fifteen names before Chola including the genuinely historical ones of [Karikala](/wiki/Karikala "Karikala"), [Perunarkilli](/wiki/Perunarkilli "Perunarkilli") and [Kocengannan](/wiki/Kocengannan "Kocengannan"). The [Thiruvalangadu Plates](/wiki/Tamil_copper-plate_inscriptions "Tamil copper-plate inscriptions") swells this list to forty\-four, and the [Kanya Plates](/wiki/Tamil_copper-plate_inscriptions "Tamil copper-plate inscriptions") lists fifty\-two. The Cholas were looked upon as descended from the [Solar dynasty](/wiki/Solar_dynasty "Solar dynasty"). The [Puranas](/wiki/Puranas "Puranas") speak of a Chola king, a supposed contemporary of the sage [Agastya](/wiki/Agastya "Agastya"), whose devotion brought the river [Kavery](/wiki/Kaveri "Kaveri") into existence. The story of king [Manu Needhi Cholan](/wiki/Manu_Needhi_Cholan "Manu Needhi Cholan") tells of how he sentenced his son to death for having accidentally killed a [calf](/wiki/Calf_%28animal%29 "Calf (animal)"). He was called thus because he followed the rules of [Manu](/wiki/Manu_%28Hinduism%29 "Manu (Hinduism)"); his real name is not mentioned and is thought to be "Ellalan" according to [Maha vamsam](/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa "Mahāvaṃsa") who was attributed with a similar story. [King Shibi](/wiki/Shibi_%28king%29 "Shibi (king)") rescued a [dove](/wiki/Dove "Dove") from a hunter by giving his own flesh to the hungry and poor hunter and was also part of the legends. King Shivi was also called ***Sembiyan***, a popular title assumed by a number of Chola kings.
[ "Sources of early Chola history\n------------------------------", "{{see also\\|Tamil literature\\|Sangam literature}}", "The genealogy of the Chola kings as found in Tamil literature and in the many inscriptions left by the later Chola kings. It contain records of kings for whom no verifiable historic evidence survives. Many versions of this lineage exist. The main source is the Sangam literature – particularly, religious literature such as *[Periyapuranam](/wiki/Periya_Puranam \"Periya Puranam\")*, semi\\-biographical poems of the later Chola period such as the temple and cave inscriptions and left by medieval Cholas.", "Irrespective of the source, no list of the kings has a strong evidentiary basis and, while they generally are similar to each other, no two lists are identical. Some historians consider these lists as comprehensive conglomerations of various Hindu deities and Puranic characters attributed to local chieftains and invented ancestry of dynasty attempting to re\\-establish their legitimacy and supremacy in a land they were trying to conquer.", "### Origin of Cholas and Literary sources", "{{see also\\|Agastya\\|Tamil copper\\-plate inscriptions}}", "Typical hero and [demi\\-gods](/wiki/Demigod \"Demigod\") found their place in the ancestry claimed by the later Cholas in the genealogies incorporated into the copper\\-plate charters and stone inscription of the tenth and eleventh centuries. The earliest version of this is found in the [Kilbil Plates](/wiki/Tamil_copper-plate_inscriptions \"Tamil copper-plate inscriptions\") which give fifteen names before Chola including the genuinely historical ones of [Karikala](/wiki/Karikala \"Karikala\"), [Perunarkilli](/wiki/Perunarkilli \"Perunarkilli\") and [Kocengannan](/wiki/Kocengannan \"Kocengannan\"). The [Thiruvalangadu Plates](/wiki/Tamil_copper-plate_inscriptions \"Tamil copper-plate inscriptions\") swells this list to forty\\-four, and the [Kanya Plates](/wiki/Tamil_copper-plate_inscriptions \"Tamil copper-plate inscriptions\") lists fifty\\-two.", "The Cholas were looked upon as descended from the [Solar dynasty](/wiki/Solar_dynasty \"Solar dynasty\"). The [Puranas](/wiki/Puranas \"Puranas\") speak of a Chola king, a supposed contemporary of the sage [Agastya](/wiki/Agastya \"Agastya\"), whose devotion brought the river [Kavery](/wiki/Kaveri \"Kaveri\") into existence.", "The story of king [Manu Needhi Cholan](/wiki/Manu_Needhi_Cholan \"Manu Needhi Cholan\") tells of how he sentenced his son to death for having accidentally killed a [calf](/wiki/Calf_%28animal%29 \"Calf (animal)\"). He was called thus because he followed the rules of [Manu](/wiki/Manu_%28Hinduism%29 \"Manu (Hinduism)\"); his real name is not mentioned and is thought to be \"Ellalan\" according to [Maha vamsam](/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa \"Mahāvaṃsa\") who was attributed with a similar story. [King Shibi](/wiki/Shibi_%28king%29 \"Shibi (king)\") rescued a [dove](/wiki/Dove \"Dove\") from a hunter by giving his own flesh to the hungry and poor hunter and was also part of the legends. King Shivi was also called ***Sembiyan***, a popular title assumed by a number of Chola kings.", "" ]
History ------- In the Spring of 1981, a student, Eric V. Smith, began developing a program he called Apple Draw on an [Apple II](/wiki/Apple_II "Apple II") at [University of Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia "University of Virginia"). After he graduated in 1984, Mr. Smith was hired by an architectural firm, Stuart Griffin Burgh and Associates, in [Charlottesville, Virginia](/wiki/Charlottesville%2C_Virginia "Charlottesville, Virginia"). At this firm he began porting the Apple Draw program to the [Corvus](/wiki/Corvus_Systems "Corvus Systems") Concept platform as DataCAD. In 1984, only one license of DataCAD was sold before it was ported to the [IBM PC](/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer "IBM Personal Computer") platform. DataCAD was developed exclusively for the [MS\-DOS](/wiki/MS-DOS "MS-DOS") [operating system](/wiki/Operating_system "Operating system") until May 1998\. The DataCAD Boston Users' Group (DBUG) was formed in December 1987 by two architects, the late Evan Shu, [FAIA](/wiki/FAIA "FAIA") (1953 \- 2020\) and Rick Gleason, [AIA](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects "American Institute of Architects"). In November 2020, DBUG reached a 33\-year milestone and stands as one of the longest, continuously\-running, CAD software users' groups in the United States. DBUG is a permanent committee of the Boston Society of Architects. In June 1989, Cadkey, Inc. (the original developer of [CADKEY](/wiki/CADKEY "CADKEY")), purchased the rights to DataCAD from Microtecture Inc. In September 1992, Dr. Malcolm Davies was elected President/CEO of Cadkey, Inc. Dr. Davies joined Cadkey from [Autodesk](/wiki/Autodesk "Autodesk") where from 1988 to 1992 he was V.P. Marketing and Sales. In November 1993, the price of DataCAD was drastically reduced from $2,995 to $150 coincident with a major shift from dealer\-based sales to direct mail\-based sales. In October 1994, the first [online forum](/wiki/Internet_forum "Internet forum") (also known as The DBUG Forum) dedicated to DataCAD users was established by the late Evan Shu, FAIA (1953 \- 2020\). The DBUG Forum is a listserv supported by subscribers worldwide. A searchable archive of more than 70,000 messages is available (see External Links). On October 2, 1996, a newly formed company, DATACAD LLC, co\-founded by Mark F. Madura, the late David A. Giesselman (1957 \- 2020\), and H. William Mirbach, purchased the rights to DataCAD from Micro Control Systems, Inc. (formerly Cadkey, Inc.). In February 1998, DATACAD, along with 14 other companies, joined the newly formed, OpenDWG Alliance (now [Open Design Alliance](/wiki/Open_Design_Alliance "Open Design Alliance")) as a founding member. The alliance is dedicated to the promotion of [Autodesk's](/wiki/Autodesk "Autodesk") [DWG](/wiki/.dwg ".dwg") drawing file format as an open industry standard for the exchange of [CADD](/wiki/CADD "CADD") drawings. A lower\-cost version, DataCAD LT (pronounced "el\-tee"), was first introduced in 2001\. On October 2, 2020, Mark F. Madura reached a 24\-year milestone as President and CEO of DATACAD LLC. On April 2, 2019, Principal DataCAD Author, the late David A. Giesselman (1957 \- 2020\), Senior V.P. and C.T.O. of DATACAD LLC reached a 35\-year milestone as a DataCAD software engineer. ### Version history * DataCAD 22 \- September 2020 * DataCAD 21 \- February 2019 * DataCAD 20 \- January 2018 * DataCAD 19 \- October 2016 * DataCAD 18 \- October 2015 * DataCAD 17 \- October 2014 * DataCAD 16 \- October 2013 * DataCAD 15 \- October 2012 * DataCAD 14 \- September 2011 * DataCAD 13 \- June 2010 * DataCAD 12 \- June 2007 * DataCAD 11 \- November 2003 * DataCAD 10 \- October 2001 * DataCAD 9 \- August 2000 * DataCAD 8\.5 \- July 1999 * DataCAD 8 \- May 1998 (First Windows version) * DataCAD 7\.5 \- August 1997 * DataCAD 7 \- November 1995 * DataCAD 6 \- November 1994 * DataCAD 5 \- October 1993 * DataCAD 4 \- August 1990 * DataCAD 3\.6 \- May 1988 * DataCAD 3 \- October 1986 * DataCAD 2\.5 \- October 1985 * DataCAD 2 \- June 1985 * DataCAD 1\.2 \- April 1985 (First IBM PC version) * Archon \- 1982 \- 1985 (Unreleased, runs on Corvus Constellation)
[ "History\n-------", "In the Spring of 1981, a student, Eric V. Smith, began developing a program he called Apple Draw on an [Apple II](/wiki/Apple_II \"Apple II\") at [University of Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia \"University of Virginia\"). After he graduated in 1984, Mr. Smith was hired by an architectural firm, Stuart Griffin Burgh and Associates, in [Charlottesville, Virginia](/wiki/Charlottesville%2C_Virginia \"Charlottesville, Virginia\"). At this firm he began porting the Apple Draw program to the [Corvus](/wiki/Corvus_Systems \"Corvus Systems\") Concept platform as DataCAD. In 1984, only one license of DataCAD was sold before it was ported to the [IBM PC](/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer \"IBM Personal Computer\") platform. DataCAD was developed exclusively for the [MS\\-DOS](/wiki/MS-DOS \"MS-DOS\") [operating system](/wiki/Operating_system \"Operating system\") until May 1998\\.", "The DataCAD Boston Users' Group (DBUG) was formed in December 1987 by two architects, the late Evan Shu, [FAIA](/wiki/FAIA \"FAIA\") (1953 \\- 2020\\) and Rick Gleason, [AIA](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects \"American Institute of Architects\"). In November 2020, DBUG reached a 33\\-year milestone and stands as one of the longest, continuously\\-running, CAD software users' groups in the United States. DBUG is a permanent committee of the Boston Society of Architects.", "In June 1989, Cadkey, Inc. (the original developer of [CADKEY](/wiki/CADKEY \"CADKEY\")), purchased the rights to DataCAD from Microtecture Inc.", "In September 1992, Dr. Malcolm Davies was elected President/CEO of Cadkey, Inc. Dr. Davies joined Cadkey from [Autodesk](/wiki/Autodesk \"Autodesk\") where from 1988 to 1992 he was V.P. Marketing and Sales.", "In November 1993, the price of DataCAD was drastically reduced from $2,995 to $150 coincident with a major shift from dealer\\-based sales to direct mail\\-based sales.", "In October 1994, the first [online forum](/wiki/Internet_forum \"Internet forum\") (also known as The DBUG Forum) dedicated to DataCAD users was established by the late Evan Shu, FAIA (1953 \\- 2020\\). The DBUG Forum is a listserv supported by subscribers worldwide. A searchable archive of more than 70,000 messages is available (see External Links).", "On October 2, 1996, a newly formed company, DATACAD LLC, co\\-founded by Mark F. Madura, the late David A. Giesselman (1957 \\- 2020\\), and H. William Mirbach, purchased the rights to DataCAD from Micro Control Systems, Inc. (formerly Cadkey, Inc.).", "In February 1998, DATACAD, along with 14 other companies, joined the newly formed, OpenDWG Alliance (now [Open Design Alliance](/wiki/Open_Design_Alliance \"Open Design Alliance\")) as a founding member. The alliance is dedicated to the promotion of [Autodesk's](/wiki/Autodesk \"Autodesk\") [DWG](/wiki/.dwg \".dwg\") drawing file format as an open industry standard for the exchange of [CADD](/wiki/CADD \"CADD\") drawings.", "A lower\\-cost version, DataCAD LT (pronounced \"el\\-tee\"), was first introduced in 2001\\.", "On October 2, 2020, Mark F. Madura reached a 24\\-year milestone as President and CEO of DATACAD LLC.", "On April 2, 2019, Principal DataCAD Author, the late David A. Giesselman (1957 \\- 2020\\), Senior V.P. and C.T.O. of DATACAD LLC reached a 35\\-year milestone as a DataCAD software engineer.", "### Version history", "* DataCAD 22 \\- September 2020\n* DataCAD 21 \\- February 2019\n* DataCAD 20 \\- January 2018\n* DataCAD 19 \\- October 2016\n* DataCAD 18 \\- October 2015\n* DataCAD 17 \\- October 2014\n* DataCAD 16 \\- October 2013\n* DataCAD 15 \\- October 2012\n* DataCAD 14 \\- September 2011\n* DataCAD 13 \\- June 2010\n* DataCAD 12 \\- June 2007\n* DataCAD 11 \\- November 2003\n* DataCAD 10 \\- October 2001\n* DataCAD 9 \\- August 2000\n* DataCAD 8\\.5 \\- July 1999\n* DataCAD 8 \\- May 1998 (First Windows version)\n* DataCAD 7\\.5 \\- August 1997\n* DataCAD 7 \\- November 1995\n* DataCAD 6 \\- November 1994\n* DataCAD 5 \\- October 1993\n* DataCAD 4 \\- August 1990\n* DataCAD 3\\.6 \\- May 1988\n* DataCAD 3 \\- October 1986\n* DataCAD 2\\.5 \\- October 1985\n* DataCAD 2 \\- June 1985\n* DataCAD 1\\.2 \\- April 1985 (First IBM PC version)\n* Archon \\- 1982 \\- 1985 (Unreleased, runs on Corvus Constellation)" ]
Career ------ In the 1990s, Myers was the front man and songwriter for the band The Gravelberrys, which had a Canadian alternative hit in the early 1990s with "Wonder Where You Are Tonight." {{Citation\| url\=http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/ourl/res.php?url\_ver\=Z39\.88\-2004\&url\_tim\=2011\-05\-03T23%3A26%3A59Z\&url\_ctx\_fmt\=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx\&rft\_dat\=13380675𝔯\_id\=info%3Asid%2Fcollectionscanada.gc.ca%3Aamicus \|title\=Bowl of globes \[sound recording] \|work\= \[\[Library and Archives Canada]] \|publisher\=Library and Archives Canada \|location\=\[\[Ottawa]] \|id\=AMICUS No. 13380675 \|access\-date\=3 May 2011}} The group, which took its name from a reference in *[The Flintstones](/wiki/The_Flintstones "The Flintstones")*, {{cite episode\| title\=The Gravelberry Pie King \| series\= \[\[The Flintstones]]\| date\=12 November 1965\| season\=6\| number\=149}} disbanded in 1995, after several complete lineup changes. {{cite web\| url\=http://www.fyimusicnews.ca/articles/2017/03/16/five\-questions\-%25E2%2580%25A6\-kevin\-hearn\-cousins \|title\=Five Questions With… Kevin Hearn of The Cousins \|publisher\=fyi music news \| date\=16 March 2017 \|access\-date\=28 July 2017}} Myers, in electronic music, is *Flam!*.{{cite news \|title\=The Paul and John celebrate Inner Sunset at Bottom of the Hill \|url\=https://www.mercurynews.com/2014/10/27/the\-paul\-and\-john\-celebrate\-inner\-sunset\-at\-bottom\-of\-the\-hill/ \|access\-date\=15 February 2022 \|work\=The Mercury News \|date\=27 October 2014}}"[Staring It Down](https://soundcloud.com/pulmyears/staring-it-down-by-flam)" by Flam! (Paul Myers) Composed, produced, and performed by Paul Myers (©2021 SOCAN){{cite web \|author1\=Paul Myers \|title\=Procedural, by Flam! \|url\=https://paulmyers.bandcamp.com/track/procedural \|website\=\[\[bandcamp]] \|access\-date\=15 February 2022 \|language\=en}} In 1995, Myers began his journalism career, in Toronto. Since that time, he has written for a wide variety of periodicals and newspapers, including Canadian outlets *[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail "The Globe and Mail")*, *[The Vancouver Sun](/wiki/The_Vancouver_Sun "The Vancouver Sun")*, *[The Vancouver Province](/wiki/The_Vancouver_Province "The Vancouver Province")*, and *[Canadian Musician](/wiki/Canadian_Musician "Canadian Musician")*, and American publications including *[Mix](/wiki/Mix_%28magazine%29 "Mix (magazine)")*, *[Electronic Musician](/wiki/Electronic_Musician "Electronic Musician")*, *[Crawdaddy!](/wiki/Crawdaddy%21 "Crawdaddy!")*, and the *[San Francisco Bay Guardian](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Guardian "San Francisco Bay Guardian")*. In 2001, Myers' first long form book, was the authorized biography of the [Barenaked Ladies](/wiki/Barenaked_Ladies "Barenaked Ladies"), *[Public Stunts, Private Stories](/wiki/Public_Stunts_Private_Stories "Public Stunts Private Stories")*, published in Canada by Madrigal Press and in the US by [Simon \& Schuster](/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster "Simon & Schuster")'s [Fireside Books](/wiki/Fireside_Books "Fireside Books") imprint. In 2001, to 2006, Myers was in [Vancouver, British Columbia](/wiki/Vancouver%2C_British_Columbia "Vancouver, British Columbia"), holding a variety of positions during this time. Myers was the musician judge on the [Canwest Global](/wiki/Canwest "Canwest") reality TV series, *[Popstars: The One](/wiki/Popstars "Popstars")*, and blogged about his experience for the *[Vancouver Province](/wiki/Vancouver_Province "Vancouver Province")*. Myers and Patrick Maliha were known to viewers of [Shaw TV](/wiki/Shaw_TV "Shaw TV")'s *Urban Rush* as The Movie Guys, appearing in a popular weekly segment which ran from 2003 until 2006, when Myers left Vancouver for the San Francisco area. Myers was also briefly a regular cultural pundit on [CTV](/wiki/CTV_Television_Network "CTV Television Network")'s *[The Vicki Gabereau Show](/wiki/Vicki_Gabereau "Vicki Gabereau")*, a national daytime program which taped out of Vancouver. In 2003, to 2004, Myers hosted a talk radio show on [CHMJ](/wiki/CHMJ_%28AM%29 "CHMJ (AM)") (then branded as "MOJO Radio") in Vancouver. The show was first known as *One, Two, Three with Paul Myers* (after its 1:00 to 3:00 time slot), before being rechristened *The Paul Myers Show*. The show attained cult status, and Myers played host to diverse guests such as [They Might Be Giants](/wiki/They_Might_Be_Giants "They Might Be Giants"), [Matthew Sweet](/wiki/Matthew_Sweet "Matthew Sweet"), [Seth MacFarlane](/wiki/Seth_MacFarlane "Seth MacFarlane"), [Errol Morris](/wiki/Errol_Morris "Errol Morris"), [Randy Bachman](/wiki/Randy_Bachman "Randy Bachman"), and [Rick Nielsen](/wiki/Rick_Nielsen "Rick Nielsen") from [Cheap Trick](/wiki/Cheap_Trick "Cheap Trick"), as well as local musicians and touring authors. CHMJ, a [Corus](/wiki/Corus_Entertainment "Corus Entertainment") radio station, abandoned broader talk radio in 2004 in favour of an all\-sports format. Myers joked that despite his acquisition of a [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks "Vancouver Canucks") jersey, his culture\- and music\-based topics no longer fit on the sports channel. In 2007, his second book, a biography of [Long John Baldry](/wiki/Long_John_Baldry "Long John Baldry") called *It Ain't Easy: Long John Baldry and the Birth of the British Blues*, was published by Greystone Books in Fall 2007\. {{Cite book \|last\=Myers \|first\=Paul \|publisher\=Greystone Books \|year\=2007 \|title\=It Ain't Easy: Long John Baldry and the Birth of the British Blues \|isbn\=978\-1\-55365\-200\-7 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/itainteasylongjo0098myer \|url\-access\=registration \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/itainteasylongjo0098myer/page/1 1] }} While researching the Baldry book, Myers met Vancouver filmmaker Nick Orchard, who enlisted him to write the script and appear in his documentary *Long John Baldry: In The Shadow Of The Blues*. {{Cite web\|url\=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2066087/\|title\=Paul Myers\|website\=IMDb\|access\-date\=14 October 2019}} The film has received repeated airing on both the Canadian Bravo network and BBC 4 in the UK. In 2008, Myers was personally nominated for a [Gemini Award](/wiki/Gemini_Award "Gemini Award") (the Canadian [Emmy](/wiki/Emmy "Emmy")) for Best Writing in a Documentary Program or Series, for his work on Orchard's film. In 2010, Jawbone Press published Myers' third book, *A Wizard, a True Star: Todd Rundgren in the Studio*, a detailed history of the record production career of the Philadelphia\-born guitarist and producer. {{cite book \|title\=A Wizard, a True Star: Todd Rundgren in the Studio \|last\=Myers \|first\=Paul \|publisher\=Jawbone Press \|year\=2010 \|isbn\=978\-1\-90600\-233\-6 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=K1WFL1CgvDIC }} The book featured interviews with Rundgren and many of his production clients, including [Patti Smith](/wiki/Patti_Smith "Patti Smith"), [XTC](/wiki/XTC "XTC"), [Meat Loaf](/wiki/Meat_Loaf "Meat Loaf"), [New York Dolls](/wiki/New_York_Dolls "New York Dolls"), [Cheap Trick](/wiki/Cheap_Trick "Cheap Trick"), [Psychedelic Furs](/wiki/Psychedelic_Furs "Psychedelic Furs"), [Grand Funk](/wiki/Grand_Funk "Grand Funk"), and [Hall \& Oates](/wiki/Hall_%26_Oates "Hall & Oates"). The book was critically acclaimed and received four star reviews from the British magazines *[MOJO](/wiki/Mojo_%28magazine%29 "Mojo (magazine)")* and *[Record Collector](/wiki/Record_Collector "Record Collector")*. In 2014, Myers continued to write, record and play sporadic shows, appearing since 2014 as The Paul \& John, a San Francisco\-based duo formed by Myers and [John Moremen](/wiki/John_Moremen "John Moremen"), performing with drummers that have included [D. J. Bonebrake](/wiki/D._J._Bonebrake "D. J. Bonebrake") and [Dawn Richardson](/wiki/Dawn_Richardson "Dawn Richardson"). {{cite journal \|journal\=Empty Lighthouse \|title\=Get To Know: The Paul \& John \|first\=Andy \|last\=Derer \|date\=28 July 2014 \|url\=http://emptylighthouse.com/get\-know\-paul\-john\-1529759463 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428103810/http://emptylighthouse.com/get\-know\-paul\-john\-1529759463 \|archive\-date\=28 April 2015 }} {{cite web \|title\=Paul Myers \|url\=https://www.fastcompany.com/user/paul\-myers \|website\=Writers \|publisher\=\[\[Fast Company]] \|access\-date\=15 February 2022 \|quote\=Paul Myers Is A Toronto, Canada\-Born, Berkeley, California\-Based Journalist, Musician And Songwriter, And The Author Of Three Music Biographies Including A Wizard A True Star: Todd Rundgren In The Studio (Jawbone Press, 2010\). He Is Also One\-Half Of San Francisco Music Duo, The Paul \& John.}} {{cite web \|first\=Bill \|last\=Kopp \|work\=Musoscribe \|title\=Everything Comes Together: The Paul \& John Interview, Part One \|date\=10 September 2014 \|url\=http://blog.musoscribe.com/?p\=6322 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826181710/http://blog.musoscribe.com/?p\=6322 \|archive\-date\=26 August 2015 }} The Paul \& John have released one album, *Inner Sunset* (2014\).{{cite web \|last1\=Smith \|first1\=E. ”Doc” \|title\=Review: The Paul \& John's "Inner Sunset" \|url\=https://beyondchron.org/paul\-johns\-inner\-sunset/ \|website\=Beyond Chron \|access\-date\=15 February 2022 \|date\=29 October 2014}} {{cite web \|url\=http://www.mysterylawn.com/Paul\_%26\_John.html \|title\=The Paul \& John: Inner Sunset \|author\=Mystery Lawn Music \|year\=2014 }}{{Dead link\|date\=August 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} {{cite web \|last1\=Myers \|first1\=Paul \|title\=Cutting The Mystery Lawn with The Wizard Of Sunnyvale, Allen Clapp \|url\=https://pulmyears.wordpress.com/2012/04/19/cutting\-the\-mystery\-lawn\-with\-the\-wizard\-of\-sunnyvale\-allen\-clapp/ \|website\=The Pulmyears Music Blog \|access\-date\=15 February 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815191528/https://pulmyears.wordpress.com/2012/04/19/cutting\-the\-mystery\-lawn\-with\-the\-wizard\-of\-sunnyvale\-allen\-clapp/ \|archive\-date\=2020\-08\-15 \|language\=en \|date\=19 April 2012}}{{cite web \|author1\=The Paul \& John \|title\=Inner Sunset \|url\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/inner\-sunset\-mw0002710191/releases \|website\=AllMusic \|access\-date\=15 February 2022 \|language\=en}}{{cite web \|last1\=Paterson \|first1\=Beverly \|title\=Review: The Paul and John \- Inner Sunset (2014\) \|url\=https://somethingelsereviews.com/2014/08/05/the\-paul\-and\-john\-inner\-sunset\-2014/ \|website\=Something Else! \|access\-date\=15 February 2022 \|date\=5 August 2014}}{{cite web \|last1\=Borack \|first1\=John \|title\=Reviews, Reviews and More Reviews \|url\=https://www.goldminemag.com/blogs/reviews\-reviews\-reviews \|website\=Goldmine Magazine: Record Collector \& Music Memorabilia \|access\-date\=15 February 2022 \|language\=en \|date\=2014\-09\-30 \|quote\=Paul Myers and John Moremen are both veterans of the genre, Myers with his early ‘90s outfit The Gravelberrys and Moremen with the Neighbors, the Orange Peels and solo. The duo co\-wrote all the tunes here (with Myers handling all the lyrics) and they’re all absolutely wonderful from start to finish.}} Kickstarter was used to fund upfront costs of a vinyl pressing.{{citation needed\|date\=February 2022}} In 2018, On 23 October 2018, House of Anansi Press published Myers' 4th book, "Kids In the Hall: One Dumb Guy." {{Cite web\|url\=https://houseofanansi.com/products/the\-kids\-in\-the\-hall\|title\=The Kids in the Hall\|website\=House of Anansi Press\|language\=en\|access\-date\=14 October 2019}} The book's release was preceded and followed by a promotional speaking tour discussing the history of the comedy troupe, Kids in the Hall, featuring some members of the cast. On 21 September 2018, Myers was joined at the Crows Nest Theatre in Toronto by [Bruce McCulloch](/wiki/Bruce_McCulloch "Bruce McCulloch") and [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28comedian%29 "Scott Thompson (comedian)") as part of the Toronto Sketch Comedy Festival. {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.torontosketchfest.com/2018/09/21/one\-dumb\-guy/\|title\=One Dumb Guy \& Two Kids in the Hall\|date\=21 September 2018\|website\=The Toronto Sketch Comedy Festival\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=14 October 2019}} In January 2019, Myers was joined in conversation about the book by 4 of the 5 Kids in the Hall: [Dave Foley](/wiki/Dave_Foley "Dave Foley"), [Kevin McDonald](/wiki/Kevin_McDonald "Kevin McDonald"), [Mark McKinney](/wiki/Mark_McKinney "Mark McKinney") and Scott Thompson at the [Castro Theatre](/wiki/Castro_Theatre "Castro Theatre") in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco") as part of [Sketchfest](https://www.sfsketchfest.com/) 2019\. {{Cite web\|url\=https://sfsketchfest2019\.sched.com/event/IvhP/four\-kids\-one\-dumb\-night\-dave\-foley\-kevin\-mcdonald\-mark\-mckinney\-scott\-thompson\-in\-conversation\-with\-author\-paul\-myers\-kids\-in\-the\-hall\-one\-dumb\-guy\-plus\-a\-screening\-of\-brain\-candy\|title\=SF Sketchfest 2019: Four Kids, One Dumb Night: Dave Foley, K...\|website\=sfsketchfest2019\.sched.com\|access\-date\=14 October 2019}}
[ "Career\n------", "In the 1990s, Myers was the front man and songwriter for the band The Gravelberrys, which had a Canadian alternative hit in the early 1990s with \"Wonder Where You Are Tonight.\"\n{{Citation\\| url\\=http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/ourl/res.php?url\\_ver\\=Z39\\.88\\-2004\\&url\\_tim\\=2011\\-05\\-03T23%3A26%3A59Z\\&url\\_ctx\\_fmt\\=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx\\&rft\\_dat\\=13380675𝔯\\_id\\=info%3Asid%2Fcollectionscanada.gc.ca%3Aamicus \\|title\\=Bowl of globes \\[sound recording] \\|work\\= \\[\\[Library and Archives Canada]] \\|publisher\\=Library and Archives Canada \\|location\\=\\[\\[Ottawa]] \\|id\\=AMICUS No. 13380675 \\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2011}}\n The group, which took its name from a reference in *[The Flintstones](/wiki/The_Flintstones \"The Flintstones\")*,\n{{cite episode\\| title\\=The Gravelberry Pie King\n\\| series\\= \\[\\[The Flintstones]]\\| date\\=12 November 1965\\| season\\=6\\| number\\=149}}\n disbanded in 1995, after several complete lineup changes.\n{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.fyimusicnews.ca/articles/2017/03/16/five\\-questions\\-%25E2%2580%25A6\\-kevin\\-hearn\\-cousins \\|title\\=Five Questions With… Kevin Hearn of The Cousins \\|publisher\\=fyi music news \\| date\\=16 March 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2017}}", "", "Myers, in electronic music, is *Flam!*.{{cite news \\|title\\=The Paul and John celebrate Inner Sunset at Bottom of the Hill \\|url\\=https://www.mercurynews.com/2014/10/27/the\\-paul\\-and\\-john\\-celebrate\\-inner\\-sunset\\-at\\-bottom\\-of\\-the\\-hill/ \\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2022 \\|work\\=The Mercury News \\|date\\=27 October 2014}}\"[Staring It Down](https://soundcloud.com/pulmyears/staring-it-down-by-flam)\" by Flam! (Paul Myers) Composed, produced, and performed by Paul Myers (©2021 SOCAN){{cite web \\|author1\\=Paul Myers \\|title\\=Procedural, by Flam! \\|url\\=https://paulmyers.bandcamp.com/track/procedural \\|website\\=\\[\\[bandcamp]] \\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2022 \\|language\\=en}}", "In 1995, Myers began his journalism career, in Toronto. Since that time, he has written for a wide variety of periodicals and newspapers, including Canadian outlets *[The Globe and Mail](/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail \"The Globe and Mail\")*, *[The Vancouver Sun](/wiki/The_Vancouver_Sun \"The Vancouver Sun\")*, *[The Vancouver Province](/wiki/The_Vancouver_Province \"The Vancouver Province\")*, and *[Canadian Musician](/wiki/Canadian_Musician \"Canadian Musician\")*, and American publications including *[Mix](/wiki/Mix_%28magazine%29 \"Mix (magazine)\")*, *[Electronic Musician](/wiki/Electronic_Musician \"Electronic Musician\")*, *[Crawdaddy!](/wiki/Crawdaddy%21 \"Crawdaddy!\")*, and the *[San Francisco Bay Guardian](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Guardian \"San Francisco Bay Guardian\")*.", "In 2001, Myers' first long form book, was the authorized biography of the [Barenaked Ladies](/wiki/Barenaked_Ladies \"Barenaked Ladies\"), *[Public Stunts, Private Stories](/wiki/Public_Stunts_Private_Stories \"Public Stunts Private Stories\")*, published in Canada by Madrigal Press and in the US by [Simon \\& Schuster](/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster \"Simon & Schuster\")'s [Fireside Books](/wiki/Fireside_Books \"Fireside Books\") imprint.", "In 2001, to 2006, Myers was in [Vancouver, British Columbia](/wiki/Vancouver%2C_British_Columbia \"Vancouver, British Columbia\"), holding a variety of positions during this time. Myers was the musician judge on the [Canwest Global](/wiki/Canwest \"Canwest\") reality TV series, *[Popstars: The One](/wiki/Popstars \"Popstars\")*, and blogged about his experience for the *[Vancouver Province](/wiki/Vancouver_Province \"Vancouver Province\")*.", "Myers and Patrick Maliha were known to viewers of [Shaw TV](/wiki/Shaw_TV \"Shaw TV\")'s *Urban Rush* as The Movie Guys, appearing in a popular weekly segment which ran from 2003 until 2006, when Myers left Vancouver for the San Francisco area. Myers was also briefly a regular cultural pundit on [CTV](/wiki/CTV_Television_Network \"CTV Television Network\")'s *[The Vicki Gabereau Show](/wiki/Vicki_Gabereau \"Vicki Gabereau\")*, a national daytime program which taped out of Vancouver.", "In 2003, to 2004, Myers hosted a talk radio show on [CHMJ](/wiki/CHMJ_%28AM%29 \"CHMJ (AM)\") (then branded as \"MOJO Radio\") in Vancouver. The show was first known as *One, Two, Three with Paul Myers* (after its 1:00 to 3:00 time slot), before being rechristened *The Paul Myers Show*. The show attained cult status, and Myers played host to diverse guests such as [They Might Be Giants](/wiki/They_Might_Be_Giants \"They Might Be Giants\"), [Matthew Sweet](/wiki/Matthew_Sweet \"Matthew Sweet\"), [Seth MacFarlane](/wiki/Seth_MacFarlane \"Seth MacFarlane\"), [Errol Morris](/wiki/Errol_Morris \"Errol Morris\"), [Randy Bachman](/wiki/Randy_Bachman \"Randy Bachman\"), and [Rick Nielsen](/wiki/Rick_Nielsen \"Rick Nielsen\") from [Cheap Trick](/wiki/Cheap_Trick \"Cheap Trick\"), as well as local musicians and touring authors. CHMJ, a [Corus](/wiki/Corus_Entertainment \"Corus Entertainment\") radio station, abandoned broader talk radio in 2004 in favour of an all\\-sports format. Myers joked that despite his acquisition of a [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks \"Vancouver Canucks\") jersey, his culture\\- and music\\-based topics no longer fit on the sports channel.", "In 2007, his second book, a biography of [Long John Baldry](/wiki/Long_John_Baldry \"Long John Baldry\") called *It Ain't Easy: Long John Baldry and the Birth of the British Blues*, was published by Greystone Books in Fall 2007\\.\n{{Cite book \\|last\\=Myers \\|first\\=Paul \\|publisher\\=Greystone Books \\|year\\=2007 \\|title\\=It Ain't Easy: Long John Baldry and the Birth of the British Blues \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-55365\\-200\\-7 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/itainteasylongjo0098myer \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/itainteasylongjo0098myer/page/1 1] }}", "", "While researching the Baldry book, Myers met Vancouver filmmaker Nick Orchard, who enlisted him to write the script and appear in his documentary *Long John Baldry: In The Shadow Of The Blues*.\n{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2066087/\\|title\\=Paul Myers\\|website\\=IMDb\\|access\\-date\\=14 October 2019}}\n The film has received repeated airing on both the Canadian Bravo network and BBC 4 in the UK. In 2008, Myers was personally nominated for a [Gemini Award](/wiki/Gemini_Award \"Gemini Award\") (the Canadian [Emmy](/wiki/Emmy \"Emmy\")) for Best Writing in a Documentary Program or Series, for his work on Orchard's film.", "In 2010, Jawbone Press published Myers' third book, *A Wizard, a True Star: Todd Rundgren in the Studio*, a detailed history of the record production career of the Philadelphia\\-born guitarist and producer.\n{{cite book \\|title\\=A Wizard, a True Star: Todd Rundgren in the Studio \\|last\\=Myers \\|first\\=Paul \\|publisher\\=Jawbone Press \\|year\\=2010 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-90600\\-233\\-6 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=K1WFL1CgvDIC }}\n The book featured interviews with Rundgren and many of his production clients, including [Patti Smith](/wiki/Patti_Smith \"Patti Smith\"), [XTC](/wiki/XTC \"XTC\"), [Meat Loaf](/wiki/Meat_Loaf \"Meat Loaf\"), [New York Dolls](/wiki/New_York_Dolls \"New York Dolls\"), [Cheap Trick](/wiki/Cheap_Trick \"Cheap Trick\"), [Psychedelic Furs](/wiki/Psychedelic_Furs \"Psychedelic Furs\"), [Grand Funk](/wiki/Grand_Funk \"Grand Funk\"), and [Hall \\& Oates](/wiki/Hall_%26_Oates \"Hall & Oates\"). The book was critically acclaimed and received four star reviews from the British magazines *[MOJO](/wiki/Mojo_%28magazine%29 \"Mojo (magazine)\")* and *[Record Collector](/wiki/Record_Collector \"Record Collector\")*.", "In 2014, Myers continued to write, record and play sporadic shows, appearing since 2014 as The Paul \\& John, a San Francisco\\-based duo formed by Myers and [John Moremen](/wiki/John_Moremen \"John Moremen\"), performing with drummers that have included [D. J. Bonebrake](/wiki/D._J._Bonebrake \"D. J. Bonebrake\") and [Dawn Richardson](/wiki/Dawn_Richardson \"Dawn Richardson\").\n{{cite journal \\|journal\\=Empty Lighthouse \\|title\\=Get To Know: The Paul \\& John \\|first\\=Andy \\|last\\=Derer \\|date\\=28 July 2014 \\|url\\=http://emptylighthouse.com/get\\-know\\-paul\\-john\\-1529759463 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428103810/http://emptylighthouse.com/get\\-know\\-paul\\-john\\-1529759463 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 April 2015\n}}", "{{cite web \\|title\\=Paul Myers \\|url\\=https://www.fastcompany.com/user/paul\\-myers \\|website\\=Writers \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Fast Company]] \\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2022 \\|quote\\=Paul Myers Is A Toronto, Canada\\-Born, Berkeley, California\\-Based Journalist, Musician And Songwriter, And The Author Of Three Music Biographies Including A Wizard A True Star: Todd Rundgren In The Studio (Jawbone Press, 2010\\). He Is Also One\\-Half Of San Francisco Music Duo, The Paul \\& John.}}", "{{cite web \\|first\\=Bill \\|last\\=Kopp \\|work\\=Musoscribe \\|title\\=Everything Comes Together: The Paul \\& John Interview, Part One \\|date\\=10 September 2014 \\|url\\=http://blog.musoscribe.com/?p\\=6322 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826181710/http://blog.musoscribe.com/?p\\=6322 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 August 2015 }}\n The Paul \\& John have released one album, *Inner Sunset* (2014\\).{{cite web \\|last1\\=Smith \\|first1\\=E. ”Doc” \\|title\\=Review: The Paul \\& John's \"Inner Sunset\" \\|url\\=https://beyondchron.org/paul\\-johns\\-inner\\-sunset/ \\|website\\=Beyond Chron \\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2022 \\|date\\=29 October 2014}}\n{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mysterylawn.com/Paul\\_%26\\_John.html \\|title\\=The Paul \\& John: Inner Sunset \\|author\\=Mystery Lawn Music \\|year\\=2014 }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=August 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}\n{{cite web \\|last1\\=Myers \\|first1\\=Paul \\|title\\=Cutting The Mystery Lawn with The Wizard Of Sunnyvale, Allen Clapp \\|url\\=https://pulmyears.wordpress.com/2012/04/19/cutting\\-the\\-mystery\\-lawn\\-with\\-the\\-wizard\\-of\\-sunnyvale\\-allen\\-clapp/ \\|website\\=The Pulmyears Music Blog \\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815191528/https://pulmyears.wordpress.com/2012/04/19/cutting\\-the\\-mystery\\-lawn\\-with\\-the\\-wizard\\-of\\-sunnyvale\\-allen\\-clapp/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-15 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=19 April 2012}}{{cite web \\|author1\\=The Paul \\& John \\|title\\=Inner Sunset \\|url\\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/inner\\-sunset\\-mw0002710191/releases \\|website\\=AllMusic \\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2022 \\|language\\=en}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Paterson \\|first1\\=Beverly \\|title\\=Review: The Paul and John \\- Inner Sunset (2014\\) \\|url\\=https://somethingelsereviews.com/2014/08/05/the\\-paul\\-and\\-john\\-inner\\-sunset\\-2014/ \\|website\\=Something Else! \\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2022 \\|date\\=5 August 2014}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Borack \\|first1\\=John \\|title\\=Reviews, Reviews and More Reviews \\|url\\=https://www.goldminemag.com/blogs/reviews\\-reviews\\-reviews \\|website\\=Goldmine Magazine: Record Collector \\& Music Memorabilia \\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=2014\\-09\\-30 \\|quote\\=Paul Myers and John Moremen are both veterans of the genre, Myers with his early ‘90s outfit The Gravelberrys and Moremen with the Neighbors, the Orange Peels and solo. The duo co\\-wrote all the tunes here (with Myers handling all the lyrics) and they’re all absolutely wonderful from start to finish.}} Kickstarter was used to fund upfront costs of a vinyl pressing.{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2022}}", "In 2018, On 23 October 2018, House of Anansi Press published Myers' 4th book, \"Kids In the Hall: One Dumb Guy.\"\n{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://houseofanansi.com/products/the\\-kids\\-in\\-the\\-hall\\|title\\=The Kids in the Hall\\|website\\=House of Anansi Press\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=14 October 2019}}\n The book's release was preceded and followed by a promotional speaking tour discussing the history of the comedy troupe, Kids in the Hall, featuring some members of the cast. On 21 September 2018, Myers was joined at the Crows Nest Theatre in Toronto by [Bruce McCulloch](/wiki/Bruce_McCulloch \"Bruce McCulloch\") and [Scott Thompson](/wiki/Scott_Thompson_%28comedian%29 \"Scott Thompson (comedian)\") as part of the Toronto Sketch Comedy Festival.\n{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.torontosketchfest.com/2018/09/21/one\\-dumb\\-guy/\\|title\\=One Dumb Guy \\& Two Kids in the Hall\\|date\\=21 September 2018\\|website\\=The Toronto Sketch Comedy Festival\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=14 October 2019}}\n In January 2019, Myers was joined in conversation about the book by 4 of the 5 Kids in the Hall: [Dave Foley](/wiki/Dave_Foley \"Dave Foley\"), [Kevin McDonald](/wiki/Kevin_McDonald \"Kevin McDonald\"), [Mark McKinney](/wiki/Mark_McKinney \"Mark McKinney\") and Scott Thompson at the [Castro Theatre](/wiki/Castro_Theatre \"Castro Theatre\") in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\") as part of [Sketchfest](https://www.sfsketchfest.com/) 2019\\.\n{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://sfsketchfest2019\\.sched.com/event/IvhP/four\\-kids\\-one\\-dumb\\-night\\-dave\\-foley\\-kevin\\-mcdonald\\-mark\\-mckinney\\-scott\\-thompson\\-in\\-conversation\\-with\\-author\\-paul\\-myers\\-kids\\-in\\-the\\-hall\\-one\\-dumb\\-guy\\-plus\\-a\\-screening\\-of\\-brain\\-candy\\|title\\=SF Sketchfest 2019: Four Kids, One Dumb Night: Dave Foley, K...\\|website\\=sfsketchfest2019\\.sched.com\\|access\\-date\\=14 October 2019}}", "", "" ]
3\.1 Phillip Lim ---------------- {{Infobox company \| name \= 3\.1 Phillip Lim \| logo \= \| type \= Private \| foundation \= 2004 \| founder \= Phillip Lim and Wen Zhou \| location\_city \= \| location\_country \= \| location \= \[\[New York City]] \| locations \= \| area\_served \= \| key\_people \= Phillip Lim, creative director \| industry \= Fashion \| products \= \| services \= \| revenue \= {{US$\|60 million}} (projected 2011\){{cite web \|url\=https://thediplomat.com/new\-emissary/2011/01/07/asian\-american\-fashion\-wave/ \|title\=Asian\-American Fashion Wave \|author\=Ulara Nakagawa \|author\-link\=Ulara Nakagawa \|date\=7 Jan 2011 \|work\=\[\[The Diplomat]] \|access\-date\=7 January 2011}} \| operating\_income \= \| assets \= \| equity \= \| owner \= \| num\_employees \= \| parent \= \| divisions \= \| subsid \= \| caption \= \| homepage \= {{url\|www.31philliplim.com}} \| footnotes \= }} [thumb\|3\.1 Phillip Lim gold jacket with black buttons, 2010\.](/wiki/File:Phillip_Lim_gold_jacket_with_black_buttons.jpg "Phillip Lim gold jacket with black buttons.jpg") 3\.1 Phillip Lim is Lim's [fashion label](/wiki/Fashion_label "Fashion label").[3\.1 Philip Lim Fashion Designer](http://www.ruixinxin.com/3-1-philip-lim-fashion-designer-trendy-fashion/) ### Collections For the line's fall 2006 collection,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.style.com/fashionshows/review/F2006RTW\-PLIM\|title\=3\.1 Phillip Lim (Fall 2006 Collection)\|publisher\=\[\[Style.com]]\|author\=Laird Borrelli\|date\=2006\-02\-07\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-15}} Lim aimed to "inject some 'street elegance' " into his designs. Laird Borrelli of [*Vogue*](/wiki/Vogue_%28magazine%29 "Vogue (magazine)") praised his work as a "pretty\-but\-cool clothes" that "don't try too hard". Lim's spring 2007 collection,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/S2007RTW/review/PLIM\|title\=3\.1 Phillip Lim (Spring 2007 Collection)\|publisher\=\[\[Style.com]]\|author\=Nicole Phelps\|date\=2006\-09\-10\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-15}} His first [runway](/wiki/Runway_%28fashion%29 "Runway (fashion)") show was praised as "lovely" by Nicole Phelps of *Vogue*, who said Lim proved himself to be an "accomplished tailor". His clothes were romantic and predominantly white, with occasional navy and floral elements. Phelps noted Lim's "knack for combining the dressy and the casual", saying that "Lim knows how fashionable women want to dress". The line's fall 2007 collection was inspired by socialite [Edith Bouvier Beale](/wiki/Edith_Bouvier_Beale "Edith Bouvier Beale") and meant to embody what Lim called "pedigree minus prudence".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2007RTW/review/PLIM\|title\=3\.1 Phillip Lim (Fall 2007 Collection)\|publisher\=\[\[Style.com]]\|author\=Nicole Phelps\|date\=2007\-02\-04\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-15}} In what Phelps described as Lim's "most ambitious collection by far", Lim showed prep\-school plaids and debutante\-inspired dresses. For his Resort 2008 collection,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/2008RST/review/PLIM\|title\=3\.1 Phillip Lim (Resort 2008 Collection)\|publisher\=\[\[Style.com]]\|author\=Nicole Phelps\|date\=2007\-07\-03\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-15}} Lim revisited his standby motifs. His fall 2009 was inspired by the [youthquake movement](/wiki/Youthquake_%28movement%29 "Youthquake (movement)") of the 1960s in England. Lissie Trullie's band performed live on his runway. His spring 2010 fashion show, held on September 16, 2009, as part of the [New York Fashion Week](/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week "New York Fashion Week"), was very well received, Lauren David Peden of *Vogue* reviewing the clothes as "delightfully modern, exceptionally detailed looks", "enhancing a woman’s femininity without getting all girlie\-girl saccharine",{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vogue.co.uk/shows/spring\-summer\-2010\-ready\-to\-wear/31\-phillip\-lim\|title\=3\.1 Phillip Lim (SPRING/SUMMER 2010 READY\-TO\-WEAR)\|publisher\=\[\[British Vogue]]\|author\=Lauren David Peden\|date\=2009\-09\-16\|access\-date\=2022\-06\-16}} and Mark Holgate adding that Lim was "able to martial all the salient ideas of the season into brilliantly effortless, and wonderfully special, pieces".{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vogue.com/article/vd\-new\-york\-spring\-2010\-mark\-holgates\-favorite\-31\-phillip\-lim\-look\|title\=New York Spring 2010: Mark Holgate's Favorite 3\.1 Phillip Lim Look\|publisher\=\[\[Vogue (magazine)\|vogue.com]]\|author\=Mark Holgate\|date\=2009\-09\-17\|access\-date\=2022\-06\-16}} The collection was presented again the following day, at an exclusive runway event for American Express cardholders,{{cite web\|url\=https://edubourse.com/finance\-actualites\-actu\-56109/\|title\=American Express Announces Exclusive, Enhanced Cardmember Experiences Throughout New York Fashion Week\|publisher\=edubourse.com\|date\=2009\-09\-10\|access\-date\=2022\-06\-16}} the designer explaining that his goal was "to provide Cardmembers insight beyond the traditional runway show and offer them a one\-of\-a\-kind experience into the design process".{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/3f597b84\-b68a\-3c87\-a8e2\-33e68b5f2e1d\|title\=When fashion meets finance (sort of)\|publisher\=\[\[Financial Times]]\|author\=Tracy Alloway\|date\=2009\-09\-21\|access\-date\=2022\-06\-16}} However, during the show one of the models continuously fell down in her stilettos on both of her trips down the runway, and couldn't get up during the finale until another model picked her up and helped her off the runway.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=XvoFF1y\-mlo\|title\=Model FALLS TWICE during Phillip Lim Spring/Summer 2010 Fashion Show (New York Fashion Week)\|publisher\=\[\[YouTube\|youtube.com]]\|author\=Annabella Winsteald\|date\=2022\-05\-15\|access\-date\=2022\-06\-16}} The mishap triggered several articles,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thecut.com/2009/09/phillip\_lim\_disaster\_model\_fal.html\|title\=Phillip Lim Disaster: Model Falls, Stays Down; Spectator Loses Lunch\|publisher\=\[\[New York (magazine)\#The Cut\|thecut.com]]\|author\=Charlotte Cowles\|date\=2009\-09\-18\|access\-date\=2022\-06\-16}}{{cite web\|url\=https://ny.racked.com/2009/9/21/7815129/runway\-shitshow\-falling\-models\-and\-puking\-interns\-at\-phillip\-lim\|title\=Falling Models and Puking Interns at 3\.1 Phillip Lim\|publisher\=ny.racked.com\|author\=Izzy Grinspan\|date\=2009\-09\-21\|access\-date\=2022\-06\-16}} and Jessica Coen of New York Magazine's *The Cut* even stated that "the whole thing was a catastrophe".{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thecut.com/2009/09/lim\_amex\_model\_falls\_but\_her\_m.html\|title\=Lim AmEx Model Falls, But Her Memory Lives On\|publisher\=\[\[New York (magazine)\#The Cut\|thecut.com]]\|author\=Jessica Coen\|date\=2009\-09\-22\|access\-date\=2022\-06\-16}} For its advertisement campaigns, the brand has repeatedly worked with photographer [Viviane Sassen](/wiki/Viviane_Sassen "Viviane Sassen").Jessica Iredale (9 February 2017\), [Phillip Lim Turns to Viviane Sassen for Fifth Campaign](https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/phillip-lim-turns-viviane-sassen-for-fifth-campaign-10781358/) *[Women's Wear Daily](/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily "Women's Wear Daily")*. It operates stores in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"), [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"), and [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul "Seoul"). ### Collaborations On September 15, 2013, Lim's collaboration with retail chain [Target](/wiki/Target_Corporation "Target Corporation") debuted to select Target stores in the United States of America, and Canada. The fall collection included both women's and men's apparel and accessories ranging in price from $19\.99 to $299\.99\. Lim initiated a collaboration with scientists, including Charlotte McCurdy, to create fashion accessories and materials from algae and other lab\-grown materials.{{Cite web\|title\=This Phillip Lim Sequin Dress Is Made Out of Seaweed\|url\=https://www.instyle.com/fashion/phillip\-lim\-seaweed\-sequin\-dress\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-23\|website\=InStyle\|language\=EN}}{{Cite web\|last\=Spellings\|first\=Sarah\|title\=Growing Sequins and Sneakers in a Lab\|url\=https://www.vogue.com/article/one\-x\-one\-incubator\-phillip\-lim\-public\-school\-mara\-hoffman\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-23\|website\=Vogue\|language\=en\-us}}
[ "3\\.1 Phillip Lim\n----------------", "{{Infobox company\n\\| name \\= 3\\.1 Phillip Lim\n\\| logo \\= \n\\| type \\= Private\n\\| foundation \\= 2004\n\\| founder \\= Phillip Lim and Wen Zhou\n\\| location\\_city \\= \n\\| location\\_country \\= \n\\| location \\= \\[\\[New York City]]\n\\| locations \\= \n\\| area\\_served \\= \n\\| key\\_people \\= Phillip Lim, creative director\n\\| industry \\= Fashion\n\\| products \\= \n\\| services \\= \n\\| revenue \\= {{US$\\|60 million}} (projected 2011\\){{cite web \\|url\\=https://thediplomat.com/new\\-emissary/2011/01/07/asian\\-american\\-fashion\\-wave/ \\|title\\=Asian\\-American Fashion Wave \\|author\\=Ulara Nakagawa \\|author\\-link\\=Ulara Nakagawa \\|date\\=7 Jan 2011 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Diplomat]] \\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2011}}\n\\| operating\\_income \\= \n\\| assets \\= \n\\| equity \\= \n\\| owner \\= \n\\| num\\_employees \\= \n\\| parent \\= \n\\| divisions \\= \n\\| subsid \\= \n\\| caption \\= \n\\| homepage \\= {{url\\|www.31philliplim.com}}\n\\| footnotes \\= \n}}\n[thumb\\|3\\.1 Phillip Lim gold jacket with black buttons, 2010\\.](/wiki/File:Phillip_Lim_gold_jacket_with_black_buttons.jpg \"Phillip Lim gold jacket with black buttons.jpg\")\n3\\.1 Phillip Lim is Lim's [fashion label](/wiki/Fashion_label \"Fashion label\").[3\\.1 Philip Lim Fashion Designer](http://www.ruixinxin.com/3-1-philip-lim-fashion-designer-trendy-fashion/)", "### Collections", "For the line's fall 2006 collection,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.style.com/fashionshows/review/F2006RTW\\-PLIM\\|title\\=3\\.1 Phillip Lim (Fall 2006 Collection)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Style.com]]\\|author\\=Laird Borrelli\\|date\\=2006\\-02\\-07\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-15}} Lim aimed to \"inject some 'street elegance' \" into his designs. Laird Borrelli of [*Vogue*](/wiki/Vogue_%28magazine%29 \"Vogue (magazine)\") praised his work as a \"pretty\\-but\\-cool clothes\" that \"don't try too hard\".", "Lim's spring 2007 collection,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/S2007RTW/review/PLIM\\|title\\=3\\.1 Phillip Lim (Spring 2007 Collection)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Style.com]]\\|author\\=Nicole Phelps\\|date\\=2006\\-09\\-10\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-15}} His first [runway](/wiki/Runway_%28fashion%29 \"Runway (fashion)\") show was praised as \"lovely\" by Nicole Phelps of *Vogue*, who said Lim proved himself to be an \"accomplished tailor\". His clothes were romantic and predominantly white, with occasional navy and floral elements. Phelps noted Lim's \"knack for combining the dressy and the casual\", saying that \"Lim knows how fashionable women want to dress\".", "The line's fall 2007 collection was inspired by socialite [Edith Bouvier Beale](/wiki/Edith_Bouvier_Beale \"Edith Bouvier Beale\") and meant to embody what Lim called \"pedigree minus prudence\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2007RTW/review/PLIM\\|title\\=3\\.1 Phillip Lim (Fall 2007 Collection)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Style.com]]\\|author\\=Nicole Phelps\\|date\\=2007\\-02\\-04\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-15}} In what Phelps described as Lim's \"most ambitious collection by far\", Lim showed prep\\-school plaids and debutante\\-inspired dresses.", "For his Resort 2008 collection,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/2008RST/review/PLIM\\|title\\=3\\.1 Phillip Lim (Resort 2008 Collection)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Style.com]]\\|author\\=Nicole Phelps\\|date\\=2007\\-07\\-03\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-15}} Lim revisited his standby motifs.", "His fall 2009 was inspired by the [youthquake movement](/wiki/Youthquake_%28movement%29 \"Youthquake (movement)\") of the 1960s in England. Lissie Trullie's band performed live on his runway.", "His spring 2010 fashion show, held on September 16, 2009, as part of the [New York Fashion Week](/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week \"New York Fashion Week\"), was very well received, Lauren David Peden of *Vogue* reviewing the clothes as \"delightfully modern, exceptionally detailed looks\", \"enhancing a woman’s femininity without getting all girlie\\-girl saccharine\",{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vogue.co.uk/shows/spring\\-summer\\-2010\\-ready\\-to\\-wear/31\\-phillip\\-lim\\|title\\=3\\.1 Phillip Lim (SPRING/SUMMER 2010 READY\\-TO\\-WEAR)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[British Vogue]]\\|author\\=Lauren David Peden\\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-16\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-16}} and Mark Holgate adding that Lim was \"able to martial all the salient ideas of the season into brilliantly effortless, and wonderfully special, pieces\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vogue.com/article/vd\\-new\\-york\\-spring\\-2010\\-mark\\-holgates\\-favorite\\-31\\-phillip\\-lim\\-look\\|title\\=New York Spring 2010: Mark Holgate's Favorite 3\\.1 Phillip Lim Look\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Vogue (magazine)\\|vogue.com]]\\|author\\=Mark Holgate\\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-17\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-16}} The collection was presented again the following day, at an exclusive runway event for American Express cardholders,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://edubourse.com/finance\\-actualites\\-actu\\-56109/\\|title\\=American Express Announces Exclusive, Enhanced Cardmember Experiences Throughout New York Fashion Week\\|publisher\\=edubourse.com\\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-10\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-16}} the designer explaining that his goal was \"to provide Cardmembers insight beyond the traditional runway show and offer them a one\\-of\\-a\\-kind experience into the design process\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/3f597b84\\-b68a\\-3c87\\-a8e2\\-33e68b5f2e1d\\|title\\=When fashion meets finance (sort of)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]]\\|author\\=Tracy Alloway\\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-21\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-16}} However, during the show one of the models continuously fell down in her stilettos on both of her trips down the runway, and couldn't get up during the finale until another model picked her up and helped her off the runway.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=XvoFF1y\\-mlo\\|title\\=Model FALLS TWICE during Phillip Lim Spring/Summer 2010 Fashion Show (New York Fashion Week)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[YouTube\\|youtube.com]]\\|author\\=Annabella Winsteald\\|date\\=2022\\-05\\-15\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-16}} The mishap triggered several articles,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thecut.com/2009/09/phillip\\_lim\\_disaster\\_model\\_fal.html\\|title\\=Phillip Lim Disaster: Model Falls, Stays Down; Spectator Loses Lunch\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New York (magazine)\\#The Cut\\|thecut.com]]\\|author\\=Charlotte Cowles\\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-18\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-16}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://ny.racked.com/2009/9/21/7815129/runway\\-shitshow\\-falling\\-models\\-and\\-puking\\-interns\\-at\\-phillip\\-lim\\|title\\=Falling Models and Puking Interns at 3\\.1 Phillip Lim\\|publisher\\=ny.racked.com\\|author\\=Izzy Grinspan\\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-21\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-16}} and Jessica Coen of New York Magazine's *The Cut* even stated that \"the whole thing was a catastrophe\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thecut.com/2009/09/lim\\_amex\\_model\\_falls\\_but\\_her\\_m.html\\|title\\=Lim AmEx Model Falls, But Her Memory Lives On\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New York (magazine)\\#The Cut\\|thecut.com]]\\|author\\=Jessica Coen\\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-22\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-16}}", "For its advertisement campaigns, the brand has repeatedly worked with photographer [Viviane Sassen](/wiki/Viviane_Sassen \"Viviane Sassen\").Jessica Iredale (9 February 2017\\), [Phillip Lim Turns to Viviane Sassen for Fifth Campaign](https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/phillip-lim-turns-viviane-sassen-for-fifth-campaign-10781358/) *[Women's Wear Daily](/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily \"Women's Wear Daily\")*. It operates stores in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"), [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"), and [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul \"Seoul\").", "### Collaborations", "On September 15, 2013, Lim's collaboration with retail chain [Target](/wiki/Target_Corporation \"Target Corporation\") debuted to select Target stores in the United States of America, and Canada. The fall collection included both women's and men's apparel and accessories ranging in price from $19\\.99 to $299\\.99\\.", "Lim initiated a collaboration with scientists, including Charlotte McCurdy, to create fashion accessories and materials from algae and other lab\\-grown materials.{{Cite web\\|title\\=This Phillip Lim Sequin Dress Is Made Out of Seaweed\\|url\\=https://www.instyle.com/fashion/phillip\\-lim\\-seaweed\\-sequin\\-dress\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-23\\|website\\=InStyle\\|language\\=EN}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Spellings\\|first\\=Sarah\\|title\\=Growing Sequins and Sneakers in a Lab\\|url\\=https://www.vogue.com/article/one\\-x\\-one\\-incubator\\-phillip\\-lim\\-public\\-school\\-mara\\-hoffman\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-23\\|website\\=Vogue\\|language\\=en\\-us}}", "" ]
### Collections For the line's fall 2006 collection,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.style.com/fashionshows/review/F2006RTW\-PLIM\|title\=3\.1 Phillip Lim (Fall 2006 Collection)\|publisher\=\[\[Style.com]]\|author\=Laird Borrelli\|date\=2006\-02\-07\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-15}} Lim aimed to "inject some 'street elegance' " into his designs. Laird Borrelli of [*Vogue*](/wiki/Vogue_%28magazine%29 "Vogue (magazine)") praised his work as a "pretty\-but\-cool clothes" that "don't try too hard". Lim's spring 2007 collection,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/S2007RTW/review/PLIM\|title\=3\.1 Phillip Lim (Spring 2007 Collection)\|publisher\=\[\[Style.com]]\|author\=Nicole Phelps\|date\=2006\-09\-10\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-15}} His first [runway](/wiki/Runway_%28fashion%29 "Runway (fashion)") show was praised as "lovely" by Nicole Phelps of *Vogue*, who said Lim proved himself to be an "accomplished tailor". His clothes were romantic and predominantly white, with occasional navy and floral elements. Phelps noted Lim's "knack for combining the dressy and the casual", saying that "Lim knows how fashionable women want to dress". The line's fall 2007 collection was inspired by socialite [Edith Bouvier Beale](/wiki/Edith_Bouvier_Beale "Edith Bouvier Beale") and meant to embody what Lim called "pedigree minus prudence".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2007RTW/review/PLIM\|title\=3\.1 Phillip Lim (Fall 2007 Collection)\|publisher\=\[\[Style.com]]\|author\=Nicole Phelps\|date\=2007\-02\-04\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-15}} In what Phelps described as Lim's "most ambitious collection by far", Lim showed prep\-school plaids and debutante\-inspired dresses. For his Resort 2008 collection,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/2008RST/review/PLIM\|title\=3\.1 Phillip Lim (Resort 2008 Collection)\|publisher\=\[\[Style.com]]\|author\=Nicole Phelps\|date\=2007\-07\-03\|access\-date\=2009\-03\-15}} Lim revisited his standby motifs. His fall 2009 was inspired by the [youthquake movement](/wiki/Youthquake_%28movement%29 "Youthquake (movement)") of the 1960s in England. Lissie Trullie's band performed live on his runway. His spring 2010 fashion show, held on September 16, 2009, as part of the [New York Fashion Week](/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week "New York Fashion Week"), was very well received, Lauren David Peden of *Vogue* reviewing the clothes as "delightfully modern, exceptionally detailed looks", "enhancing a woman’s femininity without getting all girlie\-girl saccharine",{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vogue.co.uk/shows/spring\-summer\-2010\-ready\-to\-wear/31\-phillip\-lim\|title\=3\.1 Phillip Lim (SPRING/SUMMER 2010 READY\-TO\-WEAR)\|publisher\=\[\[British Vogue]]\|author\=Lauren David Peden\|date\=2009\-09\-16\|access\-date\=2022\-06\-16}} and Mark Holgate adding that Lim was "able to martial all the salient ideas of the season into brilliantly effortless, and wonderfully special, pieces".{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vogue.com/article/vd\-new\-york\-spring\-2010\-mark\-holgates\-favorite\-31\-phillip\-lim\-look\|title\=New York Spring 2010: Mark Holgate's Favorite 3\.1 Phillip Lim Look\|publisher\=\[\[Vogue (magazine)\|vogue.com]]\|author\=Mark Holgate\|date\=2009\-09\-17\|access\-date\=2022\-06\-16}} The collection was presented again the following day, at an exclusive runway event for American Express cardholders,{{cite web\|url\=https://edubourse.com/finance\-actualites\-actu\-56109/\|title\=American Express Announces Exclusive, Enhanced Cardmember Experiences Throughout New York Fashion Week\|publisher\=edubourse.com\|date\=2009\-09\-10\|access\-date\=2022\-06\-16}} the designer explaining that his goal was "to provide Cardmembers insight beyond the traditional runway show and offer them a one\-of\-a\-kind experience into the design process".{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/3f597b84\-b68a\-3c87\-a8e2\-33e68b5f2e1d\|title\=When fashion meets finance (sort of)\|publisher\=\[\[Financial Times]]\|author\=Tracy Alloway\|date\=2009\-09\-21\|access\-date\=2022\-06\-16}} However, during the show one of the models continuously fell down in her stilettos on both of her trips down the runway, and couldn't get up during the finale until another model picked her up and helped her off the runway.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=XvoFF1y\-mlo\|title\=Model FALLS TWICE during Phillip Lim Spring/Summer 2010 Fashion Show (New York Fashion Week)\|publisher\=\[\[YouTube\|youtube.com]]\|author\=Annabella Winsteald\|date\=2022\-05\-15\|access\-date\=2022\-06\-16}} The mishap triggered several articles,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thecut.com/2009/09/phillip\_lim\_disaster\_model\_fal.html\|title\=Phillip Lim Disaster: Model Falls, Stays Down; Spectator Loses Lunch\|publisher\=\[\[New York (magazine)\#The Cut\|thecut.com]]\|author\=Charlotte Cowles\|date\=2009\-09\-18\|access\-date\=2022\-06\-16}}{{cite web\|url\=https://ny.racked.com/2009/9/21/7815129/runway\-shitshow\-falling\-models\-and\-puking\-interns\-at\-phillip\-lim\|title\=Falling Models and Puking Interns at 3\.1 Phillip Lim\|publisher\=ny.racked.com\|author\=Izzy Grinspan\|date\=2009\-09\-21\|access\-date\=2022\-06\-16}} and Jessica Coen of New York Magazine's *The Cut* even stated that "the whole thing was a catastrophe".{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thecut.com/2009/09/lim\_amex\_model\_falls\_but\_her\_m.html\|title\=Lim AmEx Model Falls, But Her Memory Lives On\|publisher\=\[\[New York (magazine)\#The Cut\|thecut.com]]\|author\=Jessica Coen\|date\=2009\-09\-22\|access\-date\=2022\-06\-16}} For its advertisement campaigns, the brand has repeatedly worked with photographer [Viviane Sassen](/wiki/Viviane_Sassen "Viviane Sassen").Jessica Iredale (9 February 2017\), [Phillip Lim Turns to Viviane Sassen for Fifth Campaign](https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/phillip-lim-turns-viviane-sassen-for-fifth-campaign-10781358/) *[Women's Wear Daily](/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily "Women's Wear Daily")*. It operates stores in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"), [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"), and [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul "Seoul").
[ "### Collections", "For the line's fall 2006 collection,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.style.com/fashionshows/review/F2006RTW\\-PLIM\\|title\\=3\\.1 Phillip Lim (Fall 2006 Collection)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Style.com]]\\|author\\=Laird Borrelli\\|date\\=2006\\-02\\-07\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-15}} Lim aimed to \"inject some 'street elegance' \" into his designs. Laird Borrelli of [*Vogue*](/wiki/Vogue_%28magazine%29 \"Vogue (magazine)\") praised his work as a \"pretty\\-but\\-cool clothes\" that \"don't try too hard\".", "Lim's spring 2007 collection,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/S2007RTW/review/PLIM\\|title\\=3\\.1 Phillip Lim (Spring 2007 Collection)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Style.com]]\\|author\\=Nicole Phelps\\|date\\=2006\\-09\\-10\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-15}} His first [runway](/wiki/Runway_%28fashion%29 \"Runway (fashion)\") show was praised as \"lovely\" by Nicole Phelps of *Vogue*, who said Lim proved himself to be an \"accomplished tailor\". His clothes were romantic and predominantly white, with occasional navy and floral elements. Phelps noted Lim's \"knack for combining the dressy and the casual\", saying that \"Lim knows how fashionable women want to dress\".", "The line's fall 2007 collection was inspired by socialite [Edith Bouvier Beale](/wiki/Edith_Bouvier_Beale \"Edith Bouvier Beale\") and meant to embody what Lim called \"pedigree minus prudence\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/F2007RTW/review/PLIM\\|title\\=3\\.1 Phillip Lim (Fall 2007 Collection)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Style.com]]\\|author\\=Nicole Phelps\\|date\\=2007\\-02\\-04\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-15}} In what Phelps described as Lim's \"most ambitious collection by far\", Lim showed prep\\-school plaids and debutante\\-inspired dresses.", "For his Resort 2008 collection,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.style.com/fashionshows/collections/2008RST/review/PLIM\\|title\\=3\\.1 Phillip Lim (Resort 2008 Collection)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Style.com]]\\|author\\=Nicole Phelps\\|date\\=2007\\-07\\-03\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-15}} Lim revisited his standby motifs.", "His fall 2009 was inspired by the [youthquake movement](/wiki/Youthquake_%28movement%29 \"Youthquake (movement)\") of the 1960s in England. Lissie Trullie's band performed live on his runway.", "His spring 2010 fashion show, held on September 16, 2009, as part of the [New York Fashion Week](/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week \"New York Fashion Week\"), was very well received, Lauren David Peden of *Vogue* reviewing the clothes as \"delightfully modern, exceptionally detailed looks\", \"enhancing a woman’s femininity without getting all girlie\\-girl saccharine\",{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vogue.co.uk/shows/spring\\-summer\\-2010\\-ready\\-to\\-wear/31\\-phillip\\-lim\\|title\\=3\\.1 Phillip Lim (SPRING/SUMMER 2010 READY\\-TO\\-WEAR)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[British Vogue]]\\|author\\=Lauren David Peden\\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-16\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-16}} and Mark Holgate adding that Lim was \"able to martial all the salient ideas of the season into brilliantly effortless, and wonderfully special, pieces\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vogue.com/article/vd\\-new\\-york\\-spring\\-2010\\-mark\\-holgates\\-favorite\\-31\\-phillip\\-lim\\-look\\|title\\=New York Spring 2010: Mark Holgate's Favorite 3\\.1 Phillip Lim Look\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Vogue (magazine)\\|vogue.com]]\\|author\\=Mark Holgate\\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-17\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-16}} The collection was presented again the following day, at an exclusive runway event for American Express cardholders,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://edubourse.com/finance\\-actualites\\-actu\\-56109/\\|title\\=American Express Announces Exclusive, Enhanced Cardmember Experiences Throughout New York Fashion Week\\|publisher\\=edubourse.com\\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-10\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-16}} the designer explaining that his goal was \"to provide Cardmembers insight beyond the traditional runway show and offer them a one\\-of\\-a\\-kind experience into the design process\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/3f597b84\\-b68a\\-3c87\\-a8e2\\-33e68b5f2e1d\\|title\\=When fashion meets finance (sort of)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]]\\|author\\=Tracy Alloway\\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-21\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-16}} However, during the show one of the models continuously fell down in her stilettos on both of her trips down the runway, and couldn't get up during the finale until another model picked her up and helped her off the runway.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=XvoFF1y\\-mlo\\|title\\=Model FALLS TWICE during Phillip Lim Spring/Summer 2010 Fashion Show (New York Fashion Week)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[YouTube\\|youtube.com]]\\|author\\=Annabella Winsteald\\|date\\=2022\\-05\\-15\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-16}} The mishap triggered several articles,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thecut.com/2009/09/phillip\\_lim\\_disaster\\_model\\_fal.html\\|title\\=Phillip Lim Disaster: Model Falls, Stays Down; Spectator Loses Lunch\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New York (magazine)\\#The Cut\\|thecut.com]]\\|author\\=Charlotte Cowles\\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-18\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-16}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://ny.racked.com/2009/9/21/7815129/runway\\-shitshow\\-falling\\-models\\-and\\-puking\\-interns\\-at\\-phillip\\-lim\\|title\\=Falling Models and Puking Interns at 3\\.1 Phillip Lim\\|publisher\\=ny.racked.com\\|author\\=Izzy Grinspan\\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-21\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-16}} and Jessica Coen of New York Magazine's *The Cut* even stated that \"the whole thing was a catastrophe\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thecut.com/2009/09/lim\\_amex\\_model\\_falls\\_but\\_her\\_m.html\\|title\\=Lim AmEx Model Falls, But Her Memory Lives On\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New York (magazine)\\#The Cut\\|thecut.com]]\\|author\\=Jessica Coen\\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-22\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-16}}", "For its advertisement campaigns, the brand has repeatedly worked with photographer [Viviane Sassen](/wiki/Viviane_Sassen \"Viviane Sassen\").Jessica Iredale (9 February 2017\\), [Phillip Lim Turns to Viviane Sassen for Fifth Campaign](https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/phillip-lim-turns-viviane-sassen-for-fifth-campaign-10781358/) *[Women's Wear Daily](/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily \"Women's Wear Daily\")*. It operates stores in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"), [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"), and [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul \"Seoul\").", "" ]
Description ----------- ### Location Vysoká hole is the second highest mountain (after [Praděd](/wiki/Prad%C4%9Bd "Praděd")) in [Czech Silesia](/wiki/Czech_Silesia "Czech Silesia"), [Moravia](/wiki/Moravia "Moravia"), and in the [Hrubý Jeseník](/wiki/Hrub%C3%BD_Jesen%C3%ADk "Hrubý Jeseník") mountain range. It is a very extensive mountain with a flat and leveled mountaintop plateau (approximately {{cvt\|20\|ha}}), located about {{cvt\|2\.5\|km}} south of Praděd, lying on its main ridge extending from the Červenohorské sedlo pass to the Skřítek pass. It is a massive mountain with an almost level\-shaped summit area. The mountain is bordered by the U Barborky pass and the valley of the [Bílá Opava](/wiki/Opava_%28river%29 "Opava (river)") stream to the north, by a pass at an altitude of {{cvt\|1018\|m}} above sea level towards the [Hradečná](/wiki/Hrade%C4%8Dn%C3%A1 "Hradečná") summit to the east, by the valley of the stream Bělokamenný potok and passes at altitudes of {{cvt\|1206\|m}} above sea level towards the Temná summit and {{cvt\|1208\|m}} above sea level towards the Ráztoka summit to the southeast, and by the Kamzičník summit and the valley of the Divoká Desná stream to the southwest. Numerous summits surround it: Petrovy kameny to the north, Ostrý vrch and Hradečná to the northeast, U pecí to the east, Temná and Ráztoká to the southeast, Kamzičník to the south, and Nad soutokem, Zámčisko to the southwest.{{Cite web \|title\=Vysoká hole (1464 m) 1:12 000 \|url\=https://mapy.cz/turisticka?x\=17\.2364753\&y\=50\.0621380\&z\=15\&source\=base\&id\=2026481 \|access\-date\=6 April 2024 \|website\=Mapy.cz}} ### Slopes [thumb\|Map of the extent and slopes of Vysoká hole mountain](/wiki/File:MAPAVYSOKAHOLE.JPG "MAPAVYSOKAHOLE.JPG") [thumb\|View from a rocky outcrop near the summit of Hradečná on Suť (*Stone Sea*) on the slope of Vysoká hole mountain](/wiki/File:VysokaHoleSut.jpg "VysokaHoleSut.jpg") Generally, four main slopes of the mountain can be distinguished: * western slope, extending from the summit plateau to the Nad soutokem mountain, bounded by two *[couloirs](/wiki/Couloir "Couloir")* named *Sviní žleb*{{refn\|group\="lower\-alpha"\|Some sources give the name of the ''couloir'' as ''Svinní žleb'' {{Harvard citation text\|Banaszkiewicz\|Parzewski\|2019}}}} (from the north) and *Medvědí důl* (from the south), very steep with an average gradient reaching up to 45° over a 50\-meter section; * northeastern slope, extending towards a pass located at an altitude of {{cvt\|1018\|m}} above sea level towards the Hradečná mountain, bounded by the valley of the Bílá Opava stream from the north; * eastern slope named *Dlouhý vrch*, the longest (approximately {{cvt\|4\.8\|km}}), extending towards the U pecí mountain, bounded by the valley of the Bělokamenný potok stream from the south; * southeastern slope, extending towards a pass located at an altitude of {{cvt\|1206\|m}} above sea level towards the Temná mountain. On some maps, an additional summit named *Suť* ({{cvt\|1224\|m}} above sea level) appears on the northeastern slope of the mountain.{{Harvard citation text\|Brygier\|2017}} However, due to the low differentiation and exposure of this summit compared to the slope, newer studies and measurements suggest assigning this name to a part of the slope{{Cite map \|title\=Chráněná Krajinná Oblast Jeseníky jih. Turistická a cykloturistická mapa \|scale\=1:25,000 \|publisher\=Geodézie On Line \|year\=2010 \|language\=cs \|url\=https://wms.position.cz/demo/?lang\=cz\#mappanel\=datainfo@layers\=CZ\_GOL@pos\=50\.062633;17\.235603@sc\=25000 \|isbn\=9788087380185 \|edition\=1st \|series\=Eurocart \|location\=Česká Lípa \|oclc\=865043859 \|access\-date\=7 April 2024 \|archive\-date\=15 February 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215161718/https://wms.position.cz/demo/?lang\=cz\#mappanel\=datainfo@layers\=CZ\_GOL@pos\=50\.062633;17\.235603@sc\=25000 \|url\-status\=live }} The slopes of the mountain display overgrown grassy craters (up to {{cvt\|10\|m}} in diameter and {{cvt\|1\.5\|m}} deep) from artillery exercises in 1919–1922 and possibly from bomb explosions during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). All slopes (except designated [hiking trails](/wiki/Hiking_trail "Hiking trail")) are covered by a network of roads (including *Ovčárenská silnice*, *Jelení cesta*) and paths. It is recommended to use detailed maps for navigation while traversing them. The slopes have gentle, relatively uniform, and undifferentiated gradients. The average gradient of the slopes varies from 11° (western slope) to 8° (northeastern and eastern slopes). The overall average gradient of all slopes of the mountain ([weighted average](/wiki/Weighted_average "Weighted average") gradient) is approximately 9°. The maximum average gradient of the western slope near the *Sviní žleb* ravine over a 50\-meter section does not exceed 45°. Below an altitude of approximately {{cvt\|1300–1350\|m}} above sea level, all slopes are predominantly forested with [spruce trees](/wiki/Spruce_tree "Spruce tree").{{Cite map \|title\=Geoprohlížeč – ZÚ (Geoportal Czech) \|url\=https://ags.cuzk.cz/geoprohlizec/ \|website\=ags.cuzk.cz \|publisher\=State Administration of Land Surveying and Cadastre \|language\=cs \|access\-date\=7 April 2024 \|archive\-date\=11 March 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311225322/https://ags.cuzk.cz/geoprohlizec/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|title\=Hrubý Jeseník (mapa) \|url\=http://www.dudisoft.eu/wp\-content/uploads/2014/01/55\-Hrub%C3%BD\-Jesen%C3%ADk.jpg \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104615/http://www.dudisoft.eu/wp\-content/uploads/2014/01/55\-Hrub%C3%BD\-Jesen%C3%ADk.jpg \|archive\-date\=4 March 2016 \|website\=dudisoft.eu \|language\=cs}} Above these altitudes, there are non\-forested areas mostly covered by alpine meadows. In the [cirque](/wiki/Cirque "Cirque") (*Velký kotel* basin), due to varied environmental conditions and a variable microclimate, alpine, subalpine, rocky, thermophilic, spring, and wetland vegetation coexist alongside various types of forest vegetation. Additionally, some slopes feature rocky outcrops (on the northeastern slope, near the Bílá Opava valley at altitudes around {{cvt\|1095–1140\|m}} above sea level, and on the southeastern slope, near the *Velký kotel* basin at altitudes of {{cvt\|1246–1310\|m}} above sea level). ### Main summit [thumb\|Summit plateau of Vysoká hole mountain](/wiki/File:Vysok%C3%A1HoleVrchol.jpg "VysokáHoleVrchol.jpg") [thumb\|Triangulation station encased with concrete circles on the summit slope of Vysoká hole mountain](/wiki/File:Vysok%C3%A1HolePktGeo.jpg "VysokáHolePktGeo.jpg") [thumb\|View from the main path to the mountain hut and the triangulation station on the secondary summit of Vysoká hole–JZ (in the distance the summit slope of Vysoká hole mountain)](/wiki/File:Vysok%C3%A1Hole_z_Vysok%C3%A1Hole-JZ.jpg "VysokáHole z VysokáHole-JZ.jpg") [thumb\|Wooden hut near the tourist stop called *Vysoká hole*](/wiki/File:Vysok%C3%A1_hole%2C_bouda.jpg "Vysoká hole, bouda.jpg") There are no marked hiking trails leading to the main summit. It is located amidst a plateau covered with alpine grass. The highest point of the mountain, at an altitude of {{cvt\|1464\.8\|m}} above sea level, has geographic coordinates {{Coord\|50\|03\|45\.48\|N\|17\|14\|08\.17\|E}}. On maps, another location recognized as the summit of the mountain is indicated, namely the main [triangulation station](/wiki/Triangulation_station "Triangulation station") of the mountain, marked on geodetic maps with the number 35 at an altitude of {{cvt\|1463\.67\|m}} above sea level and geographic coordinates {{Coord\|50\|03\|43\.68\|N\|17\|14\|11\.11\|E}}, marked with concrete circles for better location (the poles next to it have been broken), located about {{cvt\|87\|m}} southeast of the main summit. The summit plateau is a prominent [scenic viewpoint](/wiki/Scenic_viewpoint "Scenic viewpoint") offering far\-reaching perspectives. The approximate approach to the main summit is from the red hiking trail, from which an indistinct, unmarked overgrown path leads through the summit plateau. Towards the Petrovy kameny peak, there is a pass called {{Interlanguage link\|Sedlo u Petrových kamenů\|pl\|Sedlo u Petrových kamenů}}, located at an altitude of {{cvt\|1432\|m}} above sea level. ### Secondary summit Vysoká hole is a mountain with a double summit. At a distance of about {{cvt\|575\|m}} southwest of the main summit, a secondary summit can be distinguished, designated as **Vysoká hole–JZ**,{{refn\|group\="lower\-alpha"\|After World War II, the secondary summit of Vysoká hole–JZ was called Kamzičník.{{Cite web \|title\=Topografické mapy v systému S\-1952 \|scale\=1:10,000 \|url\=https://ags.cuzk.cz/archiv/openmap.html?typ\=topo1952\&idrastru\=D7\_2\_\_M\-33\-71\-C\-d\-2 \|access\-date\=14 March 2021 \|website\=ags.cuzk.cz \|publisher\=State Administration of Land Surveying and Cadastre \|archive\-date\=3 June 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603140327/https://ags.cuzk.cz/archiv/openmap.html?typ\=topo1952\&idrastru\=D7\_2\_\_M\-33\-71\-C\-d\-2 \|url\-status\=live }}}} with the same height as the main summit – {{cvt\|1465\|m}} above sea level, [prominence](/wiki/Topographic_prominence "Topographic prominence") of {{cvt\|4\|m}}, and geographic coordinates {{Coord\|50\|03\|31\.04\|N\|17\|13\|49\.43\|E}}. At this location, there is a secondary triangulation station marked on geodetic maps with the number 211, at an altitude of {{cvt\|1464\.66\|m}} above sea level, with two steel poles mounted nearby, located about {{cvt\|150\|m}} southwest of the wooden hut at the tourist stop called *Vysoká hole*.{{Cite web \|title\=Vysoká hole \|url\=https://www.turistika.cz/mista/vysoka\-hole/detail \|access\-date\=7 April 2024 \|website\=turistika.cz \|language\=cs \|archive\-date\=28 February 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228132036/https://www.turistika.cz/mista/vysoka\-hole/detail \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|title\=Vysoká hole (HLV 8; 1465 m) \|url\=http://tisicovky.cz/cs/hory/hruby\-jesenik/vysoka\-hole\-hlv8/ \|access\-date\=19 December 2014 \|website\=tisicovky.cz \|language\=cs \|archive\-date\=6 November 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106160952/http://tisicovky.cz/cs/hory/hruby\-jesenik/vysoka\-hole\-hlv8/ \|url\-status\=live }} Both summit plateaus are connected by a main path, along which the red hiking trail runs, and by the highest, but less prominent (4 meters), pass of the Hrubý Jeseník chain at an altitude of {{cvt\|1461\|m}} above sea level. The plateau of the secondary summit is an outstanding scenic viewpoint offering views of the surrounding peaks and mountain ranges.{{Cite web \|title\=Vysoká hole (1464 m n.m.) \- výhled \|url\=https://www.rymarovsko.cz/turisticke\-zajimavosti/prirozene\-vyhlidky/128\-vysoka\-hole\-1464\-m\-nm\-vyhled.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207235423/https://www.rymarovsko.cz/turisticke\-zajimavosti/prirozene\-vyhlidky/128\-vysoka\-hole\-1464\-m\-nm\-vyhled.html \|archive\-date\=7 December 2022 \|website\=rymarovsko.cz \|language\=cs}} ### Geology From a geological perspective, Vysoká hole mountain belongs to a unit known as the {{Interlanguage link\|Vrbno layers\|pl\|Warstwy vrbneńskie}}{{Harvard citation text\|Cymerman\|1998\|loc\=map\|p\=531}} and is composed of: * [metamorphic rocks](/wiki/Metamorphic_rock "Metamorphic rock"), primarily blasto\-[mylonites](/wiki/Mylonite "Mylonite"), [gneisses](/wiki/Gneiss "Gneiss"), [phyllites](/wiki/Phyllite "Phyllite"), {{Interlanguage link\|Phyllonite\|lt\=phyllonites\|pl\|Fyllonit}} (containing [muscovite](/wiki/Muscovite "Muscovite"), [biotite](/wiki/Biotite "Biotite"), and [chlorite](/wiki/Chlorite_group "Chlorite group")), [greenschists](/wiki/Greenschist "Greenschist"); * [sedimentary rocks](/wiki/Sedimentary_rock "Sedimentary rock"), primarily [quartzites](/wiki/Quartzite "Quartzite"); * [igneous rocks](/wiki/Igneous_rock "Igneous rock"), primarily meta\-[granitoids](/wiki/Granitoid "Granitoid").{{Cite map \|last\=Česká geologická služba \|title\=Geologická mapa \|scale\=1:50,000 \|url\=https://mapy.geology.cz/geocr50/ \|website\=mapy.geology.cz \|language\=cs \|access\-date\=7 April 2024 \|archive\-date\=15 March 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315223015/https://mapy.geology.cz/geocr50/ \|url\-status\=live }} (geologická jednotka 13, 957, 970, 1020, 1024 and 1026\) ### Waters The mountain lies on the [European watershed](/wiki/European_watershed "European watershed") boundary, with the [Baltic Sea](/wiki/Baltic_Sea "Baltic Sea") basin ([Oder](/wiki/Oder "Oder") river basin) on its eastern, northeastern, and southeastern slopes, and the [Black Sea](/wiki/Black_Sea "Black Sea") basin ([Danube](/wiki/Danube "Danube") river basin) on its western slope. On the southeastern slope of the mountain, the [Moravice](/wiki/Moravice_%28river%29 "Moravice (river)") river has its source,{{Cite web \|last\=Dobeš \|first\=Petr \|date\=26 March 2010 \|title\=Pramen Moravice \|url\=https://www.estudanky.eu/2836\-pramen\-moravice \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117190708/https://www.estudanky.eu/2836\-pramen\-moravice \|archive\-date\=17 January 2021 \|website\=estudanky.eu \|language\=cs}}{{Cite web \|title\=Pramen Moravice \|url\=https://www.turistika.cz/mista/pramen\-moravice/detail \|access\-date\=7 April 2024 \|website\=turistika.cz \|language\=cs \|archive\-date\=28 February 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228132029/https://www.turistika.cz/mista/pramen\-moravice/detail \|url\-status\=live }}{{Harvard citation text\|Steffanová\|2010}} while the Bělokamenný Potok stream originates on the eastern slope, and the [Desná](/wiki/Desn%C3%A1_%28Morava%29 "Desná (Morava)") river on the western slope.
[ "Description\n-----------", "### Location", "Vysoká hole is the second highest mountain (after [Praděd](/wiki/Prad%C4%9Bd \"Praděd\")) in [Czech Silesia](/wiki/Czech_Silesia \"Czech Silesia\"), [Moravia](/wiki/Moravia \"Moravia\"), and in the [Hrubý Jeseník](/wiki/Hrub%C3%BD_Jesen%C3%ADk \"Hrubý Jeseník\") mountain range. It is a very extensive mountain with a flat and leveled mountaintop plateau (approximately {{cvt\\|20\\|ha}}), located about {{cvt\\|2\\.5\\|km}} south of Praděd, lying on its main ridge extending from the Červenohorské sedlo pass to the Skřítek pass. It is a massive mountain with an almost level\\-shaped summit area.", "The mountain is bordered by the U Barborky pass and the valley of the [Bílá Opava](/wiki/Opava_%28river%29 \"Opava (river)\") stream to the north, by a pass at an altitude of {{cvt\\|1018\\|m}} above sea level towards the [Hradečná](/wiki/Hrade%C4%8Dn%C3%A1 \"Hradečná\") summit to the east, by the valley of the stream Bělokamenný potok and passes at altitudes of {{cvt\\|1206\\|m}} above sea level towards the Temná summit and {{cvt\\|1208\\|m}} above sea level towards the Ráztoka summit to the southeast, and by the Kamzičník summit and the valley of the Divoká Desná stream to the southwest. Numerous summits surround it: Petrovy kameny to the north, Ostrý vrch and Hradečná to the northeast, U pecí to the east, Temná and Ráztoká to the southeast, Kamzičník to the south, and Nad soutokem, Zámčisko to the southwest.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Vysoká hole (1464 m) 1:12 000 \\|url\\=https://mapy.cz/turisticka?x\\=17\\.2364753\\&y\\=50\\.0621380\\&z\\=15\\&source\\=base\\&id\\=2026481 \\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2024 \\|website\\=Mapy.cz}}", "### Slopes", "[thumb\\|Map of the extent and slopes of Vysoká hole mountain](/wiki/File:MAPAVYSOKAHOLE.JPG \"MAPAVYSOKAHOLE.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|View from a rocky outcrop near the summit of Hradečná on Suť (*Stone Sea*) on the slope of Vysoká hole mountain](/wiki/File:VysokaHoleSut.jpg \"VysokaHoleSut.jpg\")\nGenerally, four main slopes of the mountain can be distinguished:", "* western slope, extending from the summit plateau to the Nad soutokem mountain, bounded by two *[couloirs](/wiki/Couloir \"Couloir\")* named *Sviní žleb*{{refn\\|group\\=\"lower\\-alpha\"\\|Some sources give the name of the ''couloir'' as ''Svinní žleb'' {{Harvard citation text\\|Banaszkiewicz\\|Parzewski\\|2019}}}} (from the north) and *Medvědí důl* (from the south), very steep with an average gradient reaching up to 45° over a 50\\-meter section;\n* northeastern slope, extending towards a pass located at an altitude of {{cvt\\|1018\\|m}} above sea level towards the Hradečná mountain, bounded by the valley of the Bílá Opava stream from the north;\n* eastern slope named *Dlouhý vrch*, the longest (approximately {{cvt\\|4\\.8\\|km}}), extending towards the U pecí mountain, bounded by the valley of the Bělokamenný potok stream from the south;\n* southeastern slope, extending towards a pass located at an altitude of {{cvt\\|1206\\|m}} above sea level towards the Temná mountain.", "On some maps, an additional summit named *Suť* ({{cvt\\|1224\\|m}} above sea level) appears on the northeastern slope of the mountain.{{Harvard citation text\\|Brygier\\|2017}} However, due to the low differentiation and exposure of this summit compared to the slope, newer studies and measurements suggest assigning this name to a part of the slope{{Cite map \\|title\\=Chráněná Krajinná Oblast Jeseníky jih. Turistická a cykloturistická mapa \\|scale\\=1:25,000 \\|publisher\\=Geodézie On Line \\|year\\=2010 \\|language\\=cs \\|url\\=https://wms.position.cz/demo/?lang\\=cz\\#mappanel\\=datainfo@layers\\=CZ\\_GOL@pos\\=50\\.062633;17\\.235603@sc\\=25000 \\|isbn\\=9788087380185 \\|edition\\=1st \\|series\\=Eurocart \\|location\\=Česká Lípa \\|oclc\\=865043859 \\|access\\-date\\=7 April 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 February 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215161718/https://wms.position.cz/demo/?lang\\=cz\\#mappanel\\=datainfo@layers\\=CZ\\_GOL@pos\\=50\\.062633;17\\.235603@sc\\=25000 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "The slopes of the mountain display overgrown grassy craters (up to {{cvt\\|10\\|m}} in diameter and {{cvt\\|1\\.5\\|m}} deep) from artillery exercises in 1919–1922 and possibly from bomb explosions during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). All slopes (except designated [hiking trails](/wiki/Hiking_trail \"Hiking trail\")) are covered by a network of roads (including *Ovčárenská silnice*, *Jelení cesta*) and paths. It is recommended to use detailed maps for navigation while traversing them.", "The slopes have gentle, relatively uniform, and undifferentiated gradients. The average gradient of the slopes varies from 11° (western slope) to 8° (northeastern and eastern slopes). The overall average gradient of all slopes of the mountain ([weighted average](/wiki/Weighted_average \"Weighted average\") gradient) is approximately 9°. The maximum average gradient of the western slope near the *Sviní žleb* ravine over a 50\\-meter section does not exceed 45°.", "Below an altitude of approximately {{cvt\\|1300–1350\\|m}} above sea level, all slopes are predominantly forested with [spruce trees](/wiki/Spruce_tree \"Spruce tree\").{{Cite map \\|title\\=Geoprohlížeč – ZÚ (Geoportal Czech) \\|url\\=https://ags.cuzk.cz/geoprohlizec/ \\|website\\=ags.cuzk.cz \\|publisher\\=State Administration of Land Surveying and Cadastre \\|language\\=cs \\|access\\-date\\=7 April 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 March 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311225322/https://ags.cuzk.cz/geoprohlizec/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Hrubý Jeseník (mapa) \\|url\\=http://www.dudisoft.eu/wp\\-content/uploads/2014/01/55\\-Hrub%C3%BD\\-Jesen%C3%ADk.jpg \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104615/http://www.dudisoft.eu/wp\\-content/uploads/2014/01/55\\-Hrub%C3%BD\\-Jesen%C3%ADk.jpg \\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016 \\|website\\=dudisoft.eu \\|language\\=cs}} Above these altitudes, there are non\\-forested areas mostly covered by alpine meadows. In the [cirque](/wiki/Cirque \"Cirque\") (*Velký kotel* basin), due to varied environmental conditions and a variable microclimate, alpine, subalpine, rocky, thermophilic, spring, and wetland vegetation coexist alongside various types of forest vegetation. Additionally, some slopes feature rocky outcrops (on the northeastern slope, near the Bílá Opava valley at altitudes around {{cvt\\|1095–1140\\|m}} above sea level, and on the southeastern slope, near the *Velký kotel* basin at altitudes of {{cvt\\|1246–1310\\|m}} above sea level).", "### Main summit", "[thumb\\|Summit plateau of Vysoká hole mountain](/wiki/File:Vysok%C3%A1HoleVrchol.jpg \"VysokáHoleVrchol.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Triangulation station encased with concrete circles on the summit slope of Vysoká hole mountain](/wiki/File:Vysok%C3%A1HolePktGeo.jpg \"VysokáHolePktGeo.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|View from the main path to the mountain hut and the triangulation station on the secondary summit of Vysoká hole–JZ (in the distance the summit slope of Vysoká hole mountain)](/wiki/File:Vysok%C3%A1Hole_z_Vysok%C3%A1Hole-JZ.jpg \"VysokáHole z VysokáHole-JZ.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Wooden hut near the tourist stop called *Vysoká hole*](/wiki/File:Vysok%C3%A1_hole%2C_bouda.jpg \"Vysoká hole, bouda.jpg\")\nThere are no marked hiking trails leading to the main summit. It is located amidst a plateau covered with alpine grass. The highest point of the mountain, at an altitude of {{cvt\\|1464\\.8\\|m}} above sea level, has geographic coordinates {{Coord\\|50\\|03\\|45\\.48\\|N\\|17\\|14\\|08\\.17\\|E}}. On maps, another location recognized as the summit of the mountain is indicated, namely the main [triangulation station](/wiki/Triangulation_station \"Triangulation station\") of the mountain, marked on geodetic maps with the number 35 at an altitude of {{cvt\\|1463\\.67\\|m}} above sea level and geographic coordinates {{Coord\\|50\\|03\\|43\\.68\\|N\\|17\\|14\\|11\\.11\\|E}}, marked with concrete circles for better location (the poles next to it have been broken), located about {{cvt\\|87\\|m}} southeast of the main summit. The summit plateau is a prominent [scenic viewpoint](/wiki/Scenic_viewpoint \"Scenic viewpoint\") offering far\\-reaching perspectives.", "The approximate approach to the main summit is from the red hiking trail, from which an indistinct, unmarked overgrown path leads through the summit plateau. Towards the Petrovy kameny peak, there is a pass called {{Interlanguage link\\|Sedlo u Petrových kamenů\\|pl\\|Sedlo u Petrových kamenů}}, located at an altitude of {{cvt\\|1432\\|m}} above sea level.", "### Secondary summit", "Vysoká hole is a mountain with a double summit. At a distance of about {{cvt\\|575\\|m}} southwest of the main summit, a secondary summit can be distinguished, designated as **Vysoká hole–JZ**,{{refn\\|group\\=\"lower\\-alpha\"\\|After World War II, the secondary summit of Vysoká hole–JZ was called Kamzičník.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Topografické mapy v systému S\\-1952 \\|scale\\=1:10,000 \\|url\\=https://ags.cuzk.cz/archiv/openmap.html?typ\\=topo1952\\&idrastru\\=D7\\_2\\_\\_M\\-33\\-71\\-C\\-d\\-2 \\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2021 \\|website\\=ags.cuzk.cz \\|publisher\\=State Administration of Land Surveying and Cadastre \\|archive\\-date\\=3 June 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603140327/https://ags.cuzk.cz/archiv/openmap.html?typ\\=topo1952\\&idrastru\\=D7\\_2\\_\\_M\\-33\\-71\\-C\\-d\\-2 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}}} with the same height as the main summit – {{cvt\\|1465\\|m}} above sea level, [prominence](/wiki/Topographic_prominence \"Topographic prominence\") of {{cvt\\|4\\|m}}, and geographic coordinates {{Coord\\|50\\|03\\|31\\.04\\|N\\|17\\|13\\|49\\.43\\|E}}. At this location, there is a secondary triangulation station marked on geodetic maps with the number 211, at an altitude of {{cvt\\|1464\\.66\\|m}} above sea level, with two steel poles mounted nearby, located about {{cvt\\|150\\|m}} southwest of the wooden hut at the tourist stop called *Vysoká hole*.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Vysoká hole \\|url\\=https://www.turistika.cz/mista/vysoka\\-hole/detail \\|access\\-date\\=7 April 2024 \\|website\\=turistika.cz \\|language\\=cs \\|archive\\-date\\=28 February 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228132036/https://www.turistika.cz/mista/vysoka\\-hole/detail \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Vysoká hole (HLV 8; 1465 m) \\|url\\=http://tisicovky.cz/cs/hory/hruby\\-jesenik/vysoka\\-hole\\-hlv8/ \\|access\\-date\\=19 December 2014 \\|website\\=tisicovky.cz \\|language\\=cs \\|archive\\-date\\=6 November 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106160952/http://tisicovky.cz/cs/hory/hruby\\-jesenik/vysoka\\-hole\\-hlv8/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Both summit plateaus are connected by a main path, along which the red hiking trail runs, and by the highest, but less prominent (4 meters), pass of the Hrubý Jeseník chain at an altitude of {{cvt\\|1461\\|m}} above sea level. The plateau of the secondary summit is an outstanding scenic viewpoint offering views of the surrounding peaks and mountain ranges.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Vysoká hole (1464 m n.m.) \\- výhled \\|url\\=https://www.rymarovsko.cz/turisticke\\-zajimavosti/prirozene\\-vyhlidky/128\\-vysoka\\-hole\\-1464\\-m\\-nm\\-vyhled.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207235423/https://www.rymarovsko.cz/turisticke\\-zajimavosti/prirozene\\-vyhlidky/128\\-vysoka\\-hole\\-1464\\-m\\-nm\\-vyhled.html \\|archive\\-date\\=7 December 2022 \\|website\\=rymarovsko.cz \\|language\\=cs}}", "### Geology", "From a geological perspective, Vysoká hole mountain belongs to a unit known as the {{Interlanguage link\\|Vrbno layers\\|pl\\|Warstwy vrbneńskie}}{{Harvard citation text\\|Cymerman\\|1998\\|loc\\=map\\|p\\=531}} and is composed of:", "* [metamorphic rocks](/wiki/Metamorphic_rock \"Metamorphic rock\"), primarily blasto\\-[mylonites](/wiki/Mylonite \"Mylonite\"), [gneisses](/wiki/Gneiss \"Gneiss\"), [phyllites](/wiki/Phyllite \"Phyllite\"), {{Interlanguage link\\|Phyllonite\\|lt\\=phyllonites\\|pl\\|Fyllonit}} (containing [muscovite](/wiki/Muscovite \"Muscovite\"), [biotite](/wiki/Biotite \"Biotite\"), and [chlorite](/wiki/Chlorite_group \"Chlorite group\")), [greenschists](/wiki/Greenschist \"Greenschist\");\n* [sedimentary rocks](/wiki/Sedimentary_rock \"Sedimentary rock\"), primarily [quartzites](/wiki/Quartzite \"Quartzite\");\n* [igneous rocks](/wiki/Igneous_rock \"Igneous rock\"), primarily meta\\-[granitoids](/wiki/Granitoid \"Granitoid\").{{Cite map \\|last\\=Česká geologická služba \\|title\\=Geologická mapa \\|scale\\=1:50,000 \\|url\\=https://mapy.geology.cz/geocr50/ \\|website\\=mapy.geology.cz \\|language\\=cs \\|access\\-date\\=7 April 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 March 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315223015/https://mapy.geology.cz/geocr50/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} (geologická jednotka 13, 957, 970, 1020, 1024 and 1026\\)", "### Waters", "The mountain lies on the [European watershed](/wiki/European_watershed \"European watershed\") boundary, with the [Baltic Sea](/wiki/Baltic_Sea \"Baltic Sea\") basin ([Oder](/wiki/Oder \"Oder\") river basin) on its eastern, northeastern, and southeastern slopes, and the [Black Sea](/wiki/Black_Sea \"Black Sea\") basin ([Danube](/wiki/Danube \"Danube\") river basin) on its western slope. On the southeastern slope of the mountain, the [Moravice](/wiki/Moravice_%28river%29 \"Moravice (river)\") river has its source,{{Cite web \\|last\\=Dobeš \\|first\\=Petr \\|date\\=26 March 2010 \\|title\\=Pramen Moravice \\|url\\=https://www.estudanky.eu/2836\\-pramen\\-moravice \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117190708/https://www.estudanky.eu/2836\\-pramen\\-moravice \\|archive\\-date\\=17 January 2021 \\|website\\=estudanky.eu \\|language\\=cs}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Pramen Moravice \\|url\\=https://www.turistika.cz/mista/pramen\\-moravice/detail \\|access\\-date\\=7 April 2024 \\|website\\=turistika.cz \\|language\\=cs \\|archive\\-date\\=28 February 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228132029/https://www.turistika.cz/mista/pramen\\-moravice/detail \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Harvard citation text\\|Steffanová\\|2010}} while the Bělokamenný Potok stream originates on the eastern slope, and the [Desná](/wiki/Desn%C3%A1_%28Morava%29 \"Desná (Morava)\") river on the western slope.", "" ]
Life ---- ### Family background Imperial Noble Consort Dunhui's personal name was not recorded in history. * Father: Luolin ({{lang\|zh\|羅霖/罗霖}}), served as a sixth rank literary official ({{lang\|zh\|主事}}) + Paternal grandfather: Jiqing ({{lang\|zh\|吉卿}}) ### Xianfeng era The future Imperial Noble Consort Dunhui was born on the eighth day of the eighth [lunar](/wiki/Lunar_calendar "Lunar calendar") month in the sixth year of the reign of the [Xianfeng Emperor](/wiki/Xianfeng_Emperor "Xianfeng Emperor"), which translates to 6 September 1856 in the [Gregorian calendar](/wiki/Gregorian_calendar "Gregorian calendar"). ### Tongzhi era In November 1872, Lady Sirin Gioro entered the Forbidden City and was granted the title "Noble Lady Jin" by the [Tongzhi Emperor](/wiki/Tongzhi_Emperor "Tongzhi Emperor"). On 23 December 1874, she was elevated to "Concubine Jin". ### Guangxu era The Tongzhi Emperor died on 12 January 1875 and was succeeded by his cousin [Zaitian](/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor "Guangxu Emperor"), who was enthroned as the Guangxu Emperor. Lady Sirin Gioro was elevated on 6 February 1894 to "Consort Jin", and on 29 May 1895 to "Noble Consort Jin". ### Xuantong era The Guangxu Emperor died on 14 November 1908 and was succeeded by his nephew [Puyi](/wiki/Puyi "Puyi"), who was enthroned as the Xuantong Emperor. On 18 November 1908, Lady Sirin Gioro was granted the title "Dowager Noble Consort Jin". ### Republican era After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912, Puyi and members of the imperial clan were allowed to retain their noble titles and continue living in the Forbidden City. On 12 March 1913, Puyi elevated Lady Sirin Gioro to "Dowager Imperial Noble Consort Ronghui". After Puyi was forced to leave the Forbidden City on 21 November 1924, Lady Sirin Gioro also followed suit. Lady Sirin Gioro died on 18 May 1933 in the mansion of Gurun Princess Rongshou, a daughter of [Prince Gong](/wiki/Prince_Gong "Prince Gong"). Puyi granted her the posthumous title "Imperial Noble Consort Dunhui". On 15 March 1935, she was interred in the Hui Mausoleum of the [Eastern Qing tombs](/wiki/Eastern_Qing_tombs "Eastern Qing tombs").
[ "Life\n----", "### Family background", "Imperial Noble Consort Dunhui's personal name was not recorded in history.", "* Father: Luolin ({{lang\\|zh\\|羅霖/罗霖}}), served as a sixth rank literary official ({{lang\\|zh\\|主事}})\n\t+ Paternal grandfather: Jiqing ({{lang\\|zh\\|吉卿}})", "### Xianfeng era", "The future Imperial Noble Consort Dunhui was born on the eighth day of the eighth [lunar](/wiki/Lunar_calendar \"Lunar calendar\") month in the sixth year of the reign of the [Xianfeng Emperor](/wiki/Xianfeng_Emperor \"Xianfeng Emperor\"), which translates to 6 September 1856 in the [Gregorian calendar](/wiki/Gregorian_calendar \"Gregorian calendar\").", "### Tongzhi era", "In November 1872, Lady Sirin Gioro entered the Forbidden City and was granted the title \"Noble Lady Jin\" by the [Tongzhi Emperor](/wiki/Tongzhi_Emperor \"Tongzhi Emperor\"). On 23 December 1874, she was elevated to \"Concubine Jin\".", "### Guangxu era", "The Tongzhi Emperor died on 12 January 1875 and was succeeded by his cousin [Zaitian](/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor \"Guangxu Emperor\"), who was enthroned as the Guangxu Emperor. Lady Sirin Gioro was elevated on 6 February 1894 to \"Consort Jin\", and on 29 May 1895 to \"Noble Consort Jin\".", "### Xuantong era", "The Guangxu Emperor died on 14 November 1908 and was succeeded by his nephew [Puyi](/wiki/Puyi \"Puyi\"), who was enthroned as the Xuantong Emperor. On 18 November 1908, Lady Sirin Gioro was granted the title \"Dowager Noble Consort Jin\".", "### Republican era", "After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912, Puyi and members of the imperial clan were allowed to retain their noble titles and continue living in the Forbidden City. On 12 March 1913, Puyi elevated Lady Sirin Gioro to \"Dowager Imperial Noble Consort Ronghui\". After Puyi was forced to leave the Forbidden City on 21 November 1924, Lady Sirin Gioro also followed suit.", "Lady Sirin Gioro died on 18 May 1933 in the mansion of Gurun Princess Rongshou, a daughter of [Prince Gong](/wiki/Prince_Gong \"Prince Gong\"). Puyi granted her the posthumous title \"Imperial Noble Consort Dunhui\". On 15 March 1935, she was interred in the Hui Mausoleum of the [Eastern Qing tombs](/wiki/Eastern_Qing_tombs \"Eastern Qing tombs\").", "" ]
Works ----- Tzetzes published a collection of 107 of his *Letters* addressed partly to fictitious/unidentified personages, and partly to influential men and women of the writer's time. They contain a considerable amount of social and biographical information, and are full of learned allusions to history, rhetoric, and mythology. These letters became the springboard for what became during the Renaissance perhaps the most influential of his many works, the *Book of Histories*, usually called *Chiliades* ("thousands") from the arbitrary division by its first editor (N. Gerbel, 1546\) into books each containing 1,000 lines. The work consists of 12,674 lines of [political verse](/wiki/Political_verse "Political verse"), divided into 660 topics, each of which is a gloss on a literary, historical, or other learned reference in one of his published letters. The first 141 histories serve as poetic footnotes to a verse letter Tzetzes addressed to John Lachanas, an official in Constantinople.Pizzone, Aglae, *The Historiai of John Tzetzes: a Byzantine ‘Book of Memory’?*, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, October 2017, 154\. This collection of literary, historical, theological, and antiquarian miscellanies provides an important snapshot of the intellectual world of Constantinople in the mid\-12th century, and also preserves fragments of more than 200 ancient authors, including many whose works have been lost.{{sfn\|Abrantes\|2017}} The author subsequently brought out a revised edition with marginal notes in prose and verse (ed. T. Kiessling, 1826; on the sources see C. Harder, *De J. T. historiarum fontibus quaestiones selectae*, diss., Kiel, 1886\).{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911}} Tzetzes supplemented [Homer](/wiki/Homer "Homer")'s *[Iliad](/wiki/Iliad "Iliad")* by a work that begins with the birth of [Paris](/wiki/Paris_%28mythology%29 "Paris (mythology)") and continues the tale to the Achaeans' return home. The *Homeric Allegories*, in "political" verse and dedicated initially to the German\-born [empress Irene](/wiki/Bertha_of_Sulzbach "Bertha of Sulzbach") and then to [Constantine Cotertzes](/wiki/Constantine_Cotertzes "Constantine Cotertzes"),{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911}} are two didactic poems, the first based on the *Iliad* and the second based on the *Odyssey,* in which Homer and the Homeric theology are set forth and then explained by means of three kinds of [allegory](/wiki/Allegory "Allegory"): [euhemeristic](/wiki/Euhemerism "Euhemerism") ({{lang\|grc\|πρακτική}}), [anagogic](/wiki/Anagoge "Anagoge") ({{lang\|grc\|ψυχική}}) and [physic](/wiki/Cosmogony "Cosmogony") ({{lang\|grc\|στοιχειακή}}). These works were translated into English in 2015 and 2019 by Adam J. Goldwyn and Dimitra Kokkini.Tzetzes, John. *Allegories of the Iliad.* Trans. Adam J. Goldwyn and Dimitra Kokkini. Harvard University Press. {{ISBN\|978\-0\-674\-96785\-4}}.Tzetzes, John. *Allegories of the Odyssey.* Trans. Adam J. Goldwyn and Dimitra Kokkini. Harvard University Press. In the *Antehomerica*, Tzetzes recalls the events taking place before Homer's *Iliad*. This work was followed by the *Homerica*, covering the events of the *Iliad*, and the *Posthomerica*, reporting the events taking place between the *Iliad* and the *Odyssey*. All three are currently available in English translations. Tzetzes also wrote commentaries on a number of Greek authors, the most important of which is that elucidating the obscure *Cassandra* or *Alexandra* of the Hellenistic poet [Lycophron](/wiki/Lycophron "Lycophron"), usually called "On Lycophron" (edited by [K.O. Müller](/wiki/Karl_Otfried_M%C3%BCller "Karl Otfried Müller"), 1811\), in the production of which his brother Isaac is generally associated with him. Mention may also be made of a dramatic sketch in [iambic](/wiki/Iamb_%28foot%29 "Iamb (foot)") verse, in which the caprices of fortune and the wretched lot of the learned are described; and of an iambic poem on the death of the emperor [Manuel I Komnenos](/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos "Manuel I Komnenos"), noticeable for introducing at the beginning of each line the last word of the line preceding it (both in [Pietro Matranga](/wiki/Pietro_Matranga "Pietro Matranga"), *[Anecdota Graeca](/wiki/Anecdota_Graeca "Anecdota Graeca")* 1850\). For the other works of Tzetzes see [J. A. Fabricius](/wiki/Johann_Albert_Fabricius "Johann Albert Fabricius"), *Bibliotheca graeca* (ed. [Harles](/wiki/Gottlieb_Christoph_Harless "Gottlieb Christoph Harless")), xi.228, and [Karl Krumbacher](/wiki/Karl_Krumbacher "Karl Krumbacher"), *Geschichte der byz. Litt.* (2nd edition, 1897\); monograph by G. Hart, "De Tzetzarum nomine, vitis, scriptis," in [Jahn](/wiki/Otto_Jahn "Otto Jahn")'s *Jahrbucher für classische Philologie. Supplementband xii* (Leipzig, 1881\).{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911}}
[ "Works\n-----", "Tzetzes published a collection of 107 of his *Letters* addressed partly to fictitious/unidentified personages, and partly to influential men and women of the writer's time. They contain a considerable amount of social and biographical information, and are full of learned allusions to history, rhetoric, and mythology.", "These letters became the springboard for what became during the Renaissance perhaps the most influential of his many works, the *Book of Histories*, usually called *Chiliades* (\"thousands\") from the arbitrary division by its first editor (N. Gerbel, 1546\\) into books each containing 1,000 lines. The work consists of 12,674 lines of [political verse](/wiki/Political_verse \"Political verse\"), divided into 660 topics, each of which is a gloss on a literary, historical, or other learned reference in one of his published letters. The first 141 histories serve as poetic footnotes to a verse letter Tzetzes addressed to John Lachanas, an official in Constantinople.Pizzone, Aglae, *The Historiai of John Tzetzes: a Byzantine ‘Book of Memory’?*, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, October 2017, 154\\.", "This collection of literary, historical, theological, and antiquarian miscellanies provides an important snapshot of the intellectual world of Constantinople in the mid\\-12th century, and also preserves fragments of more than 200 ancient authors, including many whose works have been lost.{{sfn\\|Abrantes\\|2017}} The author subsequently brought out a revised edition with marginal notes in prose and verse (ed. T. Kiessling, 1826; on the sources see C. Harder, *De J. T. historiarum fontibus quaestiones selectae*, diss., Kiel, 1886\\).{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911}}", "Tzetzes supplemented [Homer](/wiki/Homer \"Homer\")'s *[Iliad](/wiki/Iliad \"Iliad\")* by a work that begins with the birth of [Paris](/wiki/Paris_%28mythology%29 \"Paris (mythology)\") and continues the tale to the Achaeans' return home.", "The *Homeric Allegories*, in \"political\" verse and dedicated initially to the German\\-born [empress Irene](/wiki/Bertha_of_Sulzbach \"Bertha of Sulzbach\") and then to [Constantine Cotertzes](/wiki/Constantine_Cotertzes \"Constantine Cotertzes\"),{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911}} are two didactic poems, the first based on the *Iliad* and the second based on the *Odyssey,* in which Homer and the Homeric theology are set forth and then explained by means of three kinds of [allegory](/wiki/Allegory \"Allegory\"): [euhemeristic](/wiki/Euhemerism \"Euhemerism\") ({{lang\\|grc\\|πρακτική}}), [anagogic](/wiki/Anagoge \"Anagoge\") ({{lang\\|grc\\|ψυχική}}) and [physic](/wiki/Cosmogony \"Cosmogony\") ({{lang\\|grc\\|στοιχειακή}}). These works were translated into English in 2015 and 2019 by Adam J. Goldwyn and Dimitra Kokkini.Tzetzes, John. *Allegories of the Iliad.* Trans. Adam J. Goldwyn and Dimitra Kokkini. Harvard University Press. {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-674\\-96785\\-4}}.Tzetzes, John. *Allegories of the Odyssey.* Trans. Adam J. Goldwyn and Dimitra Kokkini. Harvard University Press.", "In the *Antehomerica*, Tzetzes recalls the events taking place before Homer's *Iliad*. This work was followed by the *Homerica*, covering the events of the *Iliad*, and the *Posthomerica*, reporting the events taking place between the *Iliad* and the *Odyssey*. All three are currently available in English translations.", "Tzetzes also wrote commentaries on a number of Greek authors, the most important of which is that elucidating the obscure *Cassandra* or *Alexandra* of the Hellenistic poet [Lycophron](/wiki/Lycophron \"Lycophron\"), usually called \"On Lycophron\" (edited by [K.O. Müller](/wiki/Karl_Otfried_M%C3%BCller \"Karl Otfried Müller\"), 1811\\), in the production of which his brother Isaac is generally associated with him. Mention may also be made of a dramatic sketch in [iambic](/wiki/Iamb_%28foot%29 \"Iamb (foot)\") verse, in which the caprices of fortune and the wretched lot of the learned are described; and of an iambic poem on the death of the emperor [Manuel I Komnenos](/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos \"Manuel I Komnenos\"), noticeable for introducing at the beginning of each line the last word of the line preceding it (both in [Pietro Matranga](/wiki/Pietro_Matranga \"Pietro Matranga\"), *[Anecdota Graeca](/wiki/Anecdota_Graeca \"Anecdota Graeca\")* 1850\\).", "For the other works of Tzetzes see [J. A. Fabricius](/wiki/Johann_Albert_Fabricius \"Johann Albert Fabricius\"), *Bibliotheca graeca* (ed. [Harles](/wiki/Gottlieb_Christoph_Harless \"Gottlieb Christoph Harless\")), xi.228, and [Karl Krumbacher](/wiki/Karl_Krumbacher \"Karl Krumbacher\"), *Geschichte der byz. Litt.* (2nd edition, 1897\\); monograph by G. Hart, \"De Tzetzarum nomine, vitis, scriptis,\" in [Jahn](/wiki/Otto_Jahn \"Otto Jahn\")'s *Jahrbucher für classische Philologie. Supplementband xii* (Leipzig, 1881\\).{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911}}", "" ]
Causes ------ There is evidence of hereditary factors along with some evidence of environmental factors leading to this condition. While a single excess tooth is relatively common, multiple hyperdontia is rare in people with no other associated diseases or syndromes.{{cite journal \|doi\=10\.1016/j.ajodo.2010\.02\.038 \|pmid\=21967947 \|title\=Multiple hyperdontia: Report of an unusual case \|journal\=American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics \|volume\=140 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=580–584 \|year\=2011 \|last1\=Pereira \|first1\=Marilia Nalon \|last2\=De Almeida \|first2\=Luiz Eduardo \|last3\=Martins \|first3\=Marcelo Tarcísio \|last4\=Da Silva Campos \|first4\=Marcio José \|last5\=Fraga \|first5\=Marcelo Reis \|last6\=Vitral \|first6\=Robert Willer Farinazzo }} Many supernumerary teeth never erupt, but they may delay eruption of nearby teeth or cause other dental or orthodontic problems.{{cite journal \|doi\=10\.3109/00016357\.2010\.539979 \|pmid\=21142585 \|title\=Supernumerary teeth amongst Iranian orthodontic patients. A retrospective radiographic and clinical survey \|journal\=Acta Odontologica Scandinavica \|volume\=69 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=125–128 \|year\=2010 \|last1\=Vahid\-Dastjerdi \|first1\=Elaheh \|last2\=Borzabadi\-Farahani \|first2\=Ali \|last3\=Mahdian \|first3\=Mina \|last4\=Amini \|first4\=Nazila }}{{cite journal \|doi\=10\.1038/sj.bdj.2009\.1177 \|pmid\=20057458 \|title\=Revisiting the supernumerary: The epidemiological and molecular basis of extra teeth \|journal\=BDJ \|volume\=208 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=25–30 \|year\=2010 \|last1\=Fleming \|first1\=P. S \|last2\=Xavier \|first2\=G. M \|last3\=Dibiase \|first3\=A. T \|last4\=Cobourne \|first4\=M. T \|doi\-access\=free }} [Molar](/wiki/Molar_%28tooth%29 "Molar (tooth)")\-type extra teeth are the most common type. Dental X\-rays are often used to diagnose hyperdontia. It is suggested that supernumerary teeth develop from a third tooth bud arising from the [dental lamina](/wiki/Dental_lamina "Dental lamina") near the regular tooth bud or possibly from splitting the regular tooth bud itself. Supernumerary teeth in [deciduous (baby) teeth](/wiki/Deciduous_teeth "Deciduous teeth") are less common than in [permanent teeth](/wiki/Permanent_teeth "Permanent teeth"). ### Evolution Specific genes play a role in determining the number and pattern of teeth that develop in an individual, and mutations or variations in these genes can result in the formation of extra teeth. An individual can inherit a genetic predisposition to hyperdontia from its parents.Cakan, Derya Germec, et al. (2013\). “The genetic basis of dental anomalies and its relation to Orthodontics.” European Journal of Dentistry, {{doi\|10\.4103/1305\-7456\.119092}} If an individual with hyperdontia reproduces, their offspring have an increased likelihood of having the same condition, as their offspring have an increased likelihood of having the same condition because hyperdontia has been proposed as having an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. This is the result of mutations that can be passed on to offspring through several different genes associated with tooth development. The MSX1 and MSX2 genes are among the most well\-documented genetic factors associated with hyperdontia. Because these genes play a crucial role in tooth development and patterning, mutations in MSX1 and MSX2 can lead to the formation of extra teeth or changes in tooth number and shape. Additionally, mutations in the AXIN2 gene have been linked to hyperdontia and other anomalous dental traits. The AXIN2 gene is involved in regulating the Wnt signaling pathway, which plays a role in tooth development. Therefore, variations in this gene can disrupt tooth development and result in supernumerary teeth. PAX9 is another gene important to tooth development, and mutations in this gene have been associated with dental anomalies, including hyperdontia. PAX9 is involved in the formation of molar teeth, and disruptions in its function can lead to extra molars or changes in tooth morphology. The formation of teeth begins during embryonic development and is a process that is highly regulated by various signaling pathways, which, if disrupted as a result of genetic mutations or environmental factors, can lead to developmental anomalies, including hyperdontia. Tooth development begins with the formation of tooth buds in the jaw. The dental lamina is a band of tissue in the developing oral cavity that gives rise to tooth buds. Hyperactivity of the dental lamina, as well as disruption of the differentiation and morphogenesis stages of tooth development, can lead to the formation of extra tooth buds, which can develop into supernumerary teeth.Lu, Xi, et al. “The epidemiology of supernumerary teeth and the associated molecular mechanism.” Organogenesis, {{doi\|10\.1080/15476278\.2017\.1332554}}. Furthermore, some developmental syndromes or medical conditions may also result in hyperdontia. For instance, cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a genetic disorder that affects skeletal and dental development and is associated with the presence of supernumerary teeth. Trauma or injury to the oral cavity, particularly during tooth development, also has the potential to trigger the formation of supernumerary teeth because it disrupts normal tooth development. Occasionally, additional teeth may also arise from developmental anomalies like fusion or gemination. Fusion occurs when two tooth buds fuse together, creating a single, larger tooth. Gemination involves the incomplete division of a single tooth bud into two teeth. In some cases, these anomalies may take the form of the appearance of extra teeth. Evolutionarily, hyperdontia can be seen as a result of genetic variation. Although extra teeth may be a maladaptive trait in modern humans due to potential dental issues and crowding, whether individuals with supernumerary teeth have a benefit or disadvantage is unknown. In the context of human evolutionary history, dental care was virtually nonexistent, meaning that there was no way to address dental issues such as tooth decay, infection, or loss of teeth. Therefore, individuals with supernumerary teeth may have been better equipped to cope with dental problems, for the loss of necessary teeth could be alleviated by having extra teeth present so that chewing and processing food remained possible.Subasioglu, Aslı, et al. (2015\). “Genetic background of supernumerary teeth.” European Journal of Dentistry, {{doi\|10\.4103/1305\-7456\.149670}} Furthermore, ancestral diets were often tougher and required more extensive chewing, meaning that being in the possession of extra teeth could help to facilitate the consumption of fibrous plant material and raw foods. ### Related conditions Hyperdontia is seen in a number of disorders, including [Gardner's syndrome](/wiki/Gardner%27s_syndrome "Gardner's syndrome") and [cleidocranial dysostosis](/wiki/Cleidocranial_dysostosis "Cleidocranial dysostosis"), where multiple supernumerary teeth develop.{{Cite web \|title\=Gardner syndrome – About the Disease – Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center \|url\=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6482/gardner\-syndrome \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-02 \|website\=rarediseases.info.nih.gov \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|title\=Cleidocranial dysplasia – About the Disease – Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center \|url\=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6118/cleidocranial\-dysplasia \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-02 \|website\=rarediseases.info.nih.gov \|language\=en}} Other associated conditions are: [Cleidocranial dysplasia](/wiki/Cleidocranial_dysplasia "Cleidocranial dysplasia"), [Ehlers–Danlos syndrome](/wiki/Ehlers%E2%80%93Danlos_syndromes "Ehlers–Danlos syndromes") Type III, [Ellis–van Creveld syndrome](/wiki/Ellis%E2%80%93van_Creveld_syndrome "Ellis–van Creveld syndrome"), [Gardner's syndrome](/wiki/Gardner%27s_syndrome "Gardner's syndrome"), [Goldenhar syndrome](/wiki/Goldenhar_syndrome "Goldenhar syndrome"), [Hallermann–Streiff syndrome](/wiki/Hallermann%E2%80%93Streiff_syndrome "Hallermann–Streiff syndrome"), [Orofaciodigital syndrome](/wiki/Orofaciodigital_syndrome_1 "Orofaciodigital syndrome 1") type I, [Incontinentia pigmenti](/wiki/Incontinentia_pigmenti "Incontinentia pigmenti"), [Marfan syndrome](/wiki/Marfan_syndrome "Marfan syndrome"), [Nance–Horan syndrome](/wiki/Nance%E2%80%93Horan_syndrome "Nance–Horan syndrome"), and [Tricho\-rhino\-phalangeal syndrome Type 1](/wiki/Tricho-rhino-phalangeal_syndrome_Type_1 "Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome Type 1").
[ "Causes\n------", "There is evidence of hereditary factors along with some evidence of environmental factors leading to this condition. While a single excess tooth is relatively common, multiple hyperdontia is rare in people with no other associated diseases or syndromes.{{cite journal \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.ajodo.2010\\.02\\.038 \\|pmid\\=21967947 \\|title\\=Multiple hyperdontia: Report of an unusual case \\|journal\\=American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics \\|volume\\=140 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=580–584 \\|year\\=2011 \\|last1\\=Pereira \\|first1\\=Marilia Nalon \\|last2\\=De Almeida \\|first2\\=Luiz Eduardo \\|last3\\=Martins \\|first3\\=Marcelo Tarcísio \\|last4\\=Da Silva Campos \\|first4\\=Marcio José \\|last5\\=Fraga \\|first5\\=Marcelo Reis \\|last6\\=Vitral \\|first6\\=Robert Willer Farinazzo }} Many supernumerary teeth never erupt, but they may delay eruption of nearby teeth or cause other dental or orthodontic problems.{{cite journal \\|doi\\=10\\.3109/00016357\\.2010\\.539979 \\|pmid\\=21142585 \\|title\\=Supernumerary teeth amongst Iranian orthodontic patients. A retrospective radiographic and clinical survey \\|journal\\=Acta Odontologica Scandinavica \\|volume\\=69 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=125–128 \\|year\\=2010 \\|last1\\=Vahid\\-Dastjerdi \\|first1\\=Elaheh \\|last2\\=Borzabadi\\-Farahani \\|first2\\=Ali \\|last3\\=Mahdian \\|first3\\=Mina \\|last4\\=Amini \\|first4\\=Nazila }}{{cite journal \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/sj.bdj.2009\\.1177 \\|pmid\\=20057458 \\|title\\=Revisiting the supernumerary: The epidemiological and molecular basis of extra teeth \\|journal\\=BDJ \\|volume\\=208 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=25–30 \\|year\\=2010 \\|last1\\=Fleming \\|first1\\=P. S \\|last2\\=Xavier \\|first2\\=G. M \\|last3\\=Dibiase \\|first3\\=A. T \\|last4\\=Cobourne \\|first4\\=M. T \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} [Molar](/wiki/Molar_%28tooth%29 \"Molar (tooth)\")\\-type extra teeth are the most common type. Dental X\\-rays are often used to diagnose hyperdontia.", "It is suggested that supernumerary teeth develop from a third tooth bud arising from the [dental lamina](/wiki/Dental_lamina \"Dental lamina\") near the regular tooth bud or possibly from splitting the regular tooth bud itself. Supernumerary teeth in [deciduous (baby) teeth](/wiki/Deciduous_teeth \"Deciduous teeth\") are less common than in [permanent teeth](/wiki/Permanent_teeth \"Permanent teeth\").", "### Evolution", "Specific genes play a role in determining the number and pattern of teeth that develop in an individual, and mutations or variations in these genes can result in the formation of extra teeth. An individual can inherit a genetic predisposition to hyperdontia from its parents.Cakan, Derya Germec, et al. (2013\\). “The genetic basis of dental anomalies and its relation to Orthodontics.” European Journal of Dentistry, {{doi\\|10\\.4103/1305\\-7456\\.119092}} If an individual with hyperdontia reproduces, their offspring have an increased likelihood of having the same condition, as their offspring have an increased likelihood of having the same condition because hyperdontia has been proposed as having an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. This is the result of mutations that can be passed on to offspring through several different genes associated with tooth development. The MSX1 and MSX2 genes are among the most well\\-documented genetic factors associated with hyperdontia. Because these genes play a crucial role in tooth development and patterning, mutations in MSX1 and MSX2 can lead to the formation of extra teeth or changes in tooth number and shape. Additionally, mutations in the AXIN2 gene have been linked to hyperdontia and other anomalous dental traits. The AXIN2 gene is involved in regulating the Wnt signaling pathway, which plays a role in tooth development. Therefore, variations in this gene can disrupt tooth development and result in supernumerary teeth. PAX9 is another gene important to tooth development, and mutations in this gene have been associated with dental anomalies, including hyperdontia. PAX9 is involved in the formation of molar teeth, and disruptions in its function can lead to extra molars or changes in tooth morphology.", "The formation of teeth begins during embryonic development and is a process that is highly regulated by various signaling pathways, which, if disrupted as a result of genetic mutations or environmental factors, can lead to developmental anomalies, including hyperdontia. Tooth development begins with the formation of tooth buds in the jaw. The dental lamina is a band of tissue in the developing oral cavity that gives rise to tooth buds. Hyperactivity of the dental lamina, as well as disruption of the differentiation and morphogenesis stages of tooth development, can lead to the formation of extra tooth buds, which can develop into supernumerary teeth.Lu, Xi, et al. “The epidemiology of supernumerary teeth and the associated molecular mechanism.” Organogenesis, {{doi\\|10\\.1080/15476278\\.2017\\.1332554}}. \nFurthermore, some developmental syndromes or medical conditions may also result in hyperdontia. For instance, cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a genetic disorder that affects skeletal and dental development and is associated with the presence of supernumerary teeth. Trauma or injury to the oral cavity, particularly during tooth development, also has the potential to trigger the formation of supernumerary teeth because it disrupts normal tooth development. Occasionally, additional teeth may also arise from developmental anomalies like fusion or gemination. Fusion occurs when two tooth buds fuse together, creating a single, larger tooth. Gemination involves the incomplete division of a single tooth bud into two teeth. In some cases, these anomalies may take the form of the appearance of extra teeth.", "Evolutionarily, hyperdontia can be seen as a result of genetic variation. Although extra teeth may be a maladaptive trait in modern humans due to potential dental issues and crowding, whether individuals with supernumerary teeth have a benefit or disadvantage is unknown. In the context of human evolutionary history, dental care was virtually nonexistent, meaning that there was no way to address dental issues such as tooth decay, infection, or loss of teeth. Therefore, individuals with supernumerary teeth may have been better equipped to cope with dental problems, for the loss of necessary teeth could be alleviated by having extra teeth present so that chewing and processing food remained possible.Subasioglu, Aslı, et al. (2015\\). “Genetic background of supernumerary teeth.” European Journal of Dentistry, {{doi\\|10\\.4103/1305\\-7456\\.149670}}\n Furthermore, ancestral diets were often tougher and required more extensive chewing, meaning that being in the possession of extra teeth could help to facilitate the consumption of fibrous plant material and raw foods.", "### Related conditions", "Hyperdontia is seen in a number of disorders, including [Gardner's syndrome](/wiki/Gardner%27s_syndrome \"Gardner's syndrome\") and [cleidocranial dysostosis](/wiki/Cleidocranial_dysostosis \"Cleidocranial dysostosis\"), where multiple supernumerary teeth develop.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Gardner syndrome – About the Disease – Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center \\|url\\=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6482/gardner\\-syndrome \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-02 \\|website\\=rarediseases.info.nih.gov \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Cleidocranial dysplasia – About the Disease – Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center \\|url\\=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6118/cleidocranial\\-dysplasia \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-02 \\|website\\=rarediseases.info.nih.gov \\|language\\=en}}", "Other associated conditions are: [Cleidocranial dysplasia](/wiki/Cleidocranial_dysplasia \"Cleidocranial dysplasia\"), [Ehlers–Danlos syndrome](/wiki/Ehlers%E2%80%93Danlos_syndromes \"Ehlers–Danlos syndromes\") Type III, [Ellis–van Creveld syndrome](/wiki/Ellis%E2%80%93van_Creveld_syndrome \"Ellis–van Creveld syndrome\"), [Gardner's syndrome](/wiki/Gardner%27s_syndrome \"Gardner's syndrome\"), [Goldenhar syndrome](/wiki/Goldenhar_syndrome \"Goldenhar syndrome\"), [Hallermann–Streiff syndrome](/wiki/Hallermann%E2%80%93Streiff_syndrome \"Hallermann–Streiff syndrome\"), [Orofaciodigital syndrome](/wiki/Orofaciodigital_syndrome_1 \"Orofaciodigital syndrome 1\") type I, [Incontinentia pigmenti](/wiki/Incontinentia_pigmenti \"Incontinentia pigmenti\"), [Marfan syndrome](/wiki/Marfan_syndrome \"Marfan syndrome\"), [Nance–Horan syndrome](/wiki/Nance%E2%80%93Horan_syndrome \"Nance–Horan syndrome\"), and [Tricho\\-rhino\\-phalangeal syndrome Type 1](/wiki/Tricho-rhino-phalangeal_syndrome_Type_1 \"Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome Type 1\").", "" ]
Career ------ ### Early career at Megabox Jang graduated with a degree in economics and began his career as an office worker in the mobile telecommunications industry. Dissatisfied with the routine corporate environment at Shinsegi Telecommunications, he made the bold decision to leave and start his own business. After trying his hand at a web animation venture for two years, Jang realized he was seeking something more fulfilling. In early 2002, he secured a position at Megabox, where his interviewer saw his talent as a movie theater programmer. With dedication and perseverance, Jang rapidly progressed in his role, eventually leading the programming team.{{Cite web \|title\=(영화)관을 짜는 사람, 극장 프로그램팀의 A\-to\-Z \|url\=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\=109\&aid\=0001947181 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-21 \|website\=OSEN \|language\=ko \|via\=\[\[Naver]]}}{{Cite web \|date\=2014\-04\-12 \|title\=\[K\-프로듀서스] ⑭ NEW 영화 사업부문 장경익 대표 \|trans\-title\=\[K\-Producers] ⑭ NEW Jang Kyung\-ik, CEO of the Film Division \|url\=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/015/0003066761 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-22 \|website\=\[\[Naver News]] \|language\=ko}} As the head of Megabox's programming team, Jang Kyung\-ik was responsible for tasks such as theater placement and movie purchasing. His team determined which movies will be shown at Megabox's 19 theater sites nationwide. Despite not hiring film majors, the team consists of members with movie theater experience who judge movie success based on the preferences of the general audience. They focused on capturing audience emotions by carefully examining movie titles, posters, trailers, and considering press reactions, online community responses, and preview screenings. The team acknowledged the significant influence of word\-of\-mouth in the film industry.{{Cite web \|date\=2007\-04\-02 \|title\=극장 흥행 감별사, "관객의 눈높이 맞추는 것이 흥행포인트" \|url\=https://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/272409 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-22 \|website\=\[\[No Cut News]]}} During his seven years at Megabox, Jang had the opportunity to work closely with [Kim Woo\-taek](/wiki/Kim_Woo-taek "Kim Woo-taek"). In his role as team leader during his second to third year, Jang Kyung\-ik organized Japanese and European film festivals and launched the 'Movie On Style' brand. He actively engaged in marketing and distributing high\-art films, which he found immensely enjoyable. As Jang approached his mid\-30s, his love for movies grew stronger, solidifying his lifelong aspiration of a career in the film industry. When considering the idea of starting a film company, [Kim Woo\-taek](/wiki/Kim_Woo-taek "Kim Woo-taek") proposed that they embark on the venture together.{{Cite web \|last\=w\_admin \|date\=2013\-10\-10 \|title\=신세계의 영화 \|url\=http://t1\.wkorea.com/2013/10/10/%ec%8b%a0%ec%84%b8%ea%b3%84%ec%9d%98\-%ec%98%81%ed%99%94/ \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-21 \|website\=W korea \|language\=ko\-KR}} ### Establistment of Next Entertainment World (NEW) In 2008, Jang joined [Kim Woo\-taek](/wiki/Kim_Woo-taek "Kim Woo-taek") to establish [Next Entertainment World](/wiki/Next_Entertainment_World "Next Entertainment World") (NEW), along with Kim Hyeong\-cheol, Kim Jae\-min, and Park Jun\-kyung. Jang led the film division, Kim Hyeong\-cheol oversaw investments, Kim Jae\-min managed distribution, and Park Jun\-kyung handled marketing. The name 'NEW' symbolized their commitment to innovation and fresh starts, mirroring the anticipation of a new year. Embracing their company name, they prioritize creativity and steer clear of outdated concepts. Jang, along with [Kim Woo\-taek](/wiki/Kim_Woo-taek "Kim Woo-taek"), has fostered a 'club culture' at the company, emphasizing minimal meetings and a focus on individual responsibility and communication. The company's success in the film industry is attributed to its open communication system, where employees feel comfortable expressing opposing views regardless of their position. This spontaneous and collegiate atmosphere allows for thorough discussions and decision\-making processes, prioritizing consensus over speed. NEW's approach to investing and distributing movies values collective responsibility and flexibility in handling both successes and failures. The company's unique structure, focusing solely on investment and distribution without owning multiplexes, highlights the importance of external factors in their decision\-making processes.{{Cite web \|last\=Kim \|first\=Hyo\-jeong \|date\=2013\-09\-15 \|title\="실패에 대한 책임을 묻지 않는다" \|trans\-title\="No accountability for failure" \|url\=http://weekly.chosun.com/news/articleView.html?idxno\=6213 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-21 \|website\=\[\[Weekly Chosun]] \|language\=ko}} In 2010 NEW distributed nine mid\-range or low\-budget films, including [Poongsan](/wiki/Poongsan "Poongsan") and [Blind](/wiki/Blind_%282011_film%29 "Blind (2011 film)"). Among them, six films exceeded the break\-even point. The success rate is 66\.7%. This is a surprising figure, considering that only 24\.6% of Korean films released last year earned profit (estimated by the Korea Film Council).{{Cite web \|date\=2012\-03\-19 \|title\="불리한 현실이 우리에게는 강점이 되었다" \|trans\-title\="The unfavourable reality has become a strength for us" \|url\=http://www.sisajournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno\=134336 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-22 \|website\=\[\[Sisa Journal]] \|language\=ko}} In 2012, the company had a major impact with the release of hit films like *[Unbowed](/wiki/Unbowed "Unbowed"),* *[All About My Wife](/wiki/All_About_My_Wife "All About My Wife")*, *[The Grand Heist](/wiki/The_Grand_Heist "The Grand Heist")*, and [*Pietà*](/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_%28film%29 "Pietà (film)").{{Cite web \|last\=Kim \|first\=Gun\-woo \|title\=NEW의 흥행타율 비결요? '싸이스러움' 이랄까요 \|trans\-title\=The secret of NEW's box office hit rate? It's like 'psysiness'. \|url\=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/008/0002920559 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-21 \|website\=\[\[Naver News]] \|language\=ko}} These movies exceeded expectations in the third quarter of 2012, defying market predictions. Director [Chung Ji\-young](/wiki/Chung_Ji-young "Chung Ji-young")'s comeback film after a 13\-year break, *[Unbowed](/wiki/Unbowed "Unbowed"),* produced and distributed by Aura Pictures, had a modest budget of ₩1\.5 billion, including marketing and production costs.{{cite news \|date\=31 January 2012 \|title\=Low\-Budget Film 'Unbowed' Sweeps Box Office \|url\=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\_dir/2012/01/31/2012013101663\.html \|access\-date\=2012\-11\-18 \|work\=\[\[The Chosun Ilbo]]}} Director Chung thanked the actors for their commitment to the project despite receiving minimal pay.{{cite web \|last\=Lee \|first\=Claire \|date\=22 November 2012 \|title\=Director examines the world of Korean cinema \|url\=http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\=20121122000889 \|access\-date\=2012\-11\-25 \|work\=\[\[The Korea Herald]] \|archive\-date\=2012\-11\-24 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124204237/http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\=20121122000889 \|url\-status\=dead }} The film received a 13\-minute ovation at its premiere at the [2011 Busan International Film Festival](/wiki/16th_Busan_International_Film_Festival "16th Busan International Film Festival").{{cite web \|last\=Lee \|first\=Hyo\-won \|date\=22 December 2011 \|title\='Unbowed' brings gripping, honest realism \|url\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2011/12/141\_101366\.html \|access\-date\=2012\-11\-18 \|work\=\[\[The Korea Times]]}}{{cite web \|date\=8 May 2012 \|title\=Korean movie 'Unbowed' to open FIFF \|url\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/10/141\_110543\.html \|access\-date\=2012\-11\-18 \|work\=\[\[The Korea Times]]}} The movie was released on January 18, 2012, during the Lunar New Year holiday. Initially, it was shown on 245 screens, the second lowest among the films released that day. However, its popularity grew, and the number of screens increased to 456 by January 24, before dropping to 389 the next day. By January 26, the film had attracted 1\.4 million viewers,{{cite web \|date\=26 January 2012 \|title\='Unbowed' flying high at box office, reviving attention to forgotten case \|url\=http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\=20120126000840 \|access\-date\=2012\-11\-18 \|work\=\[\[The Korea Herald]]}} mainly due to positive word of mouth, making it an unexpected box office hit. According to the Korean Film Council (KOFIC), Unbowed was the third most\-watched film in South Korea in the first quarter of 2012, with a total of 3\.4 million viewers.{{cite web \|last\=Hong \|first\=Lucia \|date\=9 April 2012 \|title\=Korean movies notch up higher number in 1Q ticket sales \|url\=http://us.tenasia.co.kr/archives/10499 \|access\-date\=2012\-11\-18 \|work\=10Asia}}{{cite web \|title\=Unbowed (2011\) \|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/films/index/filmsView.jsp?movieCd\=20113535 \|access\-date\=2012\-04\-25 \|work\=Korean Film Biz Zone \|publisher\=Korean Film Council}} *[All About My Wife](/wiki/All_About_My_Wife "All About My Wife")*, released after the success of Architecture *[Architecture 101](/wiki/Architecture_101 "Architecture 101")*, was not anticipated to perform well at the box office. Surprisingly, during its opening weekend from May 18 to 20, the film surpassed expectations by selling 594,195 tickets. It secured the top position at the local box office, holding surpassing Hollywood blockbusters such as *[The Avengers](/wiki/The_Avengers_%282012_film%29 "The Avengers (2012 film)")* and *[Men in Black 3](/wiki/Men_in_Black_3 "Men in Black 3")*.Hong, Lucia (21 May 2012\). ["*All About My Wife* makes debut atop local box office, pushes *The Avengers* moves down to No. 2"](http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012052108442238226). *10Asia*. Retrieved 2013\-02\-03\.Oh, Mi\-jung (3 June 2012\). ["*All About My Wife* Hit 2\.5 Million Mark Faster than *Architecture 101*"](https://archive.today/20130128222831/http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=7511). *enewsWorld*. Retrieved 2013\-02\-03\.["*All About My Wife* Hits 3 Million Viewers"](http://www.soompi.com/2012/06/10/all-about-my-wife-hits-3-million-viewers/). *[Soompi](/wiki/Soompi "Soompi")*. 10 June 2012\. Retrieved 2013\-02\-03\.{{cite web \|date\=24 June 2012 \|title\=''All About My Wife'' Having Breakthrough Of 4 Million Domestic Audience Comes To Theaters In North America \|url\=http://en.koreaportal.com/articles/4282/20120624/all\-about\-my\-wife\-north\-america\-international\-film\-festivals.htm \|accessdate\=2013\-02\-03 \|work\=Korea Portal}}{{cite web \|date\=9 July 2012 \|title\=Box office, June 16–30 \|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/reports.jsp?mode\=VIEW\&seq\=231 \|accessdate\=2013\-02\-03 \|work\=Korean Film Council}} In just 19 days after its release, *[The Grand Heist](/wiki/The_Grand_Heist "The Grand Heist")* captured an audience of 4 million viewers, making it the seventh Korean film in 2012 to achieve this milestone.{{cite web \|last\=Lee \|first\=Claire \|date\=27 August 2012 \|title\=Korean movies dominate box office \|url\=http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud\=20120827000940 \|accessdate\=2012\-11\-18 \|work\=\[\[The Korea Herald]]}} The movie's total admissions reached slightly over [4\.9 million](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_South_Korea "List of highest-grossing films in South Korea").{{cite web \|date\=4 September 2012 \|title\=''The Grand Heist'' Lures 4\.6 Million Cinemagoers \|url\=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\_dir/2012/09/04/2012090400975\.html \|accessdate\=2012\-11\-18 \|work\=\[\[The Chosun Ilbo]]}}{{cite web \|date\=7 September 2012 \|title\=''The Grand Heist'' 2nd top\-selling homegrown film for 2012 \|url\=https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/09/141\_119400\.html \|access\-date\=2012\-11\-18 \|work\=\[\[The Korea Times]]}} In its first week, the film ranked second at the box office, grossing ₩9,615,802,659\.{{cite web \|title\=South Korea Box Office: August 10–12, 2012 \|url\=https://boxofficemojo.com/intl/korea/?yr\=2012\&wk\=32\&currency\=local\&p\=.htm \|accessdate\=2013\-01\-26 \|work\=\[\[Box Office Mojo]]}} Over five weeks, it amassed a domestic total of ₩33,693,067,319,{{cite web \|title\=South Korea Box Office: September 7–9, 2012 \|url\=https://boxofficemojo.com/intl/korea/?yr\=2012\&wk\=36\&currency\=local\&p\=.htm \|accessdate\=2013\-01\-26 \|work\=\[\[Box Office Mojo]]}} establishing itself as a standout among other summer hits like *[The Amazing Spider\-Man](/wiki/The_Amazing_Spider-Man_%28film%29 "The Amazing Spider-Man (film)")*, *The Last Night*, *[The Dark Knight Rises](/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Rises "The Dark Knight Rises")*, and *[The Thieves](/wiki/The_Thieves "The Thieves")*. *[Pietà](/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_%28film%29 "Pietà (film)")*, directed by [Kim Ki\-duk](/wiki/Kim_Ki-duk "Kim Ki-duk"), emerged as an unexpected success.{{Cite web \|title\=\[인터뷰] NEW 영화사업부 장경익 대표 ① 방향 "편당 수익률 높이고 싶다" \|trans\-title\=\[Interview] NEW Jang Kyung\-ik, CEO of the film business department, ① direction "I want to increase the rate of return per episode" \|url\=https://www.maxmovie.com/news/111136 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-22 \|website\=맥스무비 \|language\=ko}} It premiered on September 4, 2012, at the [69th Venice International Film Festival](/wiki/69th_Venice_International_Film_Festival "69th Venice International Film Festival"),{{cite web \|last\=Rachel Lee \|first\=Kwaak Je\-yup \|date\=29 August 2012 \|title\=Kim Ki\-duk's ''Pieta'' in competition at Venice \|url\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/08/141\_118529\.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616163540/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/08/141\_118529\.html \|archive\-date\=16 June 2016 \|access\-date\=18 May 2016 \|publisher\=\[\[The Korea Times]]}} where it won the prestigious [Golden Lion](/wiki/Golden_Lion "Golden Lion").{{cite web \|last\=Ji \|first\=Yong\-jin \|date\=10 September 2012 \|title\=Venice chooses KIM Ki\-duk \|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode\=VIEW\&seq\=1889 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502003631/http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode\=VIEW\&seq\=1889 \|archive\-date\=2 May 2014 \|access\-date\=11 September 2012 \|publisher\=Korean Film Biz Zone}}{{cite web \|date\=10 September 2012 \|title\=Outsider Kim Ki\-duk's ''Pieta'' Wins Top Prize in Venice \|url\=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\_dir/2012/09/10/2012091000707\.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912233416/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\_dir/2012/09/10/2012091000707\.html \|archive\-date\=12 September 2012 \|access\-date\=13 September 2012 \|publisher\=\[\[The Chosun Ilbo]]}} This marked the first time a Korean film had claimed the top prize at one of the major international film festivals—[Venice](/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival "Venice Film Festival"), [Cannes](/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival "Cannes Film Festival") and [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival "Berlin International Film Festival").{{cite web \|date\=9 September 2012 \|title\=Venice festival winner a hard\-hitting morality tale \|url\=http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud\=20120909000066 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602162903/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\=20120909000066 \|archive\-date\=2 June 2020 \|access\-date\=10 September 2012 \|publisher\=\[\[The Korea Herald]]}}{{cite web \|last\=Lee \|first\=Claire \|date\=9 September 2012 \|title\=Kim Ki\-duk becomes 1st Korean director to win top film prize at Venice \|url\=http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud\=20120909000013 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602162934/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\=20120909000013 \|archive\-date\=2 June 2020 \|access\-date\=10 September 2012 \|publisher\=\[\[The Korea Herald]]}}{{cite web \|last\=Lee \|first\=Claire \|date\=9 September 2012 \|title\=Former laborer becomes acclaimed filmmaker \|url\=http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud\=20120909000304 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602162903/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\=20120909000304 \|archive\-date\=2 June 2020 \|access\-date\=10 September 2012 \|publisher\=\[\[The Korea Herald]]}}{{cite web \|date\=9 September 2012 \|title\=Kim Ki\-duk: from monster with 'inferiority complex' to master director \|url\=http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud\=20120909000065 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916095639/http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud\=20120909000065 \|archive\-date\=16 September 2012 \|access\-date\=10 September 2012 \|publisher\=\[\[The Korea Herald]]}}{{cite web \|last\=Kim \|first\=Ji\-soo \|date\=9 September 2012 \|title\=Director Kim Ki\-duk takes Venice \|url\=http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/09/141\_119491\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308182714/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/09/141\_119491\.html \|archive\-date\=8 March 2016 \|access\-date\=10 September 2012 \|publisher\=\[\[The Korea Times]]}}{{cite web \|last\=Park \|first\=Eun\-jee \|date\=10 September 2012 \|title\=In dramatic style, Kim makes movie history \|url\=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid\=2959186 \|url\-status\=usurped \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911203806/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid\=2959186 \|archive\-date\=11 September 2012 \|publisher\=\[\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]}} Following its festival acclaim, Pieta was released theatrically in South Korea on September 6, 2012\.{{cite web \|last\=Kwaak \|first\=Je\-yup \|date\=6 September 2012 \|title\=''Pieta'' filled with bloody revenge \|url\=https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/09/141\_119265\.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909204404/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/09/141\_119265\.html \|archive\-date\=9 September 2012 \|access\-date\=10 September 2012 \|publisher\=\[\[The Korea Times]]}}{{cite web \|last\=Lee \|first\=Claire \|date\=6 September 2012 \|title\=Kim Ki\-duk returns with brutal revenge tale \|url\=http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud\=20120906001119 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923085014/https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\=20120906001119 \|archive\-date\=23 September 2023 \|access\-date\=10 September 2012 \|publisher\=\[\[The Korea Herald]]}}{{cite web \|last\=Cho \|first\=Chung\-un \|date\=10 September 2012 \|title\=Can ''Pieta'' enjoy success at home? \|url\=http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud\=20120910001115 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923085000/https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\=20120910001115 \|archive\-date\=23 September 2023 \|access\-date\=12 September 2012 \|publisher\=\[\[The Korea Herald]]}}{{cite web \|date\=11 September 2012 \|title\='Memory of teen years hit him at most honorable moment in Venice' \|url\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/09/141\_119686\.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611212703/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/09/141\_119686\.html \|archive\-date\=11 June 2016 \|access\-date\=18 May 2016 \|publisher\=\[\[The Korea Times]]}}{{cite web \|date\=13 September 2012 \|title\=Golden Lion Winner Explains 'Shabby' Venice Outfit \|url\=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\_dir/2012/09/13/2012091301266\.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913234135/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\_dir/2012/09/13/2012091301266\.html \|archive\-date\=13 September 2012 \|access\-date\=13 September 2012 \|publisher\=\[\[The Chosun Ilbo]]}} The film's distribution rights were secured by 20 countries, including [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"), [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia"), [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway"), [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"), [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong"), and [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece").{{cite web \|last\=Kim \|first\=Hyun\-min \|date\=10 September 2012 \|title\=Director KIM Ki\-duk's reputation goes world\-wide \|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode\=VIEW\&seq\=1890 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502002544/http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode\=VIEW\&seq\=1890 \|archive\-date\=2 May 2014 \|access\-date\=11 September 2012 \|publisher\=Korean Film Biz Zone}} Notably, [Drafthouse Films](/wiki/Alamo_Drafthouse_Cinema%23Drafthouse_Films "Alamo Drafthouse Cinema#Drafthouse Films") an independent distributor, handled the [North American](/wiki/North_America "North America") theatrical release of *Pietà*.{{cite web \|last\=Cangialosi \|first\=Jason \|date\=19 October 2012 \|title\=Drafthouse Films Acquires Korean Oscar Contender, Kim Ki\-duk's ''Pietà'' \|url\=http://voices.yahoo.com/drafthouse\-films\-acquires\-korean\-oscar\-contender\-kim\-11816219\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729043850/http://voices.yahoo.com/drafthouse\-films\-acquires\-korean\-oscar\-contender\-kim\-11816219\.html \|archive\-date\=29 July 2014 \|publisher\=\[\[Yahoo! Voices]]}} Building on its success in 2012, NEW continued to captivate audiences in 2013 with hits like *[Miracle in Cell No. 7](/wiki/Miracle_in_Cell_No._7 "Miracle in Cell No. 7")*. The film quickly gained popularity, attracting 4\.6 million admissions and earning over US$30 million within the first two weeks of its release. Despite facing competition from *[The Berlin File](/wiki/The_Berlin_File "The Berlin File")*, the film saw a 15% increase in audience numbers in its third week, with seat bookings reaching an impressive 75\.8%.{{cite web \|last\=Hong \|first\=Grace Danbi \|date\=4 February 2013 \|title\='The Gift of Room 7' Breaks 4 Million Views in 12 Days \|url\=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx\=28264 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130505230718/http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx\=28264 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=May 5, 2013 \|access\-date\=2013\-02\-05 \|work\=enewsWorld \|publisher\=CJ E\&M}}{{cite web \|last\=Kim \|first\=Hyun\-min \|date\=5 February 2013 \|title\=THE BERLIN FILE is No. 1 in First Week of Release; MIRACLE IN CELL NO. 7 Also Performing Well \|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode\=VIEW\&seq\=2219 \|access\-date\=2013\-02\-06 \|work\=Korean Film Council}}{{cite web \|last\=Paquet \|first\=Darcy \|date\=7 February 2013 \|title\=Box Office: January 24\-February 6, 2013 \|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/reports.jsp?blbdComCd\=601008\&seq\=246\&mode\=VIEW \|access\-date\=2013\-02\-10 \|work\=Korean Film Council}} Within just 32 days, the film achieved a significant milestone by becoming the eighth film in Korean cinema history to surpass 10 million ticket sales.{{cite web \|date\=25 February 2013 \|title\='Miracle in Cell No. 7' Draws Over 10 Million Viewers \|url\=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\_dir/2013/02/25/2013022500660\.html \|access\-date\=2013\-02\-25 \|work\=\[\[The Chosun Ilbo]]}}{{cite web \|last\=Moon \|first\=Gwang\-lip \|date\=25 February 2013 \|title\=Ryu Seung\-ryong joins top actor club \|url\=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid\=2967600 \|url\-status\=usurped \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302215724/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid\=2967600 \|archive\-date\=2013\-03\-02 \|access\-date\=2013\-02\-25 \|work\=\[\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]}}{{cite web \|date\=18 February 2013 \|title\='Miracle in Cell No. 7' grabs 9 mil. viewers \|url\=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/culturesports/2013/02/18/26/0701000000AEN20130218010200320F.HTML \|access\-date\=2013\-02\-20 \|work\=\[\[Yonhap]]}}{{cite web \|last\=Conran \|first\=Pierce \|date\=25 February 2013 \|title\=MIRACLE IN CELL NO. 7 Soars Past 10 Million Admissions \|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode\=VIEW\&seq\=2272 \|access\-date\=2013\-02\-26 \|work\=Korean Film Council}} This was remarkable considering the film's modest budget and break\-even point of 1\.7 million admissions, making it the most profitable among all films that reached the 10 million mark.{{cite web \|last\=Ji \|first\=Yong\-jin \|date\=26 February 2013 \|title\=Mighty Start, Bright Prospect \|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode\=VIEW\&seq\=2277 \|access\-date\=2013\-03\-04 \|work\=Korean Film Council}} Continuing its success, the film surpassed 12 million viewers within 46 days of its release.{{cite web \|last\=Lee \|first\=Eun\-sun \|date\=6 March 2013 \|title\=MIRACLE IN CELL NO. 7 Is 5th Most Popular Korean Film \|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode\=VIEW\&seq\=2294 \|access\-date\=2013\-03\-12 \|work\=Korean Film Council}}{{cite web \|date\=11 March 2013 \|title\='Miracle in Cell No. 7' exceeds 12 million mark \|url\=http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\=20130311000663 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314192207/http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\=20130311000663 \|archive\-date\=2013\-03\-14 \|access\-date\=2013\-03\-12 \|work\=\[\[The Korea Herald]]}} By March 15, 2013, 52 days after its premiere, ticket sales reached 12\.32 million, securing its position as the [seventh highest grossing Korean film of all time](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_South_Korea "List of highest-grossing films in South Korea").{{cite web \|date\=15 March 2013 \|title\='Miracle in Cell No. 7' third most\-viewed Korean film \|url\=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/culturesports/2013/03/15/27/0701000000AEN20130315007900315F.HTML \|access\-date\=2013\-03\-20 \|work\=\[\[Yonhap]]}}{{cite web \|date\=15 March 2013 \|title\='Miracle in Cell No. 7' third most\-viewed Korean film \|url\=http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\=20130315000902 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320023347/http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\=20130315000902 \|archive\-date\=2013\-03\-20 \|access\-date\=2013\-03\-20 \|work\=\[\[The Korea Herald]]}}{{cite web \|last\=Ji \|first\=Yong\-jin \|date\=19 March 2013 \|title\=MIRACLE IN CELL NO. 7 Passes MASQUERADE to Become 3rd Most Successful Korean Film \|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode\=VIEW\&seq\=2324 \|access\-date\=2013\-03\-20 \|work\=Korean Film Council}} NEW outperformed competitors like CJ E\&M, Showbox, and Lotte, claiming the top spot in terms of audience with successful films like *[Miracle in Cell No. 7](/wiki/Miracle_in_Cell_No._7 "Miracle in Cell No. 7")*, *[Hide and Seek](/wiki/Hide_and_Seek_%282013_film%29 "Hide and Seek (2013 film)")* (5\.6 Million viewers), and *[New World](/wiki/New_World_%282013_film%29 "New World (2013 film)")* (4\.68 Million viewers).{{Cite web \|last\= \|date\=2020\-07\-23 \|title\=\[김지수의 인터스텔라] '태양의 후예' 만든 New 김우택 대표 "사업계획 세워본 적 없다, 직원들과 꿈을 공유할 뿐!" \|trans\-title\=\[Kim Ji\-soo's interstellar] 'New CEO Kim Woo\-taek, a descendant of the sun, "I've never made a business plan, I just share my dreams with my employees!" \|url\=https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html\_dir/2016/04/15/2016041502637\.html \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-10 \|website\=\[\[The Chosun Ilbo]] \|language\=ko}}{{Cite web \|last\=Kim \|first\=Ji\-soo \|title\=\[ 人side Dream] '태양의 후예' 만든 New 김우택 대표 "사업계획 세워본 적 없다, 직원들과 꿈을 공유할 뿐!" \|trans\-title\=\[ 人side Dream] 'New CEO Kim Woo\-taek, a descendant of the sun, "I've never made a business plan, I just share my dreams with my employees!" \|url\=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/366/0000323834 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-21 \|website\=\[\[Naver News]] \|language\=ko}} *[The Attorney](/wiki/The_Attorney "The Attorney")* marked director [Yang Woo\-suk](/wiki/Yang_Woo-suk "Yang Woo-suk")'s directorial debut and was the third work by withUs Film.{{Cite web \|date\=2013\-12\-17 \|title\=이 영화의 변호인은 관객이다 \|trans\-title\=The audience is the attorney of this movie \|url\=http://cine21\.com/news/view/?mag\_id\=75277 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-07 \|website\=\[\[Cine21]] \|language\=ko}} The film drew inspiration from the real\-life Burim case that unfolded in 1981 during the authoritarian [Chun Doo\-hwan](/wiki/Chun_Doo-hwan "Chun Doo-hwan") regime. It follows the transformative journey of Song Woo\-seok, portrayed by [Song Kang\-ho](/wiki/Song_Kang-ho "Song Kang-ho"), a struggling tax lawyer who faces five intense trials and forms significant relationships along the way.{{Cite web \|date\=2013\-11\-22 \|title\='변호인' 위해 뭉친 드림팀, 완성작 기다려지는 또 하나의 이유 \|trans\-title\=Another reason why the dream team united for the 'law lawyer' is to be completed \|url\=http://www.tvdaily.co.kr/read.php3?aid\=1385081546609094008 \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-02 \|website\=tvdaily.co.kr}} The concept for the movie was conceived by [Choi Jae\-won](/wiki/Choi_Jae-won "Choi Jae-won") (withUs Film CEO) and [Yang Woo\-suk](/wiki/Yang_Woo-suk "Yang Woo-suk") around early May 2012\.{{Cite web \|title\=영화 '변호인' 왜 '변호사'가 아니라 '변호인'일까? \|trans\-title\=Why is the movie 'The Lawyer' not a 'Lawyer' but a 'Lawyer'? \|url\=http://www.kookje.co.kr/news2011/asp/newsbody.asp?code\=0500\&key\=20131227\.99002103251 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-10 \|website\=국제신문}} In 2013, NEW's performance was highlighted by its successful acquisition of the distribution rights for the film *[The Attorney](/wiki/The_Attorney "The Attorney").* The film was inspired by the real\-life Burim case from 1981 during the [Chun Doo\-hwan](/wiki/Chun_Doo-hwan "Chun Doo-hwan") regime. Starring [Song Kang\-ho](/wiki/Song_Kang-ho "Song Kang-ho") as Song Woo\-seok, a tax lawyer navigating five intense trials, the film explores his transformative journey and significant relationships. The idea for the movie was developed by [Choi Jae\-won](/wiki/Choi_Jae-won "Choi Jae-won") (withUs Film CEO) and [Yang Woo\-suk](/wiki/Yang_Woo-suk "Yang Woo-suk") in May 2012\. *The Attorney* marked director Yang Woo\-suk's directorial debut and was the third work by withUs Film. CJ and Showbox had expressed interest in distributing the film, However, Jang and NEW's CEO [Kim Woo\-taek](/wiki/Kim_Woo-taek "Kim Woo-taek") intervened, and personally contacted Choi Jae\-won. Eventually, withUs Film and NEW signed an investment and distribution agreement. *The Attorney*, with a production cost of ₩7\.5 billion, was a huge success, selling over 11 million tickets and earning ₩82\.9 billion. It is currently the 15th highest\-selling Korean film of all time and was the second highest\-grossing Korean film in 2013\.{{cite web \|author\=Stephen Cremin \|date\=8 July 2014 \|title\=Market share of South Korean films plummets \|url\=http://www.filmbiz.asia/news/market\-share\-of\-south\-korean\-films\-plummets \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714075132/http://www.filmbiz.asia/news/market\-share\-of\-south\-korean\-films\-plummets \|archive\-date\=14 July 2014 \|access\-date\=9 July 2014 \|website\=\[\[Film Business Asia]]}}{{cite web \|author\=Pierce Conran \|date\=6 February 2014 \|title\=THE ATTORNEY Climbs to 8th on All Time Chart \|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode\=VIEW\&seq\=2910 \|access\-date\=6 October 2014 \|website\=Korean Film Biz Zone}}{{cite web \|title\=The Best Selling Films of 2013 \|url\=http://koreanfilm.org/kfilm13\.html \|access\-date\=6 October 2014 \|website\=Koreanfilm.org}} After 2013, 2014 was a period of recession for New. The ambitiously released Sea Fog and the action film Big Match failed commercially. Jang saw this as a period of downturn and reorganized the organization.{{Cite web \|date\=2015\-08\-24 \|title\="과 , 다른 영화 아니다" \|url\=https://star.ohmynews.com/NWS\_Web/OhmyStar/at\_pg.aspx?CNTN\_CD\=A0002137217 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-22 \|website\=\[\[OhmyStar]] \|language\=ko}} 2016 marked NEW's biggest boom since its inception. The drama business sector saw significant success in the first half of the year, with *[Descendants of the Sun](/wiki/Descendants_of_the_Sun "Descendants of the Sun")* becoming a massive hit, surpassing 38% in viewership ratings. The film business sector also saw significant success, with *[Train to Busan](/wiki/Train_to_Busan "Train to Busan")* becoming a massive hit after premiering in the Midnight Screenings section of the [2016 Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/2016_Cannes_Film_Festival "2016 Cannes Film Festival") on May 13\.{{cite web \|date\=14 April 2016 \|title\=Cannes 2016: Film Festival Unveils Official Selection Lineup \|url\=https://variety.com/2016/film/festivals/cannes\-film\-festival\-official\-selection\-lineup\-2016\-1201753269/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414205534/https://variety.com/2016/film/festivals/cannes\-film\-festival\-official\-selection\-lineup\-2016\-1201753269/ \|archive\-date\=14 April 2016 \|access\-date\=14 April 2016 \|work\=Variety}}{{cite web \|date\=2 May 2016 \|title\='Train to Busan' to screen at Cannes \|url\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/05/201\_203819\.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604104647/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/05/201\_203819\.html \|archive\-date\=4 June 2016 \|access\-date\=8 July 2016 \|work\=\[\[The Korea Times]]}}{{cite web \|date\=19 July 2016 \|title\=Zombies fail to impress in 'Train to Busan' \|url\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/07/141\_209780\.html \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817182132/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/07/141\_209780\.html \|archive\-date\=17 August 2016 \|access\-date\=20 July 2016}}{{cite news \|last\=Chen \|first\=Heather \|date\=3 August 2016 \|title\=Train to Busan: Zombie film takes S Korea by storm \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-asia\-36939395 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806083000/http://www.bbc.com/news/world\-asia\-36939395 \|archive\-date\=6 August 2016 \|access\-date\=22 August 2016 \|publisher\=BBC News}} It became the first Korean film of 2016 to surpass 10 million theatergoers on August 7, breaking audience records. The film's success continued at the box office, grossing $80\.5 million in South Korea, $2\.2 million in the United States and Canada, and $15\.8 million in other territories. The cumulative worldwide gross reached an impressive $98\.5 million, compared to its budget of $8\.5 million.{{cite web \|title\=Busanhaeng (2016\) \|url\=https://m.the\-numbers.com/movie/Busanhaeng\-(south\-korea)\#tab\=summary \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216210209/https://m.the\-numbers.com/movie/Busanhaeng\-(south\-korea)\#tab\=summary \|archive\-date\=16 December 2019 \|access\-date\=19 July 2020 \|website\=\[\[The Numbers (website)\|The Numbers]]}}{{cite journal \|last\=Noh \|first\=Jean \|date\=13 August 2018 \|title\='Train To Busan' director Yeon Sang\-ho working on sequel \|url\=https://www.screendaily.com/news/train\-to\-busan\-director\-yeon\-sang\-ho\-working\-on\-sequel/5131622\.article \|url\-status\=live \|journal\=\[\[Screen Daily]] \|publisher\=Media Business Insight Limited \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921015736/https://www.screendaily.com/news/train\-to\-busan\-director\-yeon\-sang\-ho\-working\-on\-sequel/5131622\.article \|archive\-date\=21 September 2018 \|access\-date\=21 November 2018}} The film, directed by [Yeon Sang\-ho](/wiki/Yeon_Sang-ho "Yeon Sang-ho"), is built upon an original story conceived by Park Joo\-suk.{{cite web \|date\=27 July 2016 \|title\=\[스페셜] \<부산행\> 스탭들이 재구성한 영화 촬영현장 \|url\=http://www.cine21\.com/news/view/?mag\_id\=84792 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019232604/http://www.cine21\.com/news/view/?mag\_id\=84792 \|archive\-date\=19 October 2021 \|access\-date\=17 October 2021 \|website\=\[\[Cine21]]}}{{cite web \|title\=Train to Busan (2016\) – Yeon Sang\-ho \|url\=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/train\-to\-busan\-v658929 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112021914/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/train\-to\-busan\-v658929 \|archive\-date\=12 November 2019 \|access\-date\=19 March 2020 \|website\=\[\[AllMovie]]}} It features a talented cast including [Gong Yoo](/wiki/Gong_Yoo "Gong Yoo"), [Jung Yu\-mi](/wiki/Jung_Yu-mi_%28actress%2C_born_1983%29 "Jung Yu-mi (actress, born 1983)"), [Ma Dong\-seok](/wiki/Ma_Dong-seok "Ma Dong-seok"), [Kim Su\-an](/wiki/Kim_Su-an "Kim Su-an"), [Choi Woo\-shik](/wiki/Choi_Woo-shik "Choi Woo-shik"), [Ahn So\-hee](/wiki/Ahn_So-hee "Ahn So-hee") and [Kim Eui\-sung](/wiki/Kim_Eui-sung "Kim Eui-sung").{{cite web \|last\=Kay \|first\=Jeremy \|date\=9 June 2016 \|title\=Well Go USA Entertainment boards 'Train To Busan' \|url\=https://www.screendaily.com/distribution/well\-go\-usa\-entertainment\-boards\-train\-to\-busan/5104736\.article \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042046/https://www.screendaily.com/distribution/well\-go\-usa\-entertainment\-boards\-train\-to\-busan/5104736\.article \|archive\-date\=15 October 2018 \|access\-date\=10 June 2016 \|work\=\[\[Screen Daily]]}} The majority of the story unfolds on a [KTX](/wiki/Korea_Train_Express "Korea Train Express") train journey from [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul "Seoul") to [Busan](/wiki/Busan "Busan") where a sudden [zombie apocalypse](/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse "Zombie apocalypse") erupts in the country, jeopardizing the safety of the passengers. ### Studio\&NEW Studio\&NEW (스튜디오앤뉴) was established in September 2016 with the objective of delivering high\-quality content in the movie and drama sectors, drawing upon the production capabilities demonstrated in Descendants of the Sun.{{Cite web \|title\=드라마도 NEW, 영화도 NEW, 스튜디오앤뉴 라인업 \|url\=https://news.kbs.co.kr/news/pc/view/view.do?ncd\=3467361 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-21 \|website\=\[\[KBS News]] \|language\=ko}}{{Cite web \|last\=최 \|first\=진실 \|title\=\[엔터비즈]스튜디오앤뉴 장경익 대표 "'태후' 같은 성공 콘텐츠, 만드는 사람이 즐거워야" \|url\=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\=468\&aid\=0000370947 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-22 \|website\=entertain.naver.com \|language\=ko}} In the year\-end of 2016, Jang Kyung\-ik was appointed as CEO of Studio\&NEW. Effectively from June 28, 2017, NEW (Next Entertainment World, CEO Kim Woo\-taek) appointed Park Jun\-kyung to assume the role of CEO for the NEW Film Division.{{Cite web \|date\=2017\-12\-25 \|title\=\[투자·배급사③] 박준경 NEW 영화사업부 대표, "보편적인 공감대 갖는 영화뿐 아니라 장점이 확실한 영화도 꾸준히" \|url\=http://m.cine21\.com/news/view/?mag\_id\=89071 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-22 \|website\=\[\[Cine21]] \|language\=ko}}{{Cite web \|last\= \|first\= \|date\=2017\-06\-28 \|title\=NEW 영화부문 대표에 박준경 이사 선임 \|url\=https://www.busan.com/view/busan/view.php?code\=20170628000055 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-22 \|website\=\[\[Busan Ilbo]] \|language\=ko}}{{Cite web \|date\=2016\-12\-30 \|title\=\[국내뉴스] 영화관 수급팀 신설 등 변화 많은 NEW 조직개편 \|url\=http://m.cine21\.com/news/view/?mag\_id\=86107 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-22 \|website\=\[\[Cine21]] \|language\=ko}} In 2017, CEO Jang Kyung\-ik unveiled Studio\&NEW's drama lineup and made an official announcement about signing a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the broadcaster JTBC.{{Cite web \|date\=2017\-04\-19 \|title\=드라마부터 영화까지, NEW 영상콘텐츠 제작사 '스튜디오앤뉴' 초특급 라인업 \|url\=http://www.breaknews.com/505074 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-22 \|website\=브레이크뉴스}} Filming for [The Great Battle](/wiki/The_Great_Battle_%28film%29 "The Great Battle (film)") commenced on August 23, 2017, and concluded on January 24, 2018\.{{cite web \|date\=2017\-09\-01 \|title\=ANSI FORTRESS Begins 5\-Month Shoot \|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/eng/news/news.jsp?blbdComCd\=601006\&seq\=4444\&mode\=VIEW \|website\=Korean Film Biz Zone}}{{cite web \|date\=2018\-02\-13 \|title\=War Blockbuster Starring ZO In\-sung, ANSI FORTRESS Finished Filming \|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/eng/news/news.jsp?blbdComCd\=601006\&seq\=4698\&mode\=VIEW \|website\=Korean Film Biz Zone}} Due to limited available information about the actual battle, director Lee Kwang\-sik had to extensively study approximately 100 publications from Japan and China.[https://www.easternkicks.com/features/the\-great\-battle\-interview\-lee\-kwang\-sik\-and\-kim\-yong\-sun/](https://www.easternkicks.com/features/the-great-battle-interview-lee-kwang-sik-and-kim-yong-sun/) He also expanded his research to gather more details about Yang Manchun, whose information was similarly scarce. Due to a lack of sources, the director just referenced sources he had and filled the gaps with cinematic imagination.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.sedaily.com/NewsView/1S5U1Y9G4U \| title\=\[Se★인터뷰]김광식 감독 "'안시성'을 기점으로 고구려 시리즈 영화가 계속 되길" \| date\=8 October 2018 }} The film had its premiere in South Korea on September 19, 2018, with [age 12\-rating](/wiki/Korea_Media_Rating_Board "Korea Media Rating Board").{{cite web \|title\=\[국내영화] 안시성 \|url\=http://www.kmrb.or.kr/data/searchMovieView.do?rcv\_no\=2106833\&orseq\=1 \|accessdate\=14 September 2018 \|website\=\[\[Korea Media Rating Board]] \|language\=ko}} The film was released alongside *[Fengshui](/wiki/Fengshui_%282018_film%29 "Fengshui (2018 film)")*, *[The Negotiation](/wiki/The_Negotiation_%28film%29 "The Negotiation (film)")*, and *[The Nun](/wiki/The_Nun_%282018_film%29 "The Nun (2018 film)")*, considered the most competitive week on Korean Box Office in 2018\.{{cite web \|title\=조승우 vs 손예진 vs 조인성, 이 대결 실화? 자존심 걸렸다\[개봉DAY] \|url\=http://www.newsen.com/news\_view.php?uid\=201809181722491910 \|accessdate\=20 September 2018 \|website\=Newsen \|language\=ko}} [The Great Battle](/wiki/The_Great_Battle_%28film%29 "The Great Battle (film)"), which invested 15 billion won in net production costs, barely passed the break\-even point. It recorded 4\.52 million viewers as of September 30\.{{Cite web \|title\=장경익 대표 "박진감 넘치는 전투신으로 관객 450만명 모았죠" \|url\=https://plus.hankyung.com/apps/newsinside.view?aid\=2018100129161\&category\=starPlus\&sns\=y \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-22 \|website\=plus.hankyung.com \|language\=ko}} It was also released in North America on September 21, 2018\. By September 21, the film had secured distribution deals in more than 32 countries, with release dates scheduled for October 2018 in the United Kingdom, Vietnam, Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan, and Singapore.{{cite web \|date\=21 September 2018 \|title\='안시성' 오늘(21일) 북미 첫 선…전세계 32개국 선 판매·동시기 개봉 확정 \|url\=http://www.xportsnews.com/?ac\=article\_view\&entry\_id\=1022201 \|accessdate\=21 September 2018 \|website\=Xports News \|language\=ko}} It was released on [V.O.D](/wiki/Video_on_Demand "Video on Demand") on October 24, 2018\.{{cite web \|date\=October 24, 2018 \|title\='안시성' 541만\+해외 세일즈로 손익분기점 돌파..VOD 서비스 \|url\=http://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no\=2018102408134122701 \|website\=Star News \|language\=ko}} In January 2018, Studio\&NEW attracted Series A worth 34\.3 billion won from KT Skylife and others.{{Cite web \|date\=2021\-09\-08 \|title\=디즈니 협력업체 스튜디오앤뉴, 상장 주관사 선정 착수 \|url\=https://biz.chosun.com/stock/stock\_general/2021/09/08/QWBLAY3AXZCLRHOMV65E5TDTSQ/ \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-22 \|website\=\[\[ChosunBiz]] \|language\=ko}} It was also expanding its business area to include Actor management.{{Cite web \|date\=2018\-12\-07 \|title\=스튜디오앤뉴, 배우 매니지먼트본부 신설...사업 확장 잰걸음 \|url\=http://www.interview365\.com/news/articleView.html?idxno\=82943 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-21 \|website\=인터뷰365 \- 대한민국 인터넷대상 최우수상 \|language\=ko}} In early September 2019, Studio\&NEW attracted Series B investment worth 22 billion won through common stock issuance. The cumulative investment amount is 56\.3 billion won. On January 9, 2019, NEW (Next Entertainment World/Chairman Kim Woo\-taek), appointed Jang Kyung\-ik, the CEO of Studio\&NEW, as the new CEO of its film division. From February 1, CEO Jang Kyung\-ik served as the head of the film division and CEO of Studio\&NEW simultaneously.{{Cite web \|date\=2019\-01\-09 \|title\=\[인사] NEW, 장경익 영화부문 대표이사 선임 \|url\=https://sports.hankooki.com/news/articleView.html?idxno\=6373286 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-22 \|website\=스포츠한국 \|language\=ko}} In November 2020, Studio\&NEW and Geumwol, film production company owned by [Park Hoon\-jung](/wiki/Park_Hoon-jung "Park Hoon-jung"), signed an equity investment contract.{{Cite web \|title\=스튜디오앤뉴, 박훈정 감독 영화사 금월에 지분투자 계약 체결…파트너십 강화 \|trans\-title\=Studio \& New, director Park Hoon\-jung's film company signed a equity investment contract this month... Strengthening the partnership \|url\=http://www.celuvmedia.com/article.php?aid\=1605488074351761011 \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-18 \|website\=www.celuvmedia.com \|language\=ko}} On April 29, 2021, Studio\&NEW (CEO Jang Kyung\-ik) announced that it has entered into a long\-term content partnership with Disney and will continue to showcase content produced by Studio\&NEW through Disney\+ in the future.{{Cite web \|last\=박 \|first\=정선 \|title\=NEW 스튜디오앤뉴, 디즈니와 장기 파트너십..5년간 매년 한편 이상\[공식] \|url\=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\=241\&aid\=0003112794 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-22 \|website\=entertain.naver.com \|language\=ko}} In August 2023, Studio\&NEW decided to close its actor management business to focus on content planning and production. Consequently, employees and actors belonging to the management business division received support in finding a new home.{{Cite web \|last\=OSEN \|date\=2023\-08\-12 \|title\=\[단독] 스튜디오앤뉴, 매니지먼트 사업 철수 "제작에 집중"..소속 배우 거취 논의중(종합) \|url\=http://m.osen.co.kr/article/G1112162158 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-22 \|website\=m.osen.co.kr \|language\=ko}} From January to April 2024, Jang served as Studio\&NEW Content Strategy CEO. In May he served as advisor of Studio\&NEW. ### Studio Dragon In July 2024, [CJ ENM](/wiki/CJ_ENM "CJ ENM") has appointed Jang as CEO of its subsidiary [Studio Dragon](/wiki/Studio_Dragon "Studio Dragon").{{Cite web \|title\=제작자 영입한 스튜디오드래곤, 핵심은 '퀄리티' \|url\=http://www.thebell.co.kr/free/content/ArticleView.asp?key\=202407152306518640109150\&lcode\=00 \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-21 \|website\=더벨뉴스 \|language\=ko}}
[ "Career\n------", "### Early career at Megabox", "Jang graduated with a degree in economics and began his career as an office worker in the mobile telecommunications industry. Dissatisfied with the routine corporate environment at Shinsegi Telecommunications, he made the bold decision to leave and start his own business. After trying his hand at a web animation venture for two years, Jang realized he was seeking something more fulfilling. In early 2002, he secured a position at Megabox, where his interviewer saw his talent as a movie theater programmer. With dedication and perseverance, Jang rapidly progressed in his role, eventually leading the programming team.{{Cite web \\|title\\=(영화)관을 짜는 사람, 극장 프로그램팀의 A\\-to\\-Z \\|url\\=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\\=109\\&aid\\=0001947181 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-21 \\|website\\=OSEN \\|language\\=ko \\|via\\=\\[\\[Naver]]}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2014\\-04\\-12 \\|title\\=\\[K\\-프로듀서스] ⑭ NEW 영화 사업부문 장경익 대표 \\|trans\\-title\\=\\[K\\-Producers] ⑭ NEW Jang Kyung\\-ik, CEO of the Film Division \\|url\\=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/015/0003066761 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-22 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Naver News]] \\|language\\=ko}}", "As the head of Megabox's programming team, Jang Kyung\\-ik was responsible for tasks such as theater placement and movie purchasing. His team determined which movies will be shown at Megabox's 19 theater sites nationwide. Despite not hiring film majors, the team consists of members with movie theater experience who judge movie success based on the preferences of the general audience. They focused on capturing audience emotions by carefully examining movie titles, posters, trailers, and considering press reactions, online community responses, and preview screenings. The team acknowledged the significant influence of word\\-of\\-mouth in the film industry.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2007\\-04\\-02 \\|title\\=극장 흥행 감별사, \"관객의 눈높이 맞추는 것이 흥행포인트\" \\|url\\=https://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/272409 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-22 \\|website\\=\\[\\[No Cut News]]}}", "During his seven years at Megabox, Jang had the opportunity to work closely with [Kim Woo\\-taek](/wiki/Kim_Woo-taek \"Kim Woo-taek\"). In his role as team leader during his second to third year, Jang Kyung\\-ik organized Japanese and European film festivals and launched the 'Movie On Style' brand. He actively engaged in marketing and distributing high\\-art films, which he found immensely enjoyable. As Jang approached his mid\\-30s, his love for movies grew stronger, solidifying his lifelong aspiration of a career in the film industry. When considering the idea of starting a film company, [Kim Woo\\-taek](/wiki/Kim_Woo-taek \"Kim Woo-taek\") proposed that they embark on the venture together.{{Cite web \\|last\\=w\\_admin \\|date\\=2013\\-10\\-10 \\|title\\=신세계의 영화 \\|url\\=http://t1\\.wkorea.com/2013/10/10/%ec%8b%a0%ec%84%b8%ea%b3%84%ec%9d%98\\-%ec%98%81%ed%99%94/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-21 \\|website\\=W korea \\|language\\=ko\\-KR}}", "### Establistment of Next Entertainment World (NEW)", "In 2008, Jang joined [Kim Woo\\-taek](/wiki/Kim_Woo-taek \"Kim Woo-taek\") to establish [Next Entertainment World](/wiki/Next_Entertainment_World \"Next Entertainment World\") (NEW), along with Kim Hyeong\\-cheol, Kim Jae\\-min, and Park Jun\\-kyung. Jang led the film division, Kim Hyeong\\-cheol oversaw investments, Kim Jae\\-min managed distribution, and Park Jun\\-kyung handled marketing. The name 'NEW' symbolized their commitment to innovation and fresh starts, mirroring the anticipation of a new year. Embracing their company name, they prioritize creativity and steer clear of outdated concepts.", "Jang, along with [Kim Woo\\-taek](/wiki/Kim_Woo-taek \"Kim Woo-taek\"), has fostered a 'club culture' at the company, emphasizing minimal meetings and a focus on individual responsibility and communication. The company's success in the film industry is attributed to its open communication system, where employees feel comfortable expressing opposing views regardless of their position. This spontaneous and collegiate atmosphere allows for thorough discussions and decision\\-making processes, prioritizing consensus over speed. NEW's approach to investing and distributing movies values collective responsibility and flexibility in handling both successes and failures. The company's unique structure, focusing solely on investment and distribution without owning multiplexes, highlights the importance of external factors in their decision\\-making processes.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kim \\|first\\=Hyo\\-jeong \\|date\\=2013\\-09\\-15 \\|title\\=\"실패에 대한 책임을 묻지 않는다\" \\|trans\\-title\\=\"No accountability for failure\" \\|url\\=http://weekly.chosun.com/news/articleView.html?idxno\\=6213 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-21 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Weekly Chosun]] \\|language\\=ko}}", "In 2010 NEW distributed nine mid\\-range or low\\-budget films, including [Poongsan](/wiki/Poongsan \"Poongsan\") and [Blind](/wiki/Blind_%282011_film%29 \"Blind (2011 film)\"). Among them, six films exceeded the break\\-even point. The success rate is 66\\.7%. This is a surprising figure, considering that only 24\\.6% of Korean films released last year earned profit (estimated by the Korea Film Council).{{Cite web \\|date\\=2012\\-03\\-19 \\|title\\=\"불리한 현실이 우리에게는 강점이 되었다\" \\|trans\\-title\\=\"The unfavourable reality has become a strength for us\" \\|url\\=http://www.sisajournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno\\=134336 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-22 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Sisa Journal]] \\|language\\=ko}}", "In 2012, the company had a major impact with the release of hit films like *[Unbowed](/wiki/Unbowed \"Unbowed\"),* *[All About My Wife](/wiki/All_About_My_Wife \"All About My Wife\")*, *[The Grand Heist](/wiki/The_Grand_Heist \"The Grand Heist\")*, and [*Pietà*](/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_%28film%29 \"Pietà (film)\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kim \\|first\\=Gun\\-woo \\|title\\=NEW의 흥행타율 비결요? '싸이스러움' 이랄까요 \\|trans\\-title\\=The secret of NEW's box office hit rate? It's like 'psysiness'. \\|url\\=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/008/0002920559 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-21 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Naver News]] \\|language\\=ko}} These movies exceeded expectations in the third quarter of 2012, defying market predictions. Director [Chung Ji\\-young](/wiki/Chung_Ji-young \"Chung Ji-young\")'s comeback film after a 13\\-year break, *[Unbowed](/wiki/Unbowed \"Unbowed\"),* produced and distributed by Aura Pictures, had a modest budget of ₩1\\.5 billion, including marketing and production costs.{{cite news \\|date\\=31 January 2012 \\|title\\=Low\\-Budget Film 'Unbowed' Sweeps Box Office \\|url\\=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\\_dir/2012/01/31/2012013101663\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-18 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Chosun Ilbo]]}} Director Chung thanked the actors for their commitment to the project despite receiving minimal pay.{{cite web \\|last\\=Lee \\|first\\=Claire \\|date\\=22 November 2012 \\|title\\=Director examines the world of Korean cinema \\|url\\=http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\\=20121122000889 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-25 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Korea Herald]] \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-24 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124204237/http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\\=20121122000889 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The film received a 13\\-minute ovation at its premiere at the [2011 Busan International Film Festival](/wiki/16th_Busan_International_Film_Festival \"16th Busan International Film Festival\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Lee \\|first\\=Hyo\\-won \\|date\\=22 December 2011 \\|title\\='Unbowed' brings gripping, honest realism \\|url\\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2011/12/141\\_101366\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-18 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Korea Times]]}}{{cite web \\|date\\=8 May 2012 \\|title\\=Korean movie 'Unbowed' to open FIFF \\|url\\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/10/141\\_110543\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-18 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Korea Times]]}} The movie was released on January 18, 2012, during the Lunar New Year holiday. Initially, it was shown on 245 screens, the second lowest among the films released that day. However, its popularity grew, and the number of screens increased to 456 by January 24, before dropping to 389 the next day. By January 26, the film had attracted 1\\.4 million viewers,{{cite web \\|date\\=26 January 2012 \\|title\\='Unbowed' flying high at box office, reviving attention to forgotten case \\|url\\=http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\\=20120126000840 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-18 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Korea Herald]]}} mainly due to positive word of mouth, making it an unexpected box office hit. According to the Korean Film Council (KOFIC), Unbowed was the third most\\-watched film in South Korea in the first quarter of 2012, with a total of 3\\.4 million viewers.{{cite web \\|last\\=Hong \\|first\\=Lucia \\|date\\=9 April 2012 \\|title\\=Korean movies notch up higher number in 1Q ticket sales \\|url\\=http://us.tenasia.co.kr/archives/10499 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-18 \\|work\\=10Asia}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Unbowed (2011\\) \\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/films/index/filmsView.jsp?movieCd\\=20113535 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-25 \\|work\\=Korean Film Biz Zone \\|publisher\\=Korean Film Council}}", "*[All About My Wife](/wiki/All_About_My_Wife \"All About My Wife\")*, released after the success of Architecture *[Architecture 101](/wiki/Architecture_101 \"Architecture 101\")*, was not anticipated to perform well at the box office. Surprisingly, during its opening weekend from May 18 to 20, the film surpassed expectations by selling 594,195 tickets. It secured the top position at the local box office, holding surpassing Hollywood blockbusters such as *[The Avengers](/wiki/The_Avengers_%282012_film%29 \"The Avengers (2012 film)\")* and *[Men in Black 3](/wiki/Men_in_Black_3 \"Men in Black 3\")*.Hong, Lucia (21 May 2012\\). [\"*All About My Wife* makes debut atop local box office, pushes *The Avengers* moves down to No. 2\"](http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012052108442238226). *10Asia*. Retrieved 2013\\-02\\-03\\.Oh, Mi\\-jung (3 June 2012\\). [\"*All About My Wife* Hit 2\\.5 Million Mark Faster than *Architecture 101*\"](https://archive.today/20130128222831/http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=7511). *enewsWorld*. Retrieved 2013\\-02\\-03\\.[\"*All About My Wife* Hits 3 Million Viewers\"](http://www.soompi.com/2012/06/10/all-about-my-wife-hits-3-million-viewers/). *[Soompi](/wiki/Soompi \"Soompi\")*. 10 June 2012\\. Retrieved 2013\\-02\\-03\\.{{cite web \\|date\\=24 June 2012 \\|title\\=''All About My Wife'' Having Breakthrough Of 4 Million Domestic Audience Comes To Theaters In North America \\|url\\=http://en.koreaportal.com/articles/4282/20120624/all\\-about\\-my\\-wife\\-north\\-america\\-international\\-film\\-festivals.htm \\|accessdate\\=2013\\-02\\-03 \\|work\\=Korea Portal}}{{cite web \\|date\\=9 July 2012 \\|title\\=Box office, June 16–30 \\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/reports.jsp?mode\\=VIEW\\&seq\\=231 \\|accessdate\\=2013\\-02\\-03 \\|work\\=Korean Film Council}}", "In just 19 days after its release, *[The Grand Heist](/wiki/The_Grand_Heist \"The Grand Heist\")* captured an audience of 4 million viewers, making it the seventh Korean film in 2012 to achieve this milestone.{{cite web \\|last\\=Lee \\|first\\=Claire \\|date\\=27 August 2012 \\|title\\=Korean movies dominate box office \\|url\\=http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud\\=20120827000940 \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-11\\-18 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Korea Herald]]}} The movie's total admissions reached slightly over [4\\.9 million](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_South_Korea \"List of highest-grossing films in South Korea\").{{cite web \\|date\\=4 September 2012 \\|title\\=''The Grand Heist'' Lures 4\\.6 Million Cinemagoers \\|url\\=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\\_dir/2012/09/04/2012090400975\\.html \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-11\\-18 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Chosun Ilbo]]}}{{cite web \\|date\\=7 September 2012 \\|title\\=''The Grand Heist'' 2nd top\\-selling homegrown film for 2012 \\|url\\=https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/09/141\\_119400\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-18 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Korea Times]]}} In its first week, the film ranked second at the box office, grossing ₩9,615,802,659\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=South Korea Box Office: August 10–12, 2012 \\|url\\=https://boxofficemojo.com/intl/korea/?yr\\=2012\\&wk\\=32\\&currency\\=local\\&p\\=.htm \\|accessdate\\=2013\\-01\\-26 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Box Office Mojo]]}} Over five weeks, it amassed a domestic total of ₩33,693,067,319,{{cite web \\|title\\=South Korea Box Office: September 7–9, 2012 \\|url\\=https://boxofficemojo.com/intl/korea/?yr\\=2012\\&wk\\=36\\&currency\\=local\\&p\\=.htm \\|accessdate\\=2013\\-01\\-26 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Box Office Mojo]]}} establishing itself as a standout among other summer hits like *[The Amazing Spider\\-Man](/wiki/The_Amazing_Spider-Man_%28film%29 \"The Amazing Spider-Man (film)\")*, *The Last Night*, *[The Dark Knight Rises](/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Rises \"The Dark Knight Rises\")*, and *[The Thieves](/wiki/The_Thieves \"The Thieves\")*.", "*[Pietà](/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_%28film%29 \"Pietà (film)\")*, directed by [Kim Ki\\-duk](/wiki/Kim_Ki-duk \"Kim Ki-duk\"), emerged as an unexpected success.{{Cite web \\|title\\=\\[인터뷰] NEW 영화사업부 장경익 대표 ① 방향 \"편당 수익률 높이고 싶다\" \\|trans\\-title\\=\\[Interview] NEW Jang Kyung\\-ik, CEO of the film business department, ① direction \"I want to increase the rate of return per episode\" \\|url\\=https://www.maxmovie.com/news/111136 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-22 \\|website\\=맥스무비 \\|language\\=ko}} It premiered on September 4, 2012, at the [69th Venice International Film Festival](/wiki/69th_Venice_International_Film_Festival \"69th Venice International Film Festival\"),{{cite web \\|last\\=Rachel Lee \\|first\\=Kwaak Je\\-yup \\|date\\=29 August 2012 \\|title\\=Kim Ki\\-duk's ''Pieta'' in competition at Venice \\|url\\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/08/141\\_118529\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616163540/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/08/141\\_118529\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=16 June 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2016 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Korea Times]]}} where it won the prestigious [Golden Lion](/wiki/Golden_Lion \"Golden Lion\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Ji \\|first\\=Yong\\-jin \\|date\\=10 September 2012 \\|title\\=Venice chooses KIM Ki\\-duk \\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode\\=VIEW\\&seq\\=1889 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502003631/http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode\\=VIEW\\&seq\\=1889 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 May 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2012 \\|publisher\\=Korean Film Biz Zone}}{{cite web \\|date\\=10 September 2012 \\|title\\=Outsider Kim Ki\\-duk's ''Pieta'' Wins Top Prize in Venice \\|url\\=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\\_dir/2012/09/10/2012091000707\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912233416/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\\_dir/2012/09/10/2012091000707\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2012 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Chosun Ilbo]]}} This marked the first time a Korean film had claimed the top prize at one of the major international film festivals—[Venice](/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival \"Venice Film Festival\"), [Cannes](/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival \"Cannes Film Festival\") and [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival \"Berlin International Film Festival\").{{cite web \\|date\\=9 September 2012 \\|title\\=Venice festival winner a hard\\-hitting morality tale \\|url\\=http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud\\=20120909000066 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602162903/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\\=20120909000066 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 June 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=10 September 2012 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Korea Herald]]}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Lee \\|first\\=Claire \\|date\\=9 September 2012 \\|title\\=Kim Ki\\-duk becomes 1st Korean director to win top film prize at Venice \\|url\\=http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud\\=20120909000013 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602162934/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\\=20120909000013 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 June 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=10 September 2012 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Korea Herald]]}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Lee \\|first\\=Claire \\|date\\=9 September 2012 \\|title\\=Former laborer becomes acclaimed filmmaker \\|url\\=http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud\\=20120909000304 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602162903/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\\=20120909000304 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 June 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=10 September 2012 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Korea Herald]]}}{{cite web \\|date\\=9 September 2012 \\|title\\=Kim Ki\\-duk: from monster with 'inferiority complex' to master director \\|url\\=http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud\\=20120909000065 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916095639/http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud\\=20120909000065 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 September 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=10 September 2012 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Korea Herald]]}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Kim \\|first\\=Ji\\-soo \\|date\\=9 September 2012 \\|title\\=Director Kim Ki\\-duk takes Venice \\|url\\=http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/09/141\\_119491\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308182714/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/09/141\\_119491\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=8 March 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=10 September 2012 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Korea Times]]}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Park \\|first\\=Eun\\-jee \\|date\\=10 September 2012 \\|title\\=In dramatic style, Kim makes movie history \\|url\\=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid\\=2959186 \\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911203806/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid\\=2959186 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 September 2012 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]}} Following its festival acclaim, Pieta was released theatrically in South Korea on September 6, 2012\\.{{cite web \\|last\\=Kwaak \\|first\\=Je\\-yup \\|date\\=6 September 2012 \\|title\\=''Pieta'' filled with bloody revenge \\|url\\=https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/09/141\\_119265\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909204404/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/09/141\\_119265\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=9 September 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=10 September 2012 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Korea Times]]}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Lee \\|first\\=Claire \\|date\\=6 September 2012 \\|title\\=Kim Ki\\-duk returns with brutal revenge tale \\|url\\=http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud\\=20120906001119 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923085014/https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\\=20120906001119 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=10 September 2012 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Korea Herald]]}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Cho \\|first\\=Chung\\-un \\|date\\=10 September 2012 \\|title\\=Can ''Pieta'' enjoy success at home? \\|url\\=http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud\\=20120910001115 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923085000/https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\\=20120910001115 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=12 September 2012 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Korea Herald]]}}{{cite web \\|date\\=11 September 2012 \\|title\\='Memory of teen years hit him at most honorable moment in Venice' \\|url\\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/09/141\\_119686\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611212703/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/09/141\\_119686\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=11 June 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2016 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Korea Times]]}}{{cite web \\|date\\=13 September 2012 \\|title\\=Golden Lion Winner Explains 'Shabby' Venice Outfit \\|url\\=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\\_dir/2012/09/13/2012091301266\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913234135/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\\_dir/2012/09/13/2012091301266\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=13 September 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2012 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Chosun Ilbo]]}} The film's distribution rights were secured by 20 countries, including [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"), [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\"), [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\"), [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"), [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\"), and [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Kim \\|first\\=Hyun\\-min \\|date\\=10 September 2012 \\|title\\=Director KIM Ki\\-duk's reputation goes world\\-wide \\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode\\=VIEW\\&seq\\=1890 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502002544/http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode\\=VIEW\\&seq\\=1890 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 May 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2012 \\|publisher\\=Korean Film Biz Zone}} Notably, [Drafthouse Films](/wiki/Alamo_Drafthouse_Cinema%23Drafthouse_Films \"Alamo Drafthouse Cinema#Drafthouse Films\") an independent distributor, handled the [North American](/wiki/North_America \"North America\") theatrical release of *Pietà*.{{cite web \\|last\\=Cangialosi \\|first\\=Jason \\|date\\=19 October 2012 \\|title\\=Drafthouse Films Acquires Korean Oscar Contender, Kim Ki\\-duk's ''Pietà'' \\|url\\=http://voices.yahoo.com/drafthouse\\-films\\-acquires\\-korean\\-oscar\\-contender\\-kim\\-11816219\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729043850/http://voices.yahoo.com/drafthouse\\-films\\-acquires\\-korean\\-oscar\\-contender\\-kim\\-11816219\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=29 July 2014 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Yahoo! Voices]]}}", "Building on its success in 2012, NEW continued to captivate audiences in 2013 with hits like *[Miracle in Cell No. 7](/wiki/Miracle_in_Cell_No._7 \"Miracle in Cell No. 7\")*. The film quickly gained popularity, attracting 4\\.6 million admissions and earning over US$30 million within the first two weeks of its release. Despite facing competition from *[The Berlin File](/wiki/The_Berlin_File \"The Berlin File\")*, the film saw a 15% increase in audience numbers in its third week, with seat bookings reaching an impressive 75\\.8%.{{cite web \\|last\\=Hong \\|first\\=Grace Danbi \\|date\\=4 February 2013 \\|title\\='The Gift of Room 7' Breaks 4 Million Views in 12 Days \\|url\\=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx\\=28264 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130505230718/http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx\\=28264 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=May 5, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-02\\-05 \\|work\\=enewsWorld \\|publisher\\=CJ E\\&M}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Kim \\|first\\=Hyun\\-min \\|date\\=5 February 2013 \\|title\\=THE BERLIN FILE is No. 1 in First Week of Release; MIRACLE IN CELL NO. 7 Also Performing Well \\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode\\=VIEW\\&seq\\=2219 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-02\\-06 \\|work\\=Korean Film Council}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Paquet \\|first\\=Darcy \\|date\\=7 February 2013 \\|title\\=Box Office: January 24\\-February 6, 2013 \\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/reports.jsp?blbdComCd\\=601008\\&seq\\=246\\&mode\\=VIEW \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-02\\-10 \\|work\\=Korean Film Council}} Within just 32 days, the film achieved a significant milestone by becoming the eighth film in Korean cinema history to surpass 10 million ticket sales.{{cite web \\|date\\=25 February 2013 \\|title\\='Miracle in Cell No. 7' Draws Over 10 Million Viewers \\|url\\=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\\_dir/2013/02/25/2013022500660\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-02\\-25 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Chosun Ilbo]]}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Moon \\|first\\=Gwang\\-lip \\|date\\=25 February 2013 \\|title\\=Ryu Seung\\-ryong joins top actor club \\|url\\=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid\\=2967600 \\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302215724/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid\\=2967600 \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-02 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-02\\-25 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]}}{{cite web \\|date\\=18 February 2013 \\|title\\='Miracle in Cell No. 7' grabs 9 mil. viewers \\|url\\=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/culturesports/2013/02/18/26/0701000000AEN20130218010200320F.HTML \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-02\\-20 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Yonhap]]}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Conran \\|first\\=Pierce \\|date\\=25 February 2013 \\|title\\=MIRACLE IN CELL NO. 7 Soars Past 10 Million Admissions \\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode\\=VIEW\\&seq\\=2272 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-02\\-26 \\|work\\=Korean Film Council}} This was remarkable considering the film's modest budget and break\\-even point of 1\\.7 million admissions, making it the most profitable among all films that reached the 10 million mark.{{cite web \\|last\\=Ji \\|first\\=Yong\\-jin \\|date\\=26 February 2013 \\|title\\=Mighty Start, Bright Prospect \\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode\\=VIEW\\&seq\\=2277 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-04 \\|work\\=Korean Film Council}} Continuing its success, the film surpassed 12 million viewers within 46 days of its release.{{cite web \\|last\\=Lee \\|first\\=Eun\\-sun \\|date\\=6 March 2013 \\|title\\=MIRACLE IN CELL NO. 7 Is 5th Most Popular Korean Film \\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode\\=VIEW\\&seq\\=2294 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-12 \\|work\\=Korean Film Council}}{{cite web \\|date\\=11 March 2013 \\|title\\='Miracle in Cell No. 7' exceeds 12 million mark \\|url\\=http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\\=20130311000663 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314192207/http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\\=20130311000663 \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-14 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-12 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Korea Herald]]}} By March 15, 2013, 52 days after its premiere, ticket sales reached 12\\.32 million, securing its position as the [seventh highest grossing Korean film of all time](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_South_Korea \"List of highest-grossing films in South Korea\").{{cite web \\|date\\=15 March 2013 \\|title\\='Miracle in Cell No. 7' third most\\-viewed Korean film \\|url\\=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/culturesports/2013/03/15/27/0701000000AEN20130315007900315F.HTML \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-20 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Yonhap]]}}{{cite web \\|date\\=15 March 2013 \\|title\\='Miracle in Cell No. 7' third most\\-viewed Korean film \\|url\\=http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\\=20130315000902 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320023347/http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\\=20130315000902 \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-20 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-20 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Korea Herald]]}}{{cite web \\|last\\=Ji \\|first\\=Yong\\-jin \\|date\\=19 March 2013 \\|title\\=MIRACLE IN CELL NO. 7 Passes MASQUERADE to Become 3rd Most Successful Korean Film \\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode\\=VIEW\\&seq\\=2324 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-20 \\|work\\=Korean Film Council}}", "NEW outperformed competitors like CJ E\\&M, Showbox, and Lotte, claiming the top spot in terms of audience with successful films like *[Miracle in Cell No. 7](/wiki/Miracle_in_Cell_No._7 \"Miracle in Cell No. 7\")*, *[Hide and Seek](/wiki/Hide_and_Seek_%282013_film%29 \"Hide and Seek (2013 film)\")* (5\\.6 Million viewers), and *[New World](/wiki/New_World_%282013_film%29 \"New World (2013 film)\")* (4\\.68 Million viewers).{{Cite web \\|last\\= \\|date\\=2020\\-07\\-23 \\|title\\=\\[김지수의 인터스텔라] '태양의 후예' 만든 New 김우택 대표 \"사업계획 세워본 적 없다, 직원들과 꿈을 공유할 뿐!\" \\|trans\\-title\\=\\[Kim Ji\\-soo's interstellar] 'New CEO Kim Woo\\-taek, a descendant of the sun, \"I've never made a business plan, I just share my dreams with my employees!\" \\|url\\=https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html\\_dir/2016/04/15/2016041502637\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-10 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Chosun Ilbo]] \\|language\\=ko}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kim \\|first\\=Ji\\-soo \\|title\\=\\[ 人side Dream] '태양의 후예' 만든 New 김우택 대표 \"사업계획 세워본 적 없다, 직원들과 꿈을 공유할 뿐!\" \\|trans\\-title\\=\\[ 人side Dream] 'New CEO Kim Woo\\-taek, a descendant of the sun, \"I've never made a business plan, I just share my dreams with my employees!\" \\|url\\=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/366/0000323834 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-21 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Naver News]] \\|language\\=ko}}", "*[The Attorney](/wiki/The_Attorney \"The Attorney\")* marked director [Yang Woo\\-suk](/wiki/Yang_Woo-suk \"Yang Woo-suk\")'s directorial debut and was the third work by withUs Film.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2013\\-12\\-17 \\|title\\=이 영화의 변호인은 관객이다 \\|trans\\-title\\=The audience is the attorney of this movie \\|url\\=http://cine21\\.com/news/view/?mag\\_id\\=75277 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-07 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Cine21]] \\|language\\=ko}} The film drew inspiration from the real\\-life Burim case that unfolded in 1981 during the authoritarian [Chun Doo\\-hwan](/wiki/Chun_Doo-hwan \"Chun Doo-hwan\") regime. It follows the transformative journey of Song Woo\\-seok, portrayed by [Song Kang\\-ho](/wiki/Song_Kang-ho \"Song Kang-ho\"), a struggling tax lawyer who faces five intense trials and forms significant relationships along the way.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2013\\-11\\-22 \\|title\\='변호인' 위해 뭉친 드림팀, 완성작 기다려지는 또 하나의 이유 \\|trans\\-title\\=Another reason why the dream team united for the 'law lawyer' is to be completed \\|url\\=http://www.tvdaily.co.kr/read.php3?aid\\=1385081546609094008 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-02 \\|website\\=tvdaily.co.kr}} The concept for the movie was conceived by [Choi Jae\\-won](/wiki/Choi_Jae-won \"Choi Jae-won\") (withUs Film CEO) and [Yang Woo\\-suk](/wiki/Yang_Woo-suk \"Yang Woo-suk\") around early May 2012\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=영화 '변호인' 왜 '변호사'가 아니라 '변호인'일까? \\|trans\\-title\\=Why is the movie 'The Lawyer' not a 'Lawyer' but a 'Lawyer'? \\|url\\=http://www.kookje.co.kr/news2011/asp/newsbody.asp?code\\=0500\\&key\\=20131227\\.99002103251 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-10 \\|website\\=국제신문}}", "In 2013, NEW's performance was highlighted by its successful acquisition of the distribution rights for the film *[The Attorney](/wiki/The_Attorney \"The Attorney\").* The film was inspired by the real\\-life Burim case from 1981 during the [Chun Doo\\-hwan](/wiki/Chun_Doo-hwan \"Chun Doo-hwan\") regime. Starring [Song Kang\\-ho](/wiki/Song_Kang-ho \"Song Kang-ho\") as Song Woo\\-seok, a tax lawyer navigating five intense trials, the film explores his transformative journey and significant relationships. The idea for the movie was developed by [Choi Jae\\-won](/wiki/Choi_Jae-won \"Choi Jae-won\") (withUs Film CEO) and [Yang Woo\\-suk](/wiki/Yang_Woo-suk \"Yang Woo-suk\") in May 2012\\. *The Attorney* marked director Yang Woo\\-suk's directorial debut and was the third work by withUs Film. CJ and Showbox had expressed interest in distributing the film, However, Jang and NEW's CEO [Kim Woo\\-taek](/wiki/Kim_Woo-taek \"Kim Woo-taek\") intervened, and personally contacted Choi Jae\\-won. Eventually, withUs Film and NEW signed an investment and distribution agreement. *The Attorney*, with a production cost of ₩7\\.5 billion, was a huge success, selling over 11 million tickets and earning ₩82\\.9 billion. It is currently the 15th highest\\-selling Korean film of all time and was the second highest\\-grossing Korean film in 2013\\.{{cite web \\|author\\=Stephen Cremin \\|date\\=8 July 2014 \\|title\\=Market share of South Korean films plummets \\|url\\=http://www.filmbiz.asia/news/market\\-share\\-of\\-south\\-korean\\-films\\-plummets \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714075132/http://www.filmbiz.asia/news/market\\-share\\-of\\-south\\-korean\\-films\\-plummets \\|archive\\-date\\=14 July 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=9 July 2014 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Film Business Asia]]}}{{cite web \\|author\\=Pierce Conran \\|date\\=6 February 2014 \\|title\\=THE ATTORNEY Climbs to 8th on All Time Chart \\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode\\=VIEW\\&seq\\=2910 \\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2014 \\|website\\=Korean Film Biz Zone}}{{cite web \\|title\\=The Best Selling Films of 2013 \\|url\\=http://koreanfilm.org/kfilm13\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2014 \\|website\\=Koreanfilm.org}}", "After 2013, 2014 was a period of recession for New. The ambitiously released Sea Fog and the action film Big Match failed commercially. Jang saw this as a period of downturn and reorganized the organization.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-08\\-24 \\|title\\=\"과 , 다른 영화 아니다\" \\|url\\=https://star.ohmynews.com/NWS\\_Web/OhmyStar/at\\_pg.aspx?CNTN\\_CD\\=A0002137217 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-22 \\|website\\=\\[\\[OhmyStar]] \\|language\\=ko}}", "2016 marked NEW's biggest boom since its inception. The drama business sector saw significant success in the first half of the year, with *[Descendants of the Sun](/wiki/Descendants_of_the_Sun \"Descendants of the Sun\")* becoming a massive hit, surpassing 38% in viewership ratings. The film business sector also saw significant success, with *[Train to Busan](/wiki/Train_to_Busan \"Train to Busan\")* becoming a massive hit after premiering in the Midnight Screenings section of the [2016 Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/2016_Cannes_Film_Festival \"2016 Cannes Film Festival\") on May 13\\.{{cite web \\|date\\=14 April 2016 \\|title\\=Cannes 2016: Film Festival Unveils Official Selection Lineup \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2016/film/festivals/cannes\\-film\\-festival\\-official\\-selection\\-lineup\\-2016\\-1201753269/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414205534/https://variety.com/2016/film/festivals/cannes\\-film\\-festival\\-official\\-selection\\-lineup\\-2016\\-1201753269/ \\|archive\\-date\\=14 April 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2016 \\|work\\=Variety}}{{cite web \\|date\\=2 May 2016 \\|title\\='Train to Busan' to screen at Cannes \\|url\\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/05/201\\_203819\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604104647/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/05/201\\_203819\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=4 June 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2016 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Korea Times]]}}{{cite web \\|date\\=19 July 2016 \\|title\\=Zombies fail to impress in 'Train to Busan' \\|url\\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/07/141\\_209780\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817182132/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/07/141\\_209780\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=17 August 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2016}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Chen \\|first\\=Heather \\|date\\=3 August 2016 \\|title\\=Train to Busan: Zombie film takes S Korea by storm \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-asia\\-36939395 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806083000/http://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-asia\\-36939395 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 August 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=22 August 2016 \\|publisher\\=BBC News}} It became the first Korean film of 2016 to surpass 10 million theatergoers on August 7, breaking audience records. The film's success continued at the box office, grossing $80\\.5 million in South Korea, $2\\.2 million in the United States and Canada, and $15\\.8 million in other territories. The cumulative worldwide gross reached an impressive $98\\.5 million, compared to its budget of $8\\.5 million.{{cite web \\|title\\=Busanhaeng (2016\\) \\|url\\=https://m.the\\-numbers.com/movie/Busanhaeng\\-(south\\-korea)\\#tab\\=summary \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216210209/https://m.the\\-numbers.com/movie/Busanhaeng\\-(south\\-korea)\\#tab\\=summary \\|archive\\-date\\=16 December 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2020 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Numbers (website)\\|The Numbers]]}}{{cite journal \\|last\\=Noh \\|first\\=Jean \\|date\\=13 August 2018 \\|title\\='Train To Busan' director Yeon Sang\\-ho working on sequel \\|url\\=https://www.screendaily.com/news/train\\-to\\-busan\\-director\\-yeon\\-sang\\-ho\\-working\\-on\\-sequel/5131622\\.article \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Screen Daily]] \\|publisher\\=Media Business Insight Limited \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921015736/https://www.screendaily.com/news/train\\-to\\-busan\\-director\\-yeon\\-sang\\-ho\\-working\\-on\\-sequel/5131622\\.article \\|archive\\-date\\=21 September 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2018}}", "The film, directed by [Yeon Sang\\-ho](/wiki/Yeon_Sang-ho \"Yeon Sang-ho\"), is built upon an original story conceived by Park Joo\\-suk.{{cite web \\|date\\=27 July 2016 \\|title\\=\\[스페셜] \\<부산행\\> 스탭들이 재구성한 영화 촬영현장 \\|url\\=http://www.cine21\\.com/news/view/?mag\\_id\\=84792 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019232604/http://www.cine21\\.com/news/view/?mag\\_id\\=84792 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 October 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=17 October 2021 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Cine21]]}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Train to Busan (2016\\) – Yeon Sang\\-ho \\|url\\=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/train\\-to\\-busan\\-v658929 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112021914/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/train\\-to\\-busan\\-v658929 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 November 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2020 \\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMovie]]}} It features a talented cast including [Gong Yoo](/wiki/Gong_Yoo \"Gong Yoo\"), [Jung Yu\\-mi](/wiki/Jung_Yu-mi_%28actress%2C_born_1983%29 \"Jung Yu-mi (actress, born 1983)\"), [Ma Dong\\-seok](/wiki/Ma_Dong-seok \"Ma Dong-seok\"), [Kim Su\\-an](/wiki/Kim_Su-an \"Kim Su-an\"), [Choi Woo\\-shik](/wiki/Choi_Woo-shik \"Choi Woo-shik\"), [Ahn So\\-hee](/wiki/Ahn_So-hee \"Ahn So-hee\") and [Kim Eui\\-sung](/wiki/Kim_Eui-sung \"Kim Eui-sung\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Kay \\|first\\=Jeremy \\|date\\=9 June 2016 \\|title\\=Well Go USA Entertainment boards 'Train To Busan' \\|url\\=https://www.screendaily.com/distribution/well\\-go\\-usa\\-entertainment\\-boards\\-train\\-to\\-busan/5104736\\.article \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042046/https://www.screendaily.com/distribution/well\\-go\\-usa\\-entertainment\\-boards\\-train\\-to\\-busan/5104736\\.article \\|archive\\-date\\=15 October 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=10 June 2016 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Screen Daily]]}} The majority of the story unfolds on a [KTX](/wiki/Korea_Train_Express \"Korea Train Express\") train journey from [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul \"Seoul\") to [Busan](/wiki/Busan \"Busan\") where a sudden [zombie apocalypse](/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse \"Zombie apocalypse\") erupts in the country, jeopardizing the safety of the passengers.", "### Studio\\&NEW", "Studio\\&NEW (스튜디오앤뉴) was established in September 2016 with the objective of delivering high\\-quality content in the movie and drama sectors, drawing upon the production capabilities demonstrated in Descendants of the Sun.{{Cite web \\|title\\=드라마도 NEW, 영화도 NEW, 스튜디오앤뉴 라인업 \\|url\\=https://news.kbs.co.kr/news/pc/view/view.do?ncd\\=3467361 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-21 \\|website\\=\\[\\[KBS News]] \\|language\\=ko}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=최 \\|first\\=진실 \\|title\\=\\[엔터비즈]스튜디오앤뉴 장경익 대표 \"'태후' 같은 성공 콘텐츠, 만드는 사람이 즐거워야\" \\|url\\=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\\=468\\&aid\\=0000370947 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-22 \\|website\\=entertain.naver.com \\|language\\=ko}} In the year\\-end of 2016, Jang Kyung\\-ik was appointed as CEO of Studio\\&NEW. Effectively from June 28, 2017, NEW (Next Entertainment World, CEO Kim Woo\\-taek) appointed Park Jun\\-kyung to assume the role of CEO for the NEW Film Division.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2017\\-12\\-25 \\|title\\=\\[투자·배급사③] 박준경 NEW 영화사업부 대표, \"보편적인 공감대 갖는 영화뿐 아니라 장점이 확실한 영화도 꾸준히\" \\|url\\=http://m.cine21\\.com/news/view/?mag\\_id\\=89071 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-22 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Cine21]] \\|language\\=ko}}{{Cite web \\|last\\= \\|first\\= \\|date\\=2017\\-06\\-28 \\|title\\=NEW 영화부문 대표에 박준경 이사 선임 \\|url\\=https://www.busan.com/view/busan/view.php?code\\=20170628000055 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-22 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Busan Ilbo]] \\|language\\=ko}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2016\\-12\\-30 \\|title\\=\\[국내뉴스] 영화관 수급팀 신설 등 변화 많은 NEW 조직개편 \\|url\\=http://m.cine21\\.com/news/view/?mag\\_id\\=86107 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-22 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Cine21]] \\|language\\=ko}}", "In 2017, CEO Jang Kyung\\-ik unveiled Studio\\&NEW's drama lineup and made an official announcement about signing a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the broadcaster JTBC.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2017\\-04\\-19 \\|title\\=드라마부터 영화까지, NEW 영상콘텐츠 제작사 '스튜디오앤뉴' 초특급 라인업 \\|url\\=http://www.breaknews.com/505074 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-22 \\|website\\=브레이크뉴스}}", "Filming for [The Great Battle](/wiki/The_Great_Battle_%28film%29 \"The Great Battle (film)\") commenced on August 23, 2017, and concluded on January 24, 2018\\.{{cite web \\|date\\=2017\\-09\\-01 \\|title\\=ANSI FORTRESS Begins 5\\-Month Shoot \\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/eng/news/news.jsp?blbdComCd\\=601006\\&seq\\=4444\\&mode\\=VIEW \\|website\\=Korean Film Biz Zone}}{{cite web \\|date\\=2018\\-02\\-13 \\|title\\=War Blockbuster Starring ZO In\\-sung, ANSI FORTRESS Finished Filming \\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/eng/news/news.jsp?blbdComCd\\=601006\\&seq\\=4698\\&mode\\=VIEW \\|website\\=Korean Film Biz Zone}} Due to limited available information about the actual battle, director Lee Kwang\\-sik had to extensively study approximately 100 publications from Japan and China.[https://www.easternkicks.com/features/the\\-great\\-battle\\-interview\\-lee\\-kwang\\-sik\\-and\\-kim\\-yong\\-sun/](https://www.easternkicks.com/features/the-great-battle-interview-lee-kwang-sik-and-kim-yong-sun/) He also expanded his research to gather more details about Yang Manchun, whose information was similarly scarce. Due to a lack of sources, the director just referenced sources he had and filled the gaps with cinematic imagination.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.sedaily.com/NewsView/1S5U1Y9G4U \\| title\\=\\[Se★인터뷰]김광식 감독 \"'안시성'을 기점으로 고구려 시리즈 영화가 계속 되길\" \\| date\\=8 October 2018 }}", "The film had its premiere in South Korea on September 19, 2018, with [age 12\\-rating](/wiki/Korea_Media_Rating_Board \"Korea Media Rating Board\").{{cite web \\|title\\=\\[국내영화] 안시성 \\|url\\=http://www.kmrb.or.kr/data/searchMovieView.do?rcv\\_no\\=2106833\\&orseq\\=1 \\|accessdate\\=14 September 2018 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Korea Media Rating Board]] \\|language\\=ko}} The film was released alongside *[Fengshui](/wiki/Fengshui_%282018_film%29 \"Fengshui (2018 film)\")*, *[The Negotiation](/wiki/The_Negotiation_%28film%29 \"The Negotiation (film)\")*, and *[The Nun](/wiki/The_Nun_%282018_film%29 \"The Nun (2018 film)\")*, considered the most competitive week on Korean Box Office in 2018\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=조승우 vs 손예진 vs 조인성, 이 대결 실화? 자존심 걸렸다\\[개봉DAY] \\|url\\=http://www.newsen.com/news\\_view.php?uid\\=201809181722491910 \\|accessdate\\=20 September 2018 \\|website\\=Newsen \\|language\\=ko}} [The Great Battle](/wiki/The_Great_Battle_%28film%29 \"The Great Battle (film)\"), which invested 15 billion won in net production costs, barely passed the break\\-even point. It recorded 4\\.52 million viewers as of September 30\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=장경익 대표 \"박진감 넘치는 전투신으로 관객 450만명 모았죠\" \\|url\\=https://plus.hankyung.com/apps/newsinside.view?aid\\=2018100129161\\&category\\=starPlus\\&sns\\=y \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-22 \\|website\\=plus.hankyung.com \\|language\\=ko}} It was also released in North America on September 21, 2018\\. By September 21, the film had secured distribution deals in more than 32 countries, with release dates scheduled for October 2018 in the United Kingdom, Vietnam, Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan, and Singapore.{{cite web \\|date\\=21 September 2018 \\|title\\='안시성' 오늘(21일) 북미 첫 선…전세계 32개국 선 판매·동시기 개봉 확정 \\|url\\=http://www.xportsnews.com/?ac\\=article\\_view\\&entry\\_id\\=1022201 \\|accessdate\\=21 September 2018 \\|website\\=Xports News \\|language\\=ko}} It was released on [V.O.D](/wiki/Video_on_Demand \"Video on Demand\") on October 24, 2018\\.{{cite web \\|date\\=October 24, 2018 \\|title\\='안시성' 541만\\+해외 세일즈로 손익분기점 돌파..VOD 서비스 \\|url\\=http://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no\\=2018102408134122701 \\|website\\=Star News \\|language\\=ko}}", "In January 2018, Studio\\&NEW attracted Series A worth 34\\.3 billion won from KT Skylife and others.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2021\\-09\\-08 \\|title\\=디즈니 협력업체 스튜디오앤뉴, 상장 주관사 선정 착수 \\|url\\=https://biz.chosun.com/stock/stock\\_general/2021/09/08/QWBLAY3AXZCLRHOMV65E5TDTSQ/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-22 \\|website\\=\\[\\[ChosunBiz]] \\|language\\=ko}} It was also expanding its business area to include Actor management.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2018\\-12\\-07 \\|title\\=스튜디오앤뉴, 배우 매니지먼트본부 신설...사업 확장 잰걸음 \\|url\\=http://www.interview365\\.com/news/articleView.html?idxno\\=82943 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-21 \\|website\\=인터뷰365 \\- 대한민국 인터넷대상 최우수상 \\|language\\=ko}} In early September 2019, Studio\\&NEW attracted Series B investment worth 22 billion won through common stock issuance. The cumulative investment amount is 56\\.3 billion won.", "On January 9, 2019, NEW (Next Entertainment World/Chairman Kim Woo\\-taek), appointed Jang Kyung\\-ik, the CEO of Studio\\&NEW, as the new CEO of its film division. From February 1, CEO Jang Kyung\\-ik served as the head of the film division and CEO of Studio\\&NEW simultaneously.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2019\\-01\\-09 \\|title\\=\\[인사] NEW, 장경익 영화부문 대표이사 선임 \\|url\\=https://sports.hankooki.com/news/articleView.html?idxno\\=6373286 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-22 \\|website\\=스포츠한국 \\|language\\=ko}}", "In November 2020, Studio\\&NEW and Geumwol, film production company owned by [Park Hoon\\-jung](/wiki/Park_Hoon-jung \"Park Hoon-jung\"), signed an equity investment contract.{{Cite web \\|title\\=스튜디오앤뉴, 박훈정 감독 영화사 금월에 지분투자 계약 체결…파트너십 강화 \\|trans\\-title\\=Studio \\& New, director Park Hoon\\-jung's film company signed a equity investment contract this month... Strengthening the partnership \\|url\\=http://www.celuvmedia.com/article.php?aid\\=1605488074351761011 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-18 \\|website\\=www.celuvmedia.com \\|language\\=ko}}", "On April 29, 2021, Studio\\&NEW (CEO Jang Kyung\\-ik) announced that it has entered into a long\\-term content partnership with Disney and will continue to showcase content produced by Studio\\&NEW through Disney\\+ in the future.{{Cite web \\|last\\=박 \\|first\\=정선 \\|title\\=NEW 스튜디오앤뉴, 디즈니와 장기 파트너십..5년간 매년 한편 이상\\[공식] \\|url\\=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid\\=241\\&aid\\=0003112794 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-22 \\|website\\=entertain.naver.com \\|language\\=ko}}", "In August 2023, Studio\\&NEW decided to close its actor management business to focus on content planning and production. Consequently, employees and actors belonging to the management business division received support in finding a new home.{{Cite web \\|last\\=OSEN \\|date\\=2023\\-08\\-12 \\|title\\=\\[단독] 스튜디오앤뉴, 매니지먼트 사업 철수 \"제작에 집중\"..소속 배우 거취 논의중(종합) \\|url\\=http://m.osen.co.kr/article/G1112162158 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-22 \\|website\\=m.osen.co.kr \\|language\\=ko}}", "From January to April 2024, Jang served as Studio\\&NEW Content Strategy CEO. In May he served as advisor of Studio\\&NEW.", "### Studio Dragon", "In July 2024, [CJ ENM](/wiki/CJ_ENM \"CJ ENM\") has appointed Jang as CEO of its subsidiary [Studio Dragon](/wiki/Studio_Dragon \"Studio Dragon\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=제작자 영입한 스튜디오드래곤, 핵심은 '퀄리티' \\|url\\=http://www.thebell.co.kr/free/content/ArticleView.asp?key\\=202407152306518640109150\\&lcode\\=00 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-21 \\|website\\=더벨뉴스 \\|language\\=ko}}", "" ]
Management career ----------------- ### Yeovil \& Petters United Page's first managerial post was with [Yeovil \& Petters United](/wiki/Yeovil_Town_F.C. "Yeovil Town F.C.") in summer 1933, also being registered as a player. He finished as the [club's top scorer](/wiki/List_of_Yeovil_Town_F.C._seasons "List of Yeovil Town F.C. seasons") in [1933–34](/wiki/1933%E2%80%9334_Southern_Football_League "1933–34 Southern Football League") with 23 goals. In the [1934–35](/wiki/1934%E2%80%9335_Southern_Football_League "1934–35 Southern Football League") season, Yeovil topped both the Southern League West Section and Western League Division 1 tables. ### Newport County Page was appointed [manager](/wiki/Manager_%28association_football%29 "Manager (association football)") at Welsh club [Newport County](/wiki/Newport_County_A.F.C. "Newport County A.F.C.") on 7 June 1935\. The club finished 21st in the 22 team [Third Division South](/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division_South "Football League Third Division South") in [1935–36](/wiki/1935%E2%80%9336_Newport_County_A.F.C._season "1935–36 Newport County A.F.C. season"), but successfully applied for re\-election. Newport then moved up to 19th in the [1936–37](/wiki/1936%E2%80%9337_Newport_County_A.F.C._season "1936–37 Newport County A.F.C. season") campaign, finishing two places and two points above the re\-election zone. He was sacked on 9 September 1937, a few games into the [1937–38](/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Newport_County_A.F.C._season "1937–38 Newport County A.F.C. season") season; his successor, [Billy McCandless](/wiki/Billy_McCandless "Billy McCandless"), led the club to a 16th\-place finish in the Third Division South. After leaving Newport he became trainer\-[coach](/wiki/Coach_%28sport%29 "Coach (sport)") at [Glentoran](/wiki/Glentoran_F.C. "Glentoran F.C.") in [1939–40](/wiki/1939%E2%80%9340_Irish_League "1939–40 Irish League"), as the "Glens" finished third in the [Irish League](/wiki/IFA_Premiership "IFA Premiership"). He later served as manager of [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool")\-based Carlton F.C. ### Swindon Town When league football resumed after the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), he was appointed manager of [Swindon Town](/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C. "Swindon Town F.C.").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.swindon\-town\-fc.co.uk/Person.asp?PersonID\=PAGELOUI \|title\=Louis PAGE \|work\=swindon\-town\-fc.co.uk \|access\-date\=21 June 2009 }} Page was forced to build a completely fresh team, and so Swindon's fourth\-place finish in the [Third Division South](/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division_South "Football League Third Division South") in [1946–47](/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_Football_League "1946–47 Football League") was seen as a highly respectable achievement. The "Robins" slumped to 16th place the [following season](/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Football_League "1947–48 Football League") – just two points off the bottom spot. They did though knock [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. "Burnley F.C.") out of the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup"), before being beaten in the Fifth Round by [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_F.C. "Southampton F.C."). In [1948–49](/wiki/1948%E2%80%9349_Football_League "1948–49 Football League"), Swindon again finished fourth, without ever challenging for the [promotion](/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation "Promotion and relegation") spot. Swindon then finished 14th in [1949–50](/wiki/1949%E2%80%9350_Football_League "1949–50 Football League"), 17th in [1950–51](/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_Football_League "1950–51 Football League"), 16th in [1951–52](/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_Football_League "1951–52 Football League"), and 18th in [1952–53](/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_Football_League "1952–53 Football League"). Page always had to deal with a shoestring budget at the [County Ground](/wiki/County_Ground%2C_Swindon "County Ground, Swindon"), and was forced to sell many of his top players. Page was relieved of his duties at the end of the 1952–53 season, and was handed £500 in compensation. ### Chester He became manager of [Chester](/wiki/Chester_City_F.C. "Chester City F.C.") in 1953\. The "Seals" finished bottom of the [Third Division North](/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division_North "Football League Third Division North") in [1953–54](/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_Football_League "1953–54 Football League"). The [Sealand Road](/wiki/Sealand_Road "Sealand Road") club again finished last in [1954–55](/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_Football_League "1954–55 Football League"), before rising to 17th in [1955–56](/wiki/1955%E2%80%9356_Football_League "1955–56 Football League"). He later worked as a [scout](/wiki/Scout_%28association_football%29 "Scout (association football)") for [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. "Leicester City F.C.").
[ "Management career\n-----------------", "### Yeovil \\& Petters United", "Page's first managerial post was with [Yeovil \\& Petters United](/wiki/Yeovil_Town_F.C. \"Yeovil Town F.C.\") in summer 1933, also being registered as a player. He finished as the [club's top scorer](/wiki/List_of_Yeovil_Town_F.C._seasons \"List of Yeovil Town F.C. seasons\") in [1933–34](/wiki/1933%E2%80%9334_Southern_Football_League \"1933–34 Southern Football League\") with 23 goals. In the [1934–35](/wiki/1934%E2%80%9335_Southern_Football_League \"1934–35 Southern Football League\") season, Yeovil topped both the Southern League West Section and Western League Division 1 tables.", "### Newport County", "Page was appointed [manager](/wiki/Manager_%28association_football%29 \"Manager (association football)\") at Welsh club [Newport County](/wiki/Newport_County_A.F.C. \"Newport County A.F.C.\") on 7 June 1935\\. The club finished 21st in the 22 team [Third Division South](/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division_South \"Football League Third Division South\") in [1935–36](/wiki/1935%E2%80%9336_Newport_County_A.F.C._season \"1935–36 Newport County A.F.C. season\"), but successfully applied for re\\-election. Newport then moved up to 19th in the [1936–37](/wiki/1936%E2%80%9337_Newport_County_A.F.C._season \"1936–37 Newport County A.F.C. season\") campaign, finishing two places and two points above the re\\-election zone. He was sacked on 9 September 1937, a few games into the [1937–38](/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Newport_County_A.F.C._season \"1937–38 Newport County A.F.C. season\") season; his successor, [Billy McCandless](/wiki/Billy_McCandless \"Billy McCandless\"), led the club to a 16th\\-place finish in the Third Division South.", "After leaving Newport he became trainer\\-[coach](/wiki/Coach_%28sport%29 \"Coach (sport)\") at [Glentoran](/wiki/Glentoran_F.C. \"Glentoran F.C.\") in [1939–40](/wiki/1939%E2%80%9340_Irish_League \"1939–40 Irish League\"), as the \"Glens\" finished third in the [Irish League](/wiki/IFA_Premiership \"IFA Premiership\"). He later served as manager of [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool \"Liverpool\")\\-based Carlton F.C.", "### Swindon Town", "When league football resumed after the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), he was appointed manager of [Swindon Town](/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C. \"Swindon Town F.C.\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.swindon\\-town\\-fc.co.uk/Person.asp?PersonID\\=PAGELOUI \\|title\\=Louis PAGE \\|work\\=swindon\\-town\\-fc.co.uk \\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2009 }} Page was forced to build a completely fresh team, and so Swindon's fourth\\-place finish in the [Third Division South](/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division_South \"Football League Third Division South\") in [1946–47](/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_Football_League \"1946–47 Football League\") was seen as a highly respectable achievement. The \"Robins\" slumped to 16th place the [following season](/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Football_League \"1947–48 Football League\") – just two points off the bottom spot. They did though knock [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. \"Burnley F.C.\") out of the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\"), before being beaten in the Fifth Round by [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_F.C. \"Southampton F.C.\"). In [1948–49](/wiki/1948%E2%80%9349_Football_League \"1948–49 Football League\"), Swindon again finished fourth, without ever challenging for the [promotion](/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation \"Promotion and relegation\") spot.", "Swindon then finished 14th in [1949–50](/wiki/1949%E2%80%9350_Football_League \"1949–50 Football League\"), 17th in [1950–51](/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_Football_League \"1950–51 Football League\"), 16th in [1951–52](/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_Football_League \"1951–52 Football League\"), and 18th in [1952–53](/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_Football_League \"1952–53 Football League\"). Page always had to deal with a shoestring budget at the [County Ground](/wiki/County_Ground%2C_Swindon \"County Ground, Swindon\"), and was forced to sell many of his top players. Page was relieved of his duties at the end of the 1952–53 season, and was handed £500 in compensation.", "### Chester", "He became manager of [Chester](/wiki/Chester_City_F.C. \"Chester City F.C.\") in 1953\\. The \"Seals\" finished bottom of the [Third Division North](/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division_North \"Football League Third Division North\") in [1953–54](/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_Football_League \"1953–54 Football League\"). The [Sealand Road](/wiki/Sealand_Road \"Sealand Road\") club again finished last in [1954–55](/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_Football_League \"1954–55 Football League\"), before rising to 17th in [1955–56](/wiki/1955%E2%80%9356_Football_League \"1955–56 Football League\"). He later worked as a [scout](/wiki/Scout_%28association_football%29 \"Scout (association football)\") for [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. \"Leicester City F.C.\").", "" ]
Geography --------- File:Cavendish Street, Keighley.jpg\|Victorian era terraced buildings on Cavendish Street File:Victorian Terraces of Keighley.jpg\|A ground\-level view of the Victorian commercial quarter File:Keighley070805\.jpg\|North Street File:Keighley railway station (geograph 7027473\).jpg\|\[\[Keighley railway station]] Keighley lies at the [confluence](/wiki/Confluence "Confluence") of the rivers [Worth](/wiki/River_Worth "River Worth") and [Aire](/wiki/River_Aire "River Aire") in [Airedale](/wiki/Airedale "Airedale"), in the [South Pennines](/wiki/South_Pennines "South Pennines"). It benefits from an [electrified railway](/wiki/Railway_electrification_system "Railway electrification system") service with connections to [Leeds](/wiki/Leeds "Leeds"), [Bradford](/wiki/Bradford "Bradford"), [Shipley](/wiki/Shipley%2C_West_Yorkshire "Shipley, West Yorkshire"), [Bingley](/wiki/Bingley "Bingley"), [Skipton](/wiki/Skipton "Skipton"), [Carlisle](/wiki/Carlisle "Carlisle") and [Morecambe](/wiki/Morecambe "Morecambe"). The [post town](/wiki/Post_town "Post town") of Keighley's northern boundary is with [Bradley](/wiki/Bradley%2C_North_Yorkshire "Bradley, North Yorkshire") and its southern limit is the edge of [Oxenhope](/wiki/Oxenhope "Oxenhope"). To the west, the town advances up the hill to the suburb of Black Hill, and in the east it terminates at the residential neighbourhoods of [Long Lee](/wiki/Long_Lee "Long Lee") and Thwaites Brow. The outlying north\-eastern suburb of [Riddlesden](/wiki/Riddlesden "Riddlesden") is sometimes incorrectly referred to as a separate village but is part of the town. Past Black Hill and via Braithwaite Edge Road lies Braithwaite village, which leads to [Laycock](/wiki/Laycock%2C_West_Yorkshire "Laycock, West Yorkshire"), which was also mentioned in the [Domesday Book](/wiki/Domesday_Book "Domesday Book"). Laycock is a conservation area which overlooks the hamlet of Goose Eye. The [River Aire](/wiki/River_Aire "River Aire") passes through north\-eastern Keighley, dividing the neighbourhood of Stockbridge and running roughly parallel to the [Leeds and Liverpool Canal](/wiki/Leeds_and_Liverpool_Canal "Leeds and Liverpool Canal"). The Worth links up with the Aire in Stockbridge and runs south\-westerly, dividing eastern Keighley from central and western districts of the town. The Worth is lined with abandoned, semi\-derelict industrial sites and tracts of waste ground dating from the period when Keighley thrived as a major textile centre. Parts of Keighley are prone to flooding, and the town was particularly badly hit by floods in 2000\.{{cite news \|date\=3 November 2000 \|title\=Flood: Hundreds Homeless as Floods Hit \|work\=\[\[Telegraph \& Argus]] \|url\=http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/8049696\.Flood\_\_Hundreds\_homeless\_as\_floods\_hit/ \|access\-date\=7 December 2017}}{{cite news \|date\=1 November 2000 \|title\=Floods Could Cost Millions \|work\=\[\[Keighley News]] \|url\=http://www.keighleynews.co.uk/news/8049840\.Floods\_could\_cost\_millions/ \|access\-date\=7 December 2017}} Since then, millions have been spent on strengthening flood defences. Other outlying villages around the town are [Oakworth](/wiki/Oakworth "Oakworth"), [Cross Roads](/wiki/Cross_Roads%2C_West_Yorkshire "Cross Roads, West Yorkshire"), [Haworth](/wiki/Haworth "Haworth"), [Stanbury](/wiki/Stanbury "Stanbury") and [Oxenhope](/wiki/Oxenhope "Oxenhope"). The two main settlements to the north are [Silsden](/wiki/Silsden "Silsden") and [Steeton](/wiki/Steeton%2C_West_Yorkshire "Steeton, West Yorkshire"). Although these villages are often referred to as separate places, they are part of the wider Keighley area. These areas add a total of 22,669 people to the Keighley area, taking the population of the wider Keighley area up to 74,098 ([2001 Census](/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001 "United Kingdom Census 2001")). To the north\-east is [Rombalds Moor](/wiki/Rombalds_Moor "Rombalds Moor"), which contains many signs of [Stone Age](/wiki/Stone_Age "Stone Age") and [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age "Bronze Age") occupation, including [cup and ring marks](/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark "Cup and ring mark");{{cite web \|title\=Rombald's Moor Stone Circles \|url\=http://www.stone\-circles.org.uk/stone/rombaldsmoor.htm \|access\-date\=24 January 2009}} as it drops back down into [Wharfedale](/wiki/Wharfedale "Wharfedale") and the town of [Ilkley](/wiki/Ilkley "Ilkley"), approximately five miles away, it becomes the more famous [Ilkley Moor](/wiki/Ilkley_Moor "Ilkley Moor"). | | {{Geographic location \|title \= '''Neighbouring towns, villages and places''' \|Northwest \= \[\[Skipton]], \[\[Gargrave]], ''\[\[Yorkshire Dales]]'' \|North \= \[\[Steeton (village)\|Steeton]], \[\[Silsden]], \[\[Addingham]] \|Northeast \= \[\[Ilkley]], \[\[Burley\-in\-Wharfedale]] \|West \= \[\[Colne]], \[\[Nelson, Lancashire\|Nelson]], \[\[Burnley]] \|Centre \= Keighley \|East \= \[\[Menston]], \[\[Guiseley]], \[\[Yeadon, West Yorkshire\|Yeadon]] \|Southwest \= \[\[Oakworth]], \[\[Haworth]], \[\[Oxenhope]] \|South \= \[\[Cullingworth]], \[\[Denholme]], \[\[Halifax, West Yorkshire\|Halifax]] \|Southeast \= \[\[Bingley]], \[\[Shipley, West Yorkshire\|Shipley]], \[\[Bradford]] }} |
[ "Geography\n---------", "File:Cavendish Street, Keighley.jpg\\|Victorian era terraced buildings on Cavendish Street\nFile:Victorian Terraces of Keighley.jpg\\|A ground\\-level view of the Victorian commercial quarter\nFile:Keighley070805\\.jpg\\|North Street\nFile:Keighley railway station (geograph 7027473\\).jpg\\|\\[\\[Keighley railway station]]\nKeighley lies at the [confluence](/wiki/Confluence \"Confluence\") of the rivers [Worth](/wiki/River_Worth \"River Worth\") and [Aire](/wiki/River_Aire \"River Aire\") in [Airedale](/wiki/Airedale \"Airedale\"), in the [South Pennines](/wiki/South_Pennines \"South Pennines\"). It benefits from an [electrified railway](/wiki/Railway_electrification_system \"Railway electrification system\") service with connections to [Leeds](/wiki/Leeds \"Leeds\"), [Bradford](/wiki/Bradford \"Bradford\"), [Shipley](/wiki/Shipley%2C_West_Yorkshire \"Shipley, West Yorkshire\"), [Bingley](/wiki/Bingley \"Bingley\"), [Skipton](/wiki/Skipton \"Skipton\"), [Carlisle](/wiki/Carlisle \"Carlisle\") and [Morecambe](/wiki/Morecambe \"Morecambe\").", "The [post town](/wiki/Post_town \"Post town\") of Keighley's northern boundary is with [Bradley](/wiki/Bradley%2C_North_Yorkshire \"Bradley, North Yorkshire\") and its southern limit is the edge of [Oxenhope](/wiki/Oxenhope \"Oxenhope\"). To the west, the town advances up the hill to the suburb of Black Hill, and in the east it terminates at the residential neighbourhoods of [Long Lee](/wiki/Long_Lee \"Long Lee\") and Thwaites Brow. The outlying north\\-eastern suburb of [Riddlesden](/wiki/Riddlesden \"Riddlesden\") is sometimes incorrectly referred to as a separate village but is part of the town.", "Past Black Hill and via Braithwaite Edge Road lies Braithwaite village, which leads to [Laycock](/wiki/Laycock%2C_West_Yorkshire \"Laycock, West Yorkshire\"), which was also mentioned in the [Domesday Book](/wiki/Domesday_Book \"Domesday Book\"). Laycock is a conservation area which overlooks the hamlet of Goose Eye.", "The [River Aire](/wiki/River_Aire \"River Aire\") passes through north\\-eastern Keighley, dividing the neighbourhood of Stockbridge and running roughly parallel to the [Leeds and Liverpool Canal](/wiki/Leeds_and_Liverpool_Canal \"Leeds and Liverpool Canal\"). The Worth links up with the Aire in Stockbridge and runs south\\-westerly, dividing eastern Keighley from central and western districts of the town. The Worth is lined with abandoned, semi\\-derelict industrial sites and tracts of waste ground dating from the period when Keighley thrived as a major textile centre.", "Parts of Keighley are prone to flooding, and the town was particularly badly hit by floods in 2000\\.{{cite news \\|date\\=3 November 2000 \\|title\\=Flood: Hundreds Homeless as Floods Hit \\|work\\=\\[\\[Telegraph \\& Argus]] \\|url\\=http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/8049696\\.Flood\\_\\_Hundreds\\_homeless\\_as\\_floods\\_hit/ \\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2017}}{{cite news \\|date\\=1 November 2000 \\|title\\=Floods Could Cost Millions \\|work\\=\\[\\[Keighley News]] \\|url\\=http://www.keighleynews.co.uk/news/8049840\\.Floods\\_could\\_cost\\_millions/ \\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2017}} Since then, millions have been spent on strengthening flood defences.", "Other outlying villages around the town are [Oakworth](/wiki/Oakworth \"Oakworth\"), [Cross Roads](/wiki/Cross_Roads%2C_West_Yorkshire \"Cross Roads, West Yorkshire\"), [Haworth](/wiki/Haworth \"Haworth\"), [Stanbury](/wiki/Stanbury \"Stanbury\") and [Oxenhope](/wiki/Oxenhope \"Oxenhope\"). The two main settlements to the north are [Silsden](/wiki/Silsden \"Silsden\") and [Steeton](/wiki/Steeton%2C_West_Yorkshire \"Steeton, West Yorkshire\"). Although these villages are often referred to as separate places, they are part of the wider Keighley area. These areas add a total of 22,669 people to the Keighley area, taking the population of the wider Keighley area up to 74,098 ([2001 Census](/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001 \"United Kingdom Census 2001\")).", "To the north\\-east is [Rombalds Moor](/wiki/Rombalds_Moor \"Rombalds Moor\"), which contains many signs of [Stone Age](/wiki/Stone_Age \"Stone Age\") and [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age \"Bronze Age\") occupation, including [cup and ring marks](/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark \"Cup and ring mark\");{{cite web \\|title\\=Rombald's Moor Stone Circles \\|url\\=http://www.stone\\-circles.org.uk/stone/rombaldsmoor.htm \\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2009}} as it drops back down into [Wharfedale](/wiki/Wharfedale \"Wharfedale\") and the town of [Ilkley](/wiki/Ilkley \"Ilkley\"), approximately five miles away, it becomes the more famous [Ilkley Moor](/wiki/Ilkley_Moor \"Ilkley Moor\").", "", "|", "| {{Geographic location \\|title \\= '''Neighbouring towns, villages and places''' \\|Northwest \\= \\[\\[Skipton]], \\[\\[Gargrave]], ''\\[\\[Yorkshire Dales]]'' \\|North \\= \\[\\[Steeton (village)\\|Steeton]], \\[\\[Silsden]], \\[\\[Addingham]] \\|Northeast \\= \\[\\[Ilkley]], \\[\\[Burley\\-in\\-Wharfedale]] \\|West \\= \\[\\[Colne]], \\[\\[Nelson, Lancashire\\|Nelson]], \\[\\[Burnley]] \\|Centre \\= Keighley \\|East \\= \\[\\[Menston]], \\[\\[Guiseley]], \\[\\[Yeadon, West Yorkshire\\|Yeadon]] \\|Southwest \\= \\[\\[Oakworth]], \\[\\[Haworth]], \\[\\[Oxenhope]] \\|South \\= \\[\\[Cullingworth]], \\[\\[Denholme]], \\[\\[Halifax, West Yorkshire\\|Halifax]] \\|Southeast \\= \\[\\[Bingley]], \\[\\[Shipley, West Yorkshire\\|Shipley]], \\[\\[Bradford]] }} |" ]
Ecology ------- The habitats of *Ovachlamys fulgens* include [pastures](/wiki/Pastures "Pastures") and crop fields with moisture and with deep leaf litter cover. For example, habitats with *[Yucca guatemalensis](/wiki/Yucca_guatemalensis "Yucca guatemalensis")* provide good conditions for this species. The snails are mostly found in soil litter and on plants up to 8 feet in height in areas of secondary growth and tree plantations. The ideal collection time is after rainfall. This species is considered an important [orchid](/wiki/Orchid "Orchid") [pest](/wiki/Pest_%28organism%29 "Pest (organism)"). It is [phytophagous](/wiki/Phytophagous "Phytophagous") and is reported to attack a wide variety of horticultural plants, but the snails are mostly found among soil litter and become dormant during dry periods. It has been found on [avocado](/wiki/Avocado "Avocado"), [mango](/wiki/Mango "Mango"), *[Heliconia](/wiki/Heliconia "Heliconia")* and *[Dracaena](/wiki/Dracaena_%28plant%29 "Dracaena (plant)")*. Leaves of the avocado can be also used to raise juveniles in lab settings. Little scientific data has been gathered on the biology of this species. Individuals of *Ovachlamys fulgens* can lay eggs at the age of 42 days and are considered mature when their shell width reaches 5\.12 mm. There is no need for the snails to mate in order to lay eggs and for successful reproduction. Eggs are laid in clutches of three in soil or [leaf litter](/wiki/Leaf_litter "Leaf litter") where they absorb more water from the environment. The lifespan of *Ovachlamys fulgens* is 9 months in lab settings.Barrientos Z. (1998\). "Life history of the terrestrial snail *Ovachlamys fulgens* (Stylommatophora: Helicarionidae) under laboratory conditions". *[Revista de Biología Tropical](/wiki/Revista_de_Biolog%C3%ADa_Tropical "Revista de Biología Tropical")* **46**(2\): 369\-384\. [PDF](http://orton.catie.ac.cr/repdoc/AGUACATE/A0061S/A0061S.PDF) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202212813/http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script\=sci\_arttext\&pid\=S0034\-77441998000200020 \|date\=2 December 2017 }}. [HTM in the Google chache](https://web.archive.org/web/20171202212813/http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-77441998000200020). ### Parasites Parasites of *Ovachlamys fulgens* include *[Angiostrongylus cantonensis](/wiki/Angiostrongylus_cantonensis "Angiostrongylus cantonensis")*.
[ "Ecology\n-------", "The habitats of *Ovachlamys fulgens* include [pastures](/wiki/Pastures \"Pastures\") and crop fields with moisture and with deep leaf litter cover. For example, habitats with *[Yucca guatemalensis](/wiki/Yucca_guatemalensis \"Yucca guatemalensis\")* provide good conditions for this species. The snails are mostly found in soil litter and on plants up to 8 feet in height in areas of secondary growth and tree plantations. The ideal collection time is after rainfall.", "This species is considered an important [orchid](/wiki/Orchid \"Orchid\") [pest](/wiki/Pest_%28organism%29 \"Pest (organism)\"). It is [phytophagous](/wiki/Phytophagous \"Phytophagous\") and is reported to attack a wide variety of horticultural plants, but the snails are mostly found among soil litter and become dormant during dry periods. It has been found on [avocado](/wiki/Avocado \"Avocado\"), [mango](/wiki/Mango \"Mango\"), *[Heliconia](/wiki/Heliconia \"Heliconia\")* and *[Dracaena](/wiki/Dracaena_%28plant%29 \"Dracaena (plant)\")*. Leaves of the avocado can be also used to raise juveniles in lab settings.", "Little scientific data has been gathered on the biology of this species.", "Individuals of *Ovachlamys fulgens* can lay eggs at the age of 42 days and are considered mature when their shell width reaches 5\\.12 mm. There is no need for the snails to mate in order to lay eggs and for successful reproduction. Eggs are laid in clutches of three in soil or [leaf litter](/wiki/Leaf_litter \"Leaf litter\") where they absorb more water from the environment.", "The lifespan of *Ovachlamys fulgens* is 9 months in lab settings.Barrientos Z. (1998\\). \"Life history of the terrestrial snail *Ovachlamys fulgens* (Stylommatophora: Helicarionidae) under laboratory conditions\". *[Revista de Biología Tropical](/wiki/Revista_de_Biolog%C3%ADa_Tropical \"Revista de Biología Tropical\")* **46**(2\\): 369\\-384\\. [PDF](http://orton.catie.ac.cr/repdoc/AGUACATE/A0061S/A0061S.PDF) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202212813/http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script\\=sci\\_arttext\\&pid\\=S0034\\-77441998000200020 \\|date\\=2 December 2017 }}. [HTM in the Google chache](https://web.archive.org/web/20171202212813/http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-77441998000200020).", "### Parasites", "Parasites of *Ovachlamys fulgens* include *[Angiostrongylus cantonensis](/wiki/Angiostrongylus_cantonensis \"Angiostrongylus cantonensis\")*.", "" ]
Demographics ------------ The [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census "2010 United States Census"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0673554\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20140715033340/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\=06:0673554\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=July 15, 2014\|title\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA \- Spaulding CDP\|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau\|accessdate\=July 12, 2014}} reported that Spaulding had a population of 178\. The population density was {{convert\|53\.5\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of Spaulding was 168 (94\.4%) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0 (0\.0%) [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 3 (1\.7%) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 1 (0\.6%) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0 (0\.0%) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 1 (0\.6%) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 5 (2\.8%) from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 6 persons (3\.4%). The Census reported that 178 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non\-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized. There were 94 households, out of which 7 (7\.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 51 (54\.3%) were [opposite\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 7 (7\.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 5 (5\.3%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 6 (6\.4%) [unmarried opposite\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ "POSSLQ"), and 0 (0%) [same\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships "Same-sex partnerships"). 26 households (27\.7%) were made up of individuals, and 10 (10\.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1\.89\. There were 63 [families](/wiki/Family_%28U.S._Census%29 "Family (U.S. Census)") (67\.0% of all households); the average family size was 2\.22\. The population was spread out, with 10 people (5\.6%) under the age of 18, 2 people (1\.1%) aged 18 to 24, 12 people (6\.7%) aged 25 to 44, 75 people (42\.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 79 people (44\.4%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 63\.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 107\.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104\.9 males. There were 665 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|199\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}, of which 81 (86\.2%) were owner\-occupied, and 13 (13\.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 18\.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 53\.3%. 158 people (88\.8% of the population) lived in owner\-occupied housing units and 20 people (11\.2%) lived in rental housing units.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "The [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census \"2010 United States Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0673554\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20140715033340/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl\\=06:0673554\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2014\\|title\\=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA \\- Spaulding CDP\\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=July 12, 2014}} reported that Spaulding had a population of 178\\. The population density was {{convert\\|53\\.5\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of Spaulding was 168 (94\\.4%) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0 (0\\.0%) [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 3 (1\\.7%) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 1 (0\\.6%) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0 (0\\.0%) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 1 (0\\.6%) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 5 (2\\.8%) from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 6 persons (3\\.4%).", "The Census reported that 178 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non\\-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.", "There were 94 households, out of which 7 (7\\.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 51 (54\\.3%) were [opposite\\-sex married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 7 (7\\.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 5 (5\\.3%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 6 (6\\.4%) [unmarried opposite\\-sex partnerships](/wiki/POSSLQ \"POSSLQ\"), and 0 (0%) [same\\-sex married couples or partnerships](/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships \"Same-sex partnerships\"). 26 households (27\\.7%) were made up of individuals, and 10 (10\\.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1\\.89\\. There were 63 [families](/wiki/Family_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Family (U.S. Census)\") (67\\.0% of all households); the average family size was 2\\.22\\.", "The population was spread out, with 10 people (5\\.6%) under the age of 18, 2 people (1\\.1%) aged 18 to 24, 12 people (6\\.7%) aged 25 to 44, 75 people (42\\.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 79 people (44\\.4%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 63\\.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 107\\.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104\\.9 males.", "There were 665 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|199\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}, of which 81 (86\\.2%) were owner\\-occupied, and 13 (13\\.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 18\\.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 53\\.3%. 158 people (88\\.8% of the population) lived in owner\\-occupied housing units and 20 people (11\\.2%) lived in rental housing units.", "" ]
Mixed martial arts career ------------------------- ### Early career Fickett began his professional MMA career in 1999 and quickly amassed an undefeated record of 12–0 in the first 20 months of his career. Before entering the [UFC](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship "Ultimate Fighting Championship"), Fickett had a record of 24–2 with notable wins over [Dennis Hallman](/wiki/Dennis_Hallman "Dennis Hallman"), [Carlo Prater](/wiki/Carlo_Prater "Carlo Prater") and [Kenny Florian](/wiki/Kenny_Florian "Kenny Florian"). ### Ultimate Fighting championship [UFC](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship "Ultimate Fighting Championship") President, [Dana White](/wiki/Dana_White "Dana White") stated that Fickett was originally supposed to be a contestant on the first season of [The Ultimate Fighter](/wiki/The_Ultimate_Fighter "The Ultimate Fighter"), but upon watching his bout with Kenny Florian at a small [mixed martial arts](/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts "Mixed martial arts") event, he had decided to sign Florian onto the show in his place. Fickett defeated Florian, but shortly after was [incarcerated](/wiki/Incarcerated "Incarcerated"). White then went with Florian. Fickett made his [Ultimate Fighting Championship](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship "Ultimate Fighting Championship") debut in February 2005 at [UFC 51](/wiki/UFC_51 "UFC 51"), losing to [Nick Diaz](/wiki/Nick_Diaz "Nick Diaz") via [TKO](/wiki/Technical_knockout "Technical knockout"). He went 4–3 in his tenure with the organization, with notable victories over [Kurt Pellegrino](/wiki/Kurt_Pellegrino "Kurt Pellegrino"), [Josh Neer](/wiki/Josh_Neer "Josh Neer") and a come\-from\-behind win over [Josh Koscheck](/wiki/Josh_Koscheck "Josh Koscheck"). ### Post\-UFC Following his release from the UFC in 2007, Fickett stayed busy fighting for a number of smaller tier promotions including [HDNet Fights](/wiki/HDNet_Fights "HDNet Fights"), [Cage Rage](/wiki/Cage_Rage "Cage Rage") and [Strikeforce](/wiki/Strikeforce_%28mixed_martial_arts%29 "Strikeforce (mixed martial arts)"). Fickett had been scheduled to fight [Ryan Ford](/wiki/Ryan_Ford_%28fighter%29 "Ryan Ford (fighter)") for the [Maximum Fighting Championship](/wiki/Maximum_Fighting_Championship "Maximum Fighting Championship") welterweight title at MFC 17: Hostile Takeover on July 25, 2008\."[Fickett out of fight vs. Ford](http://www.sportsnet.ca/mma/2008/06/30/fickett_mfc/)", Sportsnet.ca, June 30, 2008\. However, after signing an agreement for the MFC fight, he signed another agreement to fight [Luke Stewart](/wiki/Luke_Stewart "Luke Stewart") at the [Strikeforce: Melendez vs. Thomson](/wiki/Strikeforce:Melendez_vs._Thomson "Melendez vs. Thomson") event on June 27, 2008, as a replacement for an injured [Joe Riggs](/wiki/Joe_Riggs "Joe Riggs"). This placed him in breach of his agreement with MFC, which stated that he would not fight for five weeks prior to his MFC date. As a result, he ended up being removed from both fight cards, and MFC president/owner [Mark Pavelich](/wiki/Mark_Pavelich "Mark Pavelich") declared that Fickett would never again fight in the MFC. From August 2008 to August 2009, Fickett suffered the worst year of his professional career, with only 2 wins versus 8 losses. Fickett later revealed in interviews that he had not even trained for these fights. Fickett returned in 2010 with a renewed focus. He defeated fellow [UFC](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship "Ultimate Fighting Championship") veteran Derrick Noble by [submission](/wiki/Submission "Submission"), ending his 5 fight losing streak. In September 2010, he won the one night Shine: Lightweight Grand Prix which saw him fight three times over the course of the evening. He ended all of the fights in the first round via [submission](/wiki/Submission "Submission") and declared, "I'm back" in his post\-fight interview. ### Maximum Fighting Championship Fickett then signed a multi\-fight contract with the [Maximum Fighting Championship](/wiki/Maximum_Fighting_Championship "Maximum Fighting Championship"). His first fight was against [Matt Veach](/wiki/Matt_Veach "Matt Veach") at [MFC 28](/wiki/MFC_28 "MFC 28") on February 25, 2011\. He won via [submission](/wiki/Submission "Submission") in the first round. MFC announced his release from the organization following his loss to [Tatsuya Kawajiri](/wiki/Tatsuya_Kawajiri "Tatsuya Kawajiri"). ### Independent Circuit Fickett faced Luis Felix at CES MMA 22 on March 14, 2014\. He lost by KO (head kick) in the second round.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.doghouseboxing.com/Boxing\_News/News\-031514\.htm\|title\=Leg Kick launches Luis Felix past Drew Fickett \- Complete CES \- MMA Results\|publisher\=doghouseboxing.com\|date\=March 15, 2014}}
[ "Mixed martial arts career\n-------------------------", "### Early career", "Fickett began his professional MMA career in 1999 and quickly amassed an undefeated record of 12–0 in the first 20 months of his career. Before entering the [UFC](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship \"Ultimate Fighting Championship\"), Fickett had a record of 24–2 with notable wins over [Dennis Hallman](/wiki/Dennis_Hallman \"Dennis Hallman\"), [Carlo Prater](/wiki/Carlo_Prater \"Carlo Prater\") and [Kenny Florian](/wiki/Kenny_Florian \"Kenny Florian\").", "### Ultimate Fighting championship", "[UFC](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship \"Ultimate Fighting Championship\") President, [Dana White](/wiki/Dana_White \"Dana White\") stated that Fickett was originally supposed to be a contestant on the first season of [The Ultimate Fighter](/wiki/The_Ultimate_Fighter \"The Ultimate Fighter\"), but upon watching his bout with Kenny Florian at a small [mixed martial arts](/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts \"Mixed martial arts\") event, he had decided to sign Florian onto the show in his place. Fickett defeated Florian, but shortly after was [incarcerated](/wiki/Incarcerated \"Incarcerated\"). White then went with Florian.", "Fickett made his [Ultimate Fighting Championship](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship \"Ultimate Fighting Championship\") debut in February 2005 at [UFC 51](/wiki/UFC_51 \"UFC 51\"), losing to [Nick Diaz](/wiki/Nick_Diaz \"Nick Diaz\") via [TKO](/wiki/Technical_knockout \"Technical knockout\"). He went 4–3 in his tenure with the organization, with notable victories over [Kurt Pellegrino](/wiki/Kurt_Pellegrino \"Kurt Pellegrino\"), [Josh Neer](/wiki/Josh_Neer \"Josh Neer\") and a come\\-from\\-behind win over [Josh Koscheck](/wiki/Josh_Koscheck \"Josh Koscheck\").", "### Post\\-UFC", "Following his release from the UFC in 2007, Fickett stayed busy fighting for a number of smaller tier promotions including [HDNet Fights](/wiki/HDNet_Fights \"HDNet Fights\"), [Cage Rage](/wiki/Cage_Rage \"Cage Rage\") and [Strikeforce](/wiki/Strikeforce_%28mixed_martial_arts%29 \"Strikeforce (mixed martial arts)\").", "Fickett had been scheduled to fight [Ryan Ford](/wiki/Ryan_Ford_%28fighter%29 \"Ryan Ford (fighter)\") for the [Maximum Fighting Championship](/wiki/Maximum_Fighting_Championship \"Maximum Fighting Championship\") welterweight title at MFC 17: Hostile Takeover on July 25, 2008\\.\"[Fickett out of fight vs. Ford](http://www.sportsnet.ca/mma/2008/06/30/fickett_mfc/)\", Sportsnet.ca, June 30, 2008\\. However, after signing an agreement for the MFC fight, he signed another agreement to fight [Luke Stewart](/wiki/Luke_Stewart \"Luke Stewart\") at the [Strikeforce: Melendez vs. Thomson](/wiki/Strikeforce:Melendez_vs._Thomson \"Melendez vs. Thomson\") event on June 27, 2008, as a replacement for an injured [Joe Riggs](/wiki/Joe_Riggs \"Joe Riggs\"). This placed him in breach of his agreement with MFC, which stated that he would not fight for five weeks prior to his MFC date. As a result, he ended up being removed from both fight cards, and MFC president/owner [Mark Pavelich](/wiki/Mark_Pavelich \"Mark Pavelich\") declared that Fickett would never again fight in the MFC.", "From August 2008 to August 2009, Fickett suffered the worst year of his professional career, with only 2 wins versus 8 losses. Fickett later revealed in interviews that he had not even trained for these fights.", "Fickett returned in 2010 with a renewed focus. He defeated fellow [UFC](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship \"Ultimate Fighting Championship\") veteran Derrick Noble by [submission](/wiki/Submission \"Submission\"), ending his 5 fight losing streak. In September 2010, he won the one night Shine: Lightweight Grand Prix which saw him fight three times over the course of the evening. He ended all of the fights in the first round via [submission](/wiki/Submission \"Submission\") and declared, \"I'm back\" in his post\\-fight interview.", "### Maximum Fighting Championship", "Fickett then signed a multi\\-fight contract with the [Maximum Fighting Championship](/wiki/Maximum_Fighting_Championship \"Maximum Fighting Championship\"). His first fight was against [Matt Veach](/wiki/Matt_Veach \"Matt Veach\") at [MFC 28](/wiki/MFC_28 \"MFC 28\") on February 25, 2011\\. He won via [submission](/wiki/Submission \"Submission\") in the first round. MFC announced his release from the organization following his loss to [Tatsuya Kawajiri](/wiki/Tatsuya_Kawajiri \"Tatsuya Kawajiri\").", "### Independent Circuit", "Fickett faced Luis Felix at CES MMA 22 on March 14, 2014\\. He lost by KO (head kick) in the second round.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.doghouseboxing.com/Boxing\\_News/News\\-031514\\.htm\\|title\\=Leg Kick launches Luis Felix past Drew Fickett \\- Complete CES \\- MMA Results\\|publisher\\=doghouseboxing.com\\|date\\=March 15, 2014}}", "" ]
Biography --------- He is the son of publicist Roberto Arce (1923–1995\) and artist Montserrat Vilardebó. He has been married since 1993 to publicist Cristina de Vicente Rodríguez, with whom he has 3 children: Diego (1995\); Candela (1997\) and Natalia (1999\). ### Home He studied journalism at the [Complutense University of Madrid](/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid "Complutense University of Madrid") and began his professional career in 1987, working at [EFE](/wiki/EFE "EFE"). A year later, he made the jump to Radio España, where he was editor, political correspondent and head of international news. ### Antena 3 In 1989 he joined [Antena 3](/wiki/Antena_3_%28Spanish_TV_channel%29 "Antena 3 (Spanish TV channel)"), where he has been assistant director and presenter of several news programs, as well as special envoy in the [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War "Gulf War"), (1990–1991\) and the [Bosnian War](/wiki/Bosnian_War "Bosnian War") (1992–1995\).{{Cite web \|date\=29 July 2011 \|title\=Roberto Arce deja Antena 3 para presentar Noticias Cuatro\|url\=https://www.libertaddigital.com/sociedad/2011\-06\-29/roberto\-arce\-deja\-antena\-3\-para\-presentar\-noticias\-cuatro\-1276428136/\|website\=Libertad Digital \|language\=es}} He was in front of the cameras of [Antena 3 Noticias](/wiki/Antena_3_Noticias "Antena 3 Noticias") between 1992 and 1997\. Presenting the weekend edition, first with María Rey, until 1993 and then alone until 1997\. In 1996, again with María Rey and this time, at noon, they replaced [Olga Viza](/wiki/Olga_Viza "Olga Viza") from June 1 to September 13 of that year.{{Cite web \|date\=6 October 1996 \|title\=El pulso de las noticias\|url\=https://elpais.com/diario/1996/10/06/radiotv/844552802\_850215\.html\|website\=ElPaís \|language\=es}} In 1997, he presented the program *Situación de emergencia*{{Cite news \|date\=20 September 1997 \|title\='Situación de emergencia' \|language\=es \|website\=El País \|url\=https://elpais.com/diario/1997/09/21/radiotv/874792821\_850215\.html}} and in 1998 he replaced [Pedro Piqueras](/wiki/Pedro_Piqueras "Pedro Piqueras") at the head of Espejo Público, a program he also directed since November 2000,{{Cite web \|date\=13 October 2000 \|title\=Arce, director de 'Espejo público'\|url\=https://elpais.com/diario/2000/10/13/radiotv/971388001\_850215\.html\|website\=ElPaís \|language\=es}} where he remained until September 2002, when he was replaced by Sonsoles Suárez, daughter of former Prime Minister [Adolfo Suárez](/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez "Adolfo Suárez").{{Cite web \|date\=14 October 2021 \|title\=Antena 3 recuperará el espíritu del 'Espejo Público' de Pedro Piqueras con 'Antena abierta'\|url\=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20211014/antena\-3\-abierta\-recupera\-espiritu\-espejo\-publico\-piqueras\-domingo\-12244793\|website\=ElPeriódico \|language\=es}} In 2002, he was in charge of Buenos días, España with Marta Cáceres and Soledad Arroyo,{{Cite web \|date\=9 July 2003 \|title\="Buenos días, España" se despide el 14 de julio sin fecha de retorno\|url\=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/buenos\-espana\-despide\-julio\-retorno\_1\_7791215\.html\|website\=ElDiario \|language\=es}} and later, he directed and presented Noticias de la mañana, which he presented with Lydia Balenciaga. In May 2004, he began presenting *La Respuesta*, replacing [Pedro Piqueras](/wiki/Pedro_Piqueras "Pedro Piqueras"). In September 2004, he moved to the afternoon news, hosting the newscast with [Susanna Griso](/wiki/Susanna_Griso "Susanna Griso");{{Cite web \|date\=23 November 2006 \|title\=Antena 3 cierra mañana la tertulia política 'Ruedo ibérico'\|url\=https://elpais.com/diario/2006/11/23/radiotv/1164236403\_850215\.html\|website\=ElPaís \|language\=es}} from September 6, 2004 to December 1, 2006, and two years later he made it the leading midday newscast, surpassing [TVE](/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola "Televisión Española")'s [Telediario](/wiki/Telediario "Telediario"), presented by [Ana Blanco](/wiki/Ana_Blanco "Ana Blanco") and leader at the time. The leadership of Antena 3 Noticias 1 consolidated the success of this channel's news program, which after taking over the leadership of the prime time edition with [Matías Prats](/wiki/Mat%C3%ADas_Prats_Luque "Matías Prats Luque"), the previous season and, subsequently, the midday edition with [Susanna Griso](/wiki/Susanna_Griso "Susanna Griso") and Roberto Arce, made Antena 3 the absolute leader in television news in Spain. It thus became the only private European channel to surpass the number of viewers of the public channel, in this case [TVE](/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola "Televisión Española"), a fact that would last until 2007\.{{Cite web \|date\=30 June 2007 \|title\=Roberto Arce: «La televisión privada está menos hipotecada con el poder»\|url\=https://www.diariosur.es/20070630/gente/roberto\-arce\-television\-privada\-20070630\.html\|website\=DiarioSur \|language\=es}} Between December 11, 2006 and August 28, 2009, his news partner was Pilar Galán,{{Cite web \|date\=21 October 2008 \|title\=Un corte de luz deja a Antena 3 sin su informativo de mediodía\|url\=https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/10/21/television/1224605305\.html\|website\=ElMundo \|language\=es}} who replaced [Susanna Griso](/wiki/Susanna_Griso "Susanna Griso"), who took over the new Espejo Público\- and between August 31, 2009 and June 28, 2011, [Mónica Carrillo](/wiki/M%C3%B3nica_Carrillo "Mónica Carrillo").{{Cite web \|date\=19 September 2009 \|title\=Así fueron los inicios de Mónica Carrillo: de estudiante de arquitectura a compañera inseparable de Matías Prats\|url\=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/4822536/0/asi\-fueron\-inicios\-monica\-carillo\-estudiante\-arquitectura\-companera\-inseparable\-matias\-prats/\|website\=20Minutos \|language\=es}} From 2007 to 2008, he was in charge of the weekly debate *360 grados*.{{Cite web \|date\=17 September 2007 \|title\=Roberto Arce presenta el debate de estreno '360 grados', en Antena 3\|url\=https://www.europapress.es/tv/noticia\-roberto\-arce\-presenta\-debate\-estreno\-360\-grados\-antena\-20070917184815\.html\|website\=EuropaPress \|language\=es}} ### Mediaset After 22 years at [Antena 3](/wiki/Antena_3_%28Spanish_TV_channel%29 "Antena 3 (Spanish TV channel)"), on June 29, 2011, it was announced that he had joined [Mediaset España](/wiki/Mediaset_Espa%C3%B1a "Mediaset España") to present and direct, first alone and since September 3, 2012, together with Mónica Sanz, the second edition of Noticias Cuatro until October 5, 2013\.{{Cite web \|date\=29 June 2011 \|title\=Roberto Arce, un histórico de Antena 3, ficha por Cuatro\|url\=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1096264/0/roberto/arce/cuatro/\|website\=20Minutos \|language\=es}}{{Cite web \|date\=2 October 2013 \|title\=Roberto Arce, de Antena 3 a las traseras de Cuatro\|url\=https://www.elconfidencial.com/television/2013\-10\-02/roberto\-arce\-de\-antena\-3\-a\-las\-traseras\-de\-cuatro\_35612/\|website\=ElConfidencial \|language\=es}}{{Cite web \|date\=29 June 2011 \|title\=Roberto Arce deja Antena 3 y ficha por Cuatro\|url\=https://www.abc.es/play/television/abci\-roberto\-arce\-deja\-201106290000\_noticia.html\|website\=ABC \|language\=es}} From October 7, 2013 to August 2014, he leads a structure aimed at creating investigative reports and special coverage.{{Cite web \|date\=29 October 2013 \|title\=Roberto Arce, de la primera línea de Cuatro a nuevo reportero de Telecinco \|url\=https://www.elconfidencial.com/television/2013\-10\-29/roberto\-arce\-de\-la\-primera\-linea\-de\-cuatro\-a\-nuevo\-reportero\-de\-telecinco\_47564/\|website\=ElConfidencial.com \|language\=en}} Since September 2014 and until the cancellation of *Noticias Cuatro fin de semana*,{{Cite web \|date\=25 July 2014 \|title\=Hilario Pino abandona Mediaset \|url\=https://www.elmundo.es/television/2014/07/25/53d2375722601d9b528b4571\.html\|website\=ElMundo \|language\=es}} he presented and edited this newscast with Marta Reyero. Since February 2019, he has been editing and presenting Cuatro al día fin de semana with Marta Reyero.{{Cite web \|date\=8 February 2021 \|title\=Roberto Arce corta un directo de 'Cuatro al día' por el acoso a un reportero: "Lamentable"\|url\=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20210208/roberto\-arce\-corta\-directo\-cuatro\-11506247\|website\=ElPeriódico \|language\=es}} Since September 2014, he has hosted the docureality *Amores que duelen*.{{Cite web \|date\=6 November 2018 \|title\='Amores que duelen' pone el foco en la violencia sobre los hijos\|url\=https://www.mediaset.es/telemania/programas/programas\-nacionales/amores\-duelen\-quinta\-temporada\-violencia\-genero\-telecinco\_0\_2654925036\.html\|website\=Mediaset \|language\=es}} From May 2016 until July of that year, on [Cuatro](/wiki/Cuatro_%28TV_channel%29 "Cuatro (TV channel)"), he presented the documentary *Esclavas: que hay detrás de la prostitución* broadcast on late night.{{Cite web\|title\=Documental: Esclavas: ¿Qué hay detrás de la prostitución?\|url\=https://www.elmundo.es/television/programacion\-tv/programas/4738753\_documental\-esclavas\-que\-hay\-detras\-de\-la\-prostitucion.html\|website\=ElMundo \|language\=es}}{{Cite web \|date\=24 May 2016 \|title\=El estreno de ‘Esclavas’ y el nuevo reportaje de ‘Infiltrados’, este miércoles en Cuatro\|url\=https://www.cuatro.com/infiltrados/estreno\-Esclavas\-reportaje\-Infiltrados\-miercoles\_0\_2184525539\.html\|website\=Cuatro \|language\=es}}
[ "Biography\n---------", "He is the son of publicist Roberto Arce (1923–1995\\) and artist Montserrat Vilardebó. He has been married since 1993 to publicist Cristina de Vicente Rodríguez, with whom he has 3 children: Diego (1995\\); Candela (1997\\) and Natalia (1999\\).", "### Home", "He studied journalism at the [Complutense University of Madrid](/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid \"Complutense University of Madrid\") and began his professional career in 1987, working at [EFE](/wiki/EFE \"EFE\").", "A year later, he made the jump to Radio España, where he was editor, political correspondent and head of international news.", "### Antena 3", "In 1989 he joined [Antena 3](/wiki/Antena_3_%28Spanish_TV_channel%29 \"Antena 3 (Spanish TV channel)\"), where he has been assistant director and presenter of several news programs, as well as special envoy in the [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War \"Gulf War\"), (1990–1991\\) and the [Bosnian War](/wiki/Bosnian_War \"Bosnian War\") (1992–1995\\).{{Cite web \\|date\\=29 July 2011 \\|title\\=Roberto Arce deja Antena 3 para presentar Noticias Cuatro\\|url\\=https://www.libertaddigital.com/sociedad/2011\\-06\\-29/roberto\\-arce\\-deja\\-antena\\-3\\-para\\-presentar\\-noticias\\-cuatro\\-1276428136/\\|website\\=Libertad Digital \\|language\\=es}}", "He was in front of the cameras of [Antena 3 Noticias](/wiki/Antena_3_Noticias \"Antena 3 Noticias\") between 1992 and 1997\\. Presenting the weekend edition, first with María Rey, until 1993 and then alone until 1997\\.", "In 1996, again with María Rey and this time, at noon, they replaced [Olga Viza](/wiki/Olga_Viza \"Olga Viza\") from June 1 to September 13 of that year.{{Cite web \\|date\\=6 October 1996 \\|title\\=El pulso de las noticias\\|url\\=https://elpais.com/diario/1996/10/06/radiotv/844552802\\_850215\\.html\\|website\\=ElPaís \\|language\\=es}}", "In 1997, he presented the program *Situación de emergencia*{{Cite news \\|date\\=20 September 1997 \\|title\\='Situación de emergencia' \\|language\\=es \\|website\\=El País \\|url\\=https://elpais.com/diario/1997/09/21/radiotv/874792821\\_850215\\.html}} and in 1998 he replaced [Pedro Piqueras](/wiki/Pedro_Piqueras \"Pedro Piqueras\") at the head of Espejo Público, a program he also directed since November 2000,{{Cite web \\|date\\=13 October 2000 \\|title\\=Arce, director de 'Espejo público'\\|url\\=https://elpais.com/diario/2000/10/13/radiotv/971388001\\_850215\\.html\\|website\\=ElPaís \\|language\\=es}} where he remained until September 2002, when he was replaced by Sonsoles Suárez, daughter of former Prime Minister [Adolfo Suárez](/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez \"Adolfo Suárez\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=14 October 2021 \\|title\\=Antena 3 recuperará el espíritu del 'Espejo Público' de Pedro Piqueras con 'Antena abierta'\\|url\\=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20211014/antena\\-3\\-abierta\\-recupera\\-espiritu\\-espejo\\-publico\\-piqueras\\-domingo\\-12244793\\|website\\=ElPeriódico \\|language\\=es}}", "In 2002, he was in charge of Buenos días, España with Marta Cáceres and Soledad Arroyo,{{Cite web \\|date\\=9 July 2003 \\|title\\=\"Buenos días, España\" se despide el 14 de julio sin fecha de retorno\\|url\\=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/buenos\\-espana\\-despide\\-julio\\-retorno\\_1\\_7791215\\.html\\|website\\=ElDiario \\|language\\=es}} and later, he directed and presented Noticias de la mañana, which he presented with Lydia Balenciaga.", "In May 2004, he began presenting *La Respuesta*, replacing [Pedro Piqueras](/wiki/Pedro_Piqueras \"Pedro Piqueras\").", "In September 2004, he moved to the afternoon news, hosting the newscast with [Susanna Griso](/wiki/Susanna_Griso \"Susanna Griso\");{{Cite web \\|date\\=23 November 2006 \\|title\\=Antena 3 cierra mañana la tertulia política 'Ruedo ibérico'\\|url\\=https://elpais.com/diario/2006/11/23/radiotv/1164236403\\_850215\\.html\\|website\\=ElPaís \\|language\\=es}} from September 6, 2004 to December 1, 2006, and two years later he made it the leading midday newscast, surpassing [TVE](/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola \"Televisión Española\")'s [Telediario](/wiki/Telediario \"Telediario\"), presented by [Ana Blanco](/wiki/Ana_Blanco \"Ana Blanco\") and leader at the time.", "The leadership of Antena 3 Noticias 1 consolidated the success of this channel's news program, which after taking over the leadership of the prime time edition with [Matías Prats](/wiki/Mat%C3%ADas_Prats_Luque \"Matías Prats Luque\"), the previous season and, subsequently, the midday edition with [Susanna Griso](/wiki/Susanna_Griso \"Susanna Griso\") and Roberto Arce, made Antena 3 the absolute leader in television news in Spain.", "It thus became the only private European channel to surpass the number of viewers of the public channel, in this case [TVE](/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola \"Televisión Española\"), a fact that would last until 2007\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=30 June 2007 \\|title\\=Roberto Arce: «La televisión privada está menos hipotecada con el poder»\\|url\\=https://www.diariosur.es/20070630/gente/roberto\\-arce\\-television\\-privada\\-20070630\\.html\\|website\\=DiarioSur \\|language\\=es}}", "Between December 11, 2006 and August 28, 2009, his news partner was Pilar Galán,{{Cite web \\|date\\=21 October 2008 \\|title\\=Un corte de luz deja a Antena 3 sin su informativo de mediodía\\|url\\=https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/10/21/television/1224605305\\.html\\|website\\=ElMundo \\|language\\=es}} who replaced [Susanna Griso](/wiki/Susanna_Griso \"Susanna Griso\"), who took over the new Espejo Público\\- and between August 31, 2009 and June 28, 2011, [Mónica Carrillo](/wiki/M%C3%B3nica_Carrillo \"Mónica Carrillo\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=19 September 2009 \\|title\\=Así fueron los inicios de Mónica Carrillo: de estudiante de arquitectura a compañera inseparable de Matías Prats\\|url\\=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/4822536/0/asi\\-fueron\\-inicios\\-monica\\-carillo\\-estudiante\\-arquitectura\\-companera\\-inseparable\\-matias\\-prats/\\|website\\=20Minutos \\|language\\=es}}", "From 2007 to 2008, he was in charge of the weekly debate *360 grados*.{{Cite web \\|date\\=17 September 2007 \\|title\\=Roberto Arce presenta el debate de estreno '360 grados', en Antena 3\\|url\\=https://www.europapress.es/tv/noticia\\-roberto\\-arce\\-presenta\\-debate\\-estreno\\-360\\-grados\\-antena\\-20070917184815\\.html\\|website\\=EuropaPress \\|language\\=es}}", "### Mediaset", "After 22 years at [Antena 3](/wiki/Antena_3_%28Spanish_TV_channel%29 \"Antena 3 (Spanish TV channel)\"), on June 29, 2011, it was announced that he had joined [Mediaset España](/wiki/Mediaset_Espa%C3%B1a \"Mediaset España\") to present and direct, first alone and since September 3, 2012, together with Mónica Sanz, the second edition of Noticias Cuatro until October 5, 2013\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=29 June 2011 \\|title\\=Roberto Arce, un histórico de Antena 3, ficha por Cuatro\\|url\\=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1096264/0/roberto/arce/cuatro/\\|website\\=20Minutos \\|language\\=es}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2 October 2013 \\|title\\=Roberto Arce, de Antena 3 a las traseras de Cuatro\\|url\\=https://www.elconfidencial.com/television/2013\\-10\\-02/roberto\\-arce\\-de\\-antena\\-3\\-a\\-las\\-traseras\\-de\\-cuatro\\_35612/\\|website\\=ElConfidencial \\|language\\=es}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=29 June 2011 \\|title\\=Roberto Arce deja Antena 3 y ficha por Cuatro\\|url\\=https://www.abc.es/play/television/abci\\-roberto\\-arce\\-deja\\-201106290000\\_noticia.html\\|website\\=ABC \\|language\\=es}}", "From October 7, 2013 to August 2014, he leads a structure aimed at creating investigative reports and special coverage.{{Cite web \\|date\\=29 October 2013 \\|title\\=Roberto Arce, de la primera línea de Cuatro a nuevo reportero de Telecinco \\|url\\=https://www.elconfidencial.com/television/2013\\-10\\-29/roberto\\-arce\\-de\\-la\\-primera\\-linea\\-de\\-cuatro\\-a\\-nuevo\\-reportero\\-de\\-telecinco\\_47564/\\|website\\=ElConfidencial.com \\|language\\=en}}", "Since September 2014 and until the cancellation of *Noticias Cuatro fin de semana*,{{Cite web \\|date\\=25 July 2014 \\|title\\=Hilario Pino abandona Mediaset \\|url\\=https://www.elmundo.es/television/2014/07/25/53d2375722601d9b528b4571\\.html\\|website\\=ElMundo \\|language\\=es}} he presented and edited this newscast with Marta Reyero.", "Since February 2019, he has been editing and presenting Cuatro al día fin de semana with Marta Reyero.{{Cite web \\|date\\=8 February 2021 \\|title\\=Roberto Arce corta un directo de 'Cuatro al día' por el acoso a un reportero: \"Lamentable\"\\|url\\=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20210208/roberto\\-arce\\-corta\\-directo\\-cuatro\\-11506247\\|website\\=ElPeriódico \\|language\\=es}}", "Since September 2014, he has hosted the docureality *Amores que duelen*.{{Cite web \\|date\\=6 November 2018 \\|title\\='Amores que duelen' pone el foco en la violencia sobre los hijos\\|url\\=https://www.mediaset.es/telemania/programas/programas\\-nacionales/amores\\-duelen\\-quinta\\-temporada\\-violencia\\-genero\\-telecinco\\_0\\_2654925036\\.html\\|website\\=Mediaset \\|language\\=es}}", "From May 2016 until July of that year, on [Cuatro](/wiki/Cuatro_%28TV_channel%29 \"Cuatro (TV channel)\"), he presented the documentary *Esclavas: que hay detrás de la prostitución* broadcast on late night.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Documental: Esclavas: ¿Qué hay detrás de la prostitución?\\|url\\=https://www.elmundo.es/television/programacion\\-tv/programas/4738753\\_documental\\-esclavas\\-que\\-hay\\-detras\\-de\\-la\\-prostitucion.html\\|website\\=ElMundo \\|language\\=es}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=24 May 2016 \\|title\\=El estreno de ‘Esclavas’ y el nuevo reportaje de ‘Infiltrados’, este miércoles en Cuatro\\|url\\=https://www.cuatro.com/infiltrados/estreno\\-Esclavas\\-reportaje\\-Infiltrados\\-miercoles\\_0\\_2184525539\\.html\\|website\\=Cuatro \\|language\\=es}}", "" ]
### Antena 3 In 1989 he joined [Antena 3](/wiki/Antena_3_%28Spanish_TV_channel%29 "Antena 3 (Spanish TV channel)"), where he has been assistant director and presenter of several news programs, as well as special envoy in the [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War "Gulf War"), (1990–1991\) and the [Bosnian War](/wiki/Bosnian_War "Bosnian War") (1992–1995\).{{Cite web \|date\=29 July 2011 \|title\=Roberto Arce deja Antena 3 para presentar Noticias Cuatro\|url\=https://www.libertaddigital.com/sociedad/2011\-06\-29/roberto\-arce\-deja\-antena\-3\-para\-presentar\-noticias\-cuatro\-1276428136/\|website\=Libertad Digital \|language\=es}} He was in front of the cameras of [Antena 3 Noticias](/wiki/Antena_3_Noticias "Antena 3 Noticias") between 1992 and 1997\. Presenting the weekend edition, first with María Rey, until 1993 and then alone until 1997\. In 1996, again with María Rey and this time, at noon, they replaced [Olga Viza](/wiki/Olga_Viza "Olga Viza") from June 1 to September 13 of that year.{{Cite web \|date\=6 October 1996 \|title\=El pulso de las noticias\|url\=https://elpais.com/diario/1996/10/06/radiotv/844552802\_850215\.html\|website\=ElPaís \|language\=es}} In 1997, he presented the program *Situación de emergencia*{{Cite news \|date\=20 September 1997 \|title\='Situación de emergencia' \|language\=es \|website\=El País \|url\=https://elpais.com/diario/1997/09/21/radiotv/874792821\_850215\.html}} and in 1998 he replaced [Pedro Piqueras](/wiki/Pedro_Piqueras "Pedro Piqueras") at the head of Espejo Público, a program he also directed since November 2000,{{Cite web \|date\=13 October 2000 \|title\=Arce, director de 'Espejo público'\|url\=https://elpais.com/diario/2000/10/13/radiotv/971388001\_850215\.html\|website\=ElPaís \|language\=es}} where he remained until September 2002, when he was replaced by Sonsoles Suárez, daughter of former Prime Minister [Adolfo Suárez](/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez "Adolfo Suárez").{{Cite web \|date\=14 October 2021 \|title\=Antena 3 recuperará el espíritu del 'Espejo Público' de Pedro Piqueras con 'Antena abierta'\|url\=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20211014/antena\-3\-abierta\-recupera\-espiritu\-espejo\-publico\-piqueras\-domingo\-12244793\|website\=ElPeriódico \|language\=es}} In 2002, he was in charge of Buenos días, España with Marta Cáceres and Soledad Arroyo,{{Cite web \|date\=9 July 2003 \|title\="Buenos días, España" se despide el 14 de julio sin fecha de retorno\|url\=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/buenos\-espana\-despide\-julio\-retorno\_1\_7791215\.html\|website\=ElDiario \|language\=es}} and later, he directed and presented Noticias de la mañana, which he presented with Lydia Balenciaga. In May 2004, he began presenting *La Respuesta*, replacing [Pedro Piqueras](/wiki/Pedro_Piqueras "Pedro Piqueras"). In September 2004, he moved to the afternoon news, hosting the newscast with [Susanna Griso](/wiki/Susanna_Griso "Susanna Griso");{{Cite web \|date\=23 November 2006 \|title\=Antena 3 cierra mañana la tertulia política 'Ruedo ibérico'\|url\=https://elpais.com/diario/2006/11/23/radiotv/1164236403\_850215\.html\|website\=ElPaís \|language\=es}} from September 6, 2004 to December 1, 2006, and two years later he made it the leading midday newscast, surpassing [TVE](/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola "Televisión Española")'s [Telediario](/wiki/Telediario "Telediario"), presented by [Ana Blanco](/wiki/Ana_Blanco "Ana Blanco") and leader at the time. The leadership of Antena 3 Noticias 1 consolidated the success of this channel's news program, which after taking over the leadership of the prime time edition with [Matías Prats](/wiki/Mat%C3%ADas_Prats_Luque "Matías Prats Luque"), the previous season and, subsequently, the midday edition with [Susanna Griso](/wiki/Susanna_Griso "Susanna Griso") and Roberto Arce, made Antena 3 the absolute leader in television news in Spain. It thus became the only private European channel to surpass the number of viewers of the public channel, in this case [TVE](/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola "Televisión Española"), a fact that would last until 2007\.{{Cite web \|date\=30 June 2007 \|title\=Roberto Arce: «La televisión privada está menos hipotecada con el poder»\|url\=https://www.diariosur.es/20070630/gente/roberto\-arce\-television\-privada\-20070630\.html\|website\=DiarioSur \|language\=es}} Between December 11, 2006 and August 28, 2009, his news partner was Pilar Galán,{{Cite web \|date\=21 October 2008 \|title\=Un corte de luz deja a Antena 3 sin su informativo de mediodía\|url\=https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/10/21/television/1224605305\.html\|website\=ElMundo \|language\=es}} who replaced [Susanna Griso](/wiki/Susanna_Griso "Susanna Griso"), who took over the new Espejo Público\- and between August 31, 2009 and June 28, 2011, [Mónica Carrillo](/wiki/M%C3%B3nica_Carrillo "Mónica Carrillo").{{Cite web \|date\=19 September 2009 \|title\=Así fueron los inicios de Mónica Carrillo: de estudiante de arquitectura a compañera inseparable de Matías Prats\|url\=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/4822536/0/asi\-fueron\-inicios\-monica\-carillo\-estudiante\-arquitectura\-companera\-inseparable\-matias\-prats/\|website\=20Minutos \|language\=es}} From 2007 to 2008, he was in charge of the weekly debate *360 grados*.{{Cite web \|date\=17 September 2007 \|title\=Roberto Arce presenta el debate de estreno '360 grados', en Antena 3\|url\=https://www.europapress.es/tv/noticia\-roberto\-arce\-presenta\-debate\-estreno\-360\-grados\-antena\-20070917184815\.html\|website\=EuropaPress \|language\=es}}
[ "### Antena 3", "In 1989 he joined [Antena 3](/wiki/Antena_3_%28Spanish_TV_channel%29 \"Antena 3 (Spanish TV channel)\"), where he has been assistant director and presenter of several news programs, as well as special envoy in the [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War \"Gulf War\"), (1990–1991\\) and the [Bosnian War](/wiki/Bosnian_War \"Bosnian War\") (1992–1995\\).{{Cite web \\|date\\=29 July 2011 \\|title\\=Roberto Arce deja Antena 3 para presentar Noticias Cuatro\\|url\\=https://www.libertaddigital.com/sociedad/2011\\-06\\-29/roberto\\-arce\\-deja\\-antena\\-3\\-para\\-presentar\\-noticias\\-cuatro\\-1276428136/\\|website\\=Libertad Digital \\|language\\=es}}", "He was in front of the cameras of [Antena 3 Noticias](/wiki/Antena_3_Noticias \"Antena 3 Noticias\") between 1992 and 1997\\. Presenting the weekend edition, first with María Rey, until 1993 and then alone until 1997\\.", "In 1996, again with María Rey and this time, at noon, they replaced [Olga Viza](/wiki/Olga_Viza \"Olga Viza\") from June 1 to September 13 of that year.{{Cite web \\|date\\=6 October 1996 \\|title\\=El pulso de las noticias\\|url\\=https://elpais.com/diario/1996/10/06/radiotv/844552802\\_850215\\.html\\|website\\=ElPaís \\|language\\=es}}", "In 1997, he presented the program *Situación de emergencia*{{Cite news \\|date\\=20 September 1997 \\|title\\='Situación de emergencia' \\|language\\=es \\|website\\=El País \\|url\\=https://elpais.com/diario/1997/09/21/radiotv/874792821\\_850215\\.html}} and in 1998 he replaced [Pedro Piqueras](/wiki/Pedro_Piqueras \"Pedro Piqueras\") at the head of Espejo Público, a program he also directed since November 2000,{{Cite web \\|date\\=13 October 2000 \\|title\\=Arce, director de 'Espejo público'\\|url\\=https://elpais.com/diario/2000/10/13/radiotv/971388001\\_850215\\.html\\|website\\=ElPaís \\|language\\=es}} where he remained until September 2002, when he was replaced by Sonsoles Suárez, daughter of former Prime Minister [Adolfo Suárez](/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez \"Adolfo Suárez\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=14 October 2021 \\|title\\=Antena 3 recuperará el espíritu del 'Espejo Público' de Pedro Piqueras con 'Antena abierta'\\|url\\=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20211014/antena\\-3\\-abierta\\-recupera\\-espiritu\\-espejo\\-publico\\-piqueras\\-domingo\\-12244793\\|website\\=ElPeriódico \\|language\\=es}}", "In 2002, he was in charge of Buenos días, España with Marta Cáceres and Soledad Arroyo,{{Cite web \\|date\\=9 July 2003 \\|title\\=\"Buenos días, España\" se despide el 14 de julio sin fecha de retorno\\|url\\=https://vertele.eldiario.es/videos/actualidad/buenos\\-espana\\-despide\\-julio\\-retorno\\_1\\_7791215\\.html\\|website\\=ElDiario \\|language\\=es}} and later, he directed and presented Noticias de la mañana, which he presented with Lydia Balenciaga.", "In May 2004, he began presenting *La Respuesta*, replacing [Pedro Piqueras](/wiki/Pedro_Piqueras \"Pedro Piqueras\").", "In September 2004, he moved to the afternoon news, hosting the newscast with [Susanna Griso](/wiki/Susanna_Griso \"Susanna Griso\");{{Cite web \\|date\\=23 November 2006 \\|title\\=Antena 3 cierra mañana la tertulia política 'Ruedo ibérico'\\|url\\=https://elpais.com/diario/2006/11/23/radiotv/1164236403\\_850215\\.html\\|website\\=ElPaís \\|language\\=es}} from September 6, 2004 to December 1, 2006, and two years later he made it the leading midday newscast, surpassing [TVE](/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola \"Televisión Española\")'s [Telediario](/wiki/Telediario \"Telediario\"), presented by [Ana Blanco](/wiki/Ana_Blanco \"Ana Blanco\") and leader at the time.", "The leadership of Antena 3 Noticias 1 consolidated the success of this channel's news program, which after taking over the leadership of the prime time edition with [Matías Prats](/wiki/Mat%C3%ADas_Prats_Luque \"Matías Prats Luque\"), the previous season and, subsequently, the midday edition with [Susanna Griso](/wiki/Susanna_Griso \"Susanna Griso\") and Roberto Arce, made Antena 3 the absolute leader in television news in Spain.", "It thus became the only private European channel to surpass the number of viewers of the public channel, in this case [TVE](/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola \"Televisión Española\"), a fact that would last until 2007\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=30 June 2007 \\|title\\=Roberto Arce: «La televisión privada está menos hipotecada con el poder»\\|url\\=https://www.diariosur.es/20070630/gente/roberto\\-arce\\-television\\-privada\\-20070630\\.html\\|website\\=DiarioSur \\|language\\=es}}", "Between December 11, 2006 and August 28, 2009, his news partner was Pilar Galán,{{Cite web \\|date\\=21 October 2008 \\|title\\=Un corte de luz deja a Antena 3 sin su informativo de mediodía\\|url\\=https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/10/21/television/1224605305\\.html\\|website\\=ElMundo \\|language\\=es}} who replaced [Susanna Griso](/wiki/Susanna_Griso \"Susanna Griso\"), who took over the new Espejo Público\\- and between August 31, 2009 and June 28, 2011, [Mónica Carrillo](/wiki/M%C3%B3nica_Carrillo \"Mónica Carrillo\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=19 September 2009 \\|title\\=Así fueron los inicios de Mónica Carrillo: de estudiante de arquitectura a compañera inseparable de Matías Prats\\|url\\=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/4822536/0/asi\\-fueron\\-inicios\\-monica\\-carillo\\-estudiante\\-arquitectura\\-companera\\-inseparable\\-matias\\-prats/\\|website\\=20Minutos \\|language\\=es}}", "From 2007 to 2008, he was in charge of the weekly debate *360 grados*.{{Cite web \\|date\\=17 September 2007 \\|title\\=Roberto Arce presenta el debate de estreno '360 grados', en Antena 3\\|url\\=https://www.europapress.es/tv/noticia\\-roberto\\-arce\\-presenta\\-debate\\-estreno\\-360\\-grados\\-antena\\-20070917184815\\.html\\|website\\=EuropaPress \\|language\\=es}}", "" ]
Biography --------- Gee was born in 1906 to Gee Quong On ({{Lang\-zh\|c\=朱廣安}}) and Wong Ji Li (also Wong See) as the third of four children in [Kaiping](/wiki/Kaiping "Kaiping"), being raised in [Yanglu Town](/wiki/Yanglu_Town "Yanglu Town"), [Changsha Subdistrict](/wiki/Changsha_Subdistrict "Changsha Subdistrict"). His father was a merchant who lived in San Francisco and, when Gee turned 15 in 1921, Gee crossed the seas aboard [SS Taiyo Maru](/wiki/SS_Cap_Finisterre "SS Cap Finisterre") to join his father while his mother remained in China. Because the United States' [Asian Exclusion Act](/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924 "Immigration Act of 1924") prohibited legal immigration by Chinese women, once Gee was in San Francisco he never saw his mother again.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.tinakenggallery.com/en/index.php?REQUEST\_ID\=bW9kPWFydCZwYWdlPWRldGFpbCZBSUQ9NDg\=\|title\=Tina Keng Gallery\|last\=www.no1\.com.tw\|first\=Design by 中壹資訊\|website\=www.tinakenggallery.com\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-04}} Gee was able to obtain US citizenship and later enrolled at the [California School of Fine Arts](/wiki/San_Francisco_Art_Institute "San Francisco Art Institute") (present day San Francisco Art Institute). He studied painting and drawing with [Otis Oldfield](/wiki/Otis_Oldfield "Otis Oldfield"), who became his life\-long friend. While in San Francisco, Gee lived in [Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown%2C_San_Francisco "Chinatown, San Francisco") and became friends with several avant\-garde artists like [Kenneth Rexroth](/wiki/Kenneth_Rexroth "Kenneth Rexroth"), Jehanne Bietry\-Salinger, [John Ferren](/wiki/John_Ferren "John Ferren"), [Dorr Bothwell](/wiki/Dorr_Bothwell "Dorr Bothwell"), and [Ruth Cravath](/wiki/Ruth_Cravath "Ruth Cravath"). With this group of artists, Gee and Oldfield established the Modern Gallery on [Montgomery Street](/wiki/Montgomery_Street "Montgomery Street") in 1926\. In 1926, Gee also founded the Chinese Revolutionary Artists' Club, where he taught classes in advanced painting techniques and theory. Its initial members were all young Chinese immigrant men, and it had a small studio in Chinatown (at 150 Wetmore Place), which provided much of their subjects.Lee 2001, chapter 5: "Revolutionary Artists" As summarized by Oldfield, the club focused on "doing \[modernist oil] work that is essentially Chinese." Art historian Anthony W. Lee, examining Gee's position in the political spectrum at the time between the [Chinese Communist Party](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China "Communist Party of China") and the nationalist [Kuomintang](/wiki/Kuomintang "Kuomintang"), wrote that Gee, despite being close to the Kuomintang, probably saw "the club a potential ally of the CP and thought optimistically of a nationalist regime that would incorporate theories and organizational skills from the Soviet Union," although he "was not a doctrinaire Marxist and never joined the CP". The club dissolved sometime in the 1930s. ### Paris In 1927, Gee moved to Paris under the patronage of [Prince and Princess Achille Murat](/wiki/Prince_Achille_Murat "Prince Achille Murat"). He quickly befriended prominent artists of the Parisian avant\-garde and exhibited his work alongside them at the [Salon des Indépendants](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Artistes_Ind%C3%A9pendants "Société des Artistes Indépendants"). While in Paris he also met Princess Paule de Reuss, whom he married in 1930\. However, the marriage was challenging for the Princess, as she was disowned by her family and friends. In the same year of their marriage, Gee left Paris for New York and the couple eventually divorced in 1932\. ### New York Gee's artwork was celebrated in New York but despite being included in exhibitions at the [Brooklyn Museum](/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum "Brooklyn Museum") and the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art"), Gee struggled during the [Depression](/wiki/Depression_era "Depression era") and experienced strong racial discrimination. Though he was heavily involved with the Chinese community, Gee found New York unbearable and returned to Paris in 1936\. During this period, his work received critical acclaim. He was exhibited widely, most notably at the Galerie Lion d’Or in Lausanne and Galerie à la Reine Margot. During World War II, Gee returned to New York in 1939\. Three years later, he married [Helen Wimmer](/wiki/Helen_Gee_%28curator%29 "Helen Gee (curator)"), who had left New Jersey when she was sixteen to live with him.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2004\-oct\-14\-me\-passings14\.3\-story.html\|title\=Helen Gee, 85; Her Gallery Pioneered Sales of Photographs as Art\|last\=Staff\|first\=Times\|date\=2004\-10\-14\|last2\=Reports\|first2\=Wire\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times\|language\=en\-US\|issn\=0458\-3035\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-04}} They had one daughter, Li\-Lan, in 1943\.{{cite LAF\|id\=n90\-656776}} According to Wimmer's memoirs, during this period Gee was employed at a defense\-industry company, worked six days per week, and returned home to paint at night. The couple divorced in 1947 and Wimmer eventually went on to be a gallery owner, photography curator, lecturer and writer.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/13/arts/design/helen\-gee\-pioneer\-in\-sales\-of\-photos\-as\-art\-dies\-at\-85\.html\|title\=Helen Gee, Pioneer in Sales of Photos as Art, Dies at 85\|last\=Loke\|first\=Margaret\|date\=2004\-10\-13\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331\|access\-date\=2016\-03\-04}} Gee succumbed to alcoholism. In 1950, he met Velma Aydelott, who was his companion until he died from stomach cancer in 1963\.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Gee was born in 1906 to Gee Quong On ({{Lang\\-zh\\|c\\=朱廣安}}) and Wong Ji Li (also Wong See) as the third of four children in [Kaiping](/wiki/Kaiping \"Kaiping\"), being raised in [Yanglu Town](/wiki/Yanglu_Town \"Yanglu Town\"), [Changsha Subdistrict](/wiki/Changsha_Subdistrict \"Changsha Subdistrict\"). His father was a merchant who lived in San Francisco and, when Gee turned 15 in 1921, Gee crossed the seas aboard [SS Taiyo Maru](/wiki/SS_Cap_Finisterre \"SS Cap Finisterre\") to join his father while his mother remained in China. Because the United States' [Asian Exclusion Act](/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924 \"Immigration Act of 1924\") prohibited legal immigration by Chinese women, once Gee was in San Francisco he never saw his mother again.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tinakenggallery.com/en/index.php?REQUEST\\_ID\\=bW9kPWFydCZwYWdlPWRldGFpbCZBSUQ9NDg\\=\\|title\\=Tina Keng Gallery\\|last\\=www.no1\\.com.tw\\|first\\=Design by 中壹資訊\\|website\\=www.tinakenggallery.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-04}}", "Gee was able to obtain US citizenship and later enrolled at the [California School of Fine Arts](/wiki/San_Francisco_Art_Institute \"San Francisco Art Institute\") (present day San Francisco Art Institute). He studied painting and drawing with [Otis Oldfield](/wiki/Otis_Oldfield \"Otis Oldfield\"), who became his life\\-long friend. While in San Francisco, Gee lived in [Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown%2C_San_Francisco \"Chinatown, San Francisco\") and became friends with several avant\\-garde artists like [Kenneth Rexroth](/wiki/Kenneth_Rexroth \"Kenneth Rexroth\"), Jehanne Bietry\\-Salinger, [John Ferren](/wiki/John_Ferren \"John Ferren\"), [Dorr Bothwell](/wiki/Dorr_Bothwell \"Dorr Bothwell\"), and [Ruth Cravath](/wiki/Ruth_Cravath \"Ruth Cravath\"). With this group of artists, Gee and Oldfield established the Modern Gallery on [Montgomery Street](/wiki/Montgomery_Street \"Montgomery Street\") in 1926\\. In 1926, Gee also founded the Chinese Revolutionary Artists' Club, where he taught classes in advanced painting techniques and theory. Its initial members were all young Chinese immigrant men, and it had a small studio in Chinatown (at 150 Wetmore Place), which provided much of their subjects.Lee 2001, chapter 5: \"Revolutionary Artists\" As summarized by Oldfield, the club focused on \"doing \\[modernist oil] work that is essentially Chinese.\" Art historian Anthony W. Lee, examining Gee's position in the political spectrum at the time between the [Chinese Communist Party](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China \"Communist Party of China\") and the nationalist [Kuomintang](/wiki/Kuomintang \"Kuomintang\"), wrote that Gee, despite being close to the Kuomintang, probably saw \"the club a potential ally of the CP and thought optimistically of a nationalist regime that would incorporate theories and organizational skills from the Soviet Union,\" although he \"was not a doctrinaire Marxist and never joined the CP\". The club dissolved sometime in the 1930s.", "### Paris", "In 1927, Gee moved to Paris under the patronage of [Prince and Princess Achille Murat](/wiki/Prince_Achille_Murat \"Prince Achille Murat\"). He quickly befriended prominent artists of the Parisian avant\\-garde and exhibited his work alongside them at the [Salon des Indépendants](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Artistes_Ind%C3%A9pendants \"Société des Artistes Indépendants\"). While in Paris he also met Princess Paule de Reuss, whom he married in 1930\\. However, the marriage was challenging for the Princess, as she was disowned by her family and friends. In the same year of their marriage, Gee left Paris for New York and the couple eventually divorced in 1932\\.", "### New York", "Gee's artwork was celebrated in New York but despite being included in exhibitions at the [Brooklyn Museum](/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum \"Brooklyn Museum\") and the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Museum of Modern Art\"), Gee struggled during the [Depression](/wiki/Depression_era \"Depression era\") and experienced strong racial discrimination. Though he was heavily involved with the Chinese community, Gee found New York unbearable and returned to Paris in 1936\\. During this period, his work received critical acclaim. He was exhibited widely, most notably at the Galerie Lion d’Or in Lausanne and Galerie à la Reine Margot.", "During World War II, Gee returned to New York in 1939\\. Three years later, he married [Helen Wimmer](/wiki/Helen_Gee_%28curator%29 \"Helen Gee (curator)\"), who had left New Jersey when she was sixteen to live with him.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2004\\-oct\\-14\\-me\\-passings14\\.3\\-story.html\\|title\\=Helen Gee, 85; Her Gallery Pioneered Sales of Photographs as Art\\|last\\=Staff\\|first\\=Times\\|date\\=2004\\-10\\-14\\|last2\\=Reports\\|first2\\=Wire\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|issn\\=0458\\-3035\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-04}} They had one daughter, Li\\-Lan, in 1943\\.{{cite LAF\\|id\\=n90\\-656776}} According to Wimmer's memoirs, during this period Gee was employed at a defense\\-industry company, worked six days per week, and returned home to paint at night.", "The couple divorced in 1947 and Wimmer eventually went on to be a gallery owner, photography curator, lecturer and writer.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/13/arts/design/helen\\-gee\\-pioneer\\-in\\-sales\\-of\\-photos\\-as\\-art\\-dies\\-at\\-85\\.html\\|title\\=Helen Gee, Pioneer in Sales of Photos as Art, Dies at 85\\|last\\=Loke\\|first\\=Margaret\\|date\\=2004\\-10\\-13\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-04}} Gee succumbed to alcoholism. In 1950, he met Velma Aydelott, who was his companion until he died from stomach cancer in 1963\\.", "" ]
Plot ---- Tati Benítez (Ignacio Benítez), is a young man who lives in the [Misiones Province](/wiki/Misiones_Province "Misiones Province"), and an Argentine [lumberjack](/wiki/Lumberjack "Lumberjack") who's been laid off at work, now making a living by collecting wood for an artisan named Silva (Miguel Gonzales Colman). Benítez is married to his pregnant wife (Paola Rotela). Typical of Argentines, Tati is a [football](/wiki/Association_football "Association football") fanatic. Tati is quite quirky and, like many Argentines, is obsessed with the Argentine football player [Diego Armando Maradona](/wiki/Diego_Armando_Maradona "Diego Armando Maradona"), who is legendary in Argentina because of his prowess in the [World Cup](/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup "FIFA World Cup"). He wears a football kit with Maradona's number 10 on it and has a very large 10 tattooed on his back. He even owns two parrots who scream "Maradona" from time to time. His friends joke that Tati is not married to his wife, but to Maradona. In fact, Tati knows every possible statistic of Maradona's career, and has a great deal of knowledge regarding his hero's life. One day Tati hears from friends that Maradona is suffering from heart problems, so he decides to go on a quest. His mission is to deliver an unusual piece of wood to Maradona at the Swiss\-Argentine Hospital in [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires") where he is recuperating. The piece of wood resembles Maradona. Tati travels by foot, by [bus](/wiki/Bus "Bus"), and even by [ambulance](/wiki/Ambulance "Ambulance"), to let Maradona feel the dedication and love of his loyal [fan base](/wiki/Fan_base "Fan base"). On his way he runs into many adventures.
[ "Plot\n----", "Tati Benítez (Ignacio Benítez), is a young man who lives in the [Misiones Province](/wiki/Misiones_Province \"Misiones Province\"), and an Argentine [lumberjack](/wiki/Lumberjack \"Lumberjack\") who's been laid off at work, now making a living by collecting wood for an artisan named Silva (Miguel Gonzales Colman). Benítez is married to his pregnant wife (Paola Rotela).", "Typical of Argentines, Tati is a [football](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") fanatic. Tati is quite quirky and, like many Argentines, is obsessed with the Argentine football player [Diego Armando Maradona](/wiki/Diego_Armando_Maradona \"Diego Armando Maradona\"), who is legendary in Argentina because of his prowess in the [World Cup](/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup \"FIFA World Cup\"). He wears a football kit with Maradona's number 10 on it and has a very large 10 tattooed on his back. He even owns two parrots who scream \"Maradona\" from time to time. His friends joke that Tati is not married to his wife, but to Maradona. In fact, Tati knows every possible statistic of Maradona's career, and has a great deal of knowledge regarding his hero's life.", "One day Tati hears from friends that Maradona is suffering from heart problems, so he decides to go on a quest.", "His mission is to deliver an unusual piece of wood to Maradona at the Swiss\\-Argentine Hospital in [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires \"Buenos Aires\") where he is recuperating. The piece of wood resembles Maradona.", "Tati travels by foot, by [bus](/wiki/Bus \"Bus\"), and even by [ambulance](/wiki/Ambulance \"Ambulance\"), to let Maradona feel the dedication and love of his loyal [fan base](/wiki/Fan_base \"Fan base\").", "On his way he runs into many adventures.", "" ]
Biography --------- An Ashland, Kentucky native born on October 8, 1916, Paul E. Ison was initially denied enlistment into the U.S. military, as he was a married father of four children. He assisted the war effort making [shell casings](/wiki/Shell_casings "Shell casings") at a factory in [Cincinnati, Ohio](/wiki/Cincinnati "Cincinnati"). As the war raged on, restrictions gradually eased allowing him to enlist as a [private](/wiki/Private_%28rank%29 "Private (rank)") in the Marine Corps at the age of 28\. Because he was older, other Marines gave him the nickname "Pop". He completed recruit training at [Marine Corps Base San Diego](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_San_Diego "Marine Corps Base San Diego") and was assigned to the [Fifth Marine Regiment](/wiki/5th_Marine_Regiment "5th Marine Regiment"), [First Marine Division](/wiki/1st_Marine_Division_%28United_States%29 "1st Marine Division (United States)") bound for the war already being waged in the Pacific. By the spring of 1945, he was trained as a demolitionist/flamethrower aboard the [USS *McCracken*](/wiki/USS_McCracken_%28APA-198%29 "USS McCracken (APA-198)") heading for [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Island "Okinawa Island"), a small island located south of Japan in the [Ryukyu Chain](/wiki/Ryukyu_Chain "Ryukyu Chain"). In 1945, Okinawa grew in strategic importance for both sides. Situated less than 350 miles from mainland Japan, The Japanese had military airfields on the island and saw Okinawa as their last stronghold outside of Imperial Japan; the United States saw Okinawa as the final stepping stone in their island hopping campaign and final mustering point prior to an all out invasion of mainland Japan. It was the culminating point of the war in the Pacific and home to some of the fiercest fighting. On the morning of May 10, eleven days after the 1st Marine Division entered the fray, Ison was part of a four\-man team with L Company, [3rd Battalion, 5th Marines](/wiki/3rd_Battalion%2C_5th_Marines "3rd Battalion, 5th Marines") ordered to first go to the rear to pick up 96 pounds of dynamite, then take his team up to the line to set charges that would knock out defensive pillboxes and positions. In route to the objective area, he and his team would have to cross a draw located between two hills commanded by the Japanese known as "Death Valley". Upon arrival at the ammunition dump, the team was informed that the required explosives had already been prepositioned at the forward line. This meant they would not be further burdened with the additional weight of munitions for their harrowing traverse across the war torn valley. The team crossed successfully, one at a time, dodging heavy fire and incoming rounds to join the assault platoon on the other side. This was when a young photographer captured the photo of a single Marine Corps rifleman, who was Paul E. Ison, moving forward under fire with resolute determination. Upon arrival, his team learned that the explosives had not, in fact, been sent ahead. They quickly realized they would need to cross two more times in order to first return for the charges and then carry the satchels filled with TNT back across Death Valley. Miraculously, they all survived the deadly gauntlet three times and went on to successfully complete their mission. The Marines attacked and took the hill in eight grueling hours. He was the recipient of the [Bronze Star Medal](/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal "Bronze Star Medal") with Combat "V".Bartlett, Tom. "Death Valley" Photo", *[Leatherneck Magazine](/wiki/Leatherneck_Magazine "Leatherneck Magazine")* website, [Marine Corps Association](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Association "Marine Corps Association"), [Marine Corps Base Quantico](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico "Marine Corps Base Quantico"), Virginia, April 1985\. {{Cite web \|url\=http://www.mca\-marines.org/leatherneck/death\-valley\-photo\-full\-articleapril\-1985 \|title\="Death Valley" Photo (Full Article)(April 1985\) \| Leatherneck \- Magazine of the Marines \|access\-date\=2022\-02\-04 \|archive\-date\=2013\-09\-24 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924051042/http://www.mca\-marines.org/leatherneck/death\-valley\-photo\-full\-articleapril\-1985 \|url\-status\=bot: unknown }}. After the war, Paul E. Ison first bought a pickup truck and started a hauling business. He later bought a tractor trailer and did cross country transport for the next twenty\-nine years until January 1981\.Stakauskas, Betsy. ["Paul Edward Ison, 84, truck driver, war veteran"](https://www.newspapers.com/image/102559031/), *[The Cincinnati Enquirer](/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Enquirer "The Cincinnati Enquirer")*, Cincinnati, Ohio, 161st year, number 181, October 7, 2001, page B5\. {{subscription required}} He retired to [Fort Myers, Florida](/wiki/Fort_Myers%2C_Florida "Fort Myers, Florida") where he remained active in the [Marine Corps League](/wiki/Marine_Corps_League "Marine Corps League"), Marine Corps Historical Foundation, Marine Corps Association and First Marine Division Association until his death on October 3, 2001\. The Marine Corps League \- Detachment \#60 of [Lee County, Florida](/wiki/Lee_County%2C_Florida "Lee County, Florida") has since been designated the PFC Paul E. Ison Detachment.{{cite web\|url\=https://pfcison.com/\|title\=PFC Paul E. Ison Detachment 60\|first\=PFC Paul E. Ison\|last\=Det 60\|website\=PFC Paul E Ison Det 60}} The Marine Corps later adopted this photo as a symbol of the Marine infantryman's willingness to advance under fire. It has been referred to as Combat Picture \#120562 and has been widely used in the press to illustrate the fortitude and tenacity of the front\-line Marine. Ison's name is sometimes misspelled on the caption of the official photograph as "Paul Isen." He died on October 3, 2001, and was buried at Fort Myers Memorial Gardens, Fort Myers, Florida.
[ "Biography\n---------", "An Ashland, Kentucky native born on October 8, 1916, Paul E. Ison was initially denied enlistment into the U.S. military, as he was a married father of four children. He assisted the war effort making [shell casings](/wiki/Shell_casings \"Shell casings\") at a factory in [Cincinnati, Ohio](/wiki/Cincinnati \"Cincinnati\"). As the war raged on, restrictions gradually eased allowing him to enlist as a [private](/wiki/Private_%28rank%29 \"Private (rank)\") in the Marine Corps at the age of 28\\. Because he was older, other Marines gave him the nickname \"Pop\".", "He completed recruit training at [Marine Corps Base San Diego](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_San_Diego \"Marine Corps Base San Diego\") and was assigned to the [Fifth Marine Regiment](/wiki/5th_Marine_Regiment \"5th Marine Regiment\"), [First Marine Division](/wiki/1st_Marine_Division_%28United_States%29 \"1st Marine Division (United States)\") bound for the war already being waged in the Pacific. By the spring of 1945, he was trained as a demolitionist/flamethrower aboard the [USS *McCracken*](/wiki/USS_McCracken_%28APA-198%29 \"USS McCracken (APA-198)\") heading for [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Island \"Okinawa Island\"), a small island located south of Japan in the [Ryukyu Chain](/wiki/Ryukyu_Chain \"Ryukyu Chain\").", "In 1945, Okinawa grew in strategic importance for both sides. Situated less than 350 miles from mainland Japan, The Japanese had military airfields on the island and saw Okinawa as their last stronghold outside of Imperial Japan; the United States saw Okinawa as the final stepping stone in their island hopping campaign and final mustering point prior to an all out invasion of mainland Japan. It was the culminating point of the war in the Pacific and home to some of the fiercest fighting.", "On the morning of May 10, eleven days after the 1st Marine Division entered the fray, Ison was part of a four\\-man team with L Company, [3rd Battalion, 5th Marines](/wiki/3rd_Battalion%2C_5th_Marines \"3rd Battalion, 5th Marines\") ordered to first go to the rear to pick up 96 pounds of dynamite, then take his team up to the line to set charges that would knock out defensive pillboxes and positions. In route to the objective area, he and his team would have to cross a draw located between two hills commanded by the Japanese known as \"Death Valley\".", "Upon arrival at the ammunition dump, the team was informed that the required explosives had already been prepositioned at the forward line. This meant they would not be further burdened with the additional weight of munitions for their harrowing traverse across the war torn valley. The team crossed successfully, one at a time, dodging heavy fire and incoming rounds to join the assault platoon on the other side. This was when a young photographer captured the photo of a single Marine Corps rifleman, who was Paul E. Ison, moving forward under fire with resolute determination. Upon arrival, his team learned that the explosives had not, in fact, been sent ahead. They quickly realized they would need to cross two more times in order to first return for the charges and then carry the satchels filled with TNT back across Death Valley. Miraculously, they all survived the deadly gauntlet three times and went on to successfully complete their mission. The Marines attacked and took the hill in eight grueling hours. He was the recipient of the [Bronze Star Medal](/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal \"Bronze Star Medal\") with Combat \"V\".Bartlett, Tom. \"Death Valley\" Photo\", *[Leatherneck Magazine](/wiki/Leatherneck_Magazine \"Leatherneck Magazine\")* website, [Marine Corps Association](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Association \"Marine Corps Association\"), [Marine Corps Base Quantico](/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico \"Marine Corps Base Quantico\"), Virginia, April 1985\\. {{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mca\\-marines.org/leatherneck/death\\-valley\\-photo\\-full\\-articleapril\\-1985 \\|title\\=\"Death Valley\" Photo (Full Article)(April 1985\\) \\| Leatherneck \\- Magazine of the Marines \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-04 \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-24 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924051042/http://www.mca\\-marines.org/leatherneck/death\\-valley\\-photo\\-full\\-articleapril\\-1985 \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown }}.", "After the war, Paul E. Ison first bought a pickup truck and started a hauling business. He later bought a tractor trailer and did cross country transport for the next twenty\\-nine years until January 1981\\.Stakauskas, Betsy. [\"Paul Edward Ison, 84, truck driver, war veteran\"](https://www.newspapers.com/image/102559031/), *[The Cincinnati Enquirer](/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Enquirer \"The Cincinnati Enquirer\")*, Cincinnati, Ohio, 161st year, number 181, October 7, 2001, page B5\\. {{subscription required}} He retired to [Fort Myers, Florida](/wiki/Fort_Myers%2C_Florida \"Fort Myers, Florida\") where he remained active in the [Marine Corps League](/wiki/Marine_Corps_League \"Marine Corps League\"), Marine Corps Historical Foundation, Marine Corps Association and First Marine Division Association until his death on October 3, 2001\\. The Marine Corps League \\- Detachment \\#60 of [Lee County, Florida](/wiki/Lee_County%2C_Florida \"Lee County, Florida\") has since been designated the PFC Paul E. Ison Detachment.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://pfcison.com/\\|title\\=PFC Paul E. Ison Detachment 60\\|first\\=PFC Paul E. Ison\\|last\\=Det 60\\|website\\=PFC Paul E Ison Det 60}}", "The Marine Corps later adopted this photo as a symbol of the Marine infantryman's willingness to advance under fire. It has been referred to as Combat Picture \\#120562 and has been widely used in the press to illustrate the fortitude and tenacity of the front\\-line Marine. Ison's name is sometimes misspelled on the caption of the official photograph as \"Paul Isen.\"", "He died on October 3, 2001, and was buried at Fort Myers Memorial Gardens, Fort Myers, Florida.", "" ]
Season ------ Lowell got off to a great start to their season, going nine consecutive games without a loss that included four wins against ranked teams. The primary reason for the early success was from the River Hawks' defense, particularly the stellar goaltending from Owen Savory. By the end of November, Savory was among the national leaders with 1\.10 [goals against average](/wiki/Goals_against_average "Goals against average") and 3 [shutouts](/wiki/Shutout "Shutout") through just 9 games. The hot start earned Lowell its way into the national rankings and put them on the bubble of a potential NCAA bid. The River Hawks had their first losing weekend of the season in early December, however, because it came against the defending national champions, they weren't harmed by the results too badly. The team responded by winning each of their next five games despite taking over a month to complete that stretch. Their lofty win total put UMass Lowell into the top 10 in late January and had them on the cusp of being a shoe\-in for the national tournament. Unfortunately, the River Hawks' lack of offense began to catch up with them in the second half of the season. Over a period of about a month, from late\-January to late\-February, Lowell went 4–6\. The team could manage more than 3 goals in just one of those games and that came against [Dartmouth](/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green_men%27s_ice_hockey "Dartmouth Big Green men's ice hockey"), one of the worst teams in the nation. The defense performed well but not nearly as stout as they had in the first half of the year. The only saving grace for the Hawks was that most of the losses were to ranked teams and did not send them plummeting down the PairWise rankings. Lowell recovered at the end of the regular season, sweeping their weekend finale and lifting themselves back into the \#15 spot where they at least had a chance to make a tournament bid. ### Postseason For finishing 2nd (tied) in the conference standings, Lowell received a bye into the quarterfinals and were set against a fairly surprising [Merrimack](/wiki/Merrimack_Warriors_men%27s_ice_hockey "Merrimack Warriors men's ice hockey") squad. The Hawks ended up producing their best offensive effort of the season and trounced the Warriors 7–2\. The win pushed the team two spots higher in the rankings and gave them a more comfortable position for a tournament bid. In the semifinal round, Lowell faced off against [Massachusetts](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_UMass_Minutemen_ice_hockey_season "2021–22 UMass Minutemen ice hockey season"). A win would not only send them to the conference championship but would likely guarantee the Hawks a tournament bid. The defense was again a strength, limiting the Minutemen to just 19 shots, but Lowell could not get on track offensively and ended up losing 1–3\. Fortunately, because several underdog teams lost in the semifinal round, Lowel's position as the \#13 team was assured an appearance in the NCAA tournament. The River Hawks played in their first tournament in five years and opened against [Denver](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Denver_Pioneers_men%27s_ice_hockey_season "2021–22 Denver Pioneers men's ice hockey season"), the \#3 overall seed. Lucas Condotta got the Hawks on the board first and the team seemed to carry the balance of play, though they couldn't stop the Pioneers from tying the game near the end of the period. Lowell managed to kill of three separate penalties in the middle frame, a solid achievement against one of the strongest power plays in the nation. All that work, however, kept the Hawks on the defensive and Denver pressed Savory hard. Mid\-way through the third, they finally got their first lead of the game on a shot from Carter Savoie. The River Hawks didn't surrender and immediately set about tying the game once more. In less than five minutes, Connor Sodergren netted the River Hawks' second goal and gave hope that Lowell could pull off the upset in front of the partisan crowd. With just under three minutes to play, Cameron Wright deflected a puck out of mid\-air through Savory and took all the momentum away from the Hawks. In spite of a furious charge to get a third goal, Lowell ran out of time and their season came to a close.
[ "Season\n------", "Lowell got off to a great start to their season, going nine consecutive games without a loss that included four wins against ranked teams. The primary reason for the early success was from the River Hawks' defense, particularly the stellar goaltending from Owen Savory. By the end of November, Savory was among the national leaders with 1\\.10 [goals against average](/wiki/Goals_against_average \"Goals against average\") and 3 [shutouts](/wiki/Shutout \"Shutout\") through just 9 games. The hot start earned Lowell its way into the national rankings and put them on the bubble of a potential NCAA bid.", "The River Hawks had their first losing weekend of the season in early December, however, because it came against the defending national champions, they weren't harmed by the results too badly. The team responded by winning each of their next five games despite taking over a month to complete that stretch. Their lofty win total put UMass Lowell into the top 10 in late January and had them on the cusp of being a shoe\\-in for the national tournament. Unfortunately, the River Hawks' lack of offense began to catch up with them in the second half of the season.", "Over a period of about a month, from late\\-January to late\\-February, Lowell went 4–6\\. The team could manage more than 3 goals in just one of those games and that came against [Dartmouth](/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Dartmouth Big Green men's ice hockey\"), one of the worst teams in the nation. The defense performed well but not nearly as stout as they had in the first half of the year. The only saving grace for the Hawks was that most of the losses were to ranked teams and did not send them plummeting down the PairWise rankings. Lowell recovered at the end of the regular season, sweeping their weekend finale and lifting themselves back into the \\#15 spot where they at least had a chance to make a tournament bid.", "### Postseason", "For finishing 2nd (tied) in the conference standings, Lowell received a bye into the quarterfinals and were set against a fairly surprising [Merrimack](/wiki/Merrimack_Warriors_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Merrimack Warriors men's ice hockey\") squad. The Hawks ended up producing their best offensive effort of the season and trounced the Warriors 7–2\\. The win pushed the team two spots higher in the rankings and gave them a more comfortable position for a tournament bid. In the semifinal round, Lowell faced off against [Massachusetts](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_UMass_Minutemen_ice_hockey_season \"2021–22 UMass Minutemen ice hockey season\"). A win would not only send them to the conference championship but would likely guarantee the Hawks a tournament bid. The defense was again a strength, limiting the Minutemen to just 19 shots, but Lowell could not get on track offensively and ended up losing 1–3\\. Fortunately, because several underdog teams lost in the semifinal round, Lowel's position as the \\#13 team was assured an appearance in the NCAA tournament.", "The River Hawks played in their first tournament in five years and opened against [Denver](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Denver_Pioneers_men%27s_ice_hockey_season \"2021–22 Denver Pioneers men's ice hockey season\"), the \\#3 overall seed. Lucas Condotta got the Hawks on the board first and the team seemed to carry the balance of play, though they couldn't stop the Pioneers from tying the game near the end of the period. Lowell managed to kill of three separate penalties in the middle frame, a solid achievement against one of the strongest power plays in the nation. All that work, however, kept the Hawks on the defensive and Denver pressed Savory hard. Mid\\-way through the third, they finally got their first lead of the game on a shot from Carter Savoie. The River Hawks didn't surrender and immediately set about tying the game once more. In less than five minutes, Connor Sodergren netted the River Hawks' second goal and gave hope that Lowell could pull off the upset in front of the partisan crowd. With just under three minutes to play, Cameron Wright deflected a puck out of mid\\-air through Savory and took all the momentum away from the Hawks. In spite of a furious charge to get a third goal, Lowell ran out of time and their season came to a close.", "" ]
W\-League history (1997–2001\) ------------------------------ Indiana Blaze joined the W\-League in 1997 and entered the newly formed W\-2 in 1998 when the league split. Blaze was the sister team of the [Indiana Blast](/wiki/Indiana_Blast "Indiana Blast") who moved up to the A\-League in 1999 after two seasons in the D3 Pro League. Blaze and Blast were known for the overlapping game times on adjacent fields at [Kuntz Stadium](/wiki/Kuntz_Stadium "Kuntz Stadium"). ### 1998 * Final W\-League record of 5–7 * USASA Region II runners\-up * US Women's Amateur Cup National Finalist ### 1999 * Midwest Division Champions * Playoffs: Indiana 0 @ North Texas 1 (OT) * North Texas eventual champions (5–1 over Springfield) * W\-2 Most Valuable Player – Joy Aschenbrener (28 G 13 A) | **Date** | **Opponent** | **Result** | **Score** | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | August 1 | at North Texas Heat | L | 0–1 (OT) | | ### 2000 * **Central Conference Champions** [Wendy Dillinger](/wiki/Wendy_Dillinger "Wendy Dillinger")'s 45\-yard upper 90 blast in the 65th minute and Joy Aschenbrener's toe\-poke in the 90th minute gave Indiana a come\-from\-behind victory over the Cincinnati Ladyhawks and vaulted them into the W\-League National Championship Playoffs. Indiana needed two victories in back\-to\-back games versus Cincinnati in the season's final week to bypass the Ladyhawks for first place in the conference and they delivered with 4–2 and 3–2 wins. * Semifinals (Friday August 4\): Charlotte 2 vs Indiana 1 (OT) * **Third Place Match (Sunday August 6\): Oklahoma 1 vs Indiana 2 (OT)** In the third\-place match, a pair of substitutes scored goals to help the Indiana Blaze overcome a one\-goal deficit and defeat the Oklahoma Outrage, 2–1 in sudden death. Kara Bryan, who came on in the 65th minute, slotted the ball into the far corner of the net after receiving a cross from the left side from Joy Aschenbrener eight minutes into overtime to give Indiana the victory. Halftime substitute Alisa Pykett had tied the game at 1–1 in the 72nd minute on a spectacular diving header at the far post on a cross from Lori Lindsey. The Outrage, despite playing with only one eligible substitute, took the lead midway through the first half when Cami Bybee finished a corner kick taken by Andi Lute in the 22nd minute. * W\-2 Assist Leader – Kara Bryan (5\) * W\-2 All\-League Team – Lori Lindsey | **Date** | **Opponent** | **Result** | **Score** | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | May 19 | Kentucky Fillies | W | 2–1 | | June 3 | at Cincinnati Ladyhawks | W | 1–0 | | June 4 | Cleveland Eclipse | W | 2–1 (OT) | | June 11 | Rockford Dactyls | W | 6–0 | | June 16 | at Kentucky Fillies | D | 1–1 | | June 23 | Chicago Cobras | L | 1–5 | | July 1 | at Rockford Dactyls | W | 3–0 | | July 2 | at Chicago Cobras | L | 0–6 | | July 9 | Rockford Dactyls | W | 8–1 | | July 14 | at Cincinnati Ladyhawks | W | 4–2 | | July 16 | Cincinnati Ladyhawks | W | 3–2 | | July 22 | at Cleveland Eclipse | W | 3–1 | | August 4 | vs Charlotte Lady Eagles | L | 1–2 (OT) | | August 6 | vs Oklahoma Outrage | W | 2–1 (OT) | | ### 2001 * Final Record 4–7–1 The Kentucky Fillies climbed closer to playoff contention with a 2–1 win over the Indiana Blaze in United Soccer League W\-League action Friday night. Fillies forward Christal Mattingly scored the winning goal in the 81st minute. ### Suspension of operations Owner MorSports, Inc. suspended operations of their women's team, the Indiana Blaze, for the 2002 playing season. Owner and President of MorSports, Kim Morris said, "We're in this for the long haul. We want both of our teams to be around for many years to come and if that means suspending the women's team for a season to stabilize our operations, then that is what we should do." They were the first high\-profile women's sports team in the state, and the team's fan support increased each season, averaging nearly 2,000 fans per game in 2001\. ### Managers Marc Behringer (1998–2001\) made quite a splash in his first year as head coach of the Indiana Blaze. The club was its first ever Midwest Division championship and W\-League playoff berth. After scoring 31 goals his senior year and 80 in his career at Cathedral High School in Indianapolis, Behringer played for Indiana University from 1984 to 1988, captaining the NCAA Championship team as a senior. He played two seasons for the Indiana Blast as a defender, recording a goal and an assist in 17 games. Behringer has served as the girls' head soccer coach at his alma mater since 1996\. He was named "City Coach of the Year" by the Indianapolis Star three times. Behringer was assisted by Sherwin Simon.
[ "W\\-League history (1997–2001\\)\n------------------------------", "Indiana Blaze joined the W\\-League in 1997 and entered the newly formed W\\-2 in 1998 when the league split. Blaze was the sister team of the [Indiana Blast](/wiki/Indiana_Blast \"Indiana Blast\") who moved up to the A\\-League in 1999 after two seasons in the D3 Pro League. Blaze and Blast were known for the overlapping game times on adjacent fields at [Kuntz Stadium](/wiki/Kuntz_Stadium \"Kuntz Stadium\").", "### 1998", "* Final W\\-League record of 5–7\n* USASA Region II runners\\-up\n* US Women's Amateur Cup National Finalist", "### 1999", "* Midwest Division Champions\n* Playoffs: Indiana 0 @ North Texas 1 (OT)\n* North Texas eventual champions (5–1 over Springfield)\n* W\\-2 Most Valuable Player – Joy Aschenbrener (28 G 13 A)", "", "| **Date** | **Opponent** | **Result** | **Score** |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| August 1 | at North Texas Heat | L | 0–1 (OT) |\n|", "### 2000", "* **Central Conference Champions** [Wendy Dillinger](/wiki/Wendy_Dillinger \"Wendy Dillinger\")'s 45\\-yard upper 90 blast in the 65th minute and Joy Aschenbrener's toe\\-poke in the 90th minute gave Indiana a come\\-from\\-behind victory over the Cincinnati Ladyhawks and vaulted them into the W\\-League National Championship Playoffs. Indiana needed two victories in back\\-to\\-back games versus Cincinnati in the season's final week to bypass the Ladyhawks for first place in the conference and they delivered with 4–2 and 3–2 wins.\n* Semifinals (Friday August 4\\): Charlotte 2 vs Indiana 1 (OT)\n* **Third Place Match (Sunday August 6\\): Oklahoma 1 vs Indiana 2 (OT)** In the third\\-place match, a pair of substitutes scored goals to help the Indiana Blaze overcome a one\\-goal deficit and defeat the Oklahoma Outrage, 2–1 in sudden death. Kara Bryan, who came on in the 65th minute, slotted the ball into the far corner of the net after receiving a cross from the left side from Joy Aschenbrener eight minutes into overtime to give Indiana the victory. Halftime substitute Alisa Pykett had tied the game at 1–1 in the 72nd minute on a spectacular diving header at the far post on a cross from Lori Lindsey. The Outrage, despite playing with only one eligible substitute, took the lead midway through the first half when Cami Bybee finished a corner kick taken by Andi Lute in the 22nd minute.\n* W\\-2 Assist Leader – Kara Bryan (5\\)\n* W\\-2 All\\-League Team – Lori Lindsey", "", "| **Date** | **Opponent** | **Result** | **Score** |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| May 19 | Kentucky Fillies | W | 2–1 |\n| June 3 | at Cincinnati Ladyhawks | W | 1–0 |\n| June 4 | Cleveland Eclipse | W | 2–1 (OT) |\n| June 11 | Rockford Dactyls | W | 6–0 |\n| June 16 | at Kentucky Fillies | D | 1–1 |\n| June 23 | Chicago Cobras | L | 1–5 |\n| July 1 | at Rockford Dactyls | W | 3–0 |\n| July 2 | at Chicago Cobras | L | 0–6 |\n| July 9 | Rockford Dactyls | W | 8–1 |\n| July 14 | at Cincinnati Ladyhawks | W | 4–2 |\n| July 16 | Cincinnati Ladyhawks | W | 3–2 |\n| July 22 | at Cleveland Eclipse | W | 3–1 |\n| August 4 | vs Charlotte Lady Eagles | L | 1–2 (OT) |\n| August 6 | vs Oklahoma Outrage | W | 2–1 (OT) |\n|", "### 2001", "* Final Record 4–7–1\nThe Kentucky Fillies climbed closer to playoff contention with a 2–1 win over the Indiana Blaze in United Soccer League W\\-League action Friday night. Fillies forward Christal Mattingly scored the winning goal in the 81st minute.", "### Suspension of operations", "Owner MorSports, Inc. suspended operations of their women's team, the Indiana Blaze, for the 2002 playing season. Owner and President of MorSports, Kim Morris said, \"We're in this for the long haul. We want both of our teams to be around for many years to come and if that means suspending the women's team for a season to stabilize our operations, then that is what we should do.\"", "They were the first high\\-profile women's sports team in the state, and the team's fan support increased each season, averaging nearly 2,000 fans per game in 2001\\.", "### Managers", "Marc Behringer (1998–2001\\) made quite a splash in his first year as head coach of the Indiana Blaze. The club was its first ever Midwest Division championship and W\\-League playoff berth.", "After scoring 31 goals his senior year and 80 in his career at Cathedral High School in Indianapolis, Behringer played for Indiana University from 1984 to 1988, captaining the NCAA Championship team as a senior. He played two seasons for the Indiana Blast as a defender, recording a goal and an assist in 17 games.", "Behringer has served as the girls' head soccer coach at his alma mater since 1996\\. He was named \"City Coach of the Year\" by the Indianapolis Star three times.", "Behringer was assisted by Sherwin Simon.", "" ]
Plot ---- Hong Daming ([Chew Chor Meng](/wiki/Chew_Chor_Meng "Chew Chor Meng")) is a positive and generous man. As his coffee shop and house number are both "118", the people around him gave him the nickname of "118" (or 要要发), much to his delight. Together with his wife, Liu Meimei ([Pan Lingling](/wiki/Pan_Lingling "Pan Lingling")), he makes a living by running the coffee\-shop, and are well known in Tiong Bahru. Whenever someone is in need, they would always seek Daming for help. His family lives in a 3\-room flat, which was built in pre\-war years, above the coffee shop. He has 4 children. The children are named Hong Shunfeng ([Dennis Chew](/wiki/Dennis_Chew "Dennis Chew")), Hong Shunshui ([Xu Bin](/wiki/Xu_Bin "Xu Bin")), Hong Jinzhi ([Ya Hui](/wiki/Ya_Hui "Ya Hui")) and Hong Yuye ([Hong Ling](/wiki/Hong_Ling_%28actress%29 "Hong Ling (actress)")). Having 6 people living in a 3\-room flat is cramped\-up enough, yet he also rents out a room to "Ah Niang", a middle\-aged man whose original name is Li Weiliang ([Chen Hanwei](/wiki/Chen_Hanwei "Chen Hanwei")). Weiliang studied fashion design in France, but circumstances led him to simply run a stall in 118's coffee\-shop, selling dumplings with the recipe that his mother left for him. Weiliang was not the only addition to the cramped flat. Later, Meimei's elder sister – Liu Jiejie ([Liu Lingling](/wiki/Liu_Lingling_%28Singaporean_host%29 "Liu Lingling (Singaporean host)")) and her family also came to live with 118 when her husband, Zhang Tiancheng's ([Chen Tianwen](/wiki/Chen_Tianwen "Chen Tianwen"))'s business failed. Daming's own younger sister, Hong Shanshan ([Sheila Sim](/wiki/Sheila_Sim_%28actress%29 "Sheila Sim (actress)")), and her daughter also came to live with him "temporarily" when her husband disappeared mysteriously. Kind\-hearted by nature, Daming felt that they must have come to him because they were at their wit's end. He would rather make room for them by having his own sons sleep in the living room, than to chase them away heartlessly. As such, the story unfolds with this myriad of personalities living under the same roof and hanging around the 118 coffee\-shop, where many dramatic yet comedic events took place... "118" presents the positive side of a Singaporean – passionate, practical, caring, resilient, faithful, tolerant and forward\-looking – while also touching on the lesser side of our personalities. Through the dramatic play of events, we are able to see ourselves in the many characters, who are in fact a mirror of the good and bad sides of all of us. ### Hong (Daming) family | Cast | Role | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | [Chew Chor Meng](/wiki/Chew_Chor_Meng "Chew Chor Meng") | Hong Daming 洪达明 | Owner of the "118" coffee\-shop Hong Shunshui's father Hong Jinzhi, Wang Shunfeng and Wang Yuye adoptive father Liu Meimei's Husband Hong Shanshan's older brother Li Weiliang's landlord | | [Pan Lingling](/wiki/Pan_Lingling "Pan Lingling") | Liu Meimei 刘媚媚 | Lady boss of the "118" coffee\-shop Hong Jinzhi and Hong Shunshui's mother Wang Shunfeng and Wang Yuye's adoptive mother Hong Daming's wife Hong Shanshan's sister\-in\-law Li Weiliang's landlady | | [Dennis Chew](/wiki/Dennis_Chew "Dennis Chew") | Wang Shunfeng 王顺风 | **Younger version portrayed by Alston Yeo** Liu Meimei and Hong Daming's adoptive son Hong Jinzhi and Hong Shunshui's adoptive older brother Wang Yuye's older brother Wang Fudi's son Hong Shanshan's adoptive nephew | | [Ya Hui](/wiki/Ya_Hui "Ya Hui") | Hong Jinzhi 洪金枝 | **Just\-so\-happens (恰恰好)**Zhang Meiyou and Liu Meimei's daughter"118" Wonton noodle stall owner Hong Shunshui's half older sister Wang Shunfeng's adoptive younger sister Wang Yuye's adoptive older sister Hong Shanshan's adoptive niece | | [Xu Bin](/wiki/Xu_Bin "Xu Bin") | Hong Shunshui 洪顺水 | **Small Lobang King**, **Simon**, **Water**, **Stay Away From You (生人勿近)**, **118 Junior (小118\)**Hong Daming and Liu Meimei's son Simon and Clinton's rival in love \<br/ \> Hong Jinzhi's half younger brother Wang Shunfeng's adoptive younger brother Wang Yuye's adoptive older brother Zhang KeAi's boyfriend/fiance Hong Shanshan's nephew | | [Hong Ling](/wiki/Hong_Ling_%28actress%29 "Hong Ling (actress)") | Wang Yuye 王玉叶 | **Minor Antagonist** **Julie**, **Just\-younger\-sister (恰妹妹)**, **NG18**Wang Fudi's daughterHong Daming and Liu Meimei's adopted daughterPolytechnic student Wang Shunfeng's younger sister Hong Jinzhi's and Hong Shunshui's adoptive younger sister Hong Shanshan's adoptive niece | ### Zhang (Tiancheng) family | Cast Role Description | | | [Chen Tianwen](/wiki/Chen_Tianwen "Chen Tianwen") | Zhang Tiancheng 张天成 | **Old Zhang (老张)**Liu Jiejie's husbandZhang Ke Ke, Zhang Ke Ai and Zhang Zhenhui's fatherFormer owner of Pizza@119 Liu Meimei and Hong Daming's brother\-in\-law | | [Liu Lingling](/wiki/Liu_Lingling_%28Singaporean_host%29 "Liu Lingling (Singaporean host)") | Liu Jiejie 刘洁洁 | **Big Ang Mo Kio**, **My Curse from the Star (来自衰星的你)**, **Jiejie Liu**,**Younger version portrayed by Huang Jia Qi****Teenage version portrayed by Leron Heng** Zhang Tiancheng's wifeZhang Zhenhui's motherLiu Meimei's elder sisterNew owner of Pizza@119 from episode 114 | | [Dawn Yeoh](/wiki/Dawn_Yeoh "Dawn Yeoh") | Zhang Keke 张可可 | **Ms Gorgeous (美女老师), Chocolate (巧克力)**Zhang Tiancheng and Jiahui's daughter | | [Nick Teo](/wiki/Nick_Teo "Nick Teo") | Zhang Zhenhui 张振辉 | **Tommy**, **Mr Irritating**Zhang Tiancheng and Liu Jiejie's sonPrivate university student | | [Carrie Wong](/wiki/Carrie_Wong "Carrie Wong") | Zhang Ke Ai 张可爱 | **One and Only (天下无双)**, **Chicken Poop (鸡屎)**, **Angeline**, **Adorable Chicken Poop (可爱鸡屎)** Zhang Tiancheng and Yue E's daughter, only met him twice before first appearance Zhang Ke Ke and Zhang Zhenhui's half younger sister Used to be a dance hostess Under Hong\-gu's care to be a dance hostess Used to work at a nightclub Used to be Eric's woman; kept by Eric for half a year Wang Yuye's colleague and rival | ### Hong (Shanshan) family | Cast Role Description | | | [Sheila Sim](/wiki/Sheila_Sim_%28actress%29 "Sheila Sim (actress)") | Hong Shanshan洪姗姗 | **Small Durian (小榴莲)**, **King Kong**Hong Daming's younger sister | | Sun Yi En 孙艺恩 | Viveka Lee | **Little Imp**, **Dog Poop (狗大便)**Alex Lee's daughterDiagnosed with autismLi Weiliang and Lin Zhigao's frenemy | ### Lin (Zhigao) family | Cast Role Description | | | Choy Peng Hoy 蔡平开 | Er\-gu 二姑 | Lin Zhigao's motherSuffers from kidney diseaseFormerly a nurseZhang Ke Ai and Ada's landladyHad three suitors | | [Cavin Soh](/wiki/Cavin_Soh "Cavin Soh") | Lin Zhigao 林志高 | Hong Daming's best friendXie Limei's husbandZhang Ke Ai and Ada's landlordCarrie's foster father | | [Youyi](/wiki/Youyi_%28actress%29 "Youyi (actress)") | Xie Limei 谢丽美 | **Supporting Villain** of part two but repented in the end**May Chia**Zhigao's wife | | Nicole Law 刘宜梦 | Carrie | Lucas Chew and Xie Limei's daughterLin Zhigao's foster daughter | ### Li (Chengfeng) family | Cast Role Description | | | 李健汉 | James | Rose's ex\-husbandClinton Li and Ella Li's father | | Zhu Yuye 朱玉叶 | Rose | Clinton Li and Ella Li's mother | | [Zhang Zhenhuan](/wiki/Zhang_Zhenhuan_%28actor%29 "Zhang Zhenhuan (actor)") | Clinton Li Chengfeng 李承锋 | | | [Seraph Sun](/wiki/Seraph_Sun "Seraph Sun") | Ella Li | Clinton Li's younger sisterAlbert's wife | | 柯迪宏 | Albert | Ella's husband | ### Li (Zhihao) family | Cast Role Description | | | Marcus Mok 莫健发 | Li Kuncheng 李昆诚 | Li Zhihao's father(Deceased \- episode 145\) | | Tin Wai Wai 陈慧慧 | Huang Mei 黄枚 | Li Zhihao's motherLi Kuncheng's third wife | | Charles Lee 李家庆 | Li Zhihao 李志浩 | **Rascal (臭小子)**, **Bruce Lee**Original name **Richard Lee**Hong Jinzhi's love interest and boyfriend | ### Chen (Meizhen) family | Cast Role Description | | | Tan Tiow Im 陈天祥 | Uncle Chen 陈伯 | **Old Chen (老陈)**Hong Daming's old neighbourProvision shop ownerChen Meizhen's grandfatherDied during the intermission as revealed by Shunfeng in 118 2 Episode 2(Deceased \- revealed by Shunfeng in 118 2 Episode 2\) | | [Sora Ma](/wiki/Sora_Ma "Sora Ma") | Chen Meizhen 陈美珍 | **Ah Zhen (阿珍)**Wang Shunfeng's ex\-classmate, girlfriend and love interestUncle Chen's granddaughterYounger version portrayed by **Chloe Ng** | ### Zhang (Jiabao) family | Cast Role Description | | | Alan Yeo Thiam Hock 杨添福 | Zhang Jingui 张金贵 | **Ah Gui (阿贵)**, **Crazy Gui (头疯贵)**, **Caveman (山顶洞人)**Zhang Jiabao's fatherPreviously jailed in Changi Prison for 10 years; worked as a chef during his imprisonmentWorks at Pizza @ 119 | | [Lawrence Wong](/wiki/Lawrence_Wong_%28actor%29 "Lawrence Wong (actor)") | Zhang Jiabao 张家宝 | **Xiaobao (小宝)**Hong Jinzhi's childhood friend and love interestRegular patron of 118 | ### Zhang (Meiyou) family * [Roy Li](/wiki/Roy_Li "Roy Li") 黎沸挥 as Zhang Meiyou 张没友 Li portrays a former getai performer, Zhang Meiyou. His original name is Li Mingfa. Zhang's mother is Granny Egg. Zhang was Liu Meimei's former lover and the father of Hong Jinzhi. Initially the antagonist in the series, Zhang suffered from amnesia as a result from a struggle with a thief and come to terms with the Hong family. He subsequently regained his memories. He has various nicknames like Terence Cao (曹国辉), Unfilial son (不孝子), I'm a Good Man (我是好人), Li Nanxing (李南星). * Ang Twa Bak 洪大目 as Granny Egg 鸡蛋婆 Ang portrays as Zhang's mother, Granny Egg, who sells eggs at the market. Granny Egg died after suffering a fall. ### Other characters | Cast Role Description | | | [Chen Hanwei](/wiki/Chen_Hanwei "Chen Hanwei") | Li Weiliang 李伟良 | **Ah Niang/Ah Liang (阿娘/阿良) / Uncle Niang (Uncle娘) / Dumpling Niang (粽子娘)**, **Old Monster (老妖怪)**, **Sissy (娘娘腔)**, **Brother Wei (伟哥)**, **Alex Lee**, **See\-The\-Play/ Sil\-Te\-Plait(屎大别)**, **Niangniang (娘娘)**Hong Daming and Liu Meimei's tenant \& best friendTang Sijia's ex\-loverDumpling stall ownerIn love with Tang SijiaWas exposed by Max Chan as a dumpling stall owner in episode 131Likes Hong ShanshanTeenage version portrayed by **Jay Goh Jun Hui** | | [Ye Shipin](/wiki/Ye_Shipin "Ye Shipin") | Steven | **Uncle Steven**Hong Daming's old neighbour and friendChen Guoqiang's fatherSuffers from kidney diseaseSupermarket stock taker | | [Priscelia Chan](/wiki/Priscelia_Chan "Priscelia Chan") | Tang Sijia 唐思嘉 | **Doe\-eyed Lass (大眼妹)**Max Chan's wifeLi Weiliang's ex\-loverGlory's motherWorks at Pizza @ 119Teenage version portrayed by **Vainy Sansai** | | Seth Ang 翁兴昂 | Alex Lee | **Samurai**Viveka's fatherArtist | | [Wang Yuqing](/wiki/Wang_Yuqing "Wang Yuqing") | Duan Ah Zhi 段阿直 | **Mr Ah Zhi (阿直先生)**, **AJ**Liu Jiejie's loyal fanTeenage version portrayed by **Renfred Ng** | | Tay Yong Meng 郑荣铭 | Peter | Hong Shunshui's colleague at the car showroom | | Ramesh | Vas | **Mr Vas**A regular patron of 118 who has just gained Singaporean citizenshipLiaison Officer of the Neighbourhood Watch ZoneOrganized the CPR session at the community club | | Shine Koh 高慧姍 | Eve | Zhenhui's classmate/girlfriend who was pregnant with Zhenhui's child.David's ex\-woman | | [Benjamin Heng](/wiki/Benjamin_Heng "Benjamin Heng") | Max Chan | **No chance (没Chance)**Tang Sijia's husbandLawyer | | Silver Ang 洪子惠 | Jane | Max Chan's mistress and employee | | Qiu Shengyang 邱胜扬 | Himself | **Great Master (大老爷)**, **Master Qiu (邱老爷)**[Capital 95\.8FM](/wiki/Capital_95.8FM "Capital 95.8FM") DJA customer of 118Volunteer Special Constabulary officer | | 陶樱 | Yue E 月娥 | **Moon**Zhang Ke Ai's motherLikes Lin ZhigaoResides in Ipoh | | [Hayley Woo](/wiki/Hayley_Woo "Hayley Woo") | Vivian | **Apple Pie (苹果派)**Hong Daming's adopted daughter and goddaughterLiu Meimei's goddaughterZhang Zhenhui's love interestHas heart disease | | [Hu Wensui](/wiki/Hu_Wensui "Hu Wensui") | Bobby Koh | KC15's triad boss who claims the triad is a football teamZhang Jiabao's ex\-buddy | | Teo Ser Lee 张思丽 | Jiahui 家惠 | **Olivia**Zhang Keke's motherZhang Tiancheng's ex\-wife | | | Lucas Chew | **Main Antagonist** of part twoXie Limei's ex\-loverCarrie's fatherCountlessy tempted Xie Limei to go to the casino ship to gamble and threatened to sell Carrie offMade Carrie sell tissue paper and chased her out of the house | | Esther Goh 吴秋仪 | Carol | Li Zhihao's cousinInitially made many attempts to break Hong Jinzhi and Li Zhihao upApproved to their marriage after Hong Jinzhi saved her and Huang Mei from a thief in New York(episode 198\) | | [Jin Yinji](/wiki/Jin_Yinji "Jin Yinji") | Mary Wong | Hong Shunshui's and Zhang Keke's clientRich and eccentric old womanClaimed that she had a terminal illnessTurned to Hong Shunshui and Zhang Keke as her children were fighting over her assetsWanted Hong Shunshui to marry Zhang Keke and sever all ties with his family so that the 25 million bungalow in Sentosa and other assets would be given to them | | Li Yuejie 李岳杰 | Gan Dawei | **David**Friend of Diana Bon, acquaintance and friend of Hong ShanshanLikes Hong ShanshanSource of Li Weiliang's jealousyFamous designer | | Cansen Goh 吴开深 | Eric | Peter's clientTycoon's sonLikes Zhang Ke'ai and kept Zhang Ke'ai for three monthsClaimed to have a video of his intimate times with Zhang Ke'ai and blackmailed her with it | ### Tiong Bahru Market / Food Centre * Jim Koh 许晋鸣 as Seventh Duke 七公子 Koh portrays as a fishmonger * Zheng Yiqin 郑逸钦 as Uncle Cabbage 菜心叔 Zheng portrays as a vegetable seller. * Cat Ang 翁慧霖 as Sister Blossom 花姐 Ang portrays as a florist whose flower shop closed down and subsequently works at Pizza @ 119 * Theresa Cai Yunjun 蔡韵君 as Auntie Fruit 水果嫂 Cai portrays as a fruit seller. * Tang Shaowei 唐绍炜 as Ah Qing 阿清 Tang portrays a migrant worker from China who works as a cleaner at the market. * He Bin 何滨 as Auntie Bun 包嫂 He portrays a stallowner selling chwee kueh and buns at the food centre ### Cameo appearance (appearing from ep 1\-127\) *Note: Only credited cameos are listed.* | Cast Role Description Episodes Appeared | | | Chen Meiling 陈美龄 | Daming's mother 达明母亲 | Hong Daming's mother who brought young Daming to cut his hair(Deceased) | 1 | | Chen Zonghua 陈宗华 | Ah Hong 阿洪 | Getai Boss | 14, 20, 33, 62, 75, | | Michelle Tay 郑荔分 | Herself | Getai Host | 14, 20, 33, 62, | | [Zoe Tay](/wiki/Zoe_Tay "Zoe Tay") 郑惠玉 | Herself | Mediacorp artiste who was one of Lin Zhigao's passengers. He did not take her as he is on Hong Shanshan's call. | 18 | | Qiqi 琦琦 | An An 安安 | Getai Performer | 20, 33, 75, | | 方进平 | Chen Guoqiang 陈国强 | **Ah Qiang (阿强)**Steven's eldest son | 28, 89 | | Chen Jiahui 陈佳慧 | Isabel | Huang Mei's assistant | 31, 33, 95, | | Wang Junxiong 王俊雄 | Wang Fudi 王福弟 | Wang Fuhai's elder brotherHong Daming's buddyWang Shunfeng and Wang Yuye's biological fatherDied in a car accident 20 years ago(Deceased \- 20 years ago) | 31, 38 | | 庄义川 | Man 男子 | Meiyou approaches this man asking where is his daughter. Frustrated, he grabs Meiyou by the collar, but is saved by Zhihao. | 39 | | Gary Tan 陈毅丰 | Ah Wei 阿威 | KC15's triad memberResponsible for burning the 118 coffee\-shop(Arrested \- episode 104\)Sent to a rehabilitation centre as of episode 114 | 45, 54, 66\-67, 70\-72, 74, 104 | | Bryan Chung 钟肇峰 | Tony | KC15's triad member(Arrested \- episode 104\) | 45, 54, 70\-72, 74, 104 | | Joy Yak 易凌 | Susan 苏珊 | Hong Daming's friendLiu Meimei's friend and past rival in the getai industryReturned to the US in episode 60 | 53, 59\-60, 197, 199 | | 卢冠耀 | Middle\-aged man 中年男子 | Chen Meizhen's 40\-year\-old ex\-boyfriend | 55 | | Michael Kwah 柯宗耀 | David / Ah King | Zhang Jiabao and Bobby's friendDrug supplierAh Lian's manEve's ex\-man | 57, 80, 90, | | James Fong 方伟豪 | Big Mouth 大嘴 | Handphone repair shop owner | 64, 140, 162 | | Jaylynn Loh 卢乐慈 | Glory | Max Chan and Tang Sijia's daughter | 67, 87, 136, 147\-148, 160 | | Lin Mingzhe 林明哲 | Director 导演Producer 监制 | Director at Mediacorp; producer of *[Life \- Fear Not](/wiki/Life_-_Fear_Not "Life - Fear Not")* | 109, 141, 190, 210 | | Cheong Yuan Ting 张愿庭 | Ms Jin 金编审 | Screenplay at MediacorpWrote for *The Golden Way* (金色大道), *I Love My Pretty Babe* (我爱我的漂亮宝贝), *Tiger Mum @ Home* (家有虎妈) and *[Life \- Fear Not](/wiki/Life_-_Fear_Not "Life - Fear Not")* | 109, 141, 210 | | 廖永辉 | Simon's steward Simon管家 | Simon's stewardLocked Daming and Shunshui in a room under Simon's ordersReleased Daming and Shunshui in episode 117 in exchange for Ada's departure with Simon | 116 | ### Cameo appearance (appearing from ep 128 onwards) *Note: Only credited cameos and notable cast are listed.*{{cite news\|title\=SEA Games athletes drop by 118 for a kopitiam cameo\|url\=http://tv.toggle.sg/en/channel8/entnews/sea\-games\-athletes\-drop\-5303520\|publisher\=Toggle\|date\=13 May 2015\|access\-date\=17 July 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720211230/http://tv.toggle.sg/en/channel8/entnews/sea\-games\-athletes\-drop\-5303520\|archive\-date\=20 July 2015\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\|title\=First look at Ch8's new long\-form drama Life's Blessings\|url\=http://tv.toggle.sg/en/channel8/entnews/first\-look\-at\-ch8\-s\-new\-5428744\|publisher\=Toggle\|date\=17 July 2015\|access\-date\=13 December 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185409/http://tv.toggle.sg/en/channel8/entnews/first\-look\-at\-ch8\-s\-new\-5428744\|archive\-date\=4 March 2016\|url\-status\=dead}} | Cast Role Description Episodes Appeared | | | Lee Tze Yuan | Himself | 28th SEA (South East Asian) Games 2015 [wushu](/wiki/Wushu_at_the_2015_Southeast_Asian_Games "Wushu at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games") representative | 157 | | Emily Sin | Herself | 28th SEA (South East Asian) Games 2015 [wushu](/wiki/Wushu_at_the_2015_Southeast_Asian_Games "Wushu at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games") representative | 157 | | Eugene Teo | Himself | 28th SEA (South East Asian) Games 2015 [water polo](/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2015_Southeast_Asian_Games "Water polo at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games") representative | 157 | | Ang An Jun | Himself | 28th SEA (South East Asian) Games 2015 [water polo](/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2015_Southeast_Asian_Games "Water polo at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games") representative | 157 | | [Chen Shucheng](/wiki/Chen_Shucheng "Chen Shucheng") 陈澍城 | Himself | Mediacorp artistePlays Zhuang Shuiqing in *[Life \- Fear Not](/wiki/Life_-_Fear_Not "Life - Fear Not")* | 190 | | [Aileen Tan](/wiki/Aileen_Tan "Aileen Tan") 陈丽贞 | Herself | Mediacorp artistePlays Zhuang Daomei in *[Life \- Fear Not](/wiki/Life_-_Fear_Not "Life - Fear Not")* | 190 | | [Rayson Tan](/wiki/Rayson_Tan "Rayson Tan") 陈泰铭 | Himself | Mediacorp artistePlays Zhuang Daoqiang in *[Life \- Fear Not](/wiki/Life_-_Fear_Not "Life - Fear Not")* | 190, 210 | | [Felicia Chin](/wiki/Felicia_Chin "Felicia Chin") 陈凤玲 | Herself | Mediacorp artistePlays Zhuang Daohan in *[Life \- Fear Not](/wiki/Life_-_Fear_Not "Life - Fear Not")* | 190 | | [Aloysius Pang](/wiki/Aloysius_Pang "Aloysius Pang") 冯伟衷 | Himself | Mediacorp artistePlays Zhuang Daoren in *[Life \- Fear Not](/wiki/Life_-_Fear_Not "Life - Fear Not")* | 190 | | [Hao Hao](/wiki/Hao_Hao "Hao Hao") 皓皓 | Xiao\-qiang 小强 | Hospital doctorZhang Keke's current boyfriend | | | ### Cast who left before episode 127 | Cast Role Description Episodes Appeared | | | [Chloe Wang](/wiki/Chloe_Wang_%28Taiwanese_actress%29 "Chloe Wang (Taiwanese actress)") 王樂妍 | Ada Zhou Min 周敏 | **Mrs Liu (刘太太)**, **Min\-er (敏儿)**A rich man's daughter from overseasHong Shunshui's love interestDetests SimonSuffered mental disorderKidnapped by Long\-ge in episode 35; Simon took her after Long\-ge's arrestEscaped from Simon's clutches in episode 79Lin Zhigao and Er\-gu's tenantZhang Ke Ai's roommate and best friendZhang Ke Ai and Zhang Ke Ke's rival in loveSecretly left "118" coffee\-shop to give herself in to Simon, then left for the US in episode 116Returned to Singapore in episode 255, but did not appear(Left for the US \- episode 116\) | 7\-8, 10, 26\-27, 31\-35, 77\-79, 81\-84, 86, 90\-93, 96\-97, 99\-100, 103\-104, 106\-107, 109\-114, 116 | | Mu Qing 穆青 | Xu Zhen 徐珍 | **Jennifer (珍妮)**, **Ah Zhen (阿珍)**Wang Shunfeng's love interestA foreign worker that came from ChinaProstitute(Deported back to China \- episode 36\) | 16\-17, 19\-22, 32, 34\-36 | | [Zhang Xinxiang](/wiki/Zhang_Xinxiang "Zhang Xinxiang") | Wang Fuhai 王福海 | **Supporting Antagonist** of part oneWang Fudi's younger brotherWang Shunfeng and Wang Yuye's uncleReturned to Thailand after ending his confrontation on a good note in episode 38 | 31\-33, 37\- | | Allen Chen 陈祎伦 | Simon Liu | **Main Antagonist/Villain** of part one**Mr Simon (赛门先生)**Ada's husbandShunshui's rival in lovePossibly sent men to splash dye on Jinzhi in episode 108Left for the US after Ada gave in to him in the bar in episode 116(Left for the US \- episode 116\) | 35, 77\-79, 87, 89, 96\-97, 104, 109\-110, 113, 116 |
[ "Plot\n----", "Hong Daming ([Chew Chor Meng](/wiki/Chew_Chor_Meng \"Chew Chor Meng\")) is a positive and generous man. As his coffee shop and house number are both \"118\", the people around him gave him the nickname of \"118\" (or 要要发), much to his delight. Together with his wife, Liu Meimei ([Pan Lingling](/wiki/Pan_Lingling \"Pan Lingling\")), he makes a living by running the coffee\\-shop, and are well known in Tiong Bahru. Whenever someone is in need, they would always seek Daming for help.", "His family lives in a 3\\-room flat, which was built in pre\\-war years, above the coffee shop. He has 4 children. The children are named Hong Shunfeng ([Dennis Chew](/wiki/Dennis_Chew \"Dennis Chew\")), Hong Shunshui ([Xu Bin](/wiki/Xu_Bin \"Xu Bin\")), Hong Jinzhi ([Ya Hui](/wiki/Ya_Hui \"Ya Hui\")) and Hong Yuye ([Hong Ling](/wiki/Hong_Ling_%28actress%29 \"Hong Ling (actress)\")).", "Having 6 people living in a 3\\-room flat is cramped\\-up enough, yet he also rents out a room to \"Ah Niang\", a middle\\-aged man whose original name is Li Weiliang ([Chen Hanwei](/wiki/Chen_Hanwei \"Chen Hanwei\")). Weiliang studied fashion design in France, but circumstances led him to simply run a stall in 118's coffee\\-shop, selling dumplings with the recipe that his mother left for him.", "Weiliang was not the only addition to the cramped flat. Later, Meimei's elder sister – Liu Jiejie ([Liu Lingling](/wiki/Liu_Lingling_%28Singaporean_host%29 \"Liu Lingling (Singaporean host)\")) and her family also came to live with 118 when her husband, Zhang Tiancheng's ([Chen Tianwen](/wiki/Chen_Tianwen \"Chen Tianwen\"))'s business failed. Daming's own younger sister, Hong Shanshan ([Sheila Sim](/wiki/Sheila_Sim_%28actress%29 \"Sheila Sim (actress)\")), and her daughter also came to live with him \"temporarily\" when her husband disappeared mysteriously. Kind\\-hearted by nature, Daming felt that they must have come to him because they were at their wit's end. He would rather make room for them by having his own sons sleep in the living room, than to chase them away heartlessly.", "As such, the story unfolds with this myriad of personalities living under the same roof and hanging around the 118 coffee\\-shop, where many dramatic yet comedic events took place...", "\"118\" presents the positive side of a Singaporean – passionate, practical, caring, resilient, faithful, tolerant and forward\\-looking – while also touching on the lesser side of our personalities. Through the dramatic play of events, we are able to see ourselves in the many characters, who are in fact a mirror of the good and bad sides of all of us.", "### Hong (Daming) family", "", "| Cast | Role | Description |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [Chew Chor Meng](/wiki/Chew_Chor_Meng \"Chew Chor Meng\") | Hong Daming 洪达明 | Owner of the \"118\" coffee\\-shop Hong Shunshui's father Hong Jinzhi, Wang Shunfeng and Wang Yuye adoptive father Liu Meimei's Husband Hong Shanshan's older brother Li Weiliang's landlord |\n| [Pan Lingling](/wiki/Pan_Lingling \"Pan Lingling\") | Liu Meimei 刘媚媚 | Lady boss of the \"118\" coffee\\-shop Hong Jinzhi and Hong Shunshui's mother Wang Shunfeng and Wang Yuye's adoptive mother Hong Daming's wife Hong Shanshan's sister\\-in\\-law Li Weiliang's landlady |\n| [Dennis Chew](/wiki/Dennis_Chew \"Dennis Chew\") | Wang Shunfeng 王顺风 | **Younger version portrayed by Alston Yeo** Liu Meimei and Hong Daming's adoptive son Hong Jinzhi and Hong Shunshui's adoptive older brother Wang Yuye's older brother Wang Fudi's son Hong Shanshan's adoptive nephew |\n| [Ya Hui](/wiki/Ya_Hui \"Ya Hui\") | Hong Jinzhi 洪金枝 | **Just\\-so\\-happens (恰恰好)**Zhang Meiyou and Liu Meimei's daughter\"118\" Wonton noodle stall owner Hong Shunshui's half older sister Wang Shunfeng's adoptive younger sister Wang Yuye's adoptive older sister Hong Shanshan's adoptive niece |\n| [Xu Bin](/wiki/Xu_Bin \"Xu Bin\") | Hong Shunshui 洪顺水 | **Small Lobang King**, **Simon**, **Water**, **Stay Away From You (生人勿近)**, **118 Junior (小118\\)**Hong Daming and Liu Meimei's son Simon and Clinton's rival in love \\<br/ \\> Hong Jinzhi's half younger brother Wang Shunfeng's adoptive younger brother Wang Yuye's adoptive older brother Zhang KeAi's boyfriend/fiance Hong Shanshan's nephew |\n| [Hong Ling](/wiki/Hong_Ling_%28actress%29 \"Hong Ling (actress)\") | Wang Yuye 王玉叶 | **Minor Antagonist** **Julie**, **Just\\-younger\\-sister (恰妹妹)**, **NG18**Wang Fudi's daughterHong Daming and Liu Meimei's adopted daughterPolytechnic student Wang Shunfeng's younger sister Hong Jinzhi's and Hong Shunshui's adoptive younger sister Hong Shanshan's adoptive niece |", "### Zhang (Tiancheng) family", "", "| Cast", "Role", "Description", "| |\n| [Chen Tianwen](/wiki/Chen_Tianwen \"Chen Tianwen\") | Zhang Tiancheng 张天成 | **Old Zhang (老张)**Liu Jiejie's husbandZhang Ke Ke, Zhang Ke Ai and Zhang Zhenhui's fatherFormer owner of Pizza@119 Liu Meimei and Hong Daming's brother\\-in\\-law |\n| [Liu Lingling](/wiki/Liu_Lingling_%28Singaporean_host%29 \"Liu Lingling (Singaporean host)\") | Liu Jiejie 刘洁洁 | **Big Ang Mo Kio**, **My Curse from the Star (来自衰星的你)**, **Jiejie Liu**,**Younger version portrayed by Huang Jia Qi****Teenage version portrayed by Leron Heng** Zhang Tiancheng's wifeZhang Zhenhui's motherLiu Meimei's elder sisterNew owner of Pizza@119 from episode 114 |\n| [Dawn Yeoh](/wiki/Dawn_Yeoh \"Dawn Yeoh\") | Zhang Keke 张可可 | **Ms Gorgeous (美女老师), Chocolate (巧克力)**Zhang Tiancheng and Jiahui's daughter |\n| [Nick Teo](/wiki/Nick_Teo \"Nick Teo\") | Zhang Zhenhui 张振辉 | **Tommy**, **Mr Irritating**Zhang Tiancheng and Liu Jiejie's sonPrivate university student |\n| [Carrie Wong](/wiki/Carrie_Wong \"Carrie Wong\") | Zhang Ke Ai 张可爱 | **One and Only (天下无双)**, **Chicken Poop (鸡屎)**, **Angeline**, **Adorable Chicken Poop (可爱鸡屎)** Zhang Tiancheng and Yue E's daughter, only met him twice before first appearance Zhang Ke Ke and Zhang Zhenhui's half younger sister Used to be a dance hostess Under Hong\\-gu's care to be a dance hostess Used to work at a nightclub Used to be Eric's woman; kept by Eric for half a year Wang Yuye's colleague and rival |", "### Hong (Shanshan) family", "", "| Cast", "Role", "Description", "| |\n| [Sheila Sim](/wiki/Sheila_Sim_%28actress%29 \"Sheila Sim (actress)\") | Hong Shanshan洪姗姗 | **Small Durian (小榴莲)**, **King Kong**Hong Daming's younger sister |\n| Sun Yi En 孙艺恩 | Viveka Lee | **Little Imp**, **Dog Poop (狗大便)**Alex Lee's daughterDiagnosed with autismLi Weiliang and Lin Zhigao's frenemy |", "### Lin (Zhigao) family", "", "| Cast", "Role", "Description", "| |\n| Choy Peng Hoy 蔡平开 | Er\\-gu 二姑 | Lin Zhigao's motherSuffers from kidney diseaseFormerly a nurseZhang Ke Ai and Ada's landladyHad three suitors |\n| [Cavin Soh](/wiki/Cavin_Soh \"Cavin Soh\") | Lin Zhigao 林志高 | Hong Daming's best friendXie Limei's husbandZhang Ke Ai and Ada's landlordCarrie's foster father |\n| [Youyi](/wiki/Youyi_%28actress%29 \"Youyi (actress)\") | Xie Limei 谢丽美 | **Supporting Villain** of part two but repented in the end**May Chia**Zhigao's wife |\n| Nicole Law 刘宜梦 | Carrie | Lucas Chew and Xie Limei's daughterLin Zhigao's foster daughter |", "### Li (Chengfeng) family", "", "| Cast", "Role", "Description", "| |\n| 李健汉 | James | Rose's ex\\-husbandClinton Li and Ella Li's father |\n| Zhu Yuye 朱玉叶 | Rose | Clinton Li and Ella Li's mother |\n| [Zhang Zhenhuan](/wiki/Zhang_Zhenhuan_%28actor%29 \"Zhang Zhenhuan (actor)\") | Clinton Li Chengfeng 李承锋 | |\n| [Seraph Sun](/wiki/Seraph_Sun \"Seraph Sun\") | Ella Li | Clinton Li's younger sisterAlbert's wife |\n| 柯迪宏 | Albert | Ella's husband |", "### Li (Zhihao) family", "", "| Cast", "Role", "Description", "| |\n| Marcus Mok 莫健发 | Li Kuncheng 李昆诚 | Li Zhihao's father(Deceased \\- episode 145\\) |\n| Tin Wai Wai 陈慧慧 | Huang Mei 黄枚 | Li Zhihao's motherLi Kuncheng's third wife |\n| Charles Lee 李家庆 | Li Zhihao 李志浩 | **Rascal (臭小子)**, **Bruce Lee**Original name **Richard Lee**Hong Jinzhi's love interest and boyfriend |", "### Chen (Meizhen) family", "", "| Cast", "Role", "Description", "| |\n| Tan Tiow Im 陈天祥 | Uncle Chen 陈伯 | **Old Chen (老陈)**Hong Daming's old neighbourProvision shop ownerChen Meizhen's grandfatherDied during the intermission as revealed by Shunfeng in 118 2 Episode 2(Deceased \\- revealed by Shunfeng in 118 2 Episode 2\\) |\n| [Sora Ma](/wiki/Sora_Ma \"Sora Ma\") | Chen Meizhen 陈美珍 | **Ah Zhen (阿珍)**Wang Shunfeng's ex\\-classmate, girlfriend and love interestUncle Chen's granddaughterYounger version portrayed by **Chloe Ng** |", "### Zhang (Jiabao) family", "", "| Cast", "Role", "Description", "| |\n| Alan Yeo Thiam Hock 杨添福 | Zhang Jingui 张金贵 | **Ah Gui (阿贵)**, **Crazy Gui (头疯贵)**, **Caveman (山顶洞人)**Zhang Jiabao's fatherPreviously jailed in Changi Prison for 10 years; worked as a chef during his imprisonmentWorks at Pizza @ 119 |\n| [Lawrence Wong](/wiki/Lawrence_Wong_%28actor%29 \"Lawrence Wong (actor)\") | Zhang Jiabao 张家宝 | **Xiaobao (小宝)**Hong Jinzhi's childhood friend and love interestRegular patron of 118 |", "### Zhang (Meiyou) family", "* [Roy Li](/wiki/Roy_Li \"Roy Li\") 黎沸挥 as Zhang Meiyou 张没友 Li portrays a former getai performer, Zhang Meiyou. His original name is Li Mingfa. Zhang's mother is Granny Egg. Zhang was Liu Meimei's former lover and the father of Hong Jinzhi. Initially the antagonist in the series, Zhang suffered from amnesia as a result from a struggle with a thief and come to terms with the Hong family. He subsequently regained his memories. He has various nicknames like Terence Cao (曹国辉), Unfilial son (不孝子), I'm a Good Man (我是好人), Li Nanxing (李南星).\n* Ang Twa Bak 洪大目 as Granny Egg 鸡蛋婆 Ang portrays as Zhang's mother, Granny Egg, who sells eggs at the market. Granny Egg died after suffering a fall.", "### Other characters", "", "| Cast", "Role", "Description", "| |\n| [Chen Hanwei](/wiki/Chen_Hanwei \"Chen Hanwei\") | Li Weiliang 李伟良 | **Ah Niang/Ah Liang (阿娘/阿良) / Uncle Niang (Uncle娘) / Dumpling Niang (粽子娘)**, **Old Monster (老妖怪)**, **Sissy (娘娘腔)**, **Brother Wei (伟哥)**, **Alex Lee**, **See\\-The\\-Play/ Sil\\-Te\\-Plait(屎大别)**, **Niangniang (娘娘)**Hong Daming and Liu Meimei's tenant \\& best friendTang Sijia's ex\\-loverDumpling stall ownerIn love with Tang SijiaWas exposed by Max Chan as a dumpling stall owner in episode 131Likes Hong ShanshanTeenage version portrayed by **Jay Goh Jun Hui** |\n| [Ye Shipin](/wiki/Ye_Shipin \"Ye Shipin\") | Steven | **Uncle Steven**Hong Daming's old neighbour and friendChen Guoqiang's fatherSuffers from kidney diseaseSupermarket stock taker |\n| [Priscelia Chan](/wiki/Priscelia_Chan \"Priscelia Chan\") | Tang Sijia 唐思嘉 | **Doe\\-eyed Lass (大眼妹)**Max Chan's wifeLi Weiliang's ex\\-loverGlory's motherWorks at Pizza @ 119Teenage version portrayed by **Vainy Sansai** |\n| Seth Ang 翁兴昂 | Alex Lee | **Samurai**Viveka's fatherArtist |\n| [Wang Yuqing](/wiki/Wang_Yuqing \"Wang Yuqing\") | Duan Ah Zhi 段阿直 | **Mr Ah Zhi (阿直先生)**, **AJ**Liu Jiejie's loyal fanTeenage version portrayed by **Renfred Ng** |\n| Tay Yong Meng 郑荣铭 | Peter | Hong Shunshui's colleague at the car showroom |\n| Ramesh | Vas | **Mr Vas**A regular patron of 118 who has just gained Singaporean citizenshipLiaison Officer of the Neighbourhood Watch ZoneOrganized the CPR session at the community club |\n| Shine Koh 高慧姍 | Eve | Zhenhui's classmate/girlfriend who was pregnant with Zhenhui's child.David's ex\\-woman |\n| [Benjamin Heng](/wiki/Benjamin_Heng \"Benjamin Heng\") | Max Chan | **No chance (没Chance)**Tang Sijia's husbandLawyer |\n| Silver Ang 洪子惠 | Jane | Max Chan's mistress and employee |\n| Qiu Shengyang 邱胜扬 | Himself | **Great Master (大老爷)**, **Master Qiu (邱老爷)**[Capital 95\\.8FM](/wiki/Capital_95.8FM \"Capital 95.8FM\") DJA customer of 118Volunteer Special Constabulary officer |\n| 陶樱 | Yue E 月娥 | **Moon**Zhang Ke Ai's motherLikes Lin ZhigaoResides in Ipoh |\n| [Hayley Woo](/wiki/Hayley_Woo \"Hayley Woo\") | Vivian | **Apple Pie (苹果派)**Hong Daming's adopted daughter and goddaughterLiu Meimei's goddaughterZhang Zhenhui's love interestHas heart disease |\n| [Hu Wensui](/wiki/Hu_Wensui \"Hu Wensui\") | Bobby Koh | KC15's triad boss who claims the triad is a football teamZhang Jiabao's ex\\-buddy |\n| Teo Ser Lee 张思丽 | Jiahui 家惠 | **Olivia**Zhang Keke's motherZhang Tiancheng's ex\\-wife |\n| | Lucas Chew | **Main Antagonist** of part twoXie Limei's ex\\-loverCarrie's fatherCountlessy tempted Xie Limei to go to the casino ship to gamble and threatened to sell Carrie offMade Carrie sell tissue paper and chased her out of the house |\n| Esther Goh 吴秋仪 | Carol | Li Zhihao's cousinInitially made many attempts to break Hong Jinzhi and Li Zhihao upApproved to their marriage after Hong Jinzhi saved her and Huang Mei from a thief in New York(episode 198\\) |\n| [Jin Yinji](/wiki/Jin_Yinji \"Jin Yinji\") | Mary Wong | Hong Shunshui's and Zhang Keke's clientRich and eccentric old womanClaimed that she had a terminal illnessTurned to Hong Shunshui and Zhang Keke as her children were fighting over her assetsWanted Hong Shunshui to marry Zhang Keke and sever all ties with his family so that the 25 million bungalow in Sentosa and other assets would be given to them |\n| Li Yuejie 李岳杰 | Gan Dawei | **David**Friend of Diana Bon, acquaintance and friend of Hong ShanshanLikes Hong ShanshanSource of Li Weiliang's jealousyFamous designer |\n| Cansen Goh 吴开深 | Eric | Peter's clientTycoon's sonLikes Zhang Ke'ai and kept Zhang Ke'ai for three monthsClaimed to have a video of his intimate times with Zhang Ke'ai and blackmailed her with it |", "### Tiong Bahru Market / Food Centre", "* Jim Koh 许晋鸣 as Seventh Duke 七公子 \nKoh portrays as a fishmonger\n* Zheng Yiqin 郑逸钦 as Uncle Cabbage 菜心叔 \nZheng portrays as a vegetable seller.\n* Cat Ang 翁慧霖 as Sister Blossom 花姐 \nAng portrays as a florist whose flower shop closed down and subsequently works at Pizza @ 119\n* Theresa Cai Yunjun 蔡韵君 as Auntie Fruit 水果嫂 \nCai portrays as a fruit seller.\n* Tang Shaowei 唐绍炜 as Ah Qing 阿清 \nTang portrays a migrant worker from China who works as a cleaner at the market.\n* He Bin 何滨 as Auntie Bun 包嫂 \nHe portrays a stallowner selling chwee kueh and buns at the food centre", "### Cameo appearance (appearing from ep 1\\-127\\)", "*Note: Only credited cameos are listed.*", "| Cast", "Role", "Description", "Episodes Appeared", "| |\n| Chen Meiling 陈美龄 | Daming's mother 达明母亲 | Hong Daming's mother who brought young Daming to cut his hair(Deceased) | 1 |\n| Chen Zonghua 陈宗华 | Ah Hong 阿洪 | Getai Boss | 14, 20, 33, 62, 75, |\n| Michelle Tay 郑荔分 | Herself | Getai Host | 14, 20, 33, 62, |\n| [Zoe Tay](/wiki/Zoe_Tay \"Zoe Tay\") 郑惠玉 | Herself | Mediacorp artiste who was one of Lin Zhigao's passengers. He did not take her as he is on Hong Shanshan's call. | 18 |\n| Qiqi 琦琦 | An An 安安 | Getai Performer | 20, 33, 75, |\n| 方进平 | Chen Guoqiang 陈国强 | **Ah Qiang (阿强)**Steven's eldest son | 28, 89 |\n| Chen Jiahui 陈佳慧 | Isabel | Huang Mei's assistant | 31, 33, 95, |\n| Wang Junxiong 王俊雄 | Wang Fudi 王福弟 | Wang Fuhai's elder brotherHong Daming's buddyWang Shunfeng and Wang Yuye's biological fatherDied in a car accident 20 years ago(Deceased \\- 20 years ago) | 31, 38 |\n| 庄义川 | Man 男子 | Meiyou approaches this man asking where is his daughter. Frustrated, he grabs Meiyou by the collar, but is saved by Zhihao. | 39 |\n| Gary Tan 陈毅丰 | Ah Wei 阿威 | KC15's triad memberResponsible for burning the 118 coffee\\-shop(Arrested \\- episode 104\\)Sent to a rehabilitation centre as of episode 114 | 45, 54, 66\\-67, 70\\-72, 74, 104 |\n| Bryan Chung 钟肇峰 | Tony | KC15's triad member(Arrested \\- episode 104\\) | 45, 54, 70\\-72, 74, 104 |\n| Joy Yak 易凌 | Susan 苏珊 | Hong Daming's friendLiu Meimei's friend and past rival in the getai industryReturned to the US in episode 60 | 53, 59\\-60, 197, 199 |\n| 卢冠耀 | Middle\\-aged man 中年男子 | Chen Meizhen's 40\\-year\\-old ex\\-boyfriend | 55 |\n| Michael Kwah 柯宗耀 | David / Ah King | Zhang Jiabao and Bobby's friendDrug supplierAh Lian's manEve's ex\\-man | 57, 80, 90, |\n| James Fong 方伟豪 | Big Mouth 大嘴 | Handphone repair shop owner | 64, 140, 162 |\n| Jaylynn Loh 卢乐慈 | Glory | Max Chan and Tang Sijia's daughter | 67, 87, 136, 147\\-148, 160 |\n| Lin Mingzhe 林明哲 | Director 导演Producer 监制 | Director at Mediacorp; producer of *[Life \\- Fear Not](/wiki/Life_-_Fear_Not \"Life - Fear Not\")* | 109, 141, 190, 210 |\n| Cheong Yuan Ting 张愿庭 | Ms Jin 金编审 | Screenplay at MediacorpWrote for *The Golden Way* (金色大道), *I Love My Pretty Babe* (我爱我的漂亮宝贝), *Tiger Mum @ Home* (家有虎妈) and *[Life \\- Fear Not](/wiki/Life_-_Fear_Not \"Life - Fear Not\")* | 109, 141, 210 |\n| 廖永辉 | Simon's steward Simon管家 | Simon's stewardLocked Daming and Shunshui in a room under Simon's ordersReleased Daming and Shunshui in episode 117 in exchange for Ada's departure with Simon | 116 |", "", "### Cameo appearance (appearing from ep 128 onwards)", "*Note: Only credited cameos and notable cast are listed.*{{cite news\\|title\\=SEA Games athletes drop by 118 for a kopitiam cameo\\|url\\=http://tv.toggle.sg/en/channel8/entnews/sea\\-games\\-athletes\\-drop\\-5303520\\|publisher\\=Toggle\\|date\\=13 May 2015\\|access\\-date\\=17 July 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720211230/http://tv.toggle.sg/en/channel8/entnews/sea\\-games\\-athletes\\-drop\\-5303520\\|archive\\-date\\=20 July 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\|title\\=First look at Ch8's new long\\-form drama Life's Blessings\\|url\\=http://tv.toggle.sg/en/channel8/entnews/first\\-look\\-at\\-ch8\\-s\\-new\\-5428744\\|publisher\\=Toggle\\|date\\=17 July 2015\\|access\\-date\\=13 December 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185409/http://tv.toggle.sg/en/channel8/entnews/first\\-look\\-at\\-ch8\\-s\\-new\\-5428744\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "| Cast", "Role", "Description", "Episodes Appeared", "| |\n| Lee Tze Yuan | Himself | 28th SEA (South East Asian) Games 2015 [wushu](/wiki/Wushu_at_the_2015_Southeast_Asian_Games \"Wushu at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games\") representative | 157 |\n| Emily Sin | Herself | 28th SEA (South East Asian) Games 2015 [wushu](/wiki/Wushu_at_the_2015_Southeast_Asian_Games \"Wushu at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games\") representative | 157 |\n| Eugene Teo | Himself | 28th SEA (South East Asian) Games 2015 [water polo](/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2015_Southeast_Asian_Games \"Water polo at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games\") representative | 157 |\n| Ang An Jun | Himself | 28th SEA (South East Asian) Games 2015 [water polo](/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2015_Southeast_Asian_Games \"Water polo at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games\") representative | 157 |\n| [Chen Shucheng](/wiki/Chen_Shucheng \"Chen Shucheng\") 陈澍城 | Himself | Mediacorp artistePlays Zhuang Shuiqing in *[Life \\- Fear Not](/wiki/Life_-_Fear_Not \"Life - Fear Not\")* | 190 |\n| [Aileen Tan](/wiki/Aileen_Tan \"Aileen Tan\") 陈丽贞 | Herself | Mediacorp artistePlays Zhuang Daomei in *[Life \\- Fear Not](/wiki/Life_-_Fear_Not \"Life - Fear Not\")* | 190 |\n| [Rayson Tan](/wiki/Rayson_Tan \"Rayson Tan\") 陈泰铭 | Himself | Mediacorp artistePlays Zhuang Daoqiang in *[Life \\- Fear Not](/wiki/Life_-_Fear_Not \"Life - Fear Not\")* | 190, 210 |\n| [Felicia Chin](/wiki/Felicia_Chin \"Felicia Chin\") 陈凤玲 | Herself | Mediacorp artistePlays Zhuang Daohan in *[Life \\- Fear Not](/wiki/Life_-_Fear_Not \"Life - Fear Not\")* | 190 |\n| [Aloysius Pang](/wiki/Aloysius_Pang \"Aloysius Pang\") 冯伟衷 | Himself | Mediacorp artistePlays Zhuang Daoren in *[Life \\- Fear Not](/wiki/Life_-_Fear_Not \"Life - Fear Not\")* | 190 |\n| [Hao Hao](/wiki/Hao_Hao \"Hao Hao\") 皓皓 | Xiao\\-qiang 小强 | Hospital doctorZhang Keke's current boyfriend | |\n|", "", "### Cast who left before episode 127", "", "| Cast", "Role", "Description", "Episodes Appeared", "| |\n| [Chloe Wang](/wiki/Chloe_Wang_%28Taiwanese_actress%29 \"Chloe Wang (Taiwanese actress)\") 王樂妍 | Ada Zhou Min 周敏 | **Mrs Liu (刘太太)**, **Min\\-er (敏儿)**A rich man's daughter from overseasHong Shunshui's love interestDetests SimonSuffered mental disorderKidnapped by Long\\-ge in episode 35; Simon took her after Long\\-ge's arrestEscaped from Simon's clutches in episode 79Lin Zhigao and Er\\-gu's tenantZhang Ke Ai's roommate and best friendZhang Ke Ai and Zhang Ke Ke's rival in loveSecretly left \"118\" coffee\\-shop to give herself in to Simon, then left for the US in episode 116Returned to Singapore in episode 255, but did not appear(Left for the US \\- episode 116\\) | 7\\-8, 10, 26\\-27, 31\\-35, 77\\-79, 81\\-84, 86, 90\\-93, 96\\-97, 99\\-100, 103\\-104, 106\\-107, 109\\-114, 116 |\n| Mu Qing 穆青 | Xu Zhen 徐珍 | **Jennifer (珍妮)**, **Ah Zhen (阿珍)**Wang Shunfeng's love interestA foreign worker that came from ChinaProstitute(Deported back to China \\- episode 36\\) | 16\\-17, 19\\-22, 32, 34\\-36 |\n| [Zhang Xinxiang](/wiki/Zhang_Xinxiang \"Zhang Xinxiang\") | Wang Fuhai 王福海 | **Supporting Antagonist** of part oneWang Fudi's younger brotherWang Shunfeng and Wang Yuye's uncleReturned to Thailand after ending his confrontation on a good note in episode 38 | 31\\-33, 37\\- |\n| Allen Chen 陈祎伦 | Simon Liu | **Main Antagonist/Villain** of part one**Mr Simon (赛门先生)**Ada's husbandShunshui's rival in lovePossibly sent men to splash dye on Jinzhi in episode 108Left for the US after Ada gave in to him in the bar in episode 116(Left for the US \\- episode 116\\) | 35, 77\\-79, 87, 89, 96\\-97, 104, 109\\-110, 113, 116 |", "" ]
Career ------ Kerfeld was the Astros' first pick (5th overall) in the secondary phase of [1982 draft](/wiki/1982_Major_League_Baseball_draft "1982 Major League Baseball draft"), and fared well his first year at Asheville, and his second at Columbus, with sub 3\.00 ERAs and 30 wins. He led the 1983 [Sally League](/wiki/South_Atlantic_League "South Atlantic League") in wins, complete games, and innings pitched, while finishing second in [strikeouts](/wiki/Strikeout "Strikeout"), earning Pitcher of the Year honors. Though he struggled initially at the triple\-A level, he eventually found his bearings and even earned a July 1985 call\-up to the major league club at the age of 21\. Kerfeld made the big league roster out of spring training in [1986](/wiki/1986_Houston_Astros_season "1986 Houston Astros season"), and had a career year posting an 11\-2 record and a 2\.59{{cite web\| url \= https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/k/kerfech01\.shtml\| title \= Charlie Kerfeld Stats {{!}} Baseball\-Reference.com}} [ERA](/wiki/Earned_run_average "Earned run average") as the setup man for closer [Dave Smith](/wiki/Dave_Smith_%28NL_pitcher%29 "Dave Smith (NL pitcher)"). His unexpected performance that year was a key reason the Astros won the [National League](/wiki/National_League_%28baseball%29 "National League (baseball)") Western Division title that season. He led the National League in won\-loss percentage and finished fourth in the Rookie of the Year balloting. Kerfeld capped his season by pitching four innings and giving up a run in the [NLCS](/wiki/1986_National_League_Championship_Series "1986 National League Championship Series"). He took the loss in Game 5 when [Gary Carter](/wiki/Gary_Carter "Gary Carter") slapped Kerfeld's twelfth\-inning pitch for a single, scoring [Wally Backman](/wiki/Wally_Backman "Wally Backman"). Kerfeld began 1987 with the [Astros](/wiki/1987_Houston_Astros_season "1987 Houston Astros season"), but was sent down to [Tucson](/wiki/Tucson_Toros "Tucson Toros") on April 26 after 11 games after posting an 0 – 2 record and a 6\.67 ERA. After being taken out of a May game in Tucson, Kerfeld flung the baseball, underhanded but forcefully, at Tucson manager [Bob Didier](/wiki/Bob_Didier "Bob Didier"). The manager fined Kerfeld and suspended him for two games.{{cite news\|last\=Schmitz\|first\=Brian\|title\='Cool Cat' Kerfeld Boils Over As He Agonizes In The Minors\|url\=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1987/05/28/cool\-cat\-kerfeld\-boils\-over\-as\-he\-agonizes\-in\-the\-minors/\|access\-date\=January 8, 2014\|newspaper\=\[\[Orlando Sentinel]]\|date\=May 28, 1987}} Tucson pitching coach expressed frustration with Kerfeld, saying, "A lot of things have been said. A lot of things have been done. But very little sinks in."{{cite news\|last\=Mitchell\|first\=Fred\|title\=Trip South In Standings Irks Johnson\|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1987/05/17/trip\-south\-in\-standings\-irks\-johnson/\|access\-date\=January 8, 2014\|newspaper\=\[\[Chicago Tribune]]\|date\=May 17, 1987}} Later, Kerfeld walked away from the Tucson team for a day after [Rocky Childress](/wiki/Rocky_Childress "Rocky Childress") was called up to the Astros. Kerfeld thought that he should have been called up. He said that he hastily spoke to Astros general manager [Dick Wagner](/wiki/Dick_Wagner_%28baseball%29 "Dick Wagner (baseball)") and said things that he regretted. In mid\-July, Wagner said that Kerfeld's attitude and pitching had improved and that his weight was the biggest factor keeping him from the major leagues.{{cite news\|last\=Shain\|first\=Jeffrey\|title\=Charlie Kerfeld Has Shed Weight, but Not His Wild Personality\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1987\-07\-12\-sp\-3492\-story.html\|access\-date\=January 8, 2014\|newspaper\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\|date\=July 12, 1987}} He went 4 – 4 at Tucson with a 4\.74, and was briefly recalled to Houston before going on the [DL](/wiki/Disabled_List "Disabled List") for two months with calcium deposits in his elbow. He pitched effectively in three games in late September, and looked to be rounding back into his stellar 1986 form. Kerfeld, battling elbow, neck and weight problems, struggled in the minors in 1988 and 1989\. He was on the Astros' [Opening Day](/wiki/Opening_Day "Opening Day") 1990 [roster](/wiki/1990_Houston_Astros_season "1990 Houston Astros season"), but appeared in only five games, going 0 – 2 with a horrendous 16\.20 ERA. His last game for the Astros was April 19, 1990\. Ten days later, Kerfeld was traded to the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/1990_Atlanta_Braves_season "1990 Atlanta Braves season") for outfielder Kevin Dean and pitcher Lee Johnson. He pitched 30 innings in relief for the Braves that season, but was released during the offseason. He was signed by the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers "Detroit Tigers") and pitched briefly for their AA affiliate the [London Tigers](/wiki/London_Tigers "London Tigers") in 1991, but retired following that season. ### Antics A fan favorite, Kerfeld was known for his quirky sense of humor and bullpen antics. When asked in 1987 what he would do if he had only a week to live, Kerfeld replied, "I'd get [Hulk Hogan](/wiki/Hulk_Hogan "Hulk Hogan"), [Brian Bosworth](/wiki/Brian_Bosworth "Brian Bosworth"), [Charles Barkley](/wiki/Charles_Barkley "Charles Barkley") and I'd have a four\-man tag team match with the Four Horsemen."{{cite news\|title\=Knight Says He Was Wrong\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=UOhVAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5721,5645633\&dq\=charlie\+kerfeld\+charley\&hl\=en\|access\-date\=August 5, 2013\|newspaper\=\[\[Eugene Register\-Guard]]\|date\=November 23, 1987}} Pondering alternative career options after a 1988 shoulder surgery, Kerfeld said, "Arena Football is first. Then the World Wrestling Federation. Maybe go back to college and get a brain surgery degree. Or become an assistant clubhouse man. Or go to Harry Wendelstedt's umpiring school."{{cite news\|title\=Career Options\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=r4McAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6959,3758742\&dq\=charlie\+kerfeld\+charley\&hl\=en\|access\-date\=August 5, 2013\|newspaper\=\[\[Pittsburgh Press]]\|date\=July 24, 1988}} When Kerfeld, whose uniform number was 37, learned that [Jim Deshaies](/wiki/Jim_Deshaies "Jim Deshaies") had signed for US$110,000 in 1987, he asked for and received $110,037\.37 plus 37 boxes of orange [Jell\-O](/wiki/Gelatin_dessert "Gelatin dessert").{{cite news \| last\=United Press International \| title\=Baseball Almanac \| newspaper\=The Daily Record \| page\=11 \| date\=March 3, 1987}}{{cite news\| url\=http://us.cnn.com/2010/LIVING/worklife/04/24/weird.baseball.contracts/index.html?hpt\=C2 \| work\=CNN \| title\=Weird baseball contract clauses \| date\=April 24, 2010}} On March 1, 1987, Kerfeld declared he would buy up 3,000 tickets per game to give away to charity causes. Without a discount, which the Astros didn't discuss, the cost for the seats would total as much as $1\.6 million. Unable to afford that on a $110,000 salary, Kerfeld backed down from the offer. He is remembered for his lucky [Jetsons](/wiki/The_Jetsons "The Jetsons") tee shirt (which he wore under his uniform when he pitched because the Jetsons' dog was named Astro) and for occasionally donning a rubber [Coneheads](/wiki/Coneheads "Coneheads") mask in the bullpen along with fellow relievers [Larry Andersen](/wiki/Larry_Andersen "Larry Andersen") and [Dave Smith](/wiki/Dave_Smith_%28pitcher%2C_born_1955%29 "Dave Smith (pitcher, born 1955)").{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2009}} Coming to the ballpark, he often wore such things as pink high\-tops and a Rambo cammies outfit.{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2009}} Kerfeld gained fame for giving a drunken interview live to Bill Worrell and [HSE](/wiki/FSN_Southwest "FSN Southwest") in the Astros locker room after they clinched the NL West on September 25, 1986\. The display was typical of his good nature and gregarious manner. Kerfeld was seen drinking a [Busch beer](/wiki/Busch_Beer "Busch Beer") during the interview, and then later pouring it on [Nolan Ryan](/wiki/Nolan_Ryan "Nolan Ryan") while Ryan was giving an interview with [Milo Hamilton](/wiki/Milo_Hamilton "Milo Hamilton"). Ryan retaliated by spraying [champagne](/wiki/Champagne_%28wine%29 "Champagne (wine)") in Kerfeld's face. The clip can be found on the website [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xC2y3RmQUdw). {{cite book \| author \= Bruce Nash and Allan Zullo \| year \= 1988 \| title \= Baseball Confidential \| url \= https://archive.org/details/baseballconfiden00nash \| url\-access \= registration \| publisher \= Pocket Books \| location \= New York \| isbn \= 0\-671\-65832\-8 \| pages \= \[https://archive.org/details/baseballconfiden00nash/page/205 205], 188}}
[ "Career\n------", "Kerfeld was the Astros' first pick (5th overall) in the secondary phase of [1982 draft](/wiki/1982_Major_League_Baseball_draft \"1982 Major League Baseball draft\"), and fared well his first year at Asheville, and his second at Columbus, with sub 3\\.00 ERAs and 30 wins. He led the 1983 [Sally League](/wiki/South_Atlantic_League \"South Atlantic League\") in wins, complete games, and innings pitched, while finishing second in [strikeouts](/wiki/Strikeout \"Strikeout\"), earning Pitcher of the Year honors. Though he struggled initially at the triple\\-A level, he eventually found his bearings and even earned a July 1985 call\\-up to the major league club at the age of 21\\.", "Kerfeld made the big league roster out of spring training in [1986](/wiki/1986_Houston_Astros_season \"1986 Houston Astros season\"), and had a career year posting an 11\\-2 record and a 2\\.59{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/k/kerfech01\\.shtml\\| title \\= Charlie Kerfeld Stats {{!}} Baseball\\-Reference.com}} [ERA](/wiki/Earned_run_average \"Earned run average\") as the setup man for closer [Dave Smith](/wiki/Dave_Smith_%28NL_pitcher%29 \"Dave Smith (NL pitcher)\"). His unexpected performance that year was a key reason the Astros won the [National League](/wiki/National_League_%28baseball%29 \"National League (baseball)\") Western Division title that season. He led the National League in won\\-loss percentage and finished fourth in the Rookie of the Year balloting. Kerfeld capped his season by pitching four innings and giving up a run in the [NLCS](/wiki/1986_National_League_Championship_Series \"1986 National League Championship Series\"). He took the loss in Game 5 when [Gary Carter](/wiki/Gary_Carter \"Gary Carter\") slapped Kerfeld's twelfth\\-inning pitch for a single, scoring [Wally Backman](/wiki/Wally_Backman \"Wally Backman\").", "Kerfeld began 1987 with the [Astros](/wiki/1987_Houston_Astros_season \"1987 Houston Astros season\"), but was sent down to [Tucson](/wiki/Tucson_Toros \"Tucson Toros\") on April 26 after 11 games after posting an 0 – 2 record and a 6\\.67 ERA. After being taken out of a May game in Tucson, Kerfeld flung the baseball, underhanded but forcefully, at Tucson manager [Bob Didier](/wiki/Bob_Didier \"Bob Didier\"). The manager fined Kerfeld and suspended him for two games.{{cite news\\|last\\=Schmitz\\|first\\=Brian\\|title\\='Cool Cat' Kerfeld Boils Over As He Agonizes In The Minors\\|url\\=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1987/05/28/cool\\-cat\\-kerfeld\\-boils\\-over\\-as\\-he\\-agonizes\\-in\\-the\\-minors/\\|access\\-date\\=January 8, 2014\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Orlando Sentinel]]\\|date\\=May 28, 1987}} Tucson pitching coach expressed frustration with Kerfeld, saying, \"A lot of things have been said. A lot of things have been done. But very little sinks in.\"{{cite news\\|last\\=Mitchell\\|first\\=Fred\\|title\\=Trip South In Standings Irks Johnson\\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1987/05/17/trip\\-south\\-in\\-standings\\-irks\\-johnson/\\|access\\-date\\=January 8, 2014\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Chicago Tribune]]\\|date\\=May 17, 1987}}", "Later, Kerfeld walked away from the Tucson team for a day after [Rocky Childress](/wiki/Rocky_Childress \"Rocky Childress\") was called up to the Astros. Kerfeld thought that he should have been called up. He said that he hastily spoke to Astros general manager [Dick Wagner](/wiki/Dick_Wagner_%28baseball%29 \"Dick Wagner (baseball)\") and said things that he regretted. In mid\\-July, Wagner said that Kerfeld's attitude and pitching had improved and that his weight was the biggest factor keeping him from the major leagues.{{cite news\\|last\\=Shain\\|first\\=Jeffrey\\|title\\=Charlie Kerfeld Has Shed Weight, but Not His Wild Personality\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1987\\-07\\-12\\-sp\\-3492\\-story.html\\|access\\-date\\=January 8, 2014\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|date\\=July 12, 1987}} He went 4 – 4 at Tucson with a 4\\.74, and was briefly recalled to Houston before going on the [DL](/wiki/Disabled_List \"Disabled List\") for two months with calcium deposits in his elbow. He pitched effectively in three games in late September, and looked to be rounding back into his stellar 1986 form.", "Kerfeld, battling elbow, neck and weight problems, struggled in the minors in 1988 and 1989\\. He was on the Astros' [Opening Day](/wiki/Opening_Day \"Opening Day\") 1990 [roster](/wiki/1990_Houston_Astros_season \"1990 Houston Astros season\"), but appeared in only five games, going 0 – 2 with a horrendous 16\\.20 ERA. His last game for the Astros was April 19, 1990\\. Ten days later, Kerfeld was traded to the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/1990_Atlanta_Braves_season \"1990 Atlanta Braves season\") for outfielder Kevin Dean and pitcher Lee Johnson. He pitched 30 innings in relief for the Braves that season, but was released during the offseason. He was signed by the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers \"Detroit Tigers\") and pitched briefly for their AA affiliate the [London Tigers](/wiki/London_Tigers \"London Tigers\") in 1991, but retired following that season.", "### Antics", "A fan favorite, Kerfeld was known for his quirky sense of humor and bullpen antics. When asked in 1987 what he would do if he had only a week to live, Kerfeld replied, \"I'd get [Hulk Hogan](/wiki/Hulk_Hogan \"Hulk Hogan\"), [Brian Bosworth](/wiki/Brian_Bosworth \"Brian Bosworth\"), [Charles Barkley](/wiki/Charles_Barkley \"Charles Barkley\") and I'd have a four\\-man tag team match with the Four Horsemen.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Knight Says He Was Wrong\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=UOhVAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5721,5645633\\&dq\\=charlie\\+kerfeld\\+charley\\&hl\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=August 5, 2013\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Eugene Register\\-Guard]]\\|date\\=November 23, 1987}} Pondering alternative career options after a 1988 shoulder surgery, Kerfeld said, \"Arena Football is first. Then the World Wrestling Federation. Maybe go back to college and get a brain surgery degree. Or become an assistant clubhouse man. Or go to Harry Wendelstedt's umpiring school.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Career Options\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=r4McAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6959,3758742\\&dq\\=charlie\\+kerfeld\\+charley\\&hl\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=August 5, 2013\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Press]]\\|date\\=July 24, 1988}}", "When Kerfeld, whose uniform number was 37, learned that [Jim Deshaies](/wiki/Jim_Deshaies \"Jim Deshaies\") had signed for US$110,000 in 1987, he asked for and received $110,037\\.37 plus 37 boxes of orange [Jell\\-O](/wiki/Gelatin_dessert \"Gelatin dessert\").{{cite news\n \\| last\\=United Press International \\| title\\=Baseball Almanac\n \\| newspaper\\=The Daily Record \\| page\\=11\n \\| date\\=March 3, 1987}}{{cite news\\| url\\=http://us.cnn.com/2010/LIVING/worklife/04/24/weird.baseball.contracts/index.html?hpt\\=C2 \\| work\\=CNN \\| title\\=Weird baseball contract clauses \\| date\\=April 24, 2010}} On March 1, 1987, Kerfeld declared he would buy up 3,000 tickets per game to give away to charity causes. Without a discount, which the Astros didn't discuss, the cost for the seats would total as much as $1\\.6 million. Unable to afford that on a $110,000 salary, Kerfeld backed down from the offer.", "He is remembered for his lucky [Jetsons](/wiki/The_Jetsons \"The Jetsons\") tee shirt (which he wore under his uniform when he pitched because the Jetsons' dog was named Astro) and for occasionally donning a rubber [Coneheads](/wiki/Coneheads \"Coneheads\") mask in the bullpen along with fellow relievers [Larry Andersen](/wiki/Larry_Andersen \"Larry Andersen\") and [Dave Smith](/wiki/Dave_Smith_%28pitcher%2C_born_1955%29 \"Dave Smith (pitcher, born 1955)\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2009}} Coming to the ballpark, he often wore such things as pink high\\-tops and a Rambo cammies outfit.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2009}}", "Kerfeld gained fame for giving a drunken interview live to Bill Worrell and [HSE](/wiki/FSN_Southwest \"FSN Southwest\") in the Astros locker room after they clinched the NL West on September 25, 1986\\. The display was typical of his good nature and gregarious manner. Kerfeld was seen drinking a [Busch beer](/wiki/Busch_Beer \"Busch Beer\") during the interview, and then later pouring it on [Nolan Ryan](/wiki/Nolan_Ryan \"Nolan Ryan\") while Ryan was giving an interview with [Milo Hamilton](/wiki/Milo_Hamilton \"Milo Hamilton\"). Ryan retaliated by spraying [champagne](/wiki/Champagne_%28wine%29 \"Champagne (wine)\") in Kerfeld's face. The clip can be found on the website [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xC2y3RmQUdw).\n{{cite book \\| author \\= Bruce Nash and Allan Zullo \\| year \\= 1988\n \\| title \\= Baseball Confidential \\| url \\= https://archive.org/details/baseballconfiden00nash \\| url\\-access \\= registration \\| publisher \\= Pocket Books\n \\| location \\= New York \\| isbn \\= 0\\-671\\-65832\\-8 \\| pages \\= \\[https://archive.org/details/baseballconfiden00nash/page/205 205], 188}}", "" ]