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### Abortion
In 1995, while in the Florida Senate, Crist joined with two Democrats in the Senate Health Care Committee in voting against a proposal for a mandatory 24\-hour waiting period before a woman could have an abortion, resulting in a 3–3 tie vote and the bill's defeat.
In 1998, while running for the U.S. Senate, Crist wrote in a *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times "Tampa Bay Times")* questionnaire: "I believe that a woman has the right to choose, but would prefer only after careful consideration and consultation with her family, her physician and her clergy; not her government." In a debate that year, he said he did not support a constitutional amendment banning abortion. In 2006, while running for governor, Crist said he did not support overturning *[Roe v. Wade](/wiki/Roe_v._Wade "Roe v. Wade")* and opposed a mandatory 24\-hour waiting period before a woman could have an abortion.
In 2006, Crist's stance on abortion was characterized as unclear.Steve Bousquet, [Crist's stance on abortion still hazy](http://www.sptimes.com/2006/08/18/State/Crist_s_stance_on_abo.shtml), *St Petersburg Times* (August 18, 2006\).
In early 2010, Crist said he would "fight for [pro\-life](/wiki/Pro-life "Pro-life") legislative efforts" and described himself as "pro\-life".{{cite web\|title\=Charlie Crist was pro\-life, pro\-gun and anti\-tax, says George LeMieux\|url\=http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2012/sep/06/george\-lemieux/charlie\-crist\-was\-pro\-life\-pro\-gun\-and\-anti\-tax\-sa/\|publisher\=PolitiFact\|access\-date\=January 29, 2014}}
By March 2010, however, as rumors swirled that he would leave the Republican Party and become an independent, Crist reiterated that he did not support overturning *Roe v. Wade* and told a Christian Family Coalition group, "We ought to, instead of change laws, change hearts."Adam C. Smith, [Amid intense chatter, Crist denies he would run as independent](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/amid-intense-chatter-crist-denies-he-would-run-as-independent/1076685) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308083651/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/amid\-intense\-chatter\-crist\-denies\-he\-would\-run\-as\-independent/1076685 \|date\=March 8, 2010 }}, *St. Petersburg Times* (March 2, 2010\).
In June 2010, after leaving the Republican Party and becoming an independent, Crist vetoed a bill that would have required, at patient cost, an [ultrasound](/wiki/Ultrasound "Ultrasound") in order to receive an abortion.Michael Winter, [Florida Gov. Charlie Crist vetoes ultrasound abortion bill](http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/06/florida-gov-charlie-crist-vetoes-ultrasound-abortion-bill/1) *USA Today* (June 11, 2010\). He called the measure "punitive" and "almost mean\-spirited". The bill also included language barring abortion coverage "under a contract toward which any [tax credit](/wiki/Tax_credit "Tax credit") or cost\-sharing credit is applied."Brandon Larrabee, [Abortion bill may be political land mine for Crist](http://jacksonville.com/news/florida/2010-06-01/story/abortion-bill-may-be-political-land-mine-crist), News Service of Florida (June 1, 2010\).
In June 2022, Crist harshly criticized the [U.S. Supreme Court](/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court "United States Supreme Court")'s overturning of *[Roe v. Wade](/wiki/Roe_v._Wade "Roe v. Wade")*, calling it "shameful, harmful, and wrong".{{cite web \|last1\=Lisciandrello \|first1\=Carl \|title\=What Florida politicians are saying after the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade \|url\=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/politics\-issues/2022\-06\-24/what\-florida\-politicians\-saying\-supreme\-court\-roe\-v\-wade \|website\=Florida Politics \|date\=June 24, 2022 \|access\-date\=8 June 2023}}
|
[
"### Abortion",
"In 1995, while in the Florida Senate, Crist joined with two Democrats in the Senate Health Care Committee in voting against a proposal for a mandatory 24\\-hour waiting period before a woman could have an abortion, resulting in a 3–3 tie vote and the bill's defeat.",
"In 1998, while running for the U.S. Senate, Crist wrote in a *[Tampa Bay Times](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times \"Tampa Bay Times\")* questionnaire: \"I believe that a woman has the right to choose, but would prefer only after careful consideration and consultation with her family, her physician and her clergy; not her government.\" In a debate that year, he said he did not support a constitutional amendment banning abortion. In 2006, while running for governor, Crist said he did not support overturning *[Roe v. Wade](/wiki/Roe_v._Wade \"Roe v. Wade\")* and opposed a mandatory 24\\-hour waiting period before a woman could have an abortion.",
"In 2006, Crist's stance on abortion was characterized as unclear.Steve Bousquet, [Crist's stance on abortion still hazy](http://www.sptimes.com/2006/08/18/State/Crist_s_stance_on_abo.shtml), *St Petersburg Times* (August 18, 2006\\).",
"In early 2010, Crist said he would \"fight for [pro\\-life](/wiki/Pro-life \"Pro-life\") legislative efforts\" and described himself as \"pro\\-life\".{{cite web\\|title\\=Charlie Crist was pro\\-life, pro\\-gun and anti\\-tax, says George LeMieux\\|url\\=http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2012/sep/06/george\\-lemieux/charlie\\-crist\\-was\\-pro\\-life\\-pro\\-gun\\-and\\-anti\\-tax\\-sa/\\|publisher\\=PolitiFact\\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2014}}",
"By March 2010, however, as rumors swirled that he would leave the Republican Party and become an independent, Crist reiterated that he did not support overturning *Roe v. Wade* and told a Christian Family Coalition group, \"We ought to, instead of change laws, change hearts.\"Adam C. Smith, [Amid intense chatter, Crist denies he would run as independent](http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/amid-intense-chatter-crist-denies-he-would-run-as-independent/1076685) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308083651/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/amid\\-intense\\-chatter\\-crist\\-denies\\-he\\-would\\-run\\-as\\-independent/1076685 \\|date\\=March 8, 2010 }}, *St. Petersburg Times* (March 2, 2010\\).",
"In June 2010, after leaving the Republican Party and becoming an independent, Crist vetoed a bill that would have required, at patient cost, an [ultrasound](/wiki/Ultrasound \"Ultrasound\") in order to receive an abortion.Michael Winter, [Florida Gov. Charlie Crist vetoes ultrasound abortion bill](http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/06/florida-gov-charlie-crist-vetoes-ultrasound-abortion-bill/1) *USA Today* (June 11, 2010\\). He called the measure \"punitive\" and \"almost mean\\-spirited\". The bill also included language barring abortion coverage \"under a contract toward which any [tax credit](/wiki/Tax_credit \"Tax credit\") or cost\\-sharing credit is applied.\"Brandon Larrabee, [Abortion bill may be political land mine for Crist](http://jacksonville.com/news/florida/2010-06-01/story/abortion-bill-may-be-political-land-mine-crist), News Service of Florida (June 1, 2010\\).",
"In June 2022, Crist harshly criticized the [U.S. Supreme Court](/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court \"United States Supreme Court\")'s overturning of *[Roe v. Wade](/wiki/Roe_v._Wade \"Roe v. Wade\")*, calling it \"shameful, harmful, and wrong\".{{cite web \\|last1\\=Lisciandrello \\|first1\\=Carl \\|title\\=What Florida politicians are saying after the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade \\|url\\=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/politics\\-issues/2022\\-06\\-24/what\\-florida\\-politicians\\-saying\\-supreme\\-court\\-roe\\-v\\-wade \\|website\\=Florida Politics \\|date\\=June 24, 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=8 June 2023}}",
""
] |
### LGBT rights
In 2006, as a proposed [state constitutional amendment banning same\-sex unions](/wiki/U.S._state_constitutional_amendments_banning_same-sex_unions "U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions") was headed to the ballot in Florida, Crist said that such an amendment was unnecessary because state law already barred same\-sex marriages.Molly Moorhead, [After voting for a ban, Charlie Crist now backs gay marriage](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2013/may/09/charlie-crist/after-voting-ban-crist-now-backs-gay-marriage/), PolitiFact Florida (May 9, 2013\). But in September 2005, he had signed a petition for the amendment during the Republican primary at the [Christian Coalition](/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America "Christian Coalition of America")'s request.Amy Sherman, [Before he changed his stance on gay marriage, Charlie Crist says he always supported civil unions](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2014/feb/07/charlie-crist/he-changed-his-stance-gay-marriage-charlie-crist-s/) (February 7, 2014\). Crist said in campaign materials at the time that he supported "traditional marriage". In 2008, he said he voted for the amendment, which passed.
In a debate and a radio talk show appearance in 2006, Crist indicated support for [civil unions](/wiki/Civil_union "Civil union").
As governor, Crist downplayed the marriage issue, saying in a late 2007 CNN appearance: "It's not an issue that moves me. I'm just a live\-and\-let\-live kind of guy."
For some time Crist supported Florida's ban on [same\-sex adoption](/wiki/LGBT_adoption "LGBT adoption"), which had been in place since 1977\.[On adoption by gay couples](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2014/feb/20/charlie-crist/after-he-left-gop-charlie-crist-said-he-no-longer-/), PolitiFact (February 10, 2014\). He publicly expressed support for the ban beginning when he was attorney general in 2006\.
In 2008, Crist again announced his support for the [Federal Marriage Amendment](/wiki/Federal_Marriage_Amendment "Federal Marriage Amendment"). Also that year, he told the *Orlando Sentinel* that the issue was not "top\-tier" for him, even as he supported a Florida ballot measure to amend the state constitution prohibiting same\-sex marriage that passed later that year.
Also in 2008, in the case of *[In re Gill](/wiki/In_re_Gill "In re Gill")*, a [Miami\-Dade](/wiki/Miami-Dade_County%2C_Florida "Miami-Dade County, Florida") judge struck down the ban on same\-sex couple adoption. As the case proceeded through appeals, Crist expressed support for the adoption ban as late as February 2010, but by June 2010, expressed openness to changing Florida law to allow same\-sex adoption, saying a better approach "would be to let judges make that decision on a case\-by\-case basis".{{cite news \|url\=http://www.tampabay.com/news/localgovernment/mccollum\-touts\-tax\-freeze\-crist\-open\-to\-gay\-adoption/1103181 \|title\=McCollum touts tax freeze; Crist open to gay adoption \|last\=Smith \|first\=Adam C. \|date\=June 18, 2010 \|newspaper\=St. Petersburg Times \|access\-date\=September 9, 2010 \|location\=Sarasota, Florida \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107085356/http://www.tampabay.com/news/localgovernment/mccollum\-touts\-tax\-freeze\-crist\-open\-to\-gay\-adoption/1103181 \|archive\-date\=November 7, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }}
In September 2010, Crist said that he had had an "appropriate evolution" on gay rights and was considering dropping the state's appeal of to block gay adoption. Days later, after an appeals court affirmed gay couples had a right to adopt, Crist hailed the ruling "a very good day for Florida" and "a great day for children" and announced that the state would no longer seek to enforce the ban. In a Senate debate the next month, he attributed his shift in positions to "the convergence of life experience and wisdom", saying he had become more tolerant and become less judgmental with age.
At about the same time in 2010, he declared his support for civil unions encompassing "the full range of legal protections" including "access to a loved one in the hospital, inheritance rights, the fundamental things people need to take care of their families". The voter\-enacted 2008 state constitutional amendment Crist supported may nonetheless have prohibited them.
On May 9, 2013, Crist announced that he supports [same\-sex marriage](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States "Same-sex marriage in the United States"): "I most certainly support marriage equality in Florida and look forward to the day it happens here."{{cite news \|last\=Weiner \|first\=Rachel \|date\=May 9, 2013 \|title\=Charlie Crist endorses gay marriage \|newspaper\=Washington Post \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post\-politics/wp/2013/05/09/charlie\-crist\-endorses\-gay\-marriage/ \|access\-date\=May 22, 2013 \|quote\='I most certainly support marriage equality in Florida and look forward to the day it happens here', the Republican\-turned\-independent\-turned\-Democrat wrote on his Facebook page. He congratulated Delaware on becoming the 11th state to legalize gay marriage.}}
In January 2014, Crist apologized for his support for the 2008 same\-sex marriage ban and for the same\-sex adoption ban, telling an Orlando LGBT publication: "I'm sorry I did that. It was a mistake. I was wrong. Please forgive me."{{cite news\|title\=Charlie Crist 'Sorry' He Backed Gay Marriage Ban, Calls It A 'Mistake' \|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/02/charlie\-crist\-gay\-marriage\_n\_4531810\.html\|work\=The Huffington Post\|access\-date\=January 15, 2014\|first\=Luke\|last\=Johnson}}{{cite news \|title\=Charlie Crist apologizes for backing same\-sex marriage ban\|url\=https://www.msnbc.com/the\-last\-word/crist\-apologizes\-lgbt\-community\|publisher\=MSNBC\|access\-date\=January 15, 2014}}{{cite news \|title\=Charlie Crist Says 'Sorry' for Supporting Florida's Same\-Sex Marriage Ban\|url\=http://www.advocate.com/politics/politicians/2014/01/02/charlie\-crist\-says\-sorry\-supporting\-floridas\-marriage\-ban\|work\=The Advocate\|access\-date\=January 15, 2014}}
|
[
"### LGBT rights",
"In 2006, as a proposed [state constitutional amendment banning same\\-sex unions](/wiki/U.S._state_constitutional_amendments_banning_same-sex_unions \"U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions\") was headed to the ballot in Florida, Crist said that such an amendment was unnecessary because state law already barred same\\-sex marriages.Molly Moorhead, [After voting for a ban, Charlie Crist now backs gay marriage](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2013/may/09/charlie-crist/after-voting-ban-crist-now-backs-gay-marriage/), PolitiFact Florida (May 9, 2013\\). But in September 2005, he had signed a petition for the amendment during the Republican primary at the [Christian Coalition](/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America \"Christian Coalition of America\")'s request.Amy Sherman, [Before he changed his stance on gay marriage, Charlie Crist says he always supported civil unions](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2014/feb/07/charlie-crist/he-changed-his-stance-gay-marriage-charlie-crist-s/) (February 7, 2014\\). Crist said in campaign materials at the time that he supported \"traditional marriage\". In 2008, he said he voted for the amendment, which passed.",
"In a debate and a radio talk show appearance in 2006, Crist indicated support for [civil unions](/wiki/Civil_union \"Civil union\").",
"As governor, Crist downplayed the marriage issue, saying in a late 2007 CNN appearance: \"It's not an issue that moves me. I'm just a live\\-and\\-let\\-live kind of guy.\"",
"For some time Crist supported Florida's ban on [same\\-sex adoption](/wiki/LGBT_adoption \"LGBT adoption\"), which had been in place since 1977\\.[On adoption by gay couples](http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2014/feb/20/charlie-crist/after-he-left-gop-charlie-crist-said-he-no-longer-/), PolitiFact (February 10, 2014\\). He publicly expressed support for the ban beginning when he was attorney general in 2006\\.",
"In 2008, Crist again announced his support for the [Federal Marriage Amendment](/wiki/Federal_Marriage_Amendment \"Federal Marriage Amendment\"). Also that year, he told the *Orlando Sentinel* that the issue was not \"top\\-tier\" for him, even as he supported a Florida ballot measure to amend the state constitution prohibiting same\\-sex marriage that passed later that year.",
"Also in 2008, in the case of *[In re Gill](/wiki/In_re_Gill \"In re Gill\")*, a [Miami\\-Dade](/wiki/Miami-Dade_County%2C_Florida \"Miami-Dade County, Florida\") judge struck down the ban on same\\-sex couple adoption. As the case proceeded through appeals, Crist expressed support for the adoption ban as late as February 2010, but by June 2010, expressed openness to changing Florida law to allow same\\-sex adoption, saying a better approach \"would be to let judges make that decision on a case\\-by\\-case basis\".{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.tampabay.com/news/localgovernment/mccollum\\-touts\\-tax\\-freeze\\-crist\\-open\\-to\\-gay\\-adoption/1103181 \\|title\\=McCollum touts tax freeze; Crist open to gay adoption \\|last\\=Smith \\|first\\=Adam C. \\|date\\=June 18, 2010 \\|newspaper\\=St. Petersburg Times \\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2010 \\|location\\=Sarasota, Florida \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107085356/http://www.tampabay.com/news/localgovernment/mccollum\\-touts\\-tax\\-freeze\\-crist\\-open\\-to\\-gay\\-adoption/1103181 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 7, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"In September 2010, Crist said that he had had an \"appropriate evolution\" on gay rights and was considering dropping the state's appeal of to block gay adoption. Days later, after an appeals court affirmed gay couples had a right to adopt, Crist hailed the ruling \"a very good day for Florida\" and \"a great day for children\" and announced that the state would no longer seek to enforce the ban. In a Senate debate the next month, he attributed his shift in positions to \"the convergence of life experience and wisdom\", saying he had become more tolerant and become less judgmental with age.",
"At about the same time in 2010, he declared his support for civil unions encompassing \"the full range of legal protections\" including \"access to a loved one in the hospital, inheritance rights, the fundamental things people need to take care of their families\". The voter\\-enacted 2008 state constitutional amendment Crist supported may nonetheless have prohibited them.",
"On May 9, 2013, Crist announced that he supports [same\\-sex marriage](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States \"Same-sex marriage in the United States\"): \"I most certainly support marriage equality in Florida and look forward to the day it happens here.\"{{cite news \\|last\\=Weiner \\|first\\=Rachel \\|date\\=May 9, 2013 \\|title\\=Charlie Crist endorses gay marriage \\|newspaper\\=Washington Post \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post\\-politics/wp/2013/05/09/charlie\\-crist\\-endorses\\-gay\\-marriage/ \\|access\\-date\\=May 22, 2013 \\|quote\\='I most certainly support marriage equality in Florida and look forward to the day it happens here', the Republican\\-turned\\-independent\\-turned\\-Democrat wrote on his Facebook page. He congratulated Delaware on becoming the 11th state to legalize gay marriage.}}",
"In January 2014, Crist apologized for his support for the 2008 same\\-sex marriage ban and for the same\\-sex adoption ban, telling an Orlando LGBT publication: \"I'm sorry I did that. It was a mistake. I was wrong. Please forgive me.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Charlie Crist 'Sorry' He Backed Gay Marriage Ban, Calls It A 'Mistake' \\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/02/charlie\\-crist\\-gay\\-marriage\\_n\\_4531810\\.html\\|work\\=The Huffington Post\\|access\\-date\\=January 15, 2014\\|first\\=Luke\\|last\\=Johnson}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Charlie Crist apologizes for backing same\\-sex marriage ban\\|url\\=https://www.msnbc.com/the\\-last\\-word/crist\\-apologizes\\-lgbt\\-community\\|publisher\\=MSNBC\\|access\\-date\\=January 15, 2014}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Charlie Crist Says 'Sorry' for Supporting Florida's Same\\-Sex Marriage Ban\\|url\\=http://www.advocate.com/politics/politicians/2014/01/02/charlie\\-crist\\-says\\-sorry\\-supporting\\-floridas\\-marriage\\-ban\\|work\\=The Advocate\\|access\\-date\\=January 15, 2014}}",
""
] |
Club career
-----------
### PAOK
Christodoulopoulos started his career when he was picked up by Omonoia Sindos (in Thessaloniki) at a young age, and then Neapoli. His impressive performances caught the eye of a PAOK scout, and joined PAOK in the summer of 2004\. He has been a mainstay in the PAOK first team proving to be a vital team player.
As of 2008 many European clubs were interested in signing him. He was contracted to [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK_FC "PAOK FC") until 2008 with minimum fee release clause of €6 million.
In the summer of 2006 he was given a trial by English giants [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. "Liverpool F.C.") but PAOK was reluctant to sell him at the time. This started a dispute that prevented him from playing for more than half of the [2006–07 season](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Superleague_Greece "2006–07 Superleague Greece").
He was nicknamed "The Builder" by the local media, because during his fall\-out in relations with [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK_F.C. "PAOK F.C."), he stated that he would be better off being a construction worker than playing for PAOK again.
### Panathinaikos
On 20 June 2008, Christodoulopoulos agreed to a deal in principle to join [Panathinaikos](/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C. "Panathinaikos F.C.") for €3\.8 million.[SPORTACTION – Παναθηναϊκός](http://www.sportaction.gr/document.php?category_id=146&document_id=98437){{Dead link\|date\=February 2020 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Christodoulopoulos signed a four\-year contract with the club.[Christodoulopoulos signed for Panathinaikos FC](http://www.contra.gr/Soccer/Hellas/Superleague/Panathinaikos/202926.html) On 18 February 2010, Christodoulopoulos scored against [Roma](/wiki/A.S._Roma "A.S. Roma") after coming on in the [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League "UEFA Europa League") round of 32\.
The 2011–12 season didn't start well for him, as he faced a serious knee injury during pre\-season which led him to surgery. The club doctors said that he would be expected to return after five months. After months of therapy and special treatment, he joined the rest of the team at training in December. On 29 December 2011, the club president announced that Christodoulopoulos had agreed to sign a new three\-year contract until 2015 since his contract was going to expire during the end of the 2011–12 season. In January 2012, it was reported that [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. "Liverpool F.C.") were interested in signing Christodoulopoulos, the former trialist at the club, for £2,000,000 (€4,500,000\).
Christodoulopoulos began 2012–13 by scoring in European and championship matches. He was given the number "10". He and [Ibrahim Sissoko](/wiki/Ibrahim_Sissoko_%28footballer%2C_born_1991%29 "Ibrahim Sissoko (footballer, born 1991)") were the most important players for the season. In December, in order for Panathinaikos' president, Giannis Alafouzos, to save money for the team, he released players with high\-paying contacts; as a result Christodoulopoulos was released alongside [Nikos Spyropoulos](/wiki/Nikos_Spyropoulos "Nikos Spyropoulos"), [Loukas Vyntra](/wiki/Loukas_Vyntra "Loukas Vyntra"), [Antonis Petropoulos](/wiki/Antonis_Petropoulos "Antonis Petropoulos") and [Sebastian Leto](/wiki/Sebastian_Leto "Sebastian Leto").
### Bologna
On 31 January 2013, Lazaros was transferred to [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna_F.C. "Bologna F.C.") on a free transfer. On 26 February 2013, Lazaros made his debut against [Fiorentina](/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina "ACF Fiorentina") coming on as a substitute and scoring a goal in a 2–1 win.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gazzetta.gr/stili/afierwmata/article/972010/ti\-ekane\-o\-hristodoylopoylos\-stin\-italia\-vidspics\|title\=Τι έκανε ο Χριστοδουλόπουλος στην Ιταλία (vids\&pics)\|language\=Greek}}
The departure of [Alessandro Diamanti](/wiki/Alessandro_Diamanti "Alessandro Diamanti") in January has opened its doors as a starter for Lazaros Christodoulopoulos. The Greek attacking midfielder has proved ready and able to take advantage of the chances he had, becoming one of the linchpins of the team coached by [Davide Ballardini](/wiki/Davide_Ballardini "Davide Ballardini").
In March 2014, Christodoulopoulos netted a late consolation penalty in a 2–1 away loss against [Livorno](/wiki/A.S._Livorno_Calcio "A.S. Livorno Calcio").[Livorno – Bologna 2–1](http://www.sportinglife.com/football/live/match-report/302304/livorno-climb-above-rivals) It was his first goal in the season. A week later, he gave Bologna's survival hopes a massive boost with a crucial 1–0 win over [Cagliari](/wiki/Cagliari_Calcio "Cagliari Calcio") at the Dal’Ara. He was outstanding for the club and at the heart of the club's excellent attacking football so it was no surprise when he swept home the winner from the penalty spot. Lazaros curled a free kick over the top for Bologna before being denied by another brilliant save with 15 minutes to go after again jinking past defenders and letting loose. Two minutes afterwards, the man of the match involved in everything was at the centre of controversy when the referee adjudged [Daniele Dessena](/wiki/Daniele_Dessena "Daniele Dessena") to have pushed him to the ground inside the box. The spot kick was awarded and Lazaros stepped up to provide the cool conversion and give his side a priceless win.{{cite news\|url\=http://forzaitalianfootball.com/2014/03/bologna\-1\-0\-cagliari\-outstanding\-lazaros\-fires\-felsinei\-to\-massive\-win/\|publisher\=forzaitalianfootball.com\|title\=Bologna 1–0 Cagliari: Outstanding Lazaros fires Felsinei to massive win}}
On 16 May 2014, there was tension in the training campus at [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna "Bologna"), a few days after the last challenge at the Olimpico against [Lazio](/wiki/S.S._Lazio "S.S. Lazio") ending a disappointing season that led to relegation to [Serie B](/wiki/Serie_B "Serie B"). An entry of [Cesare Natali](/wiki/Cesare_Natali "Cesare Natali")'s hard training on Lazaros Christodoulopoulos, sparked the reaction of the Greek midfielder. Lazaros is afraid to get hurt and jeopardize his participation at the [2014 World Cup](/wiki/2014_World_Cup "2014 World Cup").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.corrieredellosport.it/calcio/serie\_a/bologna/2014/05/16\-361414/Tensione\+Bologna%3A\+lite\+fra\+Natali\+e\+Lazaros\|publisher\=corrieredellosport.it\|title\=Tensione Bologna: lite fra Natali e Lazaros\|access\-date\=9 June 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195717/http://www.corrieredellosport.it/calcio/serie\_a/bologna/2014/05/16\-361414/Tensione\+Bologna%3A\+lite\+fra\+Natali\+e\+Lazaros\|archive\-date\=14 July 2014\|url\-status\=dead}}
Bologna, after relegation, will proceed with the disposal of its most popular players. As reported by TuttoSport, one of the starters will be the Greek midfielder Christodoulopoulos. The player had become the object of desire in Italy especially for [Torino](/wiki/Torino_F.C. "Torino F.C."), [Palermo](/wiki/U.S._Citt%C3%A0_di_Palermo "U.S. Città di Palermo") and Fiorentina.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.fiorentina.it/it/news/articolo.37\.10978/mercato\-anche\-la\-fiorentina\-interessata\-a\-lazaros\-christodoulopoulos\-del\-bologna.html\|title\=Mercato, anche la Fiorentina interessata a Lazaros Christodoulopoulos del Bologna}} The key element in his game is that the Greek midfielder knows how to take responsibility when the team is in trouble.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ftbpro.com/it/messaggi/marco.deiana/882492/mercato\-bologna\-lazaros\-christodoulopoulos\-osservato\-speciale\-di\-due\-club\-italiani\|publisher\=forzaitalianfootball.com\|title\=Mercato Bologna: Lazaros Christodoulopoulos osservato speciale di due club italiani\|date\=23 April 2014\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519222833/http://www.ftbpro.com/it/messaggi/marco.deiana/882492/mercato\-bologna\-lazaros\-christodoulopoulos\-osservato\-speciale\-di\-due\-club\-italiani\|archive\-date\=19 May 2014}}
### Hellas Verona
[Hellas Verona](/wiki/Hellas_Verona_F.C. "Hellas Verona F.C.") have officially signed a three\-years' contract with Greek international Lazaros Christodoulopoulos from [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna "Bologna") for €1,3 million. The deal had been in the works over the last few days and hit problems when Verona's player [Domenico Maietta](/wiki/Domenico_Maietta "Domenico Maietta") refused a move the other way. On 30 June 2014, Verona released a statement confirming Christodoulopoulos had been bought outright without the need for an exchange.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.football\-italia.net/51432/official\-christodoulopoulos\-verona\|publisher\=football\-italia.net\|title\=Christodoulopoulos to Verona\|date\=1 July 2014}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.sentragoal.gr/article.asp?catid\=16489\&subid\=2\&pubid\=129773344\|publisher\=sentragoal.gr \|language\=el \|script\-title\=el:Επίσημα στην Βερόνα ο Χριστοδουλόπουλος!\|date\=1 July 2014\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708025301/http://www.sentragoal.gr/article.asp?catid\=16489\&subid\=2\&pubid\=129773344\|archive\-date\=8 July 2014}}
In January 2015, the interest of Hellas Verona in signing Argentinian offensive midfielder and winger [Juan Sánchez Miño](/wiki/Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Mi%C3%B1o "Juan Sánchez Miño") from Torino, leads the *Gialloblù* to offer him to *i Granata* the loan of Greek international same role player Lazaros Christodoulopoulos in exchange, according to *Sky Sport Italia*.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.transfermarketweb.com/?action\=read\&idsel\=151667\|publisher\=transfermarketweb.com\|title\=Christodoulopoulos offered to Torino for signing Sanchez Miño\|date\=8 January 2015}}
#### Loan to Sampdoria
On 31 August 2015, Christodoulopoulos joined [Sampdoria](/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria "U.C. Sampdoria") in a swap deal involving [Paweł Wszołek](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Wszo%C5%82ek "Paweł Wszołek") with the latter leaving Sampdoria on loan for Hellas Verona.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.sampdoria.it/scambio\-con\-lhellas\-verona\-christodoulopoulos\-al\-doria\-wszolek\-in\-gialloblu\|publisher\=\[\[U.C. Sampdoria]]\|title\=Scambio con l'Hellas Verona: Christodoulopoulos al Doria, Wszolek in gialloblù\|date\=31 August 2015}}
The Greek midfielder has joined the club on an initial loan with an option to make the switch permanent. On 5 March 2016, he scored the third goal with the club in a 3–0 away win against [Hellas Verona](/wiki/Hellas_Verona "Hellas Verona"), when [Lorenzo De Silvestri](/wiki/Lorenzo_De_Silvestri "Lorenzo De Silvestri") had his cross slammed into the back of the net from Christodoulopoulos on the volley, his first for the club coming against his former side.{{cite news\|url\=http://forzaitalianfootball.com/2016/03/hellas\-verona\-0\-3\-sampdoria\-blucerchiati\-compound\-hellas\-verona\-misery/ \|publisher\= forzaitalianfootball.com\|title\=Hellas Verona 0–3 Sampdoria: Blucerchiati compound Hellas Verona misery \|date\=5 March 2016}}
### AEK Athens
[thumb\|upright\=1\.1\|Christodoulopoulos with [AEK Athens](/wiki/AEK_Athens_F.C. "AEK Athens F.C.") in 2017](/wiki/File:DK-AEK_%288%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "DK-AEK (8) (cropped).jpg")
#### 2016–17 season
On 27 August 2016, Christodoulopoulos signed a 3\-season (2\+1\) contract for [AEK Athens](/wiki/AEK_Athens_F.C. "AEK Athens F.C."), as a free transfer, in order to return to his motherland after 3\.5 years in Italy.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.sport24\.gr/football/omades/Aek/sta\-grafeia\-ths\-aek\-o\-xristodoylopoylos.4233126\.html \|publisher\= www.sport24\.gr \|language\=el \|script\-title\=el:Στα γραφεία της ΑΕΚ ο Χριστοδουλόπουλος \|date\=27 August 2016}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.contra.gr/Soccer/Hellas/Superleague/aek/official\-aek\-christodoulopoulos.4233251\.html \|publisher\= www.contra.gr \|language\=el \|script\-title\=el:Επίσημο: Στην ΑΕΚ ο Χριστοδουλόπουλος \|date\=27 August 2016}} On 25 October 2016, he scored his first goal with the club, in a 4–0 [Greek Cup](/wiki/Greek_Cup "Greek Cup") home win game against [Kerkyra](/wiki/Kerkyra_F.C. "Kerkyra F.C.").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/article/998854/aek\-kerkyra\-4\-0\-vids \|publisher\= www.gazzetta.gr \|language\=el \|script\-title\=el:ΑΕΚ \- Κέρκυρα 4\-0 \|date\=25 October 2016}} On 5 February 2017, he scored a brace in a 6–0 home [Super League](/wiki/Super_League "Super League") win against [Veria](/wiki/Veria_F.C. "Veria F.C.") and was named "Man of the Match". On 2 April he scored in his club 2–3 home loss [Super League](/wiki/Super_League "Super League") game against his former club, [Panathinaikos](/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C. "Panathinaikos F.C.").{{cite news\|url\=http://sports.in.gr/football/superleague/article/?aid\=1500137259 \|publisher\= sports.in.gr \|language\=el \|script\-title\=el:Επίσημο: Ο Μπεργκ λύτρωσε τον ΠΑΟ στο 90', 3\-2 την ΑΕΚ \|date\=2 April 2017}} On 6 May 2017, in the [2016–17 Greek Cup](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Greek_Football_Cup "2016–17 Greek Football Cup") final Lazaros had equalized after [Diego Biseswar's](/wiki/Diego_Biseswar "Diego Biseswar") opener for the home side [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK_FC "PAOK FC"), in a 2–1 loss.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.marca.com/en/football/international\-football/2017/05/06/590e3c4fe2704eea408b45eb.html \|publisher\= www.marca.com \|title\=PAOK Salonica beat AEK Athens to win Greek Cup final marred by crowd violence \|date\=6 May 2017}}
#### 2017–18 season
Christodoulopoulos solidified his position as the team's main right winger during the 2017–18 preseason. On 14 September 2017, he sealed the score in the second half with a direct free kick as AEK won 2–1 after an impressive performance against [Rijeka](/wiki/HNK_Rijeka "HNK Rijeka") at his first matchday of [2017–18 Europa League's group stage](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_UEFA_Europa_League "2017–18 UEFA Europa League").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nk\-rijeka.hr/vijest/rijeka\-aek\-12/ \|title\=Rijeka – AEK 1:2 \|publisher\=www.nk\-rijeka.hr\|date\=14 September 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sport24\.gr/football/EuropaLeague/ksekinhma\-gia\-prokrish\-2\-1\-h\-aek\-th\-rieka.4846322\.html \|language\=el \|script\-title\=el:Ξεκίνημα για πρόκριση, 2\-1 η ΑΕΚ τη Ριέκα \|publisher\=www.sport24\.gr\|date\=14 September 2017}} On 18 September 2017, AEK won 1–0 against newly promoted [Super League](/wiki/Super_League "Super League") club [Lamia](/wiki/Lamia_F.C. "Lamia F.C."), at Peristeri Stadium, thanks to Christodoulopoulos, coming from the bench, scoring the goal of the match at 81', that brought the team of [Manolo Jimenez](/wiki/Manuel_Jim%C3%A9nez_Jim%C3%A9nez "Manuel Jiménez Jiménez") on the top of the table, with 10 points after 4 games. It was his first Superleague goal for the [2017–18 season](/wiki/2017-18_Superleague_Greece "2017-18 Superleague Greece").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.sport24\.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/prwth\-me\-penalti\-fantasma\-h\-aek\-1\-0\-th\-lamia.4850353\.html \|publisher\= www.sport24\.gr \|language\=el \|script\-title\=el: Πρώτη με πέναλτι\-"φάντασμα" η ΑΕΚ, 1\-0 τη Λαμία \|date\=17 September 2017}} On 24 September 2017, he scored 2 goals, including another wonderful free kick, helping his club come from behind and defeat [Olympiacos](/wiki/Olympiakos_F.C. "Olympiakos F.C.") with the score 3–2 against AEK. [Mantalos'](/wiki/Petros_Mantalos "Petros Mantalos") goal on the 89th minute completed the comeback and the final whistle put AEK on the top of the table. It was named MVP of the game.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.sport24\.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/istorikh\-anatroph\-h\-aek\-3\-2\-ton\-olympiako.4860947\.html \|publisher\= www.sport24\.gr \|language\=el \|script\-title\=el: Ιστορική ανατροπή η ΑΕΚ, 3\-2 τον Ολυμπιακό \|date\=24 September 2017}} On 23 November 2017, he heads leveller in a home 2–2 [UEFA Europa League group stage](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League "UEFA Europa League") home game against [Rijeka](/wiki/HNK_Rijeka "HNK Rijeka"), as [Andrej Prskalo](/wiki/Andrej_Prskalo "Andrej Prskalo") comes off his line to punch away [Anastasios Bakasetas](/wiki/Anastasios_Bakasetas "Anastasios Bakasetas")' free\-kick, but his clearance falls kindly for Christodoulopoulos, who scored into the unguarded net.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ekathimerini.com/223566/article/ekathimerini/sports/aek\-comes\-back\-to\-draw\-with\-rijeka\-but\-still\-has\-work\-to\-do \|publisher\= www.ekathimerini.com \|title\= AEK comes back to draw with Rijeka, but still has work to do \|date\=23 November 2017}}
On 27 January 2018, Christodoulopoulos opened the scoring for [Manolo Jiménez](/wiki/Manuel_Jim%C3%A9nez_Jim%C3%A9nez "Manuel Jiménez Jiménez")’s team after 40 minutes at the Olympic Stadium in a 2–0 home win against [Lamia](/wiki/Lamia_F.C. "Lamia F.C.").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.sport24\.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/nikh\-me\-synoptikes\-diadikasies\-2\-0\-h\-aek\-th\-lamia.5050188\.html \|publisher\= www.sport24\.gr \|language\=el \|script\-title\=el:Νίκη με συνοπτικές διαδικασίες, 2\-0 η ΑΕΚ τη Λαμία \|date\=27 January 2018}}
On 7 February 2018, he opened the score in a 2–1 home [Greek Cup](/wiki/Greek_Cup "Greek Cup") win game against rivals [Olympiacos](/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C. "Olympiacos F.C."), helping AEK to be promoted to the semi\-finals.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.sport24\.gr/football/ellada/GreekCup/prokrish\-me\-gkolares\-h\-aek\-ston\-hmiteliko\-2\-1\-ton\-olympiako.5067103\.html \|publisher\= www.sport24\.gr \|language\=el \|script\-title\=el:Πρόκριση με γκολάρες: Η ΑΕΚ στον ημιτελικό, 2\-1 τον Ολυμπιακό \|date\=7 February 2018}} On 11 February 2018, Christodoulopoulos scored the only goal with a penalty kick four minutes after he entered in the field, beating their [Asteras Tripolis](/wiki/Asteras_Tripolis "Asteras Tripolis") 1–0 at the [Olympic Stadium](/wiki/Olympic_Stadium "Olympic Stadium") to move one point clear of [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK_FC "PAOK FC") at the summit.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.eleftherostypos.gr/sports/183918\-o\-araouxo\-ta\-exane\-alla\-o\-lazaros\-to\-ebale\-aek\-asteras\-tripolis\-1\-0/ \|publisher\= www.eleftherostypos.gr \|language\=el \|script\-title\=el:Ο Αραούχο τα έχανε αλλά ο Λάζαρος το έβαλε – ΑΕΚ\- Αστερας Τρίπολης 1\-0 \|date\=11 February 2018}} On 1 April 2018, in the derby against [Panathinaikos](/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C. "Panathinaikos F.C."), Christodoulopoulos reached 200 appearances with all his clubs in the [Superleague](/wiki/Greek_Super_League "Greek Super League").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.sdna.gr/podosfairo/superleague/article/451031/epiase\-tin\-200ara\-sto\-ntermpi\-o\-xristodoylopoylos \|publisher\= www.sdna.gr \|language\=el \|script\-title\=el:Έπιασε την "200αρα" στο ντέρμπι ο Χριστοδουλόπουλος \|date\=1 April 2018}} On 15 April 2018, he scored a crucial goal sealing a 1–0 away win against [Platanias](/wiki/Platanias_F.C. "Platanias F.C."), that helped [Superleague](/wiki/Greek_Super_League "Greek Super League") leaders AEK inched closer to the league title for the first time since 1994\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.onsports.gr/podosfairo/superleague/story/594260/platanias\-aek\-0\-1\-pio\-konta\-me\-lazaro \|publisher\= www.onsports.gr \|language\=el \|script\-title\=el:Πλατανιάς\-ΑΕΚ 0\-1: Πιο κοντά με Λάζαρο \|date\=15 April 2018}} Three days later, he scored a wonderful bicycle kick in the 94th minute of the Cup semi\-final against [AEL](/wiki/Athlitiki_Enosi_Larissa_F.C. "Athlitiki Enosi Larissa F.C."). It was the winning goal that helped AEK advance to the final against [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK "PAOK"), with an aggregate score of 2–2\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.onsports.gr/podosfairo/story/594505/aek\-ael\-1\-0\-o\-lazaros\-me\-gkolara\-tin\-esteile\-ston\-teliko\-me\-ton\-paok \|publisher\= www.onsports.gr \|language\=el \|script\-title\=el:ΑΕΚ\-ΑΕΛ 1\-0: Ο Λάζαρος με γκολάρα την έστειλε στον τελικό με τον ΠΑΟΚ! \|date\=18 April 2018}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.sdna.gr/podosfairo/kypello\-elladas/article/457026/aek\-ael\-1\-0 \|publisher\= www.sdna.gr \|language\=el \|script\-title\=el:ΑΕΚ\-ΑΕΛ 1\-0 \|date\=18 April 2018}} He finished his best season in his career having 47 appearances (16 goals, 4 assists) in all competitions.
On 14 May 2018, AEK decided to put Christodoulopoulos in the out\-of\-favour list due to the player perceiving the club's contract renewal talks as 'threats' and being in discussions with rivals [Olympiacos](/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C. "Olympiacos F.C.") over a potential career move. The club decided to settle the player's contract breach issues in the court of law,{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.contra.gr/Soccer/Hellas/Superleague/aek/agrio\-to\-diazugio\-aek\-lazaroy.5197655\.html\|language\=el \|script\-title\=el:Άγριο το διαζύγιο ΑΕΚ \- Λάζαρου\|work\=Contra.gr\|date\=14 May 2018 \|access\-date\=14 May 2018}} while Lazaros and the Reds retaliated by filing a lawsuit on grounds of the player's contract expiring in the summer of 2018,{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.onsports.gr/podosfairo/superleague/story/596587/exodiko\-apo\-lazaro\-kai\-olympiako\-stin\-pae\-aek \|script\-title\=el:"Πόλεμος"! Εξώδικα Λάζαρου, Ολυμπιακού στην ΑΕΚ!\|last\=Team\|first\=Onsports\|date\=15 May 2018\|work\=Onsports.gr\|access\-date\=14 May 2018\|language\=el}} despite AEK claiming that the player had signed a mandatory one\-year extension clause as part of the deal.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.sport24\.gr/football/omades/Aek/o\-lazaros\-xristodoylopoylos\-sto\-sport24\-gr\-den\-mporw\-na\-synexisw\-thn\-kariera\-moy\-sthn\-aek.5197605\.html \|language\=el \|script\-title\=el:Ο Χριστοδουλόπουλος στο Sport24\.gr: Δεν μπορώ να συνεχίσω στην ΑΕΚ\|access\-date\=14 May 2018}}
### Olympiacos
Following his legal conflict with AEK, [Olympiacos](/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C. "Olympiacos F.C.") announced the acquisition of Christodoulopoulos on 15 May 2018, on a 2\-year deal effective from the beginning of July.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.olympiacos.org/article/73943/lazaros\-gia\-dyo\-xronia\-ston\-thrylo\|title\=Λάζαρος για δύο χρόνια στον Θρύλο!\|work\=Olympiacos.org {{!}} Official Website of Olympiacos Piraeus\|date\=15 May 2018\|language\=el}} Lazaros thus became the first and only player in Greek football history to wear the shirt of all 'Big\-4' teams of the country \- the other two being [Panathinaikos](/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C. "Panathinaikos F.C.") and [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK_FC "PAOK FC").{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.contra.gr/Soccer/Hellas/Superleague/olympiacos/anakoinwthhke\-o\-xristodoylopoylos\-apo\-ton\-olympiako.5198631\.html \|script\-title\=el:Ανακοινώθηκε ο Χριστοδουλόπουλος από τον Ολυμπιακό!\|work\=Contra.gr\|date\=15 May 2018 \|access\-date\=15 May 2018\|language\=el}}
In August 2018, at [UEFA Europa League Third qualifying round](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League "UEFA Europa League") against [FC Luzern](/wiki/FC_Luzern "FC Luzern"), he was the man of the series as he scored both a brace in the first game after successive corners from young full\-back [Kostas Tsimikas](/wiki/Kostas_Tsimikas "Kostas Tsimikas") in a 4–0 home win,{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/europa\-league/article/1258628/olympiakos\-loykerni\-4\-0 \|script\-title\=el:Ολυμπιακός\-Λουκέρνη 4\-0 \|work\=www.gazzetta.gr \|access\-date\=9 August 2018\|language\=el}} as well as in the second in a 3–1 away win, for Olympiacos to rack up an impressive 7–1 aggregate victory over the Swiss. Christodoulopoulos opened the score by heading in brilliantly from a precise [Omar Elabdellaoui](/wiki/Omar_Elabdellaoui "Omar Elabdellaoui") cross, and in the second was in the right place to ram the ball home following [Roderick Miranda](/wiki/Roderick_Miranda "Roderick Miranda")’s header after [Jagoš Vuković](/wiki/Jago%C5%A1_Vukovi%C4%87 "Jagoš Vuković") had hit the crossbar with a shot.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.sport24\.gr/football/EuropaLeague/kyriarxos\-kai\-sth\-revans\-o\-olympiakos\-3\-1\-th\-loykernh.5287253\.html \|script\-title\=el:Κυρίαρχος και στη ρεβάνς ο Ολυμπιακός, 3\-1 τη Λουκέρνη \|work\=www.sport24\.gr \|access\-date\=16 August 2018\|language\=el}}
On 26 August 2018, Christodoulopoulos scored with a superb free\-kick sealing a 1–0 home win game against [Levadiakos](/wiki/Levadiakos_F.C. "Levadiakos F.C.") in the opening matchday of the [2018–19 season](/wiki/2018-19_Superleague_Greece "2018-19 Superleague Greece").{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1263468/olympiakos\-levadeiakos\-1\-0 \|script\-title\=el:Ολυμπιακός \- Λεβαδειακός 1\-0 \|work\=www.gazzetta.gr \|access\-date\=26 August 2018\|language\=el}}
On 3 September 2018, Christodoulopoulos became a [2018 FIFA Puskas Award](/wiki/FIFA_Pusk%C3%A1s_Award "FIFA Puskás Award") nominee for his stunning marker scored for previous club AEK Athens against his then club Olympiacos. The FIFA Puskas Award is given out to the player who scored the best goal of the season and the international winger struck a beautiful free\-kick from distance into the top right corner, giving opposing goalkeeper [Stefanos Kapino](/wiki/Stefanos_Kapino "Stefanos Kapino") no chance whatsoever.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.sport24\.gr/football/diethnes\-podosfairo/ypopshfios\-gia\-to\-koryfaio\-gkol\-ths\-xronias\-ston\-kosmo\-to\-faoyl\-toy\-xristodoylopoyloy.5299960\.html \|script\-title\=el:Υποψήφιο για Κορυφαίο Γκολ της Χρονιάς στον κόσμο το φάουλ του Χριστοδουλόπουλου \|work\=www.sport24\.gr \|access\-date\=4 September 2018\|language\=el}} On 8 November 2018, Christodoulopoulos scored with a right footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom left corner, after an assist by [Kostas Fortounis](/wiki/Kostas_Fortounis "Kostas Fortounis") with a cross in a hammering 5–1 win game against [F91 Dudelange](/wiki/F91_Dudelange "F91 Dudelange") in the [UEFA Europa League group stage](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League "UEFA Europa League").{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/europa\-league/article/1289861/olympiakos\-ntoyntelanz\-5\-1 \|script\-title\=el:Ολυμπιακός \- Ντουντελάνζ 5\-1 \|publisher\=gazzetta.gr\| language \= el \| date \= 8 November 2018}} On 23 November 2018, Christodoulopoulos received a knock in a training session and did not play again until the turn of the year. On 19 January 2019, he returned to the squad scoring the winning goal in a 2–1 away win against [PAS Giannina](/wiki/PAS_Giannina "PAS Giannina") after a remarkable [Daniel Podence](/wiki/Daniel_Podence "Daniel Podence") assist.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1315049/pas\-giannina\-olympiakos\-1\-2 \|script\-title\=el:ΠΑΣ Γιάννινα\- Ολυμπιακός 1\-2 \|work\=www.gazzetta.gr \|access\-date\=19 January 2019\|language\=el}} On 2 February 2019, he scored a penalty kick in a hammering 4–0 home win game against [Panionios](/wiki/Panionios_F.C. "Panionios F.C.").{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1320339/olympiakos\-panionios\-4\-0 \|script\-title\=el:Ολυμπιακός \- Πανιώνιος 4\-0 \|work\=www.gazzetta.gr \|access\-date\=2 February 2019\|language\=el}} On 17 February 2019, after receiving an injury against rivals [AEK Athens](/wiki/AEK_Athens "AEK Athens"), Christodoulopoulos ruptured the anterior cruciate ligament in his left knee, meaning he sat on the sidelines for at least six months.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.sportime.gr/olimpiakos/rixi\-chiaston\-o\-christodoulopoulos/ \|script\-title\=el:Ρήξη χιαστού ο Χριστοδουλόπουλος! \|work\=www.sportime.gr \|date\=17 February 2019 \|access\-date\=18 February 2019\|language\=el}}
On 22 December 2019, after a very difficult year for the defender marred by injury (309 days to be exact), Christodoulopoulos returned to action in an away game against [Volos](/wiki/Volos_FC "Volos FC").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.sport24\.gr/Columns/evangelos\-michos/to\-eimai\-edw\-toy\-lazaroy.5661194\.html \|title\= Το "είμαι εδώ" του Λάζαρου\|work\=www.sport24\.gr \|access\-date\=23 December 2019\|language\=el}} On 8 January 2020, Christodoulopoulos' goal in the 2–0 win over [Kalamata](/wiki/Kalamata_F.C. "Kalamata F.C.") for the [Greek Cup](/wiki/Greek_Cup "Greek Cup") helped him to become the only footballer to wear the jersey of the four biggest Greek teams (Olympiacos, AEK, Panathinaikos and PAOK) and score in all Greek and UEFA competitions, with all four teams.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.sport24\.gr/football/omades/Olympiakos/olympiakos\-to\-ksexwristo\-rekor\-toy\-lazaroy.5667949\.html \|title\= Ολυμπιακός: Το ξεχωριστό ρεκόρ του Λάζαρου\|work\=www.sport24\.gr \|access\-date\=11 January 2020\|language\=el}} On 5 June 2020, two days before the restart of the [Super League Playoffs](/wiki/Superleague_Greece "Superleague Greece"), after an 80\-days COVID\-19 break Lazaros Christodoulopoulos received yet another injury blow, with the Olympiacos winger suffering a ligament rupture in his right knee. The recovery process was expected to last six weeks.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.sport24\.gr/football/omades/Olympiakos/olympiakos\-xanei\-ton\-paok\-o\-xristodoylopoylos.5717418\.html \|title\=Ολυμπιακός: Νέος τραυματισμός για Χριστοδουλόπουλο \|work\=www.sport24\.gr \|access\-date\=8 June 2020\|language\=el}}
### Atromitos
On 28 September 2020, [Atromitos](/wiki/Atromitos_F.C. "Atromitos F.C.") completed a great transfer move, as it announced the acquisition of the 33\-year\-old midfielder, who had signed a year contract for an undisclosed fee.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.sport24\.gr/football/episimo\-ston\-atromito\-o\-christodoylopoylos.9001412\.html \|title\=Επίσημο: Στον Ατρόμητο ο Χριστοδουλόπουλος \|work\=www.sport24\.gr \|access\-date\=28 September 2020\|language\=el}} On 4 October 2020, he played his first match of the [2020–21 season](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Super_League_Greece "2020–21 Super League Greece") against his former team [AEK Athens](/wiki/AEK_Athens_F.C. "AEK Athens F.C.") replacing [Konstantinos Kotsopoulos](/wiki/Konstantinos_Kotsopoulos "Konstantinos Kotsopoulos") at 82 minutes.{{cite web \|title\=Atromitos \- AEK \|url\=https://www.slgr.gr/el/game/2021024/ \|website\=www.slgr.gr \|access\-date\= 4 October 2020}} On 7 November 2020, he scored the winning goal giving his club a vital 1–0 away win against [Panathinaikos](/wiki/Panathinaikos_B.C. "Panathinaikos B.C."){{cite web \|title\=Παναθηναϊκός \- Ατρόμητος 0\-1: Ο Λάζαρος τιμώρησε τους πράσινους \|url\=https://www.sport24\.gr/football/panathinaikos\-atromitos\-0\-1\-o\-lazaros\-timorise\-toys\-prasinoys.9043406\.html \|website\=www.sport24\.gr \|access\-date\= 7 November 2020}}
### Anorthosis Famagusta
From 25 June 2021, Christodoulopoulos began playing for [Anorthosis Famagusta](/wiki/Anorthosis_Famagusta "Anorthosis Famagusta") with a one\-year for an undisclosed fee.{{cite web \|title\=Χριστοδουλόπουλος: Επίσημα παίκτης της Ανόρθωσης \|url\=https://www.sport24\.gr/football/christodoylopoylos\-episima\-paiktis\-tis\-anorthosis.9275117\.html \|website\=www.sport24\.gr \|access\-date\= 25 June 2021}} On 26 August 2021, Christodoulopoulos helped [Anorthosis Famagusta](/wiki/Anorthosis_Famagusta "Anorthosis Famagusta") with two goals in seven minutes against [Hapoel Beer Sheva](/wiki/Hapoel_Beer_Sheva "Hapoel Beer Sheva"), to qualify for the [Europa Conference League group stage](/wiki/2021-22_UEFA_Europa_Conference_League "2021-22 UEFA Europa Conference League"). With a 62nd minute penalty and a 69 minute tap\-in from a [Hovhannes Hambardzumyan](/wiki/Hovhannes_Hambardzumyan "Hovhannes Hambardzumyan") assist, the 35\-year\-old winger was man\-of\-the\-match. At the same time, the Greek player became only the second to score in the [Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League"), [Europa League](/wiki/Europa_League "Europa League") and [Conference League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_Conference_League "UEFA Europa Conference League"), after [Petros Mantalos](/wiki/Petros_Mantalos "Petros Mantalos").{{cite web \|title\=Ανόρθωση: Ιστορικός Λάζαρος με δύο γκολ, ξεπέρασε Γιαννακόπουλο, Σαραβάκο, Καλιτζάκη \|url\=https://www.gazzetta.gr/football/europa\-conference\-league/2037076/anorthosi\-istorikos\-lazaros\-me\-dyo\-gkol\-xeperase \|website\=www.gazzetta.gr \|access\-date\= 26 August 2021}} On 25 November 2021, Anorthosis achieved the historic first victory of a Cypriot team in the [UEFA Conference League group stage](/wiki/UEFA_Conference_League "UEFA Conference League"), where thanks to an astonishing 27th minute goal by Christodoulopoulos they prevailed 1–0 over undefeated [Gent](/wiki/K.A.A._Gent "K.A.A. Gent").{{cite web\|url\=https://goal.philenews.com/podosfero/kypros/a\-katigoria/anorthosi/anorthosi\-gandi\-1\-0\-egrapse\-istoria\-kai\-paizei\-ta\-resta\-tis\-sto\-veligradi/\|title\=Ανόρθωση – Γάνδη 1\-0: Έγραψε ιστορία και παίζει τα ρέστα της στο Βελιγράδι! \|website\=goal.philenews.com \|access\-date\= 25 November 2021}} On 9 December, he scored a penalty in an away [Conference League](/wiki/UEFA_Conference_League "UEFA Conference League") match against [FK Partizan](/wiki/FK_Partizan "FK Partizan") that ended 1\-1\.{{cite web\|url\=https://goal.philenews.com/podosfero/kypros/a\-katigoria/partizan\-anorthosi\-1\-1\-angixe\-to\-thavma\-epese\-iroika\-sto\-veligradi/\|title\=Παρτίζαν – Ανόρθωση 1\-1: Άγγιξε το θαύμα, έπεσε ηρωικά στο Βελιγράδι! \|publisher\=goal.philenews.com \|access\-date\= 9 December 2021}}
### Aris Thessaloniki
In February 2023 he moved to [Aris Thessaloniki](/wiki/Aris_Thessaloniki_F.C. "Aris Thessaloniki F.C.") until the end of the season, this becoming the only player to play for all of the big 5 Greek clubs.{{cite web \|title\=Una vecchia conoscenza della Serie A torna in patria: Christodoulopoulos all'Aris \|url\=https://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/calcio\-estero/ufficiale\-una\-vecchia\-conoscenza\-della\-serie\-a\-torna\-in\-patria\-christodoulopoulos\-all\-aris\-1789519 \|website\=www.tuttomercatoweb.com \|access\-date\=7 February 2023}}
### Iraklis
At 18th August 2024 Lazaros Christodoulopoulos agreed the offer to join [Iraklis](/wiki/G.S._Iraklis_Thessaloniki "G.S. Iraklis Thessaloniki") and thats make him the first and only player in Greek Football History that plays for the four biggest clubs in [Attiki](/wiki/Attiki "Attiki")\-Athens/Piraeus ([AEK](/wiki/A.E.K._Athens "A.E.K. Athens"), [Atromitos](/wiki/Atromitos_FC "Atromitos FC"), [Panathinaikos](/wiki/Panathinaikos_A.O. "Panathinaikos A.O.") and [Olympiacos](/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C. "Olympiacos F.C.")) and the three biggest clubs in Thessaloniki ( [Aris](/wiki/Aris_FC "Aris FC"), [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK_FC "PAOK FC") and now [Iraklis](/wiki/G.S._Iraklis_Thessaloniki "G.S. Iraklis Thessaloniki")) that still exist in professional tier of greek football. At 8th September 2024 is a historical day for him, because he is the first and only player in Greek Football History that scores for all these Clubs.
|
[
"Club career\n-----------",
"### PAOK",
"Christodoulopoulos started his career when he was picked up by Omonoia Sindos (in Thessaloniki) at a young age, and then Neapoli. His impressive performances caught the eye of a PAOK scout, and joined PAOK in the summer of 2004\\. He has been a mainstay in the PAOK first team proving to be a vital team player.",
"As of 2008 many European clubs were interested in signing him. He was contracted to [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK_FC \"PAOK FC\") until 2008 with minimum fee release clause of €6 million.",
"In the summer of 2006 he was given a trial by English giants [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\") but PAOK was reluctant to sell him at the time. This started a dispute that prevented him from playing for more than half of the [2006–07 season](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Superleague_Greece \"2006–07 Superleague Greece\").\nHe was nicknamed \"The Builder\" by the local media, because during his fall\\-out in relations with [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK_F.C. \"PAOK F.C.\"), he stated that he would be better off being a construction worker than playing for PAOK again.",
"### Panathinaikos",
"On 20 June 2008, Christodoulopoulos agreed to a deal in principle to join [Panathinaikos](/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C. \"Panathinaikos F.C.\") for €3\\.8 million.[SPORTACTION – Παναθηναϊκός](http://www.sportaction.gr/document.php?category_id=146&document_id=98437){{Dead link\\|date\\=February 2020 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} Christodoulopoulos signed a four\\-year contract with the club.[Christodoulopoulos signed for Panathinaikos FC](http://www.contra.gr/Soccer/Hellas/Superleague/Panathinaikos/202926.html) On 18 February 2010, Christodoulopoulos scored against [Roma](/wiki/A.S._Roma \"A.S. Roma\") after coming on in the [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League \"UEFA Europa League\") round of 32\\.",
"The 2011–12 season didn't start well for him, as he faced a serious knee injury during pre\\-season which led him to surgery. The club doctors said that he would be expected to return after five months. After months of therapy and special treatment, he joined the rest of the team at training in December. On 29 December 2011, the club president announced that Christodoulopoulos had agreed to sign a new three\\-year contract until 2015 since his contract was going to expire during the end of the 2011–12 season. In January 2012, it was reported that [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\") were interested in signing Christodoulopoulos, the former trialist at the club, for £2,000,000 (€4,500,000\\).",
"Christodoulopoulos began 2012–13 by scoring in European and championship matches. He was given the number \"10\". He and [Ibrahim Sissoko](/wiki/Ibrahim_Sissoko_%28footballer%2C_born_1991%29 \"Ibrahim Sissoko (footballer, born 1991)\") were the most important players for the season. In December, in order for Panathinaikos' president, Giannis Alafouzos, to save money for the team, he released players with high\\-paying contacts; as a result Christodoulopoulos was released alongside [Nikos Spyropoulos](/wiki/Nikos_Spyropoulos \"Nikos Spyropoulos\"), [Loukas Vyntra](/wiki/Loukas_Vyntra \"Loukas Vyntra\"), [Antonis Petropoulos](/wiki/Antonis_Petropoulos \"Antonis Petropoulos\") and [Sebastian Leto](/wiki/Sebastian_Leto \"Sebastian Leto\").",
"### Bologna",
"On 31 January 2013, Lazaros was transferred to [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna_F.C. \"Bologna F.C.\") on a free transfer. On 26 February 2013, Lazaros made his debut against [Fiorentina](/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina \"ACF Fiorentina\") coming on as a substitute and scoring a goal in a 2–1 win.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gazzetta.gr/stili/afierwmata/article/972010/ti\\-ekane\\-o\\-hristodoylopoylos\\-stin\\-italia\\-vidspics\\|title\\=Τι έκανε ο Χριστοδουλόπουλος στην Ιταλία (vids\\&pics)\\|language\\=Greek}}",
"The departure of [Alessandro Diamanti](/wiki/Alessandro_Diamanti \"Alessandro Diamanti\") in January has opened its doors as a starter for Lazaros Christodoulopoulos. The Greek attacking midfielder has proved ready and able to take advantage of the chances he had, becoming one of the linchpins of the team coached by [Davide Ballardini](/wiki/Davide_Ballardini \"Davide Ballardini\").",
"In March 2014, Christodoulopoulos netted a late consolation penalty in a 2–1 away loss against [Livorno](/wiki/A.S._Livorno_Calcio \"A.S. Livorno Calcio\").[Livorno – Bologna 2–1](http://www.sportinglife.com/football/live/match-report/302304/livorno-climb-above-rivals) It was his first goal in the season. A week later, he gave Bologna's survival hopes a massive boost with a crucial 1–0 win over [Cagliari](/wiki/Cagliari_Calcio \"Cagliari Calcio\") at the Dal’Ara. He was outstanding for the club and at the heart of the club's excellent attacking football so it was no surprise when he swept home the winner from the penalty spot. Lazaros curled a free kick over the top for Bologna before being denied by another brilliant save with 15 minutes to go after again jinking past defenders and letting loose. Two minutes afterwards, the man of the match involved in everything was at the centre of controversy when the referee adjudged [Daniele Dessena](/wiki/Daniele_Dessena \"Daniele Dessena\") to have pushed him to the ground inside the box. The spot kick was awarded and Lazaros stepped up to provide the cool conversion and give his side a priceless win.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://forzaitalianfootball.com/2014/03/bologna\\-1\\-0\\-cagliari\\-outstanding\\-lazaros\\-fires\\-felsinei\\-to\\-massive\\-win/\\|publisher\\=forzaitalianfootball.com\\|title\\=Bologna 1–0 Cagliari: Outstanding Lazaros fires Felsinei to massive win}}",
"On 16 May 2014, there was tension in the training campus at [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna \"Bologna\"), a few days after the last challenge at the Olimpico against [Lazio](/wiki/S.S._Lazio \"S.S. Lazio\") ending a disappointing season that led to relegation to [Serie B](/wiki/Serie_B \"Serie B\"). An entry of [Cesare Natali](/wiki/Cesare_Natali \"Cesare Natali\")'s hard training on Lazaros Christodoulopoulos, sparked the reaction of the Greek midfielder. Lazaros is afraid to get hurt and jeopardize his participation at the [2014 World Cup](/wiki/2014_World_Cup \"2014 World Cup\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.corrieredellosport.it/calcio/serie\\_a/bologna/2014/05/16\\-361414/Tensione\\+Bologna%3A\\+lite\\+fra\\+Natali\\+e\\+Lazaros\\|publisher\\=corrieredellosport.it\\|title\\=Tensione Bologna: lite fra Natali e Lazaros\\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195717/http://www.corrieredellosport.it/calcio/serie\\_a/bologna/2014/05/16\\-361414/Tensione\\+Bologna%3A\\+lite\\+fra\\+Natali\\+e\\+Lazaros\\|archive\\-date\\=14 July 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Bologna, after relegation, will proceed with the disposal of its most popular players. As reported by TuttoSport, one of the starters will be the Greek midfielder Christodoulopoulos. The player had become the object of desire in Italy especially for [Torino](/wiki/Torino_F.C. \"Torino F.C.\"), [Palermo](/wiki/U.S._Citt%C3%A0_di_Palermo \"U.S. Città di Palermo\") and Fiorentina.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.fiorentina.it/it/news/articolo.37\\.10978/mercato\\-anche\\-la\\-fiorentina\\-interessata\\-a\\-lazaros\\-christodoulopoulos\\-del\\-bologna.html\\|title\\=Mercato, anche la Fiorentina interessata a Lazaros Christodoulopoulos del Bologna}} The key element in his game is that the Greek midfielder knows how to take responsibility when the team is in trouble.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ftbpro.com/it/messaggi/marco.deiana/882492/mercato\\-bologna\\-lazaros\\-christodoulopoulos\\-osservato\\-speciale\\-di\\-due\\-club\\-italiani\\|publisher\\=forzaitalianfootball.com\\|title\\=Mercato Bologna: Lazaros Christodoulopoulos osservato speciale di due club italiani\\|date\\=23 April 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519222833/http://www.ftbpro.com/it/messaggi/marco.deiana/882492/mercato\\-bologna\\-lazaros\\-christodoulopoulos\\-osservato\\-speciale\\-di\\-due\\-club\\-italiani\\|archive\\-date\\=19 May 2014}}",
"### Hellas Verona",
"[Hellas Verona](/wiki/Hellas_Verona_F.C. \"Hellas Verona F.C.\") have officially signed a three\\-years' contract with Greek international Lazaros Christodoulopoulos from [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna \"Bologna\") for €1,3 million. The deal had been in the works over the last few days and hit problems when Verona's player [Domenico Maietta](/wiki/Domenico_Maietta \"Domenico Maietta\") refused a move the other way. On 30 June 2014, Verona released a statement confirming Christodoulopoulos had been bought outright without the need for an exchange.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.football\\-italia.net/51432/official\\-christodoulopoulos\\-verona\\|publisher\\=football\\-italia.net\\|title\\=Christodoulopoulos to Verona\\|date\\=1 July 2014}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.sentragoal.gr/article.asp?catid\\=16489\\&subid\\=2\\&pubid\\=129773344\\|publisher\\=sentragoal.gr \\|language\\=el \\|script\\-title\\=el:Επίσημα στην Βερόνα ο Χριστοδουλόπουλος!\\|date\\=1 July 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708025301/http://www.sentragoal.gr/article.asp?catid\\=16489\\&subid\\=2\\&pubid\\=129773344\\|archive\\-date\\=8 July 2014}}\nIn January 2015, the interest of Hellas Verona in signing Argentinian offensive midfielder and winger [Juan Sánchez Miño](/wiki/Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Mi%C3%B1o \"Juan Sánchez Miño\") from Torino, leads the *Gialloblù* to offer him to *i Granata* the loan of Greek international same role player Lazaros Christodoulopoulos in exchange, according to *Sky Sport Italia*.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.transfermarketweb.com/?action\\=read\\&idsel\\=151667\\|publisher\\=transfermarketweb.com\\|title\\=Christodoulopoulos offered to Torino for signing Sanchez Miño\\|date\\=8 January 2015}}",
"#### Loan to Sampdoria",
"On 31 August 2015, Christodoulopoulos joined [Sampdoria](/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria \"U.C. Sampdoria\") in a swap deal involving [Paweł Wszołek](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Wszo%C5%82ek \"Paweł Wszołek\") with the latter leaving Sampdoria on loan for Hellas Verona.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.sampdoria.it/scambio\\-con\\-lhellas\\-verona\\-christodoulopoulos\\-al\\-doria\\-wszolek\\-in\\-gialloblu\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[U.C. Sampdoria]]\\|title\\=Scambio con l'Hellas Verona: Christodoulopoulos al Doria, Wszolek in gialloblù\\|date\\=31 August 2015}}\nThe Greek midfielder has joined the club on an initial loan with an option to make the switch permanent. On 5 March 2016, he scored the third goal with the club in a 3–0 away win against [Hellas Verona](/wiki/Hellas_Verona \"Hellas Verona\"), when [Lorenzo De Silvestri](/wiki/Lorenzo_De_Silvestri \"Lorenzo De Silvestri\") had his cross slammed into the back of the net from Christodoulopoulos on the volley, his first for the club coming against his former side.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://forzaitalianfootball.com/2016/03/hellas\\-verona\\-0\\-3\\-sampdoria\\-blucerchiati\\-compound\\-hellas\\-verona\\-misery/ \\|publisher\\= forzaitalianfootball.com\\|title\\=Hellas Verona 0–3 Sampdoria: Blucerchiati compound Hellas Verona misery \\|date\\=5 March 2016}}",
"### AEK Athens",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.1\\|Christodoulopoulos with [AEK Athens](/wiki/AEK_Athens_F.C. \"AEK Athens F.C.\") in 2017](/wiki/File:DK-AEK_%288%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"DK-AEK (8) (cropped).jpg\")",
"#### 2016–17 season",
"On 27 August 2016, Christodoulopoulos signed a 3\\-season (2\\+1\\) contract for [AEK Athens](/wiki/AEK_Athens_F.C. \"AEK Athens F.C.\"), as a free transfer, in order to return to his motherland after 3\\.5 years in Italy.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.sport24\\.gr/football/omades/Aek/sta\\-grafeia\\-ths\\-aek\\-o\\-xristodoylopoylos.4233126\\.html \\|publisher\\= www.sport24\\.gr \\|language\\=el \\|script\\-title\\=el:Στα γραφεία της ΑΕΚ ο Χριστοδουλόπουλος \\|date\\=27 August 2016}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.contra.gr/Soccer/Hellas/Superleague/aek/official\\-aek\\-christodoulopoulos.4233251\\.html \\|publisher\\= www.contra.gr \\|language\\=el \\|script\\-title\\=el:Επίσημο: Στην ΑΕΚ ο Χριστοδουλόπουλος \\|date\\=27 August 2016}} On 25 October 2016, he scored his first goal with the club, in a 4–0 [Greek Cup](/wiki/Greek_Cup \"Greek Cup\") home win game against [Kerkyra](/wiki/Kerkyra_F.C. \"Kerkyra F.C.\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/article/998854/aek\\-kerkyra\\-4\\-0\\-vids \\|publisher\\= www.gazzetta.gr \\|language\\=el \\|script\\-title\\=el:ΑΕΚ \\- Κέρκυρα 4\\-0 \\|date\\=25 October 2016}} On 5 February 2017, he scored a brace in a 6–0 home [Super League](/wiki/Super_League \"Super League\") win against [Veria](/wiki/Veria_F.C. \"Veria F.C.\") and was named \"Man of the Match\". On 2 April he scored in his club 2–3 home loss [Super League](/wiki/Super_League \"Super League\") game against his former club, [Panathinaikos](/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C. \"Panathinaikos F.C.\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://sports.in.gr/football/superleague/article/?aid\\=1500137259 \\|publisher\\= sports.in.gr \\|language\\=el \\|script\\-title\\=el:Επίσημο: Ο Μπεργκ λύτρωσε τον ΠΑΟ στο 90', 3\\-2 την ΑΕΚ \\|date\\=2 April 2017}} On 6 May 2017, in the [2016–17 Greek Cup](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Greek_Football_Cup \"2016–17 Greek Football Cup\") final Lazaros had equalized after [Diego Biseswar's](/wiki/Diego_Biseswar \"Diego Biseswar\") opener for the home side [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK_FC \"PAOK FC\"), in a 2–1 loss.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.marca.com/en/football/international\\-football/2017/05/06/590e3c4fe2704eea408b45eb.html \\|publisher\\= www.marca.com \\|title\\=PAOK Salonica beat AEK Athens to win Greek Cup final marred by crowd violence \\|date\\=6 May 2017}}",
"#### 2017–18 season",
"Christodoulopoulos solidified his position as the team's main right winger during the 2017–18 preseason. On 14 September 2017, he sealed the score in the second half with a direct free kick as AEK won 2–1 after an impressive performance against [Rijeka](/wiki/HNK_Rijeka \"HNK Rijeka\") at his first matchday of [2017–18 Europa League's group stage](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_UEFA_Europa_League \"2017–18 UEFA Europa League\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nk\\-rijeka.hr/vijest/rijeka\\-aek\\-12/ \\|title\\=Rijeka – AEK 1:2 \\|publisher\\=www.nk\\-rijeka.hr\\|date\\=14 September 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sport24\\.gr/football/EuropaLeague/ksekinhma\\-gia\\-prokrish\\-2\\-1\\-h\\-aek\\-th\\-rieka.4846322\\.html \\|language\\=el \\|script\\-title\\=el:Ξεκίνημα για πρόκριση, 2\\-1 η ΑΕΚ τη Ριέκα \\|publisher\\=www.sport24\\.gr\\|date\\=14 September 2017}} On 18 September 2017, AEK won 1–0 against newly promoted [Super League](/wiki/Super_League \"Super League\") club [Lamia](/wiki/Lamia_F.C. \"Lamia F.C.\"), at Peristeri Stadium, thanks to Christodoulopoulos, coming from the bench, scoring the goal of the match at 81', that brought the team of [Manolo Jimenez](/wiki/Manuel_Jim%C3%A9nez_Jim%C3%A9nez \"Manuel Jiménez Jiménez\") on the top of the table, with 10 points after 4 games. It was his first Superleague goal for the [2017–18 season](/wiki/2017-18_Superleague_Greece \"2017-18 Superleague Greece\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.sport24\\.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/prwth\\-me\\-penalti\\-fantasma\\-h\\-aek\\-1\\-0\\-th\\-lamia.4850353\\.html \\|publisher\\= www.sport24\\.gr \\|language\\=el \\|script\\-title\\=el: Πρώτη με πέναλτι\\-\"φάντασμα\" η ΑΕΚ, 1\\-0 τη Λαμία \\|date\\=17 September 2017}} On 24 September 2017, he scored 2 goals, including another wonderful free kick, helping his club come from behind and defeat [Olympiacos](/wiki/Olympiakos_F.C. \"Olympiakos F.C.\") with the score 3–2 against AEK. [Mantalos'](/wiki/Petros_Mantalos \"Petros Mantalos\") goal on the 89th minute completed the comeback and the final whistle put AEK on the top of the table. It was named MVP of the game.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.sport24\\.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/istorikh\\-anatroph\\-h\\-aek\\-3\\-2\\-ton\\-olympiako.4860947\\.html \\|publisher\\= www.sport24\\.gr \\|language\\=el \\|script\\-title\\=el: Ιστορική ανατροπή η ΑΕΚ, 3\\-2 τον Ολυμπιακό \\|date\\=24 September 2017}} On 23 November 2017, he heads leveller in a home 2–2 [UEFA Europa League group stage](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League \"UEFA Europa League\") home game against [Rijeka](/wiki/HNK_Rijeka \"HNK Rijeka\"), as [Andrej Prskalo](/wiki/Andrej_Prskalo \"Andrej Prskalo\") comes off his line to punch away [Anastasios Bakasetas](/wiki/Anastasios_Bakasetas \"Anastasios Bakasetas\")' free\\-kick, but his clearance falls kindly for Christodoulopoulos, who scored into the unguarded net.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ekathimerini.com/223566/article/ekathimerini/sports/aek\\-comes\\-back\\-to\\-draw\\-with\\-rijeka\\-but\\-still\\-has\\-work\\-to\\-do \\|publisher\\= www.ekathimerini.com \\|title\\= AEK comes back to draw with Rijeka, but still has work to do \\|date\\=23 November 2017}}",
"On 27 January 2018, Christodoulopoulos opened the scoring for [Manolo Jiménez](/wiki/Manuel_Jim%C3%A9nez_Jim%C3%A9nez \"Manuel Jiménez Jiménez\")’s team after 40 minutes at the Olympic Stadium in a 2–0 home win against [Lamia](/wiki/Lamia_F.C. \"Lamia F.C.\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.sport24\\.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/nikh\\-me\\-synoptikes\\-diadikasies\\-2\\-0\\-h\\-aek\\-th\\-lamia.5050188\\.html \\|publisher\\= www.sport24\\.gr \\|language\\=el \\|script\\-title\\=el:Νίκη με συνοπτικές διαδικασίες, 2\\-0 η ΑΕΚ τη Λαμία \\|date\\=27 January 2018}}\nOn 7 February 2018, he opened the score in a 2–1 home [Greek Cup](/wiki/Greek_Cup \"Greek Cup\") win game against rivals [Olympiacos](/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C. \"Olympiacos F.C.\"), helping AEK to be promoted to the semi\\-finals.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.sport24\\.gr/football/ellada/GreekCup/prokrish\\-me\\-gkolares\\-h\\-aek\\-ston\\-hmiteliko\\-2\\-1\\-ton\\-olympiako.5067103\\.html \\|publisher\\= www.sport24\\.gr \\|language\\=el \\|script\\-title\\=el:Πρόκριση με γκολάρες: Η ΑΕΚ στον ημιτελικό, 2\\-1 τον Ολυμπιακό \\|date\\=7 February 2018}} On 11 February 2018, Christodoulopoulos scored the only goal with a penalty kick four minutes after he entered in the field, beating their [Asteras Tripolis](/wiki/Asteras_Tripolis \"Asteras Tripolis\") 1–0 at the [Olympic Stadium](/wiki/Olympic_Stadium \"Olympic Stadium\") to move one point clear of [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK_FC \"PAOK FC\") at the summit.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.eleftherostypos.gr/sports/183918\\-o\\-araouxo\\-ta\\-exane\\-alla\\-o\\-lazaros\\-to\\-ebale\\-aek\\-asteras\\-tripolis\\-1\\-0/ \\|publisher\\= www.eleftherostypos.gr \\|language\\=el \\|script\\-title\\=el:Ο Αραούχο τα έχανε αλλά ο Λάζαρος το έβαλε – ΑΕΚ\\- Αστερας Τρίπολης 1\\-0 \\|date\\=11 February 2018}} On 1 April 2018, in the derby against [Panathinaikos](/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C. \"Panathinaikos F.C.\"), Christodoulopoulos reached 200 appearances with all his clubs in the [Superleague](/wiki/Greek_Super_League \"Greek Super League\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.sdna.gr/podosfairo/superleague/article/451031/epiase\\-tin\\-200ara\\-sto\\-ntermpi\\-o\\-xristodoylopoylos \\|publisher\\= www.sdna.gr \\|language\\=el \\|script\\-title\\=el:Έπιασε την \"200αρα\" στο ντέρμπι ο Χριστοδουλόπουλος \\|date\\=1 April 2018}} On 15 April 2018, he scored a crucial goal sealing a 1–0 away win against [Platanias](/wiki/Platanias_F.C. \"Platanias F.C.\"), that helped [Superleague](/wiki/Greek_Super_League \"Greek Super League\") leaders AEK inched closer to the league title for the first time since 1994\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.onsports.gr/podosfairo/superleague/story/594260/platanias\\-aek\\-0\\-1\\-pio\\-konta\\-me\\-lazaro \\|publisher\\= www.onsports.gr \\|language\\=el \\|script\\-title\\=el:Πλατανιάς\\-ΑΕΚ 0\\-1: Πιο κοντά με Λάζαρο \\|date\\=15 April 2018}} Three days later, he scored a wonderful bicycle kick in the 94th minute of the Cup semi\\-final against [AEL](/wiki/Athlitiki_Enosi_Larissa_F.C. \"Athlitiki Enosi Larissa F.C.\"). It was the winning goal that helped AEK advance to the final against [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK \"PAOK\"), with an aggregate score of 2–2\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.onsports.gr/podosfairo/story/594505/aek\\-ael\\-1\\-0\\-o\\-lazaros\\-me\\-gkolara\\-tin\\-esteile\\-ston\\-teliko\\-me\\-ton\\-paok \\|publisher\\= www.onsports.gr \\|language\\=el \\|script\\-title\\=el:ΑΕΚ\\-ΑΕΛ 1\\-0: Ο Λάζαρος με γκολάρα την έστειλε στον τελικό με τον ΠΑΟΚ! \\|date\\=18 April 2018}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.sdna.gr/podosfairo/kypello\\-elladas/article/457026/aek\\-ael\\-1\\-0 \\|publisher\\= www.sdna.gr \\|language\\=el \\|script\\-title\\=el:ΑΕΚ\\-ΑΕΛ 1\\-0 \\|date\\=18 April 2018}} He finished his best season in his career having 47 appearances (16 goals, 4 assists) in all competitions.",
"On 14 May 2018, AEK decided to put Christodoulopoulos in the out\\-of\\-favour list due to the player perceiving the club's contract renewal talks as 'threats' and being in discussions with rivals [Olympiacos](/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C. \"Olympiacos F.C.\") over a potential career move. The club decided to settle the player's contract breach issues in the court of law,{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.contra.gr/Soccer/Hellas/Superleague/aek/agrio\\-to\\-diazugio\\-aek\\-lazaroy.5197655\\.html\\|language\\=el \\|script\\-title\\=el:Άγριο το διαζύγιο ΑΕΚ \\- Λάζαρου\\|work\\=Contra.gr\\|date\\=14 May 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2018}} while Lazaros and the Reds retaliated by filing a lawsuit on grounds of the player's contract expiring in the summer of 2018,{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.onsports.gr/podosfairo/superleague/story/596587/exodiko\\-apo\\-lazaro\\-kai\\-olympiako\\-stin\\-pae\\-aek \\|script\\-title\\=el:\"Πόλεμος\"! Εξώδικα Λάζαρου, Ολυμπιακού στην ΑΕΚ!\\|last\\=Team\\|first\\=Onsports\\|date\\=15 May 2018\\|work\\=Onsports.gr\\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2018\\|language\\=el}} despite AEK claiming that the player had signed a mandatory one\\-year extension clause as part of the deal.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.sport24\\.gr/football/omades/Aek/o\\-lazaros\\-xristodoylopoylos\\-sto\\-sport24\\-gr\\-den\\-mporw\\-na\\-synexisw\\-thn\\-kariera\\-moy\\-sthn\\-aek.5197605\\.html \\|language\\=el \\|script\\-title\\=el:Ο Χριστοδουλόπουλος στο Sport24\\.gr: Δεν μπορώ να συνεχίσω στην ΑΕΚ\\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2018}}",
"### Olympiacos",
"Following his legal conflict with AEK, [Olympiacos](/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C. \"Olympiacos F.C.\") announced the acquisition of Christodoulopoulos on 15 May 2018, on a 2\\-year deal effective from the beginning of July.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.olympiacos.org/article/73943/lazaros\\-gia\\-dyo\\-xronia\\-ston\\-thrylo\\|title\\=Λάζαρος για δύο χρόνια στον Θρύλο!\\|work\\=Olympiacos.org {{!}} Official Website of Olympiacos Piraeus\\|date\\=15 May 2018\\|language\\=el}} Lazaros thus became the first and only player in Greek football history to wear the shirt of all 'Big\\-4' teams of the country \\- the other two being [Panathinaikos](/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C. \"Panathinaikos F.C.\") and [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK_FC \"PAOK FC\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.contra.gr/Soccer/Hellas/Superleague/olympiacos/anakoinwthhke\\-o\\-xristodoylopoylos\\-apo\\-ton\\-olympiako.5198631\\.html \\|script\\-title\\=el:Ανακοινώθηκε ο Χριστοδουλόπουλος από τον Ολυμπιακό!\\|work\\=Contra.gr\\|date\\=15 May 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=15 May 2018\\|language\\=el}}",
"In August 2018, at [UEFA Europa League Third qualifying round](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League \"UEFA Europa League\") against [FC Luzern](/wiki/FC_Luzern \"FC Luzern\"), he was the man of the series as he scored both a brace in the first game after successive corners from young full\\-back [Kostas Tsimikas](/wiki/Kostas_Tsimikas \"Kostas Tsimikas\") in a 4–0 home win,{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/europa\\-league/article/1258628/olympiakos\\-loykerni\\-4\\-0 \\|script\\-title\\=el:Ολυμπιακός\\-Λουκέρνη 4\\-0 \\|work\\=www.gazzetta.gr \\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2018\\|language\\=el}} as well as in the second in a 3–1 away win, for Olympiacos to rack up an impressive 7–1 aggregate victory over the Swiss. Christodoulopoulos opened the score by heading in brilliantly from a precise [Omar Elabdellaoui](/wiki/Omar_Elabdellaoui \"Omar Elabdellaoui\") cross, and in the second was in the right place to ram the ball home following [Roderick Miranda](/wiki/Roderick_Miranda \"Roderick Miranda\")’s header after [Jagoš Vuković](/wiki/Jago%C5%A1_Vukovi%C4%87 \"Jagoš Vuković\") had hit the crossbar with a shot.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.sport24\\.gr/football/EuropaLeague/kyriarxos\\-kai\\-sth\\-revans\\-o\\-olympiakos\\-3\\-1\\-th\\-loykernh.5287253\\.html \\|script\\-title\\=el:Κυρίαρχος και στη ρεβάνς ο Ολυμπιακός, 3\\-1 τη Λουκέρνη \\|work\\=www.sport24\\.gr \\|access\\-date\\=16 August 2018\\|language\\=el}}\nOn 26 August 2018, Christodoulopoulos scored with a superb free\\-kick sealing a 1–0 home win game against [Levadiakos](/wiki/Levadiakos_F.C. \"Levadiakos F.C.\") in the opening matchday of the [2018–19 season](/wiki/2018-19_Superleague_Greece \"2018-19 Superleague Greece\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1263468/olympiakos\\-levadeiakos\\-1\\-0 \\|script\\-title\\=el:Ολυμπιακός \\- Λεβαδειακός 1\\-0 \\|work\\=www.gazzetta.gr \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2018\\|language\\=el}}",
"On 3 September 2018, Christodoulopoulos became a [2018 FIFA Puskas Award](/wiki/FIFA_Pusk%C3%A1s_Award \"FIFA Puskás Award\") nominee for his stunning marker scored for previous club AEK Athens against his then club Olympiacos. The FIFA Puskas Award is given out to the player who scored the best goal of the season and the international winger struck a beautiful free\\-kick from distance into the top right corner, giving opposing goalkeeper [Stefanos Kapino](/wiki/Stefanos_Kapino \"Stefanos Kapino\") no chance whatsoever.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.sport24\\.gr/football/diethnes\\-podosfairo/ypopshfios\\-gia\\-to\\-koryfaio\\-gkol\\-ths\\-xronias\\-ston\\-kosmo\\-to\\-faoyl\\-toy\\-xristodoylopoyloy.5299960\\.html \\|script\\-title\\=el:Υποψήφιο για Κορυφαίο Γκολ της Χρονιάς στον κόσμο το φάουλ του Χριστοδουλόπουλου \\|work\\=www.sport24\\.gr \\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2018\\|language\\=el}} On 8 November 2018, Christodoulopoulos scored with a right footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom left corner, after an assist by [Kostas Fortounis](/wiki/Kostas_Fortounis \"Kostas Fortounis\") with a cross in a hammering 5–1 win game against [F91 Dudelange](/wiki/F91_Dudelange \"F91 Dudelange\") in the [UEFA Europa League group stage](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League \"UEFA Europa League\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/europa\\-league/article/1289861/olympiakos\\-ntoyntelanz\\-5\\-1 \\|script\\-title\\=el:Ολυμπιακός \\- Ντουντελάνζ 5\\-1 \\|publisher\\=gazzetta.gr\\| language \\= el \\| date \\= 8 November 2018}} On 23 November 2018, Christodoulopoulos received a knock in a training session and did not play again until the turn of the year. On 19 January 2019, he returned to the squad scoring the winning goal in a 2–1 away win against [PAS Giannina](/wiki/PAS_Giannina \"PAS Giannina\") after a remarkable [Daniel Podence](/wiki/Daniel_Podence \"Daniel Podence\") assist.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1315049/pas\\-giannina\\-olympiakos\\-1\\-2 \\|script\\-title\\=el:ΠΑΣ Γιάννινα\\- Ολυμπιακός 1\\-2 \\|work\\=www.gazzetta.gr \\|access\\-date\\=19 January 2019\\|language\\=el}} On 2 February 2019, he scored a penalty kick in a hammering 4–0 home win game against [Panionios](/wiki/Panionios_F.C. \"Panionios F.C.\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1320339/olympiakos\\-panionios\\-4\\-0 \\|script\\-title\\=el:Ολυμπιακός \\- Πανιώνιος 4\\-0 \\|work\\=www.gazzetta.gr \\|access\\-date\\=2 February 2019\\|language\\=el}} On 17 February 2019, after receiving an injury against rivals [AEK Athens](/wiki/AEK_Athens \"AEK Athens\"), Christodoulopoulos ruptured the anterior cruciate ligament in his left knee, meaning he sat on the sidelines for at least six months.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.sportime.gr/olimpiakos/rixi\\-chiaston\\-o\\-christodoulopoulos/ \\|script\\-title\\=el:Ρήξη χιαστού ο Χριστοδουλόπουλος! \\|work\\=www.sportime.gr \\|date\\=17 February 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2019\\|language\\=el}}",
"On 22 December 2019, after a very difficult year for the defender marred by injury (309 days to be exact), Christodoulopoulos returned to action in an away game against [Volos](/wiki/Volos_FC \"Volos FC\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.sport24\\.gr/Columns/evangelos\\-michos/to\\-eimai\\-edw\\-toy\\-lazaroy.5661194\\.html \\|title\\= Το \"είμαι εδώ\" του Λάζαρου\\|work\\=www.sport24\\.gr \\|access\\-date\\=23 December 2019\\|language\\=el}} On 8 January 2020, Christodoulopoulos' goal in the 2–0 win over [Kalamata](/wiki/Kalamata_F.C. \"Kalamata F.C.\") for the [Greek Cup](/wiki/Greek_Cup \"Greek Cup\") helped him to become the only footballer to wear the jersey of the four biggest Greek teams (Olympiacos, AEK, Panathinaikos and PAOK) and score in all Greek and UEFA competitions, with all four teams.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.sport24\\.gr/football/omades/Olympiakos/olympiakos\\-to\\-ksexwristo\\-rekor\\-toy\\-lazaroy.5667949\\.html \\|title\\= Ολυμπιακός: Το ξεχωριστό ρεκόρ του Λάζαρου\\|work\\=www.sport24\\.gr \\|access\\-date\\=11 January 2020\\|language\\=el}} On 5 June 2020, two days before the restart of the [Super League Playoffs](/wiki/Superleague_Greece \"Superleague Greece\"), after an 80\\-days COVID\\-19 break Lazaros Christodoulopoulos received yet another injury blow, with the Olympiacos winger suffering a ligament rupture in his right knee. The recovery process was expected to last six weeks.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.sport24\\.gr/football/omades/Olympiakos/olympiakos\\-xanei\\-ton\\-paok\\-o\\-xristodoylopoylos.5717418\\.html \\|title\\=Ολυμπιακός: Νέος τραυματισμός για Χριστοδουλόπουλο \\|work\\=www.sport24\\.gr \\|access\\-date\\=8 June 2020\\|language\\=el}}",
"### Atromitos",
"On 28 September 2020, [Atromitos](/wiki/Atromitos_F.C. \"Atromitos F.C.\") completed a great transfer move, as it announced the acquisition of the 33\\-year\\-old midfielder, who had signed a year contract for an undisclosed fee.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.sport24\\.gr/football/episimo\\-ston\\-atromito\\-o\\-christodoylopoylos.9001412\\.html \\|title\\=Επίσημο: Στον Ατρόμητο ο Χριστοδουλόπουλος \\|work\\=www.sport24\\.gr \\|access\\-date\\=28 September 2020\\|language\\=el}} On 4 October 2020, he played his first match of the [2020–21 season](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Super_League_Greece \"2020–21 Super League Greece\") against his former team [AEK Athens](/wiki/AEK_Athens_F.C. \"AEK Athens F.C.\") replacing [Konstantinos Kotsopoulos](/wiki/Konstantinos_Kotsopoulos \"Konstantinos Kotsopoulos\") at 82 minutes.{{cite web \\|title\\=Atromitos \\- AEK \\|url\\=https://www.slgr.gr/el/game/2021024/ \\|website\\=www.slgr.gr \\|access\\-date\\= 4 October 2020}} On 7 November 2020, he scored the winning goal giving his club a vital 1–0 away win against [Panathinaikos](/wiki/Panathinaikos_B.C. \"Panathinaikos B.C.\"){{cite web \\|title\\=Παναθηναϊκός \\- Ατρόμητος 0\\-1: Ο Λάζαρος τιμώρησε τους πράσινους \\|url\\=https://www.sport24\\.gr/football/panathinaikos\\-atromitos\\-0\\-1\\-o\\-lazaros\\-timorise\\-toys\\-prasinoys.9043406\\.html \\|website\\=www.sport24\\.gr \\|access\\-date\\= 7 November 2020}}",
"### Anorthosis Famagusta",
"From 25 June 2021, Christodoulopoulos began playing for [Anorthosis Famagusta](/wiki/Anorthosis_Famagusta \"Anorthosis Famagusta\") with a one\\-year for an undisclosed fee.{{cite web \\|title\\=Χριστοδουλόπουλος: Επίσημα παίκτης της Ανόρθωσης \\|url\\=https://www.sport24\\.gr/football/christodoylopoylos\\-episima\\-paiktis\\-tis\\-anorthosis.9275117\\.html \\|website\\=www.sport24\\.gr \\|access\\-date\\= 25 June 2021}} On 26 August 2021, Christodoulopoulos helped [Anorthosis Famagusta](/wiki/Anorthosis_Famagusta \"Anorthosis Famagusta\") with two goals in seven minutes against [Hapoel Beer Sheva](/wiki/Hapoel_Beer_Sheva \"Hapoel Beer Sheva\"), to qualify for the [Europa Conference League group stage](/wiki/2021-22_UEFA_Europa_Conference_League \"2021-22 UEFA Europa Conference League\"). With a 62nd minute penalty and a 69 minute tap\\-in from a [Hovhannes Hambardzumyan](/wiki/Hovhannes_Hambardzumyan \"Hovhannes Hambardzumyan\") assist, the 35\\-year\\-old winger was man\\-of\\-the\\-match. At the same time, the Greek player became only the second to score in the [Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\"), [Europa League](/wiki/Europa_League \"Europa League\") and [Conference League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_Conference_League \"UEFA Europa Conference League\"), after [Petros Mantalos](/wiki/Petros_Mantalos \"Petros Mantalos\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Ανόρθωση: Ιστορικός Λάζαρος με δύο γκολ, ξεπέρασε Γιαννακόπουλο, Σαραβάκο, Καλιτζάκη \\|url\\=https://www.gazzetta.gr/football/europa\\-conference\\-league/2037076/anorthosi\\-istorikos\\-lazaros\\-me\\-dyo\\-gkol\\-xeperase \\|website\\=www.gazzetta.gr \\|access\\-date\\= 26 August 2021}} On 25 November 2021, Anorthosis achieved the historic first victory of a Cypriot team in the [UEFA Conference League group stage](/wiki/UEFA_Conference_League \"UEFA Conference League\"), where thanks to an astonishing 27th minute goal by Christodoulopoulos they prevailed 1–0 over undefeated [Gent](/wiki/K.A.A._Gent \"K.A.A. Gent\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://goal.philenews.com/podosfero/kypros/a\\-katigoria/anorthosi/anorthosi\\-gandi\\-1\\-0\\-egrapse\\-istoria\\-kai\\-paizei\\-ta\\-resta\\-tis\\-sto\\-veligradi/\\|title\\=Ανόρθωση – Γάνδη 1\\-0: Έγραψε ιστορία και παίζει τα ρέστα της στο Βελιγράδι! \\|website\\=goal.philenews.com \\|access\\-date\\= 25 November 2021}} On 9 December, he scored a penalty in an away [Conference League](/wiki/UEFA_Conference_League \"UEFA Conference League\") match against [FK Partizan](/wiki/FK_Partizan \"FK Partizan\") that ended 1\\-1\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://goal.philenews.com/podosfero/kypros/a\\-katigoria/partizan\\-anorthosi\\-1\\-1\\-angixe\\-to\\-thavma\\-epese\\-iroika\\-sto\\-veligradi/\\|title\\=Παρτίζαν – Ανόρθωση 1\\-1: Άγγιξε το θαύμα, έπεσε ηρωικά στο Βελιγράδι! \\|publisher\\=goal.philenews.com \\|access\\-date\\= 9 December 2021}}",
"### Aris Thessaloniki",
"In February 2023 he moved to [Aris Thessaloniki](/wiki/Aris_Thessaloniki_F.C. \"Aris Thessaloniki F.C.\") until the end of the season, this becoming the only player to play for all of the big 5 Greek clubs.{{cite web \\|title\\=Una vecchia conoscenza della Serie A torna in patria: Christodoulopoulos all'Aris \\|url\\=https://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/calcio\\-estero/ufficiale\\-una\\-vecchia\\-conoscenza\\-della\\-serie\\-a\\-torna\\-in\\-patria\\-christodoulopoulos\\-all\\-aris\\-1789519 \\|website\\=www.tuttomercatoweb.com \\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2023}}",
"### Iraklis",
"At 18th August 2024 Lazaros Christodoulopoulos agreed the offer to join [Iraklis](/wiki/G.S._Iraklis_Thessaloniki \"G.S. Iraklis Thessaloniki\") and thats make him the first and only player in Greek Football History that plays for the four biggest clubs in [Attiki](/wiki/Attiki \"Attiki\")\\-Athens/Piraeus ([AEK](/wiki/A.E.K._Athens \"A.E.K. Athens\"), [Atromitos](/wiki/Atromitos_FC \"Atromitos FC\"), [Panathinaikos](/wiki/Panathinaikos_A.O. \"Panathinaikos A.O.\") and [Olympiacos](/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C. \"Olympiacos F.C.\")) and the three biggest clubs in Thessaloniki ( [Aris](/wiki/Aris_FC \"Aris FC\"), [PAOK](/wiki/PAOK_FC \"PAOK FC\") and now [Iraklis](/wiki/G.S._Iraklis_Thessaloniki \"G.S. Iraklis Thessaloniki\")) that still exist in professional tier of greek football. At 8th September 2024 is a historical day for him, because he is the first and only player in Greek Football History that scores for all these Clubs.",
""
] |
Ordination
----------
### Theravada
Theravada monasticism is organized around the guidelines found within a division of the [Pāli Canon](/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon "Pāli Canon") called the *[Vinaya Pitaka](/wiki/Vinaya_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka "Vinaya Piṭaka")*. Laypeople undergo ordination as a novitiate (śrāmaṇera or sāmanera) in a rite known as the "going forth" (Pali: *[pabbajja](/wiki/Pabbajj%C4%81 "Pabbajjā")*). Sāmaneras are subject to the [Ten Precepts](/wiki/Samanera%23Ten_Precepts "Samanera#Ten Precepts"). From there full ordination (Pali: *[upasampada](/wiki/Upasampad%C4%81 "Upasampadā")*) may take place. Bhikkhus are subject to a much longer set of rules known as the [Pātimokkha](/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%ADimokkha "Pāṭimokkha") (Theravada) or [Prātimokṣa](/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a "Pratimokṣa") (Mahayana and [Vajrayana](/wiki/Vajrayana "Vajrayana")).
### Mahayana
[thumbnail\|250px\|Tibetan monks](/wiki/File:Young_monks_of_Drepung.jpg "Young monks of Drepung.jpg")
[thumb\|Japanese monks of {{Lang\|ja\-latn\|\[\[Jōdo Shinshū]]\|italic\=no}}, [Sōtō](/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D "Sōtō"), and [Shingon Buddhism](/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism "Shingon Buddhism").](/wiki/File:Vowz_Band_%E5%9D%8A%E4%B8%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89_2023.jpg "Vowz Band 坊主バンド 2023.jpg")
In the Mahayana monasticism is part of the system of "vows of individual liberation". These vows are taken by monks and nuns from the ordinary sangha, in order to develop personal ethical discipline. In [Mahayana](/wiki/Mahayana "Mahayana") and Vajrayana, the term "sangha" is, in principle, often understood to refer particularly to the *aryasangha* ({{bo\|w\=mchog kyi tshogs}}), the "community of the noble ones who have reached the first [bhūmi](/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi_%28Buddhism%29 "Bhūmi (Buddhism)")". These, however, need not be monks and nuns.
The vows of individual liberation are taken in four steps. A lay person may take the five [upāsaka and upāsikā](/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81 "Upāsaka and Upāsikā") vows ({{bo\|w\=dge snyan (ma)}}, "approaching virtue"). The next step is to enter the [pabbajja](/wiki/Pabbajja "Pabbajja") or monastic way of life (Skt: *pravrajyā*, {{bo\|w\=rab byung}}), which includes wearing monk's or nun's robes. After that, one can become a samanera or samaneri "novice" (Skt. *śrāmaṇera*, *śrāmaṇeri*, {{bo\|w\=dge tshul, dge tshul ma}}). The final step is to take all the vows of a bhikkhu or [bhikkhuni](/wiki/Bhikkhuni "Bhikkhuni") "fully ordained monastic" (Sanskrit: *bhikṣu, bhikṣuṇī*, {{bo\|w\=dge long (ma)}}).
Monastics take their vows for life but can renounce them and return to non\-monastic life{{Cite web \|url\=http://en.dhammadana.org/sangha/monks/become.htm \|title\=how to become a monk? \|access\-date\=2010\-11\-25 \|archive\-date\=2010\-11\-26 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126154024/http://en.dhammadana.org/sangha/monks/become.htm \|url\-status\=live }} and even take the vows again later. A person can take them up to three times or seven times in one life, depending on the particular practices of each school of discipline; after that, the sangha should not accept them again.{{Cite web \|url\=http://ddc.shengyen.org/cgi\-bin/ccdd/show.py?s\=05\-05p0064 \|title\=05\-05《律制生活》p. 0064 \|access\-date\=2010\-03\-13 \|archive\-date\=2017\-04\-24 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424220907/http://ddc.shengyen.org/cgi\-bin/ccdd/show.py?s\=05\-05p0064 \|url\-status\=dead }} In this way, Buddhism keeps the vows "clean". It is possible to keep them or to leave this lifestyle, but it is considered extremely negative to break these vows.
In 9th century Japan, the monk [Saichō](/wiki/Saich%C5%8D "Saichō") believed the 250 precepts were for the [Śrāvakayāna](/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vakay%C4%81na "Śrāvakayāna") and that ordination should use the [Mahayana precepts](/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts%23Brahma_Net_Sutra "Bodhisattva Precepts#Brahma Net Sutra") of the *[Brahmajala Sutra](/wiki/Brahmajala_Sutra_%28Mahayana%29 "Brahmajala Sutra (Mahayana)")*. He stipulated that monastics remain on [Mount Hiei](/wiki/Mount_Hiei "Mount Hiei") for twelve years of isolated training and follow the major themes of the 250 precepts: celibacy, non\-harming, no intoxicants, vegetarian eating and reducing labor for gain. After twelve years, monastics would then use the Vinaya precepts as a provisional or supplemental, guideline to conduct themselves by when serving in non\-monastic communities.Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism, Soka Gakkai, 'Dengyo' [Tendai](/wiki/Tendai "Tendai") monastics followed this practice.
During Japan's [Meiji Restoration](/wiki/Meiji_Restoration "Meiji Restoration") during the 1870s, the government abolished celibacy and vegetarianism for Buddhist monastics in an effort to secularise them and promote the newly created [State Shinto](/wiki/State_Shinto "State Shinto").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/history/history\_1\.shtml\#section\_4 \|title\=Shinto history \|access\-date\=2011\-12\-05 \|archive\-date\=2011\-12\-11 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211223303/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/history/history\_1\.shtml\#section\_4 \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.buddhanet.net/nippon/nippon\_partII.html \|title\=JAPANESE BUDDHISM TODAY \|access\-date\=2011\-12\-05 \|archive\-date\=2011\-12\-10 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210012023/http://www.buddhanet.net/nippon/nippon\_partII.html \|url\-status\=live }} [Japanese Buddhists](/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan "Buddhism in Japan") won the right to proselytize inside cities, ending a five\-hundred year ban on clergy members entering cities.{{cite book\|last\=Clark\|first\=Donald N.\|url\=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00clar\|title\=Culture and customs of Korea\|publisher\=Greenwood Publishing Group\|year\=2000\|isbn\=978\-0\-313\-30456\-9\|url\-access\=registration}}{{Page needed\|date\=September 2016}} Currently, priests (lay religious leaders) in Japan choose to observe vows as appropriate to their family situation. Celibacy and other forms of abstaining are generally "at will" for varying periods of time.
After the [Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910](/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910 "Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910"), when Japan annexed Korea, Korean Buddhism underwent many changes. {{Lang\|ja\-latn\|\[\[Jōdo Shinshū]]\|italic\=no}} and [Nichiren schools](/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism "Nichiren Buddhism") began sending missionaries to [Korea under Japanese rule](/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule "Korea under Japanese rule") and new sects formed there such as [Won Buddhism](/wiki/Won_Buddhism "Won Buddhism"). The Temple Ordinance of 1911 ({{Korean\|hanja\=寺刹令\|hangul\=사찰령}}) changed the traditional system whereby temples were run as a collective enterprise by the Sangha, replacing this system with Japanese\-style management practices in which temple abbots appointed by the [Governor\-General of Korea](/wiki/Governor-General_of_Korea "Governor-General of Korea") were given private ownership of temple property and given the rights of inheritance to such property.{{cite book\|last\=Sorensen\|first\=Henrik Hjort\|title\=Asian perceptions of nature\|publisher\=Nordic Institute of Asian Studies\|year\=1992\|isbn\=978\-87\-87062\-12\-1\|editor\=Ole Bruun\|editor2\=Arne Kalland\|editor3\=Henrik Hjort Sorensen}} More importantly, monks from pro\-Japanese factions began to adopt Japanese practices, by marrying and having children.
In Korea, the practice of celibacy varies. The two sects of [Korean Seon](/wiki/Korean_Seon "Korean Seon") divided in 1970 over this issue; the [Jogye Order](/wiki/Jogye_Order "Jogye Order") is fully celibate while the [Taego Order](/wiki/Taego_Order "Taego Order") has both celibate monastics and non\-celibate Japanese\-style priests.
#### Vajrayana
In [Tibet](/wiki/Tibet "Tibet"), the upāsaka, pravrajyā and bhikṣu ordinations are usually taken at ages six, fourteen and twenty\-one or older, respectively.
Tibetan [Vajrayana](/wiki/Vajrayana "Vajrayana") often calls ordained monks [lama](/wiki/Lama "Lama").{{Cite book \|title\=A Day in the Life of China \|publisher\=\[\[William Collins, Sons\|Collins]] \|year\=1989 \|isbn\=978\-0\-00\-215321\-8 \|editor\-last\=Cohen \|editor\-first\=David \|location\=San Francisco \|pages\=129}}
#### Additional vows in the Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions
In Mahayana traditions, a Bhikṣu may take additional vows not related to ordination, including the [Bodhisattva vows](/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow "Bodhisattva vow"), [samaya](/wiki/Samaya "Samaya") vows and others, which are also open to laypersons in most instances.
### Robes
{{Main\|Kasaya (clothing)}}
[thumb\|250px\|A [Cambodian](/wiki/Cambodia "Cambodia") monk in his robes](/wiki/File:Ta_Prohm_Monk_-_Siem_Reap.jpg "Ta Prohm Monk - Siem Reap.jpg")
[thumb\|250px\|Two monks in orange robes](/wiki/File:Jardin_des_Plantes_May_2009.jpg "Jardin des Plantes May 2009.jpg")
The special dress of ordained people, referred to in English as [robes](/wiki/Robe "Robe"), comes from the idea of wearing a simple durable form of protection for the body from weather and climate. In each tradition, there is uniformity in the color and style of dress. Color is often chosen due to the wider availability of certain pigments in a given geographical region. In Tibet and the Himalayan regions (Kashmir, Nepal and Bhutan), red is the preferred pigment used in the dyeing of robes. In Myanmar, reddish brown; In India, Sri Lanka and South\-East Asia, various shades of yellow, ochre and orange prevail. In China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam, gray or black is common. Monks often make their own robes from cloth that is donated to them.
The robes of Tibetan novices and monks differ in various aspects, especially in the application of "holes" in the dress of monks. Some monks tear their robes into pieces and then mend these pieces together again. [Upāsakas](/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81 "Upāsaka and Upāsikā") cannot wear the "chö\-göö", a yellow tissue worn during teachings by both novices and full monks.
In observance of the [Kathina Puja](/wiki/Kathina "Kathina"), a special Kathina robe is made in 24 hours from donations by lay supporters of a temple. The robe is donated to the temple or monastery and the resident monks then select from their own number a single monk to receive this special robe.[Buddhist Ceremonies and Rituals of Sri Lanka](http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/kariyawasam/wheel402.html#ch6) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328021534/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/kariyawasam/wheel402\.html\#ch6 \|date\=2013\-03\-28 }}, A.G.S. Kariyawasam
|
[
"Ordination\n----------",
"### Theravada",
"Theravada monasticism is organized around the guidelines found within a division of the [Pāli Canon](/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon \"Pāli Canon\") called the *[Vinaya Pitaka](/wiki/Vinaya_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka \"Vinaya Piṭaka\")*. Laypeople undergo ordination as a novitiate (śrāmaṇera or sāmanera) in a rite known as the \"going forth\" (Pali: *[pabbajja](/wiki/Pabbajj%C4%81 \"Pabbajjā\")*). Sāmaneras are subject to the [Ten Precepts](/wiki/Samanera%23Ten_Precepts \"Samanera#Ten Precepts\"). From there full ordination (Pali: *[upasampada](/wiki/Upasampad%C4%81 \"Upasampadā\")*) may take place. Bhikkhus are subject to a much longer set of rules known as the [Pātimokkha](/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%ADimokkha \"Pāṭimokkha\") (Theravada) or [Prātimokṣa](/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a \"Pratimokṣa\") (Mahayana and [Vajrayana](/wiki/Vajrayana \"Vajrayana\")).",
"### Mahayana",
"[thumbnail\\|250px\\|Tibetan monks](/wiki/File:Young_monks_of_Drepung.jpg \"Young monks of Drepung.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Japanese monks of {{Lang\\|ja\\-latn\\|\\[\\[Jōdo Shinshū]]\\|italic\\=no}}, [Sōtō](/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D \"Sōtō\"), and [Shingon Buddhism](/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism \"Shingon Buddhism\").](/wiki/File:Vowz_Band_%E5%9D%8A%E4%B8%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89_2023.jpg \"Vowz Band 坊主バンド 2023.jpg\") \nIn the Mahayana monasticism is part of the system of \"vows of individual liberation\". These vows are taken by monks and nuns from the ordinary sangha, in order to develop personal ethical discipline. In [Mahayana](/wiki/Mahayana \"Mahayana\") and Vajrayana, the term \"sangha\" is, in principle, often understood to refer particularly to the *aryasangha* ({{bo\\|w\\=mchog kyi tshogs}}), the \"community of the noble ones who have reached the first [bhūmi](/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi_%28Buddhism%29 \"Bhūmi (Buddhism)\")\". These, however, need not be monks and nuns.",
"The vows of individual liberation are taken in four steps. A lay person may take the five [upāsaka and upāsikā](/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81 \"Upāsaka and Upāsikā\") vows ({{bo\\|w\\=dge snyan (ma)}}, \"approaching virtue\"). The next step is to enter the [pabbajja](/wiki/Pabbajja \"Pabbajja\") or monastic way of life (Skt: *pravrajyā*, {{bo\\|w\\=rab byung}}), which includes wearing monk's or nun's robes. After that, one can become a samanera or samaneri \"novice\" (Skt. *śrāmaṇera*, *śrāmaṇeri*, {{bo\\|w\\=dge tshul, dge tshul ma}}). The final step is to take all the vows of a bhikkhu or [bhikkhuni](/wiki/Bhikkhuni \"Bhikkhuni\") \"fully ordained monastic\" (Sanskrit: *bhikṣu, bhikṣuṇī*, {{bo\\|w\\=dge long (ma)}}).",
"Monastics take their vows for life but can renounce them and return to non\\-monastic life{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://en.dhammadana.org/sangha/monks/become.htm \\|title\\=how to become a monk? \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-25 \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-26 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126154024/http://en.dhammadana.org/sangha/monks/become.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and even take the vows again later. A person can take them up to three times or seven times in one life, depending on the particular practices of each school of discipline; after that, the sangha should not accept them again.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://ddc.shengyen.org/cgi\\-bin/ccdd/show.py?s\\=05\\-05p0064 \\|title\\=05\\-05《律制生活》p. 0064 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-03\\-13 \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-04\\-24 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424220907/http://ddc.shengyen.org/cgi\\-bin/ccdd/show.py?s\\=05\\-05p0064 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In this way, Buddhism keeps the vows \"clean\". It is possible to keep them or to leave this lifestyle, but it is considered extremely negative to break these vows.",
"In 9th century Japan, the monk [Saichō](/wiki/Saich%C5%8D \"Saichō\") believed the 250 precepts were for the [Śrāvakayāna](/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vakay%C4%81na \"Śrāvakayāna\") and that ordination should use the [Mahayana precepts](/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts%23Brahma_Net_Sutra \"Bodhisattva Precepts#Brahma Net Sutra\") of the *[Brahmajala Sutra](/wiki/Brahmajala_Sutra_%28Mahayana%29 \"Brahmajala Sutra (Mahayana)\")*. He stipulated that monastics remain on [Mount Hiei](/wiki/Mount_Hiei \"Mount Hiei\") for twelve years of isolated training and follow the major themes of the 250 precepts: celibacy, non\\-harming, no intoxicants, vegetarian eating and reducing labor for gain. After twelve years, monastics would then use the Vinaya precepts as a provisional or supplemental, guideline to conduct themselves by when serving in non\\-monastic communities.Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism, Soka Gakkai, 'Dengyo' [Tendai](/wiki/Tendai \"Tendai\") monastics followed this practice.",
"During Japan's [Meiji Restoration](/wiki/Meiji_Restoration \"Meiji Restoration\") during the 1870s, the government abolished celibacy and vegetarianism for Buddhist monastics in an effort to secularise them and promote the newly created [State Shinto](/wiki/State_Shinto \"State Shinto\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/history/history\\_1\\.shtml\\#section\\_4 \\|title\\=Shinto history \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-11 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211223303/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/history/history\\_1\\.shtml\\#section\\_4 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.buddhanet.net/nippon/nippon\\_partII.html \\|title\\=JAPANESE BUDDHISM TODAY \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-10 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210012023/http://www.buddhanet.net/nippon/nippon\\_partII.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [Japanese Buddhists](/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan \"Buddhism in Japan\") won the right to proselytize inside cities, ending a five\\-hundred year ban on clergy members entering cities.{{cite book\\|last\\=Clark\\|first\\=Donald N.\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00clar\\|title\\=Culture and customs of Korea\\|publisher\\=Greenwood Publishing Group\\|year\\=2000\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-313\\-30456\\-9\\|url\\-access\\=registration}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=September 2016}} Currently, priests (lay religious leaders) in Japan choose to observe vows as appropriate to their family situation. Celibacy and other forms of abstaining are generally \"at will\" for varying periods of time.",
"After the [Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910](/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910 \"Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910\"), when Japan annexed Korea, Korean Buddhism underwent many changes. {{Lang\\|ja\\-latn\\|\\[\\[Jōdo Shinshū]]\\|italic\\=no}} and [Nichiren schools](/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism \"Nichiren Buddhism\") began sending missionaries to [Korea under Japanese rule](/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule \"Korea under Japanese rule\") and new sects formed there such as [Won Buddhism](/wiki/Won_Buddhism \"Won Buddhism\"). The Temple Ordinance of 1911 ({{Korean\\|hanja\\=寺刹令\\|hangul\\=사찰령}}) changed the traditional system whereby temples were run as a collective enterprise by the Sangha, replacing this system with Japanese\\-style management practices in which temple abbots appointed by the [Governor\\-General of Korea](/wiki/Governor-General_of_Korea \"Governor-General of Korea\") were given private ownership of temple property and given the rights of inheritance to such property.{{cite book\\|last\\=Sorensen\\|first\\=Henrik Hjort\\|title\\=Asian perceptions of nature\\|publisher\\=Nordic Institute of Asian Studies\\|year\\=1992\\|isbn\\=978\\-87\\-87062\\-12\\-1\\|editor\\=Ole Bruun\\|editor2\\=Arne Kalland\\|editor3\\=Henrik Hjort Sorensen}} More importantly, monks from pro\\-Japanese factions began to adopt Japanese practices, by marrying and having children.",
"In Korea, the practice of celibacy varies. The two sects of [Korean Seon](/wiki/Korean_Seon \"Korean Seon\") divided in 1970 over this issue; the [Jogye Order](/wiki/Jogye_Order \"Jogye Order\") is fully celibate while the [Taego Order](/wiki/Taego_Order \"Taego Order\") has both celibate monastics and non\\-celibate Japanese\\-style priests.",
"#### Vajrayana",
"In [Tibet](/wiki/Tibet \"Tibet\"), the upāsaka, pravrajyā and bhikṣu ordinations are usually taken at ages six, fourteen and twenty\\-one or older, respectively.",
"Tibetan [Vajrayana](/wiki/Vajrayana \"Vajrayana\") often calls ordained monks [lama](/wiki/Lama \"Lama\").{{Cite book \\|title\\=A Day in the Life of China \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[William Collins, Sons\\|Collins]] \\|year\\=1989 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-00\\-215321\\-8 \\|editor\\-last\\=Cohen \\|editor\\-first\\=David \\|location\\=San Francisco \\|pages\\=129}}",
"#### Additional vows in the Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions",
"In Mahayana traditions, a Bhikṣu may take additional vows not related to ordination, including the [Bodhisattva vows](/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow \"Bodhisattva vow\"), [samaya](/wiki/Samaya \"Samaya\") vows and others, which are also open to laypersons in most instances.",
"### Robes",
"{{Main\\|Kasaya (clothing)}}\n[thumb\\|250px\\|A [Cambodian](/wiki/Cambodia \"Cambodia\") monk in his robes](/wiki/File:Ta_Prohm_Monk_-_Siem_Reap.jpg \"Ta Prohm Monk - Siem Reap.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|250px\\|Two monks in orange robes](/wiki/File:Jardin_des_Plantes_May_2009.jpg \"Jardin des Plantes May 2009.jpg\")",
"The special dress of ordained people, referred to in English as [robes](/wiki/Robe \"Robe\"), comes from the idea of wearing a simple durable form of protection for the body from weather and climate. In each tradition, there is uniformity in the color and style of dress. Color is often chosen due to the wider availability of certain pigments in a given geographical region. In Tibet and the Himalayan regions (Kashmir, Nepal and Bhutan), red is the preferred pigment used in the dyeing of robes. In Myanmar, reddish brown; In India, Sri Lanka and South\\-East Asia, various shades of yellow, ochre and orange prevail. In China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam, gray or black is common. Monks often make their own robes from cloth that is donated to them.",
"The robes of Tibetan novices and monks differ in various aspects, especially in the application of \"holes\" in the dress of monks. Some monks tear their robes into pieces and then mend these pieces together again. [Upāsakas](/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81 \"Upāsaka and Upāsikā\") cannot wear the \"chö\\-göö\", a yellow tissue worn during teachings by both novices and full monks.",
"In observance of the [Kathina Puja](/wiki/Kathina \"Kathina\"), a special Kathina robe is made in 24 hours from donations by lay supporters of a temple. The robe is donated to the temple or monastery and the resident monks then select from their own number a single monk to receive this special robe.[Buddhist Ceremonies and Rituals of Sri Lanka](http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/kariyawasam/wheel402.html#ch6) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328021534/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/kariyawasam/wheel402\\.html\\#ch6 \\|date\\=2013\\-03\\-28 }}, A.G.S. Kariyawasam",
""
] |
### Mahayana
[thumbnail\|250px\|Tibetan monks](/wiki/File:Young_monks_of_Drepung.jpg "Young monks of Drepung.jpg")
[thumb\|Japanese monks of {{Lang\|ja\-latn\|\[\[Jōdo Shinshū]]\|italic\=no}}, [Sōtō](/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D "Sōtō"), and [Shingon Buddhism](/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism "Shingon Buddhism").](/wiki/File:Vowz_Band_%E5%9D%8A%E4%B8%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89_2023.jpg "Vowz Band 坊主バンド 2023.jpg")
In the Mahayana monasticism is part of the system of "vows of individual liberation". These vows are taken by monks and nuns from the ordinary sangha, in order to develop personal ethical discipline. In [Mahayana](/wiki/Mahayana "Mahayana") and Vajrayana, the term "sangha" is, in principle, often understood to refer particularly to the *aryasangha* ({{bo\|w\=mchog kyi tshogs}}), the "community of the noble ones who have reached the first [bhūmi](/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi_%28Buddhism%29 "Bhūmi (Buddhism)")". These, however, need not be monks and nuns.
The vows of individual liberation are taken in four steps. A lay person may take the five [upāsaka and upāsikā](/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81 "Upāsaka and Upāsikā") vows ({{bo\|w\=dge snyan (ma)}}, "approaching virtue"). The next step is to enter the [pabbajja](/wiki/Pabbajja "Pabbajja") or monastic way of life (Skt: *pravrajyā*, {{bo\|w\=rab byung}}), which includes wearing monk's or nun's robes. After that, one can become a samanera or samaneri "novice" (Skt. *śrāmaṇera*, *śrāmaṇeri*, {{bo\|w\=dge tshul, dge tshul ma}}). The final step is to take all the vows of a bhikkhu or [bhikkhuni](/wiki/Bhikkhuni "Bhikkhuni") "fully ordained monastic" (Sanskrit: *bhikṣu, bhikṣuṇī*, {{bo\|w\=dge long (ma)}}).
Monastics take their vows for life but can renounce them and return to non\-monastic life{{Cite web \|url\=http://en.dhammadana.org/sangha/monks/become.htm \|title\=how to become a monk? \|access\-date\=2010\-11\-25 \|archive\-date\=2010\-11\-26 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126154024/http://en.dhammadana.org/sangha/monks/become.htm \|url\-status\=live }} and even take the vows again later. A person can take them up to three times or seven times in one life, depending on the particular practices of each school of discipline; after that, the sangha should not accept them again.{{Cite web \|url\=http://ddc.shengyen.org/cgi\-bin/ccdd/show.py?s\=05\-05p0064 \|title\=05\-05《律制生活》p. 0064 \|access\-date\=2010\-03\-13 \|archive\-date\=2017\-04\-24 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424220907/http://ddc.shengyen.org/cgi\-bin/ccdd/show.py?s\=05\-05p0064 \|url\-status\=dead }} In this way, Buddhism keeps the vows "clean". It is possible to keep them or to leave this lifestyle, but it is considered extremely negative to break these vows.
In 9th century Japan, the monk [Saichō](/wiki/Saich%C5%8D "Saichō") believed the 250 precepts were for the [Śrāvakayāna](/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vakay%C4%81na "Śrāvakayāna") and that ordination should use the [Mahayana precepts](/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts%23Brahma_Net_Sutra "Bodhisattva Precepts#Brahma Net Sutra") of the *[Brahmajala Sutra](/wiki/Brahmajala_Sutra_%28Mahayana%29 "Brahmajala Sutra (Mahayana)")*. He stipulated that monastics remain on [Mount Hiei](/wiki/Mount_Hiei "Mount Hiei") for twelve years of isolated training and follow the major themes of the 250 precepts: celibacy, non\-harming, no intoxicants, vegetarian eating and reducing labor for gain. After twelve years, monastics would then use the Vinaya precepts as a provisional or supplemental, guideline to conduct themselves by when serving in non\-monastic communities.Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism, Soka Gakkai, 'Dengyo' [Tendai](/wiki/Tendai "Tendai") monastics followed this practice.
During Japan's [Meiji Restoration](/wiki/Meiji_Restoration "Meiji Restoration") during the 1870s, the government abolished celibacy and vegetarianism for Buddhist monastics in an effort to secularise them and promote the newly created [State Shinto](/wiki/State_Shinto "State Shinto").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/history/history\_1\.shtml\#section\_4 \|title\=Shinto history \|access\-date\=2011\-12\-05 \|archive\-date\=2011\-12\-11 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211223303/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/history/history\_1\.shtml\#section\_4 \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.buddhanet.net/nippon/nippon\_partII.html \|title\=JAPANESE BUDDHISM TODAY \|access\-date\=2011\-12\-05 \|archive\-date\=2011\-12\-10 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210012023/http://www.buddhanet.net/nippon/nippon\_partII.html \|url\-status\=live }} [Japanese Buddhists](/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan "Buddhism in Japan") won the right to proselytize inside cities, ending a five\-hundred year ban on clergy members entering cities.{{cite book\|last\=Clark\|first\=Donald N.\|url\=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00clar\|title\=Culture and customs of Korea\|publisher\=Greenwood Publishing Group\|year\=2000\|isbn\=978\-0\-313\-30456\-9\|url\-access\=registration}}{{Page needed\|date\=September 2016}} Currently, priests (lay religious leaders) in Japan choose to observe vows as appropriate to their family situation. Celibacy and other forms of abstaining are generally "at will" for varying periods of time.
After the [Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910](/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910 "Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910"), when Japan annexed Korea, Korean Buddhism underwent many changes. {{Lang\|ja\-latn\|\[\[Jōdo Shinshū]]\|italic\=no}} and [Nichiren schools](/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism "Nichiren Buddhism") began sending missionaries to [Korea under Japanese rule](/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule "Korea under Japanese rule") and new sects formed there such as [Won Buddhism](/wiki/Won_Buddhism "Won Buddhism"). The Temple Ordinance of 1911 ({{Korean\|hanja\=寺刹令\|hangul\=사찰령}}) changed the traditional system whereby temples were run as a collective enterprise by the Sangha, replacing this system with Japanese\-style management practices in which temple abbots appointed by the [Governor\-General of Korea](/wiki/Governor-General_of_Korea "Governor-General of Korea") were given private ownership of temple property and given the rights of inheritance to such property.{{cite book\|last\=Sorensen\|first\=Henrik Hjort\|title\=Asian perceptions of nature\|publisher\=Nordic Institute of Asian Studies\|year\=1992\|isbn\=978\-87\-87062\-12\-1\|editor\=Ole Bruun\|editor2\=Arne Kalland\|editor3\=Henrik Hjort Sorensen}} More importantly, monks from pro\-Japanese factions began to adopt Japanese practices, by marrying and having children.
In Korea, the practice of celibacy varies. The two sects of [Korean Seon](/wiki/Korean_Seon "Korean Seon") divided in 1970 over this issue; the [Jogye Order](/wiki/Jogye_Order "Jogye Order") is fully celibate while the [Taego Order](/wiki/Taego_Order "Taego Order") has both celibate monastics and non\-celibate Japanese\-style priests.
#### Vajrayana
In [Tibet](/wiki/Tibet "Tibet"), the upāsaka, pravrajyā and bhikṣu ordinations are usually taken at ages six, fourteen and twenty\-one or older, respectively.
Tibetan [Vajrayana](/wiki/Vajrayana "Vajrayana") often calls ordained monks [lama](/wiki/Lama "Lama").{{Cite book \|title\=A Day in the Life of China \|publisher\=\[\[William Collins, Sons\|Collins]] \|year\=1989 \|isbn\=978\-0\-00\-215321\-8 \|editor\-last\=Cohen \|editor\-first\=David \|location\=San Francisco \|pages\=129}}
#### Additional vows in the Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions
In Mahayana traditions, a Bhikṣu may take additional vows not related to ordination, including the [Bodhisattva vows](/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow "Bodhisattva vow"), [samaya](/wiki/Samaya "Samaya") vows and others, which are also open to laypersons in most instances.
|
[
"### Mahayana",
"[thumbnail\\|250px\\|Tibetan monks](/wiki/File:Young_monks_of_Drepung.jpg \"Young monks of Drepung.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Japanese monks of {{Lang\\|ja\\-latn\\|\\[\\[Jōdo Shinshū]]\\|italic\\=no}}, [Sōtō](/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D \"Sōtō\"), and [Shingon Buddhism](/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism \"Shingon Buddhism\").](/wiki/File:Vowz_Band_%E5%9D%8A%E4%B8%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89_2023.jpg \"Vowz Band 坊主バンド 2023.jpg\") \nIn the Mahayana monasticism is part of the system of \"vows of individual liberation\". These vows are taken by monks and nuns from the ordinary sangha, in order to develop personal ethical discipline. In [Mahayana](/wiki/Mahayana \"Mahayana\") and Vajrayana, the term \"sangha\" is, in principle, often understood to refer particularly to the *aryasangha* ({{bo\\|w\\=mchog kyi tshogs}}), the \"community of the noble ones who have reached the first [bhūmi](/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi_%28Buddhism%29 \"Bhūmi (Buddhism)\")\". These, however, need not be monks and nuns.",
"The vows of individual liberation are taken in four steps. A lay person may take the five [upāsaka and upāsikā](/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81 \"Upāsaka and Upāsikā\") vows ({{bo\\|w\\=dge snyan (ma)}}, \"approaching virtue\"). The next step is to enter the [pabbajja](/wiki/Pabbajja \"Pabbajja\") or monastic way of life (Skt: *pravrajyā*, {{bo\\|w\\=rab byung}}), which includes wearing monk's or nun's robes. After that, one can become a samanera or samaneri \"novice\" (Skt. *śrāmaṇera*, *śrāmaṇeri*, {{bo\\|w\\=dge tshul, dge tshul ma}}). The final step is to take all the vows of a bhikkhu or [bhikkhuni](/wiki/Bhikkhuni \"Bhikkhuni\") \"fully ordained monastic\" (Sanskrit: *bhikṣu, bhikṣuṇī*, {{bo\\|w\\=dge long (ma)}}).",
"Monastics take their vows for life but can renounce them and return to non\\-monastic life{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://en.dhammadana.org/sangha/monks/become.htm \\|title\\=how to become a monk? \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-25 \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-26 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126154024/http://en.dhammadana.org/sangha/monks/become.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and even take the vows again later. A person can take them up to three times or seven times in one life, depending on the particular practices of each school of discipline; after that, the sangha should not accept them again.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://ddc.shengyen.org/cgi\\-bin/ccdd/show.py?s\\=05\\-05p0064 \\|title\\=05\\-05《律制生活》p. 0064 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-03\\-13 \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-04\\-24 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424220907/http://ddc.shengyen.org/cgi\\-bin/ccdd/show.py?s\\=05\\-05p0064 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In this way, Buddhism keeps the vows \"clean\". It is possible to keep them or to leave this lifestyle, but it is considered extremely negative to break these vows.",
"In 9th century Japan, the monk [Saichō](/wiki/Saich%C5%8D \"Saichō\") believed the 250 precepts were for the [Śrāvakayāna](/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vakay%C4%81na \"Śrāvakayāna\") and that ordination should use the [Mahayana precepts](/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts%23Brahma_Net_Sutra \"Bodhisattva Precepts#Brahma Net Sutra\") of the *[Brahmajala Sutra](/wiki/Brahmajala_Sutra_%28Mahayana%29 \"Brahmajala Sutra (Mahayana)\")*. He stipulated that monastics remain on [Mount Hiei](/wiki/Mount_Hiei \"Mount Hiei\") for twelve years of isolated training and follow the major themes of the 250 precepts: celibacy, non\\-harming, no intoxicants, vegetarian eating and reducing labor for gain. After twelve years, monastics would then use the Vinaya precepts as a provisional or supplemental, guideline to conduct themselves by when serving in non\\-monastic communities.Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism, Soka Gakkai, 'Dengyo' [Tendai](/wiki/Tendai \"Tendai\") monastics followed this practice.",
"During Japan's [Meiji Restoration](/wiki/Meiji_Restoration \"Meiji Restoration\") during the 1870s, the government abolished celibacy and vegetarianism for Buddhist monastics in an effort to secularise them and promote the newly created [State Shinto](/wiki/State_Shinto \"State Shinto\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/history/history\\_1\\.shtml\\#section\\_4 \\|title\\=Shinto history \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-11 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211223303/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/history/history\\_1\\.shtml\\#section\\_4 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.buddhanet.net/nippon/nippon\\_partII.html \\|title\\=JAPANESE BUDDHISM TODAY \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-12\\-10 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210012023/http://www.buddhanet.net/nippon/nippon\\_partII.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [Japanese Buddhists](/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan \"Buddhism in Japan\") won the right to proselytize inside cities, ending a five\\-hundred year ban on clergy members entering cities.{{cite book\\|last\\=Clark\\|first\\=Donald N.\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00clar\\|title\\=Culture and customs of Korea\\|publisher\\=Greenwood Publishing Group\\|year\\=2000\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-313\\-30456\\-9\\|url\\-access\\=registration}}{{Page needed\\|date\\=September 2016}} Currently, priests (lay religious leaders) in Japan choose to observe vows as appropriate to their family situation. Celibacy and other forms of abstaining are generally \"at will\" for varying periods of time.",
"After the [Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910](/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910 \"Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910\"), when Japan annexed Korea, Korean Buddhism underwent many changes. {{Lang\\|ja\\-latn\\|\\[\\[Jōdo Shinshū]]\\|italic\\=no}} and [Nichiren schools](/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism \"Nichiren Buddhism\") began sending missionaries to [Korea under Japanese rule](/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule \"Korea under Japanese rule\") and new sects formed there such as [Won Buddhism](/wiki/Won_Buddhism \"Won Buddhism\"). The Temple Ordinance of 1911 ({{Korean\\|hanja\\=寺刹令\\|hangul\\=사찰령}}) changed the traditional system whereby temples were run as a collective enterprise by the Sangha, replacing this system with Japanese\\-style management practices in which temple abbots appointed by the [Governor\\-General of Korea](/wiki/Governor-General_of_Korea \"Governor-General of Korea\") were given private ownership of temple property and given the rights of inheritance to such property.{{cite book\\|last\\=Sorensen\\|first\\=Henrik Hjort\\|title\\=Asian perceptions of nature\\|publisher\\=Nordic Institute of Asian Studies\\|year\\=1992\\|isbn\\=978\\-87\\-87062\\-12\\-1\\|editor\\=Ole Bruun\\|editor2\\=Arne Kalland\\|editor3\\=Henrik Hjort Sorensen}} More importantly, monks from pro\\-Japanese factions began to adopt Japanese practices, by marrying and having children.",
"In Korea, the practice of celibacy varies. The two sects of [Korean Seon](/wiki/Korean_Seon \"Korean Seon\") divided in 1970 over this issue; the [Jogye Order](/wiki/Jogye_Order \"Jogye Order\") is fully celibate while the [Taego Order](/wiki/Taego_Order \"Taego Order\") has both celibate monastics and non\\-celibate Japanese\\-style priests.",
"#### Vajrayana",
"In [Tibet](/wiki/Tibet \"Tibet\"), the upāsaka, pravrajyā and bhikṣu ordinations are usually taken at ages six, fourteen and twenty\\-one or older, respectively.",
"Tibetan [Vajrayana](/wiki/Vajrayana \"Vajrayana\") often calls ordained monks [lama](/wiki/Lama \"Lama\").{{Cite book \\|title\\=A Day in the Life of China \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[William Collins, Sons\\|Collins]] \\|year\\=1989 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-00\\-215321\\-8 \\|editor\\-last\\=Cohen \\|editor\\-first\\=David \\|location\\=San Francisco \\|pages\\=129}}",
"#### Additional vows in the Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions",
"In Mahayana traditions, a Bhikṣu may take additional vows not related to ordination, including the [Bodhisattva vows](/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow \"Bodhisattva vow\"), [samaya](/wiki/Samaya \"Samaya\") vows and others, which are also open to laypersons in most instances.",
""
] |
Tennis career
-------------
Rafter turned professional in 1991\. During the course of his career, he twice won the men's singles title at the [US Open](/wiki/US_Open_%28tennis%29 "US Open (tennis)") and was twice the runner\-up at [Wimbledon](/wiki/The_Championships%2C_Wimbledon "The Championships, Wimbledon"). He was known for his [serve\-and\-volley](/wiki/Serve-and-volley "Serve-and-volley") style of play.
### Early years (1991–1996\)
Rafter won his first tour\-level match in 1993, at [Wimbledon](/wiki/The_Championships%2C_Wimbledon "The Championships, Wimbledon"). He reached the third round, before losing to [Andre Agassi](/wiki/Andre_Agassi "Andre Agassi"). He also reached the semifinals in [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis_Tennis_Championships "Indianapolis Tennis Championships"). He defeated [Pete Sampras](/wiki/Pete_Sampras "Pete Sampras") in the quarterfinals in three tight sets, before losing to Boris Becker in the semifinals. Rafter finished 1993 with a ranking of 66\.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/players/patrick\-rafter/r255/overview\|title\=Patrick Rafter {{!}} Overview {{!}} ATP World Tour {{!}} Tennis\|work\=ATP World Tour\|access\-date\=2018\-02\-01}}
Rafter won his first career singles title in 1994 in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester "Manchester"). Prior to 1997, this was the only [ATP](/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals "Association of Tennis Professionals") singles title he had won.
### Breakthrough and stardom (1997–1999\)
Rafter's breakthrough came in 1997\. At that year's French Open, he reached the semifinals, falling in four sets to two time former champion [Sergi Bruguera](/wiki/Sergi_Bruguera "Sergi Bruguera"). Then, he surprised many by winning the [US Open](/wiki/US_Open_%28tennis%29 "US Open (tennis)"), defeating [Andriy Medvedev](/wiki/Andriy_Medvedev "Andriy Medvedev"), [Magnus Norman](/wiki/Magnus_Norman "Magnus Norman"), [Lionel Roux](/wiki/Lionel_Roux "Lionel Roux"), Andre Agassi, [Magnus Larsson](/wiki/Magnus_Larsson "Magnus Larsson"), and [Michael Chang](/wiki/Michael_Chang "Michael Chang") before beating [Greg Rusedski](/wiki/Greg_Rusedski "Greg Rusedski") in a four\-set final; he was the first non\-American to win the title since [Stefan Edberg](/wiki/Stefan_Edberg "Stefan Edberg") in 1992\. This was his first Grand Slam title, and catapulted him ahead of Chang to finish the year ranked \#2 in the world (behind only [Pete Sampras](/wiki/Pete_Sampras "Pete Sampras")). The unexpected nature of his US Open title led many, including Hall\-of\-famer and four\-time US Open champion [John McEnroe](/wiki/John_McEnroe "John McEnroe") to criticise Rafter as a "one\-slam wonder".{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1998\-sep\-14\-sp\-22706\-story.html\|title\=Rafter Grandly Slams U.S. Open Criticism\|first\=Lisa\|last\=Dillman\|date\=14 September 1998\|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times}}
Rafter had a particularly strong year in 1998, winning the Canadian Open and the [Cincinnati Masters](/wiki/Cincinnati_Masters "Cincinnati Masters") ─ Andre Agassi (1995\), [Andy Roddick](/wiki/Andy_Roddick "Andy Roddick") (2003\), and [Rafael Nadal](/wiki/Rafael_Nadal "Rafael Nadal") (2013\) are the only other players to have won both of these tournaments in the same year. Rafter defeated ninth\-ranked [Richard Krajicek](/wiki/Richard_Krajicek "Richard Krajicek") in the Toronto final and second\-ranked Pete Sampras in the Cincinnati final. When asked about the difference between himself and Rafter following their titles, Sampras responded, "10 grand slams". He added that a tennis player must come back and win a Grand Slam again in order to be considered great.
Entering the U.S. Open as the defending champion, Rafter reached the final by defeating [Hicham Arazi](/wiki/Hicham_Arazi "Hicham Arazi"), [Hernán Gumy](/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Gumy "Hernán Gumy"), [David Nainkin](/wiki/David_Nainkin "David Nainkin"), [Goran Ivanišević](/wiki/Goran_Ivani%C5%A1evi%C4%87 "Goran Ivanišević") and [Jonas Björkman](/wiki/Jonas_Bj%C3%B6rkman "Jonas Björkman") before besting Sampras in a five\-set semifinal.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/sampras\-slight\-raises\-stakes\-for\-pattrick\-741808\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/sampras\-slight\-raises\-stakes\-for\-pattrick\-741808\.html \|archive\-date\=25 May 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Sampras slight raises stakes for 'Pat\-trick'\|website\=\[\[The Independent]]\|date\=28 August 1999}} Rafter then defended his US Open title by defeating fellow Australian [Mark Philippoussis](/wiki/Mark_Philippoussis "Mark Philippoussis") in four sets, committing only five unforced errors throughout the match. Altogether, Rafter won six tournaments in 1998, finishing the year No. 4 in the world.
Rafter won the [Australian Open](/wiki/Australian_Open "Australian Open") men's doubles title in 1999 (partnering Jonas Björkman), making him one of few players in the modern era to win both a singles and doubles Grand Slam title during their career (fellow countryman [Lleyton Hewitt](/wiki/Lleyton_Hewitt "Lleyton Hewitt") would later achieve this feat in 2001\). He and Björkman also won a doubles title at the ATP Masters Series event in Canada in 1999\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.atptour.com/en/players/patrick\-rafter/r255/overview\|title\=Patrick Rafter \| Titles and Finals \| ATP Tour \| Tennis\|website\=ATP Tour}} At the [1999 French Open](/wiki/1999_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles "1999 French Open – Men's singles"), Rafter drew future world No. 1 and 20\-time Grand Slam champion [Roger Federer](/wiki/Roger_Federer "Roger Federer") in the first round, making him the first\-ever opponent of Federer in the main draw of a Grand Slam tournament. Rafter defeated him in four sets.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.frenchopen.org/en/scores/draws/ms/msdraw.pdf\|date\=1 October 1999\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/19991001183130/http://www.frenchopen.org/en/scores/draws/ms/msdraw.pdf\|archive\-date\=1 October 1999\|title\=1999 French Open Men's Singles}} Rafter then reached the [Wimbledon](/wiki/The_Championships%2C_Wimbledon "The Championships, Wimbledon") semifinals for the first time in 1999, losing in straight sets to Agassi. This was the first of three consecutive years that the two met in the Wimbledon semifinals. July 1999 saw Rafter holding the world No. 1 men's singles ranking for one week, making him the shortest\-reigning world No. 1 in [ATP Tour](/wiki/ATP_Tour "ATP Tour") history.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.essentiallysports.com/top\-5\-tennis\-players\-with\-the\-shortest\-reign\-as\-world\-no\-1/\|title\=Top 5 tennis players with the shortest reign as World No. 1\|date\=9 August 2015\|website\=EssentiallySports}} As the two\-time defending US Open champion, Rafter lost in the first round of the tournament, retiring in the fifth set against [Cédric Pioline](/wiki/C%C3%A9dric_Pioline "Cédric Pioline") after succumbing to shoulder [tendinitis](/wiki/Tendinitis "Tendinitis"). Rafter's shoulder injury wound up being serious enough to necessitate surgery.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/olympics/2000/profiles/PATRAFTER.htm\|title\=Rio Olympics 2016 (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)\|website\=ABC News}}
Due to injury, Rafter was unable to play in the [1999 Davis Cup](/wiki/1999_Davis_Cup "1999 Davis Cup") final won by Australia; however, he won important matches in the earlier rounds to help the team qualify.{{cite news \|last1\=Matthews \|first1\=Bruce \|title\=Good guy of tennis quits for his family \|work\=Herald Sun \|edition\=First \|date\=11 January 2003 \|location\=Melbourne, Victoria \|page\=7}}
### Late career (2000–2003\)
[thumb\|right\|Rafter playing for the [Australia Davis Cup team](/wiki/Australia_Davis_Cup_team "Australia Davis Cup team") in 2001](/wiki/File:Rafter3.jpg "Rafter3.jpg")
Rafter's ranking had fallen to No. 21 by the time he reached the Wimbledon final in July 2000\. In the semifinals, he defeated Agassi 7–5, 4–6, 7–5, 4–6, 6–3\. The match was hailed as a classic, particularly because of their contrasting playing styles, with Agassi playing primarily from the baseline and Rafter attacking the net. Rafter faced Sampras in the final, who was gunning for a record\-breaking seventh Wimbledon title overall (and seven in the past eight years). While Rafter made a strong start to the match and took the first set, after the match he would claim that he had "[choked](/wiki/Choke_%28sports%29 "Choke (sports)")" part way through the second set tie\-break, and was then not able to get back into his game. Sampras won in four sets.
Rafter played on the [Australian Davis Cup Team](/wiki/Australian_Davis_Cup_Team "Australian Davis Cup Team") that lost in the final in 2000 (to [Spain](/wiki/Spain_Davis_Cup_team "Spain Davis Cup team")) and 2001 (to [France](/wiki/France_Davis_Cup_team "France Davis Cup team")). Rafter played on the Australian teams that won the [World Team Cup](/wiki/World_Team_Cup "World Team Cup") in 1999 and 2001\.
In 2001, Rafter reached the semifinals of the Australian Open. Despite holding a two sets to one lead and having the support of the home crowd, Rafter lost the match to Agassi in five sets.{{cite web\|url\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/tennis/2001/australian\_open/news/2001/01/25/agassi\_recap\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20010811121329/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/tennis/2001/australian\_open/news/2001/01/25/agassi\_recap/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=11 August 2001\|title\=Survival of the fittest}} Later in the year, Rafter again reached the Wimbledon final. For the third straight year, he faced Agassi in the semifinals and won in yet another five\-setter, 2–6, 6–3, 3–6, 6–2, 8–6\. Much like the previous year's semifinal, this match also received praise for the quality of play that the two men displayed.{{Cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in\_depth/2001/wimbledon\_2001/1426142\.stm\|title\=Rafter charges into final\|date\=6 July 2001\|website\=bbc.co.uk}}{{cite web\|url\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/tennis/2001/wimbledon/news/2001/07/06/wimbledon\_friday\_ap\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20010710051606/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/tennis/2001/wimbledon/news/2001/07/06/wimbledon\_friday\_ap/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=10 July 2001\|title\=Back for more}} The final was originally scheduled to play on the second Sunday but was rescheduled to the third Monday because the other semifinal between [Goran Ivanišević](/wiki/Goran_Ivani%C5%A1evi%C4%87 "Goran Ivanišević") and [Tim Henman](/wiki/Tim_Henman "Tim Henman") was played on three separate days. In the final he played Ivanišević, who had reached the Wimbledon final three times before but had slid down the rankings to World No. 125 following injury problems. In a five\-set struggle that lasted just over three hours, Ivanišević prevailed. He played his last match at the Davis Cup final on rubber, winning the singles but losing the doubles.
Rafter did not play any tour matches in 2002\. He spent the year recovering from injuries. In January 2003, he announced his retirement from professional tennis, stating that he had lost all motivation to compete at the top level.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/tennis/rafter\-announces\-retirement\-20030110\-gdg354\.html\|title\=Rafter announces retirement\|date\=10 January 2003\|website\=The Sydney Morning Herald}}
### Comebacks and post\-retirement activities
The 5,500\-seat centre [court](/wiki/Tennis_court "Tennis court") of the [Queensland Tennis Centre](/wiki/Queensland_Tennis_Centre "Queensland Tennis Centre") in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane"), Australia, was named *Pat Rafter Arena* in Rafter's honour.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.brisbaneinternational.com.au/2008/10/stadium\-named\-after\-pat\-rafter\|title\=Stadium named after Pat Rafter \- Brisbane International Tennis\|date\=23 October 2008}} In 2002, he won the [Australian of the Year](/wiki/Australian_of_the_Year "Australian of the Year") award.{{cite book\|title\=Australians of the Year\|publisher\=Pier 9 Press\|year\=2010\|isbn\=978\-1\-74196\-809\-5\|author\=Lewis, Wendy\|author\-link\=Wendy Lewis}} This created some controversy, as he had spent much of his career residing in [Bermuda](/wiki/Bermuda "Bermuda") for tax purposes.{{Cite web \|date\=2002\-09\-17 \|title\=Pat comes home from exile \|url\=https://www.smh.com.au/national/pat\-comes\-home\-from\-exile\-20020917\-gdfn4u.html \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-22 \|website\=The Sydney Morning Herald \|language\=en}}
Rafter did return at the beginning of the 2004 season to play doubles at two tournaments only; the [2004 Australian Open](/wiki/2004_Australian_Open "2004 Australian Open") and the [2004 AAPT Championships](/wiki/2004_AAPT_Championships "2004 AAPT Championships") (in Adelaide). However, he lost in round one of both events, playing alongside [Joshua Eagle](/wiki/Joshua_Eagle "Joshua Eagle").
In 2005, Rafter won [the International Club](http://www.ictennis.net/)'s prestigious [Jean Borotra Sportsmanship Award](/wiki/Jean_Borotra_Sportsmanship_Award "Jean Borotra Sportsmanship Award").
He was elected to the [International Tennis Hall of Fame](/wiki/International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame "International Tennis Hall of Fame") and inducted into the [Sport Australia Hall of Fame](/wiki/Sport_Australia_Hall_of_Fame "Sport Australia Hall of Fame") in 2006\.{{cite web\|url\=https://sahof.org.au/hall\-of\-fame\-member/patrick\-rafter/\|title\=Patrick Rafter\|publisher\=Sport Australia Hall of Fame\|access\-date\=26 September 2020}} On [Australia Day](/wiki/Australia_Day "Australia Day") 2008, Rafter was inducted into the [Australian Tennis Hall of Fame](/wiki/Australian_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame "Australian Tennis Hall of Fame").
In 2009, as part of the [Q150](/wiki/Q150 "Q150") celebrations, Rafter was announced as one of the [Q150 Icons](/wiki/Q150_Icons "Q150 Icons") of Queensland for his role as a "sports legend".{{Cite web\|url\=http://statements.qld.gov.au/statement/id/64301\|title\=PREMIER UNVEILS QUEENSLAND'S 150 ICONS\|last\=Bligh\|first\=Anna\|author\-link\=Anna Bligh\|date\=10 June 2009\|publisher\=\[\[Queensland Government]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524033717/http://statements.qld.gov.au/statement/id/64301\|archive\-date\=24 May 2017\|access\-date\=24 May 2017}}
In October 2010, Rafter was announced as Australia's [Davis Cup](/wiki/Davis_Cup "Davis Cup") captain.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/tennis/pat\-rafter\-named\-australian\-davis\-cup\-captain\-20101020\-16tfw.html\|title\=Pat Rafter named Australian Davis Cup captain\|website\=The Sydney Morning Herald\|publisher\=Fairfax Media\|access\-date\=6 July 2015\|date\=2010\-10\-20}} Rafter stood down as Australia's Davis Cup captain on 29 January 2015\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015\-01\-29/hewitt\-to\-retire\-after\-2016\-australian\-open/6055726\|title\=Lleyton Hewitt to retire from tennis after 2016 Australian Open, Pat Rafter stands down as Davis Cup captain\|website\=ABC News\|publisher\=ABC\|access\-date\=6 July 2015\|date\=2015\-01\-29}} He was succeeded by [Wally Masur](/wiki/Wally_Masur "Wally Masur").
On 12 January 2014, Rafter—then aged 41—announced that he would be partnering current Australian number one [Lleyton Hewitt](/wiki/Lleyton_Hewitt "Lleyton Hewitt") in the doubles draw of the [2014 Australian Open](/wiki/2014_Australian_Open "2014 Australian Open"). The comeback, however, was short\-lived, as the pair went down in straight sets to eventual runner\-ups [Eric Butorac](/wiki/Eric_Butorac "Eric Butorac") and [Raven Klaasen](/wiki/Raven_Klaasen "Raven Klaasen") in the first round.{{cite web\|author\=ATP Staff\|title\=Hewitt/Rafter Doubles Campaign Ends in Defeat\|url\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/01/3/Australian\-Open\-2014\-Doubles\-Day\-3\-Hutchins\-Peya.aspx\|publisher\=ATP World Tour \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216173446/http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/01/3/Australian\-Open\-2014\-Doubles\-Day\-3\-Hutchins\-Peya.aspx \|archive\-date\=16 February 2015}}
#### ATP Champions Tour
At the 2009 AEGON Masters Tennis, Rafter lost his opening round robin match against the [1987 Wimbledon](/wiki/1987_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles "1987 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles") Champion and fellow Aussie [Pat Cash](/wiki/Pat_Cash "Pat Cash") 2–6, 6–2, 10–6\. In a much anticipated match and replay of the [2001 Wimbledon](/wiki/2001_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles "2001 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles") final, Rafter faced [Goran Ivanišević](/wiki/Goran_Ivani%C5%A1evi%C4%87 "Goran Ivanišević"). Rafter won the match when Ivanisevic retired while serving for the opening set, 3–5\. Despite his performance, the retirement was enough to push Rafter into the final against [Stefan Edberg](/wiki/Stefan_Edberg "Stefan Edberg"). In what is described as a spell\-binding serve\-and\-volley showdown,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.atpchampionstour.com/news56\.html\|title\=Pat Cash Wins First Ever Meeting With Pat Rafter \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103122909/https://www.atpchampionstour.com/news56\.html \|archive\-date\=3 November 2012}} Rafter won the match 6–7, 6–4, 11–9\. This represented the first time that Rafter was able to defeat Edberg.
|
[
"Tennis career\n-------------",
"Rafter turned professional in 1991\\. During the course of his career, he twice won the men's singles title at the [US Open](/wiki/US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"US Open (tennis)\") and was twice the runner\\-up at [Wimbledon](/wiki/The_Championships%2C_Wimbledon \"The Championships, Wimbledon\"). He was known for his [serve\\-and\\-volley](/wiki/Serve-and-volley \"Serve-and-volley\") style of play.",
"### Early years (1991–1996\\)",
"Rafter won his first tour\\-level match in 1993, at [Wimbledon](/wiki/The_Championships%2C_Wimbledon \"The Championships, Wimbledon\"). He reached the third round, before losing to [Andre Agassi](/wiki/Andre_Agassi \"Andre Agassi\"). He also reached the semifinals in [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis_Tennis_Championships \"Indianapolis Tennis Championships\"). He defeated [Pete Sampras](/wiki/Pete_Sampras \"Pete Sampras\") in the quarterfinals in three tight sets, before losing to Boris Becker in the semifinals. Rafter finished 1993 with a ranking of 66\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/players/patrick\\-rafter/r255/overview\\|title\\=Patrick Rafter {{!}} Overview {{!}} ATP World Tour {{!}} Tennis\\|work\\=ATP World Tour\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-02\\-01}}",
"Rafter won his first career singles title in 1994 in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\"). Prior to 1997, this was the only [ATP](/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals \"Association of Tennis Professionals\") singles title he had won.",
"### Breakthrough and stardom (1997–1999\\)",
"Rafter's breakthrough came in 1997\\. At that year's French Open, he reached the semifinals, falling in four sets to two time former champion [Sergi Bruguera](/wiki/Sergi_Bruguera \"Sergi Bruguera\"). Then, he surprised many by winning the [US Open](/wiki/US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"US Open (tennis)\"), defeating [Andriy Medvedev](/wiki/Andriy_Medvedev \"Andriy Medvedev\"), [Magnus Norman](/wiki/Magnus_Norman \"Magnus Norman\"), [Lionel Roux](/wiki/Lionel_Roux \"Lionel Roux\"), Andre Agassi, [Magnus Larsson](/wiki/Magnus_Larsson \"Magnus Larsson\"), and [Michael Chang](/wiki/Michael_Chang \"Michael Chang\") before beating [Greg Rusedski](/wiki/Greg_Rusedski \"Greg Rusedski\") in a four\\-set final; he was the first non\\-American to win the title since [Stefan Edberg](/wiki/Stefan_Edberg \"Stefan Edberg\") in 1992\\. This was his first Grand Slam title, and catapulted him ahead of Chang to finish the year ranked \\#2 in the world (behind only [Pete Sampras](/wiki/Pete_Sampras \"Pete Sampras\")). The unexpected nature of his US Open title led many, including Hall\\-of\\-famer and four\\-time US Open champion [John McEnroe](/wiki/John_McEnroe \"John McEnroe\") to criticise Rafter as a \"one\\-slam wonder\".{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1998\\-sep\\-14\\-sp\\-22706\\-story.html\\|title\\=Rafter Grandly Slams U.S. Open Criticism\\|first\\=Lisa\\|last\\=Dillman\\|date\\=14 September 1998\\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times}}",
"Rafter had a particularly strong year in 1998, winning the Canadian Open and the [Cincinnati Masters](/wiki/Cincinnati_Masters \"Cincinnati Masters\") ─ Andre Agassi (1995\\), [Andy Roddick](/wiki/Andy_Roddick \"Andy Roddick\") (2003\\), and [Rafael Nadal](/wiki/Rafael_Nadal \"Rafael Nadal\") (2013\\) are the only other players to have won both of these tournaments in the same year. Rafter defeated ninth\\-ranked [Richard Krajicek](/wiki/Richard_Krajicek \"Richard Krajicek\") in the Toronto final and second\\-ranked Pete Sampras in the Cincinnati final. When asked about the difference between himself and Rafter following their titles, Sampras responded, \"10 grand slams\". He added that a tennis player must come back and win a Grand Slam again in order to be considered great.",
"Entering the U.S. Open as the defending champion, Rafter reached the final by defeating [Hicham Arazi](/wiki/Hicham_Arazi \"Hicham Arazi\"), [Hernán Gumy](/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Gumy \"Hernán Gumy\"), [David Nainkin](/wiki/David_Nainkin \"David Nainkin\"), [Goran Ivanišević](/wiki/Goran_Ivani%C5%A1evi%C4%87 \"Goran Ivanišević\") and [Jonas Björkman](/wiki/Jonas_Bj%C3%B6rkman \"Jonas Björkman\") before besting Sampras in a five\\-set semifinal.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/sampras\\-slight\\-raises\\-stakes\\-for\\-pattrick\\-741808\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/sampras\\-slight\\-raises\\-stakes\\-for\\-pattrick\\-741808\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=25 May 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Sampras slight raises stakes for 'Pat\\-trick'\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]\\|date\\=28 August 1999}} Rafter then defended his US Open title by defeating fellow Australian [Mark Philippoussis](/wiki/Mark_Philippoussis \"Mark Philippoussis\") in four sets, committing only five unforced errors throughout the match. Altogether, Rafter won six tournaments in 1998, finishing the year No. 4 in the world.",
"Rafter won the [Australian Open](/wiki/Australian_Open \"Australian Open\") men's doubles title in 1999 (partnering Jonas Björkman), making him one of few players in the modern era to win both a singles and doubles Grand Slam title during their career (fellow countryman [Lleyton Hewitt](/wiki/Lleyton_Hewitt \"Lleyton Hewitt\") would later achieve this feat in 2001\\). He and Björkman also won a doubles title at the ATP Masters Series event in Canada in 1999\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.atptour.com/en/players/patrick\\-rafter/r255/overview\\|title\\=Patrick Rafter \\| Titles and Finals \\| ATP Tour \\| Tennis\\|website\\=ATP Tour}} At the [1999 French Open](/wiki/1999_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles \"1999 French Open – Men's singles\"), Rafter drew future world No. 1 and 20\\-time Grand Slam champion [Roger Federer](/wiki/Roger_Federer \"Roger Federer\") in the first round, making him the first\\-ever opponent of Federer in the main draw of a Grand Slam tournament. Rafter defeated him in four sets.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.frenchopen.org/en/scores/draws/ms/msdraw.pdf\\|date\\=1 October 1999\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/19991001183130/http://www.frenchopen.org/en/scores/draws/ms/msdraw.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=1 October 1999\\|title\\=1999 French Open Men's Singles}} Rafter then reached the [Wimbledon](/wiki/The_Championships%2C_Wimbledon \"The Championships, Wimbledon\") semifinals for the first time in 1999, losing in straight sets to Agassi. This was the first of three consecutive years that the two met in the Wimbledon semifinals. July 1999 saw Rafter holding the world No. 1 men's singles ranking for one week, making him the shortest\\-reigning world No. 1 in [ATP Tour](/wiki/ATP_Tour \"ATP Tour\") history.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.essentiallysports.com/top\\-5\\-tennis\\-players\\-with\\-the\\-shortest\\-reign\\-as\\-world\\-no\\-1/\\|title\\=Top 5 tennis players with the shortest reign as World No. 1\\|date\\=9 August 2015\\|website\\=EssentiallySports}} As the two\\-time defending US Open champion, Rafter lost in the first round of the tournament, retiring in the fifth set against [Cédric Pioline](/wiki/C%C3%A9dric_Pioline \"Cédric Pioline\") after succumbing to shoulder [tendinitis](/wiki/Tendinitis \"Tendinitis\"). Rafter's shoulder injury wound up being serious enough to necessitate surgery.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/olympics/2000/profiles/PATRAFTER.htm\\|title\\=Rio Olympics 2016 (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)\\|website\\=ABC News}}",
"Due to injury, Rafter was unable to play in the [1999 Davis Cup](/wiki/1999_Davis_Cup \"1999 Davis Cup\") final won by Australia; however, he won important matches in the earlier rounds to help the team qualify.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Matthews \\|first1\\=Bruce \\|title\\=Good guy of tennis quits for his family \\|work\\=Herald Sun \\|edition\\=First \\|date\\=11 January 2003 \\|location\\=Melbourne, Victoria \\|page\\=7}}",
"### Late career (2000–2003\\)",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Rafter playing for the [Australia Davis Cup team](/wiki/Australia_Davis_Cup_team \"Australia Davis Cup team\") in 2001](/wiki/File:Rafter3.jpg \"Rafter3.jpg\")\nRafter's ranking had fallen to No. 21 by the time he reached the Wimbledon final in July 2000\\. In the semifinals, he defeated Agassi 7–5, 4–6, 7–5, 4–6, 6–3\\. The match was hailed as a classic, particularly because of their contrasting playing styles, with Agassi playing primarily from the baseline and Rafter attacking the net. Rafter faced Sampras in the final, who was gunning for a record\\-breaking seventh Wimbledon title overall (and seven in the past eight years). While Rafter made a strong start to the match and took the first set, after the match he would claim that he had \"[choked](/wiki/Choke_%28sports%29 \"Choke (sports)\")\" part way through the second set tie\\-break, and was then not able to get back into his game. Sampras won in four sets.",
"Rafter played on the [Australian Davis Cup Team](/wiki/Australian_Davis_Cup_Team \"Australian Davis Cup Team\") that lost in the final in 2000 (to [Spain](/wiki/Spain_Davis_Cup_team \"Spain Davis Cup team\")) and 2001 (to [France](/wiki/France_Davis_Cup_team \"France Davis Cup team\")). Rafter played on the Australian teams that won the [World Team Cup](/wiki/World_Team_Cup \"World Team Cup\") in 1999 and 2001\\.",
"In 2001, Rafter reached the semifinals of the Australian Open. Despite holding a two sets to one lead and having the support of the home crowd, Rafter lost the match to Agassi in five sets.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/tennis/2001/australian\\_open/news/2001/01/25/agassi\\_recap\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20010811121329/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/tennis/2001/australian\\_open/news/2001/01/25/agassi\\_recap/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=11 August 2001\\|title\\=Survival of the fittest}} Later in the year, Rafter again reached the Wimbledon final. For the third straight year, he faced Agassi in the semifinals and won in yet another five\\-setter, 2–6, 6–3, 3–6, 6–2, 8–6\\. Much like the previous year's semifinal, this match also received praise for the quality of play that the two men displayed.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in\\_depth/2001/wimbledon\\_2001/1426142\\.stm\\|title\\=Rafter charges into final\\|date\\=6 July 2001\\|website\\=bbc.co.uk}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/tennis/2001/wimbledon/news/2001/07/06/wimbledon\\_friday\\_ap\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20010710051606/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/tennis/2001/wimbledon/news/2001/07/06/wimbledon\\_friday\\_ap/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=10 July 2001\\|title\\=Back for more}} The final was originally scheduled to play on the second Sunday but was rescheduled to the third Monday because the other semifinal between [Goran Ivanišević](/wiki/Goran_Ivani%C5%A1evi%C4%87 \"Goran Ivanišević\") and [Tim Henman](/wiki/Tim_Henman \"Tim Henman\") was played on three separate days. In the final he played Ivanišević, who had reached the Wimbledon final three times before but had slid down the rankings to World No. 125 following injury problems. In a five\\-set struggle that lasted just over three hours, Ivanišević prevailed. He played his last match at the Davis Cup final on rubber, winning the singles but losing the doubles.",
"Rafter did not play any tour matches in 2002\\. He spent the year recovering from injuries. In January 2003, he announced his retirement from professional tennis, stating that he had lost all motivation to compete at the top level.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/tennis/rafter\\-announces\\-retirement\\-20030110\\-gdg354\\.html\\|title\\=Rafter announces retirement\\|date\\=10 January 2003\\|website\\=The Sydney Morning Herald}}",
"### Comebacks and post\\-retirement activities",
"The 5,500\\-seat centre [court](/wiki/Tennis_court \"Tennis court\") of the [Queensland Tennis Centre](/wiki/Queensland_Tennis_Centre \"Queensland Tennis Centre\") in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\"), Australia, was named *Pat Rafter Arena* in Rafter's honour.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.brisbaneinternational.com.au/2008/10/stadium\\-named\\-after\\-pat\\-rafter\\|title\\=Stadium named after Pat Rafter \\- Brisbane International Tennis\\|date\\=23 October 2008}} In 2002, he won the [Australian of the Year](/wiki/Australian_of_the_Year \"Australian of the Year\") award.{{cite book\\|title\\=Australians of the Year\\|publisher\\=Pier 9 Press\\|year\\=2010\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-74196\\-809\\-5\\|author\\=Lewis, Wendy\\|author\\-link\\=Wendy Lewis}} This created some controversy, as he had spent much of his career residing in [Bermuda](/wiki/Bermuda \"Bermuda\") for tax purposes.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2002\\-09\\-17 \\|title\\=Pat comes home from exile \\|url\\=https://www.smh.com.au/national/pat\\-comes\\-home\\-from\\-exile\\-20020917\\-gdfn4u.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-22 \\|website\\=The Sydney Morning Herald \\|language\\=en}}",
"Rafter did return at the beginning of the 2004 season to play doubles at two tournaments only; the [2004 Australian Open](/wiki/2004_Australian_Open \"2004 Australian Open\") and the [2004 AAPT Championships](/wiki/2004_AAPT_Championships \"2004 AAPT Championships\") (in Adelaide). However, he lost in round one of both events, playing alongside [Joshua Eagle](/wiki/Joshua_Eagle \"Joshua Eagle\").",
"In 2005, Rafter won [the International Club](http://www.ictennis.net/)'s prestigious [Jean Borotra Sportsmanship Award](/wiki/Jean_Borotra_Sportsmanship_Award \"Jean Borotra Sportsmanship Award\").",
"He was elected to the [International Tennis Hall of Fame](/wiki/International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame \"International Tennis Hall of Fame\") and inducted into the [Sport Australia Hall of Fame](/wiki/Sport_Australia_Hall_of_Fame \"Sport Australia Hall of Fame\") in 2006\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sahof.org.au/hall\\-of\\-fame\\-member/patrick\\-rafter/\\|title\\=Patrick Rafter\\|publisher\\=Sport Australia Hall of Fame\\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2020}} On [Australia Day](/wiki/Australia_Day \"Australia Day\") 2008, Rafter was inducted into the [Australian Tennis Hall of Fame](/wiki/Australian_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame \"Australian Tennis Hall of Fame\").",
"In 2009, as part of the [Q150](/wiki/Q150 \"Q150\") celebrations, Rafter was announced as one of the [Q150 Icons](/wiki/Q150_Icons \"Q150 Icons\") of Queensland for his role as a \"sports legend\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://statements.qld.gov.au/statement/id/64301\\|title\\=PREMIER UNVEILS QUEENSLAND'S 150 ICONS\\|last\\=Bligh\\|first\\=Anna\\|author\\-link\\=Anna Bligh\\|date\\=10 June 2009\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Queensland Government]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524033717/http://statements.qld.gov.au/statement/id/64301\\|archive\\-date\\=24 May 2017\\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017}}",
"In October 2010, Rafter was announced as Australia's [Davis Cup](/wiki/Davis_Cup \"Davis Cup\") captain.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/tennis/pat\\-rafter\\-named\\-australian\\-davis\\-cup\\-captain\\-20101020\\-16tfw.html\\|title\\=Pat Rafter named Australian Davis Cup captain\\|website\\=The Sydney Morning Herald\\|publisher\\=Fairfax Media\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2015\\|date\\=2010\\-10\\-20}} Rafter stood down as Australia's Davis Cup captain on 29 January 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015\\-01\\-29/hewitt\\-to\\-retire\\-after\\-2016\\-australian\\-open/6055726\\|title\\=Lleyton Hewitt to retire from tennis after 2016 Australian Open, Pat Rafter stands down as Davis Cup captain\\|website\\=ABC News\\|publisher\\=ABC\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2015\\|date\\=2015\\-01\\-29}} He was succeeded by [Wally Masur](/wiki/Wally_Masur \"Wally Masur\").",
"On 12 January 2014, Rafter—then aged 41—announced that he would be partnering current Australian number one [Lleyton Hewitt](/wiki/Lleyton_Hewitt \"Lleyton Hewitt\") in the doubles draw of the [2014 Australian Open](/wiki/2014_Australian_Open \"2014 Australian Open\"). The comeback, however, was short\\-lived, as the pair went down in straight sets to eventual runner\\-ups [Eric Butorac](/wiki/Eric_Butorac \"Eric Butorac\") and [Raven Klaasen](/wiki/Raven_Klaasen \"Raven Klaasen\") in the first round.{{cite web\\|author\\=ATP Staff\\|title\\=Hewitt/Rafter Doubles Campaign Ends in Defeat\\|url\\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/01/3/Australian\\-Open\\-2014\\-Doubles\\-Day\\-3\\-Hutchins\\-Peya.aspx\\|publisher\\=ATP World Tour \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216173446/http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/01/3/Australian\\-Open\\-2014\\-Doubles\\-Day\\-3\\-Hutchins\\-Peya.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=16 February 2015}}",
"#### ATP Champions Tour",
"At the 2009 AEGON Masters Tennis, Rafter lost his opening round robin match against the [1987 Wimbledon](/wiki/1987_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles \"1987 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles\") Champion and fellow Aussie [Pat Cash](/wiki/Pat_Cash \"Pat Cash\") 2–6, 6–2, 10–6\\. In a much anticipated match and replay of the [2001 Wimbledon](/wiki/2001_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles \"2001 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles\") final, Rafter faced [Goran Ivanišević](/wiki/Goran_Ivani%C5%A1evi%C4%87 \"Goran Ivanišević\"). Rafter won the match when Ivanisevic retired while serving for the opening set, 3–5\\. Despite his performance, the retirement was enough to push Rafter into the final against [Stefan Edberg](/wiki/Stefan_Edberg \"Stefan Edberg\"). In what is described as a spell\\-binding serve\\-and\\-volley showdown,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.atpchampionstour.com/news56\\.html\\|title\\=Pat Cash Wins First Ever Meeting With Pat Rafter \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103122909/https://www.atpchampionstour.com/news56\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=3 November 2012}} Rafter won the match 6–7, 6–4, 11–9\\. This represented the first time that Rafter was able to defeat Edberg.",
""
] |
### Comebacks and post\-retirement activities
The 5,500\-seat centre [court](/wiki/Tennis_court "Tennis court") of the [Queensland Tennis Centre](/wiki/Queensland_Tennis_Centre "Queensland Tennis Centre") in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane"), Australia, was named *Pat Rafter Arena* in Rafter's honour.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.brisbaneinternational.com.au/2008/10/stadium\-named\-after\-pat\-rafter\|title\=Stadium named after Pat Rafter \- Brisbane International Tennis\|date\=23 October 2008}} In 2002, he won the [Australian of the Year](/wiki/Australian_of_the_Year "Australian of the Year") award.{{cite book\|title\=Australians of the Year\|publisher\=Pier 9 Press\|year\=2010\|isbn\=978\-1\-74196\-809\-5\|author\=Lewis, Wendy\|author\-link\=Wendy Lewis}} This created some controversy, as he had spent much of his career residing in [Bermuda](/wiki/Bermuda "Bermuda") for tax purposes.{{Cite web \|date\=2002\-09\-17 \|title\=Pat comes home from exile \|url\=https://www.smh.com.au/national/pat\-comes\-home\-from\-exile\-20020917\-gdfn4u.html \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-22 \|website\=The Sydney Morning Herald \|language\=en}}
Rafter did return at the beginning of the 2004 season to play doubles at two tournaments only; the [2004 Australian Open](/wiki/2004_Australian_Open "2004 Australian Open") and the [2004 AAPT Championships](/wiki/2004_AAPT_Championships "2004 AAPT Championships") (in Adelaide). However, he lost in round one of both events, playing alongside [Joshua Eagle](/wiki/Joshua_Eagle "Joshua Eagle").
In 2005, Rafter won [the International Club](http://www.ictennis.net/)'s prestigious [Jean Borotra Sportsmanship Award](/wiki/Jean_Borotra_Sportsmanship_Award "Jean Borotra Sportsmanship Award").
He was elected to the [International Tennis Hall of Fame](/wiki/International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame "International Tennis Hall of Fame") and inducted into the [Sport Australia Hall of Fame](/wiki/Sport_Australia_Hall_of_Fame "Sport Australia Hall of Fame") in 2006\.{{cite web\|url\=https://sahof.org.au/hall\-of\-fame\-member/patrick\-rafter/\|title\=Patrick Rafter\|publisher\=Sport Australia Hall of Fame\|access\-date\=26 September 2020}} On [Australia Day](/wiki/Australia_Day "Australia Day") 2008, Rafter was inducted into the [Australian Tennis Hall of Fame](/wiki/Australian_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame "Australian Tennis Hall of Fame").
In 2009, as part of the [Q150](/wiki/Q150 "Q150") celebrations, Rafter was announced as one of the [Q150 Icons](/wiki/Q150_Icons "Q150 Icons") of Queensland for his role as a "sports legend".{{Cite web\|url\=http://statements.qld.gov.au/statement/id/64301\|title\=PREMIER UNVEILS QUEENSLAND'S 150 ICONS\|last\=Bligh\|first\=Anna\|author\-link\=Anna Bligh\|date\=10 June 2009\|publisher\=\[\[Queensland Government]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524033717/http://statements.qld.gov.au/statement/id/64301\|archive\-date\=24 May 2017\|access\-date\=24 May 2017}}
In October 2010, Rafter was announced as Australia's [Davis Cup](/wiki/Davis_Cup "Davis Cup") captain.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/tennis/pat\-rafter\-named\-australian\-davis\-cup\-captain\-20101020\-16tfw.html\|title\=Pat Rafter named Australian Davis Cup captain\|website\=The Sydney Morning Herald\|publisher\=Fairfax Media\|access\-date\=6 July 2015\|date\=2010\-10\-20}} Rafter stood down as Australia's Davis Cup captain on 29 January 2015\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015\-01\-29/hewitt\-to\-retire\-after\-2016\-australian\-open/6055726\|title\=Lleyton Hewitt to retire from tennis after 2016 Australian Open, Pat Rafter stands down as Davis Cup captain\|website\=ABC News\|publisher\=ABC\|access\-date\=6 July 2015\|date\=2015\-01\-29}} He was succeeded by [Wally Masur](/wiki/Wally_Masur "Wally Masur").
On 12 January 2014, Rafter—then aged 41—announced that he would be partnering current Australian number one [Lleyton Hewitt](/wiki/Lleyton_Hewitt "Lleyton Hewitt") in the doubles draw of the [2014 Australian Open](/wiki/2014_Australian_Open "2014 Australian Open"). The comeback, however, was short\-lived, as the pair went down in straight sets to eventual runner\-ups [Eric Butorac](/wiki/Eric_Butorac "Eric Butorac") and [Raven Klaasen](/wiki/Raven_Klaasen "Raven Klaasen") in the first round.{{cite web\|author\=ATP Staff\|title\=Hewitt/Rafter Doubles Campaign Ends in Defeat\|url\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/01/3/Australian\-Open\-2014\-Doubles\-Day\-3\-Hutchins\-Peya.aspx\|publisher\=ATP World Tour \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216173446/http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/01/3/Australian\-Open\-2014\-Doubles\-Day\-3\-Hutchins\-Peya.aspx \|archive\-date\=16 February 2015}}
#### ATP Champions Tour
At the 2009 AEGON Masters Tennis, Rafter lost his opening round robin match against the [1987 Wimbledon](/wiki/1987_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles "1987 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles") Champion and fellow Aussie [Pat Cash](/wiki/Pat_Cash "Pat Cash") 2–6, 6–2, 10–6\. In a much anticipated match and replay of the [2001 Wimbledon](/wiki/2001_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles "2001 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles") final, Rafter faced [Goran Ivanišević](/wiki/Goran_Ivani%C5%A1evi%C4%87 "Goran Ivanišević"). Rafter won the match when Ivanisevic retired while serving for the opening set, 3–5\. Despite his performance, the retirement was enough to push Rafter into the final against [Stefan Edberg](/wiki/Stefan_Edberg "Stefan Edberg"). In what is described as a spell\-binding serve\-and\-volley showdown,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.atpchampionstour.com/news56\.html\|title\=Pat Cash Wins First Ever Meeting With Pat Rafter \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103122909/https://www.atpchampionstour.com/news56\.html \|archive\-date\=3 November 2012}} Rafter won the match 6–7, 6–4, 11–9\. This represented the first time that Rafter was able to defeat Edberg.
|
[
"### Comebacks and post\\-retirement activities",
"The 5,500\\-seat centre [court](/wiki/Tennis_court \"Tennis court\") of the [Queensland Tennis Centre](/wiki/Queensland_Tennis_Centre \"Queensland Tennis Centre\") in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\"), Australia, was named *Pat Rafter Arena* in Rafter's honour.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.brisbaneinternational.com.au/2008/10/stadium\\-named\\-after\\-pat\\-rafter\\|title\\=Stadium named after Pat Rafter \\- Brisbane International Tennis\\|date\\=23 October 2008}} In 2002, he won the [Australian of the Year](/wiki/Australian_of_the_Year \"Australian of the Year\") award.{{cite book\\|title\\=Australians of the Year\\|publisher\\=Pier 9 Press\\|year\\=2010\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-74196\\-809\\-5\\|author\\=Lewis, Wendy\\|author\\-link\\=Wendy Lewis}} This created some controversy, as he had spent much of his career residing in [Bermuda](/wiki/Bermuda \"Bermuda\") for tax purposes.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2002\\-09\\-17 \\|title\\=Pat comes home from exile \\|url\\=https://www.smh.com.au/national/pat\\-comes\\-home\\-from\\-exile\\-20020917\\-gdfn4u.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-22 \\|website\\=The Sydney Morning Herald \\|language\\=en}}",
"Rafter did return at the beginning of the 2004 season to play doubles at two tournaments only; the [2004 Australian Open](/wiki/2004_Australian_Open \"2004 Australian Open\") and the [2004 AAPT Championships](/wiki/2004_AAPT_Championships \"2004 AAPT Championships\") (in Adelaide). However, he lost in round one of both events, playing alongside [Joshua Eagle](/wiki/Joshua_Eagle \"Joshua Eagle\").",
"In 2005, Rafter won [the International Club](http://www.ictennis.net/)'s prestigious [Jean Borotra Sportsmanship Award](/wiki/Jean_Borotra_Sportsmanship_Award \"Jean Borotra Sportsmanship Award\").",
"He was elected to the [International Tennis Hall of Fame](/wiki/International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame \"International Tennis Hall of Fame\") and inducted into the [Sport Australia Hall of Fame](/wiki/Sport_Australia_Hall_of_Fame \"Sport Australia Hall of Fame\") in 2006\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sahof.org.au/hall\\-of\\-fame\\-member/patrick\\-rafter/\\|title\\=Patrick Rafter\\|publisher\\=Sport Australia Hall of Fame\\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2020}} On [Australia Day](/wiki/Australia_Day \"Australia Day\") 2008, Rafter was inducted into the [Australian Tennis Hall of Fame](/wiki/Australian_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame \"Australian Tennis Hall of Fame\").",
"In 2009, as part of the [Q150](/wiki/Q150 \"Q150\") celebrations, Rafter was announced as one of the [Q150 Icons](/wiki/Q150_Icons \"Q150 Icons\") of Queensland for his role as a \"sports legend\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://statements.qld.gov.au/statement/id/64301\\|title\\=PREMIER UNVEILS QUEENSLAND'S 150 ICONS\\|last\\=Bligh\\|first\\=Anna\\|author\\-link\\=Anna Bligh\\|date\\=10 June 2009\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Queensland Government]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524033717/http://statements.qld.gov.au/statement/id/64301\\|archive\\-date\\=24 May 2017\\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017}}",
"In October 2010, Rafter was announced as Australia's [Davis Cup](/wiki/Davis_Cup \"Davis Cup\") captain.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/tennis/pat\\-rafter\\-named\\-australian\\-davis\\-cup\\-captain\\-20101020\\-16tfw.html\\|title\\=Pat Rafter named Australian Davis Cup captain\\|website\\=The Sydney Morning Herald\\|publisher\\=Fairfax Media\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2015\\|date\\=2010\\-10\\-20}} Rafter stood down as Australia's Davis Cup captain on 29 January 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015\\-01\\-29/hewitt\\-to\\-retire\\-after\\-2016\\-australian\\-open/6055726\\|title\\=Lleyton Hewitt to retire from tennis after 2016 Australian Open, Pat Rafter stands down as Davis Cup captain\\|website\\=ABC News\\|publisher\\=ABC\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2015\\|date\\=2015\\-01\\-29}} He was succeeded by [Wally Masur](/wiki/Wally_Masur \"Wally Masur\").",
"On 12 January 2014, Rafter—then aged 41—announced that he would be partnering current Australian number one [Lleyton Hewitt](/wiki/Lleyton_Hewitt \"Lleyton Hewitt\") in the doubles draw of the [2014 Australian Open](/wiki/2014_Australian_Open \"2014 Australian Open\"). The comeback, however, was short\\-lived, as the pair went down in straight sets to eventual runner\\-ups [Eric Butorac](/wiki/Eric_Butorac \"Eric Butorac\") and [Raven Klaasen](/wiki/Raven_Klaasen \"Raven Klaasen\") in the first round.{{cite web\\|author\\=ATP Staff\\|title\\=Hewitt/Rafter Doubles Campaign Ends in Defeat\\|url\\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/01/3/Australian\\-Open\\-2014\\-Doubles\\-Day\\-3\\-Hutchins\\-Peya.aspx\\|publisher\\=ATP World Tour \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216173446/http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/01/3/Australian\\-Open\\-2014\\-Doubles\\-Day\\-3\\-Hutchins\\-Peya.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=16 February 2015}}",
"#### ATP Champions Tour",
"At the 2009 AEGON Masters Tennis, Rafter lost his opening round robin match against the [1987 Wimbledon](/wiki/1987_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles \"1987 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles\") Champion and fellow Aussie [Pat Cash](/wiki/Pat_Cash \"Pat Cash\") 2–6, 6–2, 10–6\\. In a much anticipated match and replay of the [2001 Wimbledon](/wiki/2001_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles \"2001 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles\") final, Rafter faced [Goran Ivanišević](/wiki/Goran_Ivani%C5%A1evi%C4%87 \"Goran Ivanišević\"). Rafter won the match when Ivanisevic retired while serving for the opening set, 3–5\\. Despite his performance, the retirement was enough to push Rafter into the final against [Stefan Edberg](/wiki/Stefan_Edberg \"Stefan Edberg\"). In what is described as a spell\\-binding serve\\-and\\-volley showdown,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.atpchampionstour.com/news56\\.html\\|title\\=Pat Cash Wins First Ever Meeting With Pat Rafter \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103122909/https://www.atpchampionstour.com/news56\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=3 November 2012}} Rafter won the match 6–7, 6–4, 11–9\\. This represented the first time that Rafter was able to defeat Edberg.",
""
] |
Life and work
-------------
Diller obtained a doctorate in 1930 in [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg"), and later studied in [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig "Leipzig") in 1932 before returning to Hamburg as a lecturer.*Gnomon. Kritische Zeitschrift für die gesamte klassische Altertumswissenschaft*. 1933, volume 9, {{p.\|672}}.[Klee, 2003, {{p.\|111}}](https://books.google.com/books?id=mhloAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Diller,+Hans%22+1905+Worms+1977)
In 1933 Diller signed the *[Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High\-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State](/wiki/Vow_of_allegiance_of_the_Professors_of_the_German_Universities_and_High-Schools_to_Adolf_Hitler_and_the_National_Socialistic_State "Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State")*.
In 1937, he made an application for [Nazi Party](/wiki/Nazi_Party "Nazi Party") membership and the same year he became an associate professor in [Rostock](/wiki/Rostock "Rostock"). He was accepted into the Nazi party in 1940\.
After the end of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), he denied before the [denazification](/wiki/Denazification "Denazification") commission his party membership{{Clarify\|date\=September 2009}} and received an appointment as professor of classical philology at Kiel, where he remained until his retirement.Ernst Klee: *Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945*. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, S. 111\.*Gnomon. Kritische Zeitschrift für die gesamte klassische Altertumswissenschaft*. 1949, Band 21, S. 378\. He rejected offers to move to [Mainz](/wiki/Mainz "Mainz") (1952\), although he became a full member of the Academy of Sciences and Literature based there, and further rejected offers to move to [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne "Cologne") (1958\) and [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg") (1960\) . For the academic year 1950/51 he was appointed rector of the [Christian\-Albrechts University](/wiki/Christian-Albrechts_University "Christian-Albrechts University") in Kiel.*Gnomon. Kritische Zeitschrift für die gesamte klassische Altertumswissenschaft*. 1952, Band 24, S. 304\.
One of his main areas of research was [Hippocratic](/wiki/Hippocrates "Hippocrates") medicine. He published a book in 1970 dedicated to this field, and partly consisted of work written by Hippocrates originally.{{cite book\|author\=Diller, Hans\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=H\-XaAAAAMAAJ\&q\=Hans\+Diller\|title\=Über die Umwelt, Hippocrates\|publisher\=Akademie\-Vertag, \[\[University of Michigan]]\|date\=1970}} In addition, he also concerned himself with the Greek tragedians and co\-authored works about [Sophocles](/wiki/Sophocles "Sophocles"), for example. For his efforts he was awarded in 1962 an honorary doctorate at the [University of Athens](/wiki/University_of_Athens "University of Athens").*Gnomon. Kritische Zeitschrift für die gesamte klassische Altertumswissenschaft*. 1962, Band 34, S. 528\.
Diller taught a number of notable scholars including [Hermann Grensemann](/wiki/Hermann_Grensemann "Hermann Grensemann"), [Hans\-Joachim Newiger](/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Newiger "Hans-Joachim Newiger"), [Gert Preiser](/wiki/Gert_Preiser "Gert Preiser") and [Renate Wittern\-Sterzel](/wiki/Renate_Wittern-Sterzel "Renate Wittern-Sterzel").
|
[
"Life and work\n-------------",
"Diller obtained a doctorate in 1930 in [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\"), and later studied in [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig \"Leipzig\") in 1932 before returning to Hamburg as a lecturer.*Gnomon. Kritische Zeitschrift für die gesamte klassische Altertumswissenschaft*. 1933, volume 9, {{p.\\|672}}.[Klee, 2003, {{p.\\|111}}](https://books.google.com/books?id=mhloAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Diller,+Hans%22+1905+Worms+1977)",
"In 1933 Diller signed the *[Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High\\-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State](/wiki/Vow_of_allegiance_of_the_Professors_of_the_German_Universities_and_High-Schools_to_Adolf_Hitler_and_the_National_Socialistic_State \"Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State\")*.",
"In 1937, he made an application for [Nazi Party](/wiki/Nazi_Party \"Nazi Party\") membership and the same year he became an associate professor in [Rostock](/wiki/Rostock \"Rostock\"). He was accepted into the Nazi party in 1940\\.",
"After the end of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), he denied before the [denazification](/wiki/Denazification \"Denazification\") commission his party membership{{Clarify\\|date\\=September 2009}} and received an appointment as professor of classical philology at Kiel, where he remained until his retirement.Ernst Klee: *Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945*. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, S. 111\\.*Gnomon. Kritische Zeitschrift für die gesamte klassische Altertumswissenschaft*. 1949, Band 21, S. 378\\. He rejected offers to move to [Mainz](/wiki/Mainz \"Mainz\") (1952\\), although he became a full member of the Academy of Sciences and Literature based there, and further rejected offers to move to [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne \"Cologne\") (1958\\) and [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\") (1960\\) . For the academic year 1950/51 he was appointed rector of the [Christian\\-Albrechts University](/wiki/Christian-Albrechts_University \"Christian-Albrechts University\") in Kiel.*Gnomon. Kritische Zeitschrift für die gesamte klassische Altertumswissenschaft*. 1952, Band 24, S. 304\\.",
"One of his main areas of research was [Hippocratic](/wiki/Hippocrates \"Hippocrates\") medicine. He published a book in 1970 dedicated to this field, and partly consisted of work written by Hippocrates originally.{{cite book\\|author\\=Diller, Hans\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=H\\-XaAAAAMAAJ\\&q\\=Hans\\+Diller\\|title\\=Über die Umwelt, Hippocrates\\|publisher\\=Akademie\\-Vertag, \\[\\[University of Michigan]]\\|date\\=1970}} In addition, he also concerned himself with the Greek tragedians and co\\-authored works about [Sophocles](/wiki/Sophocles \"Sophocles\"), for example. For his efforts he was awarded in 1962 an honorary doctorate at the [University of Athens](/wiki/University_of_Athens \"University of Athens\").*Gnomon. Kritische Zeitschrift für die gesamte klassische Altertumswissenschaft*. 1962, Band 34, S. 528\\.",
"Diller taught a number of notable scholars including [Hermann Grensemann](/wiki/Hermann_Grensemann \"Hermann Grensemann\"), [Hans\\-Joachim Newiger](/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Newiger \"Hans-Joachim Newiger\"), [Gert Preiser](/wiki/Gert_Preiser \"Gert Preiser\") and [Renate Wittern\\-Sterzel](/wiki/Renate_Wittern-Sterzel \"Renate Wittern-Sterzel\").",
""
] |
History
-------
In July 1968, the Minister of Health, [Kenneth Robinson](/wiki/Kenneth_Robinson_%28British_politician%29 "Kenneth Robinson (British politician)"), published a [green paper](/wiki/Green_paper "Green paper"), *Administrative structure of the medical and related services in England and Wales*. It proposed creating about 50 single\-tier area boards taking responsibility for all health functions in each local government area. It triggered years of debate about the relationship between the NHS, local authorities, and health and social care.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/features/nhs\-reform\-timeline \|title\=NHS reform timeline \|website\=\[\[Nuffield Trust]] \|access\-date\=29 July 2024 }} In September 1968, the separate ministries of health and of social care merged to form the [Department of Health and Social Security](/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Security "Department of Health and Social Security").
In 1970, [Richard Crossman](/wiki/Richard_Crossman "Richard Crossman") rewrote Robinson's 1968 proposals, publishing a second green paper. Crossman rejected local authorities managing the health service and instead proposed that area authorities should remain directly under the Department of Health and Social Security. He retained the idea that the number and areas of the proposed new health authorities should match those of the [proposed new local authorities](/wiki/Redcliffe-Maud_Report "Redcliffe-Maud Report"), but added regional health councils which could undertake those activities for which the local area boards were too small.
Following the election of the [Conservative](/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29 "Conservative Party (UK)") government of 1970, the new Secretary of State, [Keith Joseph](/wiki/Keith_Joseph "Keith Joseph"), amended Crossman’s 1970 proposals. Under these plans published in July 1971, the upper\-tier regional health authorities would also be responsible for general planning and the allocation of resources to the lower\-tier area health authorities, as well as the coordination and supervision of the latter’s activities. This two\-tier health system was in keeping with the Conservative [government's proposals](/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972 "Local Government Act 1972") for a two\-tier system of local government.
After years of debate, reform was made under the [NHS Reorganisation Act 1973](/wiki/NHS_Reorganisation_Act_1973 "NHS Reorganisation Act 1973") which came into effect on 1 April 1974\. This was the first time the service had been reorganised since it was established in 1948\.{{cite journal \|last1\=Lale \|first1\=Alice S \|last2\=Temple \|first2\=Jonathan MF \|title\=Has NHS reorganisation saved lives? A CuSum study using 65 years of data \|journal\=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine \|date\=January 2016 \|volume\=109 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=18–26 \|doi\=10\.1177/0141076815608853 \|pmid\=26432817 \|pmc\=4724772 }} It ended the [1948 tripartite system](/wiki/National_Health_Service_Act_1946 "National Health Service Act 1946") of separate provision of hospital services under [regional hospital boards](/wiki/List_of_NHS_regional_hospital_boards_%281947%E2%80%931974%29 "List of NHS regional hospital boards (1947–1974)"), hospital management committees and boards of governors; family practitioner services under executive councils; and community health services (including health visiting, maternity services, vaccination and ambulance services) under local authorities. These organisations were replaced by one unitary structure of 90 [area health authorities](/wiki/Area_health_authority "Area health authority") (AHAs) answering to 14 regional health authorities (RHAs) and, ultimately, to the [Secretary of State for Social Services](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Social_Services "Secretary of State for Social Services").{{cite web \|url\=https://navigator.health.org.uk/theme/nhs\-reorganisation\-act\-1973 \|title\=NHS Reorganisation Act 1973 \|website\=\[\[Health Foundation\|The Health Foundation]] \|access\-date\=29 July 2024 }} Responsibility for public health was also taken from local authorities and given to the secretary of state, who also took on responsibility for school health. In effect, there was also a third lower administrative tier as the work of hospital management was done at district general hospital level.
The incoming Labour government [of 1974](/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election "February 1974 United Kingdom general election") published a paper on *Democracy in the NHS* in May that added local government representatives to the new RHAs and increased their proportion on each AHA to a third.
A [Royal Commission on the National Health Service](/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_National_Health_Service "Royal Commission on the National Health Service") was established in 1975 and published its report in July 1979\. It heard complaints that the AHAs created under the 1973 Act added an extra and unnecessary tier of management.{{cite book\|title\=Royal Commission on the NHS Chapter 4\|date\=July 1979\|publisher\=HMSO\|isbn\=0101761503\|url\=http://www.sochealth.co.uk/national\-health\-service/royal\-commission\-on\-the\-national\-health\-service\-contents/royal\-commission\-on\-the\-nhs\-chapter\-4/\|accessdate\=19 May 2015}} In 1982, the 90 AHAs were replaced by 192 [district health authorities](/wiki/District_health_authority "District health authority") (DHAs) under the [Health Services Act 1980](/wiki/Health_Services_Act_1980 "Health Services Act 1980"), but the RHAs remained.{{cite web \|url\=https://navigator.health.org.uk/theme/health\-services\-act\-1980 \|title\=Health Services Act 1980 \|website\=\[\[Health Foundation\|The Health Foundation]] \|access\-date\=29 July 2024 }} Under the 1980 Act, RHAs retained their responsibilities for monitoring and implementing district plans and financial control but were expected to 'stand back' from the activities of the DHAs. The Royal Commission had also proposed that RHAs should be directly accountable to parliament but this was rejected by the government and the secretary of state retained that accountability.
On their creation in 1974, there were 14 RHAs, but they were reduced in number to 8 in 1994 before being abolished altogether in 1996 and replaced by eight regional offices of the [NHS Executive](/wiki/NHS_Executive "NHS Executive") as a result of the [Health Authorities Act 1995](/wiki/Health_Authorities_Act_1995 "Health Authorities Act 1995").{{cite news \|last1\=Godlee \|first1\=Fiona \|title\=Is "DevoManc" devolution, delegation, or dismantling of the NHS? \|url\=http://www.bmj.com/content/352/bmj.i1668 \|accessdate\=3 April 2016 \|issue\=352 \|publisher\=British Medical Journal \|date\=22 March 2016}} The delegation of authority to [DevoManc](/wiki/Healthcare_in_Greater_Manchester "Healthcare in Greater Manchester") on 1 April 2016 was hailed by the editor of the *[British Medical Journal](/wiki/British_Medical_Journal "British Medical Journal")* as a possible regeneration of regional health authorities.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In July 1968, the Minister of Health, [Kenneth Robinson](/wiki/Kenneth_Robinson_%28British_politician%29 \"Kenneth Robinson (British politician)\"), published a [green paper](/wiki/Green_paper \"Green paper\"), *Administrative structure of the medical and related services in England and Wales*. It proposed creating about 50 single\\-tier area boards taking responsibility for all health functions in each local government area. It triggered years of debate about the relationship between the NHS, local authorities, and health and social care.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/features/nhs\\-reform\\-timeline \\|title\\=NHS reform timeline \\|website\\=\\[\\[Nuffield Trust]] \\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2024 }} In September 1968, the separate ministries of health and of social care merged to form the [Department of Health and Social Security](/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Security \"Department of Health and Social Security\").",
"In 1970, [Richard Crossman](/wiki/Richard_Crossman \"Richard Crossman\") rewrote Robinson's 1968 proposals, publishing a second green paper. Crossman rejected local authorities managing the health service and instead proposed that area authorities should remain directly under the Department of Health and Social Security. He retained the idea that the number and areas of the proposed new health authorities should match those of the [proposed new local authorities](/wiki/Redcliffe-Maud_Report \"Redcliffe-Maud Report\"), but added regional health councils which could undertake those activities for which the local area boards were too small.",
"Following the election of the [Conservative](/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29 \"Conservative Party (UK)\") government of 1970, the new Secretary of State, [Keith Joseph](/wiki/Keith_Joseph \"Keith Joseph\"), amended Crossman’s 1970 proposals. Under these plans published in July 1971, the upper\\-tier regional health authorities would also be responsible for general planning and the allocation of resources to the lower\\-tier area health authorities, as well as the coordination and supervision of the latter’s activities. This two\\-tier health system was in keeping with the Conservative [government's proposals](/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972 \"Local Government Act 1972\") for a two\\-tier system of local government.",
"After years of debate, reform was made under the [NHS Reorganisation Act 1973](/wiki/NHS_Reorganisation_Act_1973 \"NHS Reorganisation Act 1973\") which came into effect on 1 April 1974\\. This was the first time the service had been reorganised since it was established in 1948\\.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Lale \\|first1\\=Alice S \\|last2\\=Temple \\|first2\\=Jonathan MF \\|title\\=Has NHS reorganisation saved lives? A CuSum study using 65 years of data \\|journal\\=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine \\|date\\=January 2016 \\|volume\\=109 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=18–26 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0141076815608853 \\|pmid\\=26432817 \\|pmc\\=4724772 }} It ended the [1948 tripartite system](/wiki/National_Health_Service_Act_1946 \"National Health Service Act 1946\") of separate provision of hospital services under [regional hospital boards](/wiki/List_of_NHS_regional_hospital_boards_%281947%E2%80%931974%29 \"List of NHS regional hospital boards (1947–1974)\"), hospital management committees and boards of governors; family practitioner services under executive councils; and community health services (including health visiting, maternity services, vaccination and ambulance services) under local authorities. These organisations were replaced by one unitary structure of 90 [area health authorities](/wiki/Area_health_authority \"Area health authority\") (AHAs) answering to 14 regional health authorities (RHAs) and, ultimately, to the [Secretary of State for Social Services](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Social_Services \"Secretary of State for Social Services\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://navigator.health.org.uk/theme/nhs\\-reorganisation\\-act\\-1973 \\|title\\=NHS Reorganisation Act 1973 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Health Foundation\\|The Health Foundation]] \\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2024 }} Responsibility for public health was also taken from local authorities and given to the secretary of state, who also took on responsibility for school health. In effect, there was also a third lower administrative tier as the work of hospital management was done at district general hospital level.",
"The incoming Labour government [of 1974](/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election \"February 1974 United Kingdom general election\") published a paper on *Democracy in the NHS* in May that added local government representatives to the new RHAs and increased their proportion on each AHA to a third.",
"A [Royal Commission on the National Health Service](/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_National_Health_Service \"Royal Commission on the National Health Service\") was established in 1975 and published its report in July 1979\\. It heard complaints that the AHAs created under the 1973 Act added an extra and unnecessary tier of management.{{cite book\\|title\\=Royal Commission on the NHS Chapter 4\\|date\\=July 1979\\|publisher\\=HMSO\\|isbn\\=0101761503\\|url\\=http://www.sochealth.co.uk/national\\-health\\-service/royal\\-commission\\-on\\-the\\-national\\-health\\-service\\-contents/royal\\-commission\\-on\\-the\\-nhs\\-chapter\\-4/\\|accessdate\\=19 May 2015}} In 1982, the 90 AHAs were replaced by 192 [district health authorities](/wiki/District_health_authority \"District health authority\") (DHAs) under the [Health Services Act 1980](/wiki/Health_Services_Act_1980 \"Health Services Act 1980\"), but the RHAs remained.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://navigator.health.org.uk/theme/health\\-services\\-act\\-1980 \\|title\\=Health Services Act 1980 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Health Foundation\\|The Health Foundation]] \\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2024 }} Under the 1980 Act, RHAs retained their responsibilities for monitoring and implementing district plans and financial control but were expected to 'stand back' from the activities of the DHAs. The Royal Commission had also proposed that RHAs should be directly accountable to parliament but this was rejected by the government and the secretary of state retained that accountability.",
"On their creation in 1974, there were 14 RHAs, but they were reduced in number to 8 in 1994 before being abolished altogether in 1996 and replaced by eight regional offices of the [NHS Executive](/wiki/NHS_Executive \"NHS Executive\") as a result of the [Health Authorities Act 1995](/wiki/Health_Authorities_Act_1995 \"Health Authorities Act 1995\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Godlee \\|first1\\=Fiona \\|title\\=Is \"DevoManc\" devolution, delegation, or dismantling of the NHS? \\|url\\=http://www.bmj.com/content/352/bmj.i1668 \\|accessdate\\=3 April 2016 \\|issue\\=352 \\|publisher\\=British Medical Journal \\|date\\=22 March 2016}} The delegation of authority to [DevoManc](/wiki/Healthcare_in_Greater_Manchester \"Healthcare in Greater Manchester\") on 1 April 2016 was hailed by the editor of the *[British Medical Journal](/wiki/British_Medical_Journal \"British Medical Journal\")* as a possible regeneration of regional health authorities.",
""
] |
Challenge Series
----------------
The WTRC Challenge Series <http://wtrc.tripod.com/challenge.html> WTRC Challenge Series is a 12 month series of 13 races culminating in year\-end awards and recognition for performance, endurance and participation by club members in monthly club races.
### 66 Mile Club
All members completing 66 miles in qualifying events will receive an award denoting that achievement.
### Mileage Award
Presented to the male and female members who accumulate the most miles for the year in qualifying events.
### Participation Award
Presented to the female and male members who participate in the greatest number of qualifying events.
### Volunteer Of The Year
Up to three awards are given to those Non runners who help the most at club sanctioned events.
### Victor's Rankings
Points are earned at each qualifying event in different age and sex classes. Awards are presented to a minimum of 3 and up to 5 of the top point scorers in each division at the end of the year.
|
[
"Challenge Series\n----------------",
"The WTRC Challenge Series <http://wtrc.tripod.com/challenge.html> WTRC Challenge Series is a 12 month series of 13 races culminating in year\\-end awards and recognition for performance, endurance and participation by club members in monthly club races.",
"### 66 Mile Club",
"All members completing 66 miles in qualifying events will receive an award denoting that achievement.",
"### Mileage Award",
"Presented to the male and female members who accumulate the most miles for the year in qualifying events.",
"### Participation Award",
"Presented to the female and male members who participate in the greatest number of qualifying events.",
"### Volunteer Of The Year",
"Up to three awards are given to those Non runners who help the most at club sanctioned events.",
"### Victor's Rankings",
"Points are earned at each qualifying event in different age and sex classes. Awards are presented to a minimum of 3 and up to 5 of the top point scorers in each division at the end of the year.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Harvard Medical School
In 1978, Sachs started work at the [Harvard Medical School](/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School"). He would eventually serve as chairman of the OB/GYN Department at [Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center](/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center "Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center") (BIDMC) and the Harvard Medical School. Sachs was also appointed as the Harold H. Rosenfield Professor at Harvard Medical School and the [Harvard School of Public Health](/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Public_Health "Harvard School of Public Health") (1997\-2007\)
Sachs and Major Peter Nielsen, MD, led a team to transfer the concept of [crew resource management](/wiki/Crew_resource_management "Crew resource management") to [obstetrical](/wiki/Obstetrical "Obstetrical") care. Funded by the U.S. [Department of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense "United States Department of Defense") and the Harvard Risk Management Foundation, this was the first major research effort to evaluate team training in healthcare. This crew resource management program formed the basis for TeamSTEPPS, the [Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality](/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality "Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality")'s national program. TeamSTEPPS is used in hospital Ob/Gyn, surgical, emergency medicine and ICU care departments.
Sachs helped create a research team led by Dr. Ananth Karumanchi that discovered the probable cause of [preeclampsia](/wiki/Preeclampsia "Preeclampsia"). The team's research was published in the [Journal of the American Medical Association](/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association "Journal of the American Medical Association"), the [New England Journal of Medicine](/wiki/New_England_Journal_of_Medicine "New England Journal of Medicine"), the [Journal of Clinical Investigation](/wiki/Journal_of_Clinical_Investigation "Journal of Clinical Investigation"), [Nature Medicine](/wiki/Nature_Medicine "Nature Medicine"), and was described in [The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker").
Sachs was also served as president of the Beth Israel\-Deaconess Physician Organization.
### Tulane Medical School
Sachs joined [Tulane Medical School](/wiki/Tulane_Medical_School "Tulane Medical School") in November 2007\.{{cite news\|title\=Harvard's Benjamin Sachs to head Tulane's med school\|url\=http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2007/07/25/harvards\_benjamin\_sachs\_to\_head\_tulanes\_med\_school/?rss\_id\=Boston.com\+%2F\+News\|access\-date\=31 December 2015\|publisher\=Boston.com\|date\=July 25, 2007}} The university had suffered $900 million in damage from [Hurricane Katrina](/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina "Hurricane Katrina") and lost a third of the medical school faculty.{{cite news\|last1\=Pope\|first1\=John\|title\=Tulane's medical school dean, Benjamin Sachs, to resign June 30\|url\=http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2013/06/post\_194\.html\|access\-date\=31 December 2015\|publisher\=The Times\-Picayune\|date\=June 3, 2013}} \[7] Sachs' objectives were to help Tulane recover and to fundamentally redesign the medical school and the New Orleans healthcare system. Sachs created a network of 68 clinics in the New Orleans area that by 2010 was treating approximately 200,000 people per year.
During Sachs' tenure, Tulane Medical School hired more leaders and increased the entrance exam scores of its students. It received the 2010 [Association of American Medical Colleges](/wiki/Association_of_American_Medical_Colleges "Association of American Medical Colleges") Spencer Foreman Award for outstanding community service.
Sachs served at Tulane for six years as Senior Vice President, dean of the Medical School and the James R. Doty Distinguished Professor and Chair. Sachs retired from Tulane in 2014\.
### Current
In June 2014, Sachs was appointed the interim dean of the new School of Medicine being developed by the [University of the Virgin Islands](/wiki/University_of_the_Virgin_Islands "University of the Virgin Islands") in [St. Croix](/wiki/St._Croix "St. Croix").{{cite web\|title\=UVI Names Dr. Benjamin Sachs Interim Dean of Medical School\|url\=http://www.uvi.edu/news/articles/2014/12\_159\_dean\-sachs.aspx\|publisher\=University of the Virgin Islands\|access\-date\=31 December 2015}} Sachs is helping UVISOM become the first English\-speaking medical school [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean") region that is [Liaison Committee on Medical Education](/wiki/Liaison_Committee_on_Medical_Education "Liaison Committee on Medical Education") (LCME) accredited.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Harvard Medical School",
"In 1978, Sachs started work at the [Harvard Medical School](/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School \"Harvard Medical School\"). He would eventually serve as chairman of the OB/GYN Department at [Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center](/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center \"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center\") (BIDMC) and the Harvard Medical School. Sachs was also appointed as the Harold H. Rosenfield Professor at Harvard Medical School and the [Harvard School of Public Health](/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Public_Health \"Harvard School of Public Health\") (1997\\-2007\\)",
"Sachs and Major Peter Nielsen, MD, led a team to transfer the concept of [crew resource management](/wiki/Crew_resource_management \"Crew resource management\") to [obstetrical](/wiki/Obstetrical \"Obstetrical\") care. Funded by the U.S. [Department of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense \"United States Department of Defense\") and the Harvard Risk Management Foundation, this was the first major research effort to evaluate team training in healthcare. This crew resource management program formed the basis for TeamSTEPPS, the [Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality](/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality \"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality\")'s national program. TeamSTEPPS is used in hospital Ob/Gyn, surgical, emergency medicine and ICU care departments.",
"Sachs helped create a research team led by Dr. Ananth Karumanchi that discovered the probable cause of [preeclampsia](/wiki/Preeclampsia \"Preeclampsia\"). The team's research was published in the [Journal of the American Medical Association](/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association \"Journal of the American Medical Association\"), the [New England Journal of Medicine](/wiki/New_England_Journal_of_Medicine \"New England Journal of Medicine\"), the [Journal of Clinical Investigation](/wiki/Journal_of_Clinical_Investigation \"Journal of Clinical Investigation\"), [Nature Medicine](/wiki/Nature_Medicine \"Nature Medicine\"), and was described in [The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\").",
"Sachs was also served as president of the Beth Israel\\-Deaconess Physician Organization.",
"### Tulane Medical School",
"Sachs joined [Tulane Medical School](/wiki/Tulane_Medical_School \"Tulane Medical School\") in November 2007\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Harvard's Benjamin Sachs to head Tulane's med school\\|url\\=http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2007/07/25/harvards\\_benjamin\\_sachs\\_to\\_head\\_tulanes\\_med\\_school/?rss\\_id\\=Boston.com\\+%2F\\+News\\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2015\\|publisher\\=Boston.com\\|date\\=July 25, 2007}} The university had suffered $900 million in damage from [Hurricane Katrina](/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina \"Hurricane Katrina\") and lost a third of the medical school faculty.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Pope\\|first1\\=John\\|title\\=Tulane's medical school dean, Benjamin Sachs, to resign June 30\\|url\\=http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2013/06/post\\_194\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2015\\|publisher\\=The Times\\-Picayune\\|date\\=June 3, 2013}} \\[7] Sachs' objectives were to help Tulane recover and to fundamentally redesign the medical school and the New Orleans healthcare system. Sachs created a network of 68 clinics in the New Orleans area that by 2010 was treating approximately 200,000 people per year.",
"During Sachs' tenure, Tulane Medical School hired more leaders and increased the entrance exam scores of its students. It received the 2010 [Association of American Medical Colleges](/wiki/Association_of_American_Medical_Colleges \"Association of American Medical Colleges\") Spencer Foreman Award for outstanding community service.",
"Sachs served at Tulane for six years as Senior Vice President, dean of the Medical School and the James R. Doty Distinguished Professor and Chair. Sachs retired from Tulane in 2014\\.",
"### Current",
"In June 2014, Sachs was appointed the interim dean of the new School of Medicine being developed by the [University of the Virgin Islands](/wiki/University_of_the_Virgin_Islands \"University of the Virgin Islands\") in [St. Croix](/wiki/St._Croix \"St. Croix\").{{cite web\\|title\\=UVI Names Dr. Benjamin Sachs Interim Dean of Medical School\\|url\\=http://www.uvi.edu/news/articles/2014/12\\_159\\_dean\\-sachs.aspx\\|publisher\\=University of the Virgin Islands\\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2015}} Sachs is helping UVISOM become the first English\\-speaking medical school [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean \"Caribbean\") region that is [Liaison Committee on Medical Education](/wiki/Liaison_Committee_on_Medical_Education \"Liaison Committee on Medical Education\") (LCME) accredited.",
""
] |
Selection of Commanders
-----------------------
The inclusion of troops from outside New England gave a continental flavor to the army at Boston. A desire to broaden the base of support for the war also led John Adams to work for the appointment of a southerner as the commander of all the continental forces, raised, or to be raised, for the defense of American liberty. On 15 June Congress unanimously chose [George Washington](/wiki/George_Washington "George Washington"). Washington had been active in the military planning committees of Congress and by late May had taken to wearing his old uniform. His colleagues believed that his modesty and competence qualified him to adjust to the "Temper \& Genius" of the New England troops. Washington was given the rank of General and Commander in Chief.
Congress clearly respected Washington, for it granted him extensive powers which combined functions of a regular British commander with the military responsibilities of a colonial governor. His instructions on 20 June told him to proceed to Massachusetts, "take charge of the army of the [United Colonies](/wiki/United_Colonies_of_America "United Colonies of America")," and capture or destroy all armed enemies. His was also to prepare and to send to Congress an accurate strength return of that army. On the other hand, instructions to keep the army obedient, diligent, and disciplined were rather vague. The Commander in Chief's right to make strategic and tactical decisions on purely military grounds was limited only by a requirement to listen to the advice of a council of war. Within a set troop maximum, including volunteers, Washington had the right to determine how many men to retain, and he had the power to fill temporarily any vacancies below the rank of colonel. Permanent promotions and appointments were reserved for the colonial governments to make.
Although sectional politics were involved in Washington's selection, in strictly military terms he was in fact the best\-qualified native American. He had begun his military career in 1752 in the Virginia militia as one of four regional adjutants responsible for training. During the first phase of the French and Indian War, he served with gallantry as [Edward Braddock](/wiki/Edward_Braddock "Edward Braddock")'s volunteer aide at the [battle of the Monongahela](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Monongahela "Battle of the Monongahela"), and later as the commander of Virginia's two Provincial regiments defending the colony's frontiers. In 1758 he commanded a brigade composed of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania units on [John Forbes](/wiki/John_Forbes_%28British_Army_officer%29 "John Forbes (British Army officer)")' expedition against [Fort Duquesne](/wiki/Fort_Duquesne "Fort Duquesne"). Washington was the only American in that war to command so large a force. The experience of these years taught him the importance of discipline, marksmanship, and professional study. Exposure to Forbes' ideas on adapting European tactics to the American wilderness also contributed significantly to his military education. Above all, he came to the conclusion that only unyielding commitment to hard work and attention to administrative detail could keep troops in the field.
On 16 June, the day after Washington's appointment, Congress authorized a variety of other senior officers for its new army. Details were again settled by the Committee of the Whole. Positions for five major staff officers were established: an Adjutant General, a Commissary of Musters, a Paymaster General, a Commissary General, and a Quartermaster General. These officers were expected to assist the Commander in Chief with the administration of the "grand army." The forces allocated to New York already were considered a separate department and were authorized their own deputy quartermaster general and deputy paymaster general. A military secretary and 3 aides for Washington, a secretary for the separate department, and 6 engineers (3 for each force) completed the staff. Congress also created the ranks of major general and brigadier general. The number of generals remained uncertain for several days as Congress debated. Between 17 and 22 June it finally decided on 4 major generals, each having 2 aides, and 8 brigadier generals. These totals allowed each colony raising troops to have a share of the patronage. Congress then took steps for issuing paper money to finance the army, and on 30 June it adopted the Articles of War.
Selection of the subordinate generals and senior staff officers led to political maneuvering as delegates sought appointments for favorite sons. On 17 June Congress elected [Artemas Ward](/wiki/Artemas_Ward "Artemas Ward") and [Charles Lee](/wiki/Charles_Lee_%28general%29 "Charles Lee (general)") as the first and second major generals and [Horatio Gates](/wiki/Horatio_Gates "Horatio Gates") as the Adjutant General. Ward received seniority because he was in command at Boston and because Massachusetts had furnished the largest contingent of troops. Ward was a Harvard graduate with many years of political experience. After two years of active duty as a field officer in the [French and Indian War](/wiki/French_and_Indian_War "French and Indian War"), he had compiled an excellent record as a militia administrator. Lee and Gates were professional English officers in their forties who were living in Virginia on the half\-pay (inactive) list. Both had served in the French and Indian War and were associates of politicians in England and America who opposed British policies. Lee had also seen service in Portugal and in the Polish Army. Gates had ended the Seven Years' War as a major in the Caribbean. His appointment as Adjutant General (with the rank of brigadier general) reflected Congress' hope that his staff experience would enable him to provide Washington with strong administrative assistance.
On 19 June two more major generals were appointed to satisfy other colonies' contributing large troop contingents. [Philip Schuyler](/wiki/Philip_Schuyler "Philip Schuyler"), a New York delegate with close ties to Washington, was expected to take command of the troops in his colony. A member of one of New York's leading families, the 42\-year\-old Schuyler had been a major in the French and Indian War, specializing in logistics. His experience, political connections, and extensive business interests in Albany were particularly valuable in his new command. Connecticut's delegation could not agree on a nominee for that colony's major general. In the end [Israel Putnam](/wiki/Israel_Putnam "Israel Putnam")'s status as a folk hero outweighed consideration of seniority, and he received the appointment. Putnam, at 57, had seen extensive service in the French and Indian War, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He had also been an early, vocal leader of the Connecticut Sons of Liberty. The process of selecting brigadier generals on 22 June was the product of a compromise. Congress allotted these appointments in proportion to the number of men contributed by each colony and followed the recommendations of the colony's delegates in the actual selection. Congress, however, created problems by ignoring seniority and status. When it elected Massachusetts' [Seth Pomeroy](/wiki/Seth_Pomeroy "Seth Pomeroy"), [William Heath](/wiki/William_Heath "William Heath"), and [John Thomas](/wiki/John_Thomas_%28general%29 "John Thomas (general)") as the first, fourth, and sixth brigadier generals, respectively, Thomas felt he had been slighted. The situation was resolved when Pomeroy declined the appointment, citing age, before Washington handed out the commissions. Congress then made Thomas the first brigadier general, although it did not fill the vacancy created by Pomeroy's withdrawal. Thomas, a surgeon militiamen, and former Provincial born in 1724, had gained combat experience primarily in medical roles. Heath, thirteen years younger, was strictly a product of the militia.
[Richard Montgomery](/wiki/Richard_Montgomery "Richard Montgomery") of New York became the second ranking brigadier general. Born in Ireland in 1738 and educated at Dublin's Trinity College, he had entered the British Army in 1756\. After combat service in North America and in the Caribbean, he resigned in 1772 when he failed to receive a promotion to major. He moved to New York, married into the powerful Livingston family, and in 1775 won election to the New York Provincial Congress. Montgomery's appointment was intended to complement Schuyler's logistical and administrative skills with combat experience. [David Wooster](/wiki/David_Wooster "David Wooster") and [Joseph Spencer](/wiki/Joseph_Spencer "Joseph Spencer") of Connecticut became the third and fifth brigadier generals. Born in 1711 and educated at Yale, Wooster had served in Connecticut's navy during [King George's War](/wiki/King_George%27s_War "King George's War"). He later commanded a regiment in the French and Indian War. Spencer, three years younger, had also served in both wars. The two men initially refused to serve under Putnam, disputing his seniority, and had to be coaxed into accepting their commissions. Delegate [John Sullivan](/wiki/John_Sullivan_%28general%29 "John Sullivan (general)") of [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire "New Hampshire"), a 35\-yearold lawyer, became the seventh brigadier general instead of [Nathaniel Folsom](/wiki/Nathaniel_Folsom "Nathaniel Folsom"). [Nathanael Greene](/wiki/Nathanael_Greene "Nathanael Greene") of [Rhode Island](/wiki/Rhode_Island "Rhode Island") completed the list.
In retrospect, the June 1775 decision of the Continental Congress to create the [Continental Army](/wiki/Continental_Army "Continental Army") seems remarkably free from political strife. Delegates of all shades of opinion supported each step, and arguments largely concerned technical details. Unanimity resulted from a conviction that British actions required defensive measures and from carefully worded compromises. Those individuals committed to the ideal of the citizen\-soldier saw Congress' adoption of the short\-term New England force as an acceptance of a yeoman army. Others, remembering practical lessons of the colonial wars, believed that they were forming an army based on the Provincial model. Officer selection was another area of compromise; the fact that Washington and Schuyler were given blank commissions from Congress to distribute to the regimental officers confirmed local selections while retaining a nominal national level of appointment.
|
[
"Selection of Commanders\n-----------------------",
"The inclusion of troops from outside New England gave a continental flavor to the army at Boston. A desire to broaden the base of support for the war also led John Adams to work for the appointment of a southerner as the commander of all the continental forces, raised, or to be raised, for the defense of American liberty. On 15 June Congress unanimously chose [George Washington](/wiki/George_Washington \"George Washington\"). Washington had been active in the military planning committees of Congress and by late May had taken to wearing his old uniform. His colleagues believed that his modesty and competence qualified him to adjust to the \"Temper \\& Genius\" of the New England troops. Washington was given the rank of General and Commander in Chief.",
"Congress clearly respected Washington, for it granted him extensive powers which combined functions of a regular British commander with the military responsibilities of a colonial governor. His instructions on 20 June told him to proceed to Massachusetts, \"take charge of the army of the [United Colonies](/wiki/United_Colonies_of_America \"United Colonies of America\"),\" and capture or destroy all armed enemies. His was also to prepare and to send to Congress an accurate strength return of that army. On the other hand, instructions to keep the army obedient, diligent, and disciplined were rather vague. The Commander in Chief's right to make strategic and tactical decisions on purely military grounds was limited only by a requirement to listen to the advice of a council of war. Within a set troop maximum, including volunteers, Washington had the right to determine how many men to retain, and he had the power to fill temporarily any vacancies below the rank of colonel. Permanent promotions and appointments were reserved for the colonial governments to make.",
"Although sectional politics were involved in Washington's selection, in strictly military terms he was in fact the best\\-qualified native American. He had begun his military career in 1752 in the Virginia militia as one of four regional adjutants responsible for training. During the first phase of the French and Indian War, he served with gallantry as [Edward Braddock](/wiki/Edward_Braddock \"Edward Braddock\")'s volunteer aide at the [battle of the Monongahela](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Monongahela \"Battle of the Monongahela\"), and later as the commander of Virginia's two Provincial regiments defending the colony's frontiers. In 1758 he commanded a brigade composed of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania units on [John Forbes](/wiki/John_Forbes_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"John Forbes (British Army officer)\")' expedition against [Fort Duquesne](/wiki/Fort_Duquesne \"Fort Duquesne\"). Washington was the only American in that war to command so large a force. The experience of these years taught him the importance of discipline, marksmanship, and professional study. Exposure to Forbes' ideas on adapting European tactics to the American wilderness also contributed significantly to his military education. Above all, he came to the conclusion that only unyielding commitment to hard work and attention to administrative detail could keep troops in the field.",
"On 16 June, the day after Washington's appointment, Congress authorized a variety of other senior officers for its new army. Details were again settled by the Committee of the Whole. Positions for five major staff officers were established: an Adjutant General, a Commissary of Musters, a Paymaster General, a Commissary General, and a Quartermaster General. These officers were expected to assist the Commander in Chief with the administration of the \"grand army.\" The forces allocated to New York already were considered a separate department and were authorized their own deputy quartermaster general and deputy paymaster general. A military secretary and 3 aides for Washington, a secretary for the separate department, and 6 engineers (3 for each force) completed the staff. Congress also created the ranks of major general and brigadier general. The number of generals remained uncertain for several days as Congress debated. Between 17 and 22 June it finally decided on 4 major generals, each having 2 aides, and 8 brigadier generals. These totals allowed each colony raising troops to have a share of the patronage. Congress then took steps for issuing paper money to finance the army, and on 30 June it adopted the Articles of War.",
"Selection of the subordinate generals and senior staff officers led to political maneuvering as delegates sought appointments for favorite sons. On 17 June Congress elected [Artemas Ward](/wiki/Artemas_Ward \"Artemas Ward\") and [Charles Lee](/wiki/Charles_Lee_%28general%29 \"Charles Lee (general)\") as the first and second major generals and [Horatio Gates](/wiki/Horatio_Gates \"Horatio Gates\") as the Adjutant General. Ward received seniority because he was in command at Boston and because Massachusetts had furnished the largest contingent of troops. Ward was a Harvard graduate with many years of political experience. After two years of active duty as a field officer in the [French and Indian War](/wiki/French_and_Indian_War \"French and Indian War\"), he had compiled an excellent record as a militia administrator. Lee and Gates were professional English officers in their forties who were living in Virginia on the half\\-pay (inactive) list. Both had served in the French and Indian War and were associates of politicians in England and America who opposed British policies. Lee had also seen service in Portugal and in the Polish Army. Gates had ended the Seven Years' War as a major in the Caribbean. His appointment as Adjutant General (with the rank of brigadier general) reflected Congress' hope that his staff experience would enable him to provide Washington with strong administrative assistance.",
"On 19 June two more major generals were appointed to satisfy other colonies' contributing large troop contingents. [Philip Schuyler](/wiki/Philip_Schuyler \"Philip Schuyler\"), a New York delegate with close ties to Washington, was expected to take command of the troops in his colony. A member of one of New York's leading families, the 42\\-year\\-old Schuyler had been a major in the French and Indian War, specializing in logistics. His experience, political connections, and extensive business interests in Albany were particularly valuable in his new command. Connecticut's delegation could not agree on a nominee for that colony's major general. In the end [Israel Putnam](/wiki/Israel_Putnam \"Israel Putnam\")'s status as a folk hero outweighed consideration of seniority, and he received the appointment. Putnam, at 57, had seen extensive service in the French and Indian War, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He had also been an early, vocal leader of the Connecticut Sons of Liberty. The process of selecting brigadier generals on 22 June was the product of a compromise. Congress allotted these appointments in proportion to the number of men contributed by each colony and followed the recommendations of the colony's delegates in the actual selection. Congress, however, created problems by ignoring seniority and status. When it elected Massachusetts' [Seth Pomeroy](/wiki/Seth_Pomeroy \"Seth Pomeroy\"), [William Heath](/wiki/William_Heath \"William Heath\"), and [John Thomas](/wiki/John_Thomas_%28general%29 \"John Thomas (general)\") as the first, fourth, and sixth brigadier generals, respectively, Thomas felt he had been slighted. The situation was resolved when Pomeroy declined the appointment, citing age, before Washington handed out the commissions. Congress then made Thomas the first brigadier general, although it did not fill the vacancy created by Pomeroy's withdrawal. Thomas, a surgeon militiamen, and former Provincial born in 1724, had gained combat experience primarily in medical roles. Heath, thirteen years younger, was strictly a product of the militia.",
"[Richard Montgomery](/wiki/Richard_Montgomery \"Richard Montgomery\") of New York became the second ranking brigadier general. Born in Ireland in 1738 and educated at Dublin's Trinity College, he had entered the British Army in 1756\\. After combat service in North America and in the Caribbean, he resigned in 1772 when he failed to receive a promotion to major. He moved to New York, married into the powerful Livingston family, and in 1775 won election to the New York Provincial Congress. Montgomery's appointment was intended to complement Schuyler's logistical and administrative skills with combat experience. [David Wooster](/wiki/David_Wooster \"David Wooster\") and [Joseph Spencer](/wiki/Joseph_Spencer \"Joseph Spencer\") of Connecticut became the third and fifth brigadier generals. Born in 1711 and educated at Yale, Wooster had served in Connecticut's navy during [King George's War](/wiki/King_George%27s_War \"King George's War\"). He later commanded a regiment in the French and Indian War. Spencer, three years younger, had also served in both wars. The two men initially refused to serve under Putnam, disputing his seniority, and had to be coaxed into accepting their commissions. Delegate [John Sullivan](/wiki/John_Sullivan_%28general%29 \"John Sullivan (general)\") of [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire \"New Hampshire\"), a 35\\-yearold lawyer, became the seventh brigadier general instead of [Nathaniel Folsom](/wiki/Nathaniel_Folsom \"Nathaniel Folsom\"). [Nathanael Greene](/wiki/Nathanael_Greene \"Nathanael Greene\") of [Rhode Island](/wiki/Rhode_Island \"Rhode Island\") completed the list.",
"In retrospect, the June 1775 decision of the Continental Congress to create the [Continental Army](/wiki/Continental_Army \"Continental Army\") seems remarkably free from political strife. Delegates of all shades of opinion supported each step, and arguments largely concerned technical details. Unanimity resulted from a conviction that British actions required defensive measures and from carefully worded compromises. Those individuals committed to the ideal of the citizen\\-soldier saw Congress' adoption of the short\\-term New England force as an acceptance of a yeoman army. Others, remembering practical lessons of the colonial wars, believed that they were forming an army based on the Provincial model. Officer selection was another area of compromise; the fact that Washington and Schuyler were given blank commissions from Congress to distribute to the regimental officers confirmed local selections while retaining a nominal national level of appointment.",
""
] |
Basic branches
--------------
### Infantry, 14 June 1775
Ten companies of riflemen were authorized by a resolution of the Continental Congress on 14 June 1775\. However, the oldest Regular Army infantry regiment, the 3d, was constituted on 3 June 1784, as the [First American Regiment](/wiki/First_American_Regiment "First American Regiment").
### Adjutant General's Corps, 16 June 1775
The post of [Adjutant General](/wiki/Adjutant_General "Adjutant General") was established 16 June 1775, and has been continuously in operation since that time. The Adjutant General's Department, by that name, was established by the act of 3 March 1813, and was redesignated the Adjutant General's Corps in 1950\.
### Corps of Engineers, 16 June 1775
Continental Congress authority for a "Chief Engineer for the Army" dates from 16 June 1775\. A corps of Engineers for the United States was authorized by the Congress on 11 March 1779\. The Corps of Engineers as it is known today came into being on 16 March 1802, when the President was authorized to "organize and establish a Corps of Engineers ... that the said Corps ... shall be stationed at West Point in the State of New York and shall constitute a Military Academy." A [Corps of Topographical Engineers](/wiki/Corps_of_Topographical_Engineers "Corps of Topographical Engineers"), authorized on 4 July 1838, was merged with the Corps of Engineers in March 1863\.
### Finance Corps, 16 June 1775
The [Finance Corps](/wiki/Finance_Corps "Finance Corps") is the successor to the old Pay Department, which was created in June 1775\. The Finance Department was created by law on 1 July 1920\. It became the Finance Corps in 1950\.
### Quartermaster Corps, 16 June 1775
The Quartermaster Corps, originally designated the Quartermaster Department, was established on 16 June 1775\. While numerous additions, deletions, and changes of function have occurred, its basic supply and service support functions have continued in existence.
### Field Artillery, 17 November 1775
The Continental Congress unanimously elected Henry Knox "Colonel of the Regiment of Artillery" on 17 November 1775\. The regiment formally entered service on 1 January 1776\.
### Office of Mounted Commands, 12 December 1776
The Armor branch traces its origin to the Cavalry. Four regiments of Continental Light Dragoons were authorized to be raised by the Continental Congress Resolve of 12 December 1776\. Although mounted units were raised at various times after the Revolution, the first unit to have prolonged service was the United States Regiment of Dragoons, organized in 1833\. The oldest continuous service is the Second Regiment of Dragoons, established in 1836\. The Tank Corps was formed on 5 March 1918 as part of the WW\-I AEF. The Armored Force was formed on 10 July 1940\. Armor became a permanent branch of the Army in 1950\.
### Ordnance Corps, 14 May 1812
The Ordnance Department was established by act of Congress on 14 May 1812\. During the Revolutionary War, ordnance material was under supervision of the Board of War and Ordnance. Numerous shifts in duties and responsibilities have occurred in the Ordnance Corps since colonial times. It acquired its present designation in 1950\.
### Signal Corps, 21 June 1860
The Signal Corps was authorized as a separate branch of the Army by act of Congress on 3 March 1863\. However, the Signal Corps dates its existence from 21 June 1860, when Congress authorized the appointment of one signal officer in the Army, and a War Department order carried the following assignment: "Signal Department—Assistant Surgeon [Albert J. Myer](/wiki/Albert_J._Myer "Albert J. Myer") to be Signal Officer, with the rank of Major, 27 June 1860, to fill an original vacancy."
### Chemical Corps, 28 June 1918
The Chemical Warfare Service was established on 28 June 1918, combining activities that until then had been dispersed among five separate agencies of Government. It was made a permanent branch of the Regular Army by the National Defense Act of 1920\. In 1945, it was redesignated the [Chemical Corps](/wiki/Chemical_Corps "Chemical Corps").
### Military Police Corps, 26 September 1941
A Provost Marshal General's Office and Corps of Military Police were established in 1941\. Prior to that time, except during the Civil War and World War I, there was no regularly appointed Provost Marshal General or regularly constituted Military Police Corps, although a "Provost Marshal" can be found as early as January 1776, and a "Provost Corps" as early as 1778\.
### Transportation Corps, 31 July 1942
The historical background of the Transportation Corps starts with World War I. Prior to that time, transportation operations were chiefly the responsibility of the Quartermaster General. The Transportation Corps, essentially in its present form, was organized on 31 July 1942\.
### Military Intelligence, 1 July 1962
Intelligence has been an essential element of Army operations during war as well as during periods of peace. In the past, requirements were met by personnel from the Army Intelligence and Army Security Reserve branches, two\-year obligated tour officers, one\-tour levies on the various branches, and Regular Army officers in the specialization programs. To meet the Army's increased requirement for national and tactical intelligence, an Intelligence and Security Branch was established in the Army effective 1 July 1962, by General Orders No. 38, 3 July 1962\. On 1 July 1967, the branch was redesignated as Military Intelligence.
### Aviation, 12 April 1983
Following the establishment of the U.S. Air Force as a separate service in 1947, the Army began to develop further its own aviation assets (light planes and rotary wing aircraft) in support of ground operations. The Korean War gave this drive impetus, and the war in Vietnam saw its fruition, as Army aviation units performed a variety of missions, including reconnaissance, transport, and fire support. After the war in Vietnam, the role of armed helicopters as tank destroyers received new emphasis. In recognition of the growing importance of aviation in Army doctrine and operations, Aviation became a separate branch on 12 April 1983, and a full member of the Army's combined arms team.
### Special Forces, 9 April 1987
The first Special Forces unit in the Army was formed on 11 June 1952, when the [10th Special Forces Group](/wiki/10th_Special_Forces_Group "10th Special Forces Group") was activated at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. A major expansion of Special Forces occurred during the 1960s, with a total of eighteen groups organized in the Regular Army, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard. As a result of renewed emphasis on special operations in the 1980s, the Special Forces Branch was established as a basic branch of the Army effective 9 April 1987, by General Orders No. 35, 19 June 1987\.
|
[
"Basic branches\n--------------",
"### Infantry, 14 June 1775",
"Ten companies of riflemen were authorized by a resolution of the Continental Congress on 14 June 1775\\. However, the oldest Regular Army infantry regiment, the 3d, was constituted on 3 June 1784, as the [First American Regiment](/wiki/First_American_Regiment \"First American Regiment\").",
"### Adjutant General's Corps, 16 June 1775",
"The post of [Adjutant General](/wiki/Adjutant_General \"Adjutant General\") was established 16 June 1775, and has been continuously in operation since that time. The Adjutant General's Department, by that name, was established by the act of 3 March 1813, and was redesignated the Adjutant General's Corps in 1950\\.",
"### Corps of Engineers, 16 June 1775",
"Continental Congress authority for a \"Chief Engineer for the Army\" dates from 16 June 1775\\. A corps of Engineers for the United States was authorized by the Congress on 11 March 1779\\. The Corps of Engineers as it is known today came into being on 16 March 1802, when the President was authorized to \"organize and establish a Corps of Engineers ... that the said Corps ... shall be stationed at West Point in the State of New York and shall constitute a Military Academy.\" A [Corps of Topographical Engineers](/wiki/Corps_of_Topographical_Engineers \"Corps of Topographical Engineers\"), authorized on 4 July 1838, was merged with the Corps of Engineers in March 1863\\.",
"### Finance Corps, 16 June 1775",
"The [Finance Corps](/wiki/Finance_Corps \"Finance Corps\") is the successor to the old Pay Department, which was created in June 1775\\. The Finance Department was created by law on 1 July 1920\\. It became the Finance Corps in 1950\\.",
"### Quartermaster Corps, 16 June 1775",
"The Quartermaster Corps, originally designated the Quartermaster Department, was established on 16 June 1775\\. While numerous additions, deletions, and changes of function have occurred, its basic supply and service support functions have continued in existence.",
"### Field Artillery, 17 November 1775",
"The Continental Congress unanimously elected Henry Knox \"Colonel of the Regiment of Artillery\" on 17 November 1775\\. The regiment formally entered service on 1 January 1776\\.",
"### Office of Mounted Commands, 12 December 1776",
"The Armor branch traces its origin to the Cavalry. Four regiments of Continental Light Dragoons were authorized to be raised by the Continental Congress Resolve of 12 December 1776\\. Although mounted units were raised at various times after the Revolution, the first unit to have prolonged service was the United States Regiment of Dragoons, organized in 1833\\. The oldest continuous service is the Second Regiment of Dragoons, established in 1836\\. The Tank Corps was formed on 5 March 1918 as part of the WW\\-I AEF. The Armored Force was formed on 10 July 1940\\. Armor became a permanent branch of the Army in 1950\\.",
"### Ordnance Corps, 14 May 1812",
"The Ordnance Department was established by act of Congress on 14 May 1812\\. During the Revolutionary War, ordnance material was under supervision of the Board of War and Ordnance. Numerous shifts in duties and responsibilities have occurred in the Ordnance Corps since colonial times. It acquired its present designation in 1950\\.",
"### Signal Corps, 21 June 1860",
"The Signal Corps was authorized as a separate branch of the Army by act of Congress on 3 March 1863\\. However, the Signal Corps dates its existence from 21 June 1860, when Congress authorized the appointment of one signal officer in the Army, and a War Department order carried the following assignment: \"Signal Department—Assistant Surgeon [Albert J. Myer](/wiki/Albert_J._Myer \"Albert J. Myer\") to be Signal Officer, with the rank of Major, 27 June 1860, to fill an original vacancy.\"",
"### Chemical Corps, 28 June 1918",
"The Chemical Warfare Service was established on 28 June 1918, combining activities that until then had been dispersed among five separate agencies of Government. It was made a permanent branch of the Regular Army by the National Defense Act of 1920\\. In 1945, it was redesignated the [Chemical Corps](/wiki/Chemical_Corps \"Chemical Corps\").",
"### Military Police Corps, 26 September 1941",
"A Provost Marshal General's Office and Corps of Military Police were established in 1941\\. Prior to that time, except during the Civil War and World War I, there was no regularly appointed Provost Marshal General or regularly constituted Military Police Corps, although a \"Provost Marshal\" can be found as early as January 1776, and a \"Provost Corps\" as early as 1778\\.",
"### Transportation Corps, 31 July 1942",
"The historical background of the Transportation Corps starts with World War I. Prior to that time, transportation operations were chiefly the responsibility of the Quartermaster General. The Transportation Corps, essentially in its present form, was organized on 31 July 1942\\.",
"### Military Intelligence, 1 July 1962",
"Intelligence has been an essential element of Army operations during war as well as during periods of peace. In the past, requirements were met by personnel from the Army Intelligence and Army Security Reserve branches, two\\-year obligated tour officers, one\\-tour levies on the various branches, and Regular Army officers in the specialization programs. To meet the Army's increased requirement for national and tactical intelligence, an Intelligence and Security Branch was established in the Army effective 1 July 1962, by General Orders No. 38, 3 July 1962\\. On 1 July 1967, the branch was redesignated as Military Intelligence.",
"### Aviation, 12 April 1983",
"Following the establishment of the U.S. Air Force as a separate service in 1947, the Army began to develop further its own aviation assets (light planes and rotary wing aircraft) in support of ground operations. The Korean War gave this drive impetus, and the war in Vietnam saw its fruition, as Army aviation units performed a variety of missions, including reconnaissance, transport, and fire support. After the war in Vietnam, the role of armed helicopters as tank destroyers received new emphasis. In recognition of the growing importance of aviation in Army doctrine and operations, Aviation became a separate branch on 12 April 1983, and a full member of the Army's combined arms team.",
"### Special Forces, 9 April 1987",
"The first Special Forces unit in the Army was formed on 11 June 1952, when the [10th Special Forces Group](/wiki/10th_Special_Forces_Group \"10th Special Forces Group\") was activated at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. A major expansion of Special Forces occurred during the 1960s, with a total of eighteen groups organized in the Regular Army, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard. As a result of renewed emphasis on special operations in the 1980s, the Special Forces Branch was established as a basic branch of the Army effective 9 April 1987, by General Orders No. 35, 19 June 1987\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1998 elections
In 1998 DPS forged a wide alliance in an attempt to compete with the newly created pro\-[Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milosevic "Slobodan Milosevic") [Socialist People's Party of Montenegro](/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Party_of_Montenegro "Socialist People's Party of Montenegro") (SNP) led at the time by former DPS leader Momir Bulatović.
Đukanović\-led DPS called for an alliance between anti\-Milošević parties, stating that Milošević's political pursuits were leading [FR Yugoslavia](/wiki/FR_Yugoslavia "FR Yugoslavia") into ruin. It made a coalition with the [Social Democratic Party of Montenegro](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Montenegro "Social Democratic Party of Montenegro") (SDP) that supported outright independence and the [People's Party of Montenegro](/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Montenegro "People's Party of Montenegro") (NS) that wanted Montenegro to remain in a state with Serbia. DPS's own position at the time was that Montenegro and Serbia should be in a single unified state, but they opposed Milošević's rule.
The [1998 parliamentary election](/wiki/1998_Montenegrin_parliamentary_election "1998 Montenegrin parliamentary election") on May 31 essentially turned into another showdown between Đukanović and Bulatović over a single issue{{snd}}Slobodan Milošević. Đukanović's coalition won, seizing 42 of 78 total parliamentary seats. Those 42 seats were then divided up three ways according to the coalition agreement: DPS received 32 seats while its coalition partners NS and SDP got 5 each.
For DPS, it meant less actual seats belonging to the party than after [the previous election](/wiki/1996_Montenegrin_parliamentary_election "1996 Montenegrin parliamentary election") when they got 45 of 71 total seats alone by themselves. However, they were now ruling through a coalition, which benefited the party's image in other ways as it created a perception of openness and pluralism.
As far as SDP was concerned getting 5 seats was a remarkable success{{snd}}the party entered parliament for the first time in its history and could now influence the republic's official policy, neither of which they could dream of had they entered the election alone.
From NS perspective, getting 5 seats was not a big reason for celebration since the party had a distinct voting base at the time, meaning they would've surely got more had they entered alone, but they were now in a ruling coalition, in position to influence official policy and were happy to be there as long as DPS supported the idea of a unified state with Serbia.
Though never stable and cohesive, during its first year, the government formed by the "So that we live better" coalition was able to internally agree on basic matters and reach the minimum consensus. Big political test came in March 1999 when NATO military alliance started bombing FR Yugoslavia. Despite Montenegro being spared from the heaviest bombing, SDP and even fringe parts of DPS capitalized on the bombing to aggressively push the idea of an independent Montenegrin state. This political discourse, however, never made it into any of the government's official policy. In fall 1999, initiated by Đukanović, Montenegro drafted a document called {{not a typo\|''Platforma za redefiniciju odnosa Crne Gore i Srbije''}} (A platform for redefinition of relations within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) and sent it to Belgrade. In an atmosphere when Đukanović–Milošević relations were strained to a maximum, the platform called for major changes in the division of governing responsibilities within FR Yugoslavia. Though still officially seeing itself within a state with Serbia, Đukanović\-led Montenegro wanted many things changed and redefined.
However, after the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević in October 2000 (which many saw to be a positive sign in future relations between Montenegro and Serbia and a way to quickly repair the damaged relationship), contrary to expectations, DPS made a complete turnaround and now suddenly started pushing for complete independence thus completely abandoning the platform they wrote just a year earlier. Consequently, the mainstream of the ruling coalition started to openly support the idea of an independent Montenegro and this became an official government policy, all of which caused huge international outrage and outright opposition from the European Union.
In the resulting crisis, the pro\-unity People's Party left the government dissatisfied with DPS' turnaround. Subsequently, inner quarrels between DPS CG on one side and [LSCG](/wiki/LSCG "LSCG") on the other came out over filling in NS CG's vacant occupation in the government. NS subsequently joined the newly formed pro\-Yugoslavian [Together for Yugoslavia](/wiki/Together_for_Yugoslavia "Together for Yugoslavia") of [Predrag Bulatović](/wiki/Predrag_Bulatovi%C4%87 "Predrag Bulatović") of the reformed SNP, which based itself on countering this alliance's newfound independent ideology, emphasizing the necessity of keeping the state together with Serbia. Additionally, LSCG also withdrew from the government, on the allegations that DPS was not sincere in decisions to make Montenegro independent and that it was stalling it. The rump DPS\-SDP of the once greater alliance lost control over the government. New elections were scheduled in 2001\.
### 2001 elections
It ran on the [2001 Montenegrin parliamentary election](/wiki/2001_Montenegrin_parliamentary_election "2001 Montenegrin parliamentary election") as the "Victory is Montenegro's" (composed of the rump remains of the once large coalition; Democratic Party of Socialists and its sole partner, SDP). The coalition lost parliamentary majority, winning just 36 of 77 seats (30 for DPS and 6 for SDP). Contrary to everyone's expectation, the now opposing, once former ally, Liberal Alliance supported it to form a minority government under Filip Vujanović. But closer aligning of LSCG with the Together for Yugoslavia bloc distanced it from the minority coalition. The government signed the Belgrade Agreement in 2002, by which the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was transformed into the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro and the Republic of Montenegro re\-integrated into political structure with its great sister\-republic. According to the agreement, the Deputy President of DPS [Svetozar Marović](/wiki/Svetozar_Marovi%C4%87 "Svetozar Marović") became the country's first [President](/wiki/President_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro "President of Serbia and Montenegro"). The frustrated pro\-independence Liberal Alliance withdrew its support and crashed Vujanović's government. New elections were scheduled for 2002\.
### 2002 elections
As the "List for European Montenegro" (composed out of [Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro](/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Socialists_of_Montenegro "Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro"), [Social Democratic Party of Montenegro](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Montenegro "Social Democratic Party of Montenegro"), [Civic Party of Montenegro](/wiki/Civic_Party_of_Montenegro "Civic Party of Montenegro"), Liberal Democratic Party and the [People's Concord of Montenegro](/wiki/People%27s_Concord_of_Montenegro "People's Concord of Montenegro")), it won the 2002 Montenegrin parliamentary election receiving 39 of 75 seats in the Parliament of the Republic of Montenegro. DPS CG received 31 seat, SDP CG 7 and GP 1\. NSCG received no seat as promised, but entered the later in 2003 elected [Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro](/wiki/Parliament_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro "Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro") with one seat as compensation. LDP because of insufficient share in the total parliament, LDP was excluded completely.
### 2006 elections
In the [2006 election](/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_parliamentary_election "2006 Montenegrin parliamentary election") the alliance "For European Montenegro" won with 41 out of 81 seats. 32 seats were supposed to go DPS and 8 to SDP{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2009}}. The Coalition's seats were split 33 for DPS, 7 for SDP and 1 for HGI.
### 2009 elections
Coalition for a European Montenegro won the absolute majority in the [2009 election](/wiki/2009_Montenegrin_parliamentary_election "2009 Montenegrin parliamentary election"). The result translates to 47 out of the 81 seats in the [Parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_Montenegro "Parliament of Montenegro"). The turnout among the nearly 500,000 registered voters was around 67 per cent.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/262051,djukanovics\-bloc\-wins\-absolute\-majority\-in\-snap\-poll\-\-update.html \|title\=Djukanovic's bloc wins absolute majority in snap poll \|access\-date\=2009\-03\-30 \|archive\-date\=2012\-08\-25 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825184105/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/262051,djukanovics\-bloc\-wins\-absolute\-majority\-in\-snap\-poll\-\-update.html \|url\-status\=dead }} [Milo Đukanović](/wiki/Milo_%C4%90ukanovi%C4%87 "Milo Đukanović") secured his sixth term as the [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Montenegro "Prime Minister of Montenegro") with 50\.8% of the vote.[Milo Djukanovic wins a sixth term with 50,8% of the vote](http://www.emportal.rs/en/news/region/83747.html)
### 2012 elections
In the [2012 election](/wiki/2012_Montenegrin_parliamentary_election "2012 Montenegrin parliamentary election") this alliance is formed by DPS, SDP and the [Liberal Party of Montenegro](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Montenegro "Liberal Party of Montenegro"). The result of 2012 election was a victory for the ruling Coalition for a European Montenegro led by Đukanović, which won 39 of the 81 seats. Đukanović secured his seventh term as the [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Montenegro "Prime Minister of Montenegro") with 45\.60% of the vote.
### 2016 DPS–SDP split
On 22 January 2016 SDP's president [Ranko Krivokapić](/wiki/Ranko_Krivokapi%C4%87 "Ranko Krivokapić") announced that SDP will leave the coalition with DPS and will support the non\-confidence vote against the government of Đukanović on 25 January.[Ako vlada preživi, DPS smenjuje Ranka Krivokapića](http://www.dan.co.me/?nivo=3&rubrika=Vijest%20dana&clanak=529557&datum=2016-01-23&naslov=Ako%20Vlada%20pre%BEivi,%20DPS%20smjenjuje%20Ranka), dan.co.me (January 2016\) In this way, after 18 years, the coalition between these two parties ended.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1998 elections",
"In 1998 DPS forged a wide alliance in an attempt to compete with the newly created pro\\-[Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milosevic \"Slobodan Milosevic\") [Socialist People's Party of Montenegro](/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Party_of_Montenegro \"Socialist People's Party of Montenegro\") (SNP) led at the time by former DPS leader Momir Bulatović.",
"Đukanović\\-led DPS called for an alliance between anti\\-Milošević parties, stating that Milošević's political pursuits were leading [FR Yugoslavia](/wiki/FR_Yugoslavia \"FR Yugoslavia\") into ruin. It made a coalition with the [Social Democratic Party of Montenegro](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Montenegro \"Social Democratic Party of Montenegro\") (SDP) that supported outright independence and the [People's Party of Montenegro](/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Montenegro \"People's Party of Montenegro\") (NS) that wanted Montenegro to remain in a state with Serbia. DPS's own position at the time was that Montenegro and Serbia should be in a single unified state, but they opposed Milošević's rule.",
"The [1998 parliamentary election](/wiki/1998_Montenegrin_parliamentary_election \"1998 Montenegrin parliamentary election\") on May 31 essentially turned into another showdown between Đukanović and Bulatović over a single issue{{snd}}Slobodan Milošević. Đukanović's coalition won, seizing 42 of 78 total parliamentary seats. Those 42 seats were then divided up three ways according to the coalition agreement: DPS received 32 seats while its coalition partners NS and SDP got 5 each.",
"For DPS, it meant less actual seats belonging to the party than after [the previous election](/wiki/1996_Montenegrin_parliamentary_election \"1996 Montenegrin parliamentary election\") when they got 45 of 71 total seats alone by themselves. However, they were now ruling through a coalition, which benefited the party's image in other ways as it created a perception of openness and pluralism.",
"As far as SDP was concerned getting 5 seats was a remarkable success{{snd}}the party entered parliament for the first time in its history and could now influence the republic's official policy, neither of which they could dream of had they entered the election alone.",
"From NS perspective, getting 5 seats was not a big reason for celebration since the party had a distinct voting base at the time, meaning they would've surely got more had they entered alone, but they were now in a ruling coalition, in position to influence official policy and were happy to be there as long as DPS supported the idea of a unified state with Serbia.",
"Though never stable and cohesive, during its first year, the government formed by the \"So that we live better\" coalition was able to internally agree on basic matters and reach the minimum consensus. Big political test came in March 1999 when NATO military alliance started bombing FR Yugoslavia. Despite Montenegro being spared from the heaviest bombing, SDP and even fringe parts of DPS capitalized on the bombing to aggressively push the idea of an independent Montenegrin state. This political discourse, however, never made it into any of the government's official policy. In fall 1999, initiated by Đukanović, Montenegro drafted a document called {{not a typo\\|''Platforma za redefiniciju odnosa Crne Gore i Srbije''}} (A platform for redefinition of relations within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) and sent it to Belgrade. In an atmosphere when Đukanović–Milošević relations were strained to a maximum, the platform called for major changes in the division of governing responsibilities within FR Yugoslavia. Though still officially seeing itself within a state with Serbia, Đukanović\\-led Montenegro wanted many things changed and redefined.",
"However, after the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević in October 2000 (which many saw to be a positive sign in future relations between Montenegro and Serbia and a way to quickly repair the damaged relationship), contrary to expectations, DPS made a complete turnaround and now suddenly started pushing for complete independence thus completely abandoning the platform they wrote just a year earlier. Consequently, the mainstream of the ruling coalition started to openly support the idea of an independent Montenegro and this became an official government policy, all of which caused huge international outrage and outright opposition from the European Union.",
"In the resulting crisis, the pro\\-unity People's Party left the government dissatisfied with DPS' turnaround. Subsequently, inner quarrels between DPS CG on one side and [LSCG](/wiki/LSCG \"LSCG\") on the other came out over filling in NS CG's vacant occupation in the government. NS subsequently joined the newly formed pro\\-Yugoslavian [Together for Yugoslavia](/wiki/Together_for_Yugoslavia \"Together for Yugoslavia\") of [Predrag Bulatović](/wiki/Predrag_Bulatovi%C4%87 \"Predrag Bulatović\") of the reformed SNP, which based itself on countering this alliance's newfound independent ideology, emphasizing the necessity of keeping the state together with Serbia. Additionally, LSCG also withdrew from the government, on the allegations that DPS was not sincere in decisions to make Montenegro independent and that it was stalling it. The rump DPS\\-SDP of the once greater alliance lost control over the government. New elections were scheduled in 2001\\.",
"### 2001 elections",
"It ran on the [2001 Montenegrin parliamentary election](/wiki/2001_Montenegrin_parliamentary_election \"2001 Montenegrin parliamentary election\") as the \"Victory is Montenegro's\" (composed of the rump remains of the once large coalition; Democratic Party of Socialists and its sole partner, SDP). The coalition lost parliamentary majority, winning just 36 of 77 seats (30 for DPS and 6 for SDP). Contrary to everyone's expectation, the now opposing, once former ally, Liberal Alliance supported it to form a minority government under Filip Vujanović. But closer aligning of LSCG with the Together for Yugoslavia bloc distanced it from the minority coalition. The government signed the Belgrade Agreement in 2002, by which the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was transformed into the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro and the Republic of Montenegro re\\-integrated into political structure with its great sister\\-republic. According to the agreement, the Deputy President of DPS [Svetozar Marović](/wiki/Svetozar_Marovi%C4%87 \"Svetozar Marović\") became the country's first [President](/wiki/President_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro \"President of Serbia and Montenegro\"). The frustrated pro\\-independence Liberal Alliance withdrew its support and crashed Vujanović's government. New elections were scheduled for 2002\\.",
"### 2002 elections",
"As the \"List for European Montenegro\" (composed out of [Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro](/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Socialists_of_Montenegro \"Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro\"), [Social Democratic Party of Montenegro](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Montenegro \"Social Democratic Party of Montenegro\"), [Civic Party of Montenegro](/wiki/Civic_Party_of_Montenegro \"Civic Party of Montenegro\"), Liberal Democratic Party and the [People's Concord of Montenegro](/wiki/People%27s_Concord_of_Montenegro \"People's Concord of Montenegro\")), it won the 2002 Montenegrin parliamentary election receiving 39 of 75 seats in the Parliament of the Republic of Montenegro. DPS CG received 31 seat, SDP CG 7 and GP 1\\. NSCG received no seat as promised, but entered the later in 2003 elected [Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro](/wiki/Parliament_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro \"Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro\") with one seat as compensation. LDP because of insufficient share in the total parliament, LDP was excluded completely.",
"### 2006 elections",
"In the [2006 election](/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_parliamentary_election \"2006 Montenegrin parliamentary election\") the alliance \"For European Montenegro\" won with 41 out of 81 seats. 32 seats were supposed to go DPS and 8 to SDP{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2009}}. The Coalition's seats were split 33 for DPS, 7 for SDP and 1 for HGI.",
"### 2009 elections",
"Coalition for a European Montenegro won the absolute majority in the [2009 election](/wiki/2009_Montenegrin_parliamentary_election \"2009 Montenegrin parliamentary election\"). The result translates to 47 out of the 81 seats in the [Parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_Montenegro \"Parliament of Montenegro\"). The turnout among the nearly 500,000 registered voters was around 67 per cent.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/262051,djukanovics\\-bloc\\-wins\\-absolute\\-majority\\-in\\-snap\\-poll\\-\\-update.html \\|title\\=Djukanovic's bloc wins absolute majority in snap poll \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-03\\-30 \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-08\\-25 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825184105/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/262051,djukanovics\\-bloc\\-wins\\-absolute\\-majority\\-in\\-snap\\-poll\\-\\-update.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} [Milo Đukanović](/wiki/Milo_%C4%90ukanovi%C4%87 \"Milo Đukanović\") secured his sixth term as the [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Montenegro \"Prime Minister of Montenegro\") with 50\\.8% of the vote.[Milo Djukanovic wins a sixth term with 50,8% of the vote](http://www.emportal.rs/en/news/region/83747.html)",
"### 2012 elections",
"In the [2012 election](/wiki/2012_Montenegrin_parliamentary_election \"2012 Montenegrin parliamentary election\") this alliance is formed by DPS, SDP and the [Liberal Party of Montenegro](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Montenegro \"Liberal Party of Montenegro\"). The result of 2012 election was a victory for the ruling Coalition for a European Montenegro led by Đukanović, which won 39 of the 81 seats. Đukanović secured his seventh term as the [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Montenegro \"Prime Minister of Montenegro\") with 45\\.60% of the vote.",
"### 2016 DPS–SDP split",
"On 22 January 2016 SDP's president [Ranko Krivokapić](/wiki/Ranko_Krivokapi%C4%87 \"Ranko Krivokapić\") announced that SDP will leave the coalition with DPS and will support the non\\-confidence vote against the government of Đukanović on 25 January.[Ako vlada preživi, DPS smenjuje Ranka Krivokapića](http://www.dan.co.me/?nivo=3&rubrika=Vijest%20dana&clanak=529557&datum=2016-01-23&naslov=Ako%20Vlada%20pre%BEivi,%20DPS%20smjenjuje%20Ranka), dan.co.me (January 2016\\) In this way, after 18 years, the coalition between these two parties ended.",
""
] |
### 1998 elections
In 1998 DPS forged a wide alliance in an attempt to compete with the newly created pro\-[Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milosevic "Slobodan Milosevic") [Socialist People's Party of Montenegro](/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Party_of_Montenegro "Socialist People's Party of Montenegro") (SNP) led at the time by former DPS leader Momir Bulatović.
Đukanović\-led DPS called for an alliance between anti\-Milošević parties, stating that Milošević's political pursuits were leading [FR Yugoslavia](/wiki/FR_Yugoslavia "FR Yugoslavia") into ruin. It made a coalition with the [Social Democratic Party of Montenegro](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Montenegro "Social Democratic Party of Montenegro") (SDP) that supported outright independence and the [People's Party of Montenegro](/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Montenegro "People's Party of Montenegro") (NS) that wanted Montenegro to remain in a state with Serbia. DPS's own position at the time was that Montenegro and Serbia should be in a single unified state, but they opposed Milošević's rule.
The [1998 parliamentary election](/wiki/1998_Montenegrin_parliamentary_election "1998 Montenegrin parliamentary election") on May 31 essentially turned into another showdown between Đukanović and Bulatović over a single issue{{snd}}Slobodan Milošević. Đukanović's coalition won, seizing 42 of 78 total parliamentary seats. Those 42 seats were then divided up three ways according to the coalition agreement: DPS received 32 seats while its coalition partners NS and SDP got 5 each.
For DPS, it meant less actual seats belonging to the party than after [the previous election](/wiki/1996_Montenegrin_parliamentary_election "1996 Montenegrin parliamentary election") when they got 45 of 71 total seats alone by themselves. However, they were now ruling through a coalition, which benefited the party's image in other ways as it created a perception of openness and pluralism.
As far as SDP was concerned getting 5 seats was a remarkable success{{snd}}the party entered parliament for the first time in its history and could now influence the republic's official policy, neither of which they could dream of had they entered the election alone.
From NS perspective, getting 5 seats was not a big reason for celebration since the party had a distinct voting base at the time, meaning they would've surely got more had they entered alone, but they were now in a ruling coalition, in position to influence official policy and were happy to be there as long as DPS supported the idea of a unified state with Serbia.
Though never stable and cohesive, during its first year, the government formed by the "So that we live better" coalition was able to internally agree on basic matters and reach the minimum consensus. Big political test came in March 1999 when NATO military alliance started bombing FR Yugoslavia. Despite Montenegro being spared from the heaviest bombing, SDP and even fringe parts of DPS capitalized on the bombing to aggressively push the idea of an independent Montenegrin state. This political discourse, however, never made it into any of the government's official policy. In fall 1999, initiated by Đukanović, Montenegro drafted a document called {{not a typo\|''Platforma za redefiniciju odnosa Crne Gore i Srbije''}} (A platform for redefinition of relations within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) and sent it to Belgrade. In an atmosphere when Đukanović–Milošević relations were strained to a maximum, the platform called for major changes in the division of governing responsibilities within FR Yugoslavia. Though still officially seeing itself within a state with Serbia, Đukanović\-led Montenegro wanted many things changed and redefined.
However, after the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević in October 2000 (which many saw to be a positive sign in future relations between Montenegro and Serbia and a way to quickly repair the damaged relationship), contrary to expectations, DPS made a complete turnaround and now suddenly started pushing for complete independence thus completely abandoning the platform they wrote just a year earlier. Consequently, the mainstream of the ruling coalition started to openly support the idea of an independent Montenegro and this became an official government policy, all of which caused huge international outrage and outright opposition from the European Union.
In the resulting crisis, the pro\-unity People's Party left the government dissatisfied with DPS' turnaround. Subsequently, inner quarrels between DPS CG on one side and [LSCG](/wiki/LSCG "LSCG") on the other came out over filling in NS CG's vacant occupation in the government. NS subsequently joined the newly formed pro\-Yugoslavian [Together for Yugoslavia](/wiki/Together_for_Yugoslavia "Together for Yugoslavia") of [Predrag Bulatović](/wiki/Predrag_Bulatovi%C4%87 "Predrag Bulatović") of the reformed SNP, which based itself on countering this alliance's newfound independent ideology, emphasizing the necessity of keeping the state together with Serbia. Additionally, LSCG also withdrew from the government, on the allegations that DPS was not sincere in decisions to make Montenegro independent and that it was stalling it. The rump DPS\-SDP of the once greater alliance lost control over the government. New elections were scheduled in 2001\.
|
[
"### 1998 elections",
"In 1998 DPS forged a wide alliance in an attempt to compete with the newly created pro\\-[Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milosevic \"Slobodan Milosevic\") [Socialist People's Party of Montenegro](/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Party_of_Montenegro \"Socialist People's Party of Montenegro\") (SNP) led at the time by former DPS leader Momir Bulatović.",
"Đukanović\\-led DPS called for an alliance between anti\\-Milošević parties, stating that Milošević's political pursuits were leading [FR Yugoslavia](/wiki/FR_Yugoslavia \"FR Yugoslavia\") into ruin. It made a coalition with the [Social Democratic Party of Montenegro](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Montenegro \"Social Democratic Party of Montenegro\") (SDP) that supported outright independence and the [People's Party of Montenegro](/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Montenegro \"People's Party of Montenegro\") (NS) that wanted Montenegro to remain in a state with Serbia. DPS's own position at the time was that Montenegro and Serbia should be in a single unified state, but they opposed Milošević's rule.",
"The [1998 parliamentary election](/wiki/1998_Montenegrin_parliamentary_election \"1998 Montenegrin parliamentary election\") on May 31 essentially turned into another showdown between Đukanović and Bulatović over a single issue{{snd}}Slobodan Milošević. Đukanović's coalition won, seizing 42 of 78 total parliamentary seats. Those 42 seats were then divided up three ways according to the coalition agreement: DPS received 32 seats while its coalition partners NS and SDP got 5 each.",
"For DPS, it meant less actual seats belonging to the party than after [the previous election](/wiki/1996_Montenegrin_parliamentary_election \"1996 Montenegrin parliamentary election\") when they got 45 of 71 total seats alone by themselves. However, they were now ruling through a coalition, which benefited the party's image in other ways as it created a perception of openness and pluralism.",
"As far as SDP was concerned getting 5 seats was a remarkable success{{snd}}the party entered parliament for the first time in its history and could now influence the republic's official policy, neither of which they could dream of had they entered the election alone.",
"From NS perspective, getting 5 seats was not a big reason for celebration since the party had a distinct voting base at the time, meaning they would've surely got more had they entered alone, but they were now in a ruling coalition, in position to influence official policy and were happy to be there as long as DPS supported the idea of a unified state with Serbia.",
"Though never stable and cohesive, during its first year, the government formed by the \"So that we live better\" coalition was able to internally agree on basic matters and reach the minimum consensus. Big political test came in March 1999 when NATO military alliance started bombing FR Yugoslavia. Despite Montenegro being spared from the heaviest bombing, SDP and even fringe parts of DPS capitalized on the bombing to aggressively push the idea of an independent Montenegrin state. This political discourse, however, never made it into any of the government's official policy. In fall 1999, initiated by Đukanović, Montenegro drafted a document called {{not a typo\\|''Platforma za redefiniciju odnosa Crne Gore i Srbije''}} (A platform for redefinition of relations within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) and sent it to Belgrade. In an atmosphere when Đukanović–Milošević relations were strained to a maximum, the platform called for major changes in the division of governing responsibilities within FR Yugoslavia. Though still officially seeing itself within a state with Serbia, Đukanović\\-led Montenegro wanted many things changed and redefined.",
"However, after the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević in October 2000 (which many saw to be a positive sign in future relations between Montenegro and Serbia and a way to quickly repair the damaged relationship), contrary to expectations, DPS made a complete turnaround and now suddenly started pushing for complete independence thus completely abandoning the platform they wrote just a year earlier. Consequently, the mainstream of the ruling coalition started to openly support the idea of an independent Montenegro and this became an official government policy, all of which caused huge international outrage and outright opposition from the European Union.",
"In the resulting crisis, the pro\\-unity People's Party left the government dissatisfied with DPS' turnaround. Subsequently, inner quarrels between DPS CG on one side and [LSCG](/wiki/LSCG \"LSCG\") on the other came out over filling in NS CG's vacant occupation in the government. NS subsequently joined the newly formed pro\\-Yugoslavian [Together for Yugoslavia](/wiki/Together_for_Yugoslavia \"Together for Yugoslavia\") of [Predrag Bulatović](/wiki/Predrag_Bulatovi%C4%87 \"Predrag Bulatović\") of the reformed SNP, which based itself on countering this alliance's newfound independent ideology, emphasizing the necessity of keeping the state together with Serbia. Additionally, LSCG also withdrew from the government, on the allegations that DPS was not sincere in decisions to make Montenegro independent and that it was stalling it. The rump DPS\\-SDP of the once greater alliance lost control over the government. New elections were scheduled in 2001\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
### 2009–2010: Formation and early career
Vivid was formed in March 2009 by the rhythm section, Iv (ex\-Kisnate) and Ko\-ki (ex\-Novelis). Later in March they acquired vocalist Shin (ex\-Dennou Romeo), and guitarists Reno (ex\-Novelis) and Ryoga. In early April, the Indie\-PSC website announced that Vivid had been signed to the label. On April 19, the band started official activities with their first live performance at Takadanobaba Area in Tokyo. With their own official website opening later in April, the band announced in May that their first releases were to be released July and August.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2023}}
During May and June, they performed a total of five live performances, starting with Shibuya O\-West on May 11, and ending with Shibuya O\-West on June 24\. Vivid's debut single, "Take\-off", was released on July 8\. The single reached number 2 on the indies Oricon charts, and number 63 on the major charts where it charted for a week.[www.oricon.co.jp](http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/music/81516/) 人気V系バンド、結成1年10ヶ月でスピードメジャーデビュー *Retrieved November 2, 2010* Before their next single, they played a string of three live concerts; on July 18, July 24, and August 9 all at Takadanobaba Area.
Their second single, "Dear", was released on August 19, 2009\. It was first released in a CD\+DVD only format and featured their first promotional video. "Dear" reached second on the indies Oricon charts, and number 44 on the major charts where it charted for a week. It subsequently sold out and was re\-released on February 1, 2010 as a CD\-only format. The month was finished off with a live appearance at Takadanobaba Area on August 31, 2009\.
In September and October 2009, Vivid took part in seven "Chichū Rōkaku" events organized by the PS Company, beginning with the 94th volume at Takadanobaba Area on September 19\. The 95th to 97th volumes all took place at Takadanobaba Area: one on September 20, the second on September 26, and the last on September 27\. The three volumes in October were at different venues; 98 was at Nagoya E.L.L on October 9, 99 was at Umeda Akaso on October 10, and 100 was at Kawasaki Club Citta on October 17\.
On October 21, 2009, the band released their debut mini\-album, *The Vivid Color*. It was their first release to be available in two different versions. The mini\-album reached number 34 on the major Oricon charts, where it charted for two weeks.[www.oricon.co.jp](http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/485256/ranking/cd_album/) Album Rankings for Vivid *Retrieved Nov 2, 2010* Also on October 21, they appeared at the "H'evn no Omatsuri Tenmade Tobō!" event organised by H'evn magazine at Shibuya O\-West. Three days later, Vivid at the "V\-Rock Festival '09" mega\-event at Makuhari Messe exhibition center in Chiba. Concluding the month was the special Halloween event "Area Halloween Special Live 2009" at Takadanobaba Area.
November began with a concert titled "The Vivid Color" at Shibuya O\-West. During the next two months, Vivid participated in six events. The first was v\[Neu]'s "Time\-Limit Vol.1" sponsored event presented by Loop Ash Records at Takadanobaba Area on November 22\. The last event in November was the 101st volume of the "Chichū Rōkaku" events at Takadanobaba Area on November 28\. December started with the "Absolute Domain Zettai Ryōiki" event at Esaka Muse on the 8th. The next day there was another "Absolute Domain Zettai Ryōiki" event at Nagoya E.L.L. The last two events of the year were the 103rd "Chichū Rōkaku" at Takadanobaba Area on the 26th and the "Final 2009" event also at Takadanobaba Area on the 31st.
Their third single, titled "Across the Border", was released on February 17, 2010 in three different versions and topped number 22 on the [Oricon](/wiki/Oricon "Oricon") singles weekly chart.[www.oricon.co.jp](http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/485256/ranking/cd_single/) Single Rankings for Vivid *Retrieved November 2, 2010*
On July 3 and 4, 2010, Vivid performed at the J.E. Live House in Paris, France, during the Japan Expo 2010\.[Japan\-expo.com](http://www.japan-expo.com/en/invite/vivid_45.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625132414/http://www.japan\-expo.com/en/invite/vivid\_45\.htm \|date\=2010\-06\-25 }} ViViD Live at the J.E. Live House on July, Friday 2 and Saturday 3! *Retrieved Nov 2, 2010*[Interview avec ViViD à Japan Expo](http://www.nipponproject.com/fr/article.php?id=182) Retrieved November 2, 2010\.[Interview with ViViD Before Japan Expo](http://www.jame-world.com/us/articles-64737-interview-with-vivid-before-japan-expo.html) Retrieved November 2, 2010\. This was the first time that Vivid had performed outside Japan.
Their fourth single, "Precious", was released on July 7, 2010, reaching number 15 on the Oricon Weekly Chart. In August 2010, it was announced that Vivid would sign with [Sony Music Japan](/wiki/Sony_Music_Japan "Sony Music Japan")'s Epic Records label.[ViViD's First Major Single](http://www.jame-world.com/us/news-69314.html) Retrieved November 2, 2010\.
### 2011–present: Going major and disbandment
Their fifth single and first major label single, {{nihongo\|"Yume Mugen no Kanata"\|「夢」～ムゲンノカナタ～}}, ending theme song to the *[Level E](/wiki/Level_E "Level E")* [anime](/wiki/Anime "Anime"), was released on January 19, 2011\.
Their sixth single, "Blue", was released on July 13, 2011, was used as the 14th opening theme of the *[Bleach](/wiki/Bleach_%28manga%29 "Bleach (manga)")* anime from episodes 317 to 342\.
Vivid embarked on an Asia tour 2011, appearing in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore.[ViViD Live In Hong Kong Nov 5, 2011](http://www.hkticketing.com/eng/event/nswcms_event.asp?id=5019) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006012951/http://www.hkticketing.com/eng/event/nswcms\_event.asp?id\=5019 \|date\=October 6, 2011 }} Retrieved August 13, 2011\.[ViViD live in Singapore November 26, 2011](http://www.sistic.com.sg/portal/dt?retry=1&dt.windowProvider.targetPortletChannel=JSPTabContainer/sEventsCalendar/Event&contentCode=sundown1111&dt.isPortletRequest=true&dt.provider=PortletWindowProcessChannel&dt.containerName=JSPTabContainer/sEventsCalendar&dt.action=process&dt.windowProvider.currentChannelMode=VIEW&dt.window.portletAction=RENDER) Retrieved November 22, 2011\. On August 2, 2011, Vivid performed at the 13th annual *[ACGHK](/wiki/Animation-Comic-Game_Hong_Kong "Animation-Comic-Game Hong Kong") 2011 Heart Beat Seinen Music Festival* in Hong Kong, China.[ViViD holds their Hong Kong live](http://www.tokyohive.com/2011/08/vivid-holds-their-first-hong-kong-live) Retrieved August 13\.[ViViD band to perform live Honk Kong](http://www.houseofjapan.com/music/vivid-live-in-honk-kong) Retrieved August 13, 2011\. Vivid performed at the V\-Rock Festival 2011 in [Makuhari Messe](/wiki/Makuhari_Messe "Makuhari Messe") on October 23\.[Vivid live at Tokyo](http://www.tokyohive.com/2011/06/first-lineup-of-artists-announced-for-v-rock-festival-2011/) Retrieved January 16, 2012\. Vivid held their live concert at The Wall, [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei "Taipei") on November 18 and 19\. Vivid performed live at the Sundown Festival in Singapore on November 26, 2011\.[Vivid Live In Singapore Nov 26, 2011](http://www.sundownfestival.sg/vivid.html) Retrieved November 22, 2011
The title song for Vivid's 7th single, "Fake", was used as the theme song for the dating simulation game *Koi to Shigoto to Kimi no Produce*[Vivid newest single fake](http://www.tokyohive.com/2011/09/vivid-to-release-their-third-single-fake-in-november/) Retrieved September 23, 2011\. while the single was released on November 9, 2011\.
"Vivid Live 2012 Take Off: Birth to the New World" took place at the [Nippon Budokan](/wiki/Nippon_Budokan "Nippon Budokan") in Tokyo on January 7, 2012\.[Vivid live 2012](http://www.visunavi.com/shibuya7days) Retrieved December 29, 2011\.
Vivid's 8th single, "Message", was released on January 11, 2012\.
"Real", Vivid's 9th single and third opening for *[Mobile Suit Gundam AGE](/wiki/Mobile_Suit_Gundam_AGE "Mobile Suit Gundam AGE")*, was released on May 16, 2012\.
Vivid released their first studio album *Infinity* on June 27, 2012\.[First studio album](http://www.jpopasia.com/group/vivid/lyrics/infinity::20957.html) Retrieved June 24, 2012\.[1st major album](http://www.tokyohive.com/2012/05/vivid-releases-more-details-on-their-1st-major-album-infinity/) Retrieved June 24, 2012\.
"Hikari", Vivid's newest single is the second opening for *[Magi: Kingdom of Magic](/wiki/Magi:The_Labyrinth_of_Magic "The Labyrinth of Magic")*, was released on Feb 5, 2014
On Jan 28, 2015, Vivid had announced that they were disbanding after the last stop of their final tour, Pacifico Yokohama.
On April 29, 2015, it was announced that guitarist RENO will continue a solo career as a guitarist under PS Company. His 「1st ONEMAN LIVE GUITAR LIFE」will be held at Shibuya REX on June 4, 2015\. Vocalist Shin is also continuing a solo career with Zany Zap Records. His first solo album "Good Morning Dreamer" was released on August 23, 2017\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 2009–2010: Formation and early career",
"Vivid was formed in March 2009 by the rhythm section, Iv (ex\\-Kisnate) and Ko\\-ki (ex\\-Novelis). Later in March they acquired vocalist Shin (ex\\-Dennou Romeo), and guitarists Reno (ex\\-Novelis) and Ryoga. In early April, the Indie\\-PSC website announced that Vivid had been signed to the label. On April 19, the band started official activities with their first live performance at Takadanobaba Area in Tokyo. With their own official website opening later in April, the band announced in May that their first releases were to be released July and August.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2023}}",
"During May and June, they performed a total of five live performances, starting with Shibuya O\\-West on May 11, and ending with Shibuya O\\-West on June 24\\. Vivid's debut single, \"Take\\-off\", was released on July 8\\. The single reached number 2 on the indies Oricon charts, and number 63 on the major charts where it charted for a week.[www.oricon.co.jp](http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/music/81516/) 人気V系バンド、結成1年10ヶ月でスピードメジャーデビュー *Retrieved November 2, 2010* Before their next single, they played a string of three live concerts; on July 18, July 24, and August 9 all at Takadanobaba Area.",
"Their second single, \"Dear\", was released on August 19, 2009\\. It was first released in a CD\\+DVD only format and featured their first promotional video. \"Dear\" reached second on the indies Oricon charts, and number 44 on the major charts where it charted for a week. It subsequently sold out and was re\\-released on February 1, 2010 as a CD\\-only format. The month was finished off with a live appearance at Takadanobaba Area on August 31, 2009\\.",
"In September and October 2009, Vivid took part in seven \"Chichū Rōkaku\" events organized by the PS Company, beginning with the 94th volume at Takadanobaba Area on September 19\\. The 95th to 97th volumes all took place at Takadanobaba Area: one on September 20, the second on September 26, and the last on September 27\\. The three volumes in October were at different venues; 98 was at Nagoya E.L.L on October 9, 99 was at Umeda Akaso on October 10, and 100 was at Kawasaki Club Citta on October 17\\.",
"On October 21, 2009, the band released their debut mini\\-album, *The Vivid Color*. It was their first release to be available in two different versions. The mini\\-album reached number 34 on the major Oricon charts, where it charted for two weeks.[www.oricon.co.jp](http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/485256/ranking/cd_album/) Album Rankings for Vivid *Retrieved Nov 2, 2010* Also on October 21, they appeared at the \"H'evn no Omatsuri Tenmade Tobō!\" event organised by H'evn magazine at Shibuya O\\-West. Three days later, Vivid at the \"V\\-Rock Festival '09\" mega\\-event at Makuhari Messe exhibition center in Chiba. Concluding the month was the special Halloween event \"Area Halloween Special Live 2009\" at Takadanobaba Area.",
"November began with a concert titled \"The Vivid Color\" at Shibuya O\\-West. During the next two months, Vivid participated in six events. The first was v\\[Neu]'s \"Time\\-Limit Vol.1\" sponsored event presented by Loop Ash Records at Takadanobaba Area on November 22\\. The last event in November was the 101st volume of the \"Chichū Rōkaku\" events at Takadanobaba Area on November 28\\. December started with the \"Absolute Domain Zettai Ryōiki\" event at Esaka Muse on the 8th. The next day there was another \"Absolute Domain Zettai Ryōiki\" event at Nagoya E.L.L. The last two events of the year were the 103rd \"Chichū Rōkaku\" at Takadanobaba Area on the 26th and the \"Final 2009\" event also at Takadanobaba Area on the 31st.",
"Their third single, titled \"Across the Border\", was released on February 17, 2010 in three different versions and topped number 22 on the [Oricon](/wiki/Oricon \"Oricon\") singles weekly chart.[www.oricon.co.jp](http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/485256/ranking/cd_single/) Single Rankings for Vivid *Retrieved November 2, 2010*",
"On July 3 and 4, 2010, Vivid performed at the J.E. Live House in Paris, France, during the Japan Expo 2010\\.[Japan\\-expo.com](http://www.japan-expo.com/en/invite/vivid_45.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625132414/http://www.japan\\-expo.com/en/invite/vivid\\_45\\.htm \\|date\\=2010\\-06\\-25 }} ViViD Live at the J.E. Live House on July, Friday 2 and Saturday 3! *Retrieved Nov 2, 2010*[Interview avec ViViD à Japan Expo](http://www.nipponproject.com/fr/article.php?id=182) Retrieved November 2, 2010\\.[Interview with ViViD Before Japan Expo](http://www.jame-world.com/us/articles-64737-interview-with-vivid-before-japan-expo.html) Retrieved November 2, 2010\\. This was the first time that Vivid had performed outside Japan.",
"Their fourth single, \"Precious\", was released on July 7, 2010, reaching number 15 on the Oricon Weekly Chart. In August 2010, it was announced that Vivid would sign with [Sony Music Japan](/wiki/Sony_Music_Japan \"Sony Music Japan\")'s Epic Records label.[ViViD's First Major Single](http://www.jame-world.com/us/news-69314.html) Retrieved November 2, 2010\\.",
"### 2011–present: Going major and disbandment",
"Their fifth single and first major label single, {{nihongo\\|\"Yume Mugen no Kanata\"\\|「夢」～ムゲンノカナタ～}}, ending theme song to the *[Level E](/wiki/Level_E \"Level E\")* [anime](/wiki/Anime \"Anime\"), was released on January 19, 2011\\.",
"Their sixth single, \"Blue\", was released on July 13, 2011, was used as the 14th opening theme of the *[Bleach](/wiki/Bleach_%28manga%29 \"Bleach (manga)\")* anime from episodes 317 to 342\\.",
"Vivid embarked on an Asia tour 2011, appearing in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore.[ViViD Live In Hong Kong Nov 5, 2011](http://www.hkticketing.com/eng/event/nswcms_event.asp?id=5019) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006012951/http://www.hkticketing.com/eng/event/nswcms\\_event.asp?id\\=5019 \\|date\\=October 6, 2011 }} Retrieved August 13, 2011\\.[ViViD live in Singapore November 26, 2011](http://www.sistic.com.sg/portal/dt?retry=1&dt.windowProvider.targetPortletChannel=JSPTabContainer/sEventsCalendar/Event&contentCode=sundown1111&dt.isPortletRequest=true&dt.provider=PortletWindowProcessChannel&dt.containerName=JSPTabContainer/sEventsCalendar&dt.action=process&dt.windowProvider.currentChannelMode=VIEW&dt.window.portletAction=RENDER) Retrieved November 22, 2011\\. On August 2, 2011, Vivid performed at the 13th annual *[ACGHK](/wiki/Animation-Comic-Game_Hong_Kong \"Animation-Comic-Game Hong Kong\") 2011 Heart Beat Seinen Music Festival* in Hong Kong, China.[ViViD holds their Hong Kong live](http://www.tokyohive.com/2011/08/vivid-holds-their-first-hong-kong-live) Retrieved August 13\\.[ViViD band to perform live Honk Kong](http://www.houseofjapan.com/music/vivid-live-in-honk-kong) Retrieved August 13, 2011\\. Vivid performed at the V\\-Rock Festival 2011 in [Makuhari Messe](/wiki/Makuhari_Messe \"Makuhari Messe\") on October 23\\.[Vivid live at Tokyo](http://www.tokyohive.com/2011/06/first-lineup-of-artists-announced-for-v-rock-festival-2011/) Retrieved January 16, 2012\\. Vivid held their live concert at The Wall, [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei \"Taipei\") on November 18 and 19\\. Vivid performed live at the Sundown Festival in Singapore on November 26, 2011\\.[Vivid Live In Singapore Nov 26, 2011](http://www.sundownfestival.sg/vivid.html) Retrieved November 22, 2011",
"The title song for Vivid's 7th single, \"Fake\", was used as the theme song for the dating simulation game *Koi to Shigoto to Kimi no Produce*[Vivid newest single fake](http://www.tokyohive.com/2011/09/vivid-to-release-their-third-single-fake-in-november/) Retrieved September 23, 2011\\. while the single was released on November 9, 2011\\.",
"\"Vivid Live 2012 Take Off: Birth to the New World\" took place at the [Nippon Budokan](/wiki/Nippon_Budokan \"Nippon Budokan\") in Tokyo on January 7, 2012\\.[Vivid live 2012](http://www.visunavi.com/shibuya7days) Retrieved December 29, 2011\\.",
"Vivid's 8th single, \"Message\", was released on January 11, 2012\\.",
"\"Real\", Vivid's 9th single and third opening for *[Mobile Suit Gundam AGE](/wiki/Mobile_Suit_Gundam_AGE \"Mobile Suit Gundam AGE\")*, was released on May 16, 2012\\.",
"Vivid released their first studio album *Infinity* on June 27, 2012\\.[First studio album](http://www.jpopasia.com/group/vivid/lyrics/infinity::20957.html) Retrieved June 24, 2012\\.[1st major album](http://www.tokyohive.com/2012/05/vivid-releases-more-details-on-their-1st-major-album-infinity/) Retrieved June 24, 2012\\.",
"\"Hikari\", Vivid's newest single is the second opening for *[Magi: Kingdom of Magic](/wiki/Magi:The_Labyrinth_of_Magic \"The Labyrinth of Magic\")*, was released on Feb 5, 2014",
"On Jan 28, 2015, Vivid had announced that they were disbanding after the last stop of their final tour, Pacifico Yokohama.",
"On April 29, 2015, it was announced that guitarist RENO will continue a solo career as a guitarist under PS Company. His 「1st ONEMAN LIVE GUITAR LIFE」will be held at Shibuya REX on June 4, 2015\\. Vocalist Shin is also continuing a solo career with Zany Zap Records. His first solo album \"Good Morning Dreamer\" was released on August 23, 2017\\.",
""
] |
### 2009–2010: Formation and early career
Vivid was formed in March 2009 by the rhythm section, Iv (ex\-Kisnate) and Ko\-ki (ex\-Novelis). Later in March they acquired vocalist Shin (ex\-Dennou Romeo), and guitarists Reno (ex\-Novelis) and Ryoga. In early April, the Indie\-PSC website announced that Vivid had been signed to the label. On April 19, the band started official activities with their first live performance at Takadanobaba Area in Tokyo. With their own official website opening later in April, the band announced in May that their first releases were to be released July and August.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2023}}
During May and June, they performed a total of five live performances, starting with Shibuya O\-West on May 11, and ending with Shibuya O\-West on June 24\. Vivid's debut single, "Take\-off", was released on July 8\. The single reached number 2 on the indies Oricon charts, and number 63 on the major charts where it charted for a week.[www.oricon.co.jp](http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/music/81516/) 人気V系バンド、結成1年10ヶ月でスピードメジャーデビュー *Retrieved November 2, 2010* Before their next single, they played a string of three live concerts; on July 18, July 24, and August 9 all at Takadanobaba Area.
Their second single, "Dear", was released on August 19, 2009\. It was first released in a CD\+DVD only format and featured their first promotional video. "Dear" reached second on the indies Oricon charts, and number 44 on the major charts where it charted for a week. It subsequently sold out and was re\-released on February 1, 2010 as a CD\-only format. The month was finished off with a live appearance at Takadanobaba Area on August 31, 2009\.
In September and October 2009, Vivid took part in seven "Chichū Rōkaku" events organized by the PS Company, beginning with the 94th volume at Takadanobaba Area on September 19\. The 95th to 97th volumes all took place at Takadanobaba Area: one on September 20, the second on September 26, and the last on September 27\. The three volumes in October were at different venues; 98 was at Nagoya E.L.L on October 9, 99 was at Umeda Akaso on October 10, and 100 was at Kawasaki Club Citta on October 17\.
On October 21, 2009, the band released their debut mini\-album, *The Vivid Color*. It was their first release to be available in two different versions. The mini\-album reached number 34 on the major Oricon charts, where it charted for two weeks.[www.oricon.co.jp](http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/485256/ranking/cd_album/) Album Rankings for Vivid *Retrieved Nov 2, 2010* Also on October 21, they appeared at the "H'evn no Omatsuri Tenmade Tobō!" event organised by H'evn magazine at Shibuya O\-West. Three days later, Vivid at the "V\-Rock Festival '09" mega\-event at Makuhari Messe exhibition center in Chiba. Concluding the month was the special Halloween event "Area Halloween Special Live 2009" at Takadanobaba Area.
November began with a concert titled "The Vivid Color" at Shibuya O\-West. During the next two months, Vivid participated in six events. The first was v\[Neu]'s "Time\-Limit Vol.1" sponsored event presented by Loop Ash Records at Takadanobaba Area on November 22\. The last event in November was the 101st volume of the "Chichū Rōkaku" events at Takadanobaba Area on November 28\. December started with the "Absolute Domain Zettai Ryōiki" event at Esaka Muse on the 8th. The next day there was another "Absolute Domain Zettai Ryōiki" event at Nagoya E.L.L. The last two events of the year were the 103rd "Chichū Rōkaku" at Takadanobaba Area on the 26th and the "Final 2009" event also at Takadanobaba Area on the 31st.
Their third single, titled "Across the Border", was released on February 17, 2010 in three different versions and topped number 22 on the [Oricon](/wiki/Oricon "Oricon") singles weekly chart.[www.oricon.co.jp](http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/485256/ranking/cd_single/) Single Rankings for Vivid *Retrieved November 2, 2010*
On July 3 and 4, 2010, Vivid performed at the J.E. Live House in Paris, France, during the Japan Expo 2010\.[Japan\-expo.com](http://www.japan-expo.com/en/invite/vivid_45.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625132414/http://www.japan\-expo.com/en/invite/vivid\_45\.htm \|date\=2010\-06\-25 }} ViViD Live at the J.E. Live House on July, Friday 2 and Saturday 3! *Retrieved Nov 2, 2010*[Interview avec ViViD à Japan Expo](http://www.nipponproject.com/fr/article.php?id=182) Retrieved November 2, 2010\.[Interview with ViViD Before Japan Expo](http://www.jame-world.com/us/articles-64737-interview-with-vivid-before-japan-expo.html) Retrieved November 2, 2010\. This was the first time that Vivid had performed outside Japan.
Their fourth single, "Precious", was released on July 7, 2010, reaching number 15 on the Oricon Weekly Chart. In August 2010, it was announced that Vivid would sign with [Sony Music Japan](/wiki/Sony_Music_Japan "Sony Music Japan")'s Epic Records label.[ViViD's First Major Single](http://www.jame-world.com/us/news-69314.html) Retrieved November 2, 2010\.
|
[
"### 2009–2010: Formation and early career",
"Vivid was formed in March 2009 by the rhythm section, Iv (ex\\-Kisnate) and Ko\\-ki (ex\\-Novelis). Later in March they acquired vocalist Shin (ex\\-Dennou Romeo), and guitarists Reno (ex\\-Novelis) and Ryoga. In early April, the Indie\\-PSC website announced that Vivid had been signed to the label. On April 19, the band started official activities with their first live performance at Takadanobaba Area in Tokyo. With their own official website opening later in April, the band announced in May that their first releases were to be released July and August.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2023}}",
"During May and June, they performed a total of five live performances, starting with Shibuya O\\-West on May 11, and ending with Shibuya O\\-West on June 24\\. Vivid's debut single, \"Take\\-off\", was released on July 8\\. The single reached number 2 on the indies Oricon charts, and number 63 on the major charts where it charted for a week.[www.oricon.co.jp](http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/music/81516/) 人気V系バンド、結成1年10ヶ月でスピードメジャーデビュー *Retrieved November 2, 2010* Before their next single, they played a string of three live concerts; on July 18, July 24, and August 9 all at Takadanobaba Area.",
"Their second single, \"Dear\", was released on August 19, 2009\\. It was first released in a CD\\+DVD only format and featured their first promotional video. \"Dear\" reached second on the indies Oricon charts, and number 44 on the major charts where it charted for a week. It subsequently sold out and was re\\-released on February 1, 2010 as a CD\\-only format. The month was finished off with a live appearance at Takadanobaba Area on August 31, 2009\\.",
"In September and October 2009, Vivid took part in seven \"Chichū Rōkaku\" events organized by the PS Company, beginning with the 94th volume at Takadanobaba Area on September 19\\. The 95th to 97th volumes all took place at Takadanobaba Area: one on September 20, the second on September 26, and the last on September 27\\. The three volumes in October were at different venues; 98 was at Nagoya E.L.L on October 9, 99 was at Umeda Akaso on October 10, and 100 was at Kawasaki Club Citta on October 17\\.",
"On October 21, 2009, the band released their debut mini\\-album, *The Vivid Color*. It was their first release to be available in two different versions. The mini\\-album reached number 34 on the major Oricon charts, where it charted for two weeks.[www.oricon.co.jp](http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/485256/ranking/cd_album/) Album Rankings for Vivid *Retrieved Nov 2, 2010* Also on October 21, they appeared at the \"H'evn no Omatsuri Tenmade Tobō!\" event organised by H'evn magazine at Shibuya O\\-West. Three days later, Vivid at the \"V\\-Rock Festival '09\" mega\\-event at Makuhari Messe exhibition center in Chiba. Concluding the month was the special Halloween event \"Area Halloween Special Live 2009\" at Takadanobaba Area.",
"November began with a concert titled \"The Vivid Color\" at Shibuya O\\-West. During the next two months, Vivid participated in six events. The first was v\\[Neu]'s \"Time\\-Limit Vol.1\" sponsored event presented by Loop Ash Records at Takadanobaba Area on November 22\\. The last event in November was the 101st volume of the \"Chichū Rōkaku\" events at Takadanobaba Area on November 28\\. December started with the \"Absolute Domain Zettai Ryōiki\" event at Esaka Muse on the 8th. The next day there was another \"Absolute Domain Zettai Ryōiki\" event at Nagoya E.L.L. The last two events of the year were the 103rd \"Chichū Rōkaku\" at Takadanobaba Area on the 26th and the \"Final 2009\" event also at Takadanobaba Area on the 31st.",
"Their third single, titled \"Across the Border\", was released on February 17, 2010 in three different versions and topped number 22 on the [Oricon](/wiki/Oricon \"Oricon\") singles weekly chart.[www.oricon.co.jp](http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/485256/ranking/cd_single/) Single Rankings for Vivid *Retrieved November 2, 2010*",
"On July 3 and 4, 2010, Vivid performed at the J.E. Live House in Paris, France, during the Japan Expo 2010\\.[Japan\\-expo.com](http://www.japan-expo.com/en/invite/vivid_45.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625132414/http://www.japan\\-expo.com/en/invite/vivid\\_45\\.htm \\|date\\=2010\\-06\\-25 }} ViViD Live at the J.E. Live House on July, Friday 2 and Saturday 3! *Retrieved Nov 2, 2010*[Interview avec ViViD à Japan Expo](http://www.nipponproject.com/fr/article.php?id=182) Retrieved November 2, 2010\\.[Interview with ViViD Before Japan Expo](http://www.jame-world.com/us/articles-64737-interview-with-vivid-before-japan-expo.html) Retrieved November 2, 2010\\. This was the first time that Vivid had performed outside Japan.",
"Their fourth single, \"Precious\", was released on July 7, 2010, reaching number 15 on the Oricon Weekly Chart. In August 2010, it was announced that Vivid would sign with [Sony Music Japan](/wiki/Sony_Music_Japan \"Sony Music Japan\")'s Epic Records label.[ViViD's First Major Single](http://www.jame-world.com/us/news-69314.html) Retrieved November 2, 2010\\.",
""
] |
### 2011–present: Going major and disbandment
Their fifth single and first major label single, {{nihongo\|"Yume Mugen no Kanata"\|「夢」～ムゲンノカナタ～}}, ending theme song to the *[Level E](/wiki/Level_E "Level E")* [anime](/wiki/Anime "Anime"), was released on January 19, 2011\.
Their sixth single, "Blue", was released on July 13, 2011, was used as the 14th opening theme of the *[Bleach](/wiki/Bleach_%28manga%29 "Bleach (manga)")* anime from episodes 317 to 342\.
Vivid embarked on an Asia tour 2011, appearing in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore.[ViViD Live In Hong Kong Nov 5, 2011](http://www.hkticketing.com/eng/event/nswcms_event.asp?id=5019) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006012951/http://www.hkticketing.com/eng/event/nswcms\_event.asp?id\=5019 \|date\=October 6, 2011 }} Retrieved August 13, 2011\.[ViViD live in Singapore November 26, 2011](http://www.sistic.com.sg/portal/dt?retry=1&dt.windowProvider.targetPortletChannel=JSPTabContainer/sEventsCalendar/Event&contentCode=sundown1111&dt.isPortletRequest=true&dt.provider=PortletWindowProcessChannel&dt.containerName=JSPTabContainer/sEventsCalendar&dt.action=process&dt.windowProvider.currentChannelMode=VIEW&dt.window.portletAction=RENDER) Retrieved November 22, 2011\. On August 2, 2011, Vivid performed at the 13th annual *[ACGHK](/wiki/Animation-Comic-Game_Hong_Kong "Animation-Comic-Game Hong Kong") 2011 Heart Beat Seinen Music Festival* in Hong Kong, China.[ViViD holds their Hong Kong live](http://www.tokyohive.com/2011/08/vivid-holds-their-first-hong-kong-live) Retrieved August 13\.[ViViD band to perform live Honk Kong](http://www.houseofjapan.com/music/vivid-live-in-honk-kong) Retrieved August 13, 2011\. Vivid performed at the V\-Rock Festival 2011 in [Makuhari Messe](/wiki/Makuhari_Messe "Makuhari Messe") on October 23\.[Vivid live at Tokyo](http://www.tokyohive.com/2011/06/first-lineup-of-artists-announced-for-v-rock-festival-2011/) Retrieved January 16, 2012\. Vivid held their live concert at The Wall, [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei "Taipei") on November 18 and 19\. Vivid performed live at the Sundown Festival in Singapore on November 26, 2011\.[Vivid Live In Singapore Nov 26, 2011](http://www.sundownfestival.sg/vivid.html) Retrieved November 22, 2011
The title song for Vivid's 7th single, "Fake", was used as the theme song for the dating simulation game *Koi to Shigoto to Kimi no Produce*[Vivid newest single fake](http://www.tokyohive.com/2011/09/vivid-to-release-their-third-single-fake-in-november/) Retrieved September 23, 2011\. while the single was released on November 9, 2011\.
"Vivid Live 2012 Take Off: Birth to the New World" took place at the [Nippon Budokan](/wiki/Nippon_Budokan "Nippon Budokan") in Tokyo on January 7, 2012\.[Vivid live 2012](http://www.visunavi.com/shibuya7days) Retrieved December 29, 2011\.
Vivid's 8th single, "Message", was released on January 11, 2012\.
"Real", Vivid's 9th single and third opening for *[Mobile Suit Gundam AGE](/wiki/Mobile_Suit_Gundam_AGE "Mobile Suit Gundam AGE")*, was released on May 16, 2012\.
Vivid released their first studio album *Infinity* on June 27, 2012\.[First studio album](http://www.jpopasia.com/group/vivid/lyrics/infinity::20957.html) Retrieved June 24, 2012\.[1st major album](http://www.tokyohive.com/2012/05/vivid-releases-more-details-on-their-1st-major-album-infinity/) Retrieved June 24, 2012\.
"Hikari", Vivid's newest single is the second opening for *[Magi: Kingdom of Magic](/wiki/Magi:The_Labyrinth_of_Magic "The Labyrinth of Magic")*, was released on Feb 5, 2014
On Jan 28, 2015, Vivid had announced that they were disbanding after the last stop of their final tour, Pacifico Yokohama.
On April 29, 2015, it was announced that guitarist RENO will continue a solo career as a guitarist under PS Company. His 「1st ONEMAN LIVE GUITAR LIFE」will be held at Shibuya REX on June 4, 2015\. Vocalist Shin is also continuing a solo career with Zany Zap Records. His first solo album "Good Morning Dreamer" was released on August 23, 2017\.
|
[
"### 2011–present: Going major and disbandment",
"Their fifth single and first major label single, {{nihongo\\|\"Yume Mugen no Kanata\"\\|「夢」～ムゲンノカナタ～}}, ending theme song to the *[Level E](/wiki/Level_E \"Level E\")* [anime](/wiki/Anime \"Anime\"), was released on January 19, 2011\\.",
"Their sixth single, \"Blue\", was released on July 13, 2011, was used as the 14th opening theme of the *[Bleach](/wiki/Bleach_%28manga%29 \"Bleach (manga)\")* anime from episodes 317 to 342\\.",
"Vivid embarked on an Asia tour 2011, appearing in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore.[ViViD Live In Hong Kong Nov 5, 2011](http://www.hkticketing.com/eng/event/nswcms_event.asp?id=5019) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006012951/http://www.hkticketing.com/eng/event/nswcms\\_event.asp?id\\=5019 \\|date\\=October 6, 2011 }} Retrieved August 13, 2011\\.[ViViD live in Singapore November 26, 2011](http://www.sistic.com.sg/portal/dt?retry=1&dt.windowProvider.targetPortletChannel=JSPTabContainer/sEventsCalendar/Event&contentCode=sundown1111&dt.isPortletRequest=true&dt.provider=PortletWindowProcessChannel&dt.containerName=JSPTabContainer/sEventsCalendar&dt.action=process&dt.windowProvider.currentChannelMode=VIEW&dt.window.portletAction=RENDER) Retrieved November 22, 2011\\. On August 2, 2011, Vivid performed at the 13th annual *[ACGHK](/wiki/Animation-Comic-Game_Hong_Kong \"Animation-Comic-Game Hong Kong\") 2011 Heart Beat Seinen Music Festival* in Hong Kong, China.[ViViD holds their Hong Kong live](http://www.tokyohive.com/2011/08/vivid-holds-their-first-hong-kong-live) Retrieved August 13\\.[ViViD band to perform live Honk Kong](http://www.houseofjapan.com/music/vivid-live-in-honk-kong) Retrieved August 13, 2011\\. Vivid performed at the V\\-Rock Festival 2011 in [Makuhari Messe](/wiki/Makuhari_Messe \"Makuhari Messe\") on October 23\\.[Vivid live at Tokyo](http://www.tokyohive.com/2011/06/first-lineup-of-artists-announced-for-v-rock-festival-2011/) Retrieved January 16, 2012\\. Vivid held their live concert at The Wall, [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei \"Taipei\") on November 18 and 19\\. Vivid performed live at the Sundown Festival in Singapore on November 26, 2011\\.[Vivid Live In Singapore Nov 26, 2011](http://www.sundownfestival.sg/vivid.html) Retrieved November 22, 2011",
"The title song for Vivid's 7th single, \"Fake\", was used as the theme song for the dating simulation game *Koi to Shigoto to Kimi no Produce*[Vivid newest single fake](http://www.tokyohive.com/2011/09/vivid-to-release-their-third-single-fake-in-november/) Retrieved September 23, 2011\\. while the single was released on November 9, 2011\\.",
"\"Vivid Live 2012 Take Off: Birth to the New World\" took place at the [Nippon Budokan](/wiki/Nippon_Budokan \"Nippon Budokan\") in Tokyo on January 7, 2012\\.[Vivid live 2012](http://www.visunavi.com/shibuya7days) Retrieved December 29, 2011\\.",
"Vivid's 8th single, \"Message\", was released on January 11, 2012\\.",
"\"Real\", Vivid's 9th single and third opening for *[Mobile Suit Gundam AGE](/wiki/Mobile_Suit_Gundam_AGE \"Mobile Suit Gundam AGE\")*, was released on May 16, 2012\\.",
"Vivid released their first studio album *Infinity* on June 27, 2012\\.[First studio album](http://www.jpopasia.com/group/vivid/lyrics/infinity::20957.html) Retrieved June 24, 2012\\.[1st major album](http://www.tokyohive.com/2012/05/vivid-releases-more-details-on-their-1st-major-album-infinity/) Retrieved June 24, 2012\\.",
"\"Hikari\", Vivid's newest single is the second opening for *[Magi: Kingdom of Magic](/wiki/Magi:The_Labyrinth_of_Magic \"The Labyrinth of Magic\")*, was released on Feb 5, 2014",
"On Jan 28, 2015, Vivid had announced that they were disbanding after the last stop of their final tour, Pacifico Yokohama.",
"On April 29, 2015, it was announced that guitarist RENO will continue a solo career as a guitarist under PS Company. His 「1st ONEMAN LIVE GUITAR LIFE」will be held at Shibuya REX on June 4, 2015\\. Vocalist Shin is also continuing a solo career with Zany Zap Records. His first solo album \"Good Morning Dreamer\" was released on August 23, 2017\\.",
""
] |
Plot
----
{{main\|List of ChuckleVision episodes\|List of British comedy series by episode count}}
Episodes of *ChuckleVision* were usually independent, with the basic plot for each involving the brothers undertaking a job, task or adventure. They were often employed by a character known as "No Slacking", who, despite appearing as a different character in every episode, was always known by this name because of his catchphrase ("And remember, No Slacking!"). The character was always inconvenienced by Paul and Barry and was played by the brothers' real\-life elder sibling, Jimmy Patton. Jimmy was part of a comedy act with his brother Brian, who also appeared in various episodes, mostly playing a villain with the catchphrase "Getoutofit!". A large amount of the comedy is [slapstick](/wiki/Slapstick "Slapstick").
The duo also carried out work for "Dan the Van", who was never seen on screen, apart from a single episode where the Chuckle Brothers take it upon themselves to make sure he arrives to a special meeting. Dan's face cannot be seen as he is completely covered in bandages and is wearing dark glasses. Relatives of Dan the Van are sometimes seen or referred to, such as his grandmother, Lettuce the Van.
There are often references to Rotherham United football club as the brothers support the club in the TV show and the actors support them in real life too.
In the first two series (1987–1989\), each episode focused on a certain topic, in the style of *[Blue Peter](/wiki/Blue_Peter "Blue Peter")*. These episodes had rarely been available since their original transmission, until the series was released onto DVD in Autumn 2011\. Both series featured a segment called "Armchair Theatre" where [Billy Butler](/wiki/Billy_Butler_%28DJ%29 "Billy Butler (DJ)") would tell a story to the viewers. The first series also featured magician [Simon Lovell](/wiki/Simon_Lovell "Simon Lovell") performing a trick.
The brothers' main mode of [transport](/wiki/Transport "Transport") was "The Chuckmobile", a [quadracycle](/wiki/Quadracycle "Quadracycle") with a red\-and\-white striped roof. Barry was usually the driver, whilst Paul put his feet up on the front bar. Paul only pedalled the bike very occasionally throughout the entire series. The [registration plate](/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate "Vehicle registration plate") of the bike is CHUCKLE 1\. In 2018, 'The Chuckmobile' was bought by entertainments company InTo Entertain, who now hire out the bike for events such as weddings, festivals and quirky occasions with the brand name 'Chuckle Your Vision'.
An exception to the usual format of stand\-alone episodes came with Series 14, broadcast in 2002\. The series employed a continuous storyline throughout each episode, involving the brothers' hunt for a missing ruby. They continued a similar trend in the next two series, with two 3\-part stories in Series 15, entitled "The Purple Pimple" and "Magnetic Distraction". A two part story called "Incredible Shrinking Barry" appears in Series 16\. From Series 17, this trend was not repeated.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"{{main\\|List of ChuckleVision episodes\\|List of British comedy series by episode count}}",
"Episodes of *ChuckleVision* were usually independent, with the basic plot for each involving the brothers undertaking a job, task or adventure. They were often employed by a character known as \"No Slacking\", who, despite appearing as a different character in every episode, was always known by this name because of his catchphrase (\"And remember, No Slacking!\"). The character was always inconvenienced by Paul and Barry and was played by the brothers' real\\-life elder sibling, Jimmy Patton. Jimmy was part of a comedy act with his brother Brian, who also appeared in various episodes, mostly playing a villain with the catchphrase \"Getoutofit!\". A large amount of the comedy is [slapstick](/wiki/Slapstick \"Slapstick\").",
"The duo also carried out work for \"Dan the Van\", who was never seen on screen, apart from a single episode where the Chuckle Brothers take it upon themselves to make sure he arrives to a special meeting. Dan's face cannot be seen as he is completely covered in bandages and is wearing dark glasses. Relatives of Dan the Van are sometimes seen or referred to, such as his grandmother, Lettuce the Van.",
"There are often references to Rotherham United football club as the brothers support the club in the TV show and the actors support them in real life too.",
"In the first two series (1987–1989\\), each episode focused on a certain topic, in the style of *[Blue Peter](/wiki/Blue_Peter \"Blue Peter\")*. These episodes had rarely been available since their original transmission, until the series was released onto DVD in Autumn 2011\\. Both series featured a segment called \"Armchair Theatre\" where [Billy Butler](/wiki/Billy_Butler_%28DJ%29 \"Billy Butler (DJ)\") would tell a story to the viewers. The first series also featured magician [Simon Lovell](/wiki/Simon_Lovell \"Simon Lovell\") performing a trick.",
"The brothers' main mode of [transport](/wiki/Transport \"Transport\") was \"The Chuckmobile\", a [quadracycle](/wiki/Quadracycle \"Quadracycle\") with a red\\-and\\-white striped roof. Barry was usually the driver, whilst Paul put his feet up on the front bar. Paul only pedalled the bike very occasionally throughout the entire series. The [registration plate](/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate \"Vehicle registration plate\") of the bike is CHUCKLE 1\\. In 2018, 'The Chuckmobile' was bought by entertainments company InTo Entertain, who now hire out the bike for events such as weddings, festivals and quirky occasions with the brand name 'Chuckle Your Vision'.",
"An exception to the usual format of stand\\-alone episodes came with Series 14, broadcast in 2002\\. The series employed a continuous storyline throughout each episode, involving the brothers' hunt for a missing ruby. They continued a similar trend in the next two series, with two 3\\-part stories in Series 15, entitled \"The Purple Pimple\" and \"Magnetic Distraction\". A two part story called \"Incredible Shrinking Barry\" appears in Series 16\\. From Series 17, this trend was not repeated.",
""
] |
History
-------
In a strict sense, *tulku* is a Tibetan translation of the [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit") *[nirmāṇakāya](/wiki/Nirm%C4%81%E1%B9%87ak%C4%81ya "Nirmāṇakāya")*, which refers to the "transformation" or "emanation body" of a [Buddha](/wiki/Buddha "Buddha"). *Tulku* is therefore the physical "form in which a Buddha appears to ordinary beings."{{sfn \| Ary \| 2012 \| pp\=399–400}}
A related term in Tibetan is *yangsi* (literally "rebirth" or "re\-becoming") which refers to an enlightened master who has returned to earthly existence for the sake of benefitting sentient beings. While the notion of a nirmāṇakāya is found throughout [Mahayana](/wiki/Mahayana "Mahayana") Buddhism, and is integral to the doctrine of the *[trikaya](/wiki/Trikaya "Trikaya")* ("Three Bodies"), the concept of the *yangsi* is uniquely Tibetan. Tulku, as a title, refers to one who is recognized as the yangsi of a master.{{sfn \| Ary \| 2012 \| pp\=400–401}}
It arose in the context of a political vacuum spurred by the assassination of [Ralpachen](/wiki/Ralpachen "Ralpachen"), which saw monastic centers develop political power in a second spreading of Buddhism in Tibet.{{sfn\| Ray \| 1986 \| p\=44}} It had "purely politico\-mercantile origins and functions"{{sfn\|Ary\|2012\|p\=409}} and later became a significant spiritual institution. However, some commentators argue that the political shift was "grafted onto the tradition of recognizing reincarnations, not the other way around."{{sfn\|Ary\|2012\|p\=409}} [Turrell V. Wylie](/wiki/Turrell_V._Wylie "Turrell V. Wylie") wrote that the tulku system "developed in Tibetan Buddhism primarily for political reasons"{{sfn\|Ray\|1986\|p\=37}} while Reginald Ray argued that such a view ignores "miss\[es] what is perhaps its most distinctive feature" which is its "important ideological and religious dimensions",{{sfn\| Ray \| 1986 \| p\={{page needed\|date\=November 2023}}}} being "deeply rooted" in the *[bodhisattva](/wiki/Bodhisattva "Bodhisattva")* concept.{{sfn\| Ray \| 1986 \| p\=37}}
Tulku have been associated with ruling power since its origination, expressing indigenous Tibetan notions of kingship.{{sfn\| Ray \| 1986 \| p\=43}} This system supplanted the earlier model of monastic governance, in which a celibate religious head acted as abbot, while his brother, a married administrative head, continued the family line, with his eldest son becoming the next religious head, creating an uncle\-nephew system of inheritance.{{sfn\| Ray \| 1986 \| p\=45}} The first recognized tulku was perhaps [Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama](/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje%2C_3rd_Karmapa_Lama "Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama").{{sfn \| Oldmeadow \| 2001 \| p\=269}}
[Giuseppe Tucci](/wiki/Giuseppe_Tucci "Giuseppe Tucci") traced the origin of the tulku concept to [Indian Vajrayana](/wiki/Vajrayana%23History "Vajrayana#History"), particularly in a fragmentary biography of [Maitripada](/wiki/Maitripada "Maitripada") he discovered in [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal "Nepal").{{sfn\| Ray \| 1986 \| p\=42}} The tulku system of preserving Dharma lineages developed in Tibet after the 12th century, with the first recognized tulku being perhaps [Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama](/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje%2C_3rd_Karmapa_Lama "Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama").{{sfn \|Oldmeadow\|2001\|p\=269}} Foreign tulkus have been identified since at least the sixteenth century, when the grandson of the Mongol [Altan Khan](/wiki/Altan_Khan "Altan Khan") was recognized as the [4th Dalai Lama](/wiki/4th_Dalai_Lama "4th Dalai Lama"). The [Mongol conversion to Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia "Buddhism in Mongolia") served a political function and allowed [Tibet](/wiki/Tibet "Tibet") to build a closer relationship with the Mongol [Yuan Dynasty](/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty "Yuan Dynasty").{{sfn \| Bhushan \| Garfield \| Zablocki \| 2009 \| p\=45}} Traditionally, however, tulku were only recognized from Tibetan cultural areas, encompassing Tibet, Nepal, [Mongolia](/wiki/Mongolia "Mongolia"), and [Bhutan](/wiki/Bhutan "Bhutan").{{sfn \| Ary \| 2012 \| p\=398}}
The [Chinese annexation of Tibet](/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China") in 1959 created massive social upheaval. This intensified during the [Cultural Revolution](/wiki/Cultural_Revolution "Cultural Revolution") which brought irreparable damage to the institutions and traditions which constitute Tibetan Buddhism as one of the [Four Olds](/wiki/Four_Olds "Four Olds"). As a result, Tibetan Buddhism has flourished in areas of Tibetan culture not under Chinese rule, such as Nepal, Bhutan, and parts of [North India](/wiki/North_India "North India"). In India, the traditional monastic system is largely intact and the tulku system remains politically relevant.{{sfn \| Oldmeadow \| 2001 \| p\=266\-267}} Compounded with the inherent transnational character of [proselytizing](/wiki/Proselytization "Proselytization") religions, Tibetan Buddhism is "pulled between the need to adapt itself and the need to preserve itself".{{sfn \| Bhushan \| Garfield \| Zablocki \| 2009 \| p\=44}}
[Westerners](/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West "Buddhism in the West") began taking an interest in Tibetan Buddhism during the [counterculture](/wiki/1960s_counterculture "1960s counterculture") of the 1960s, and Tibetan Buddhism became popular among western Buddhists and they began to be recognized as incarnations of Buddhist masters around this time.{{sfn\|Nattier\|1995}}{{sfn \| Oldmeadow \| 2001 \| p\=267}} Most of these, however, were [expatriate](/wiki/Expatriate "Expatriate") Tibetans or Tibetans of [mixed heritage](/wiki/Mixed_race "Mixed race"), such as the son of [Chögyam Trungpa](/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa "Chögyam Trungpa"). Initially, Westerners were not recognized as tulkus by the wider Tibetan diaspora.{{sfn \| deJong \| 1974 \| pp\=55–106}}{{sfn\|Ary\|2012\|p\=410}}
The recognition of Westerners as tulkus began in the 1970s, following the spread of Tibetan Buddhism to modern Western countries such as the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States").{{sfn\|Ary\|2012\|pp\=398–427}}{{sfn\|Atay\|D'Silva\|2019\|p\=222}}{{sfn\|Moran\|2004}}{{sfn\|Bhushan\|Garfield\|Zablocki\|2009\|}}{{excessive citations inline\|date\=November 2023}} The first recognized Western tulku was Dylan Henderson, an American boy identified as his father's teacher, or alternatively Ossian MacLise. MacLise, however, was born in [Kathmandu, Nepal](/wiki/Kathmandu%2C_Nepal "Kathmandu, Nepal").{{sfn\|Juhasz\|Lebow\|2015\|p\=351}}{{sfn\|Liechty\|2017\|pp\=364}}
### Lineage of the Karmapas
{{further\|Karmapa\|Karmapa controversy}}
[upright\|thumb\|left\|The second Karmapa was the first tulku.](/wiki/Image:Karmapa2.jpg "Karmapa2.jpg")
[Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Karmapa Lama](/wiki/D%C3%BCsum_Khyenpa%2C_1st_Karmapa_Lama "Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Karmapa Lama") ({{bo\|w\=Dus gsum Mkhyen pa}}, 1110–1193\), was a disciple of the Tibetan master [Gampopa](/wiki/Gampopa "Gampopa"). A talented child who studied Buddhism with his father from an early age and who sought out great teachers in his twenties and thirties, he is said to have attained [enlightenment](/wiki/Bodhi "Bodhi") at the age of fifty while practicing [dream yoga](/wiki/Dream_yoga "Dream yoga"). He was henceforth regarded by the contemporary highly respected masters Shakya Śri and Lama Shang as the Karmapa, a manifestation of [Avalokiteśvara](/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara "Avalokiteśvara"), whose coming was predicted in the *[Samadhiraja Sutra](/wiki/Samadhiraja_Sutra "Samadhiraja Sutra")*{{sfn\|Thrangu Rinpoche\|1993}} and the *[Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra](/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra "Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra")*.[The Lankavatara Sutra](http://www.buddhistinformation.com/lankavatara_sutra.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113184106/http://www.buddhistinformation.com/lankavatara\_sutra.htm \|date\=2006\-01\-13 }}
The Karmapa is a long line of consciously reborn lamas. A Karmapa's identity is confirmed through a combination realized [lineage teachers](/wiki/Lama "Lama") supernatural insight, prediction letters left by the previous Karmapa, and the young child's own self\-proclamation and ability to identify objects and people known to its previous incarnation.{{sfn\|Karma Thinley Rinpoche\|1980 \|pp\=44,81,89,95,109,110,113,115,119,121,125,129}}{{sfn\|Levin\|2013\|p\=xx}}
After the [first Karmapa](/wiki/First_Karmapa "First Karmapa") died in 1193, a lama had recurrent visions of a particular child as his [rebirth](/wiki/Rebirth_%28Buddhism%29 "Rebirth (Buddhism)"). This child (born {{Circa\|1205}}) was recognized as the [Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama](/wiki/Karma_Pakshi%2C_2nd_Karmapa_Lama "Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama") (1204–1283\), thus beginning the Tibetan tulku tradition. Karma Pakshi was the first recognized tulku in [Tibetan Buddhism](/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism "Tibetan Buddhism") that predicted the circumstances of his rebirth.{{sfn\|Melnick\|2007}}{{sfn\|Wong\|2010\|p\=2}}
The 8th, 10th, and 12th incarnations, as well as the [16th Karmapa](/wiki/Rangjung_Rigpe_Dorje%2C_16th_Karmapa%23Controversy_and_Recognition_as_Karmapa "Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa#Controversy and Recognition as Karmapa"), each faced conflicts during their recognition,{{sfn\|Thrangu Rinpoche\|n.d.}} which were ultimately resolved. There was a [controversy](/wiki/Karmapa_controversy "Karmapa controversy") over the enthronement of two 17th Karmapas.
### Lineage of the Dalai Lamas
{{main\|Dalai Lama}}
[thumb\|Tsongkapa, 15th\-century painting, [Rubin Museum of Art](/wiki/Rubin_Museum_of_Art "Rubin Museum of Art")](/wiki/File:Tsongkapa%2C_thangka_from_Tibet_in_the_15th-century%2C_painting_on_cloth_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg "Tsongkapa, thangka from Tibet in the 15th-century, painting on cloth - Google Art Project.jpg")
Gendun Drup (1391–1474\), a disciple of the founder [Je Tsongkapa](/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa "Je Tsongkhapa"),{{cite book\|author\=陈庆英\|title\=达赖喇嘛转世及历史定制英\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=haMIsdC3iZwC\&pg\=PA15\|year\=2005\|publisher\=五洲传播出版社\|isbn\=978\-7\-5085\-0745\-3\|pages\=16–}} was the ordination name of the monk who came to be known as the '[First Dalai Lama](/wiki/First_Dalai_Lama "First Dalai Lama")', but only from 104 years after he died.{{sfn\|Richardson\|1984\|pp\=40–41}} There had been resistance, since first he was ordained a monk in the Kadampa tradition{{sfn\|Shakabpa\|1967\|p\={{page needed\|date\=November 2023}}}} and for various reasons, for hundreds of years the Kadampa school had eschewed the adoption of the *tulku* system to which the older schools adhered.{{sfn\|Mullin\|2001\|p\=87}} [Tsongkhapa](/wiki/Tsongkhapa "Tsongkhapa") largely modelled his new, reformed [Gelugpa](/wiki/Gelugpa "Gelugpa") school on the Kadampa tradition and refrained from starting a tulku system.{{sfn\|Mullin\|2001\|pp\=94–95}} Therefore, although Gendun Drup grew to be a very important Gelugpa lama, after he died in 1474 there was no question of any search being made to identify his incarnation.{{sfn\|Mullin\|2001\|p\=87}}
Despite this, when the Tashilhunpo monks started hearing what seemed credible accounts that an incarnation of Gendun Drup had appeared nearby and repeatedly announced himself from the age of two, their curiosity was aroused.{{sfn\|Mullin\|2001\|pp\=90–95}} It was some 55 years after Tsongkhapa's death when eventually, the monastic authorities saw compelling evidence that convinced them the child in question was indeed the incarnation of their founder. They felt obliged to break with their own tradition and in 1487, the boy was renamed [Gendun Gyatso](/wiki/Gendun_Gyatso "Gendun Gyatso") and installed at Tashilhunpo as Gendun Drup's tulku, albeit informally.{{sfn\|Mullin\|2001\|pp\=95–96}}
Gendun Gyatso died in 1542 and the lineage of Dalai Lama tulkus finally became firmly established when the third incarnation, [Sonam Gyatso](/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama "3rd Dalai Lama") (1543–1588\), came forth. He made himself known as the *tulku* of Gendun Gyatso and was formally recognised and enthroned at Drepung in 1546\.{{sfn\|Mullin\|2001\|pp\=137–8}} When Gendun Gyatso was given the titular name "Dalai Lama" by the Tümed [Altan Khan](/wiki/Altan_Khan "Altan Khan") in 1578,{{sfn\|Tagliacozzo\|2015\|p\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=rKLrBQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT153 153]}} his two predecessors were accorded the title posthumously and he became known as the third in the lineage.{{sfn\|Richardson\|1984\|pp\=40–41}}
### Lineage of the Tai Situpas
{{main\|Tai Situpa}}
[upright\|thumb\|*[Thangka](/wiki/Thangka "Thangka")* of Tai Situ](/wiki/File:Tai_Situ_Rinpoche_Thankha.jpeg "Tai Situ Rinpoche Thankha.jpeg")
The [Tai Situpa](/wiki/Tai_Situpa "Tai Situpa") lineage is one of the oldest tulku lineages in the [Kagyu](/wiki/Kagyu "Kagyu") school of [Tibetan Buddhism](/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism "Tibetan Buddhism")[History of the Tai Situpas](http://www.palpung.com/rinpoche.php) In Tibetan Buddhism tradition, Kenting Tai Situpa is considered as emanation of Bodhisattva [Maitreya](/wiki/Maitreya "Maitreya") and [Padmasambhava](/wiki/Padmasambhava "Padmasambhava") and who has been incarnated numerous times as [Indian](/wiki/India "India") and [Tibetan](/wiki/Tibet "Tibet") [yogis](/wiki/Yogi "Yogi") since the time of the [historical Buddha](/wiki/Gautama_Buddha "Gautama Buddha").
[Chokyi Gyaltsen](/wiki/Chokyi_Gyaltsen "Chokyi Gyaltsen") was the first to bear the title "Grand [Situ](/wiki/Situ_%28office%29 "Situ (office)")" ({{zh \|c \= 大司徒 \|p \= Dà Sītú }}), conferred upon him in 1407 by the [Yongle Emperor](/wiki/Yongle_Emperor "Yongle Emperor") of [Ming China](/wiki/Ming_dynasty "Ming dynasty"). He was a close disciple of [Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama](/wiki/Deshin_Shekpa%2C_5th_Karmapa_Lama "Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama"), who appointed him [abbot](/wiki/Abbot "Abbot") of Karma Goen, the Karmapa's principal [monastery](/wiki/Monastery "Monastery") at the time. The full title bestowed was *Kenting Naya Tang Nyontse Geshetse Tai Situpa* which is shortened to *Kenting Tai Situ*. The full title means "far reaching, unshakable, great master, holder of the command".{{sfn\|Hollmann\|2006}}
The current Tai Situpa, [Pema Tönyö Nyinje](/wiki/Pema_T%C3%B6ny%C3%B6_Nyinje "Pema Tönyö Nyinje"), is the 12th.{{sfn\|Jamgon Kongtrul\|1997\|p\=166}} He is the head of [Palpung Monastery](/wiki/Palpung_Monastery "Palpung Monastery").
### Lineage of Samding Dorje Phagmo
{{main\|Samding Dorje Phagmo}}
[upright\|thumb\|left\|Mural depiction of [Chökyi Drönma](/wiki/Ch%C3%B6kyi_Dr%C3%B6nma "Chökyi Drönma"), the first incarnation of Samding Dorje Phagmo, at [Nyêmo Chekar monastery](/wiki/Ny%C3%AAmo_Chekar_monastery "Nyêmo Chekar monastery")](/wiki/File:Dorje_Phagmo_incarnation_in_16th_century_mural_at_Myemo_Chekar.png "Dorje Phagmo incarnation in 16th century mural at Myemo Chekar.png")
The [Samding Dorje Phagmo](/wiki/Samding_Dorje_Phagmo "Samding Dorje Phagmo") ({{bo\|t\=བསམ་སྡིང་རྡོ་རྗེ་ཕག་མོ}}) is the highest female tulku in Tibet{{sfn\|Dowman\|1988\|p\=268}} and the third highest\-ranking person in the hierarchy after the [Dalai Lama](/wiki/Dalai_Lama "Dalai Lama") and the [Panchen Lama](/wiki/Panchen_Lama "Panchen Lama").{{sfn\|Mullin\|2001\|p\=175}} She was listed among the highest\-ranking reincarnations at the time of the [5th Dalai Lama](/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama "5th Dalai Lama"), recognized by the Tibetan government and acknowledged by the emperors of [Qing China](/wiki/Qing_dynasty "Qing dynasty").{{sfn\|Diemberger\|2007\|p\=2}} In her first incarnation, as [Chökyi Drönma](/wiki/Ch%C3%B6kyi_Dr%C3%B6nma "Chökyi Drönma") (1422–1455 [CE](/wiki/Common_Era "Common Era")), she was the student and consort of the famous polymath [Thang Tong Gyalpo](/wiki/Thang_Tong_Gyalpo "Thang Tong Gyalpo"),{{sfn\|Stearns\|2007\|p\=4ff}} who first identified her as an emanation of [Vajravārāhī](/wiki/Vajrav%C4%81r%C4%81h%C4%AB "Vajravārāhī"),{{sfn\|Diemberger\|2007\|p\= 46–47}} and the consort of Bodong Panchen.{{sfn\|Stearns\|2007\|p\=554, n.837}} The seat of the Samding Dorje Phagmo is at [Samding Monastery](/wiki/Samding_Monastery "Samding Monastery"), in Tibet.
The current (12th) Samding Dorje Pakmo Trülku is Dechen Chökyi Drönma, who was born in 1938 or 1942\. Dechen Chökyi Drönma was very young at the [time of the Chinese occupation](/wiki/Incorporation_of_Tibet_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Incorporation of Tibet into the People's Republic of China"), and her exact date of birth is contested.{{sfn\|Diemberger\|2007\|p\=299–300}} Dechen Chökyi Drönma was recognised by the present [14th Dalai Lama](/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama "14th Dalai Lama") as a true incarnation and served as a vice president of the [Buddhist Association of China](/wiki/Buddhist_Association_of_China "Buddhist Association of China") in 1956 while he was president, and [Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama](/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen%2C_10th_Panchen_Lama "Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama") also as vice president. She went to Lhasa in 1958 and received the empowerment of [Yamantaka](/wiki/Yamantaka "Yamantaka") from the Dalai Lama and the empowerment of [Vajrayogini](/wiki/Vajrayogini "Vajrayogini") from the Dalai Lama's tutor, [Trijang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso](/wiki/Trijang_Lobsang_Yeshe_Tenzin_Gyatso "Trijang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso").{{sfn\|Diemberger\|2007\|p\=302\-303}} She has been trained in the Bodongpa tradition and remains the head of the [Samding Monastery](/wiki/Samding_Monastery "Samding Monastery"). She simultaneously holds the post of a high government cadre in the [Tibet Autonomous Region](/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region "Tibet Autonomous Region"). She has as a result been accused of collaborating with the Chinese.{{sfn\|French\|2003\|p\=220}}{{sfn\|Willis\|1984\|p\=20}}
{{clear}}
### Lineage of the Trungpa tülkus
{{main\|Trungpa tülkus}}
[thumb\|Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche, the 11th Trungpa tülku](/wiki/File:Chogyam_Trungpa_Rinpoche.jpg "Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche.jpg")
The Trungpa tülkus are a line of incarnate [Tibetan](/wiki/Tibet "Tibet") [lamas](/wiki/Lama "Lama") who traditionally head Surmang monastery complex in [Kham](/wiki/Kham "Kham"), now [Surmang](/wiki/Surmang "Surmang"). There have been twelve such Trungpa tulkus. They are members of the [Karma Kagyu](/wiki/Karma_Kagyu "Karma Kagyu") tradition as well as the [Nyingma](/wiki/Nyingma "Nyingma") tradition. These tulkus are recognized as reincarnations of Künga Gyaltsen (15th century), a student of Trungmase.
The 11th Trungpa tulku was [Chögyam Trungpa](/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa "Chögyam Trungpa") (1940–1987\). He was one of the most influential teachers of [Buddhism in the West](/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West "Buddhism in the West") and founded [Shambhala Buddhism](/wiki/Shambhala_Buddhism "Shambhala Buddhism").
[Choseng Trungpa](/wiki/Choseng_Trungpa "Choseng Trungpa") Rinpoche is the 12th and current Trungpa tulku.{{sfn\|Midal\|2005\|p\=18}}
### Lineage of the Zhabdrung Rinpoches
In [Bhutan](/wiki/Bhutan "Bhutan"), the title Zhabdrung Rinpoche refers to [Ngawang Namgyal](/wiki/Ngawang_Namgyal "Ngawang Namgyal") (1594–1651\), the founder of the Bhutanese state, or one of his successive [reincarnations](/wiki/Reincarnation "Reincarnation"). Following his death, the ruling authorities in Bhutan were faced with the problem of succession. To neutralize the power of future Zhabdrung incarnations, the Druk Desi, Je Khenpo and penlops conspired to recognize not a single person but rather as three separate persons—a *body incarnation* (*Ku tulku*), a *mind incarnation* (*Thu tulku* or *Thugtrul*), and a *speech incarnation* (*Sung tulku* or *Sungtrul*). In spite of their efforts to consolidate the power established by the original Zhabdrung, the country sank into warring factionalism for the next 200 years. The body incarnation lineage died out in the mid\-18th century, while the mind and speech incarnations of the Zhabdrung continued into the 20th century. The mind incarnation was the one generally recognized as the *Zhabdrung*.{{sfn\|Rose\|1977\|pp\=26–28}}
Besides the mind incarnation, there was also a line of claimants for the speech incarnation. At the time the monarchy was founded in 1907, Choley Yeshe Ngodub (or Chogley Yeshey Ngodrup) was the speech incarnation and also served as the last Druk Desi. After his death in 1917, he was succeeded by Chogley Jigme Tenzin (1919–1949\).{{sfn\|Dorji\|Wangchuck\|1999\|p\=13}} The next claimant, unrecognized by the Bhutan government, lived at [Tawang monastery](/wiki/Tawang_district%23Tawang_Monastery "Tawang district#Tawang Monastery") in India and was evacuated to the western Himalayas during the 1962 [Sino\-Indian War](/wiki/Sino-Indian_War "Sino-Indian War").{{sfn\|Rose\|1977\|p\=28}}
Another line of claimants to be the mind incarnation of Ngawang Namgyal existed in Tibet, and was represented by [Namkhai Norbu](/wiki/Namkhai_Norbu "Namkhai Norbu"), who lived in Italy.
### Lineage of the Panchen Lamas
{{main\|Panchen Lama}}
[thumb\|[Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama](/wiki/Khedrup_Gelek_Pelzang%2C_1st_Panchen_Lama "Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama")](/wiki/File:Khedrup_Je.jpg "Khedrup Je.jpg")
The recognition of Panchen Lamas began with [Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen](/wiki/Lobsang_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Gyaltsen "Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen"), tutor of the [5th Dalai Lama](/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama "5th Dalai Lama"), who received the title "Panchen Bogd" from [Altan Khan](/wiki/Altan_Khan "Altan Khan") and the Dalai Lama in 1645\.{{Sfn\|Chuluun\|Bulag\|2013\|p\=17}} *Bogd* is Mongolian, meaning "holy".{{sfn\|Lessing\|1960}} [Khedrup Gelek Pelzang](/wiki/Khedrup_Gelek_Pelzang "Khedrup Gelek Pelzang"), [Sönam Choklang](/wiki/S%C3%B6nam_Choklang "Sönam Choklang") and [Ensapa Lobsang Döndrup](/wiki/Ensapa_Lobsang_D%C3%B6ndrup "Ensapa Lobsang Döndrup") were subsequently recognized as the first to third Panchen Lamas posthumously.
In 1713, the [Kangxi Emperor](/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor "Kangxi Emperor") of the [Qing dynasty](/wiki/Qing_dynasty "Qing dynasty") granted the title *Panchen Erdeni* to the [5th Panchen Lama](/wiki/5th_Panchen_Lama "5th Panchen Lama"). In 1792, the [Qianlong Emperor](/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor "Qianlong Emperor") issued a decree known as the [29\-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet](/wiki/29-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet "29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet"), and Article One of the decree was designed to be used in the selection of rinpoches, lamas and other high offices within Tibetan Buddhism, including the Dalai Lamas, Panchen Lamas and Mongolian lamas.{{cite web \|title\=Reincarnation \|url\=http://www.dalailama.com/messages/statement\-of\-his\-holiness\-the\-fourteenth\-dalai\-lama\-tenzin\-gyatso\-on\-the\-issue\-of\-his\-reincarnation \|publisher\=\[\[14th Dalai Lama]] \|date\=September 24, 2011 \|access\-date\=December 17, 2015}}{{cite web \|url\=http://eng.tibet.cn/culture/tibetan\_buddhism/1449128868125\.shtml \|title\=Origin of "drawing lots from the golden urn"\_Tibetan Buddhism\_TIBET \|website\=eng.tibet.cn \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401004649/http://eng.tibet.cn/culture/tibetan\_buddhism/1449128868125\.shtml \|archive\-date\=2018\-04\-01}}
Traditionally, the Panchen Lama is the head of [Tashilhunpo Monastery](/wiki/Tashilhunpo_Monastery "Tashilhunpo Monastery"), and holds religious and secular power over the [Tsang](/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang "Ü-Tsang") region centered in [Shigatse](/wiki/Shigatse "Shigatse"), independent of the [Ganden Podrang](/wiki/Ganden_Podrang "Ganden Podrang") authority led by the Dalai Lama.{{sfn\|Goldstein\|2007\|p\=\[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernt00melv/page/267 267]}}{{sfn\|Goldstein\|Sherap\|Siebenschuh\|2004\|p\=\[https://archive.org/details/tibetanrevolutio0000gold/page/161 161]}} The Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama are closely connected, and each participates in the process of recognizing the other's reincarnations.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.economist.com/node/21526388 \|title\=China, Tibet and the Dalai Lama \|newspaper\=\[\[The Economist]]}}
The current 11th Panchen Lama, [Gedhun Choekyi Nyima](/wiki/Gedhun_Choekyi_Nyima "Gedhun Choekyi Nyima"), was recognized by the [14th Dalai Lama](/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama "14th Dalai Lama") on 14 May 1995\. Three days later, the six\-year\-old Panchen Lama was kidnapped by the Chinese government and his family was taken into custody. The Chinese government instead named [Gyaincain Norbu](/wiki/Gyaincain_Norbu "Gyaincain Norbu") as the 11th Panchen Lama. Their nomination has been [widely rejected](/wiki/11th_Panchen_Lama_controversy "11th Panchen Lama controversy") by Buddhists in Tibet and abroad, while governments have called for information about and the release of the Panchen Lama. Gedhun Choekyi Nyima has never been publicly seen since 1995\.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/dorjee\-tseten/chinas\-worst\-kept\-secret\-\_b\_7308598\.html \|title\=China's Worst Kept Secret: 5 Facts About the Abduction of Tibet's Panchen Lama \|work\=\[\[HuffPost]]}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/06/china\-says\-panchen\-lama\-living\-a\-normal\-life\-20\-years\-after\-disappearance \|title\=China says Panchen Lama 'living a normal life' 20 years after disappearance \|date\=September 6, 2015 \|access\-date\=June 24, 2008 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|location\=London}}
### Lineage of Genyenma Ahkon Lhamo
The first Genyenma Ahkon Lhamo, a meditator recognized as a wisdom dakini{{sfn\|Zangpo\|1988\|p\=186}} was one of the main disciples of [Namchö Mingyur Dorje](/wiki/Namch%C3%B6_Mingyur_Dorje "Namchö Mingyur Dorje") (1645–1667\){{sfn\|Zangpo\|1988\|p\=186}} and sister of Rigdzin Kunzang Sherab, Migyur Dorje's Dharma heir{{sfn\|Zangpo\|1988\|p\=62}} and the First Throneholder of [Palyul](/wiki/Palyul "Palyul") Monastery (founded 1665\).{{sfn\|Mackenzie\|1996\|pp\=61–5}} She was credited as being instrumental to the founding of Palyul (now one of the Nyingma's six main or "mother" monasteries{{sfn\|Zangpo\|1988\|p\=9}}) and for leaving a relic that is important to Palyul. During the cremation of her body, her kapala (top half of the skull) is said to have flown three kilometers and come to rest at the foot of the teaching throne of her brother. Found to be miraculously embossed with the sacred syllable AH, the kapala became an important relic housed at Palyul monastery in Tibet.{{sfn\|Zangpo\|1988\|p\=186}}
[thumb\|Western tulku [Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo](/wiki/Jetsunma_Ahkon_Lhamo "Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo") during her enthronement](/wiki/File:Jetsunma_akhon_lhamo_enthronement_1998.jpg "Jetsunma akhon lhamo enthronement 1998.jpg")
The Third Drubwang [Padma Norbu ("Penor") Rinpoche](/wiki/Penor_Rinpoche "Penor Rinpoche"), 11th Throneholder of Palyul Monastery, former Supreme Head of the [Nyingma](/wiki/Nyingma "Nyingma") tradition{{sfn\|Sherrill\|2000\|p\=7}} was recognized as a tulku and brought to Palyul Monastery in 1936 at the age of four. He recounted that as a young tulku in Tibet, inspired by seeing the skull relic, he made prayers to find Ahkon Lhamo's incarnation.{{sfn\|Zangpo\|1988\|p\=186}}{{sfn\|Sherrill\|2000\|p\=135}} Though most of the kapala relic was pulverized into dust during the [Cultural Revolution](/wiki/Cultural_Revolution "Cultural Revolution"), one Tibetan man managed to save a silver dollar\-size piece on which the syllable "AH" appears. Penor Rinpoche acquired it from him on a return trip to Tibet in 1987\. He had it preserved in a crystal lotus bowl.
In 1987, Penor Rinpoche officially recognized Alyce Louise Zeoli as the tulku of Genyenma Ahkon Lhamo during her visit to his Namdroling Monastery in [Bylakuppe](/wiki/Bylakuppe "Bylakuppe"), [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka "Karnataka"), India.{{cite magazine \|title\=American\-born Woman Tulku Enthroned \|magazine\=Vajradhatu Sun \|date\=October–November 1988}}{{full citation needed\|date\=November 2023}} He gave her the crystal lotus bowl containing the relic of Ahkon Lhamo just prior to the occasion of her enthronement ceremony as [Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo](/wiki/Jetsunma_Ahkon_Lhamo "Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo") at [Kunzang Palyul Choling](/wiki/Kunzang_Palyul_Choling "Kunzang Palyul Choling") (KPC) in 1988\.{{sfn\|Mackenzie\|1996\|p\=76}} The relic remains at KPC and is displayed on auspicious days.
### Lineage of Jamgon Kongtrul
{{main\|Jamgon Kongtrul}}
[upright\|thumb\|right\|Jamgön Kongtrül Lodrö Thayé](/wiki/File:Lodro_Thaye.jpg "Lodro Thaye.jpg")
Kongtrul tulkus are the main custodians of [Jamgon Kongtrul](/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul "Jamgon Kongtrul") (1813–1899\). Jamgön Kongtrül Lodrö Thayé was a Tibetan Buddhist scholar, poet, artist, physician, [tertön](/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n "Tertön") and polymath.{{sfn\|Jackson\|2012}}{{sfn\|Ringu Tulku\|2007}} He is credited as one of the founders of the [Rimé movement](/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement "Rimé movement") (non\-sectarian), compiling what is known as the "Five Great Treasuries".{{sfn\|Jamgon Kongtrul\|2003\|loc\=Translators' Introduction}} He achieved great renown as a scholar and writer, especially among the [Nyingma](/wiki/Nyingma "Nyingma") and [Kagyu](/wiki/Kagyu "Kagyu") lineages and composed over 90 volumes of Buddhist writing,{{sfn\|Jackson\|2012}}{{sfn\|Jamgon Kongtrul\|2003\|loc\=Translators' Introduction}} including his magnum opus, *[The Treasury of Knowledge](/wiki/Sheja_Dz%C3%B6 "Sheja Dzö")*. There have been several recognized tulkus of Lodro Thaye.
The current lineage holder as the 4th Jamgon Kongtrul is [Lodrö Chökyi Nyima](/wiki/Lodr%C3%B6_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Nyima "Lodrö Chökyi Nyima"). He was recognized in August 1996 by [Ogyen Trinley Dorje](/wiki/Ogyen_Trinley_Dorje "Ogyen Trinley Dorje"), the 17th [Karmapa](/wiki/Karmapa "Karmapa"), who gave the name Jamgon Lodro Chokyi Nyima Dronme Chok Thamced Le Nampar Gyalwe De. He was born on November{{nbsp}}26, 1995, in [Chushur Dzong](/wiki/Q%C3%BCx%C3%BC_County "Qüxü County"), near Chushur Dzong, in Central Tibet. This recognition was confirmed by the [14th Dalai Lama](/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama "14th Dalai Lama"), [Sakya Trizin](/wiki/Sakya_Trizin "Sakya Trizin"), head of the [Sakya](/wiki/Sakya_%28Tibetan_Buddhist_school%29 "Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)") school of [Tibetan Buddhism](/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism "Tibetan Buddhism"), and [Mindroling Trichen](/wiki/Mindroling_Trichen "Mindroling Trichen"), former head of the [Nyingma](/wiki/Nyingma "Nyingma") tradition. All three performed hair\-cutting ceremonies and bestowed names, as is traditional. As the reincarnation of Jamgon Kongtrul, Lodrö is entitled to be called "[Rinpoche](/wiki/Rinpoche "Rinpoche")".
### Lineage of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo
{{main\|Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo}}
[thumb\|Painting of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo](/wiki/File:Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo.jpg "Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo.jpg")
Khyentse tulkus are the main custodians of the lineage of [Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo](/wiki/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo "Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo") (1820–1892\), a teacher, scholar and [tertön](/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n "Tertön") of 19th\-century [Tibet](/wiki/Tibet "Tibet"). He was a leading figure in the [Rimé movement](/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement "Rimé movement").
Several tulkus of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, including those of body *(sku)*, speech *(gsung)*, mind *(thugs)*, qualities *(yon tan)* and activity *({{bo\|w\='phrin las}})*, were recognized in Tibet.{{sfn\|Orgyen Tobgyal Rinpoche\|1996}} Of these, the body incarnation was Dzongsar Khyentse Jamyang Chökyi Wangpo, who was enthroned at Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo's main seat at [Dzongsar Monastery](/wiki/Dzongsar_Monastery "Dzongsar Monastery") but died in an accident c. 1909\.{{sfn\|Smith\|2001\|p\=268}} The activity incarnation [Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö](/wiki/Dzongsar_Khyentse_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Lodr%C3%B6 "Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö"), who was originally enthroned at [Katok Monastery](/wiki/Katok_Monastery "Katok Monastery") succeeded him. The speech incarnation was the [Second Beru Khyentse](/wiki/Second_Beru_Khyentse "Second Beru Khyentse") and the mind incarnation [Dilgo Khyentse](/wiki/Dilgo_Khyentse "Dilgo Khyentse"). Since the early 1960s, Dilgo Khyentse, single\-handedly upholding the unique tradition of Khyentse incarnations, propagated Buddhism tirelessly in India, Bhutan, Nepal, [Tibet](/wiki/Tibet "Tibet"), and the West.{{sfn\|Thondup\|1996\|p\=221}}
{{expand section\|date\=January 2024}}
{{clear}}
### Lineage of Dudjom Lingpa
{{further\|Dudjom Lingpa\|Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje}}
[thumb\|Dudjom Lingpa](/wiki/File:Dudjom_Lingpa.jpg "Dudjom Lingpa.jpg")
[Dudjom Lingpa](/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa "Dudjom Lingpa") (1835–1904\) was a Tibetan [meditation](/wiki/Meditation "Meditation") master, spiritual teacher and [tertön](/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n "Tertön").{{sfn\|Dudjom Lingpa\|2002\|p\=xiii}} He stands out from the norm of [Tibetan Buddhist](/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism "Tibetan Buddhism") teachers in the sense that he had no formal education, nor did he take ordination as a [monk](/wiki/Monk "Monk") or belong to any established [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism") school or tradition of his time.{{sfn\|Drolma\|2012\|p\={{page needed\|date\=July 2021}}}}
His recognized successor, [Kyabje Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje](/wiki/Kyabje_Dudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje "Kyabje Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje"), was more commonly known as Dudjom Rinpoche (1904–1987\).{{cite web \|title\=His Holiness Dudjom Rinpoche: Upasaka Vidyadhara Jigdrel Yeshe Dorje (1904–1987\) \|url\=http://www.dharma\-media.org/wogmin/dudjom.html \|access\-date\=2021\-01\-15 \|website\=Drikung Kagyu Buddhist Monastery, Wogmin Thubten Shedrup Ling \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021232748/https://www.dharma\-media.org/wogmin/dudjom.html \|archive\-date\=2018\-10\-21}} He is considered to be the direct incarnation of Dudjom Lingpa. He was a [Nyingma](/wiki/Nyingma "Nyingma") [householder](/wiki/Householder_%28Buddhism%29 "Householder (Buddhism)"), yogi, and a [Vajrayana](/wiki/Vajrayana "Vajrayana") and [Dzogchen](/wiki/Dzogchen "Dzogchen") master. According to his disciple Khenpo Tsewang Dongyal, he was revered as "His Holiness" and as a "Master of Masters".{{sfn\|Dongyal\|2008\|p\={{page needed\|date\=November 2023}}}}
The third Dudjom tulku, Sangye Pema Zhepa, was first recognized by terton Khandro Tare Lama through a prophetic poem written in [dakini script](/wiki/Dakini_script "Dakini script") on the day of his birth. Tare Lama wrote to [Chatral Rinpoche](/wiki/Chatral_Rinpoche "Chatral Rinpoche"), who confirmed the prophecy and recognized the three\-year\-old tulku in person. Recognitions were also conferred by the [14th Dalai Lama](/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama "14th Dalai Lama"), [Kyabje Penor Rinpoche](/wiki/Penor_Rinpoche "Penor Rinpoche"), [Sakya Trinzin Rinpoche](/wiki/Sakya_Trizin "Sakya Trizin"), and others.{{cite magazine \|date\=Spring 1993 \|title\=Khyabje Dudjom Rinpoche to be Enthroned \|magazine\=Snow Lion Newsletter and Catalog \|page\=2 \|url\=https://www.shambhala.com/snowlion\_articles/khyabje\-dudjom\-rinpoche\-to\-be\-enthroned/ \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-04 \|via\=Shambhala.com}} On February 15, 2022, Dudjom Rinpoche Sangye Pema Zhepa, after telling his staff that he was going to rest and relax, suddenly died. He was 32 years of age when he passed at the Dudjom Labrang, his residence.{{sfn\|Panzica\|2022}}{{sfn\|Lewis\|2022}}
### Lineage of Thubten Yeshe
{{main\|Thubten Yeshe}}
[Thubten Yeshe](/wiki/Thubten_Yeshe "Thubten Yeshe") (1935–1984\) was a [Tibetan](/wiki/Tibet "Tibet") [lama](/wiki/Lama "Lama") who, while exiled in [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal "Nepal"), co\-founded [Kopan Monastery](/wiki/Kopan_Monastery "Kopan Monastery") (1969\) and the [Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition](/wiki/Foundation_for_the_Preservation_of_the_Mahayana_Tradition "Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition") (1975\). He followed the [Gelug](/wiki/Gelug "Gelug") tradition, and was considered unconventional in his teaching style. Lama Yeshe died in 1984, 20 minutes before dawn on the first day of [Losar](/wiki/Losar "Losar"), the Tibetan New Year. His body was cremated at the Vajrapani Institute in [Boulder Creek, California](/wiki/Boulder_Creek%2C_California "Boulder Creek, California"),{{sfn\|Zopa Rinpoche\|2009}} where there is a [stupa](/wiki/Stupa "Stupa") honoring him.
[150px\|thumb\|[Tenzin Ösel Hita](/wiki/Tenzin_%C3%96sel_Hita "Tenzin Ösel Hita") in 2018](/wiki/File:Tenzin_Osel_Hita%2C_IVY%2C_191227_by_Anouk_Burel.jpeg "Tenzin Osel Hita, IVY, 191227 by Anouk Burel.jpeg")
In 1986, after certain traditional tests, the [Dalai Lama](/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama "14th Dalai Lama") formally recognized [Tenzin Ösel Hita](/wiki/Tenzin_%C3%96sel_Hita "Tenzin Ösel Hita") as the *tulku* or [reincarnation](/wiki/Reincarnation "Reincarnation") of [Thubten Yeshe](/wiki/Thubten_Yeshe "Thubten Yeshe")—making him one of only a handful of Western tulkus—and renamed him "Tenzin Ösel Rinpoche" ({{bo\|t\=བསྟན་འཛིན་འོད་གསལ་རིན་པོ་ཆེ།}}). This makes Thubten Yeshe the first in a new lineage of tulkus. As a child Ösel was heavily promoted by the FPMT, and made the subject of a book by [Vicki Mackenzie](/wiki/Vicki_Mackenzie "Vicki Mackenzie"), *Reincarnation: The Boy Lama*.{{sfn\|Mackenzie\|1996}} He is the fifth of nine siblings.{{sfn\|Mackenzie\|1996}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In a strict sense, *tulku* is a Tibetan translation of the [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit \"Sanskrit\") *[nirmāṇakāya](/wiki/Nirm%C4%81%E1%B9%87ak%C4%81ya \"Nirmāṇakāya\")*, which refers to the \"transformation\" or \"emanation body\" of a [Buddha](/wiki/Buddha \"Buddha\"). *Tulku* is therefore the physical \"form in which a Buddha appears to ordinary beings.\"{{sfn \\| Ary \\| 2012 \\| pp\\=399–400}}",
"A related term in Tibetan is *yangsi* (literally \"rebirth\" or \"re\\-becoming\") which refers to an enlightened master who has returned to earthly existence for the sake of benefitting sentient beings. While the notion of a nirmāṇakāya is found throughout [Mahayana](/wiki/Mahayana \"Mahayana\") Buddhism, and is integral to the doctrine of the *[trikaya](/wiki/Trikaya \"Trikaya\")* (\"Three Bodies\"), the concept of the *yangsi* is uniquely Tibetan. Tulku, as a title, refers to one who is recognized as the yangsi of a master.{{sfn \\| Ary \\| 2012 \\| pp\\=400–401}}",
"It arose in the context of a political vacuum spurred by the assassination of [Ralpachen](/wiki/Ralpachen \"Ralpachen\"), which saw monastic centers develop political power in a second spreading of Buddhism in Tibet.{{sfn\\| Ray \\| 1986 \\| p\\=44}} It had \"purely politico\\-mercantile origins and functions\"{{sfn\\|Ary\\|2012\\|p\\=409}} and later became a significant spiritual institution. However, some commentators argue that the political shift was \"grafted onto the tradition of recognizing reincarnations, not the other way around.\"{{sfn\\|Ary\\|2012\\|p\\=409}} [Turrell V. Wylie](/wiki/Turrell_V._Wylie \"Turrell V. Wylie\") wrote that the tulku system \"developed in Tibetan Buddhism primarily for political reasons\"{{sfn\\|Ray\\|1986\\|p\\=37}} while Reginald Ray argued that such a view ignores \"miss\\[es] what is perhaps its most distinctive feature\" which is its \"important ideological and religious dimensions\",{{sfn\\| Ray \\| 1986 \\| p\\={{page needed\\|date\\=November 2023}}}} being \"deeply rooted\" in the *[bodhisattva](/wiki/Bodhisattva \"Bodhisattva\")* concept.{{sfn\\| Ray \\| 1986 \\| p\\=37}}",
"Tulku have been associated with ruling power since its origination, expressing indigenous Tibetan notions of kingship.{{sfn\\| Ray \\| 1986 \\| p\\=43}} This system supplanted the earlier model of monastic governance, in which a celibate religious head acted as abbot, while his brother, a married administrative head, continued the family line, with his eldest son becoming the next religious head, creating an uncle\\-nephew system of inheritance.{{sfn\\| Ray \\| 1986 \\| p\\=45}} The first recognized tulku was perhaps [Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama](/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje%2C_3rd_Karmapa_Lama \"Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama\").{{sfn \\| Oldmeadow \\| 2001 \\| p\\=269}}",
"[Giuseppe Tucci](/wiki/Giuseppe_Tucci \"Giuseppe Tucci\") traced the origin of the tulku concept to [Indian Vajrayana](/wiki/Vajrayana%23History \"Vajrayana#History\"), particularly in a fragmentary biography of [Maitripada](/wiki/Maitripada \"Maitripada\") he discovered in [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal \"Nepal\").{{sfn\\| Ray \\| 1986 \\| p\\=42}} The tulku system of preserving Dharma lineages developed in Tibet after the 12th century, with the first recognized tulku being perhaps [Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama](/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje%2C_3rd_Karmapa_Lama \"Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama\").{{sfn \\|Oldmeadow\\|2001\\|p\\=269}} Foreign tulkus have been identified since at least the sixteenth century, when the grandson of the Mongol [Altan Khan](/wiki/Altan_Khan \"Altan Khan\") was recognized as the [4th Dalai Lama](/wiki/4th_Dalai_Lama \"4th Dalai Lama\"). The [Mongol conversion to Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia \"Buddhism in Mongolia\") served a political function and allowed [Tibet](/wiki/Tibet \"Tibet\") to build a closer relationship with the Mongol [Yuan Dynasty](/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty \"Yuan Dynasty\").{{sfn \\| Bhushan \\| Garfield \\| Zablocki \\| 2009 \\| p\\=45}} Traditionally, however, tulku were only recognized from Tibetan cultural areas, encompassing Tibet, Nepal, [Mongolia](/wiki/Mongolia \"Mongolia\"), and [Bhutan](/wiki/Bhutan \"Bhutan\").{{sfn \\| Ary \\| 2012 \\| p\\=398}}",
"The [Chinese annexation of Tibet](/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China\") in 1959 created massive social upheaval. This intensified during the [Cultural Revolution](/wiki/Cultural_Revolution \"Cultural Revolution\") which brought irreparable damage to the institutions and traditions which constitute Tibetan Buddhism as one of the [Four Olds](/wiki/Four_Olds \"Four Olds\"). As a result, Tibetan Buddhism has flourished in areas of Tibetan culture not under Chinese rule, such as Nepal, Bhutan, and parts of [North India](/wiki/North_India \"North India\"). In India, the traditional monastic system is largely intact and the tulku system remains politically relevant.{{sfn \\| Oldmeadow \\| 2001 \\| p\\=266\\-267}} Compounded with the inherent transnational character of [proselytizing](/wiki/Proselytization \"Proselytization\") religions, Tibetan Buddhism is \"pulled between the need to adapt itself and the need to preserve itself\".{{sfn \\| Bhushan \\| Garfield \\| Zablocki \\| 2009 \\| p\\=44}}",
"[Westerners](/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West \"Buddhism in the West\") began taking an interest in Tibetan Buddhism during the [counterculture](/wiki/1960s_counterculture \"1960s counterculture\") of the 1960s, and Tibetan Buddhism became popular among western Buddhists and they began to be recognized as incarnations of Buddhist masters around this time.{{sfn\\|Nattier\\|1995}}{{sfn \\| Oldmeadow \\| 2001 \\| p\\=267}} Most of these, however, were [expatriate](/wiki/Expatriate \"Expatriate\") Tibetans or Tibetans of [mixed heritage](/wiki/Mixed_race \"Mixed race\"), such as the son of [Chögyam Trungpa](/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa \"Chögyam Trungpa\"). Initially, Westerners were not recognized as tulkus by the wider Tibetan diaspora.{{sfn \\| deJong \\| 1974 \\| pp\\=55–106}}{{sfn\\|Ary\\|2012\\|p\\=410}}",
"The recognition of Westerners as tulkus began in the 1970s, following the spread of Tibetan Buddhism to modern Western countries such as the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\").{{sfn\\|Ary\\|2012\\|pp\\=398–427}}{{sfn\\|Atay\\|D'Silva\\|2019\\|p\\=222}}{{sfn\\|Moran\\|2004}}{{sfn\\|Bhushan\\|Garfield\\|Zablocki\\|2009\\|}}{{excessive citations inline\\|date\\=November 2023}} The first recognized Western tulku was Dylan Henderson, an American boy identified as his father's teacher, or alternatively Ossian MacLise. MacLise, however, was born in [Kathmandu, Nepal](/wiki/Kathmandu%2C_Nepal \"Kathmandu, Nepal\").{{sfn\\|Juhasz\\|Lebow\\|2015\\|p\\=351}}{{sfn\\|Liechty\\|2017\\|pp\\=364}}",
"### Lineage of the Karmapas",
"{{further\\|Karmapa\\|Karmapa controversy}}\n[upright\\|thumb\\|left\\|The second Karmapa was the first tulku.](/wiki/Image:Karmapa2.jpg \"Karmapa2.jpg\")\n[Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Karmapa Lama](/wiki/D%C3%BCsum_Khyenpa%2C_1st_Karmapa_Lama \"Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Karmapa Lama\") ({{bo\\|w\\=Dus gsum Mkhyen pa}}, 1110–1193\\), was a disciple of the Tibetan master [Gampopa](/wiki/Gampopa \"Gampopa\"). A talented child who studied Buddhism with his father from an early age and who sought out great teachers in his twenties and thirties, he is said to have attained [enlightenment](/wiki/Bodhi \"Bodhi\") at the age of fifty while practicing [dream yoga](/wiki/Dream_yoga \"Dream yoga\"). He was henceforth regarded by the contemporary highly respected masters Shakya Śri and Lama Shang as the Karmapa, a manifestation of [Avalokiteśvara](/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara \"Avalokiteśvara\"), whose coming was predicted in the *[Samadhiraja Sutra](/wiki/Samadhiraja_Sutra \"Samadhiraja Sutra\")*{{sfn\\|Thrangu Rinpoche\\|1993}} and the *[Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra](/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra \"Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra\")*.[The Lankavatara Sutra](http://www.buddhistinformation.com/lankavatara_sutra.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113184106/http://www.buddhistinformation.com/lankavatara\\_sutra.htm \\|date\\=2006\\-01\\-13 }}",
"The Karmapa is a long line of consciously reborn lamas. A Karmapa's identity is confirmed through a combination realized [lineage teachers](/wiki/Lama \"Lama\") supernatural insight, prediction letters left by the previous Karmapa, and the young child's own self\\-proclamation and ability to identify objects and people known to its previous incarnation.{{sfn\\|Karma Thinley Rinpoche\\|1980 \\|pp\\=44,81,89,95,109,110,113,115,119,121,125,129}}{{sfn\\|Levin\\|2013\\|p\\=xx}}",
"After the [first Karmapa](/wiki/First_Karmapa \"First Karmapa\") died in 1193, a lama had recurrent visions of a particular child as his [rebirth](/wiki/Rebirth_%28Buddhism%29 \"Rebirth (Buddhism)\"). This child (born {{Circa\\|1205}}) was recognized as the [Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama](/wiki/Karma_Pakshi%2C_2nd_Karmapa_Lama \"Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama\") (1204–1283\\), thus beginning the Tibetan tulku tradition. Karma Pakshi was the first recognized tulku in [Tibetan Buddhism](/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism \"Tibetan Buddhism\") that predicted the circumstances of his rebirth.{{sfn\\|Melnick\\|2007}}{{sfn\\|Wong\\|2010\\|p\\=2}}",
"The 8th, 10th, and 12th incarnations, as well as the [16th Karmapa](/wiki/Rangjung_Rigpe_Dorje%2C_16th_Karmapa%23Controversy_and_Recognition_as_Karmapa \"Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa#Controversy and Recognition as Karmapa\"), each faced conflicts during their recognition,{{sfn\\|Thrangu Rinpoche\\|n.d.}} which were ultimately resolved. There was a [controversy](/wiki/Karmapa_controversy \"Karmapa controversy\") over the enthronement of two 17th Karmapas.",
"### Lineage of the Dalai Lamas",
"{{main\\|Dalai Lama}}\n[thumb\\|Tsongkapa, 15th\\-century painting, [Rubin Museum of Art](/wiki/Rubin_Museum_of_Art \"Rubin Museum of Art\")](/wiki/File:Tsongkapa%2C_thangka_from_Tibet_in_the_15th-century%2C_painting_on_cloth_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg \"Tsongkapa, thangka from Tibet in the 15th-century, painting on cloth - Google Art Project.jpg\") \nGendun Drup (1391–1474\\), a disciple of the founder [Je Tsongkapa](/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa \"Je Tsongkhapa\"),{{cite book\\|author\\=陈庆英\\|title\\=达赖喇嘛转世及历史定制英\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=haMIsdC3iZwC\\&pg\\=PA15\\|year\\=2005\\|publisher\\=五洲传播出版社\\|isbn\\=978\\-7\\-5085\\-0745\\-3\\|pages\\=16–}} was the ordination name of the monk who came to be known as the '[First Dalai Lama](/wiki/First_Dalai_Lama \"First Dalai Lama\")', but only from 104 years after he died.{{sfn\\|Richardson\\|1984\\|pp\\=40–41}} There had been resistance, since first he was ordained a monk in the Kadampa tradition{{sfn\\|Shakabpa\\|1967\\|p\\={{page needed\\|date\\=November 2023}}}} and for various reasons, for hundreds of years the Kadampa school had eschewed the adoption of the *tulku* system to which the older schools adhered.{{sfn\\|Mullin\\|2001\\|p\\=87}} [Tsongkhapa](/wiki/Tsongkhapa \"Tsongkhapa\") largely modelled his new, reformed [Gelugpa](/wiki/Gelugpa \"Gelugpa\") school on the Kadampa tradition and refrained from starting a tulku system.{{sfn\\|Mullin\\|2001\\|pp\\=94–95}} Therefore, although Gendun Drup grew to be a very important Gelugpa lama, after he died in 1474 there was no question of any search being made to identify his incarnation.{{sfn\\|Mullin\\|2001\\|p\\=87}}",
"Despite this, when the Tashilhunpo monks started hearing what seemed credible accounts that an incarnation of Gendun Drup had appeared nearby and repeatedly announced himself from the age of two, their curiosity was aroused.{{sfn\\|Mullin\\|2001\\|pp\\=90–95}} It was some 55 years after Tsongkhapa's death when eventually, the monastic authorities saw compelling evidence that convinced them the child in question was indeed the incarnation of their founder. They felt obliged to break with their own tradition and in 1487, the boy was renamed [Gendun Gyatso](/wiki/Gendun_Gyatso \"Gendun Gyatso\") and installed at Tashilhunpo as Gendun Drup's tulku, albeit informally.{{sfn\\|Mullin\\|2001\\|pp\\=95–96}}",
"Gendun Gyatso died in 1542 and the lineage of Dalai Lama tulkus finally became firmly established when the third incarnation, [Sonam Gyatso](/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama \"3rd Dalai Lama\") (1543–1588\\), came forth. He made himself known as the *tulku* of Gendun Gyatso and was formally recognised and enthroned at Drepung in 1546\\.{{sfn\\|Mullin\\|2001\\|pp\\=137–8}} When Gendun Gyatso was given the titular name \"Dalai Lama\" by the Tümed [Altan Khan](/wiki/Altan_Khan \"Altan Khan\") in 1578,{{sfn\\|Tagliacozzo\\|2015\\|p\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=rKLrBQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT153 153]}} his two predecessors were accorded the title posthumously and he became known as the third in the lineage.{{sfn\\|Richardson\\|1984\\|pp\\=40–41}}",
"### Lineage of the Tai Situpas",
"{{main\\|Tai Situpa}}\n[upright\\|thumb\\|*[Thangka](/wiki/Thangka \"Thangka\")* of Tai Situ](/wiki/File:Tai_Situ_Rinpoche_Thankha.jpeg \"Tai Situ Rinpoche Thankha.jpeg\")",
"The [Tai Situpa](/wiki/Tai_Situpa \"Tai Situpa\") lineage is one of the oldest tulku lineages in the [Kagyu](/wiki/Kagyu \"Kagyu\") school of [Tibetan Buddhism](/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism \"Tibetan Buddhism\")[History of the Tai Situpas](http://www.palpung.com/rinpoche.php) In Tibetan Buddhism tradition, Kenting Tai Situpa is considered as emanation of Bodhisattva [Maitreya](/wiki/Maitreya \"Maitreya\") and [Padmasambhava](/wiki/Padmasambhava \"Padmasambhava\") and who has been incarnated numerous times as [Indian](/wiki/India \"India\") and [Tibetan](/wiki/Tibet \"Tibet\") [yogis](/wiki/Yogi \"Yogi\") since the time of the [historical Buddha](/wiki/Gautama_Buddha \"Gautama Buddha\").",
"[Chokyi Gyaltsen](/wiki/Chokyi_Gyaltsen \"Chokyi Gyaltsen\") was the first to bear the title \"Grand [Situ](/wiki/Situ_%28office%29 \"Situ (office)\")\" ({{zh \\|c \\= 大司徒 \\|p \\= Dà Sītú }}), conferred upon him in 1407 by the [Yongle Emperor](/wiki/Yongle_Emperor \"Yongle Emperor\") of [Ming China](/wiki/Ming_dynasty \"Ming dynasty\"). He was a close disciple of [Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama](/wiki/Deshin_Shekpa%2C_5th_Karmapa_Lama \"Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama\"), who appointed him [abbot](/wiki/Abbot \"Abbot\") of Karma Goen, the Karmapa's principal [monastery](/wiki/Monastery \"Monastery\") at the time. The full title bestowed was *Kenting Naya Tang Nyontse Geshetse Tai Situpa* which is shortened to *Kenting Tai Situ*. The full title means \"far reaching, unshakable, great master, holder of the command\".{{sfn\\|Hollmann\\|2006}}",
"The current Tai Situpa, [Pema Tönyö Nyinje](/wiki/Pema_T%C3%B6ny%C3%B6_Nyinje \"Pema Tönyö Nyinje\"), is the 12th.{{sfn\\|Jamgon Kongtrul\\|1997\\|p\\=166}} He is the head of [Palpung Monastery](/wiki/Palpung_Monastery \"Palpung Monastery\").",
"### Lineage of Samding Dorje Phagmo",
"{{main\\|Samding Dorje Phagmo}}\n[upright\\|thumb\\|left\\|Mural depiction of [Chökyi Drönma](/wiki/Ch%C3%B6kyi_Dr%C3%B6nma \"Chökyi Drönma\"), the first incarnation of Samding Dorje Phagmo, at [Nyêmo Chekar monastery](/wiki/Ny%C3%AAmo_Chekar_monastery \"Nyêmo Chekar monastery\")](/wiki/File:Dorje_Phagmo_incarnation_in_16th_century_mural_at_Myemo_Chekar.png \"Dorje Phagmo incarnation in 16th century mural at Myemo Chekar.png\") \nThe [Samding Dorje Phagmo](/wiki/Samding_Dorje_Phagmo \"Samding Dorje Phagmo\") ({{bo\\|t\\=བསམ་སྡིང་རྡོ་རྗེ་ཕག་མོ}}) is the highest female tulku in Tibet{{sfn\\|Dowman\\|1988\\|p\\=268}} and the third highest\\-ranking person in the hierarchy after the [Dalai Lama](/wiki/Dalai_Lama \"Dalai Lama\") and the [Panchen Lama](/wiki/Panchen_Lama \"Panchen Lama\").{{sfn\\|Mullin\\|2001\\|p\\=175}} She was listed among the highest\\-ranking reincarnations at the time of the [5th Dalai Lama](/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama \"5th Dalai Lama\"), recognized by the Tibetan government and acknowledged by the emperors of [Qing China](/wiki/Qing_dynasty \"Qing dynasty\").{{sfn\\|Diemberger\\|2007\\|p\\=2}} In her first incarnation, as [Chökyi Drönma](/wiki/Ch%C3%B6kyi_Dr%C3%B6nma \"Chökyi Drönma\") (1422–1455 [CE](/wiki/Common_Era \"Common Era\")), she was the student and consort of the famous polymath [Thang Tong Gyalpo](/wiki/Thang_Tong_Gyalpo \"Thang Tong Gyalpo\"),{{sfn\\|Stearns\\|2007\\|p\\=4ff}} who first identified her as an emanation of [Vajravārāhī](/wiki/Vajrav%C4%81r%C4%81h%C4%AB \"Vajravārāhī\"),{{sfn\\|Diemberger\\|2007\\|p\\= 46–47}} and the consort of Bodong Panchen.{{sfn\\|Stearns\\|2007\\|p\\=554, n.837}} The seat of the Samding Dorje Phagmo is at [Samding Monastery](/wiki/Samding_Monastery \"Samding Monastery\"), in Tibet.",
"The current (12th) Samding Dorje Pakmo Trülku is Dechen Chökyi Drönma, who was born in 1938 or 1942\\. Dechen Chökyi Drönma was very young at the [time of the Chinese occupation](/wiki/Incorporation_of_Tibet_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Incorporation of Tibet into the People's Republic of China\"), and her exact date of birth is contested.{{sfn\\|Diemberger\\|2007\\|p\\=299–300}} Dechen Chökyi Drönma was recognised by the present [14th Dalai Lama](/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama \"14th Dalai Lama\") as a true incarnation and served as a vice president of the [Buddhist Association of China](/wiki/Buddhist_Association_of_China \"Buddhist Association of China\") in 1956 while he was president, and [Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama](/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen%2C_10th_Panchen_Lama \"Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama\") also as vice president. She went to Lhasa in 1958 and received the empowerment of [Yamantaka](/wiki/Yamantaka \"Yamantaka\") from the Dalai Lama and the empowerment of [Vajrayogini](/wiki/Vajrayogini \"Vajrayogini\") from the Dalai Lama's tutor, [Trijang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso](/wiki/Trijang_Lobsang_Yeshe_Tenzin_Gyatso \"Trijang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso\").{{sfn\\|Diemberger\\|2007\\|p\\=302\\-303}} She has been trained in the Bodongpa tradition and remains the head of the [Samding Monastery](/wiki/Samding_Monastery \"Samding Monastery\"). She simultaneously holds the post of a high government cadre in the [Tibet Autonomous Region](/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region \"Tibet Autonomous Region\"). She has as a result been accused of collaborating with the Chinese.{{sfn\\|French\\|2003\\|p\\=220}}{{sfn\\|Willis\\|1984\\|p\\=20}}\n{{clear}}",
"### Lineage of the Trungpa tülkus",
"{{main\\|Trungpa tülkus}}\n[thumb\\|Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche, the 11th Trungpa tülku](/wiki/File:Chogyam_Trungpa_Rinpoche.jpg \"Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche.jpg\")",
"The Trungpa tülkus are a line of incarnate [Tibetan](/wiki/Tibet \"Tibet\") [lamas](/wiki/Lama \"Lama\") who traditionally head Surmang monastery complex in [Kham](/wiki/Kham \"Kham\"), now [Surmang](/wiki/Surmang \"Surmang\"). There have been twelve such Trungpa tulkus. They are members of the [Karma Kagyu](/wiki/Karma_Kagyu \"Karma Kagyu\") tradition as well as the [Nyingma](/wiki/Nyingma \"Nyingma\") tradition. These tulkus are recognized as reincarnations of Künga Gyaltsen (15th century), a student of Trungmase.",
"The 11th Trungpa tulku was [Chögyam Trungpa](/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa \"Chögyam Trungpa\") (1940–1987\\). He was one of the most influential teachers of [Buddhism in the West](/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West \"Buddhism in the West\") and founded [Shambhala Buddhism](/wiki/Shambhala_Buddhism \"Shambhala Buddhism\").",
"[Choseng Trungpa](/wiki/Choseng_Trungpa \"Choseng Trungpa\") Rinpoche is the 12th and current Trungpa tulku.{{sfn\\|Midal\\|2005\\|p\\=18}}",
"### Lineage of the Zhabdrung Rinpoches",
"In [Bhutan](/wiki/Bhutan \"Bhutan\"), the title Zhabdrung Rinpoche refers to [Ngawang Namgyal](/wiki/Ngawang_Namgyal \"Ngawang Namgyal\") (1594–1651\\), the founder of the Bhutanese state, or one of his successive [reincarnations](/wiki/Reincarnation \"Reincarnation\"). Following his death, the ruling authorities in Bhutan were faced with the problem of succession. To neutralize the power of future Zhabdrung incarnations, the Druk Desi, Je Khenpo and penlops conspired to recognize not a single person but rather as three separate persons—a *body incarnation* (*Ku tulku*), a *mind incarnation* (*Thu tulku* or *Thugtrul*), and a *speech incarnation* (*Sung tulku* or *Sungtrul*). In spite of their efforts to consolidate the power established by the original Zhabdrung, the country sank into warring factionalism for the next 200 years. The body incarnation lineage died out in the mid\\-18th century, while the mind and speech incarnations of the Zhabdrung continued into the 20th century. The mind incarnation was the one generally recognized as the *Zhabdrung*.{{sfn\\|Rose\\|1977\\|pp\\=26–28}}",
"Besides the mind incarnation, there was also a line of claimants for the speech incarnation. At the time the monarchy was founded in 1907, Choley Yeshe Ngodub (or Chogley Yeshey Ngodrup) was the speech incarnation and also served as the last Druk Desi. After his death in 1917, he was succeeded by Chogley Jigme Tenzin (1919–1949\\).{{sfn\\|Dorji\\|Wangchuck\\|1999\\|p\\=13}} The next claimant, unrecognized by the Bhutan government, lived at [Tawang monastery](/wiki/Tawang_district%23Tawang_Monastery \"Tawang district#Tawang Monastery\") in India and was evacuated to the western Himalayas during the 1962 [Sino\\-Indian War](/wiki/Sino-Indian_War \"Sino-Indian War\").{{sfn\\|Rose\\|1977\\|p\\=28}}",
"Another line of claimants to be the mind incarnation of Ngawang Namgyal existed in Tibet, and was represented by [Namkhai Norbu](/wiki/Namkhai_Norbu \"Namkhai Norbu\"), who lived in Italy.",
"### Lineage of the Panchen Lamas",
"{{main\\|Panchen Lama}}",
"[thumb\\|[Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama](/wiki/Khedrup_Gelek_Pelzang%2C_1st_Panchen_Lama \"Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama\")](/wiki/File:Khedrup_Je.jpg \"Khedrup Je.jpg\")",
"The recognition of Panchen Lamas began with [Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen](/wiki/Lobsang_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Gyaltsen \"Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen\"), tutor of the [5th Dalai Lama](/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama \"5th Dalai Lama\"), who received the title \"Panchen Bogd\" from [Altan Khan](/wiki/Altan_Khan \"Altan Khan\") and the Dalai Lama in 1645\\.{{Sfn\\|Chuluun\\|Bulag\\|2013\\|p\\=17}} *Bogd* is Mongolian, meaning \"holy\".{{sfn\\|Lessing\\|1960}} [Khedrup Gelek Pelzang](/wiki/Khedrup_Gelek_Pelzang \"Khedrup Gelek Pelzang\"), [Sönam Choklang](/wiki/S%C3%B6nam_Choklang \"Sönam Choklang\") and [Ensapa Lobsang Döndrup](/wiki/Ensapa_Lobsang_D%C3%B6ndrup \"Ensapa Lobsang Döndrup\") were subsequently recognized as the first to third Panchen Lamas posthumously.",
"In 1713, the [Kangxi Emperor](/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor \"Kangxi Emperor\") of the [Qing dynasty](/wiki/Qing_dynasty \"Qing dynasty\") granted the title *Panchen Erdeni* to the [5th Panchen Lama](/wiki/5th_Panchen_Lama \"5th Panchen Lama\"). In 1792, the [Qianlong Emperor](/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor \"Qianlong Emperor\") issued a decree known as the [29\\-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet](/wiki/29-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet \"29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet\"), and Article One of the decree was designed to be used in the selection of rinpoches, lamas and other high offices within Tibetan Buddhism, including the Dalai Lamas, Panchen Lamas and Mongolian lamas.{{cite web \\|title\\=Reincarnation \\|url\\=http://www.dalailama.com/messages/statement\\-of\\-his\\-holiness\\-the\\-fourteenth\\-dalai\\-lama\\-tenzin\\-gyatso\\-on\\-the\\-issue\\-of\\-his\\-reincarnation \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[14th Dalai Lama]] \\|date\\=September 24, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2015}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://eng.tibet.cn/culture/tibetan\\_buddhism/1449128868125\\.shtml \\|title\\=Origin of \"drawing lots from the golden urn\"\\_Tibetan Buddhism\\_TIBET \\|website\\=eng.tibet.cn \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401004649/http://eng.tibet.cn/culture/tibetan\\_buddhism/1449128868125\\.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-01}}",
"Traditionally, the Panchen Lama is the head of [Tashilhunpo Monastery](/wiki/Tashilhunpo_Monastery \"Tashilhunpo Monastery\"), and holds religious and secular power over the [Tsang](/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang \"Ü-Tsang\") region centered in [Shigatse](/wiki/Shigatse \"Shigatse\"), independent of the [Ganden Podrang](/wiki/Ganden_Podrang \"Ganden Podrang\") authority led by the Dalai Lama.{{sfn\\|Goldstein\\|2007\\|p\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernt00melv/page/267 267]}}{{sfn\\|Goldstein\\|Sherap\\|Siebenschuh\\|2004\\|p\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/tibetanrevolutio0000gold/page/161 161]}} The Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama are closely connected, and each participates in the process of recognizing the other's reincarnations.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.economist.com/node/21526388 \\|title\\=China, Tibet and the Dalai Lama \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Economist]]}}",
"The current 11th Panchen Lama, [Gedhun Choekyi Nyima](/wiki/Gedhun_Choekyi_Nyima \"Gedhun Choekyi Nyima\"), was recognized by the [14th Dalai Lama](/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama \"14th Dalai Lama\") on 14 May 1995\\. Three days later, the six\\-year\\-old Panchen Lama was kidnapped by the Chinese government and his family was taken into custody. The Chinese government instead named [Gyaincain Norbu](/wiki/Gyaincain_Norbu \"Gyaincain Norbu\") as the 11th Panchen Lama. Their nomination has been [widely rejected](/wiki/11th_Panchen_Lama_controversy \"11th Panchen Lama controversy\") by Buddhists in Tibet and abroad, while governments have called for information about and the release of the Panchen Lama. Gedhun Choekyi Nyima has never been publicly seen since 1995\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/dorjee\\-tseten/chinas\\-worst\\-kept\\-secret\\-\\_b\\_7308598\\.html \\|title\\=China's Worst Kept Secret: 5 Facts About the Abduction of Tibet's Panchen Lama \\|work\\=\\[\\[HuffPost]]}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/06/china\\-says\\-panchen\\-lama\\-living\\-a\\-normal\\-life\\-20\\-years\\-after\\-disappearance \\|title\\=China says Panchen Lama 'living a normal life' 20 years after disappearance \\|date\\=September 6, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2008 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|location\\=London}}",
"### Lineage of Genyenma Ahkon Lhamo",
"The first Genyenma Ahkon Lhamo, a meditator recognized as a wisdom dakini{{sfn\\|Zangpo\\|1988\\|p\\=186}} was one of the main disciples of [Namchö Mingyur Dorje](/wiki/Namch%C3%B6_Mingyur_Dorje \"Namchö Mingyur Dorje\") (1645–1667\\){{sfn\\|Zangpo\\|1988\\|p\\=186}} and sister of Rigdzin Kunzang Sherab, Migyur Dorje's Dharma heir{{sfn\\|Zangpo\\|1988\\|p\\=62}} and the First Throneholder of [Palyul](/wiki/Palyul \"Palyul\") Monastery (founded 1665\\).{{sfn\\|Mackenzie\\|1996\\|pp\\=61–5}} She was credited as being instrumental to the founding of Palyul (now one of the Nyingma's six main or \"mother\" monasteries{{sfn\\|Zangpo\\|1988\\|p\\=9}}) and for leaving a relic that is important to Palyul. During the cremation of her body, her kapala (top half of the skull) is said to have flown three kilometers and come to rest at the foot of the teaching throne of her brother. Found to be miraculously embossed with the sacred syllable AH, the kapala became an important relic housed at Palyul monastery in Tibet.{{sfn\\|Zangpo\\|1988\\|p\\=186}}",
"[thumb\\|Western tulku [Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo](/wiki/Jetsunma_Ahkon_Lhamo \"Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo\") during her enthronement](/wiki/File:Jetsunma_akhon_lhamo_enthronement_1998.jpg \"Jetsunma akhon lhamo enthronement 1998.jpg\")",
"The Third Drubwang [Padma Norbu (\"Penor\") Rinpoche](/wiki/Penor_Rinpoche \"Penor Rinpoche\"), 11th Throneholder of Palyul Monastery, former Supreme Head of the [Nyingma](/wiki/Nyingma \"Nyingma\") tradition{{sfn\\|Sherrill\\|2000\\|p\\=7}} was recognized as a tulku and brought to Palyul Monastery in 1936 at the age of four. He recounted that as a young tulku in Tibet, inspired by seeing the skull relic, he made prayers to find Ahkon Lhamo's incarnation.{{sfn\\|Zangpo\\|1988\\|p\\=186}}{{sfn\\|Sherrill\\|2000\\|p\\=135}} Though most of the kapala relic was pulverized into dust during the [Cultural Revolution](/wiki/Cultural_Revolution \"Cultural Revolution\"), one Tibetan man managed to save a silver dollar\\-size piece on which the syllable \"AH\" appears. Penor Rinpoche acquired it from him on a return trip to Tibet in 1987\\. He had it preserved in a crystal lotus bowl.",
"In 1987, Penor Rinpoche officially recognized Alyce Louise Zeoli as the tulku of Genyenma Ahkon Lhamo during her visit to his Namdroling Monastery in [Bylakuppe](/wiki/Bylakuppe \"Bylakuppe\"), [Karnataka](/wiki/Karnataka \"Karnataka\"), India.{{cite magazine \\|title\\=American\\-born Woman Tulku Enthroned \\|magazine\\=Vajradhatu Sun \\|date\\=October–November 1988}}{{full citation needed\\|date\\=November 2023}} He gave her the crystal lotus bowl containing the relic of Ahkon Lhamo just prior to the occasion of her enthronement ceremony as [Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo](/wiki/Jetsunma_Ahkon_Lhamo \"Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo\") at [Kunzang Palyul Choling](/wiki/Kunzang_Palyul_Choling \"Kunzang Palyul Choling\") (KPC) in 1988\\.{{sfn\\|Mackenzie\\|1996\\|p\\=76}} The relic remains at KPC and is displayed on auspicious days.",
"### Lineage of Jamgon Kongtrul",
"{{main\\|Jamgon Kongtrul}}\n[upright\\|thumb\\|right\\|Jamgön Kongtrül Lodrö Thayé](/wiki/File:Lodro_Thaye.jpg \"Lodro Thaye.jpg\")",
"Kongtrul tulkus are the main custodians of [Jamgon Kongtrul](/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul \"Jamgon Kongtrul\") (1813–1899\\). Jamgön Kongtrül Lodrö Thayé was a Tibetan Buddhist scholar, poet, artist, physician, [tertön](/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n \"Tertön\") and polymath.{{sfn\\|Jackson\\|2012}}{{sfn\\|Ringu Tulku\\|2007}} He is credited as one of the founders of the [Rimé movement](/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement \"Rimé movement\") (non\\-sectarian), compiling what is known as the \"Five Great Treasuries\".{{sfn\\|Jamgon Kongtrul\\|2003\\|loc\\=Translators' Introduction}} He achieved great renown as a scholar and writer, especially among the [Nyingma](/wiki/Nyingma \"Nyingma\") and [Kagyu](/wiki/Kagyu \"Kagyu\") lineages and composed over 90 volumes of Buddhist writing,{{sfn\\|Jackson\\|2012}}{{sfn\\|Jamgon Kongtrul\\|2003\\|loc\\=Translators' Introduction}} including his magnum opus, *[The Treasury of Knowledge](/wiki/Sheja_Dz%C3%B6 \"Sheja Dzö\")*. There have been several recognized tulkus of Lodro Thaye.",
"The current lineage holder as the 4th Jamgon Kongtrul is [Lodrö Chökyi Nyima](/wiki/Lodr%C3%B6_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Nyima \"Lodrö Chökyi Nyima\"). He was recognized in August 1996 by [Ogyen Trinley Dorje](/wiki/Ogyen_Trinley_Dorje \"Ogyen Trinley Dorje\"), the 17th [Karmapa](/wiki/Karmapa \"Karmapa\"), who gave the name Jamgon Lodro Chokyi Nyima Dronme Chok Thamced Le Nampar Gyalwe De. He was born on November{{nbsp}}26, 1995, in [Chushur Dzong](/wiki/Q%C3%BCx%C3%BC_County \"Qüxü County\"), near Chushur Dzong, in Central Tibet. This recognition was confirmed by the [14th Dalai Lama](/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama \"14th Dalai Lama\"), [Sakya Trizin](/wiki/Sakya_Trizin \"Sakya Trizin\"), head of the [Sakya](/wiki/Sakya_%28Tibetan_Buddhist_school%29 \"Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)\") school of [Tibetan Buddhism](/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism \"Tibetan Buddhism\"), and [Mindroling Trichen](/wiki/Mindroling_Trichen \"Mindroling Trichen\"), former head of the [Nyingma](/wiki/Nyingma \"Nyingma\") tradition. All three performed hair\\-cutting ceremonies and bestowed names, as is traditional. As the reincarnation of Jamgon Kongtrul, Lodrö is entitled to be called \"[Rinpoche](/wiki/Rinpoche \"Rinpoche\")\".",
"### Lineage of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo",
"{{main\\|Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo}}\n[thumb\\|Painting of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo](/wiki/File:Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo.jpg \"Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo.jpg\")",
"Khyentse tulkus are the main custodians of the lineage of [Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo](/wiki/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo \"Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo\") (1820–1892\\), a teacher, scholar and [tertön](/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n \"Tertön\") of 19th\\-century [Tibet](/wiki/Tibet \"Tibet\"). He was a leading figure in the [Rimé movement](/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement \"Rimé movement\").",
"Several tulkus of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, including those of body *(sku)*, speech *(gsung)*, mind *(thugs)*, qualities *(yon tan)* and activity *({{bo\\|w\\='phrin las}})*, were recognized in Tibet.{{sfn\\|Orgyen Tobgyal Rinpoche\\|1996}} Of these, the body incarnation was Dzongsar Khyentse Jamyang Chökyi Wangpo, who was enthroned at Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo's main seat at [Dzongsar Monastery](/wiki/Dzongsar_Monastery \"Dzongsar Monastery\") but died in an accident c. 1909\\.{{sfn\\|Smith\\|2001\\|p\\=268}} The activity incarnation [Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö](/wiki/Dzongsar_Khyentse_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Lodr%C3%B6 \"Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö\"), who was originally enthroned at [Katok Monastery](/wiki/Katok_Monastery \"Katok Monastery\") succeeded him. The speech incarnation was the [Second Beru Khyentse](/wiki/Second_Beru_Khyentse \"Second Beru Khyentse\") and the mind incarnation [Dilgo Khyentse](/wiki/Dilgo_Khyentse \"Dilgo Khyentse\"). Since the early 1960s, Dilgo Khyentse, single\\-handedly upholding the unique tradition of Khyentse incarnations, propagated Buddhism tirelessly in India, Bhutan, Nepal, [Tibet](/wiki/Tibet \"Tibet\"), and the West.{{sfn\\|Thondup\\|1996\\|p\\=221}}\n{{expand section\\|date\\=January 2024}}\n{{clear}}",
"### Lineage of Dudjom Lingpa",
"{{further\\|Dudjom Lingpa\\|Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje}}\n[thumb\\|Dudjom Lingpa](/wiki/File:Dudjom_Lingpa.jpg \"Dudjom Lingpa.jpg\")\n[Dudjom Lingpa](/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa \"Dudjom Lingpa\") (1835–1904\\) was a Tibetan [meditation](/wiki/Meditation \"Meditation\") master, spiritual teacher and [tertön](/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n \"Tertön\").{{sfn\\|Dudjom Lingpa\\|2002\\|p\\=xiii}} He stands out from the norm of [Tibetan Buddhist](/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism \"Tibetan Buddhism\") teachers in the sense that he had no formal education, nor did he take ordination as a [monk](/wiki/Monk \"Monk\") or belong to any established [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\") school or tradition of his time.{{sfn\\|Drolma\\|2012\\|p\\={{page needed\\|date\\=July 2021}}}}",
"His recognized successor, [Kyabje Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje](/wiki/Kyabje_Dudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje \"Kyabje Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje\"), was more commonly known as Dudjom Rinpoche (1904–1987\\).{{cite web \\|title\\=His Holiness Dudjom Rinpoche: Upasaka Vidyadhara Jigdrel Yeshe Dorje (1904–1987\\) \\|url\\=http://www.dharma\\-media.org/wogmin/dudjom.html \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-15 \\|website\\=Drikung Kagyu Buddhist Monastery, Wogmin Thubten Shedrup Ling \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021232748/https://www.dharma\\-media.org/wogmin/dudjom.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-21}} He is considered to be the direct incarnation of Dudjom Lingpa. He was a [Nyingma](/wiki/Nyingma \"Nyingma\") [householder](/wiki/Householder_%28Buddhism%29 \"Householder (Buddhism)\"), yogi, and a [Vajrayana](/wiki/Vajrayana \"Vajrayana\") and [Dzogchen](/wiki/Dzogchen \"Dzogchen\") master. According to his disciple Khenpo Tsewang Dongyal, he was revered as \"His Holiness\" and as a \"Master of Masters\".{{sfn\\|Dongyal\\|2008\\|p\\={{page needed\\|date\\=November 2023}}}}",
"The third Dudjom tulku, Sangye Pema Zhepa, was first recognized by terton Khandro Tare Lama through a prophetic poem written in [dakini script](/wiki/Dakini_script \"Dakini script\") on the day of his birth. Tare Lama wrote to [Chatral Rinpoche](/wiki/Chatral_Rinpoche \"Chatral Rinpoche\"), who confirmed the prophecy and recognized the three\\-year\\-old tulku in person. Recognitions were also conferred by the [14th Dalai Lama](/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama \"14th Dalai Lama\"), [Kyabje Penor Rinpoche](/wiki/Penor_Rinpoche \"Penor Rinpoche\"), [Sakya Trinzin Rinpoche](/wiki/Sakya_Trizin \"Sakya Trizin\"), and others.{{cite magazine \\|date\\=Spring 1993 \\|title\\=Khyabje Dudjom Rinpoche to be Enthroned \\|magazine\\=Snow Lion Newsletter and Catalog \\|page\\=2 \\|url\\=https://www.shambhala.com/snowlion\\_articles/khyabje\\-dudjom\\-rinpoche\\-to\\-be\\-enthroned/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-04 \\|via\\=Shambhala.com}} On February 15, 2022, Dudjom Rinpoche Sangye Pema Zhepa, after telling his staff that he was going to rest and relax, suddenly died. He was 32 years of age when he passed at the Dudjom Labrang, his residence.{{sfn\\|Panzica\\|2022}}{{sfn\\|Lewis\\|2022}}",
"### Lineage of Thubten Yeshe",
"{{main\\|Thubten Yeshe}}",
"[Thubten Yeshe](/wiki/Thubten_Yeshe \"Thubten Yeshe\") (1935–1984\\) was a [Tibetan](/wiki/Tibet \"Tibet\") [lama](/wiki/Lama \"Lama\") who, while exiled in [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal \"Nepal\"), co\\-founded [Kopan Monastery](/wiki/Kopan_Monastery \"Kopan Monastery\") (1969\\) and the [Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition](/wiki/Foundation_for_the_Preservation_of_the_Mahayana_Tradition \"Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition\") (1975\\). He followed the [Gelug](/wiki/Gelug \"Gelug\") tradition, and was considered unconventional in his teaching style. Lama Yeshe died in 1984, 20 minutes before dawn on the first day of [Losar](/wiki/Losar \"Losar\"), the Tibetan New Year. His body was cremated at the Vajrapani Institute in [Boulder Creek, California](/wiki/Boulder_Creek%2C_California \"Boulder Creek, California\"),{{sfn\\|Zopa Rinpoche\\|2009}} where there is a [stupa](/wiki/Stupa \"Stupa\") honoring him.",
"[150px\\|thumb\\|[Tenzin Ösel Hita](/wiki/Tenzin_%C3%96sel_Hita \"Tenzin Ösel Hita\") in 2018](/wiki/File:Tenzin_Osel_Hita%2C_IVY%2C_191227_by_Anouk_Burel.jpeg \"Tenzin Osel Hita, IVY, 191227 by Anouk Burel.jpeg\")",
"In 1986, after certain traditional tests, the [Dalai Lama](/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama \"14th Dalai Lama\") formally recognized [Tenzin Ösel Hita](/wiki/Tenzin_%C3%96sel_Hita \"Tenzin Ösel Hita\") as the *tulku* or [reincarnation](/wiki/Reincarnation \"Reincarnation\") of [Thubten Yeshe](/wiki/Thubten_Yeshe \"Thubten Yeshe\")—making him one of only a handful of Western tulkus—and renamed him \"Tenzin Ösel Rinpoche\" ({{bo\\|t\\=བསྟན་འཛིན་འོད་གསལ་རིན་པོ་ཆེ།}}). This makes Thubten Yeshe the first in a new lineage of tulkus. As a child Ösel was heavily promoted by the FPMT, and made the subject of a book by [Vicki Mackenzie](/wiki/Vicki_Mackenzie \"Vicki Mackenzie\"), *Reincarnation: The Boy Lama*.{{sfn\\|Mackenzie\\|1996}} He is the fifth of nine siblings.{{sfn\\|Mackenzie\\|1996}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Rathbun is a 1976 graduate of [Catawba College](/wiki/Catawba_College "Catawba College") in [Salisbury, North Carolina](/wiki/Salisbury%2C_North_Carolina "Salisbury, North Carolina") and began his career as a sports director for [WSTP](/wiki/WSTP "WSTP") Radio in [Salisbury, North Carolina](/wiki/Salisbury%2C_North_Carolina "Salisbury, North Carolina"), in 1973\.
Rathbun served as the lead broadcaster for [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") covering [ArenaBowl '87](/wiki/ArenaBowl_I "ArenaBowl I"), the inaugural championship game of the [Arena Football League](/wiki/Arena_Football_League "Arena Football League"), alongside [Lee Corso](/wiki/Lee_Corso "Lee Corso") in 1987\. He has also done broadcast work for both the [Washington Bullets](/wiki/Washington_Bullets "Washington Bullets") and [Baltimore Orioles](/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles "Baltimore Orioles"). His baseball experience includes [play\-by\-play](/wiki/Play-by-play "Play-by-play") gigs with [Tidewater Tides](/wiki/Tidewater_Tides "Tidewater Tides"), and the [Richmond Braves](/wiki/Richmond_Braves "Richmond Braves").
From 1992 to 1994, Rathbun worked as a radio broadcaster for the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers "Detroit Tigers"). Rathbun and [Rick Rizzs](/wiki/Rick_Rizzs "Rick Rizzs") replaced legendary Tigers' voice [Ernie Harwell](/wiki/Ernie_Harwell "Ernie Harwell") and his partner Paul Carey. Rathbun was very unpopular with Detroit fans.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2019}} At the end of the 1994 season, Rizzs and Rathbun were fired.
Rathbun served as the play\-by\-play announcer on [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves "Atlanta Braves") baseball games on [Fox Sports Net](/wiki/Fox_Sports_Net "Fox Sports Net") (formerly SportsSouth) from 1997 to 2006\.
He is currently the play\-by\-play announcer for the NBA's Atlanta Hawks, and the WNBA [Atlanta Dream](/wiki/Atlanta_Dream "Atlanta Dream"). He is currently partnered with [Dominique Wilkins](/wiki/Dominique_Wilkins "Dominique Wilkins"), a nine\-time NBA All\-Star and player for the Hawks. In addition, Rathbun also serves as the play\-by\-play announcer for [Southeastern Conference](/wiki/Southeastern_Conference "Southeastern Conference") [football](/wiki/College_football "College football") games on FSN South and [Atlantic Coast Conference college basketball and football](/wiki/ACC_on_Regional_Sports_Networks "ACC on Regional Sports Networks") games for [Raycom Sports](/wiki/Raycom_Sports "Raycom Sports").
Prior to the Hawks' December 5, 2022 game against the [Oklahoma City Thunder](/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Thunder "Oklahoma City Thunder"), Rathbun had a medical emergency live on\-air. Hawks' sideline reporter [Lauren Jbara](/wiki/Lauren_Jbara "Lauren Jbara") filled in for him in the game. [Mike Morgan](/wiki/Mike_Morgan_%28sportscaster%29 "Mike Morgan (sportscaster)") was hired to fill in for Rathbun for the next few Hawks games before he returned on December 19\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Rathbun is a 1976 graduate of [Catawba College](/wiki/Catawba_College \"Catawba College\") in [Salisbury, North Carolina](/wiki/Salisbury%2C_North_Carolina \"Salisbury, North Carolina\") and began his career as a sports director for [WSTP](/wiki/WSTP \"WSTP\") Radio in [Salisbury, North Carolina](/wiki/Salisbury%2C_North_Carolina \"Salisbury, North Carolina\"), in 1973\\.",
"Rathbun served as the lead broadcaster for [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") covering [ArenaBowl '87](/wiki/ArenaBowl_I \"ArenaBowl I\"), the inaugural championship game of the [Arena Football League](/wiki/Arena_Football_League \"Arena Football League\"), alongside [Lee Corso](/wiki/Lee_Corso \"Lee Corso\") in 1987\\. He has also done broadcast work for both the [Washington Bullets](/wiki/Washington_Bullets \"Washington Bullets\") and [Baltimore Orioles](/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles \"Baltimore Orioles\"). His baseball experience includes [play\\-by\\-play](/wiki/Play-by-play \"Play-by-play\") gigs with [Tidewater Tides](/wiki/Tidewater_Tides \"Tidewater Tides\"), and the [Richmond Braves](/wiki/Richmond_Braves \"Richmond Braves\").",
"From 1992 to 1994, Rathbun worked as a radio broadcaster for the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers \"Detroit Tigers\"). Rathbun and [Rick Rizzs](/wiki/Rick_Rizzs \"Rick Rizzs\") replaced legendary Tigers' voice [Ernie Harwell](/wiki/Ernie_Harwell \"Ernie Harwell\") and his partner Paul Carey. Rathbun was very unpopular with Detroit fans.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2019}} At the end of the 1994 season, Rizzs and Rathbun were fired.",
"Rathbun served as the play\\-by\\-play announcer on [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves \"Atlanta Braves\") baseball games on [Fox Sports Net](/wiki/Fox_Sports_Net \"Fox Sports Net\") (formerly SportsSouth) from 1997 to 2006\\.",
"He is currently the play\\-by\\-play announcer for the NBA's Atlanta Hawks, and the WNBA [Atlanta Dream](/wiki/Atlanta_Dream \"Atlanta Dream\"). He is currently partnered with [Dominique Wilkins](/wiki/Dominique_Wilkins \"Dominique Wilkins\"), a nine\\-time NBA All\\-Star and player for the Hawks. In addition, Rathbun also serves as the play\\-by\\-play announcer for [Southeastern Conference](/wiki/Southeastern_Conference \"Southeastern Conference\") [football](/wiki/College_football \"College football\") games on FSN South and [Atlantic Coast Conference college basketball and football](/wiki/ACC_on_Regional_Sports_Networks \"ACC on Regional Sports Networks\") games for [Raycom Sports](/wiki/Raycom_Sports \"Raycom Sports\").",
"Prior to the Hawks' December 5, 2022 game against the [Oklahoma City Thunder](/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Thunder \"Oklahoma City Thunder\"), Rathbun had a medical emergency live on\\-air. Hawks' sideline reporter [Lauren Jbara](/wiki/Lauren_Jbara \"Lauren Jbara\") filled in for him in the game. [Mike Morgan](/wiki/Mike_Morgan_%28sportscaster%29 \"Mike Morgan (sportscaster)\") was hired to fill in for Rathbun for the next few Hawks games before he returned on December 19\\.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Serie D career
Born in [Varese](/wiki/Varese "Varese"), Lombardy, Calzi started his career at [Serie D](/wiki/Serie_D "Serie D") team [Castellettese](/wiki/A.C._Castellettese "A.C. Castellettese") of [Piedmontese](/wiki/Piedmont "Piedmont") town Castelletto sopra Ticino, 20 km away from Varese. He then moved to [Ligurian](/wiki/Liguria "Liguria") team [Sampdoria](/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria "U.C. Sampdoria"), but for its [Primavera under\-20 team](/wiki/Campionato_Nazionale_Primavera "Campionato Nazionale Primavera") in a temporary deal.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.campionatoprimavera.com/03\_04/class\_marcatori.html\|title\=classifica marcatori campionato primavera\|trans\-title\=''primavera'' goalscorer table\|accessdate\=17 September 2011\|work\=campionatoprimavera.com (fans site)\|language\=Italian}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lega\-calcio.it/ita/CalcioMercato2003\.pdf\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030718112725/http://www.lega\-calcio.it/ita/CalcioMercato2003\.pdf\|archivedate\=18 July 2003\|title\=Calcio Mercato\|trans\-title\=Football Market\|date\=July 2003\|publisher\=Lega Calcio\|language\=Italian}}
Sampdoria acquired him outright in summer 2004\.
### Serie C career
Since [2004–05 season](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Serie_C2 "2004–05 Serie C2") Calzi was loaned to various [Lega Pro](/wiki/Lega_Pro "Lega Pro") teams (Serie C prior 2008, Italian third and fourth division until 2014\), namely [Montevarchi](/wiki/Montevarchi_Calcio_Aquila_1902 "Montevarchi Calcio Aquila 1902"), [Catanzaro](/wiki/F.C._Catanzaro "F.C. Catanzaro") ([Serie B](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Serie_B "2005–06 Serie B")) and [Pavia](/wiki/A.C._Pavia "A.C. Pavia") (second half of [2005–06 Serie C1](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Serie_C1 "2005–06 Serie C1")).
On 21 June 2006 he was signed by [Serie C1](/wiki/Lega_Pro_Prima_Divisione "Lega Pro Prima Divisione") team [Ravenna](/wiki/Ravenna_Calcio "Ravenna Calcio"),{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ravennacalcio.com/cgi\-bin/\_ra/comunicati\_ra.cgi?id\=5449\&mese\=6\&anno\=2006\|title\=Mercato: Aloe e Calzi in giallorosso\|date\=21 June 2006\|accessdate\=17 September 2011\|publisher\=Ravenna Calcio\|language\=Italian\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084844/http://www.ravennacalcio.com/cgi\-bin/\_ra/comunicati\_ra.cgi?id\=5449\&mese\=6\&anno\=2006\|archivedate\=24 September 2015\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://ricerca.gelocal.it/laprovinciapavese/archivio/laprovinciapavese/2006/06/21/PS3PO\_PS301\.html\|title\= Il Pavia può perdere Calzi \|date\=21 June 2006\|accessdate\=27 July 2015\|work\=la Provincia Pavese\|language\=Italian}} winning Group B of the Italian third division.
On 6 July 2007 he completed the move to Ravenna in [co\-ownership deal](/wiki/Co-ownership_%28football%29 "Co-ownership (football)"), for €300,000 transfer fee.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.sampdoria.it/news/giovanili\-blucerchiate\-un\-poker\-di\-speranze\-a\-farsi\-le\-ossa.html \|title\=GIOVANILI BLUCERCHIATE: UN POKER DI SPERANZE A "FARSI LE OSSA" \|date\=5 July 2007 \|accessdate\=17 September 2011 \|work\=UC Sampdoria \|language\=Italian \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509212928/http://www.sampdoria.it/news/giovanili\-blucerchiate\-un\-poker\-di\-speranze\-a\-farsi\-le\-ossa.html \|archivedate\=9 May 2012 }}UC Sampdoria SpA *bilancio* (financial report and accounts) on 31 December 2007 {{in lang\|it}} He only started 9 times in [2007–08 Serie B](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Serie_B "2007–08 Serie B"){{Cite web\|url\=http://www.gazzetta.it/speciali/serie\_b/2008\_nw/giocatori/78729\.shtml\|title \= Gazzetta.it}} and in January 2008 back to Serie C1 for [Perugia Calcio](/wiki/A.C._Perugia_Calcio "A.C. Perugia Calcio").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ravennacalcio.com/cgi\-bin/\_ra/comunicati\_ra.cgi?id\=7653\&mese\=1\&anno\=2008\|title\=Calzi passa in prestito al Perugia\|date\=30 January 2008\|accessdate\=17 September 2011\|work\=Ravenna Calcio\|language\=Italian\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928033706/http://www.ravennacalcio.com/cgi\-bin/\_ra/comunicati\_ra.cgi?id\=7653\&mese\=1\&anno\=2008\|archivedate\=28 September 2011}}
Ravenna relegated at the end of season, Calzi returned to the city of Ravenna but only with 11 league appearances. In June 2009 Ravenna acquired remain 50% registration rights from Sampdoria for free.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.sampdoria.it/news/atahotel\-quark\-definite\-le\-ultime\-compartecipazioni.html \|title\=ATAHOTEL QUARK: DEFINITE LE ULTIME COMPARTECIPAZIONI \|date\=26 June 2009 \|accessdate\=17 September 2011 \|work\=UC Sampdoria \|language\=Italian \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306011841/http://www.sampdoria.it/news/atahotel\-quark\-definite\-le\-ultime\-compartecipazioni.html \|archivedate\=6 March 2012 }}UC Sampdoria SpA *bilancio* (financial report and accounts) on 31 December 2009 {{in lang\|it}}
On 10 July 2009 he moved to [Lecco](/wiki/Calcio_Lecco_1912 "Calcio Lecco 1912") of the Group A of Lega Pro Prima Divisione (ex–Serie C1\), from the Group B side Ravenna.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.aclecco.it/news.php?id\=1218 \|title\=ALTRI DUE BOTTI DI MERCATO: ECCO ARRIGONI E CALZI \|date\=10 July 2009 \|accessdate\=17 September 2011 \|work\=Calcio Lecco 1912 \|language\=Italian \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401224312/http://www.aclecco.it/news.php?id\=1218 \|archivedate\=1 April 2012 }}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ravennacalcio.com/cgi\-bin/\_ra/comunicati\_ra.cgi?id\=10809\&mese\=7\&anno\=2009\|title\=Calzi in prestito al Lecco\|date\=10 July 2009\|accessdate\=17 September 2011\|work\=Ravenna Calcio\|language\=Italian\|url\-status\=live\|archiveurl\=https://archive.today/20240525121606/https://www.webcitation.org/61leoUM7R?url\=http://www.ravennacalcio.com/cgi\-bin/\_ra/comunicati\_ra.cgi%3Fid\=10809\&mese\=7\&anno\=2009\|archivedate\=25 May 2024}} That season he made 25 starts.
On 1 July 2010 he returned to Romagna again and played the first 2 rounds of [2010–11 Coppa Italia](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Coppa_Italia "2010–11 Coppa Italia").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ravennacalcio.com/cgi\-bin/\_ra/comunicati\_ra.cgi?id\=13048\&mese\=8\&anno\=2010\|title\=Tim Cup, il tabellino di Ravenna\-Juve Stabia: a segno Scappini e Rossetti\|date\=10 August 2010\|accessdate\=17 September 2011\|work\=Ravenna Calcio\|language\=Italian\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928034144/http://www.ravennacalcio.com/cgi\-bin/\_ra/comunicati\_ra.cgi?id\=13048\&mese\=8\&anno\=2010\|archivedate\=28 September 2011}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.padovacalcio.it/dettaglio\-news.php?id\=3356\|title\=Internet cronaca PADOVA\-RAVENNA 1\-0\|date\=15 August 2010\|accessdate\=17 September 2011\|work\=Calcio Padova\|language\=Italian\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319025741/http://www.padovacalcio.it/dettaglio\-news.php?id\=3356\|archivedate\=19 March 2012}} He also played the second round of [2010–11 Lega Pro Prima Divisione](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Lega_Pro_Prima_Divisione "2010–11 Lega Pro Prima Divisione") as substitute, but also his last game for the club.{{cite news\|url\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2010/agosto/30/Ravenna\_spinge\_passa\_riprende\_Grotteria\_ga\_10\_100830043\.shtml\|title\=Il Ravenna spinge e passa Lo riprende La Grotteria\|date\=30 August 2010\|accessdate\=17 September 2011\|work\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\|language\=Italian\|format\=require login}} On 31 August he was loaned to [Pro Patria](/wiki/Aurora_Pro_Patria_1919 "Aurora Pro Patria 1919") as part of the deal that [Daniele Rosso](/wiki/Daniele_Rosso "Daniele Rosso") moved to Ravenna.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.ravennacalcio.com/cgi\-bin/\_ra/comunicati\_ra.cgi?id\=13189\&mese\=8\&anno\=2010 \|title\=Mercato: tre partenze e quattro arrivi \|date\=31 August 2010 \|accessdate\=17 September 2011 \|work\=Ravenna Calcio \|language\=Italian \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201011101/http://www.ravennacalcio.com/cgi\-bin/\_ra/comunicati\_ra.cgi?id\=13189\&mese\=8\&anno\=2010 \|archivedate\=1 February 2016 }} In [Busto Arsizio](/wiki/Busto_Arsizio "Busto Arsizio") he re\-joined former teammate [Ilario Aloe](/wiki/Ilario_Aloe "Ilario Aloe").
On 15 June 2011 he moved to [Reggiana](/wiki/A.C._Reggiana_1919 "A.C. Reggiana 1919") in 2\-year contract.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.reggianacalcio.it/index.php?prt\=newsp\&id\=0003040\|title\=COMUNICATO STAMPA \> Definito l'accordo con Calzi\|date\=15 June 2011\|accessdate\=17 September 2011\|work\=AC Reggiana 1919\|language\=Italian}}
In August 2012 he joined [Pro Patria](/wiki/Aurora_Pro_Patria_1919 "Aurora Pro Patria 1919"). Calzi signed a 2\-year contract.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2014}}
On 10 July 2014 he was signed by Lega Pro Divisione Unica club [Vicenza](/wiki/Vicenza_Calcio "Vicenza Calcio").{{cite news\|url\=http://vicenzacalcio.com/news/item/gianpaolo\-calzi\-in\-biancorosso\|title\= Gianpaolo Calzi in biancorosso \|date\=10 July 2014\|accessdate\=11 July 2014\|publisher\=Vicenza Calcio\|language\=Italian}} After the club was promoted to Serie B to replace [A.C. Siena](/wiki/Robur_Siena_S.S.D. "Robur Siena S.S.D."), Calzi was transferred to [Savoia](/wiki/A.C._Savoia_1908 "A.C. Savoia 1908").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.vicenzacalcio.com/alle\-12\-00\-conclusa\-la\-proroga\-del\-mercato\-tutte\-le\-operazioni/\|title\=Alle 12\.00 conclusa la proroga del mercato: tutte le operazioni\|date\=15 September 2014\|accessdate\=27 July 2015\|publisher\=Vicenza Calcio\|language\=Italian\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129203528/http://www.vicenzacalcio.com/alle\-12\-00\-conclusa\-la\-proroga\-del\-mercato\-tutte\-le\-operazioni/\|archive\-date\=29 January 2015\|url\-status\=dead}} In January 2015 he was re\-signed by Pro Patria.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aurorapropatria1919\.it/news\_dettaglio.asp?IDNotizia\=766\|title\=Bentornato Giampaolo!\|date\=15 January 2015\|accessdate\=27 July 2015\|publisher\=Aurora Pro Patria 1919\|language\=Italian\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727075646/http://www.aurorapropatria1919\.it/news\_dettaglio.asp?IDNotizia\=766\|archivedate\=27 July 2015}}
### Return to Serie D
### Switzerland
On 6 February 2017 Calzi was signed by [Bellinzona](/wiki/AC_Bellinzona "AC Bellinzona").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.acbellinzona.ch/index.php/2017/02/06/nuovo\-acquisto\-fra\-le\-file\-granata/\|title\=Nuovo acquisto fra le file granata\|date\=6 February 2017\|access\-date\=16 March 2017\|publisher\=AC Bellinzona\|language\=Italian}} The team, which was from Italian\-speaking region of Switzerland, played in 2016–17 [1\. Liga Classic](/wiki/1._Liga_Classic "1. Liga Classic").
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Serie D career",
"Born in [Varese](/wiki/Varese \"Varese\"), Lombardy, Calzi started his career at [Serie D](/wiki/Serie_D \"Serie D\") team [Castellettese](/wiki/A.C._Castellettese \"A.C. Castellettese\") of [Piedmontese](/wiki/Piedmont \"Piedmont\") town Castelletto sopra Ticino, 20 km away from Varese. He then moved to [Ligurian](/wiki/Liguria \"Liguria\") team [Sampdoria](/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria \"U.C. Sampdoria\"), but for its [Primavera under\\-20 team](/wiki/Campionato_Nazionale_Primavera \"Campionato Nazionale Primavera\") in a temporary deal.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.campionatoprimavera.com/03\\_04/class\\_marcatori.html\\|title\\=classifica marcatori campionato primavera\\|trans\\-title\\=''primavera'' goalscorer table\\|accessdate\\=17 September 2011\\|work\\=campionatoprimavera.com (fans site)\\|language\\=Italian}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lega\\-calcio.it/ita/CalcioMercato2003\\.pdf\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030718112725/http://www.lega\\-calcio.it/ita/CalcioMercato2003\\.pdf\\|archivedate\\=18 July 2003\\|title\\=Calcio Mercato\\|trans\\-title\\=Football Market\\|date\\=July 2003\\|publisher\\=Lega Calcio\\|language\\=Italian}}",
"Sampdoria acquired him outright in summer 2004\\.",
"### Serie C career",
"Since [2004–05 season](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Serie_C2 \"2004–05 Serie C2\") Calzi was loaned to various [Lega Pro](/wiki/Lega_Pro \"Lega Pro\") teams (Serie C prior 2008, Italian third and fourth division until 2014\\), namely [Montevarchi](/wiki/Montevarchi_Calcio_Aquila_1902 \"Montevarchi Calcio Aquila 1902\"), [Catanzaro](/wiki/F.C._Catanzaro \"F.C. Catanzaro\") ([Serie B](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Serie_B \"2005–06 Serie B\")) and [Pavia](/wiki/A.C._Pavia \"A.C. Pavia\") (second half of [2005–06 Serie C1](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Serie_C1 \"2005–06 Serie C1\")).",
"On 21 June 2006 he was signed by [Serie C1](/wiki/Lega_Pro_Prima_Divisione \"Lega Pro Prima Divisione\") team [Ravenna](/wiki/Ravenna_Calcio \"Ravenna Calcio\"),{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ravennacalcio.com/cgi\\-bin/\\_ra/comunicati\\_ra.cgi?id\\=5449\\&mese\\=6\\&anno\\=2006\\|title\\=Mercato: Aloe e Calzi in giallorosso\\|date\\=21 June 2006\\|accessdate\\=17 September 2011\\|publisher\\=Ravenna Calcio\\|language\\=Italian\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084844/http://www.ravennacalcio.com/cgi\\-bin/\\_ra/comunicati\\_ra.cgi?id\\=5449\\&mese\\=6\\&anno\\=2006\\|archivedate\\=24 September 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ricerca.gelocal.it/laprovinciapavese/archivio/laprovinciapavese/2006/06/21/PS3PO\\_PS301\\.html\\|title\\= Il Pavia può perdere Calzi \\|date\\=21 June 2006\\|accessdate\\=27 July 2015\\|work\\=la Provincia Pavese\\|language\\=Italian}} winning Group B of the Italian third division.",
"On 6 July 2007 he completed the move to Ravenna in [co\\-ownership deal](/wiki/Co-ownership_%28football%29 \"Co-ownership (football)\"), for €300,000 transfer fee.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.sampdoria.it/news/giovanili\\-blucerchiate\\-un\\-poker\\-di\\-speranze\\-a\\-farsi\\-le\\-ossa.html \\|title\\=GIOVANILI BLUCERCHIATE: UN POKER DI SPERANZE A \"FARSI LE OSSA\" \\|date\\=5 July 2007 \\|accessdate\\=17 September 2011 \\|work\\=UC Sampdoria \\|language\\=Italian \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509212928/http://www.sampdoria.it/news/giovanili\\-blucerchiate\\-un\\-poker\\-di\\-speranze\\-a\\-farsi\\-le\\-ossa.html \\|archivedate\\=9 May 2012 }}UC Sampdoria SpA *bilancio* (financial report and accounts) on 31 December 2007 {{in lang\\|it}} He only started 9 times in [2007–08 Serie B](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Serie_B \"2007–08 Serie B\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gazzetta.it/speciali/serie\\_b/2008\\_nw/giocatori/78729\\.shtml\\|title \\= Gazzetta.it}} and in January 2008 back to Serie C1 for [Perugia Calcio](/wiki/A.C._Perugia_Calcio \"A.C. Perugia Calcio\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ravennacalcio.com/cgi\\-bin/\\_ra/comunicati\\_ra.cgi?id\\=7653\\&mese\\=1\\&anno\\=2008\\|title\\=Calzi passa in prestito al Perugia\\|date\\=30 January 2008\\|accessdate\\=17 September 2011\\|work\\=Ravenna Calcio\\|language\\=Italian\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928033706/http://www.ravennacalcio.com/cgi\\-bin/\\_ra/comunicati\\_ra.cgi?id\\=7653\\&mese\\=1\\&anno\\=2008\\|archivedate\\=28 September 2011}}",
"Ravenna relegated at the end of season, Calzi returned to the city of Ravenna but only with 11 league appearances. In June 2009 Ravenna acquired remain 50% registration rights from Sampdoria for free.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.sampdoria.it/news/atahotel\\-quark\\-definite\\-le\\-ultime\\-compartecipazioni.html \\|title\\=ATAHOTEL QUARK: DEFINITE LE ULTIME COMPARTECIPAZIONI \\|date\\=26 June 2009 \\|accessdate\\=17 September 2011 \\|work\\=UC Sampdoria \\|language\\=Italian \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306011841/http://www.sampdoria.it/news/atahotel\\-quark\\-definite\\-le\\-ultime\\-compartecipazioni.html \\|archivedate\\=6 March 2012 }}UC Sampdoria SpA *bilancio* (financial report and accounts) on 31 December 2009 {{in lang\\|it}}",
"On 10 July 2009 he moved to [Lecco](/wiki/Calcio_Lecco_1912 \"Calcio Lecco 1912\") of the Group A of Lega Pro Prima Divisione (ex–Serie C1\\), from the Group B side Ravenna.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.aclecco.it/news.php?id\\=1218 \\|title\\=ALTRI DUE BOTTI DI MERCATO: ECCO ARRIGONI E CALZI \\|date\\=10 July 2009 \\|accessdate\\=17 September 2011 \\|work\\=Calcio Lecco 1912 \\|language\\=Italian \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401224312/http://www.aclecco.it/news.php?id\\=1218 \\|archivedate\\=1 April 2012 }}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ravennacalcio.com/cgi\\-bin/\\_ra/comunicati\\_ra.cgi?id\\=10809\\&mese\\=7\\&anno\\=2009\\|title\\=Calzi in prestito al Lecco\\|date\\=10 July 2009\\|accessdate\\=17 September 2011\\|work\\=Ravenna Calcio\\|language\\=Italian\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archiveurl\\=https://archive.today/20240525121606/https://www.webcitation.org/61leoUM7R?url\\=http://www.ravennacalcio.com/cgi\\-bin/\\_ra/comunicati\\_ra.cgi%3Fid\\=10809\\&mese\\=7\\&anno\\=2009\\|archivedate\\=25 May 2024}} That season he made 25 starts.",
"On 1 July 2010 he returned to Romagna again and played the first 2 rounds of [2010–11 Coppa Italia](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Coppa_Italia \"2010–11 Coppa Italia\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ravennacalcio.com/cgi\\-bin/\\_ra/comunicati\\_ra.cgi?id\\=13048\\&mese\\=8\\&anno\\=2010\\|title\\=Tim Cup, il tabellino di Ravenna\\-Juve Stabia: a segno Scappini e Rossetti\\|date\\=10 August 2010\\|accessdate\\=17 September 2011\\|work\\=Ravenna Calcio\\|language\\=Italian\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928034144/http://www.ravennacalcio.com/cgi\\-bin/\\_ra/comunicati\\_ra.cgi?id\\=13048\\&mese\\=8\\&anno\\=2010\\|archivedate\\=28 September 2011}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.padovacalcio.it/dettaglio\\-news.php?id\\=3356\\|title\\=Internet cronaca PADOVA\\-RAVENNA 1\\-0\\|date\\=15 August 2010\\|accessdate\\=17 September 2011\\|work\\=Calcio Padova\\|language\\=Italian\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319025741/http://www.padovacalcio.it/dettaglio\\-news.php?id\\=3356\\|archivedate\\=19 March 2012}} He also played the second round of [2010–11 Lega Pro Prima Divisione](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Lega_Pro_Prima_Divisione \"2010–11 Lega Pro Prima Divisione\") as substitute, but also his last game for the club.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2010/agosto/30/Ravenna\\_spinge\\_passa\\_riprende\\_Grotteria\\_ga\\_10\\_100830043\\.shtml\\|title\\=Il Ravenna spinge e passa Lo riprende La Grotteria\\|date\\=30 August 2010\\|accessdate\\=17 September 2011\\|work\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\\|language\\=Italian\\|format\\=require login}} On 31 August he was loaned to [Pro Patria](/wiki/Aurora_Pro_Patria_1919 \"Aurora Pro Patria 1919\") as part of the deal that [Daniele Rosso](/wiki/Daniele_Rosso \"Daniele Rosso\") moved to Ravenna.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ravennacalcio.com/cgi\\-bin/\\_ra/comunicati\\_ra.cgi?id\\=13189\\&mese\\=8\\&anno\\=2010 \\|title\\=Mercato: tre partenze e quattro arrivi \\|date\\=31 August 2010 \\|accessdate\\=17 September 2011 \\|work\\=Ravenna Calcio \\|language\\=Italian \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201011101/http://www.ravennacalcio.com/cgi\\-bin/\\_ra/comunicati\\_ra.cgi?id\\=13189\\&mese\\=8\\&anno\\=2010 \\|archivedate\\=1 February 2016 }} In [Busto Arsizio](/wiki/Busto_Arsizio \"Busto Arsizio\") he re\\-joined former teammate [Ilario Aloe](/wiki/Ilario_Aloe \"Ilario Aloe\").",
"On 15 June 2011 he moved to [Reggiana](/wiki/A.C._Reggiana_1919 \"A.C. Reggiana 1919\") in 2\\-year contract.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.reggianacalcio.it/index.php?prt\\=newsp\\&id\\=0003040\\|title\\=COMUNICATO STAMPA \\> Definito l'accordo con Calzi\\|date\\=15 June 2011\\|accessdate\\=17 September 2011\\|work\\=AC Reggiana 1919\\|language\\=Italian}}",
"In August 2012 he joined [Pro Patria](/wiki/Aurora_Pro_Patria_1919 \"Aurora Pro Patria 1919\"). Calzi signed a 2\\-year contract.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2014}}",
"On 10 July 2014 he was signed by Lega Pro Divisione Unica club [Vicenza](/wiki/Vicenza_Calcio \"Vicenza Calcio\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://vicenzacalcio.com/news/item/gianpaolo\\-calzi\\-in\\-biancorosso\\|title\\= Gianpaolo Calzi in biancorosso \\|date\\=10 July 2014\\|accessdate\\=11 July 2014\\|publisher\\=Vicenza Calcio\\|language\\=Italian}} After the club was promoted to Serie B to replace [A.C. Siena](/wiki/Robur_Siena_S.S.D. \"Robur Siena S.S.D.\"), Calzi was transferred to [Savoia](/wiki/A.C._Savoia_1908 \"A.C. Savoia 1908\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vicenzacalcio.com/alle\\-12\\-00\\-conclusa\\-la\\-proroga\\-del\\-mercato\\-tutte\\-le\\-operazioni/\\|title\\=Alle 12\\.00 conclusa la proroga del mercato: tutte le operazioni\\|date\\=15 September 2014\\|accessdate\\=27 July 2015\\|publisher\\=Vicenza Calcio\\|language\\=Italian\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129203528/http://www.vicenzacalcio.com/alle\\-12\\-00\\-conclusa\\-la\\-proroga\\-del\\-mercato\\-tutte\\-le\\-operazioni/\\|archive\\-date\\=29 January 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In January 2015 he was re\\-signed by Pro Patria.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aurorapropatria1919\\.it/news\\_dettaglio.asp?IDNotizia\\=766\\|title\\=Bentornato Giampaolo!\\|date\\=15 January 2015\\|accessdate\\=27 July 2015\\|publisher\\=Aurora Pro Patria 1919\\|language\\=Italian\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727075646/http://www.aurorapropatria1919\\.it/news\\_dettaglio.asp?IDNotizia\\=766\\|archivedate\\=27 July 2015}}",
"### Return to Serie D",
"### Switzerland",
"On 6 February 2017 Calzi was signed by [Bellinzona](/wiki/AC_Bellinzona \"AC Bellinzona\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.acbellinzona.ch/index.php/2017/02/06/nuovo\\-acquisto\\-fra\\-le\\-file\\-granata/\\|title\\=Nuovo acquisto fra le file granata\\|date\\=6 February 2017\\|access\\-date\\=16 March 2017\\|publisher\\=AC Bellinzona\\|language\\=Italian}} The team, which was from Italian\\-speaking region of Switzerland, played in 2016–17 [1\\. Liga Classic](/wiki/1._Liga_Classic \"1. Liga Classic\").",
""
] |
Definition
----------
Let *M* be a smooth manifold. An *affine flat* structure on *M* is a [sheaf](/wiki/Sheaf_%28mathematics%29 "Sheaf (mathematics)") *T**f* of vector spaces that pointwisely span *TM* the tangent bundle and the tangent bracket of pairs of its sections vanishes.
As a local example consider the coordinate vectorfields over a chart of *M*. A manifold admits an affine flat structure if one can glue together such vectorfields for a covering family of charts.
Let further be given a [Riemannian metric](/wiki/Riemannian_metric "Riemannian metric") *g* on *M*. It is compatible to the flat structure if *g*(*X*, *Y*) is locally constant for all flat vector fields *X* and *Y*.
A Riemannian manifold admits a compatible affine flat structure if and only if its [curvature tensor](/wiki/Riemann_curvature_tensor "Riemann curvature tensor") vanishes everywhere.
A family of *commutative products \** on *TM* is equivalent to a section *A* of *S*2(T\**M*) ⊗ *TM* via
X\*Y \= A(X,Y). \\,
We require in addition the property
g(X\*Y,Z)\=g(X,Y\*Z). \\,
Therefore, the composition *g*\#∘*A* is a symmetric 3\-tensor.
This implies in particular that a linear Frobenius manifold (*M*, *g*, \*) with constant product is a Frobenius algebra *M*.
Given (*g*, *T**f*, *A*), a *local potential Φ* is a local smooth function such that
g(A(X,Y),Z)\=X\[Y\[Z\[\\Phi]]] \\,
for all flat vector fields *X*, *Y*, and *Z*.
A *Frobenius manifold* (*M*, *g*, \*) is now a flat Riemannian manifold (*M*, *g*) with symmetric 3\-tensor *A* that admits everywhere a local potential and is associative.
|
[
"Definition\n----------",
"Let *M* be a smooth manifold. An *affine flat* structure on *M* is a [sheaf](/wiki/Sheaf_%28mathematics%29 \"Sheaf (mathematics)\") *T**f* of vector spaces that pointwisely span *TM* the tangent bundle and the tangent bracket of pairs of its sections vanishes.",
"As a local example consider the coordinate vectorfields over a chart of *M*. A manifold admits an affine flat structure if one can glue together such vectorfields for a covering family of charts.",
"Let further be given a [Riemannian metric](/wiki/Riemannian_metric \"Riemannian metric\") *g* on *M*. It is compatible to the flat structure if *g*(*X*, *Y*) is locally constant for all flat vector fields *X* and *Y*.",
"A Riemannian manifold admits a compatible affine flat structure if and only if its [curvature tensor](/wiki/Riemann_curvature_tensor \"Riemann curvature tensor\") vanishes everywhere.",
"A family of *commutative products \\** on *TM* is equivalent to a section *A* of *S*2(T\\**M*) ⊗ *TM* via",
"X\\*Y \\= A(X,Y). \\\\, \nWe require in addition the property",
"g(X\\*Y,Z)\\=g(X,Y\\*Z). \\\\, \nTherefore, the composition *g*\\#∘*A* is a symmetric 3\\-tensor.",
"This implies in particular that a linear Frobenius manifold (*M*, *g*, \\*) with constant product is a Frobenius algebra *M*.",
"Given (*g*, *T**f*, *A*), a *local potential Φ* is a local smooth function such that",
"g(A(X,Y),Z)\\=X\\[Y\\[Z\\[\\\\Phi]]] \\\\, \nfor all flat vector fields *X*, *Y*, and *Z*.",
"A *Frobenius manifold* (*M*, *g*, \\*) is now a flat Riemannian manifold (*M*, *g*) with symmetric 3\\-tensor *A* that admits everywhere a local potential and is associative.",
""
] |
Themes
------
Dennis\-Benn's works cover a number of themes including race, class, colonialism, self\-acceptance, self\-hatred, homophobia, love, and sexualization.
### Sexuality
Her works address two sides of sexuality, the issue of being LGBT in Jamaica and the sexualization of young girls, especially by older men.Eddo\-Lodge, Reni. ["Here Comes the Sun by Nicole Dennis\-Benn Review – the Sinister Side of Jamaica's Tourist Trade"](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/mar/22/here-comes-the-sun-by-nicole-dennis-benn-review), *The Guardian*, Guardian News and Media, 22 March 2017\. Dennis\-Benn was motivated to write because of these issues and her own experiences with them. Like the author, her heroine, Margot, in *Here Comes the Sun* lives a closeted life on Jamaica. According to [Rosamond S. King](/wiki/Rosamond_S._King "Rosamond S. King"), there is an increase in portrayals of same\-sex couples in Jamaican literature. She explains that "the publication of Dennis\-Benn’s...first \[novel] with major US publishers—and major marketing budgets... marks a sea change in the literary landscape” and a possible resulting change in the self\-identification of more Jamaican women as LGBT.King, Rosamond S. (2017\), "One Sustained Moment: The Constant Re\-Creation of Caribbean Sexualities." *[Small Axe](/wiki/Small_Axe_%28journal%29 "Small Axe (journal)")*, vol. 21, no. 1 52, pp. 250–259, doi:10\.1215/07990537\-3844010\.
While there is more openness today, and there are more literary portrayals of same\-sex Caribbean characters, there are still violent signs of homophobia in Jamaica. Dennis\-Benn explains that her ability to write came only once she was in America, and that other LGBT Jamaicans have had similar experiences. King writes that “the homophobia that made \[LGBT authors] immigrate are taken up by the media to become an integral part of the story of the entire region.” While laws in Jamaica still tend towards homophobia, Jamaicans themselves are less overwhelmingly homophobic according to King's study. Dennis\-Benn's novel gives Jamaicans an entry point to discuss same\-sex love through characters such as Margot, because while they may not understand Margot's sexuality, they can relate to other parts of her life, which humanizes the issue.
### Working\-class Jamaican life
Nicole Dennis\-Benn describes being Jamaican as being "an ambassador" to the rest of the world. She says it feels like it is the job of working\-class people to “sell the fantasy” of what the tourists expect Jamaica to be like to them. She wanted to show who the people behind the fantasy are because working class Jamaicans and women “are invisible." It is important that visitors can see the working class and see the real Jamaican culture. In an interview with LAFB, she describes how "upward mobility in Jamaica is extremely difficult, which is why a lot of working\-class Jamaicans leave." A small number of Jamaicans, especially lighter skinned, own the resorts and profit from tourism, but many people are stuck in a rut of poverty. It is her hope that as Jamaicans read her novel and connect to themes that they will "realize that we are free — free to love, free to be, and most importantly, free to change."
### Stigmatization and danger of sex work
In *Here Comes the Sun*, Margot works as a prostitute at the hotel in order to save up additional money for her younger sister, Thandi, to be able to go to private school and then college. Like many Jamaican sex workers, Margot does this because she has to, and she is often afraid that her coworkers at the hotel will find out and turn her in. Sharpe and Pinto explain that “Caribbean women see sex work as a legitimate way to raise money for...sending their children to private schools." There is also an underground sex tourism that brings both men and women travelers to Jamaica in order to explore their own sexuality and live out fantasies of having sex with someone 'exotic.' Nicole Dennis\-Benn shows this in her novel through Margot, who explains the way men (male tourists) so often just want to see her black skin and see what her body looks like. Sharpe and Pinto confirm that studies show "Tourists often extend the romance of their vacation on an island paradise to the sex workers themselves."Sharpe, Jenny, and Samantha Pinto (2006\). "The Sweetest Taboo: Studies of Caribbean Sexualities; A Review Essay." *Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society*, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 247–274, doi:10\.1086/505541\. [The Sex Work Coalition](http://www.cvccoalition.org/sites/default/files/SW%20HR%20Manual%20version%203.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161746/http://www.cvccoalition.org/sites/default/files/SW%20HR%20Manual%20version%203\.pdf \|date\=2018\-06\-30 }} in Jamaica works towards helping decriminalize sex work in Jamaica and advocates for the rights and safety of sex workers. They hope to end the stigma against sex workers as well as the health care discrimination they experience.
### Racial prejudice and skin whitening
Thandi, in *Here Comes the Sun*, struggles with her identity and popularity as a teenage girl because she is very dark skinned. She spends some of the little money her family has on cream from an old fisherman's wife, in an attempt to lighten her skin. Skin lightening is a booming industry in Jamaica, making huge profits. Thandi hopes to lighten her skin so that the boys at school will like her. They call her a "browning," and say that she will be more popular at the party she is invited to later in the school year if she has lighter skin. In an article exploring the skin bleaching culture in Jamaica, Rebekah Kebede interviews Jody Cooper who explains: "When you black in Jamaica, nobody see you." Christopher Charles notes that the bleaching culture comes from European ideals and Colonialism, since brown Jamaicans were assumed to be half\-white and "often receiv\[ing] greater access to land and resources as a result of their white ancestry."{{Citation needed\|date\=February 2021}} Dennis\-Benn's story “Growing Up with Miss Jamaica” states "though they were strangers, our community seemed to love them more than they loved us" solely for their lighter skin. Being darker results in insults like "blackie" and though some people bleach for self\-esteem or due to self\-hatred, it has become an accepted part of Jamaican culture.Kebede, Rebekah. ["Why Black Women in a Predominately Black Culture Are Still Bleaching Their Skin"](https://www.marieclaire.com/beauty/a27678/skin-bleaching-epidemic-in-jamaica/), *Marie Claire*, 20 December 2017\.
### The destructive force of tourism
Tourism is a huge part of the Jamaican economy, though the money it brings in is tempered by the damage it causes to local communities and the environment. In *Here Comes the Sun*, Margot earns decent money at the local resort and Delores earns her money by conning tourists into buying her souvenirs. Dennis\-Benn shows how people use the tourists in order to survive, but she also shows the terrible living conditions that her characters deal with as they struggle to buy enough food and the small fishing town crumbles down outside of the sight of the resort. Margot reflects on her poor school friends who are mothers and struggling even more without the chance to work at the hotel, but the only reason Margot seems to make good money is because she also does sex work. Dennis\-Benn explains that as tourism picked up, "the developers and government alike became ravenous, indifferent" to the struggles of their people in the quest for profits. Tourism creates tremendous pressure on people to sell and perform.
|
[
"Themes\n------",
"Dennis\\-Benn's works cover a number of themes including race, class, colonialism, self\\-acceptance, self\\-hatred, homophobia, love, and sexualization.",
"### Sexuality",
"Her works address two sides of sexuality, the issue of being LGBT in Jamaica and the sexualization of young girls, especially by older men.Eddo\\-Lodge, Reni. [\"Here Comes the Sun by Nicole Dennis\\-Benn Review – the Sinister Side of Jamaica's Tourist Trade\"](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/mar/22/here-comes-the-sun-by-nicole-dennis-benn-review), *The Guardian*, Guardian News and Media, 22 March 2017\\. Dennis\\-Benn was motivated to write because of these issues and her own experiences with them. Like the author, her heroine, Margot, in *Here Comes the Sun* lives a closeted life on Jamaica. According to [Rosamond S. King](/wiki/Rosamond_S._King \"Rosamond S. King\"), there is an increase in portrayals of same\\-sex couples in Jamaican literature. She explains that \"the publication of Dennis\\-Benn’s...first \\[novel] with major US publishers—and major marketing budgets... marks a sea change in the literary landscape” and a possible resulting change in the self\\-identification of more Jamaican women as LGBT.King, Rosamond S. (2017\\), \"One Sustained Moment: The Constant Re\\-Creation of Caribbean Sexualities.\" *[Small Axe](/wiki/Small_Axe_%28journal%29 \"Small Axe (journal)\")*, vol. 21, no. 1 52, pp. 250–259, doi:10\\.1215/07990537\\-3844010\\.",
"While there is more openness today, and there are more literary portrayals of same\\-sex Caribbean characters, there are still violent signs of homophobia in Jamaica. Dennis\\-Benn explains that her ability to write came only once she was in America, and that other LGBT Jamaicans have had similar experiences. King writes that “the homophobia that made \\[LGBT authors] immigrate are taken up by the media to become an integral part of the story of the entire region.” While laws in Jamaica still tend towards homophobia, Jamaicans themselves are less overwhelmingly homophobic according to King's study. Dennis\\-Benn's novel gives Jamaicans an entry point to discuss same\\-sex love through characters such as Margot, because while they may not understand Margot's sexuality, they can relate to other parts of her life, which humanizes the issue.",
"### Working\\-class Jamaican life",
"Nicole Dennis\\-Benn describes being Jamaican as being \"an ambassador\" to the rest of the world. She says it feels like it is the job of working\\-class people to “sell the fantasy” of what the tourists expect Jamaica to be like to them. She wanted to show who the people behind the fantasy are because working class Jamaicans and women “are invisible.\" It is important that visitors can see the working class and see the real Jamaican culture. In an interview with LAFB, she describes how \"upward mobility in Jamaica is extremely difficult, which is why a lot of working\\-class Jamaicans leave.\" A small number of Jamaicans, especially lighter skinned, own the resorts and profit from tourism, but many people are stuck in a rut of poverty. It is her hope that as Jamaicans read her novel and connect to themes that they will \"realize that we are free — free to love, free to be, and most importantly, free to change.\"",
"### Stigmatization and danger of sex work",
"In *Here Comes the Sun*, Margot works as a prostitute at the hotel in order to save up additional money for her younger sister, Thandi, to be able to go to private school and then college. Like many Jamaican sex workers, Margot does this because she has to, and she is often afraid that her coworkers at the hotel will find out and turn her in. Sharpe and Pinto explain that “Caribbean women see sex work as a legitimate way to raise money for...sending their children to private schools.\" There is also an underground sex tourism that brings both men and women travelers to Jamaica in order to explore their own sexuality and live out fantasies of having sex with someone 'exotic.' Nicole Dennis\\-Benn shows this in her novel through Margot, who explains the way men (male tourists) so often just want to see her black skin and see what her body looks like. Sharpe and Pinto confirm that studies show \"Tourists often extend the romance of their vacation on an island paradise to the sex workers themselves.\"Sharpe, Jenny, and Samantha Pinto (2006\\). \"The Sweetest Taboo: Studies of Caribbean Sexualities; A Review Essay.\" *Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society*, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 247–274, doi:10\\.1086/505541\\. [The Sex Work Coalition](http://www.cvccoalition.org/sites/default/files/SW%20HR%20Manual%20version%203.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161746/http://www.cvccoalition.org/sites/default/files/SW%20HR%20Manual%20version%203\\.pdf \\|date\\=2018\\-06\\-30 }} in Jamaica works towards helping decriminalize sex work in Jamaica and advocates for the rights and safety of sex workers. They hope to end the stigma against sex workers as well as the health care discrimination they experience.",
"### Racial prejudice and skin whitening",
"Thandi, in *Here Comes the Sun*, struggles with her identity and popularity as a teenage girl because she is very dark skinned. She spends some of the little money her family has on cream from an old fisherman's wife, in an attempt to lighten her skin. Skin lightening is a booming industry in Jamaica, making huge profits. Thandi hopes to lighten her skin so that the boys at school will like her. They call her a \"browning,\" and say that she will be more popular at the party she is invited to later in the school year if she has lighter skin. In an article exploring the skin bleaching culture in Jamaica, Rebekah Kebede interviews Jody Cooper who explains: \"When you black in Jamaica, nobody see you.\" Christopher Charles notes that the bleaching culture comes from European ideals and Colonialism, since brown Jamaicans were assumed to be half\\-white and \"often receiv\\[ing] greater access to land and resources as a result of their white ancestry.\"{{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2021}} Dennis\\-Benn's story “Growing Up with Miss Jamaica” states \"though they were strangers, our community seemed to love them more than they loved us\" solely for their lighter skin. Being darker results in insults like \"blackie\" and though some people bleach for self\\-esteem or due to self\\-hatred, it has become an accepted part of Jamaican culture.Kebede, Rebekah. [\"Why Black Women in a Predominately Black Culture Are Still Bleaching Their Skin\"](https://www.marieclaire.com/beauty/a27678/skin-bleaching-epidemic-in-jamaica/), *Marie Claire*, 20 December 2017\\.",
"### The destructive force of tourism",
"Tourism is a huge part of the Jamaican economy, though the money it brings in is tempered by the damage it causes to local communities and the environment. In *Here Comes the Sun*, Margot earns decent money at the local resort and Delores earns her money by conning tourists into buying her souvenirs. Dennis\\-Benn shows how people use the tourists in order to survive, but she also shows the terrible living conditions that her characters deal with as they struggle to buy enough food and the small fishing town crumbles down outside of the sight of the resort. Margot reflects on her poor school friends who are mothers and struggling even more without the chance to work at the hotel, but the only reason Margot seems to make good money is because she also does sex work. Dennis\\-Benn explains that as tourism picked up, \"the developers and government alike became ravenous, indifferent\" to the struggles of their people in the quest for profits. Tourism creates tremendous pressure on people to sell and perform.",
""
] |
Career
------
Andrews started a career in business in Providence in 1841 and moved to [St. Louis, Missouri](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri "St. Louis, Missouri"), in 1858\.
Andrews was appointed lieutenant colonel of the 1st Missouri Infantry at the start of the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") in 1861\. While with this regiment, he was picked by his commander, Union Brigadier General, U.S. Volunteers, [Nathaniel Lyon](/wiki/Nathaniel_Lyon "Nathaniel Lyon"), to lead the 3rd Brigade which fought at the [Battle of Wilson's Creek](/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek "Battle of Wilson's Creek") in Missouri on August 10, 1861\.
He was mustered out of volunteer service in September 1861 and was commissioned in the Regular Army as the major of the [17th Infantry](/wiki/17th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "17th Infantry Regiment (United States)") to rank from May 14 of the same year.
In June 1863, he was in command of [Fort Preble](/wiki/Fort_Preble "Fort Preble") in [South Portland, Maine](/wiki/South_Portland%2C_Maine "South Portland, Maine"), during an action called the [Battle of Portland Harbor](/wiki/Battle_of_Portland_Harbor "Battle of Portland Harbor").
He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on October 14, 1864, and was assigned to the 13th Infantry.
He was reassigned as lieutenant colonel of the [25th Infantry](/wiki/25th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "25th Infantry Regiment (United States)") on December 15, 1870\. On January 1, 1871, he was promoted to colonel and assigned as commander of the 25th Infantry. He commanded the 25th Infantry for 21 years until he retired from the Army in 1892\.Francis B. Heitman. *Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, 1789\-1903*. Vol. 1\. pg. 166\.
He was a Veteran Companion of the District of Columbia Commandery of the [Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States](/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States "Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States") and a Compatriot of the Rhode Island Society of the [Sons of the American Revolution](/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution "Sons of the American Revolution").
In 1904, in recognition of his long and distinguished career, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general on the retired list.
After retiring from the Army, General Andrews made his home in [Washington, D. C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D._C. "Washington, D. C.") He died at his home there on July 19, 1920\. He is buried in [Arlington National Cemetery](/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery "Arlington National Cemetery").
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Andrews started a career in business in Providence in 1841 and moved to [St. Louis, Missouri](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri \"St. Louis, Missouri\"), in 1858\\.",
"Andrews was appointed lieutenant colonel of the 1st Missouri Infantry at the start of the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") in 1861\\. While with this regiment, he was picked by his commander, Union Brigadier General, U.S. Volunteers, [Nathaniel Lyon](/wiki/Nathaniel_Lyon \"Nathaniel Lyon\"), to lead the 3rd Brigade which fought at the [Battle of Wilson's Creek](/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek \"Battle of Wilson's Creek\") in Missouri on August 10, 1861\\.",
"He was mustered out of volunteer service in September 1861 and was commissioned in the Regular Army as the major of the [17th Infantry](/wiki/17th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"17th Infantry Regiment (United States)\") to rank from May 14 of the same year.",
"In June 1863, he was in command of [Fort Preble](/wiki/Fort_Preble \"Fort Preble\") in [South Portland, Maine](/wiki/South_Portland%2C_Maine \"South Portland, Maine\"), during an action called the [Battle of Portland Harbor](/wiki/Battle_of_Portland_Harbor \"Battle of Portland Harbor\").",
"He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on October 14, 1864, and was assigned to the 13th Infantry.",
"He was reassigned as lieutenant colonel of the [25th Infantry](/wiki/25th_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"25th Infantry Regiment (United States)\") on December 15, 1870\\. On January 1, 1871, he was promoted to colonel and assigned as commander of the 25th Infantry. He commanded the 25th Infantry for 21 years until he retired from the Army in 1892\\.Francis B. Heitman. *Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, 1789\\-1903*. Vol. 1\\. pg. 166\\.",
"He was a Veteran Companion of the District of Columbia Commandery of the [Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States](/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States \"Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States\") and a Compatriot of the Rhode Island Society of the [Sons of the American Revolution](/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution \"Sons of the American Revolution\").",
"In 1904, in recognition of his long and distinguished career, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general on the retired list.",
"After retiring from the Army, General Andrews made his home in [Washington, D. C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D._C. \"Washington, D. C.\") He died at his home there on July 19, 1920\\. He is buried in [Arlington National Cemetery](/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery \"Arlington National Cemetery\").",
""
] |
History
-------
For thousands of years the area was inhabited by [indigenous peoples](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples "Indigenous peoples"). In historic times, it was primarily the territory of the [Muscogee or Creek](/wiki/Muscogee_%28Creek%29 "Muscogee (Creek)") peoples, who became known to European\-American settlers as one of the [Five Civilized Tribes](/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes "Five Civilized Tribes") of the Southeast.
The prominent [Upper Creek](/wiki/Upper_Creek "Upper Creek") chief Red Eagle (also known as [William Weatherford](/wiki/William_Weatherford "William Weatherford")), of the [Wind Clan](/wiki/Wind_Clan "Wind Clan"), settled here after the [Creek War](/wiki/Creek_War "Creek War") (1813\-1814\). At the time, the United States was also involved in the War of 1812 against Great Britain. Red Eagle established a successful [cotton plantation](/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South "Plantations in the American South"). He was of Creek and European descent, and had adopted the system of [chattel slavery](/wiki/Chattel_slavery "Chattel slavery") to gain workers for his plantation and horse breeding. In the 1830s the United States forced the [removal](/wiki/Indian_Removal "Indian Removal") of most of the Creek people from Alabama to [Indian Territory](/wiki/Indian_Territory "Indian Territory") (now [Oklahoma](/wiki/Oklahoma "Oklahoma")), in order to take over their territory.
The area was settled by European Americans, primarily of English and Scots\-Irish descent. It was largely developed as cotton plantations in the antebellum years. Planters moving from the Upper South sometimes brought slave workers with them, or purchased more slaves from traders and markets after acquiring land. The population was made up of numerous slaves, who in some sections outnumbered the whites.
Following the American Civil War and Emancipation, in the period after the [Reconstruction era](/wiki/Reconstruction_era "Reconstruction era") and into the early 20th century, white Democrats regained control of the state legislature and worked to restore and maintain [white supremacy](/wiki/White_supremacy "White supremacy"). The legislature passed a new constitution in 1901 that [disenfranchised most blacks](/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era "Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era") and tens of thousands of poor whites, excluding them from the political system. The legislators also passed laws imposing racial segregation and other forms of [Jim Crow](/wiki/Jim_Crow "Jim Crow"), and centralized power in the legislature.
### Late 19th century to present
Physical violence by whites against blacks was part of the oppressive social system. Racial terrorism was perpetrated through [lynchings](/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States "Lynching in the United States") of African Americans, mostly of men, which took place outside the justice system. They were often conducted as public displays on the courthouse square, spectacles attended by large white mobs in an enactment of their power. Monroe had a total of seventeen lynchings from 1877 to 1950, the second highest number of any county in Alabama.["Supplement: Lynchings by County/ Alabama: Lowndes", 3nd edition](https://eji.org/sites/default/files/lynching-in-america-third-edition-summary.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063004/https://eji.org/sites/default/files/lynching\-in\-america\-third\-edition\-summary.pdf \|date\=October 23, 2017 }}, from *Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror*, 2015 (3rd edition), Montgomery, Alabama: Equal Justice Initiative
[thumb\|left\|Old Monroe County Courthouse in Harper Lee's hometown of Monroeville, the model for the courthouse used in the [movie](/wiki/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_%28film%29 "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)")](/wiki/File:Old_Monroe_County_Courthouse%2C_Alabama.jpg "Old Monroe County Courthouse, Alabama.jpg")
The county seat, [Monroeville](/wiki/Monroeville%2C_Alabama "Monroeville, Alabama"), is the home of two notable 20th\-century authors, [Truman Capote](/wiki/Truman_Capote "Truman Capote") and [Nelle Harper Lee](/wiki/Harper_Lee "Harper Lee"), who were childhood neighbors. The novelist [Mark Childress](/wiki/Mark_Childress "Mark Childress") and journalist [Cynthia Tucker](/wiki/Cynthia_Tucker "Cynthia Tucker") are also Monroe County natives. In 1997 the Alabama Legislature designated Monroeville and Monroe County as the "Literary Capital of Alabama".
The county is near the [Gulf Coast](/wiki/Gulf_Coast "Gulf Coast") and is affected by storms from the Gulf. It has twice been declared a disaster area by the federal government due to extensive [hurricane](/wiki/Hurricane "Hurricane") damage: in September 1979 due to [Hurricane Frederic](/wiki/Hurricane_Frederic "Hurricane Frederic"), and in September 2004 due to [Hurricane Ivan](/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan "Hurricane Ivan").
Attorney [Bryan Stevenson](/wiki/Bryan_Stevenson "Bryan Stevenson") published his memoir, *[Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption](/wiki/Just_Mercy:A_Story_of_Justice_and_Redemption "A Story of Justice and Redemption")* in 2014\. He has worked since his early 20s in [Montgomery](/wiki/Montgomery%2C_Alabama "Montgomery, Alabama"), establishing the [Equal Justice Initiative](/wiki/Equal_Justice_Initiative "Equal Justice Initiative") and serving as legal counsel for people on death row in Alabama prisons. He has succeeded in gaining freedom for more than 100 men who were [wrongfully convicted](/wiki/Wrongfully_convicted "Wrongfully convicted"). Among the cases he discusses is that of [Walter McMillian](/wiki/Walter_McMillian "Walter McMillian") of Monroeville, who was wrongfully convicted of murder in 1989\. McMillian, an African American man, was sentenced to death by the trial judge, who overrode the lesser sentence reached by the jury. McMillian was kept on death row for 6 years, nearly 2 of which were prior to his trial, in an effort to make him confess. In 1993 the Alabama Appeals Court ruled that McMillian should be freed because of the lack of evidence, his alibi, the unreliability of witnesses, and mishandling of the trial.[See the stories: "Walter McMillian"](http://bryanstevenson.com/see-the-stories/walter-mcmillian/), Bryan Stevenson website
|
[
"History\n-------",
"For thousands of years the area was inhabited by [indigenous peoples](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples \"Indigenous peoples\"). In historic times, it was primarily the territory of the [Muscogee or Creek](/wiki/Muscogee_%28Creek%29 \"Muscogee (Creek)\") peoples, who became known to European\\-American settlers as one of the [Five Civilized Tribes](/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes \"Five Civilized Tribes\") of the Southeast.",
"The prominent [Upper Creek](/wiki/Upper_Creek \"Upper Creek\") chief Red Eagle (also known as [William Weatherford](/wiki/William_Weatherford \"William Weatherford\")), of the [Wind Clan](/wiki/Wind_Clan \"Wind Clan\"), settled here after the [Creek War](/wiki/Creek_War \"Creek War\") (1813\\-1814\\). At the time, the United States was also involved in the War of 1812 against Great Britain. Red Eagle established a successful [cotton plantation](/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South \"Plantations in the American South\"). He was of Creek and European descent, and had adopted the system of [chattel slavery](/wiki/Chattel_slavery \"Chattel slavery\") to gain workers for his plantation and horse breeding. In the 1830s the United States forced the [removal](/wiki/Indian_Removal \"Indian Removal\") of most of the Creek people from Alabama to [Indian Territory](/wiki/Indian_Territory \"Indian Territory\") (now [Oklahoma](/wiki/Oklahoma \"Oklahoma\")), in order to take over their territory.",
"The area was settled by European Americans, primarily of English and Scots\\-Irish descent. It was largely developed as cotton plantations in the antebellum years. Planters moving from the Upper South sometimes brought slave workers with them, or purchased more slaves from traders and markets after acquiring land. The population was made up of numerous slaves, who in some sections outnumbered the whites.",
"Following the American Civil War and Emancipation, in the period after the [Reconstruction era](/wiki/Reconstruction_era \"Reconstruction era\") and into the early 20th century, white Democrats regained control of the state legislature and worked to restore and maintain [white supremacy](/wiki/White_supremacy \"White supremacy\"). The legislature passed a new constitution in 1901 that [disenfranchised most blacks](/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era \"Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era\") and tens of thousands of poor whites, excluding them from the political system. The legislators also passed laws imposing racial segregation and other forms of [Jim Crow](/wiki/Jim_Crow \"Jim Crow\"), and centralized power in the legislature.",
"### Late 19th century to present",
"Physical violence by whites against blacks was part of the oppressive social system. Racial terrorism was perpetrated through [lynchings](/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States \"Lynching in the United States\") of African Americans, mostly of men, which took place outside the justice system. They were often conducted as public displays on the courthouse square, spectacles attended by large white mobs in an enactment of their power. Monroe had a total of seventeen lynchings from 1877 to 1950, the second highest number of any county in Alabama.[\"Supplement: Lynchings by County/ Alabama: Lowndes\", 3nd edition](https://eji.org/sites/default/files/lynching-in-america-third-edition-summary.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063004/https://eji.org/sites/default/files/lynching\\-in\\-america\\-third\\-edition\\-summary.pdf \\|date\\=October 23, 2017 }}, from *Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror*, 2015 (3rd edition), Montgomery, Alabama: Equal Justice Initiative",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Old Monroe County Courthouse in Harper Lee's hometown of Monroeville, the model for the courthouse used in the [movie](/wiki/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_%28film%29 \"To Kill a Mockingbird (film)\")](/wiki/File:Old_Monroe_County_Courthouse%2C_Alabama.jpg \"Old Monroe County Courthouse, Alabama.jpg\")\nThe county seat, [Monroeville](/wiki/Monroeville%2C_Alabama \"Monroeville, Alabama\"), is the home of two notable 20th\\-century authors, [Truman Capote](/wiki/Truman_Capote \"Truman Capote\") and [Nelle Harper Lee](/wiki/Harper_Lee \"Harper Lee\"), who were childhood neighbors. The novelist [Mark Childress](/wiki/Mark_Childress \"Mark Childress\") and journalist [Cynthia Tucker](/wiki/Cynthia_Tucker \"Cynthia Tucker\") are also Monroe County natives. In 1997 the Alabama Legislature designated Monroeville and Monroe County as the \"Literary Capital of Alabama\".",
"The county is near the [Gulf Coast](/wiki/Gulf_Coast \"Gulf Coast\") and is affected by storms from the Gulf. It has twice been declared a disaster area by the federal government due to extensive [hurricane](/wiki/Hurricane \"Hurricane\") damage: in September 1979 due to [Hurricane Frederic](/wiki/Hurricane_Frederic \"Hurricane Frederic\"), and in September 2004 due to [Hurricane Ivan](/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan \"Hurricane Ivan\").",
"Attorney [Bryan Stevenson](/wiki/Bryan_Stevenson \"Bryan Stevenson\") published his memoir, *[Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption](/wiki/Just_Mercy:A_Story_of_Justice_and_Redemption \"A Story of Justice and Redemption\")* in 2014\\. He has worked since his early 20s in [Montgomery](/wiki/Montgomery%2C_Alabama \"Montgomery, Alabama\"), establishing the [Equal Justice Initiative](/wiki/Equal_Justice_Initiative \"Equal Justice Initiative\") and serving as legal counsel for people on death row in Alabama prisons. He has succeeded in gaining freedom for more than 100 men who were [wrongfully convicted](/wiki/Wrongfully_convicted \"Wrongfully convicted\"). Among the cases he discusses is that of [Walter McMillian](/wiki/Walter_McMillian \"Walter McMillian\") of Monroeville, who was wrongfully convicted of murder in 1989\\. McMillian, an African American man, was sentenced to death by the trial judge, who overrode the lesser sentence reached by the jury. McMillian was kept on death row for 6 years, nearly 2 of which were prior to his trial, in an effort to make him confess. In 1993 the Alabama Appeals Court ruled that McMillian should be freed because of the lack of evidence, his alibi, the unreliability of witnesses, and mishandling of the trial.[See the stories: \"Walter McMillian\"](http://bryanstevenson.com/see-the-stories/walter-mcmillian/), Bryan Stevenson website",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1820\= 8838
\|1830\= 8782
\|1840\= 10680
\|1850\= 12013
\|1860\= 15667
\|1870\= 14214
\|1880\= 17091
\|1890\= 18990
\|1900\= 23666
\|1910\= 27155
\|1920\= 28884
\|1930\= 30070
\|1940\= 29465
\|1950\= 25732
\|1960\= 22372
\|1970\= 20883
\|1980\= 22651
\|1990\= 23968
\|2000\= 24324
\|2010\= 23068
\|2020\= 19772
\|estyear\=2023
\|estimate\=19229
\|estref\={{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/popest/data/tables.html\|title\=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|access\-date\=March 27, 2024}}
\|align\-fn\=center
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=U.S. Decennial Census\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|access\-date\=August 22, 2015}}
1790–1960{{cite web\|url\=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu\|title\=Historical Census Browser\|publisher\=University of Virginia Library\|access\-date\=August 22, 2015}} 1900–1990{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/al190090\.txt\|title\=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|editor\-last\=Forstall\|editor\-first\=Richard L.\|date\=March 24, 1995\|access\-date\=August 22, 2015}}
1990–2000{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc\-t4/tables/tab02\.pdf\|title\=Census 2000 PHC\-T\-4\. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|date\=April 2, 2001\|access\-date\=August 22, 2015}} 2010–2020
}}
### 2020
| \+**Monroe County, Alabama – Racial and ethnic composition**{{nobold\|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}} | Race / Ethnicity (*NH \= Non\-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000{{Cite web\|title\=P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Monroe County, Alabama\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table?q\=p004\&g\=050XX00US01099\&tid\=DECENNIALSF12000\.P004\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | Pop 2010{{Cite web\|title\=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\-171\) – Monroe County, Alabama\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table?q\=p2\&g\=050XX00US01099\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2010\.P2\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | {{partial\|Pop 2020}}{{Cite web\|title\=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\-171\) – Monroe County, Alabama\|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\=p2\&g\=050XX00US01099\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | % 2000 | % 2010 | {{partial\|% 2020}} |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites "Non-Hispanic or Latino whites") alone (NH) | 13,962 | 12,621 |10,334
57\.40% |
54\.71% |
52\.27%
| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans "Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans") alone (NH) | 9,683 | 9,581 |8,253
39\.81% |
41\.53% |
41\.74%
| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native "Alaska Native") alone (NH) | 232 | 256 |281
0\.95% |
1\.11% |
1\.42%
| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") alone (NH) | 69 | 67 |88
0\.28% |
0\.29% |
0\.45%
| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans "Pacific Islander Americans") alone (NH) | 1 | 4 |0
0\.00% |
0\.02% |
0\.00%
| [Other race](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States census") alone (NH) | 13 | 8 |44
0\.05% |
0\.03% |
0\.22%
| [Mixed race or Multiracial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans") (NH) | 174 | 311 |565
0\.72% |
1\.35% |
2\.86%
| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") (any race) | 190 | 220 |207
0\.78% |
0\.95% |
1\.05%
| **Total** | **24,324** | **23,068** |**19,772**
**100\.00%** |
**100\.00%** |
**100\.00%**
As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census "2020 United States census"), there were 19,772 people, 8,166 households, and 5,124 families residing in the county.
### 2010
According to the [2010 United States census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census "2010 United States census"):
* 55\.1% [White](/wiki/White_American "White American")
* 41\.7% [Black](/wiki/African_American "African American")
* 1\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States")
* 0\.3% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_American "Asian American")
* 0\.0% [Native Hawaiian](/wiki/Native_Hawaiian "Native Hawaiian") or [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American "Pacific Islander American")
* 1\.4% [Two or more ethnicities](/wiki/Multiracial_American "Multiracial American")
* 1\.0% [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") (of any ethnicity)
### 2000
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=May 14, 2011\|title\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 24,324 people, 9,383 households and 6,774 families residing in the county. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|24\|/mi2\|/km2\|disp\=preunit\|people \|people}}. There were 11,343 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|11\|/mi2\|/km2\|disp\=preunit\|units \|units\|}}. The ethnic makeup of the county was 57\.75% [White](/wiki/Ethnicity_%28United_States_Census%29 "Ethnicity (United States Census)"), 40\.07% [Black](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") or [African American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 0\.97% [Native American](/wiki/Ethnicity_%28United_States_Census%29 "Ethnicity (United States Census)"), 0\.29% [Asian](/wiki/Ethnicity_%28United_States_Census%29 "Ethnicity (United States Census)"), 0\.01% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Ethnicity_%28United_States_Census%29 "Ethnicity (United States Census)"), 0\.13% from [other races](/wiki/Ethnicity_%28United_States_Census%29 "Ethnicity (United States Census)"), and 0\.79% from two or more ethnicities while 0\.78% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Ethnicity_%28United_States_Census%29 "Ethnicity (United States Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Ethnicity_%28United_States_Census%29 "Ethnicity (United States Census)") of any ethnicity.
There were 9,383 households, out of which 35\.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52\.30% [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 16\.10% with a female householder and no husband present and 27\.80% non\-families. Slightly more than a quarter (25\.70%) of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.57 and the average family size was 3\.09\.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 28\.30% under the age of 18, 8\.60% from 18 to 24, 26\.80% from 25 to 44, 22\.50% from 45 to 64, and 13\.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years old. For every 100 females, there were 90\.80 males. For every 100 females, aged 18 and over, there were 86\.40 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $29,093, and the median income for a family was $34,569\. Males had a median income of $31,096 versus $18,767 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the county was $14,862\. About 18\.20% of families and 21\.30% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 27\.00% of those under age 18 and 21\.40% of those aged 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1820\\= 8838\n\\|1830\\= 8782\n\\|1840\\= 10680\n\\|1850\\= 12013\n\\|1860\\= 15667\n\\|1870\\= 14214\n\\|1880\\= 17091\n\\|1890\\= 18990\n\\|1900\\= 23666\n\\|1910\\= 27155\n\\|1920\\= 28884\n\\|1930\\= 30070\n\\|1940\\= 29465\n\\|1950\\= 25732\n\\|1960\\= 22372\n\\|1970\\= 20883\n\\|1980\\= 22651\n\\|1990\\= 23968\n\\|2000\\= 24324\n\\|2010\\= 23068\n\\|2020\\= 19772\n\\|estyear\\=2023\n\\|estimate\\=19229\n\\|estref\\={{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/popest/data/tables.html\\|title\\=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=March 27, 2024}}\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=U.S. Decennial Census\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=August 22, 2015}} \n1790–1960{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu\\|title\\=Historical Census Browser\\|publisher\\=University of Virginia Library\\|access\\-date\\=August 22, 2015}} 1900–1990{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/al190090\\.txt\\|title\\=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|editor\\-last\\=Forstall\\|editor\\-first\\=Richard L.\\|date\\=March 24, 1995\\|access\\-date\\=August 22, 2015}} \n1990–2000{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc\\-t4/tables/tab02\\.pdf\\|title\\=Census 2000 PHC\\-T\\-4\\. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|date\\=April 2, 2001\\|access\\-date\\=August 22, 2015}} 2010–2020\n}}",
"### 2020",
"",
"| \\+**Monroe County, Alabama – Racial and ethnic composition**{{nobold\\|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}} | Race / Ethnicity (*NH \\= Non\\-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000{{Cite web\\|title\\=P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Monroe County, Alabama\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table?q\\=p004\\&g\\=050XX00US01099\\&tid\\=DECENNIALSF12000\\.P004\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | Pop 2010{{Cite web\\|title\\=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\\-171\\) – Monroe County, Alabama\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table?q\\=p2\\&g\\=050XX00US01099\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2010\\.P2\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | {{partial\\|Pop 2020}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\\-171\\) – Monroe County, Alabama\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\\=p2\\&g\\=050XX00US01099\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | % 2000 | % 2010 | {{partial\\|% 2020}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites \"Non-Hispanic or Latino whites\") alone (NH) | 13,962 | 12,621 |10,334",
"57\\.40% |\n 54\\.71% |\n52\\.27%",
"| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans \"Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans\") alone (NH) | 9,683 | 9,581 |8,253",
"39\\.81% |\n 41\\.53% |\n41\\.74%",
"| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native \"Alaska Native\") alone (NH) | 232 | 256 |281",
"0\\.95% |\n 1\\.11% |\n1\\.42%",
"| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\") alone (NH) | 69 | 67 |88",
"0\\.28% |\n 0\\.29% |\n0\\.45%",
"| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans \"Pacific Islander Americans\") alone (NH) | 1 | 4 |0",
"0\\.00% |\n 0\\.02% |\n0\\.00%",
"| [Other race](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census\") alone (NH) | 13 | 8 |44",
"0\\.05% |\n 0\\.03% |\n0\\.22%",
"| [Mixed race or Multiracial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\") (NH) | 174 | 311 |565",
"0\\.72% |\n 1\\.35% |\n2\\.86%",
"| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") (any race) | 190 | 220 |207",
"0\\.78% |\n 0\\.95% |\n1\\.05%",
"| **Total** | **24,324** | **23,068** |**19,772**",
"**100\\.00%** |\n **100\\.00%** |\n**100\\.00%**",
"",
"As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), there were 19,772 people, 8,166 households, and 5,124 families residing in the county.",
"### 2010",
"According to the [2010 United States census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census \"2010 United States census\"):",
"* 55\\.1% [White](/wiki/White_American \"White American\")\n* 41\\.7% [Black](/wiki/African_American \"African American\")\n* 1\\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\")\n* 0\\.3% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_American \"Asian American\")\n* 0\\.0% [Native Hawaiian](/wiki/Native_Hawaiian \"Native Hawaiian\") or [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American \"Pacific Islander American\")\n* 1\\.4% [Two or more ethnicities](/wiki/Multiracial_American \"Multiracial American\")\n* 1\\.0% [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") (of any ethnicity)",
"### 2000",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2011\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 24,324 people, 9,383 households and 6,774 families residing in the county. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|24\\|/mi2\\|/km2\\|disp\\=preunit\\|people \\|people}}. There were 11,343 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|11\\|/mi2\\|/km2\\|disp\\=preunit\\|units \\|units\\|}}. The ethnic makeup of the county was 57\\.75% [White](/wiki/Ethnicity_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Ethnicity (United States Census)\"), 40\\.07% [Black](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") or [African American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 0\\.97% [Native American](/wiki/Ethnicity_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Ethnicity (United States Census)\"), 0\\.29% [Asian](/wiki/Ethnicity_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Ethnicity (United States Census)\"), 0\\.01% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Ethnicity_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Ethnicity (United States Census)\"), 0\\.13% from [other races](/wiki/Ethnicity_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Ethnicity (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.79% from two or more ethnicities while 0\\.78% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Ethnicity_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Ethnicity (United States Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Ethnicity_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Ethnicity (United States Census)\") of any ethnicity.",
"There were 9,383 households, out of which 35\\.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52\\.30% [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 16\\.10% with a female householder and no husband present and 27\\.80% non\\-families. Slightly more than a quarter (25\\.70%) of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\\.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.57 and the average family size was 3\\.09\\.",
"In the county, the population was spread out, with 28\\.30% under the age of 18, 8\\.60% from 18 to 24, 26\\.80% from 25 to 44, 22\\.50% from 45 to 64, and 13\\.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years old. For every 100 females, there were 90\\.80 males. For every 100 females, aged 18 and over, there were 86\\.40 males.",
"The median income for a household in the county was $29,093, and the median income for a family was $34,569\\. Males had a median income of $31,096 versus $18,767 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the county was $14,862\\. About 18\\.20% of families and 21\\.30% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 27\\.00% of those under age 18 and 21\\.40% of those aged 65 or over.",
""
] |
Involvement in the Wars of the Roses
------------------------------------
### Reign of Edward IV
Years of York forces fighting Lancastrian for power culminated in the [Battle of Towton](/wiki/Battle_of_Towton "Battle of Towton") in 1461, where the Yorkists were victorious. [Edward IV](/wiki/Edward_IV "Edward IV") was King of England. The fighting had taken the life of Margaret's father\-in\-law and forced Jasper Tudor to flee to Scotland and France to muster support for the Lancastrian cause.{{Cite book \|last\=Gristwood \|first\=Sarah \|title\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \|publisher\=Basic Books \|date\=2013 \|location\=New York \|pages\=70}} Edward IV gave the lands belonging to Margaret's son to his own brother, the [Duke of Clarence](/wiki/George_Plantagenet%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence "George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence"). Henry became the ward of [Sir William Herbert](/wiki/William_Herbert%2C_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke_%28died_1469%29 "William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1469)"). Again, Beaufort was allowed some visits to her son.
In 1469 the discontented Duke of Clarence and [Earl of Warwick](/wiki/Richard_Neville%2C_16th_Earl_of_Warwick "Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick") incited a rebellion against Edward IV, capturing him after a defeat of his forces. Beaufort used this opportunity to attempt to negotiate with Clarence, hoping to regain custody of her son and his holdings.{{Cite book \|last\=Jones \& Underwood \|first\=Michael \& Malcolm \|title\=The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby \|date\=1992 \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|location\=Cambridge \|page\=49}} Soon, however, Edward was back in power.
Warwick's continued insurrection resulted in the brief reinstallation of the Lancastrian Henry VI in 1470–71, which was effectively ended with the Yorkist victory at the [Battle of Barnet](/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet "Battle of Barnet"). Faced with York rule once again, Margaret allegedly begged Jasper Tudor, forced to flee abroad once more, to take thirteen\-year\-old Henry with him.{{Cite book \|last\=Gristwood \|first\=Sarah \|title\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \|date\=2013 \|publisher\=Basic Books \|location\=New York \|page\=114}} It would be fourteen years before Beaufort saw her son again.
In 1471, Margaret's husband, Lord Stafford, died of wounds suffered at the [Battle of Barnet](/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet "Battle of Barnet"), fighting for the Yorkists. At 28 years old, Margaret became a widow again.Jones \& Underwood, 58\.
In June 1472, Margaret married [Thomas Stanley](/wiki/Thomas_Stanley%2C_1st_Earl_of_Derby "Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby"), the [Lord High Constable](/wiki/Lord_High_Constable_of_England "Lord High Constable of England") and [King of Mann](/wiki/King_of_Mann "King of Mann"). Jones and Underwood have suggested that Margaret never considered herself a member of the Stanley family.{{Harvnb\|Jones\|Underwood\|1993\|p\=144}} Their marriage was primarily one of convenience; marrying Stanley enabled Margaret to return to the court of [Edward IV](/wiki/Edward_IV "Edward IV") and [Elizabeth Woodville](/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville "Elizabeth Woodville"). Indeed, Gristwood speculates Beaufort organized the marriage with the sole aim of rehabilitating her image and securing herself a prime position from which to advocate for her son.{{Cite book \|last\=Gristwood \|first\=Sarah \|title\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \|date\=2013 \|publisher\=Basic Books \|location\=New York \|pages\=126–35}} Evidently her efforts were successful; Margaret was chosen by [Queen Elizabeth](/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville "Elizabeth Woodville") to be godmother to one of her daughters.
Holinshed, a Tudor chronicler, claims King Edward IV later proposed a marriage between Beaufort's son and his own daughter, [Elizabeth of York](/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York "Elizabeth of York"), intending to force Henry Tudor out of his safe haven on the continent. Poet Bernard Andre seems to corroborate this, writing of Tudor's miraculous escape from the clutches of Edward's envoys, allegedly warned of the deception by none other than his mother.{{Cite book \|last\=Gristwood \|first\=Sarah \|title\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \|date\=2013 \|publisher\=Basic Books \|location\=New York \|page\=163}}
### Reigns of Edward V and Richard III
[right\|thumb\|250px\|Statue of Margaret Beaufort in the Chapel of [St John's College, Cambridge](/wiki/St_John%27s_College%2C_Cambridge "St John's College, Cambridge"), which she founded](/wiki/File:MargaretBeaufort_LoRez.jpg "MargaretBeaufort LoRez.jpg")
Following Edward IV's death in April 1483 and the seizure of the throne in June by [Richard III](/wiki/Richard_III "Richard III") from [Edward V](/wiki/Edward_V "Edward V"), Margaret was soon back at court serving the new queen, [Anne Neville](/wiki/Anne_Neville "Anne Neville"). Margaret carried Anne's train at the coronation.[Westminster Abbey: Coronation of Richard III](http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/royals/coronations/richard-iii), westminster\-abbey.org; accessed 17 August 2013\. Seeking her son's return to England, Margaret appears to have negotiated with Richard.
Despite what these negotiations may suggest, Lady Margaret is known to have conspired with [Elizabeth Woodville](/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville "Elizabeth Woodville"), mother of the two York princes whom Richard confined to the Tower of London, after rumours spread of the boys' murder. It was at this point, according to Polydore Vergil, that Beaufort "began to hope well of her son's fortune".
Beaufort is believed to have initiated discussions with Woodville, via mutual physician, Lewis Caerleon, who conveyed secret correspondences between the two women. Together they conspired to supplant King Richard and by joint force replace him with Margaret's son, Henry Tudor. Their solidified alliance further secured the subsequent dynasty by the agreed betrothal of Henry to [Elizabeth of York](/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York "Elizabeth of York"). They hoped this proposal would attract both Yorkist and Lancastrian support.{{Cite book \|last\=Gristwood \|first\=Sarah \|title\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \|publisher\=Basic Books \|date\=2013 \|location\=New York \|pages\=195–6}}
As to the fate of the princes, it is widely held that [Richard III](/wiki/Richard_III "Richard III") ordered the death of his two nephews to secure his own reign. Gristwood, however, suggests that another was responsible; Henry Tudor's path to the throne was certainly expedited by their disappearance, perhaps motive enough for his mother – his "highly able and totally committed representative" – to give the order.{{Cite book \|last\=Gristwood \|first\=Sarah \|title\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \|publisher\=Basic Books \|date\=2013 \|location\=New York \|pages\=200}}
Despite this suggestion, no contemporary sources corroborate the implication, whilst most contemporary accounts outline "her outstanding qualities, her courage, presence of mind, family loyalty, and a deeply felt awareness of the spiritual responsibilities of high office," as clarified by Jones and Underwood.{{Cite book \|last\=Jones \|first\=Michael K. \|title\=The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|date\=1992 \|location\=New York \|pages\=259}} Before Jones and Underwood, there was no consensus within the scholarly community regarding Margaret's role or character: historiographical opinions ranged from celebrating her to demonizing her.{{Cite book \|last\=Jones \|first\=Michael K. \|title\=The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|date\=1992 \|location\=New York \|pages\=4}}
It was not until the 17th century that religious retrospective speculations began to criticize Lady Margaret, but even then only as a "politic and contriving woman,"{{Cite book \|last\=Buck \|first\=George \|title\=The History of the Life and Reigne of Richard the Third \|publisher\=Creative Media Partners, LLC \|date\=1619 \|location\=London \|pages\=36}} and never anything beyond shrewd or calculating. All things considered, the words of her own contemporaries, such as Tudor historian Polydore Vergil, continue to extol Lady Margaret's noble virtues as "the most pious woman,"{{Cite book \|last\=Vergil \|first\=Polydore \|title\=Anglica Historia \|date\=1555}} further removing her from accusations of wickedness.
[Erasmus](/wiki/Erasmus "Erasmus"), in writing about his friend the Bishop, [Saint John Fisher](/wiki/Saint_John_Fisher "Saint John Fisher"), praised Margaret's support of religious institutions and the Bishop,{{Cite book \|title\=Extracts Regarding Margaret, Countess of Richmon \|publisher\=Lansdowne Manuscripts \|pages\=83}} further attesting the simultaneously pragmatic and charitable nature testified in the funerary sermon dedicated by the Bishop himself, as laid out in a following section.
In 1483 Margaret was certainly involved in – if not the mastermind behind – [Buckingham's rebellion](/wiki/Buckingham%27s_rebellion "Buckingham's rebellion").{{Cite book \|last1\=Ronald H. Fritze \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=INmdwCSkvIgC\&pg\=PA77 \|title\=Historical dictionary of late medieval England, 1272–1485 \|last2\=William Baxter Robison \|publisher\=Greenwood Publishing Group \|date\=2002 \|isbn\=978\-0\-3132\-9124\-1 \|page\=77 \|access\-date\=5 April 2013}} Indeed, in his biography of Richard III, historian [Paul Murray Kendall](/wiki/Paul_Murray_Kendall "Paul Murray Kendall") describes Beaufort as the "Athena of the rebellion".{{Cite book \|last\=Kendall \|first\=Paul \|title\=Richard the Third \|publisher\=Norton \|date\=2002}} Perhaps with duplicitous motives (as he may have been desirous of the crown for himself), [Buckingham](/wiki/Henry_Stafford%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham "Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham") conspired with Beaufort and Woodville to dethrone Richard. Margaret's son was to sail from Brittany to join forces with him, but he arrived too late.
In October, Beaufort's scheme proved unsuccessful; the Duke was executed and Tudor was forced back across the English Channel. Beaufort appears to have played a large role in financing the insurrection. In response to her betrayal, [Richard](/wiki/Richard_III_of_England "Richard III of England") passed an act of Parliament stripping Margaret of all her titles and estates, declaring her guilty of the following:
> "Forasmoch as Margaret Countesse of Richmond, Mother to the Kyngs greate Rebell and Traytour, Herry Erle of Richemond, hath of late conspired, consedered, and {{sic\|comit\|ted\|hide\=y}} high Treason ayenst oure Soveraigne Lorde the King Richard the Third, in dyvers and sundry wyses, and in especiall in sendyng messages, writyngs and tokens to the said Henry... Also the said Countesse made chevisancez of greate somes of Money... and also the said Countesse conspired, consedered, and imagyned the destruction of oure said Soveraign Lorde..."{{Cite journal \|last\=Parliament \|date\=1483 \|title\=6\. An Act for the Attaynder of Margaret Coutesse of Richmond \|journal\=Rotuli Parliamentorum}}
Richard did, however, stop short of a full [attainder](/wiki/Attainder "Attainder") by transferring Margaret's property to her husband, [Lord Stanley](/wiki/Thomas_Stanley%2C_1st_Earl_of_Derby "Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby"). He also effectively imprisoned Margaret in her husband's home with the hope of preventing any further correspondence with her son. However, her husband failed to stop Margaret's continued communication with her son. When the time came for Henry to press his claim, he relied heavily on his mother to raise support for him in England.{{Cite book \|last\=Gristwood \|first\=Sarah \|title\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \|publisher\=Basic Books \|date\=2013 \|location\=New York \|page\=226}}
Margaret's husband Stanley, despite having fought for Richard III during the Buckingham rebellion, did not respond when summoned to fight at the [Battle of Bosworth Field](/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field "Battle of Bosworth Field") in 1485, remaining aloof from the battle, even though his eldest son, George Stanley (styled [Lord Strange](/wiki/Lord_Strange%231299_creation "Lord Strange#1299 creation")), was held hostage by Richard. After the battle, it was Stanley who placed the crown on the head of his stepson (Henry VII), who later made him Earl of Derby. Margaret was then styled "Countess of Richmond and Derby".{{Cite book \|last\=Elizabeth Norton \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=BDGIAwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA35\-IA38 \|title\=Margaret Beaufort: Mother of the Tudor Dynasty \|date\=1 June 2012 \|publisher\=Amberley Publishing Limited \|isbn\=978\-1\-4456\-0734\-4 \|pages\=35ff}} She was invested as a [Lady of the Order of the Garter](/wiki/Lady_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter "Lady of the Order of the Garter") (LG) in 1488\.
{{Wars of the Roses family tree}}
|
[
"Involvement in the Wars of the Roses\n------------------------------------",
"### Reign of Edward IV",
"Years of York forces fighting Lancastrian for power culminated in the [Battle of Towton](/wiki/Battle_of_Towton \"Battle of Towton\") in 1461, where the Yorkists were victorious. [Edward IV](/wiki/Edward_IV \"Edward IV\") was King of England. The fighting had taken the life of Margaret's father\\-in\\-law and forced Jasper Tudor to flee to Scotland and France to muster support for the Lancastrian cause.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Gristwood \\|first\\=Sarah \\|title\\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \\|publisher\\=Basic Books \\|date\\=2013 \\|location\\=New York \\|pages\\=70}} Edward IV gave the lands belonging to Margaret's son to his own brother, the [Duke of Clarence](/wiki/George_Plantagenet%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence \"George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence\"). Henry became the ward of [Sir William Herbert](/wiki/William_Herbert%2C_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke_%28died_1469%29 \"William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1469)\"). Again, Beaufort was allowed some visits to her son.",
"In 1469 the discontented Duke of Clarence and [Earl of Warwick](/wiki/Richard_Neville%2C_16th_Earl_of_Warwick \"Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick\") incited a rebellion against Edward IV, capturing him after a defeat of his forces. Beaufort used this opportunity to attempt to negotiate with Clarence, hoping to regain custody of her son and his holdings.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Jones \\& Underwood \\|first\\=Michael \\& Malcolm \\|title\\=The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby \\|date\\=1992 \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|location\\=Cambridge \\|page\\=49}} Soon, however, Edward was back in power.",
"Warwick's continued insurrection resulted in the brief reinstallation of the Lancastrian Henry VI in 1470–71, which was effectively ended with the Yorkist victory at the [Battle of Barnet](/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet \"Battle of Barnet\"). Faced with York rule once again, Margaret allegedly begged Jasper Tudor, forced to flee abroad once more, to take thirteen\\-year\\-old Henry with him.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Gristwood \\|first\\=Sarah \\|title\\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \\|date\\=2013 \\|publisher\\=Basic Books \\|location\\=New York \\|page\\=114}} It would be fourteen years before Beaufort saw her son again.",
"In 1471, Margaret's husband, Lord Stafford, died of wounds suffered at the [Battle of Barnet](/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet \"Battle of Barnet\"), fighting for the Yorkists. At 28 years old, Margaret became a widow again.Jones \\& Underwood, 58\\.",
"In June 1472, Margaret married [Thomas Stanley](/wiki/Thomas_Stanley%2C_1st_Earl_of_Derby \"Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby\"), the [Lord High Constable](/wiki/Lord_High_Constable_of_England \"Lord High Constable of England\") and [King of Mann](/wiki/King_of_Mann \"King of Mann\"). Jones and Underwood have suggested that Margaret never considered herself a member of the Stanley family.{{Harvnb\\|Jones\\|Underwood\\|1993\\|p\\=144}} Their marriage was primarily one of convenience; marrying Stanley enabled Margaret to return to the court of [Edward IV](/wiki/Edward_IV \"Edward IV\") and [Elizabeth Woodville](/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville \"Elizabeth Woodville\"). Indeed, Gristwood speculates Beaufort organized the marriage with the sole aim of rehabilitating her image and securing herself a prime position from which to advocate for her son.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Gristwood \\|first\\=Sarah \\|title\\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \\|date\\=2013 \\|publisher\\=Basic Books \\|location\\=New York \\|pages\\=126–35}} Evidently her efforts were successful; Margaret was chosen by [Queen Elizabeth](/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville \"Elizabeth Woodville\") to be godmother to one of her daughters.",
"Holinshed, a Tudor chronicler, claims King Edward IV later proposed a marriage between Beaufort's son and his own daughter, [Elizabeth of York](/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York \"Elizabeth of York\"), intending to force Henry Tudor out of his safe haven on the continent. Poet Bernard Andre seems to corroborate this, writing of Tudor's miraculous escape from the clutches of Edward's envoys, allegedly warned of the deception by none other than his mother.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Gristwood \\|first\\=Sarah \\|title\\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \\|date\\=2013 \\|publisher\\=Basic Books \\|location\\=New York \\|page\\=163}}",
"### Reigns of Edward V and Richard III",
"[right\\|thumb\\|250px\\|Statue of Margaret Beaufort in the Chapel of [St John's College, Cambridge](/wiki/St_John%27s_College%2C_Cambridge \"St John's College, Cambridge\"), which she founded](/wiki/File:MargaretBeaufort_LoRez.jpg \"MargaretBeaufort LoRez.jpg\")\nFollowing Edward IV's death in April 1483 and the seizure of the throne in June by [Richard III](/wiki/Richard_III \"Richard III\") from [Edward V](/wiki/Edward_V \"Edward V\"), Margaret was soon back at court serving the new queen, [Anne Neville](/wiki/Anne_Neville \"Anne Neville\"). Margaret carried Anne's train at the coronation.[Westminster Abbey: Coronation of Richard III](http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/royals/coronations/richard-iii), westminster\\-abbey.org; accessed 17 August 2013\\. Seeking her son's return to England, Margaret appears to have negotiated with Richard.",
"Despite what these negotiations may suggest, Lady Margaret is known to have conspired with [Elizabeth Woodville](/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville \"Elizabeth Woodville\"), mother of the two York princes whom Richard confined to the Tower of London, after rumours spread of the boys' murder. It was at this point, according to Polydore Vergil, that Beaufort \"began to hope well of her son's fortune\".",
"Beaufort is believed to have initiated discussions with Woodville, via mutual physician, Lewis Caerleon, who conveyed secret correspondences between the two women. Together they conspired to supplant King Richard and by joint force replace him with Margaret's son, Henry Tudor. Their solidified alliance further secured the subsequent dynasty by the agreed betrothal of Henry to [Elizabeth of York](/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York \"Elizabeth of York\"). They hoped this proposal would attract both Yorkist and Lancastrian support.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Gristwood \\|first\\=Sarah \\|title\\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \\|publisher\\=Basic Books \\|date\\=2013 \\|location\\=New York \\|pages\\=195–6}}",
"As to the fate of the princes, it is widely held that [Richard III](/wiki/Richard_III \"Richard III\") ordered the death of his two nephews to secure his own reign. Gristwood, however, suggests that another was responsible; Henry Tudor's path to the throne was certainly expedited by their disappearance, perhaps motive enough for his mother – his \"highly able and totally committed representative\" – to give the order.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Gristwood \\|first\\=Sarah \\|title\\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \\|publisher\\=Basic Books \\|date\\=2013 \\|location\\=New York \\|pages\\=200}}",
"Despite this suggestion, no contemporary sources corroborate the implication, whilst most contemporary accounts outline \"her outstanding qualities, her courage, presence of mind, family loyalty, and a deeply felt awareness of the spiritual responsibilities of high office,\" as clarified by Jones and Underwood.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Jones \\|first\\=Michael K. \\|title\\=The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|date\\=1992 \\|location\\=New York \\|pages\\=259}} Before Jones and Underwood, there was no consensus within the scholarly community regarding Margaret's role or character: historiographical opinions ranged from celebrating her to demonizing her.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Jones \\|first\\=Michael K. \\|title\\=The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|date\\=1992 \\|location\\=New York \\|pages\\=4}}",
"It was not until the 17th century that religious retrospective speculations began to criticize Lady Margaret, but even then only as a \"politic and contriving woman,\"{{Cite book \\|last\\=Buck \\|first\\=George \\|title\\=The History of the Life and Reigne of Richard the Third \\|publisher\\=Creative Media Partners, LLC \\|date\\=1619 \\|location\\=London \\|pages\\=36}} and never anything beyond shrewd or calculating. All things considered, the words of her own contemporaries, such as Tudor historian Polydore Vergil, continue to extol Lady Margaret's noble virtues as \"the most pious woman,\"{{Cite book \\|last\\=Vergil \\|first\\=Polydore \\|title\\=Anglica Historia \\|date\\=1555}} further removing her from accusations of wickedness.",
"[Erasmus](/wiki/Erasmus \"Erasmus\"), in writing about his friend the Bishop, [Saint John Fisher](/wiki/Saint_John_Fisher \"Saint John Fisher\"), praised Margaret's support of religious institutions and the Bishop,{{Cite book \\|title\\=Extracts Regarding Margaret, Countess of Richmon \\|publisher\\=Lansdowne Manuscripts \\|pages\\=83}} further attesting the simultaneously pragmatic and charitable nature testified in the funerary sermon dedicated by the Bishop himself, as laid out in a following section.",
"In 1483 Margaret was certainly involved in – if not the mastermind behind – [Buckingham's rebellion](/wiki/Buckingham%27s_rebellion \"Buckingham's rebellion\").{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Ronald H. Fritze \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=INmdwCSkvIgC\\&pg\\=PA77 \\|title\\=Historical dictionary of late medieval England, 1272–1485 \\|last2\\=William Baxter Robison \\|publisher\\=Greenwood Publishing Group \\|date\\=2002 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-3132\\-9124\\-1 \\|page\\=77 \\|access\\-date\\=5 April 2013}} Indeed, in his biography of Richard III, historian [Paul Murray Kendall](/wiki/Paul_Murray_Kendall \"Paul Murray Kendall\") describes Beaufort as the \"Athena of the rebellion\".{{Cite book \\|last\\=Kendall \\|first\\=Paul \\|title\\=Richard the Third \\|publisher\\=Norton \\|date\\=2002}} Perhaps with duplicitous motives (as he may have been desirous of the crown for himself), [Buckingham](/wiki/Henry_Stafford%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham \"Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham\") conspired with Beaufort and Woodville to dethrone Richard. Margaret's son was to sail from Brittany to join forces with him, but he arrived too late.",
"In October, Beaufort's scheme proved unsuccessful; the Duke was executed and Tudor was forced back across the English Channel. Beaufort appears to have played a large role in financing the insurrection. In response to her betrayal, [Richard](/wiki/Richard_III_of_England \"Richard III of England\") passed an act of Parliament stripping Margaret of all her titles and estates, declaring her guilty of the following:",
"",
"> \"Forasmoch as Margaret Countesse of Richmond, Mother to the Kyngs greate Rebell and Traytour, Herry Erle of Richemond, hath of late conspired, consedered, and {{sic\\|comit\\|ted\\|hide\\=y}} high Treason ayenst oure Soveraigne Lorde the King Richard the Third, in dyvers and sundry wyses, and in especiall in sendyng messages, writyngs and tokens to the said Henry... Also the said Countesse made chevisancez of greate somes of Money... and also the said Countesse conspired, consedered, and imagyned the destruction of oure said Soveraign Lorde...\"{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Parliament \\|date\\=1483 \\|title\\=6\\. An Act for the Attaynder of Margaret Coutesse of Richmond \\|journal\\=Rotuli Parliamentorum}}",
"Richard did, however, stop short of a full [attainder](/wiki/Attainder \"Attainder\") by transferring Margaret's property to her husband, [Lord Stanley](/wiki/Thomas_Stanley%2C_1st_Earl_of_Derby \"Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby\"). He also effectively imprisoned Margaret in her husband's home with the hope of preventing any further correspondence with her son. However, her husband failed to stop Margaret's continued communication with her son. When the time came for Henry to press his claim, he relied heavily on his mother to raise support for him in England.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Gristwood \\|first\\=Sarah \\|title\\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \\|publisher\\=Basic Books \\|date\\=2013 \\|location\\=New York \\|page\\=226}}",
"Margaret's husband Stanley, despite having fought for Richard III during the Buckingham rebellion, did not respond when summoned to fight at the [Battle of Bosworth Field](/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field \"Battle of Bosworth Field\") in 1485, remaining aloof from the battle, even though his eldest son, George Stanley (styled [Lord Strange](/wiki/Lord_Strange%231299_creation \"Lord Strange#1299 creation\")), was held hostage by Richard. After the battle, it was Stanley who placed the crown on the head of his stepson (Henry VII), who later made him Earl of Derby. Margaret was then styled \"Countess of Richmond and Derby\".{{Cite book \\|last\\=Elizabeth Norton \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=BDGIAwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA35\\-IA38 \\|title\\=Margaret Beaufort: Mother of the Tudor Dynasty \\|date\\=1 June 2012 \\|publisher\\=Amberley Publishing Limited \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4456\\-0734\\-4 \\|pages\\=35ff}} She was invested as a [Lady of the Order of the Garter](/wiki/Lady_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter \"Lady of the Order of the Garter\") (LG) in 1488\\.\n{{Wars of the Roses family tree}}",
""
] |
### Reign of Edward IV
Years of York forces fighting Lancastrian for power culminated in the [Battle of Towton](/wiki/Battle_of_Towton "Battle of Towton") in 1461, where the Yorkists were victorious. [Edward IV](/wiki/Edward_IV "Edward IV") was King of England. The fighting had taken the life of Margaret's father\-in\-law and forced Jasper Tudor to flee to Scotland and France to muster support for the Lancastrian cause.{{Cite book \|last\=Gristwood \|first\=Sarah \|title\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \|publisher\=Basic Books \|date\=2013 \|location\=New York \|pages\=70}} Edward IV gave the lands belonging to Margaret's son to his own brother, the [Duke of Clarence](/wiki/George_Plantagenet%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence "George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence"). Henry became the ward of [Sir William Herbert](/wiki/William_Herbert%2C_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke_%28died_1469%29 "William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1469)"). Again, Beaufort was allowed some visits to her son.
In 1469 the discontented Duke of Clarence and [Earl of Warwick](/wiki/Richard_Neville%2C_16th_Earl_of_Warwick "Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick") incited a rebellion against Edward IV, capturing him after a defeat of his forces. Beaufort used this opportunity to attempt to negotiate with Clarence, hoping to regain custody of her son and his holdings.{{Cite book \|last\=Jones \& Underwood \|first\=Michael \& Malcolm \|title\=The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby \|date\=1992 \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|location\=Cambridge \|page\=49}} Soon, however, Edward was back in power.
Warwick's continued insurrection resulted in the brief reinstallation of the Lancastrian Henry VI in 1470–71, which was effectively ended with the Yorkist victory at the [Battle of Barnet](/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet "Battle of Barnet"). Faced with York rule once again, Margaret allegedly begged Jasper Tudor, forced to flee abroad once more, to take thirteen\-year\-old Henry with him.{{Cite book \|last\=Gristwood \|first\=Sarah \|title\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \|date\=2013 \|publisher\=Basic Books \|location\=New York \|page\=114}} It would be fourteen years before Beaufort saw her son again.
In 1471, Margaret's husband, Lord Stafford, died of wounds suffered at the [Battle of Barnet](/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet "Battle of Barnet"), fighting for the Yorkists. At 28 years old, Margaret became a widow again.Jones \& Underwood, 58\.
In June 1472, Margaret married [Thomas Stanley](/wiki/Thomas_Stanley%2C_1st_Earl_of_Derby "Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby"), the [Lord High Constable](/wiki/Lord_High_Constable_of_England "Lord High Constable of England") and [King of Mann](/wiki/King_of_Mann "King of Mann"). Jones and Underwood have suggested that Margaret never considered herself a member of the Stanley family.{{Harvnb\|Jones\|Underwood\|1993\|p\=144}} Their marriage was primarily one of convenience; marrying Stanley enabled Margaret to return to the court of [Edward IV](/wiki/Edward_IV "Edward IV") and [Elizabeth Woodville](/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville "Elizabeth Woodville"). Indeed, Gristwood speculates Beaufort organized the marriage with the sole aim of rehabilitating her image and securing herself a prime position from which to advocate for her son.{{Cite book \|last\=Gristwood \|first\=Sarah \|title\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \|date\=2013 \|publisher\=Basic Books \|location\=New York \|pages\=126–35}} Evidently her efforts were successful; Margaret was chosen by [Queen Elizabeth](/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville "Elizabeth Woodville") to be godmother to one of her daughters.
Holinshed, a Tudor chronicler, claims King Edward IV later proposed a marriage between Beaufort's son and his own daughter, [Elizabeth of York](/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York "Elizabeth of York"), intending to force Henry Tudor out of his safe haven on the continent. Poet Bernard Andre seems to corroborate this, writing of Tudor's miraculous escape from the clutches of Edward's envoys, allegedly warned of the deception by none other than his mother.{{Cite book \|last\=Gristwood \|first\=Sarah \|title\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \|date\=2013 \|publisher\=Basic Books \|location\=New York \|page\=163}}
|
[
"### Reign of Edward IV",
"Years of York forces fighting Lancastrian for power culminated in the [Battle of Towton](/wiki/Battle_of_Towton \"Battle of Towton\") in 1461, where the Yorkists were victorious. [Edward IV](/wiki/Edward_IV \"Edward IV\") was King of England. The fighting had taken the life of Margaret's father\\-in\\-law and forced Jasper Tudor to flee to Scotland and France to muster support for the Lancastrian cause.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Gristwood \\|first\\=Sarah \\|title\\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \\|publisher\\=Basic Books \\|date\\=2013 \\|location\\=New York \\|pages\\=70}} Edward IV gave the lands belonging to Margaret's son to his own brother, the [Duke of Clarence](/wiki/George_Plantagenet%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence \"George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence\"). Henry became the ward of [Sir William Herbert](/wiki/William_Herbert%2C_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke_%28died_1469%29 \"William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1469)\"). Again, Beaufort was allowed some visits to her son.",
"In 1469 the discontented Duke of Clarence and [Earl of Warwick](/wiki/Richard_Neville%2C_16th_Earl_of_Warwick \"Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick\") incited a rebellion against Edward IV, capturing him after a defeat of his forces. Beaufort used this opportunity to attempt to negotiate with Clarence, hoping to regain custody of her son and his holdings.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Jones \\& Underwood \\|first\\=Michael \\& Malcolm \\|title\\=The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby \\|date\\=1992 \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|location\\=Cambridge \\|page\\=49}} Soon, however, Edward was back in power.",
"Warwick's continued insurrection resulted in the brief reinstallation of the Lancastrian Henry VI in 1470–71, which was effectively ended with the Yorkist victory at the [Battle of Barnet](/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet \"Battle of Barnet\"). Faced with York rule once again, Margaret allegedly begged Jasper Tudor, forced to flee abroad once more, to take thirteen\\-year\\-old Henry with him.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Gristwood \\|first\\=Sarah \\|title\\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \\|date\\=2013 \\|publisher\\=Basic Books \\|location\\=New York \\|page\\=114}} It would be fourteen years before Beaufort saw her son again.",
"In 1471, Margaret's husband, Lord Stafford, died of wounds suffered at the [Battle of Barnet](/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet \"Battle of Barnet\"), fighting for the Yorkists. At 28 years old, Margaret became a widow again.Jones \\& Underwood, 58\\.",
"In June 1472, Margaret married [Thomas Stanley](/wiki/Thomas_Stanley%2C_1st_Earl_of_Derby \"Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby\"), the [Lord High Constable](/wiki/Lord_High_Constable_of_England \"Lord High Constable of England\") and [King of Mann](/wiki/King_of_Mann \"King of Mann\"). Jones and Underwood have suggested that Margaret never considered herself a member of the Stanley family.{{Harvnb\\|Jones\\|Underwood\\|1993\\|p\\=144}} Their marriage was primarily one of convenience; marrying Stanley enabled Margaret to return to the court of [Edward IV](/wiki/Edward_IV \"Edward IV\") and [Elizabeth Woodville](/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville \"Elizabeth Woodville\"). Indeed, Gristwood speculates Beaufort organized the marriage with the sole aim of rehabilitating her image and securing herself a prime position from which to advocate for her son.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Gristwood \\|first\\=Sarah \\|title\\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \\|date\\=2013 \\|publisher\\=Basic Books \\|location\\=New York \\|pages\\=126–35}} Evidently her efforts were successful; Margaret was chosen by [Queen Elizabeth](/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville \"Elizabeth Woodville\") to be godmother to one of her daughters.",
"Holinshed, a Tudor chronicler, claims King Edward IV later proposed a marriage between Beaufort's son and his own daughter, [Elizabeth of York](/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York \"Elizabeth of York\"), intending to force Henry Tudor out of his safe haven on the continent. Poet Bernard Andre seems to corroborate this, writing of Tudor's miraculous escape from the clutches of Edward's envoys, allegedly warned of the deception by none other than his mother.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Gristwood \\|first\\=Sarah \\|title\\=Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses \\|date\\=2013 \\|publisher\\=Basic Books \\|location\\=New York \\|page\\=163}}",
""
] |
Career
------
Brooke gave his first performance at the age of seven. He took magic lessons with Walter Jeans and was influenced by Albert Verity, Jack le Dair, Park Shackelton, Trevor Hall and Roland Winder. He left school at fourteen to take up [tailoring](/wiki/Tailor "Tailor"). During World War II he served in the [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force "Royal Air Force") in North Africa, the Western Desert and Italy. He was placed in charge of an entertainment unit and regularly entertained the troops. He was twice mentioned in dispatches.
After the war, Brooke worked for Alan Milan and Paul Veroni at the Veroni House of Magic. He set up his own business in Thornton Road, [Bradford](/wiki/Bradford "Bradford"). The business failed, and Harry Stanley engaged him to manage the [Unique Magic Studio](/wiki/Unique_Magic_Studio "Unique Magic Studio") in London. He supplemented his income by working the London cabaret circuit. In 1966, supported by Frank Farrow, he set up Ken Brooke's Magic Place on [Wardour Street](/wiki/Wardour_Street "Wardour Street"). At the time, he was the only magic dealer in the world who offered a money\-back guarantee on everything he sold.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2011}} Some magicians, including [Fred Kaps](/wiki/Fred_Kaps "Fred Kaps"), Finn Jon, Gaetan Bloom, Johnny Thompson, Scotty York, [Wayne Dobson](/wiki/Wayne_Dobson "Wayne Dobson"), Ali Bongo and Terri Rogers gave Brooke exclusive marketing rights to their effects, routines and ideas.
In 1960, Brooke received a Performing Fellowship Award from the Academy of Magical Arts, and a year later he received a Diplome d’Honneur from the Fédération Internationale des Sociétés Magiques (FISM). 1n 1980, a Fiesta of Magic was held in his honour at the Blackpool Magic Convention, raising a substantial amount of money for him for services to magic. In 1981, he was awarded a Special Fellowship Award from the [Academy of Magical Arts](/wiki/Academy_of_Magical_Arts "Academy of Magical Arts"). By this time, he had suffered a serious stroke. [Siegfried and Roy](/wiki/Siegfried_and_Roy "Siegfried and Roy") held a party in their Las Vegas home to honour Ken.
Brooke performed his first show to the London Concert Artists Association in summer 1962{{cite journal\|last\=Stanley\|first\=Harry\|title\=Review\|journal\=The Gen\|date\=August 1962\|volume\=18\|issue\=4}} to a professional audience including Billy McComb, John Brierly, Frank Farrow and Alan Shaxon.
Brooke influenced many performers, including [Al Koran](/wiki/Al_Koran "Al Koran"), [Paul Daniels](/wiki/Paul_Daniels "Paul Daniels"), [Wayne Dobson](/wiki/Wayne_Dobson "Wayne Dobson"), Gaetan Bloom and [John Milner](/wiki/John_Milner_%28magician%29 "John Milner (magician)").
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Brooke gave his first performance at the age of seven. He took magic lessons with Walter Jeans and was influenced by Albert Verity, Jack le Dair, Park Shackelton, Trevor Hall and Roland Winder. He left school at fourteen to take up [tailoring](/wiki/Tailor \"Tailor\"). During World War II he served in the [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\") in North Africa, the Western Desert and Italy. He was placed in charge of an entertainment unit and regularly entertained the troops. He was twice mentioned in dispatches.",
"After the war, Brooke worked for Alan Milan and Paul Veroni at the Veroni House of Magic. He set up his own business in Thornton Road, [Bradford](/wiki/Bradford \"Bradford\"). The business failed, and Harry Stanley engaged him to manage the [Unique Magic Studio](/wiki/Unique_Magic_Studio \"Unique Magic Studio\") in London. He supplemented his income by working the London cabaret circuit. In 1966, supported by Frank Farrow, he set up Ken Brooke's Magic Place on [Wardour Street](/wiki/Wardour_Street \"Wardour Street\"). At the time, he was the only magic dealer in the world who offered a money\\-back guarantee on everything he sold.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2011}} Some magicians, including [Fred Kaps](/wiki/Fred_Kaps \"Fred Kaps\"), Finn Jon, Gaetan Bloom, Johnny Thompson, Scotty York, [Wayne Dobson](/wiki/Wayne_Dobson \"Wayne Dobson\"), Ali Bongo and Terri Rogers gave Brooke exclusive marketing rights to their effects, routines and ideas.",
"In 1960, Brooke received a Performing Fellowship Award from the Academy of Magical Arts, and a year later he received a Diplome d’Honneur from the Fédération Internationale des Sociétés Magiques (FISM). 1n 1980, a Fiesta of Magic was held in his honour at the Blackpool Magic Convention, raising a substantial amount of money for him for services to magic. In 1981, he was awarded a Special Fellowship Award from the [Academy of Magical Arts](/wiki/Academy_of_Magical_Arts \"Academy of Magical Arts\"). By this time, he had suffered a serious stroke. [Siegfried and Roy](/wiki/Siegfried_and_Roy \"Siegfried and Roy\") held a party in their Las Vegas home to honour Ken.",
"Brooke performed his first show to the London Concert Artists Association in summer 1962{{cite journal\\|last\\=Stanley\\|first\\=Harry\\|title\\=Review\\|journal\\=The Gen\\|date\\=August 1962\\|volume\\=18\\|issue\\=4}} to a professional audience including Billy McComb, John Brierly, Frank Farrow and Alan Shaxon.",
"Brooke influenced many performers, including [Al Koran](/wiki/Al_Koran \"Al Koran\"), [Paul Daniels](/wiki/Paul_Daniels \"Paul Daniels\"), [Wayne Dobson](/wiki/Wayne_Dobson \"Wayne Dobson\"), Gaetan Bloom and [John Milner](/wiki/John_Milner_%28magician%29 \"John Milner (magician)\").",
""
] |
History
-------
The first structure was a fortress built by [Thomas I of Savoy](/wiki/Thomas_I_of_Savoy "Thomas I of Savoy") around 1100 on a hill, to command the main southern access to [Turin](/wiki/Turin "Turin"). In the mid\-15th century Yolanda of Valois, wife of Duke [Amadeus IX](/wiki/Amadeus_IX%2C_Duke_of_Savoy "Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy"), turned it into a pleasure residence. Architect [Carlo di Castellamonte](/wiki/Carlo_di_Castellamonte "Carlo di Castellamonte") enlarged the construction substantially, and the interiors were redesigned by him and other local artists.
The castle was the site of the marriage between [Maria Vittoria Francesca of Savoy](/wiki/Maria_Vittoria_Francesca_of_Savoy "Maria Vittoria Francesca of Savoy") to the [Prince of Carignano](/wiki/Prince_of_Carignano "Prince of Carignano"). It was also the place where [Maria Carolina of Savoy](/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Savoy "Maria Carolina of Savoy") married [Anthony of Saxony](/wiki/Anthony_of_Saxony "Anthony of Saxony") by proxy in 1781\.
It was the scene of the death of [Maria Antonietta of Spain](/wiki/Maria_Antonietta_of_Spain "Maria Antonietta of Spain") in 1785; she was the wife of [Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia](/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_III_of_Sardinia "Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia"). Victor Amadeus later died there in 1796\.
The castle was used extensively by the Savoyards, and was the first castle occupied in 1798 by the [French army](/wiki/Army_of_Italy_%28France%29 "Army of Italy (France)"), who retained it until 1814\. Returned to [Victor Emmanuel I](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I "Victor Emmanuel I") and later to his distant nephew [Charles Albert of Sardinia](/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia "Charles Albert of Sardinia"), Prince of Carignano, it became the residence of young family princes who studied here. King [Victor Emmanuel II](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II "Victor Emmanuel II") preferred it to the [Royal Palace of Turin](/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Turin "Royal Palace of Turin"), and had numerous apartments furnished according to his tastes. In 1849, it was from this palace that emerged the famous [Proclamation of Moncalieri](/wiki/Proclamation_of_Moncalieri "Proclamation of Moncalieri"), written by [Massimo d'Azeglio](/wiki/Massimo_d%27Azeglio "Massimo d'Azeglio") and signed by the King.
The palace was later used by the queen mothers and royal princesses. Since 1921 it has been the home of the 1st Battalion of the [Carabinieri](/wiki/Carabinieri "Carabinieri"), but the historical rooms can be freely visited.
On April 5, 2008, a fire broke out in the castle,{{cite news \|title\=Italian castle in flames \|work\=Reuters \|date\=2008\-04\-05 \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/news/video?videoId\=79625\&videoChannel\=1 }} damaging one of the towers and the hall of the proclaim.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The first structure was a fortress built by [Thomas I of Savoy](/wiki/Thomas_I_of_Savoy \"Thomas I of Savoy\") around 1100 on a hill, to command the main southern access to [Turin](/wiki/Turin \"Turin\"). In the mid\\-15th century Yolanda of Valois, wife of Duke [Amadeus IX](/wiki/Amadeus_IX%2C_Duke_of_Savoy \"Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy\"), turned it into a pleasure residence. Architect [Carlo di Castellamonte](/wiki/Carlo_di_Castellamonte \"Carlo di Castellamonte\") enlarged the construction substantially, and the interiors were redesigned by him and other local artists.",
"The castle was the site of the marriage between [Maria Vittoria Francesca of Savoy](/wiki/Maria_Vittoria_Francesca_of_Savoy \"Maria Vittoria Francesca of Savoy\") to the [Prince of Carignano](/wiki/Prince_of_Carignano \"Prince of Carignano\"). It was also the place where [Maria Carolina of Savoy](/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Savoy \"Maria Carolina of Savoy\") married [Anthony of Saxony](/wiki/Anthony_of_Saxony \"Anthony of Saxony\") by proxy in 1781\\.",
"It was the scene of the death of [Maria Antonietta of Spain](/wiki/Maria_Antonietta_of_Spain \"Maria Antonietta of Spain\") in 1785; she was the wife of [Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia](/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_III_of_Sardinia \"Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia\"). Victor Amadeus later died there in 1796\\.",
"The castle was used extensively by the Savoyards, and was the first castle occupied in 1798 by the [French army](/wiki/Army_of_Italy_%28France%29 \"Army of Italy (France)\"), who retained it until 1814\\. Returned to [Victor Emmanuel I](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I \"Victor Emmanuel I\") and later to his distant nephew [Charles Albert of Sardinia](/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia \"Charles Albert of Sardinia\"), Prince of Carignano, it became the residence of young family princes who studied here. King [Victor Emmanuel II](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II \"Victor Emmanuel II\") preferred it to the [Royal Palace of Turin](/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Turin \"Royal Palace of Turin\"), and had numerous apartments furnished according to his tastes. In 1849, it was from this palace that emerged the famous [Proclamation of Moncalieri](/wiki/Proclamation_of_Moncalieri \"Proclamation of Moncalieri\"), written by [Massimo d'Azeglio](/wiki/Massimo_d%27Azeglio \"Massimo d'Azeglio\") and signed by the King.",
"The palace was later used by the queen mothers and royal princesses. Since 1921 it has been the home of the 1st Battalion of the [Carabinieri](/wiki/Carabinieri \"Carabinieri\"), but the historical rooms can be freely visited.",
"On April 5, 2008, a fire broke out in the castle,{{cite news \\|title\\=Italian castle in flames \\|work\\=Reuters \\|date\\=2008\\-04\\-05 \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/news/video?videoId\\=79625\\&videoChannel\\=1 }} damaging one of the towers and the hall of the proclaim.",
""
] |
Heritage listing
----------------
Completed in 1896, the Wee Jasper bridge is an early example of an Allan type timber truss road bridge, and in 1998 was in good condition. As a timber truss road bridge, it has many associational links with important historical events, trends, and people, including the expansion of the road network and economic activity throughout NSW, and Percy Allan, the designer of this type of truss.
Allan trusses were third in the five\-stage design evolution of NSW timber truss bridges, and were a major improvement over the McDonald trusses which preceded them. Allan trusses were 20% cheaper to build than Mc [Donald](/wiki/Donald%2C_Victoria "Donald, Victoria") trusses, could carry 50% more load, and were easier to maintain. In 1998 there were 38 surviving Allan trusses in NSW of the 105 built, and 82 timber truss road
bridges survive from the over 400 built. The Wee Jasper bridge is a representative example of Allan timber truss road bridges, and is assessed as being State significant, primarily on the basis of its technical and historical significance.
Wee Jasper Bridge over Goodradigbee River was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register "New South Wales State Heritage Register") on 20 June 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.
**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**
Through the bridge's association with the expansion of the NSW road network, its ability to demonstrate historically important concepts such as the gradual acceptance of NSW people of American design ideas, and its association with Percy Allan, it has historical significance.
**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**
The bridge exhibits the technical excellence of its design, as all of the structural detail is clearly visible. The bridge is set in an impressive rural landscape, appearing as a natural part of its surroundings. As such, the bridge has substantial aesthetic significance.
**The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**
Timber truss bridges are prominent to road travellers, and NSW has in the past been referred to as the "timber truss bridge state". Through this, the complete set of bridges gain some social significance, as they could be said to be held in reasonable esteem by many travellers in NSW. The Wee Jasper bridge also complements the isolated character of Wee Jasper.
**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**
Rare \- In 1998 there were 38 surviving Allan trusses in NSW of the 105 built, and 82 timber truss road bridges survive from the over 400 built.
**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.**
Representative of Allan truss bridges.
|
[
"Heritage listing\n----------------",
"Completed in 1896, the Wee Jasper bridge is an early example of an Allan type timber truss road bridge, and in 1998 was in good condition. As a timber truss road bridge, it has many associational links with important historical events, trends, and people, including the expansion of the road network and economic activity throughout NSW, and Percy Allan, the designer of this type of truss.\nAllan trusses were third in the five\\-stage design evolution of NSW timber truss bridges, and were a major improvement over the McDonald trusses which preceded them. Allan trusses were 20% cheaper to build than Mc [Donald](/wiki/Donald%2C_Victoria \"Donald, Victoria\") trusses, could carry 50% more load, and were easier to maintain. In 1998 there were 38 surviving Allan trusses in NSW of the 105 built, and 82 timber truss road\nbridges survive from the over 400 built. The Wee Jasper bridge is a representative example of Allan timber truss road bridges, and is assessed as being State significant, primarily on the basis of its technical and historical significance.",
"Wee Jasper Bridge over Goodradigbee River was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register \"New South Wales State Heritage Register\") on 20 June 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**",
"Through the bridge's association with the expansion of the NSW road network, its ability to demonstrate historically important concepts such as the gradual acceptance of NSW people of American design ideas, and its association with Percy Allan, it has historical significance.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**",
"The bridge exhibits the technical excellence of its design, as all of the structural detail is clearly visible. The bridge is set in an impressive rural landscape, appearing as a natural part of its surroundings. As such, the bridge has substantial aesthetic significance.",
"**The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**",
"Timber truss bridges are prominent to road travellers, and NSW has in the past been referred to as the \"timber truss bridge state\". Through this, the complete set of bridges gain some social significance, as they could be said to be held in reasonable esteem by many travellers in NSW. The Wee Jasper bridge also complements the isolated character of Wee Jasper.",
"**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**",
"Rare \\- In 1998 there were 38 surviving Allan trusses in NSW of the 105 built, and 82 timber truss road bridges survive from the over 400 built.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.**",
"Representative of Allan truss bridges.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Raghuram Rathod and Siya Verma are lovers and [ATS](/wiki/Anti-Terrorism_Squad "Anti-Terrorism Squad") officers who lead a happy life despite many dangers. On the day before their marriage, Raghu and Siya are summoned by Aditya Bharadwaj, who assigns them to protect [CM](/wiki/Chief_minister_%28India%29 "Chief minister (India)") Dwarakanath Dutta as someone is plotting to kill Dutta. It is revealed that Bhardwaaj is the one who plotted to kill Dutta. Bharadwaaj secretly blackmails Raghu to murder Dutta in exchange for saving Siya, who is on duty at another location.
Left with no choice, Raghu murders Dutta upon a confrontation from the latter's son Aditya Dutta. Raghu tries to flee, but gets cornered by Bhardwaaj and his man Tiwari. The three take Raghu to a rundown factory and kill him. However, Raghu survives and is charred completely, where he reaches out to his friend Popo. Popo's sister, who works at a lab, explains to them that there is a severe case of radiation and there is no cure for it. Raghu Baby swallows an untested potion which, but this causes a complete [cell regeneration](/wiki/Regeneration_%28biology%29 "Regeneration (biology)"), which causes him to become invisible in all lights except blue light and direct sun light. Siya also believes that Raghu killed Dutta and begins to hate him, where she plunges into work to avoid feeling the pain of heartbreak.
Raghu regains his composure, where he sets out to kill those who landed him into a situation. The first on his target is Tiwari. After a drunken night when Tiwari is driving home, Raghu finds him and tells that he will kill him in 24 hours. A panicked Tiwari narrates this to his colleagues, who don't take him seriously. Raghu kills Tiwari and Siya discovers Raghu, where she tries to tap him via Popo, but Raghu escapes from Siya's arrest. Raghu's next target is Aditya Dutt, whose security is entrusted on Siya. After a long battle with Siya, Raghu manages to kill him, but Siya is not willing to back down.
When senior authorities give the responsibility of shooting down Mr. X in an encounter, Siya backs out from the plan. Raghu gets drawn towards her love and the two spend some special days with each other. The duo goes for lunch to a quiet place, where Raghu realizes it is a police trap and gets arrested. Raghu is taken to a dilapidated place by Bhardwaaj, who wants to make sure that Raghu is dead. Popo, who attempts a suicide after being attacked by Bhardwaaj, tells Siya that Bhardwaj had hatched a plan to kill Raghu.
Siya goes to the place where Raghu and Bhardwaaj engage in a duel. Siya urges Raghu to leave Bhardwaaj. Siya later tricks Bhardwaaj into a nerving confession recorded on camera by her father Devraj and exposes him at a [press conference](/wiki/Press_conference "Press conference"). Bhardwaaj tries to kill Siya, but Raghu kills him. Siya reunites with Raghu despite his condition, where the two get married.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Raghuram Rathod and Siya Verma are lovers and [ATS](/wiki/Anti-Terrorism_Squad \"Anti-Terrorism Squad\") officers who lead a happy life despite many dangers. On the day before their marriage, Raghu and Siya are summoned by Aditya Bharadwaj, who assigns them to protect [CM](/wiki/Chief_minister_%28India%29 \"Chief minister (India)\") Dwarakanath Dutta as someone is plotting to kill Dutta. It is revealed that Bhardwaaj is the one who plotted to kill Dutta. Bharadwaaj secretly blackmails Raghu to murder Dutta in exchange for saving Siya, who is on duty at another location.",
"Left with no choice, Raghu murders Dutta upon a confrontation from the latter's son Aditya Dutta. Raghu tries to flee, but gets cornered by Bhardwaaj and his man Tiwari. The three take Raghu to a rundown factory and kill him. However, Raghu survives and is charred completely, where he reaches out to his friend Popo. Popo's sister, who works at a lab, explains to them that there is a severe case of radiation and there is no cure for it. Raghu Baby swallows an untested potion which, but this causes a complete [cell regeneration](/wiki/Regeneration_%28biology%29 \"Regeneration (biology)\"), which causes him to become invisible in all lights except blue light and direct sun light. Siya also believes that Raghu killed Dutta and begins to hate him, where she plunges into work to avoid feeling the pain of heartbreak.",
"Raghu regains his composure, where he sets out to kill those who landed him into a situation. The first on his target is Tiwari. After a drunken night when Tiwari is driving home, Raghu finds him and tells that he will kill him in 24 hours. A panicked Tiwari narrates this to his colleagues, who don't take him seriously. Raghu kills Tiwari and Siya discovers Raghu, where she tries to tap him via Popo, but Raghu escapes from Siya's arrest. Raghu's next target is Aditya Dutt, whose security is entrusted on Siya. After a long battle with Siya, Raghu manages to kill him, but Siya is not willing to back down.",
"When senior authorities give the responsibility of shooting down Mr. X in an encounter, Siya backs out from the plan. Raghu gets drawn towards her love and the two spend some special days with each other. The duo goes for lunch to a quiet place, where Raghu realizes it is a police trap and gets arrested. Raghu is taken to a dilapidated place by Bhardwaaj, who wants to make sure that Raghu is dead. Popo, who attempts a suicide after being attacked by Bhardwaaj, tells Siya that Bhardwaj had hatched a plan to kill Raghu.",
"Siya goes to the place where Raghu and Bhardwaaj engage in a duel. Siya urges Raghu to leave Bhardwaaj. Siya later tricks Bhardwaaj into a nerving confession recorded on camera by her father Devraj and exposes him at a [press conference](/wiki/Press_conference \"Press conference\"). Bhardwaaj tries to kill Siya, but Raghu kills him. Siya reunites with Raghu despite his condition, where the two get married.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Luis Mariano was born in [Irun](/wiki/Irun "Irun"), Spain on 13 August 1914, the son of a garagiste and taxi\-driver and showed interest in singing as a child. His family moved to France at the start of the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War "Spanish Civil War") and settled in Bordeaux where he studied at the Conservatoire, and also sang in cabarets.Gänzl K. *The Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre.* Blackwell, Oxford, 1994\.
Jeanne Lagiscarde, who was in charge of the classical department of a record store in Bordeaux, took Mariano under her wing, and gave up her job to nurture his talent in Paris. To earn a living, he sang in stage shows and appeared in films, starting with 'L'escalier sans fin' in 1943\. That year he auditioned for the role of Ernesto in *[Don Pasquale](/wiki/Don_Pasquale "Don Pasquale")*, and sang in the opera at the [Palais de Chaillot](/wiki/Palais_de_Chaillot "Palais de Chaillot") and later at the [Théâtre des Variétés](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9s "Théâtre des Variétés"), with [Vina Bovy](/wiki/Vina_Bovy "Vina Bovy"), recording excerpts from the opera. He also left many recordings of popular song and operetta.
He continued to appear in other films from 1946, including a singing role in *[Napoléon](/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_%281955_film%29 "Napoléon (1955 film)")* and a film adaptation of Lehar's *[Der Zarewitsch](/wiki/The_Little_Czar "The Little Czar")*.
In his encyclopedia Gänzl describes Mariano as a "svelte singing idol of French operetta of the post\-war stage and screen". Mariano died in Paris in 1970\.
His music is featured prominently in the 1996 [Belgian](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") film *[Le huitième jour](/wiki/Le_huiti%C3%A8me_jour "Le huitième jour")* in which he is played by [Laszlo Harmati](/wiki/Laszlo_Harmati "Laszlo Harmati") during scenes employing [magical realism](/wiki/Magical_realism "Magical realism").
In 2014, French baritone [David Serero](/wiki/David_Serero_%28opera_singer%29 "David Serero (opera singer)") recorded an album with Mariano classics performed in a Jazz version for the 100th anniversary of his birth: *David Serero chante Luis Mariano – jazz version.*
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Luis Mariano was born in [Irun](/wiki/Irun \"Irun\"), Spain on 13 August 1914, the son of a garagiste and taxi\\-driver and showed interest in singing as a child. His family moved to France at the start of the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\") and settled in Bordeaux where he studied at the Conservatoire, and also sang in cabarets.Gänzl K. *The Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre.* Blackwell, Oxford, 1994\\.",
"Jeanne Lagiscarde, who was in charge of the classical department of a record store in Bordeaux, took Mariano under her wing, and gave up her job to nurture his talent in Paris. To earn a living, he sang in stage shows and appeared in films, starting with 'L'escalier sans fin' in 1943\\. That year he auditioned for the role of Ernesto in *[Don Pasquale](/wiki/Don_Pasquale \"Don Pasquale\")*, and sang in the opera at the [Palais de Chaillot](/wiki/Palais_de_Chaillot \"Palais de Chaillot\") and later at the [Théâtre des Variétés](/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9s \"Théâtre des Variétés\"), with [Vina Bovy](/wiki/Vina_Bovy \"Vina Bovy\"), recording excerpts from the opera. He also left many recordings of popular song and operetta.",
"He continued to appear in other films from 1946, including a singing role in *[Napoléon](/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_%281955_film%29 \"Napoléon (1955 film)\")* and a film adaptation of Lehar's *[Der Zarewitsch](/wiki/The_Little_Czar \"The Little Czar\")*.",
"In his encyclopedia Gänzl describes Mariano as a \"svelte singing idol of French operetta of the post\\-war stage and screen\". Mariano died in Paris in 1970\\.",
"His music is featured prominently in the 1996 [Belgian](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") film *[Le huitième jour](/wiki/Le_huiti%C3%A8me_jour \"Le huitième jour\")* in which he is played by [Laszlo Harmati](/wiki/Laszlo_Harmati \"Laszlo Harmati\") during scenes employing [magical realism](/wiki/Magical_realism \"Magical realism\").",
"In 2014, French baritone [David Serero](/wiki/David_Serero_%28opera_singer%29 \"David Serero (opera singer)\") recorded an album with Mariano classics performed in a Jazz version for the 100th anniversary of his birth: *David Serero chante Luis Mariano – jazz version.*",
""
] |
Dan Wesson revolvers
--------------------
[thumb\|Dan Wesson revolver in .357 Magnum with barrels](/wiki/File:Dan_Wesson_Revolver.jpg "Dan Wesson Revolver.jpg")
[thumb\|Dan Wesson, barrel system](/wiki/File:Dan_Wesson_Wechsel-Laufsystem.jpg "Dan Wesson Wechsel-Laufsystem.jpg")
The double\-action revolver design introduced by Dan Wesson was invented by Karl R. Lewis.[Karl Lewis – Revolver Designer Official Web Site](http://www.rareguncollection.com) Lewis was responsible for a number of new firearms designs while working for various firearms manufacturers, including the Army's 40mm break\-open grenade launcher and the .357 caliber Colt Trooper revolver. Lewis had previously invented an interchangeable barrel system for revolvers, and this system was incorporated into the Dan Wesson prototype. While nearly all revolvers are constructed with a barrel screwed tightly to a frame (which must be removed and installed by an experienced gunsmith), Lewis' idea was to house the barrel tube within a separate shroud secured by a nut at the muzzle, which places tension on the barrel and provides support at both ends of the barrel. By unscrewing the muzzle nut, the shroud and barrel could be removed and replaced with different barrel lengths and shroud configurations. The fact that the DW barrel is supported and placed under tension at both ends (along with the ability to fine\-tune barrel\-cylinder gap) resulted in markedly increased accuracy over conventional revolver designs.
Another difference in the new design was the placement of the cylinder release latch. Other revolvers place this latch on the frame, behind the cylinder. The Dan Wesson revolvers have the latch mounted on the cylinder crane, which was intended to increase the strength of the revolver by placing the locking mechanism at the point where the cylinder crane fits into the frame. Another change from most other existing designs was the use of a coil mainspring, which Lewis had pioneered with his design of the Colt Trooper .357\. Revolvers with flat mainsprings must have a metal framework to anchor one end, while the other contacts the hammer. This framework generally forms the primary shape of the handgrip, to which the stocks are attached. The Dan Wesson design houses the coil mainspring inside a short extension of the frame, and the stock attaches to this extension with a screw inserted vertically through the bottom of the stock. The lack of a steel frame outline permits a wider amount of grip sizes and styles, since any grip that can accept the short mainspring housing can be used.
The first interchangeable barrel revolvers produced were the Dan Wesson Models W8, W9, W11, and W12, all medium\-frame size frame revolvers chambered in .38 Special or .357 Magnum. The W8 and W11 had either a fixed rear sight, or a rear sight adjustable only for windage, while the W9 and W12 featured a rear sight fully adjustable for both windage and elevation. The barrels and shrouds for both models were interchangeable and used a large externally mounted nut on the muzzle end to secure the barrel and shroud. The shrouds on these early models had an elongated flange (known to collectors as "Pork Chop" shrouds) which mated with the front of the revolver's frame. Initial barrel/shroud options were 2 1/2\-inch, 4\-inch, 6\-inch, and 8\-inches. A custom barrel nut wrench and feeler gauge were supplied with each pistol, and barrel changes could be accomplished in two minutes or less.Carpenteri, Stephen D. (Ed). *The Gun Trader's Guide: A Comprehensive, Fully\-Illustrated Guide*, 34th ed., SkyHorse Publishing Company, {{ISBN\|978\-1\-61608\-843\-9}} (2012\), pp. 190–191
### Models 14 and 15
In 1971, DW introduced the Models 14 (fixed sights) and 15 (adjustable sights) in .357 Magnum caliber. The new models still used the "pork chop" flanged barrel assembly, but the muzzle nut was redesigned and recessed inside the shroud to improve the gun's appearance. As a result, barrel change tools for the Models 12 and 15 are non\-interchangeable. Another new feature was the introduction of a mechanical stop to prevent trigger overtravel, which reduces the effect of trigger movement on the gun itself while reducing trigger return time, thus increasing accuracy.Peterson, Phillip and Johnson, Andrew (eds), *The Gun Digest Book of Modern Gun Values*, 18th Ed, Krause Publications, {{ISBN\|978\-1\-4402\-4501\-5}}(2016\), pp. 251–253 Models W11 and W12 were discontinued in 1974\.
### Models 14\-2 and 15\-2
During 1975–1976, further refinements to the Models 14 and 15 were incorporated into production as the Models 14\-2 and 15\-2\. The Model 15\-2 became the most well known and the best selling Dan Wesson revolver model to go into production. The 15\-2 used a roll pin inserted into the frame as a centering dowel combined with a precisely drilled hole in each shroud assembly to facilitate proper shroud centering and alignment, thus eliminating the need for flanged barrel shrouds. The 15\-2 introduced more barrel and shroud options, including barrel/shroud lengths of 2\.5, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 15 inches, partial or fully lugged shrouds with choices of solid or ventilated ribs, plus removable and interchangeable front sights. The Model 15\-2 could be ordered as "Pistol Pacs" with 3 (initially) and later 4 (or more) barrel/shroud sets shipped inside a fiberglass briefcase with barrel changing tool and clearance gauges; however, most pistols were sold with only one barrel, with the buyers able to purchase other barrels later. All barrels and shrouds within a model series are compatible, thus a Model 15\-2 frame from the 1970s may be equipped with a barrel from the 1990s and shroud made in 2016\. The 15\-2 increased sales markedly over the earlier models, and were often seen in use with both target shooters and hunters.
### Large Frame Magnum models
In late 1980, after three years of development the Dan Wesson company introduced a large\-framed revolver in [.44 Magnum](/wiki/.44_Magnum ".44 Magnum")/[Special](/wiki/.44_Special ".44 Special") caliber, intended for hunters and target shooters (especially metal plate or silhouette target competitions).Taffin, John, *A Massive New Dan Wesson .44*, Sixgunner (1981\), pp. 39–43 Designed for extended use with full\-power magnum loads, the new Model 44 used a larger and stronger frame than the Smith \& Wesson Model 29 (M44 weight was 48 ounces with a 4\-inch barrel), and featured a solid frame without a separate sideplate, which also increased strength.Metcalf, Dick, *Dan Wesson Revolvers Return*, Guns \& Ammo online (3 Jan 2011\), retrieved 5 November 2016 In addition to the one\-piece frame, the Model 44 incorporated other new features designed to increase accuracy, such as broached rifling and choke\-bored barrels.
The Model 44 or Large Frame Dan Wesson was initially offered with 4", 6", 8", or 10" interchangeable barrel/shroud options, and most guns shipped with a 6\-inch barrel. A 2 1/2" barrel/shroud was later introduced, available as a separate option from the factory. Like the Model 15\-2, the Model 44 could also be purchased with a variety of shroud configurations – either partial lug or full lug with a solid rib or ventilated\-rib barrel. The Model 44 could also be obtained with a "Power Control" barrel compensator.Bradshaw, David, *A New Look At The New Dan Wesson .44*, American Handgunner (Sep/Oct 1981\), pp. 38–41 This was a stainless steel barrel drilled radially at the muzzle end with a series of small ports. Two small vents cut into the top of the barrel shroud vented excess gas and reduced apparent recoil of the gun, although this feature eliminated the option of using cast lead bullets due to lead and carbon accumulation. At the time, Dan Wesson M44 was the lightest recoiling .44 magnum ever produced. Light recoil was a side benefit in IHMSA silhouette competitions. The Model 44's high level of intrinsic accuracy, combined with an excellent trigger, and fast lock time, caused a surge in popularity of the M44 in heavy\-caliber revolver competition, though the gun was also popular with handgun hunters and sportsmen who desired a gun for personal protection against bears or other large predators. The Power Control barrel and vented shroud were eventually dropped, though DW did experiment with an external shroud\-mounted compensator in later models.
Within a few years, Dan Wesson introduce their Large Frame revolver in other calibers, including [.41 Magnum](/wiki/.41_Magnum ".41 Magnum") (Model 41\) and [.45 Long Colt](/wiki/.45_Long_Colt ".45 Long Colt") (Model 45\). Stainless steel version of these guns were designated with a 7\-prefix (i.e. Model 744, 745, 746 etc.)
|
[
"Dan Wesson revolvers\n--------------------",
"[thumb\\|Dan Wesson revolver in .357 Magnum with barrels](/wiki/File:Dan_Wesson_Revolver.jpg \"Dan Wesson Revolver.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Dan Wesson, barrel system](/wiki/File:Dan_Wesson_Wechsel-Laufsystem.jpg \"Dan Wesson Wechsel-Laufsystem.jpg\")",
"The double\\-action revolver design introduced by Dan Wesson was invented by Karl R. Lewis.[Karl Lewis – Revolver Designer Official Web Site](http://www.rareguncollection.com) Lewis was responsible for a number of new firearms designs while working for various firearms manufacturers, including the Army's 40mm break\\-open grenade launcher and the .357 caliber Colt Trooper revolver. Lewis had previously invented an interchangeable barrel system for revolvers, and this system was incorporated into the Dan Wesson prototype. While nearly all revolvers are constructed with a barrel screwed tightly to a frame (which must be removed and installed by an experienced gunsmith), Lewis' idea was to house the barrel tube within a separate shroud secured by a nut at the muzzle, which places tension on the barrel and provides support at both ends of the barrel. By unscrewing the muzzle nut, the shroud and barrel could be removed and replaced with different barrel lengths and shroud configurations. The fact that the DW barrel is supported and placed under tension at both ends (along with the ability to fine\\-tune barrel\\-cylinder gap) resulted in markedly increased accuracy over conventional revolver designs.",
"Another difference in the new design was the placement of the cylinder release latch. Other revolvers place this latch on the frame, behind the cylinder. The Dan Wesson revolvers have the latch mounted on the cylinder crane, which was intended to increase the strength of the revolver by placing the locking mechanism at the point where the cylinder crane fits into the frame. Another change from most other existing designs was the use of a coil mainspring, which Lewis had pioneered with his design of the Colt Trooper .357\\. Revolvers with flat mainsprings must have a metal framework to anchor one end, while the other contacts the hammer. This framework generally forms the primary shape of the handgrip, to which the stocks are attached. The Dan Wesson design houses the coil mainspring inside a short extension of the frame, and the stock attaches to this extension with a screw inserted vertically through the bottom of the stock. The lack of a steel frame outline permits a wider amount of grip sizes and styles, since any grip that can accept the short mainspring housing can be used.",
"The first interchangeable barrel revolvers produced were the Dan Wesson Models W8, W9, W11, and W12, all medium\\-frame size frame revolvers chambered in .38 Special or .357 Magnum. The W8 and W11 had either a fixed rear sight, or a rear sight adjustable only for windage, while the W9 and W12 featured a rear sight fully adjustable for both windage and elevation. The barrels and shrouds for both models were interchangeable and used a large externally mounted nut on the muzzle end to secure the barrel and shroud. The shrouds on these early models had an elongated flange (known to collectors as \"Pork Chop\" shrouds) which mated with the front of the revolver's frame. Initial barrel/shroud options were 2 1/2\\-inch, 4\\-inch, 6\\-inch, and 8\\-inches. A custom barrel nut wrench and feeler gauge were supplied with each pistol, and barrel changes could be accomplished in two minutes or less.Carpenteri, Stephen D. (Ed). *The Gun Trader's Guide: A Comprehensive, Fully\\-Illustrated Guide*, 34th ed., SkyHorse Publishing Company, {{ISBN\\|978\\-1\\-61608\\-843\\-9}} (2012\\), pp. 190–191",
"### Models 14 and 15",
"In 1971, DW introduced the Models 14 (fixed sights) and 15 (adjustable sights) in .357 Magnum caliber. The new models still used the \"pork chop\" flanged barrel assembly, but the muzzle nut was redesigned and recessed inside the shroud to improve the gun's appearance. As a result, barrel change tools for the Models 12 and 15 are non\\-interchangeable. Another new feature was the introduction of a mechanical stop to prevent trigger overtravel, which reduces the effect of trigger movement on the gun itself while reducing trigger return time, thus increasing accuracy.Peterson, Phillip and Johnson, Andrew (eds), *The Gun Digest Book of Modern Gun Values*, 18th Ed, Krause Publications, {{ISBN\\|978\\-1\\-4402\\-4501\\-5}}(2016\\), pp. 251–253 Models W11 and W12 were discontinued in 1974\\.",
"### Models 14\\-2 and 15\\-2",
"During 1975–1976, further refinements to the Models 14 and 15 were incorporated into production as the Models 14\\-2 and 15\\-2\\. The Model 15\\-2 became the most well known and the best selling Dan Wesson revolver model to go into production. The 15\\-2 used a roll pin inserted into the frame as a centering dowel combined with a precisely drilled hole in each shroud assembly to facilitate proper shroud centering and alignment, thus eliminating the need for flanged barrel shrouds. The 15\\-2 introduced more barrel and shroud options, including barrel/shroud lengths of 2\\.5, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 15 inches, partial or fully lugged shrouds with choices of solid or ventilated ribs, plus removable and interchangeable front sights. The Model 15\\-2 could be ordered as \"Pistol Pacs\" with 3 (initially) and later 4 (or more) barrel/shroud sets shipped inside a fiberglass briefcase with barrel changing tool and clearance gauges; however, most pistols were sold with only one barrel, with the buyers able to purchase other barrels later. All barrels and shrouds within a model series are compatible, thus a Model 15\\-2 frame from the 1970s may be equipped with a barrel from the 1990s and shroud made in 2016\\. The 15\\-2 increased sales markedly over the earlier models, and were often seen in use with both target shooters and hunters.",
"### Large Frame Magnum models",
"In late 1980, after three years of development the Dan Wesson company introduced a large\\-framed revolver in [.44 Magnum](/wiki/.44_Magnum \".44 Magnum\")/[Special](/wiki/.44_Special \".44 Special\") caliber, intended for hunters and target shooters (especially metal plate or silhouette target competitions).Taffin, John, *A Massive New Dan Wesson .44*, Sixgunner (1981\\), pp. 39–43 Designed for extended use with full\\-power magnum loads, the new Model 44 used a larger and stronger frame than the Smith \\& Wesson Model 29 (M44 weight was 48 ounces with a 4\\-inch barrel), and featured a solid frame without a separate sideplate, which also increased strength.Metcalf, Dick, *Dan Wesson Revolvers Return*, Guns \\& Ammo online (3 Jan 2011\\), retrieved 5 November 2016 In addition to the one\\-piece frame, the Model 44 incorporated other new features designed to increase accuracy, such as broached rifling and choke\\-bored barrels.",
"The Model 44 or Large Frame Dan Wesson was initially offered with 4\", 6\", 8\", or 10\" interchangeable barrel/shroud options, and most guns shipped with a 6\\-inch barrel. A 2 1/2\" barrel/shroud was later introduced, available as a separate option from the factory. Like the Model 15\\-2, the Model 44 could also be purchased with a variety of shroud configurations – either partial lug or full lug with a solid rib or ventilated\\-rib barrel. The Model 44 could also be obtained with a \"Power Control\" barrel compensator.Bradshaw, David, *A New Look At The New Dan Wesson .44*, American Handgunner (Sep/Oct 1981\\), pp. 38–41 This was a stainless steel barrel drilled radially at the muzzle end with a series of small ports. Two small vents cut into the top of the barrel shroud vented excess gas and reduced apparent recoil of the gun, although this feature eliminated the option of using cast lead bullets due to lead and carbon accumulation. At the time, Dan Wesson M44 was the lightest recoiling .44 magnum ever produced. Light recoil was a side benefit in IHMSA silhouette competitions. The Model 44's high level of intrinsic accuracy, combined with an excellent trigger, and fast lock time, caused a surge in popularity of the M44 in heavy\\-caliber revolver competition, though the gun was also popular with handgun hunters and sportsmen who desired a gun for personal protection against bears or other large predators. The Power Control barrel and vented shroud were eventually dropped, though DW did experiment with an external shroud\\-mounted compensator in later models.",
"Within a few years, Dan Wesson introduce their Large Frame revolver in other calibers, including [.41 Magnum](/wiki/.41_Magnum \".41 Magnum\") (Model 41\\) and [.45 Long Colt](/wiki/.45_Long_Colt \".45 Long Colt\") (Model 45\\). Stainless steel version of these guns were designated with a 7\\-prefix (i.e. Model 744, 745, 746 etc.)",
""
] |
Political career
----------------
Walter J. Kohler Jr. decided to move into politics in 1948 and he joined Team [Stassen](/wiki/Harold_Stassen "Harold Stassen") for the [presidential elections](/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries "1948 Republican Party presidential primaries"). While this was unsuccessful, his networking and hard work in politics paid off when he became the [33rd](/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Wisconsin "List of Governors of Wisconsin") [Governor of Wisconsin](/wiki/Governor_of_Wisconsin "Governor of Wisconsin") in 1951\.Reeves p. 198\-200\. Walter had experienced politics first hand, being active in his father's reelection campaign in 1932\. After returning from the war, he thought of running for the [United States Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate"), but that was also the driving ambition of [Joseph R. McCarthy](/wiki/Joseph_R._McCarthy "Joseph R. McCarthy"), an ex\-Marine who had run for the Senate two years earlier. Walter had little choice but to step aside.
In the late 1940s, Walter rose within the [Wisconsin Republican Party](/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin "Republican Party of Wisconsin") by making friends, working for others, and winning the support of industrialist [Tom Coleman](/wiki/Thomas_E._Coleman "Thomas E. Coleman"), a dominant force within the Party. In 1948, Kohler was a delegate to the [national convention](/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention "1948 Republican National Convention") and made it clear that he was a moderate Republican in the mold of the Republican presidential candidate, [Thomas Dewey](/wiki/Thomas_Dewey "Thomas Dewey").
Dewey's unpredictable loss to [Harry S Truman](/wiki/Harry_S_Truman "Harry S Truman") prompted many Republicans for the next few years to employ "[Red Scare](/wiki/Red_Scare "Red Scare")" tactics. The practice of "irresponsibly" labeling Democratic opponents as Communists or pro\-Communists would help many of them win office. Kohler was never sympathetic to the right\-wing, [McCarthyite](/wiki/McCarthyism "McCarthyism") wing of the party. Still, he made infrequent gestures in that direction to appeal to the many Wisconsinites who were certain that their junior senator's charges were on target. Moreover, Kohler thought that at times, such as in the case against [Alger Hiss](/wiki/Alger_Hiss "Alger Hiss"), McCarthy and his allies were on the right track.
### Governor of Wisconsin
In 1950, Walter was elected governor, winning 59 of 71 counties in what was a Republican sweep of state offices. Legislators, journalists, and the public soon praised his friendliness, hard\-work, and integrity. During the next two years, Wisconsin prospered economically, had a budget surplus, and enjoyed tax cuts. Of 55 specific gubernatorial proposals for legislation, 47 were passed. The package included two civil rights measures, a hike in old age pensions, and improved unemployment and workmen's compensation benefits.
During his re\-election bid in 1952, Kohler worked successfully for the [nomination](/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries "1952 Republican Party presidential primaries") of moderate [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower"). When the candidate was about to campaign in Wisconsin, Kohler privately asked Eisenhower to alter a proposed Milwaukee speech that was critical of McCarthy. At the heart of the request was the desire to unify Republican Party and to carry Wisconsin at the polls. Eisenhower reluctantly agreed, and the strategy largely paid off. Republicans won the White House and control of [Congress](/wiki/83rd_United_States_Congress "83rd United States Congress"), McCarthy and Kohler (they officially supported each other) were reelected, and Republicans retained control of the state legislature.
Walter admitted to being offered various positions in Washington, D.C., including at least one on the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House") staff during his second term as governor. He turned them all down largely because of the resistance of his wife to further political activity.Reeves, P. 299\-300\.
The Republican sweep intensified the commitment of local Democrats to gain power. [Bill Proxmire](/wiki/William_Proxmire "William Proxmire"), the man Kohler defeated handily, began to campaign the day after the election to win the governorship in 1954\. Kohler defeated Proxmire again in 1954\. At the conclusion of his third two\-year term in 1956, he had built an impressive record that included advances in higher education, redistricting, highway construction, public welfare, conservation, and the criminal and children's law codes. During his terms in office, 89 of the governor's 92 vetoes were sustained by the Republican\-dominated legislatures. State government under Walter's watch was efficient, clean, and fiscally responsible.
### Senate campaign
In the meantime, Anti\-McCarthy forces from the political center and left stepped up their nationwide efforts to bring down the Wisconsin Senator and end the Second Red Scare. In May 1957, Senator McCarthy died unexpectedly. A special election was called to fill the remaining years of his term and, for the third time in five years, Walter Kohler Jr. faced off against William Proxmire in a Wisconsin statewide election.
Kohler and Proxmire campaigned diligently for the vacant Senate seat. The McCarthyite wing of the GOP in large part turned against Walter (as it had against Eisenhower), and this lack of support, accompanied by Proxmire's populist rhetoric and financial support from labor unions, prompted a dramatic upset win for the tireless Democrat. Proxmire would represent Wisconsin in the United States Senate for the next 32 years.
|
[
"Political career\n----------------",
"Walter J. Kohler Jr. decided to move into politics in 1948 and he joined Team [Stassen](/wiki/Harold_Stassen \"Harold Stassen\") for the [presidential elections](/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries \"1948 Republican Party presidential primaries\"). While this was unsuccessful, his networking and hard work in politics paid off when he became the [33rd](/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Wisconsin \"List of Governors of Wisconsin\") [Governor of Wisconsin](/wiki/Governor_of_Wisconsin \"Governor of Wisconsin\") in 1951\\.Reeves p. 198\\-200\\. Walter had experienced politics first hand, being active in his father's reelection campaign in 1932\\. After returning from the war, he thought of running for the [United States Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\"), but that was also the driving ambition of [Joseph R. McCarthy](/wiki/Joseph_R._McCarthy \"Joseph R. McCarthy\"), an ex\\-Marine who had run for the Senate two years earlier. Walter had little choice but to step aside.",
"In the late 1940s, Walter rose within the [Wisconsin Republican Party](/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin \"Republican Party of Wisconsin\") by making friends, working for others, and winning the support of industrialist [Tom Coleman](/wiki/Thomas_E._Coleman \"Thomas E. Coleman\"), a dominant force within the Party. In 1948, Kohler was a delegate to the [national convention](/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention \"1948 Republican National Convention\") and made it clear that he was a moderate Republican in the mold of the Republican presidential candidate, [Thomas Dewey](/wiki/Thomas_Dewey \"Thomas Dewey\").",
"Dewey's unpredictable loss to [Harry S Truman](/wiki/Harry_S_Truman \"Harry S Truman\") prompted many Republicans for the next few years to employ \"[Red Scare](/wiki/Red_Scare \"Red Scare\")\" tactics. The practice of \"irresponsibly\" labeling Democratic opponents as Communists or pro\\-Communists would help many of them win office. Kohler was never sympathetic to the right\\-wing, [McCarthyite](/wiki/McCarthyism \"McCarthyism\") wing of the party. Still, he made infrequent gestures in that direction to appeal to the many Wisconsinites who were certain that their junior senator's charges were on target. Moreover, Kohler thought that at times, such as in the case against [Alger Hiss](/wiki/Alger_Hiss \"Alger Hiss\"), McCarthy and his allies were on the right track.",
"### Governor of Wisconsin",
"In 1950, Walter was elected governor, winning 59 of 71 counties in what was a Republican sweep of state offices. Legislators, journalists, and the public soon praised his friendliness, hard\\-work, and integrity. During the next two years, Wisconsin prospered economically, had a budget surplus, and enjoyed tax cuts. Of 55 specific gubernatorial proposals for legislation, 47 were passed. The package included two civil rights measures, a hike in old age pensions, and improved unemployment and workmen's compensation benefits.",
"During his re\\-election bid in 1952, Kohler worked successfully for the [nomination](/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries \"1952 Republican Party presidential primaries\") of moderate [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower \"Dwight D. Eisenhower\"). When the candidate was about to campaign in Wisconsin, Kohler privately asked Eisenhower to alter a proposed Milwaukee speech that was critical of McCarthy. At the heart of the request was the desire to unify Republican Party and to carry Wisconsin at the polls. Eisenhower reluctantly agreed, and the strategy largely paid off. Republicans won the White House and control of [Congress](/wiki/83rd_United_States_Congress \"83rd United States Congress\"), McCarthy and Kohler (they officially supported each other) were reelected, and Republicans retained control of the state legislature.",
"Walter admitted to being offered various positions in Washington, D.C., including at least one on the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\") staff during his second term as governor. He turned them all down largely because of the resistance of his wife to further political activity.Reeves, P. 299\\-300\\.",
"The Republican sweep intensified the commitment of local Democrats to gain power. [Bill Proxmire](/wiki/William_Proxmire \"William Proxmire\"), the man Kohler defeated handily, began to campaign the day after the election to win the governorship in 1954\\. Kohler defeated Proxmire again in 1954\\. At the conclusion of his third two\\-year term in 1956, he had built an impressive record that included advances in higher education, redistricting, highway construction, public welfare, conservation, and the criminal and children's law codes. During his terms in office, 89 of the governor's 92 vetoes were sustained by the Republican\\-dominated legislatures. State government under Walter's watch was efficient, clean, and fiscally responsible.",
"### Senate campaign",
"In the meantime, Anti\\-McCarthy forces from the political center and left stepped up their nationwide efforts to bring down the Wisconsin Senator and end the Second Red Scare. In May 1957, Senator McCarthy died unexpectedly. A special election was called to fill the remaining years of his term and, for the third time in five years, Walter Kohler Jr. faced off against William Proxmire in a Wisconsin statewide election.",
"Kohler and Proxmire campaigned diligently for the vacant Senate seat. The McCarthyite wing of the GOP in large part turned against Walter (as it had against Eisenhower), and this lack of support, accompanied by Proxmire's populist rhetoric and financial support from labor unions, prompted a dramatic upset win for the tireless Democrat. Proxmire would represent Wisconsin in the United States Senate for the next 32 years.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Mo and Rashid "Rash" are teenage brothers of [Egyptian](/wiki/Egyptians "Egyptians") descent living with their parents in [Hackney](/wiki/Hackney_Central "Hackney Central"). Elder brother Rash is fiercely protective of Mo, giving him a TV when he does well and encouraging him to stay in school. However Mo begins to want to emulate Rash who works as a low level drug dealer, and is able to use money from his job to pay for small luxuries to make their lives more comfortable.
Mo is robbed by rival gang members while trying to do a drop\-off for his brother. He calls Rash and his friends later when he spots the gang members at the corner store near where he lives. The confrontation between Rash's gang and his rival Demon's gang quickly grows violent and after Demon's dog is stabbed Demon retaliates by stabbing and killing Izzi, Rash's best friend.
Rash acquires a gun and plans to shoot Demon in retaliation. He finds Demon at a tattoo parlour but is unable to complete the task after seeing that Demon's little brother is there, wearing the shoes he lifted from Mo. Rash begins to dream of getting out of the gang the way Izzi was planning on doing before he was murdered. He grows close to Sayyid, a French photographer who had been helping Izzi to get legal employment. After he tells Sayyid that he wants to leave the gang Sayyid offers him a job as a photography assistant working with him.
Mo begins to grow jealous of Rash and Sayyid's increasing closeness and the respect that Rash has for him. When he is offered the opportunity to join Rash's gang as a dealer he takes it. In the meantime Sayyid kisses Rashid while they are playing around. Initially repulsed at the idea of kissing another man, Rash tries to go back to his old lifestyle. However he finds himself changed and ends up going back to Sayyid and starting a relationship with him. Mo, growing suspicious that Rash is not in fact working, goes to Sayyid's home to spy and sees the two men undressed and realizes what is going on. Angry at his brother, Mo continues to deal drugs and become further entrenched in Rash's old gang. Eventually Rash finds Mo's money and drugs. He confronts his former friends telling them that he will kill Demon in exchange for them allowing Mo to walk away from the drug business and his family to stay safe and unharmed. Upset that Rash has isolated him from his "family" Mo ends up telling Rash's former girlfriend Vanessa that Rash is gay. She spreads it around the neighbourhood and Rash's former friends give him the address of a house belonging to Demon which is actually a set up so they can kill Rash. However Rash manages to escape from the house.
The day after Rash's escape some of his friends go to Mo and tell him that Rash was hurt killing Demon and is hiding out at Sayyid's place. Mo goes with them but becomes suspicious when he sees plastic gloves, the kind that the gang uses for killings, hanging out of one of the men's pockets. Mo leads his friend to the apartment adjacent to Sayyid's. His friend pulls a gun on the woman who answers the door, and when she screams Rash and Sayyid come running out of his building. Mo ends up taking a bullet for Rash as his former friend gets in the car and runs away.
At the hospital Rash is approached by his parents who tell him that Mo will be okay and ask him to forget about Sayyid and come home. Rash refuses.
Sometime later when Mo has been released from the hospital he is approached by Rash outside the building where he lives. He and Rash have a brief conversation and he tells Rash that the family is fine and he doesn't need to return. After they hug Rash walks off towards his new life.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Mo and Rashid \"Rash\" are teenage brothers of [Egyptian](/wiki/Egyptians \"Egyptians\") descent living with their parents in [Hackney](/wiki/Hackney_Central \"Hackney Central\"). Elder brother Rash is fiercely protective of Mo, giving him a TV when he does well and encouraging him to stay in school. However Mo begins to want to emulate Rash who works as a low level drug dealer, and is able to use money from his job to pay for small luxuries to make their lives more comfortable.",
"Mo is robbed by rival gang members while trying to do a drop\\-off for his brother. He calls Rash and his friends later when he spots the gang members at the corner store near where he lives. The confrontation between Rash's gang and his rival Demon's gang quickly grows violent and after Demon's dog is stabbed Demon retaliates by stabbing and killing Izzi, Rash's best friend.",
"Rash acquires a gun and plans to shoot Demon in retaliation. He finds Demon at a tattoo parlour but is unable to complete the task after seeing that Demon's little brother is there, wearing the shoes he lifted from Mo. Rash begins to dream of getting out of the gang the way Izzi was planning on doing before he was murdered. He grows close to Sayyid, a French photographer who had been helping Izzi to get legal employment. After he tells Sayyid that he wants to leave the gang Sayyid offers him a job as a photography assistant working with him.",
"Mo begins to grow jealous of Rash and Sayyid's increasing closeness and the respect that Rash has for him. When he is offered the opportunity to join Rash's gang as a dealer he takes it. In the meantime Sayyid kisses Rashid while they are playing around. Initially repulsed at the idea of kissing another man, Rash tries to go back to his old lifestyle. However he finds himself changed and ends up going back to Sayyid and starting a relationship with him. Mo, growing suspicious that Rash is not in fact working, goes to Sayyid's home to spy and sees the two men undressed and realizes what is going on. Angry at his brother, Mo continues to deal drugs and become further entrenched in Rash's old gang. Eventually Rash finds Mo's money and drugs. He confronts his former friends telling them that he will kill Demon in exchange for them allowing Mo to walk away from the drug business and his family to stay safe and unharmed. Upset that Rash has isolated him from his \"family\" Mo ends up telling Rash's former girlfriend Vanessa that Rash is gay. She spreads it around the neighbourhood and Rash's former friends give him the address of a house belonging to Demon which is actually a set up so they can kill Rash. However Rash manages to escape from the house.",
"The day after Rash's escape some of his friends go to Mo and tell him that Rash was hurt killing Demon and is hiding out at Sayyid's place. Mo goes with them but becomes suspicious when he sees plastic gloves, the kind that the gang uses for killings, hanging out of one of the men's pockets. Mo leads his friend to the apartment adjacent to Sayyid's. His friend pulls a gun on the woman who answers the door, and when she screams Rash and Sayyid come running out of his building. Mo ends up taking a bullet for Rash as his former friend gets in the car and runs away.",
"At the hospital Rash is approached by his parents who tell him that Mo will be okay and ask him to forget about Sayyid and come home. Rash refuses.",
"Sometime later when Mo has been released from the hospital he is approached by Rash outside the building where he lives. He and Rash have a brief conversation and he tells Rash that the family is fine and he doesn't need to return. After they hug Rash walks off towards his new life.",
""
] |
Gameplay
--------
[thumb\|Citadels](/wiki/File:Deskohran%C3%AD_2008_0045.jpg "Deskohraní 2008 0045.jpg")
The basic goal is to collect gold coins and pay to build district cards. The value of each card is equal to its points at the end of the game. The player with the most points at the end of the game wins.
Gameplay consists of multiple rounds with two phases: character selection and actions.
### Character Selection Phase
Characters are selected through a partially secret draft. Characters determine the turn order during the action phase, each has a different in\-game ability, and four special characters provide the opportunity to collect extra gold.
Beginning with the player possessing the crown counter, players take it in turn to choose a character card secretly before passing the hand to the next player.
To add further strategy to the game, only some characters are available each round. Unavailable characters are selected randomly, and may be revealed or hidden, depending on the number of people playing. The first player to draft always knows the first face down character that is out of play and the last player to draft always knows the last card that is placed face down after the draft.
Player count determines how many characters out of eight are in play and how many characters that are not in play are hidden or visible:
* In special 2\-3 player versions of the game each player controls multiple characters during the action phase. Rules vary as to which cards are placed out of play.
* In 4\-7 player games each player controls one character during the action phase.
+ In 4 player games two cards are placed face up and one face down before drafting.
+ In 5 player games one card is placed face up and one face down before drafting.
+ In 6\-7 player games one card is placed face down before drafting.
- The 7th player has a choice between the face down card and the last card available at the end of the draft.
* **Special Rule**: The king card may never be displayed face up before drafting and must be shuffled back into the Character Deck then replaced.
### Action Phase
After character selection is finished, characters are called out in order of the numbers on the top left corner of each card to take their actions.
Characters that are out of play are skipped and the next character takes their action phase. The actions involve: taking income (either two *gold coins* or looking at two *district cards* and keeping one), building district cards, and using character\-specific abilities. Special characters that are labeled as yellow, blue, green, or red may take coins equal to the amount of buildings with the corresponding color they have built into their tableau (i.e. personal playing field).
Characters are then reshuffled and a new turn begins with players selecting new characters in the same process.
### Ending the Game
When a player 'builds' their eighth district card in their tableau, the game ends and points are tallied. Bonus points are awarded for building the maximum 8 districts, being the first to do so, and having a district of each possible color (purple, yellow, red, blue, green).
There are several cards that affect the end of the game. A player can build the "Belltower" district card to cause the game to end with 7 districts instead of 8\. This affects the appropriate bonus points and the warlord/diplomat abilities.
### Characters
[thumb\|Citadels](/wiki/File:GOADA_2008_%28a%29_127.jpg "GOADA 2008 (a) 127.jpg")
The abilities associated with each character vary and include defensive, offensive, and bonus earning powers. The original set contained eight character cards:
* Assassin (No. 1\) \- May name one character (not player). That character may not take their turn this round.
* Thief (No. 2\) \- May name one character (not player). At the beginning of their turn, that character must give the Thief all of their gold pieces (excluding income of the current round).
* Magician (No. 3\) \- May swap hands with one player.
* King (No. 4 and Yellow) May collect gold pieces equal to the number of yellow buildings in their tableau (i.e. in their personal playing field). Receives the crown token and begins the character selection phase next round.
* Bishop (No. 5 and Blue) \- May collect gold pieces equal to the number of blue buildings in their tableau (i.e. in their personal playing field). Is protected from the power of the Warlord, except if the bishop was assassinated.
* Merchant (No. 6 and Green) \- May collect gold pieces equal to the number of green buildings in their tableau (i.e. in their personal playing field). Collects an extra gold piece after taking an action during the action phase. (Regardless of if they take gold or cards as income).
* Architect (No. 7\) \- After taking an action, may take two additional district cards and put both in their hand. May build up to three districts during their turn.
* Warlord (No. 8 and Red) \- May collect gold pieces equal to the number of red buildings in their tableau (i.e. in their personal playing field). At the end of their turn, they may destroy one district card in an opponents field. To do so, they must pay gold equal to one less than the cost of building the card. (Ex. A card that cost one gold to build is free to destroy. A card that cost four gold to build will cost three gold to destroy.) They may not, however, destroy a district in a city that is already completed by having eight districts.
|
[
"Gameplay\n--------",
"[thumb\\|Citadels](/wiki/File:Deskohran%C3%AD_2008_0045.jpg \"Deskohraní 2008 0045.jpg\")",
"The basic goal is to collect gold coins and pay to build district cards. The value of each card is equal to its points at the end of the game. The player with the most points at the end of the game wins.",
"Gameplay consists of multiple rounds with two phases: character selection and actions.",
"### Character Selection Phase",
"Characters are selected through a partially secret draft. Characters determine the turn order during the action phase, each has a different in\\-game ability, and four special characters provide the opportunity to collect extra gold.",
"Beginning with the player possessing the crown counter, players take it in turn to choose a character card secretly before passing the hand to the next player.",
"To add further strategy to the game, only some characters are available each round. Unavailable characters are selected randomly, and may be revealed or hidden, depending on the number of people playing. The first player to draft always knows the first face down character that is out of play and the last player to draft always knows the last card that is placed face down after the draft.",
"Player count determines how many characters out of eight are in play and how many characters that are not in play are hidden or visible:",
"* In special 2\\-3 player versions of the game each player controls multiple characters during the action phase. Rules vary as to which cards are placed out of play.\n* In 4\\-7 player games each player controls one character during the action phase.\n\t+ In 4 player games two cards are placed face up and one face down before drafting.\n\t+ In 5 player games one card is placed face up and one face down before drafting.\n\t+ In 6\\-7 player games one card is placed face down before drafting.\n\t\t- The 7th player has a choice between the face down card and the last card available at the end of the draft.\n* **Special Rule**: The king card may never be displayed face up before drafting and must be shuffled back into the Character Deck then replaced.",
"### Action Phase",
"After character selection is finished, characters are called out in order of the numbers on the top left corner of each card to take their actions.",
"Characters that are out of play are skipped and the next character takes their action phase. The actions involve: taking income (either two *gold coins* or looking at two *district cards* and keeping one), building district cards, and using character\\-specific abilities. Special characters that are labeled as yellow, blue, green, or red may take coins equal to the amount of buildings with the corresponding color they have built into their tableau (i.e. personal playing field).",
"Characters are then reshuffled and a new turn begins with players selecting new characters in the same process.",
"### Ending the Game",
"When a player 'builds' their eighth district card in their tableau, the game ends and points are tallied. Bonus points are awarded for building the maximum 8 districts, being the first to do so, and having a district of each possible color (purple, yellow, red, blue, green).",
"There are several cards that affect the end of the game. A player can build the \"Belltower\" district card to cause the game to end with 7 districts instead of 8\\. This affects the appropriate bonus points and the warlord/diplomat abilities.",
"### Characters",
"[thumb\\|Citadels](/wiki/File:GOADA_2008_%28a%29_127.jpg \"GOADA 2008 (a) 127.jpg\")\nThe abilities associated with each character vary and include defensive, offensive, and bonus earning powers. The original set contained eight character cards:\n* Assassin (No. 1\\) \\- May name one character (not player). That character may not take their turn this round.\n* Thief (No. 2\\) \\- May name one character (not player). At the beginning of their turn, that character must give the Thief all of their gold pieces (excluding income of the current round).\n* Magician (No. 3\\) \\- May swap hands with one player.\n* King (No. 4 and Yellow) May collect gold pieces equal to the number of yellow buildings in their tableau (i.e. in their personal playing field). Receives the crown token and begins the character selection phase next round.\n* Bishop (No. 5 and Blue) \\- May collect gold pieces equal to the number of blue buildings in their tableau (i.e. in their personal playing field). Is protected from the power of the Warlord, except if the bishop was assassinated.\n* Merchant (No. 6 and Green) \\- May collect gold pieces equal to the number of green buildings in their tableau (i.e. in their personal playing field). Collects an extra gold piece after taking an action during the action phase. (Regardless of if they take gold or cards as income).\n* Architect (No. 7\\) \\- After taking an action, may take two additional district cards and put both in their hand. May build up to three districts during their turn.\n* Warlord (No. 8 and Red) \\- May collect gold pieces equal to the number of red buildings in their tableau (i.e. in their personal playing field). At the end of their turn, they may destroy one district card in an opponents field. To do so, they must pay gold equal to one less than the cost of building the card. (Ex. A card that cost one gold to build is free to destroy. A card that cost four gold to build will cost three gold to destroy.) They may not, however, destroy a district in a city that is already completed by having eight districts.",
""
] |
Expansions \& New Editions
--------------------------
Over the years, there have been [expansion packs](/wiki/Expansion_pack "Expansion pack") and new editions of Citadels released. The difference between the two is that an expansion is added into a preexisting version of the game and a new edition is a complete rework of the game itself.
Currently, the base [English language](/wiki/English_language "English language") edition of Citadels is called "Citadels Deluxe" and is sold with past expansion sets already included. These include extra character and district cards and the new markers associated with these new cards. It does not include game pieces and mechanics that are specific to the Circus Edition.
### Additional Character Set Expansion
The expansion set includes a set of eight new characters,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.boardgamegeek.com/image/191208/citadels\-the\-dark\-city\-expansion\|title\=New Roles for Dark city Expansion\|work\=\[\[BoardGameGeek]]}} any of which can be swapped for their numerical counterpart (i.e. a game could not have the Witch and the Assassin, as they are both Character No. 1\):
* Witch (No. 1\) \- May name a character (not player) and take their income. The Witch's turn is postponed until that character's turn. The player with that character may take their income but do nothing else. The Witch's turn resumes with them being able to use the "bewitched" character's ability and build from their own (the Witch's) hand. They may also take any extra income based on the buildings in their own (the Witch's) tableau.
* Tax collector (No. 2\) \- During any round in which the Tax Collector is in play, each player who builds one or more districts MUST give the Tax Collector 1 gold (if they have one remaining at the end of the turn).
* Wizard (No. 3\) \- May look at another player's hand and choose a district card. They may add it to their hand or build it immediately IN ADDITION to their normal building that turn.
* Emperor (No. 4 and Yellow) \- May collect gold pieces equal to the number of yellow buildings in their tableau (i.e. in their personal playing field). MUST take the crown token (aka first player token) and give it to a different player (not themselves). That player must pay the Emperor 1 gold coin or one card.
* Abbot (No. 5 and Blue) \- May collect gold pieces equal to the number of blue buildings in their tableau (i.e. in their personal playing field). Forces the player with the most gold to give them 1 gold.
* Alchemist (No. 6\) \- DOES NOT collect gold pieces equal to the number of green buildings in their tableau (i.e. in their personal playing field). May retrieve the sum of the gold used to build buildings up to this point during the round. MAY NOT spend more than they have at the start of their turn.
* Navigator (No. 7\) \- After taking income, receive either four gold or four cards. They MAY NOT build any district cards this turn.
* Diplomat (No. 8 and Red) \- May collect gold pieces equal to the number of red buildings in their tableau (i.e. in their personal playing field). May "trade" districts in play with another player by paying the difference between the buildings. IF the building from the Diplomat's tableau is less expensive, no gold is "earned" by trading it with a more expensive building.
It also added two number nine characters that expand the maximum player count to eight and can be used in games of five or more:
* Artist (No. 9\) \- May "beautify" up to two buildings by placing a gold on them. "Beautified" buildings both cost one more gold to destroy or trade AND score one more point at the end of the game. Each building may only be "beautified" once per game.
* Queen (No. 9\) \- Receives three gold during their turn if they are sitting next to the player possessing the No. 4 character (King, Emperor, etc.).
### The Dark City Expansion (2003\)
An expansion, *The Dark City*, was released for the game in 2004\. The expansion adds 14 new purple district cards, some turn summary cards, and a wooden king token. The German, Dutch, Lithuanian and Estonian language editions of *The Dark City* also include the nine new character cards from the English\-language edition.
### Circus Edition (2012\)
This edition of the base game was published in Germany by [Hans\-im\-Glück](/wiki/Hans_im_Gl%C3%BCck "Hans im Glück") in 2012 and is not available in English. It contains the base game and 15 new cards of a new type called "action cards". These cards can be used once per turn without costing any gold and offer various tactical advantages \- comparable to unique (aka purple) district cards. It does not include the Dark City expansion, which was included with the Fantasy Flight 3rd edition of Citadels.
### Citadels New Edition (2016\)
This edition of the game includes characters and districts from the original game, additional character set, and The Dark City. it also added a brand new cast of 9 characters and 12 completely new districts. Players can choose which character combinations they would like to play with and can find recommendations in the rule book.
Lastly, this edition has new artwork.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.asmodee.us/en/news/2016/7/29/the\-most\-magnificent\-city/\|title \= Home \| Asmodee USA}} 6 of the 9 new characters were created by a young French player, Robin Corrèze.{{Cite web\|date\=2016\-12\-24\|title\=Citadelles Citadels\|url\=http://faidutti.com/blog/?p\=6048\|access\-date\=2020\-11\-02\|website\=Les jeux de société de Bruno Faidutti Boardgame Design by Bruno Faidutti\|language\=en\-US}}
New characters:
* Magistrate (No. 1\)
* Blackmailer (No. 2\)
* Spy (No. 2\)
* Seer (No. 3\)
* Patrician (No. 4\)
* Cardinal (No. 5\)
* Trader (No. 6\)
* Scholar (No. 7\)
* Marshal (No. 8\)
* Tax collector (No. 9\)\*
\*In a new version
### Citadels Revised Edition (2021\)
This edition of the game reworked the packaging and included updated art.{{Cite web \|title\=Announcing Citadels Revised Edition \|url\=https://www.zmangames.com/en/news/2021/8/12/announcing\-citadels\-revised\-edition/ \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-26 \|website\=www.zmangames.com}}
Its associated "Scenic Route Mini Expansion" was released in partnership with [Asmodee](/wiki/Asmodee "Asmodee")'s Hobby Next program{{Cite web \|title\=Home \|url\=https://www.hobbynext.com/ \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-26 \|website\=Hobby Next \|language\=en\-GB}} as a promo item that was only available at participating hobby game stores. It included 14 new "unique district cards."
|
[
"Expansions \\& New Editions\n--------------------------",
"Over the years, there have been [expansion packs](/wiki/Expansion_pack \"Expansion pack\") and new editions of Citadels released. The difference between the two is that an expansion is added into a preexisting version of the game and a new edition is a complete rework of the game itself.",
"Currently, the base [English language](/wiki/English_language \"English language\") edition of Citadels is called \"Citadels Deluxe\" and is sold with past expansion sets already included. These include extra character and district cards and the new markers associated with these new cards. It does not include game pieces and mechanics that are specific to the Circus Edition.",
"### Additional Character Set Expansion",
"The expansion set includes a set of eight new characters,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.boardgamegeek.com/image/191208/citadels\\-the\\-dark\\-city\\-expansion\\|title\\=New Roles for Dark city Expansion\\|work\\=\\[\\[BoardGameGeek]]}} any of which can be swapped for their numerical counterpart (i.e. a game could not have the Witch and the Assassin, as they are both Character No. 1\\):\n* Witch (No. 1\\) \\- May name a character (not player) and take their income. The Witch's turn is postponed until that character's turn. The player with that character may take their income but do nothing else. The Witch's turn resumes with them being able to use the \"bewitched\" character's ability and build from their own (the Witch's) hand. They may also take any extra income based on the buildings in their own (the Witch's) tableau.\n* Tax collector (No. 2\\) \\- During any round in which the Tax Collector is in play, each player who builds one or more districts MUST give the Tax Collector 1 gold (if they have one remaining at the end of the turn).\n* Wizard (No. 3\\) \\- May look at another player's hand and choose a district card. They may add it to their hand or build it immediately IN ADDITION to their normal building that turn.\n* Emperor (No. 4 and Yellow) \\- May collect gold pieces equal to the number of yellow buildings in their tableau (i.e. in their personal playing field). MUST take the crown token (aka first player token) and give it to a different player (not themselves). That player must pay the Emperor 1 gold coin or one card.\n* Abbot (No. 5 and Blue) \\- May collect gold pieces equal to the number of blue buildings in their tableau (i.e. in their personal playing field). Forces the player with the most gold to give them 1 gold.\n* Alchemist (No. 6\\) \\- DOES NOT collect gold pieces equal to the number of green buildings in their tableau (i.e. in their personal playing field). May retrieve the sum of the gold used to build buildings up to this point during the round. MAY NOT spend more than they have at the start of their turn.\n* Navigator (No. 7\\) \\- After taking income, receive either four gold or four cards. They MAY NOT build any district cards this turn.\n* Diplomat (No. 8 and Red) \\- May collect gold pieces equal to the number of red buildings in their tableau (i.e. in their personal playing field). May \"trade\" districts in play with another player by paying the difference between the buildings. IF the building from the Diplomat's tableau is less expensive, no gold is \"earned\" by trading it with a more expensive building.\nIt also added two number nine characters that expand the maximum player count to eight and can be used in games of five or more:\n* Artist (No. 9\\) \\- May \"beautify\" up to two buildings by placing a gold on them. \"Beautified\" buildings both cost one more gold to destroy or trade AND score one more point at the end of the game. Each building may only be \"beautified\" once per game.\n* Queen (No. 9\\) \\- Receives three gold during their turn if they are sitting next to the player possessing the No. 4 character (King, Emperor, etc.).",
"### The Dark City Expansion (2003\\)",
"An expansion, *The Dark City*, was released for the game in 2004\\. The expansion adds 14 new purple district cards, some turn summary cards, and a wooden king token. The German, Dutch, Lithuanian and Estonian language editions of *The Dark City* also include the nine new character cards from the English\\-language edition.",
"### Circus Edition (2012\\)",
"This edition of the base game was published in Germany by [Hans\\-im\\-Glück](/wiki/Hans_im_Gl%C3%BCck \"Hans im Glück\") in 2012 and is not available in English. It contains the base game and 15 new cards of a new type called \"action cards\". These cards can be used once per turn without costing any gold and offer various tactical advantages \\- comparable to unique (aka purple) district cards. It does not include the Dark City expansion, which was included with the Fantasy Flight 3rd edition of Citadels.",
"### Citadels New Edition (2016\\)",
"This edition of the game includes characters and districts from the original game, additional character set, and The Dark City. it also added a brand new cast of 9 characters and 12 completely new districts. Players can choose which character combinations they would like to play with and can find recommendations in the rule book.",
"Lastly, this edition has new artwork.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.asmodee.us/en/news/2016/7/29/the\\-most\\-magnificent\\-city/\\|title \\= Home \\| Asmodee USA}} 6 of the 9 new characters were created by a young French player, Robin Corrèze.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2016\\-12\\-24\\|title\\=Citadelles Citadels\\|url\\=http://faidutti.com/blog/?p\\=6048\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-02\\|website\\=Les jeux de société de Bruno Faidutti Boardgame Design by Bruno Faidutti\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"New characters:",
"* Magistrate (No. 1\\)\n* Blackmailer (No. 2\\)\n* Spy (No. 2\\)\n* Seer (No. 3\\)\n* Patrician (No. 4\\)\n* Cardinal (No. 5\\)\n* Trader (No. 6\\)\n* Scholar (No. 7\\)\n* Marshal (No. 8\\)\n* Tax collector (No. 9\\)\\*",
"\\*In a new version",
"### Citadels Revised Edition (2021\\)",
"This edition of the game reworked the packaging and included updated art.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Announcing Citadels Revised Edition \\|url\\=https://www.zmangames.com/en/news/2021/8/12/announcing\\-citadels\\-revised\\-edition/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-26 \\|website\\=www.zmangames.com}}",
"Its associated \"Scenic Route Mini Expansion\" was released in partnership with [Asmodee](/wiki/Asmodee \"Asmodee\")'s Hobby Next program{{Cite web \\|title\\=Home \\|url\\=https://www.hobbynext.com/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-26 \\|website\\=Hobby Next \\|language\\=en\\-GB}} as a promo item that was only available at participating hobby game stores. It included 14 new \"unique district cards.\"",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Shomron was the eldest of three children of Tova and Eliyahu Dozorets\-Shimron from Kibbutz [Ashdot Ya'akov](/wiki/Ashdot_Ya%27akov "Ashdot Ya'akov"). He enlisted in the [IDF](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces "Israel Defense Forces") in 1955, and volunteered for the [Paratrooper brigade](/wiki/Paratroopers_Brigade "Paratroopers Brigade"). He was assigned to Battalion 890\. During his enlistment, his surname was mistakenly noted as Shomron.{{Cite news\|last\=Meidan\|first\=Anat\|date\=July 1, 2011\|title\=Musaf Leshabat pages 14–15\|work\=Yediot Aharonot}} He underwent the paratrooper combat training, and then went to the infantry squad commander course, during which he participated in several operations, including the raid on the Jordanian police building in A\-Rahwe, Operation Gulliver and Operation Lulav.
Shomron was a squad commander during the 1956 [Sinai campaign](/wiki/Sinai_campaign "Sinai campaign"). After the Sinai war, Shomron completed Infantry Officers Course and served as a platoon commander in his brigade. In 1959 he finished his military service and returned to his kibbutz to work as a truck driver until 1962\. He re\-enlisted in 1962 and was assigned as a company commander in the paratrooper battalion of the [Nahal Brigade](/wiki/Nahal_Brigade "Nahal Brigade"). In 1964, he served as deputy commander of the 202 battalion.{{Cite web\|last\=Oren\|first\=Amir\|date\=October 5, 2006\|title\=צרות של מפסידים\|url\=https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/1\.1558531\|url\-status\=live\|website\=Ha'artez\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007214917/https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/1\.1558531 \|archive\-date\=2021\-10\-07 }} In 1966 he was appointed as the acting battalion commander after the Yoav Shaham, the battalion commander, was killed during [Operation Shreder](/wiki/Samu_incident "Samu incident") in the As\-Samu village. Later in the year, Shomron began his studies in the IDF's Command and Staff college ("PUM").
During the [Six\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War "Six-Day War"), he commanded a unit on the [Egyptian front](/wiki/Six-Day_War%23Gaza_Strip_and_Sinai_Peninsula "Six-Day War#Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula"), and was the first [paratrooper](/wiki/Paratrooper "Paratrooper") to reach the [Suez Canal](/wiki/Suez_Canal "Suez Canal"). He was decorated with the [Medal of Distinguished Service](/wiki/Medal_of_Distinguished_Service "Medal of Distinguished Service") for this action. In 1974, Shomron received the command over the [Infantry Corps](/wiki/Infantry_Corps_%28Israel%29 "Infantry Corps (Israel)") and [Paratroopers Brigade](/wiki/Paratroopers_Brigade "Paratroopers Brigade") of the IDF. He planned and commanded [Operation Entebbe](/wiki/Operation_Entebbe "Operation Entebbe") in 1976, during which [Yonatan Netanyahu](/wiki/Yonatan_Netanyahu "Yonatan Netanyahu") (brother of Prime Minister [Benjamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu "Benjamin Netanyahu")) was killed fulfilling his duty as breaching force commander.[The Forgotten Hero of Entebbe](http://www.historama.com/online-resources/articles/israel/dan_shomron_on_1976_entebbe_raid.html) *Ma'ariv*, June 16, 2006 Although Shomron was proclaimed a hero for that role, he did not always feel comfortable with that appellation, saying:
{{quote \| I also felt some kind of envy from the military and it was not comfortable for me. Around the world, until today, they look at me like something from a different world, a super super\-hero, something not natural. I don't like that feeling of being an advertisement.}}
When asked what he most remembered about Operation Entebbe and the rescuing of the hostages, he said,
{{quote \| When the hostages board the evacuation plane, are helped up, each one checking his family that everyone is present. That was a strong moment that I can't forget.}}
In 1978, Shomron was in charge of the evacuation and dismantling of [Yamit](/wiki/Yamit "Yamit") and army bases in the [Sinai Peninsula](/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula "Sinai Peninsula"), which occurred within the framework of the [Camp David Accords](/wiki/Camp_David_Accords "Camp David Accords") with [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt").
In 1983, Shomron established the [ground forces command](/wiki/GOC_Army_Headquarters "GOC Army Headquarters"), to be in charge of the infantry, tanks, artillery and engineer corps. He was its first commander.
In 1987, Shomron became the 13th Chief of Staff of the IDF, holding this position until 1991\. After finishing his term, he served as the Chairman of the [Israeli Military Industries](/wiki/Israeli_Military_Industries "Israeli Military Industries").
Dan Shomron died on February 26, 2008, at a hospital in Herzliya, Israel from complications of a [brain aneurysm](/wiki/Brain_aneurysm "Brain aneurysm") that struck him three weeks earlier. He was 70\-years\-old.[Former chief of staff Dan Shomron dies at the age of 70](https://www.jpost.com/israel/former-idf-chief-shomron-dies-at-70), *The Jerusalem Post*, February 26, 2008[Dan Shomron, ex\-IDF chief and Entebbe raid commander, dies at 70](http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/958259.html) *Haaretz*, February 26, 2008
Shomron was played by [Harris Yulin](/wiki/Harris_Yulin "Harris Yulin") in the film *[Victory at Entebbe](/wiki/Victory_at_Entebbe "Victory at Entebbe")* (1976\). He was portrayed by [Charles Bronson](/wiki/Charles_Bronson "Charles Bronson") in *[Raid on Entebbe](/wiki/Raid_on_Entebbe_%28film%29 "Raid on Entebbe (film)")* (1977\). He was played by [Vincent Riotta](/wiki/Vincent_Riotta "Vincent Riotta") in the 2018 film [Entebbe](/wiki/Entebbe_%28film%29 "Entebbe (film)").
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Shomron was the eldest of three children of Tova and Eliyahu Dozorets\\-Shimron from Kibbutz [Ashdot Ya'akov](/wiki/Ashdot_Ya%27akov \"Ashdot Ya'akov\"). He enlisted in the [IDF](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces \"Israel Defense Forces\") in 1955, and volunteered for the [Paratrooper brigade](/wiki/Paratroopers_Brigade \"Paratroopers Brigade\"). He was assigned to Battalion 890\\. During his enlistment, his surname was mistakenly noted as Shomron.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Meidan\\|first\\=Anat\\|date\\=July 1, 2011\\|title\\=Musaf Leshabat pages 14–15\\|work\\=Yediot Aharonot}} He underwent the paratrooper combat training, and then went to the infantry squad commander course, during which he participated in several operations, including the raid on the Jordanian police building in A\\-Rahwe, Operation Gulliver and Operation Lulav.",
"Shomron was a squad commander during the 1956 [Sinai campaign](/wiki/Sinai_campaign \"Sinai campaign\"). After the Sinai war, Shomron completed Infantry Officers Course and served as a platoon commander in his brigade. In 1959 he finished his military service and returned to his kibbutz to work as a truck driver until 1962\\. He re\\-enlisted in 1962 and was assigned as a company commander in the paratrooper battalion of the [Nahal Brigade](/wiki/Nahal_Brigade \"Nahal Brigade\"). In 1964, he served as deputy commander of the 202 battalion.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Oren\\|first\\=Amir\\|date\\=October 5, 2006\\|title\\=צרות של מפסידים\\|url\\=https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/1\\.1558531\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|website\\=Ha'artez\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007214917/https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/1\\.1558531 \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-07 }} In 1966 he was appointed as the acting battalion commander after the Yoav Shaham, the battalion commander, was killed during [Operation Shreder](/wiki/Samu_incident \"Samu incident\") in the As\\-Samu village. Later in the year, Shomron began his studies in the IDF's Command and Staff college (\"PUM\").",
"During the [Six\\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War \"Six-Day War\"), he commanded a unit on the [Egyptian front](/wiki/Six-Day_War%23Gaza_Strip_and_Sinai_Peninsula \"Six-Day War#Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula\"), and was the first [paratrooper](/wiki/Paratrooper \"Paratrooper\") to reach the [Suez Canal](/wiki/Suez_Canal \"Suez Canal\"). He was decorated with the [Medal of Distinguished Service](/wiki/Medal_of_Distinguished_Service \"Medal of Distinguished Service\") for this action. In 1974, Shomron received the command over the [Infantry Corps](/wiki/Infantry_Corps_%28Israel%29 \"Infantry Corps (Israel)\") and [Paratroopers Brigade](/wiki/Paratroopers_Brigade \"Paratroopers Brigade\") of the IDF. He planned and commanded [Operation Entebbe](/wiki/Operation_Entebbe \"Operation Entebbe\") in 1976, during which [Yonatan Netanyahu](/wiki/Yonatan_Netanyahu \"Yonatan Netanyahu\") (brother of Prime Minister [Benjamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu \"Benjamin Netanyahu\")) was killed fulfilling his duty as breaching force commander.[The Forgotten Hero of Entebbe](http://www.historama.com/online-resources/articles/israel/dan_shomron_on_1976_entebbe_raid.html) *Ma'ariv*, June 16, 2006 Although Shomron was proclaimed a hero for that role, he did not always feel comfortable with that appellation, saying:",
"{{quote \\| I also felt some kind of envy from the military and it was not comfortable for me. Around the world, until today, they look at me like something from a different world, a super super\\-hero, something not natural. I don't like that feeling of being an advertisement.}}",
"When asked what he most remembered about Operation Entebbe and the rescuing of the hostages, he said,",
"{{quote \\| When the hostages board the evacuation plane, are helped up, each one checking his family that everyone is present. That was a strong moment that I can't forget.}}",
"In 1978, Shomron was in charge of the evacuation and dismantling of [Yamit](/wiki/Yamit \"Yamit\") and army bases in the [Sinai Peninsula](/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula \"Sinai Peninsula\"), which occurred within the framework of the [Camp David Accords](/wiki/Camp_David_Accords \"Camp David Accords\") with [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\").",
"In 1983, Shomron established the [ground forces command](/wiki/GOC_Army_Headquarters \"GOC Army Headquarters\"), to be in charge of the infantry, tanks, artillery and engineer corps. He was its first commander.",
"In 1987, Shomron became the 13th Chief of Staff of the IDF, holding this position until 1991\\. After finishing his term, he served as the Chairman of the [Israeli Military Industries](/wiki/Israeli_Military_Industries \"Israeli Military Industries\").",
"Dan Shomron died on February 26, 2008, at a hospital in Herzliya, Israel from complications of a [brain aneurysm](/wiki/Brain_aneurysm \"Brain aneurysm\") that struck him three weeks earlier. He was 70\\-years\\-old.[Former chief of staff Dan Shomron dies at the age of 70](https://www.jpost.com/israel/former-idf-chief-shomron-dies-at-70), *The Jerusalem Post*, February 26, 2008[Dan Shomron, ex\\-IDF chief and Entebbe raid commander, dies at 70](http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/958259.html) *Haaretz*, February 26, 2008",
"Shomron was played by [Harris Yulin](/wiki/Harris_Yulin \"Harris Yulin\") in the film *[Victory at Entebbe](/wiki/Victory_at_Entebbe \"Victory at Entebbe\")* (1976\\). He was portrayed by [Charles Bronson](/wiki/Charles_Bronson \"Charles Bronson\") in *[Raid on Entebbe](/wiki/Raid_on_Entebbe_%28film%29 \"Raid on Entebbe (film)\")* (1977\\). He was played by [Vincent Riotta](/wiki/Vincent_Riotta \"Vincent Riotta\") in the 2018 film [Entebbe](/wiki/Entebbe_%28film%29 \"Entebbe (film)\").",
""
] |
Professional wrestling career
-----------------------------
### Early career (1972\-1980\)
Richard Charland became a wrestler with the encouragement by [Mad Dog Vachon](/wiki/Mad_Dog_Vachon "Mad Dog Vachon"). The mat legend had met Charland, as a youngster, who was studying judo, and told him to consider professional wrestling as an option. Charland listened, and took up amateur wrestling for a few years before turning pro in 1972, at the young age of 16\. He debuted in the Montreal\-based [Grand Prix Wrestling](/wiki/Grand_Prix_Wrestling "Grand Prix Wrestling"), and beat Pat Gerard Jr. in his first match.
In 1974, he wrestled his first overseas tour for [International Wrestling Enterprise](/wiki/International_Wrestling_Enterprise "International Wrestling Enterprise") in Japan, under the name The Tempest. In 1975, he would move to Toronto, to wrestle for [Maple Leaf Wrestling](/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Wrestling "Maple Leaf Wrestling"). After a year in Toronto, he went to the United States in 1976, wrestling for [The Sheik](/wiki/Ed_Farhat "Ed Farhat")'s [Big Time Wrestling](/wiki/Big_Time_Wrestling_%28Detroit%29 "Big Time Wrestling (Detroit)") in Detroit, under the name Mauler Malone. He would remain in Detroit for nearly two years, before returning home to Montreal in 1977, and made a brief return to Detroit in 1979\.
### Lutte Internationale (1980\-1987\)
In 1980, Charland joined the upstart [Lutte Internationale](/wiki/Lutte_Internationale "Lutte Internationale") in Montreal. Soon after, he won his first title, the [Canadian International Tag Team Championship](/wiki/Canadian_International_Tag_Team_Championship "Canadian International Tag Team Championship"), with Len Shelley. A year later, he and Shelley would lose the titles to [Swede Hanson](/wiki/Swede_Hanson_%28wrestler%29 "Swede Hanson (wrestler)") and [Le Bourreau](/wiki/Neil_Guay "Neil Guay"), but regained the titles the next year. However, their second reign wouldn't last as long as their first, as they lost the titles months later to [Gino Brito](/wiki/Gino_Brito "Gino Brito") and [Rick McGraw](/wiki/Rick_McGraw "Rick McGraw").
In 1984, Charland would return to Japan to wrestle for the shoot\-style [Universal Wrestling Federation](/wiki/Universal_Wrestling_Federation_%28Japan%29 "Universal Wrestling Federation (Japan)"). While there, he would wrestle the likes of Mach Hayato, [Rusher Kimura](/wiki/Rusher_Kimura "Rusher Kimura"), [Ryuma Go](/wiki/Ryuma_Go "Ryuma Go"), [Kazuo Yamazaki](/wiki/Kazuo_Yamazaki "Kazuo Yamazaki"), and [Super Tiger](/wiki/Satoru_Sayama "Satoru Sayama"). After a single tour, he returned home to Montreal.
In May 1985, Charland won his third Canadian International Tag Team title, this time with [King Tonga](/wiki/Tonga_Fifita "Tonga Fifita"). However, his reign lasted over two weeks, before losing them to [The Fabulous Rougeau Brothers](/wiki/The_Fabulous_Rougeau_Brothers "The Fabulous Rougeau Brothers"). In August 1985, he wrestled a [World Wrestling Federation](/wiki/World_Wrestling_Federation "World Wrestling Federation") house show in Toronto, losing to [Dino Bravo](/wiki/Dino_Bravo "Dino Bravo"). In October 1986, he regained the Canadian International Tag Team title for the fourth time, this time with [Sheik Ali](/wiki/Stephen_Petitpas "Stephen Petitpas"). His reign would last nearly four months, before losing them to [Armand Rougeau](/wiki/Armand_Rougeau "Armand Rougeau") and [Dan Kroffat](/wiki/Phil_Lafon "Phil Lafon"). Two months later, he regained the titles for the fifth and final time, with Chuck Simms. He and Simms would be the final champions, as Lutte Internationale closed down in June 1987\.
### World Wrestling Federation (1988\-1990\)
From 1988 to mid 1990, Charland wrestled for the WWF as a jobber on Canadian and occasionally New York house shows. His first television appearance took place at a taping of Maple Leaf Wrestling on July 24, 1988, losing to [Terry Taylor](/wiki/Terry_Taylor "Terry Taylor"). He again appeared on the December 25, 1989 episode of Prime Time Wrestling and defeated [Barry Horowitz](/wiki/Barry_Horowitz "Barry Horowitz") at the Maple Leaf Gardens.{{cite web\|title\=WWF Wrestling Challenge July 24, 1988\|url\=https://www.cagematch.net/?id\=1\&nr\=83432\|accessdate\=2020\-09\-09\|work\=Cagematch.net\|language\=English}}
### All Japan Pro Wrestling (1990\)
In August 1990, he returned to Japan to wrestle a tour for [All Japan Pro Wrestling](/wiki/All_Japan_Pro_Wrestling "All Japan Pro Wrestling"), teaming with [Eric Embry](/wiki/Eric_Embry "Eric Embry") to take part in a tournament for the vacant [All Asia Tag Team Championship](/wiki/All_Asia_Tag_Team_Championship "All Asia Tag Team Championship"), the team lost all four of their matches. On September 7, Charland lost to [Haruka Eigen](/wiki/Haruka_Eigen "Haruka Eigen") in his final match.{{cite web\|title\=AJPW Summer Action Series II 1990 \- Tag 16\|url\=https://www.cagematch.net/?id\=1\&nr\=49655\|accessdate\=2020\-09\-09\|work\=Cagematch.net\|language\=English}}
### Late career (1991\-2003\)
{{also\|Demolition (professional wrestling)\|l1\=Demolition}}
Returning to the Montreal independent circuit, Charland adopted the moniker "Blast" in late 1991 in an attempt to resurrect the [Demolition](/wiki/Demolition_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Demolition (professional wrestling)") name and gimmick with [Bill Eadie](/wiki/Bill_Eadie "Bill Eadie") as Ax, but were eventually sent a cease and desist letter by the [WWF](/wiki/WWE "WWE"). Charland also served as the french commentator with [Marc Blondin](/wiki/Marc_Blondin "Marc Blondin") for WCW for a time.
After 1991, Charland began to cut back on his wrestling schedule, as he began working in construction, but still remained semi\-active. In February 1994, he wrestled a WWF house show in Toronto, losing to [Owen Hart](/wiki/Owen_Hart "Owen Hart"). In July 1995, he wrestled a couple independent shows, wrestling [Abdullah The Butcher](/wiki/Abdullah_The_Butcher "Abdullah The Butcher"). In April 1997, he wrestled a Montreal house show for [World Championship Wrestling](/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling "World Championship Wrestling"), teaming with Jacques Comptois in a loss to Martin and Serge Rolland. In 1999, Charland joined [Jacques Rougeau](/wiki/Jacques_Rougeau "Jacques Rougeau")'s Lutte Internationale 2000, where he remained active until the promotion's closure in 2003\.
|
[
"Professional wrestling career\n-----------------------------",
"### Early career (1972\\-1980\\)",
"Richard Charland became a wrestler with the encouragement by [Mad Dog Vachon](/wiki/Mad_Dog_Vachon \"Mad Dog Vachon\"). The mat legend had met Charland, as a youngster, who was studying judo, and told him to consider professional wrestling as an option. Charland listened, and took up amateur wrestling for a few years before turning pro in 1972, at the young age of 16\\. He debuted in the Montreal\\-based [Grand Prix Wrestling](/wiki/Grand_Prix_Wrestling \"Grand Prix Wrestling\"), and beat Pat Gerard Jr. in his first match.",
"In 1974, he wrestled his first overseas tour for [International Wrestling Enterprise](/wiki/International_Wrestling_Enterprise \"International Wrestling Enterprise\") in Japan, under the name The Tempest. In 1975, he would move to Toronto, to wrestle for [Maple Leaf Wrestling](/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Wrestling \"Maple Leaf Wrestling\"). After a year in Toronto, he went to the United States in 1976, wrestling for [The Sheik](/wiki/Ed_Farhat \"Ed Farhat\")'s [Big Time Wrestling](/wiki/Big_Time_Wrestling_%28Detroit%29 \"Big Time Wrestling (Detroit)\") in Detroit, under the name Mauler Malone. He would remain in Detroit for nearly two years, before returning home to Montreal in 1977, and made a brief return to Detroit in 1979\\.",
"### Lutte Internationale (1980\\-1987\\)",
"In 1980, Charland joined the upstart [Lutte Internationale](/wiki/Lutte_Internationale \"Lutte Internationale\") in Montreal. Soon after, he won his first title, the [Canadian International Tag Team Championship](/wiki/Canadian_International_Tag_Team_Championship \"Canadian International Tag Team Championship\"), with Len Shelley. A year later, he and Shelley would lose the titles to [Swede Hanson](/wiki/Swede_Hanson_%28wrestler%29 \"Swede Hanson (wrestler)\") and [Le Bourreau](/wiki/Neil_Guay \"Neil Guay\"), but regained the titles the next year. However, their second reign wouldn't last as long as their first, as they lost the titles months later to [Gino Brito](/wiki/Gino_Brito \"Gino Brito\") and [Rick McGraw](/wiki/Rick_McGraw \"Rick McGraw\").",
"In 1984, Charland would return to Japan to wrestle for the shoot\\-style [Universal Wrestling Federation](/wiki/Universal_Wrestling_Federation_%28Japan%29 \"Universal Wrestling Federation (Japan)\"). While there, he would wrestle the likes of Mach Hayato, [Rusher Kimura](/wiki/Rusher_Kimura \"Rusher Kimura\"), [Ryuma Go](/wiki/Ryuma_Go \"Ryuma Go\"), [Kazuo Yamazaki](/wiki/Kazuo_Yamazaki \"Kazuo Yamazaki\"), and [Super Tiger](/wiki/Satoru_Sayama \"Satoru Sayama\"). After a single tour, he returned home to Montreal.",
"In May 1985, Charland won his third Canadian International Tag Team title, this time with [King Tonga](/wiki/Tonga_Fifita \"Tonga Fifita\"). However, his reign lasted over two weeks, before losing them to [The Fabulous Rougeau Brothers](/wiki/The_Fabulous_Rougeau_Brothers \"The Fabulous Rougeau Brothers\"). In August 1985, he wrestled a [World Wrestling Federation](/wiki/World_Wrestling_Federation \"World Wrestling Federation\") house show in Toronto, losing to [Dino Bravo](/wiki/Dino_Bravo \"Dino Bravo\"). In October 1986, he regained the Canadian International Tag Team title for the fourth time, this time with [Sheik Ali](/wiki/Stephen_Petitpas \"Stephen Petitpas\"). His reign would last nearly four months, before losing them to [Armand Rougeau](/wiki/Armand_Rougeau \"Armand Rougeau\") and [Dan Kroffat](/wiki/Phil_Lafon \"Phil Lafon\"). Two months later, he regained the titles for the fifth and final time, with Chuck Simms. He and Simms would be the final champions, as Lutte Internationale closed down in June 1987\\.",
"### World Wrestling Federation (1988\\-1990\\)",
"From 1988 to mid 1990, Charland wrestled for the WWF as a jobber on Canadian and occasionally New York house shows. His first television appearance took place at a taping of Maple Leaf Wrestling on July 24, 1988, losing to [Terry Taylor](/wiki/Terry_Taylor \"Terry Taylor\"). He again appeared on the December 25, 1989 episode of Prime Time Wrestling and defeated [Barry Horowitz](/wiki/Barry_Horowitz \"Barry Horowitz\") at the Maple Leaf Gardens.{{cite web\\|title\\=WWF Wrestling Challenge July 24, 1988\\|url\\=https://www.cagematch.net/?id\\=1\\&nr\\=83432\\|accessdate\\=2020\\-09\\-09\\|work\\=Cagematch.net\\|language\\=English}}",
"### All Japan Pro Wrestling (1990\\)",
"In August 1990, he returned to Japan to wrestle a tour for [All Japan Pro Wrestling](/wiki/All_Japan_Pro_Wrestling \"All Japan Pro Wrestling\"), teaming with [Eric Embry](/wiki/Eric_Embry \"Eric Embry\") to take part in a tournament for the vacant [All Asia Tag Team Championship](/wiki/All_Asia_Tag_Team_Championship \"All Asia Tag Team Championship\"), the team lost all four of their matches. On September 7, Charland lost to [Haruka Eigen](/wiki/Haruka_Eigen \"Haruka Eigen\") in his final match.{{cite web\\|title\\=AJPW Summer Action Series II 1990 \\- Tag 16\\|url\\=https://www.cagematch.net/?id\\=1\\&nr\\=49655\\|accessdate\\=2020\\-09\\-09\\|work\\=Cagematch.net\\|language\\=English}}",
"### Late career (1991\\-2003\\)",
"{{also\\|Demolition (professional wrestling)\\|l1\\=Demolition}}\nReturning to the Montreal independent circuit, Charland adopted the moniker \"Blast\" in late 1991 in an attempt to resurrect the [Demolition](/wiki/Demolition_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Demolition (professional wrestling)\") name and gimmick with [Bill Eadie](/wiki/Bill_Eadie \"Bill Eadie\") as Ax, but were eventually sent a cease and desist letter by the [WWF](/wiki/WWE \"WWE\"). Charland also served as the french commentator with [Marc Blondin](/wiki/Marc_Blondin \"Marc Blondin\") for WCW for a time.",
"After 1991, Charland began to cut back on his wrestling schedule, as he began working in construction, but still remained semi\\-active. In February 1994, he wrestled a WWF house show in Toronto, losing to [Owen Hart](/wiki/Owen_Hart \"Owen Hart\"). In July 1995, he wrestled a couple independent shows, wrestling [Abdullah The Butcher](/wiki/Abdullah_The_Butcher \"Abdullah The Butcher\"). In April 1997, he wrestled a Montreal house show for [World Championship Wrestling](/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling \"World Championship Wrestling\"), teaming with Jacques Comptois in a loss to Martin and Serge Rolland. In 1999, Charland joined [Jacques Rougeau](/wiki/Jacques_Rougeau \"Jacques Rougeau\")'s Lutte Internationale 2000, where he remained active until the promotion's closure in 2003\\.",
""
] |
Design and development
----------------------
The first gasoline\-burning aviation power plants that the Junkers Motorenwerke ever built were the [L1](/wiki/Junkers_L1 "Junkers L1") and [L2](/wiki/Junkers_L1 "Junkers L1") single overhead camshaft (SOHC) liquid\-cooled [inline\-six](/wiki/Inline-six "Inline-six") aviation engines of the early and mid\-1920s. Development of this line led up through the L8\. All of these were developments of the [BMW IIIa](/wiki/BMW_IIIa "BMW IIIa") inline\-six SOHC German World War I aviation engine, which BMW allowed as they were no longer interested in development of their WWI designs. The Junkers L55 engine, however, was the very first V12 layout aviation powerplant of any type created by the Junkers firm, using a pair of the earlier straight\-six L5 engines as a basis for an "upright" liquid\-cooled V12 aviation engine, as the contemporary [BMW VI](/wiki/BMW_VI "BMW VI") engine already was.
Development of the Jumo 210 itself started in 1931 under the designation L10\. The L10 was Germany's first truly modern engine design, featuring three valves per cylinder,{{cite web \|url\=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1937/1937%20\-%202509\.html?search\=three%20valve \|title\=Flight Magazine, September 9, 1937 \|author\= \|date\=September 9, 1937 \|page\=265 \|website\=flightglobal.com \|publisher\=Flightglobal Archive \|access\-date\=March 15, 2017 \|quote\=At the recent international meeting at Zürich, several of the successful German machines were fitted with the new Junkers 210 petrol engine...Three valves per cylinder are provided, two inlets and one exhaust, operated by push rods and rockers from a single camshaft.}} an inverted\-V layout, a [supercharger](/wiki/Supercharger "Supercharger") as standard equipment, and a cast cylinder block. The 210 was odd in that the cylinders were machined into a block along with one side of the crankcase, two such parts being bolted together side\-by\-side to form the engine. Normal construction techniques used three parts, two cylinder blocks and a separate crankcase.
The L10 was first run in static tests on October 22, 1932\. With the official formation of the [RLM](/wiki/Reich_Air_Ministry "Reich Air Ministry") in 1933, numerical engine designations by manufacturer was rationalized with Junkers receiving the "200 block", the L10 becoming the 210\. Type approval was achieved in March 1934, and it first flew on July 5, 1934 installed in a [Junkers W33](/wiki/Junkers_W33 "Junkers W33"). The design had initially aimed for 700 PS, but the prototypes delivered only about 600 PS, so there was some disappointment in the industry. Nevertheless, almost all German aircraft designs of the era were based on the 210, which is why they were so small compared to other countries' efforts.
A Junkers W33 was flown with a 680 hp version of the Jumo 210 on 5 July 1934\.{{Cite book \|last\=Vajda \|first\=Ferenc A. \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Elfmh6eJFrMC \|title\=German Aircraft Industry and Production, 1933\-1945 \|last2\=Dancey \|first2\=Peter \|date\=1998 \|publisher\=McFarland \|isbn\=978\-1\-85310\-864\-8 \|page\=234 \|language\=en}}
Initial production of the 610 PS (602 hp, 449 kW) Jumo 210A started in late 1934\. Further development led in 1935 to the 640 PS (631 hp, 471 kW) 210B and 210C. Both added a new [supercharger](/wiki/Supercharger "Supercharger") for improved performance, along with a dump valve to avoid overboost. The B model had its propeller geared at 1:1\.55 (prop:engine rpm) for high\-speed use, while the C model was geared at 1:1\.63 for slower flying speeds. In 1936 the new 670 PS (661 hp, 493 kW) 210D and 210E were introduced, which had the same gearing as the B and C but used a new two\-speed supercharger to increase takeoff power and altitude performance.
The Jumo 210G had a [direct injection system](/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection "Gasoline direct injection") developed by August Lichte. The Jumo system used a small pump piston positioned beside each of the main cylinders, driven off the crank shaft. The injector used a simple check valve to prevent internal pressure from blowing back into the fuel line, and the pump was timed to inject at the proper point in the intake cycle. Inclusion of the injection system increased takeoff performance by about 20 PS without increasing boost rates and it also reduced fuel consumption. For those reasons most newer German engine types were set up with fuel injection systems. The Jumo 210G was rated at 730 PS (720 hp, 534 kW) and was only available for fast aircraft like the [Bf 109](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109 "Messerschmitt Bf 109") and [Bf 110](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110 "Messerschmitt Bf 110") but not for slow aircraft like the [Ju 87](/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87 "Junkers Ju 87").
Further developments were planned as Jumo 210F and 210H, but never built. In 1935 the Jumo 210H, with twin exhaust valves for each cylinder, was used for development of the Jumo 211\. The Jumo 210\-S was a special development by the DVL with rotary disc valves, as used in KM\-8 torpedo engine. Production of the Jumo 210 came to an end in about 1938\.
|
[
"Design and development\n----------------------",
"The first gasoline\\-burning aviation power plants that the Junkers Motorenwerke ever built were the [L1](/wiki/Junkers_L1 \"Junkers L1\") and [L2](/wiki/Junkers_L1 \"Junkers L1\") single overhead camshaft (SOHC) liquid\\-cooled [inline\\-six](/wiki/Inline-six \"Inline-six\") aviation engines of the early and mid\\-1920s. Development of this line led up through the L8\\. All of these were developments of the [BMW IIIa](/wiki/BMW_IIIa \"BMW IIIa\") inline\\-six SOHC German World War I aviation engine, which BMW allowed as they were no longer interested in development of their WWI designs. The Junkers L55 engine, however, was the very first V12 layout aviation powerplant of any type created by the Junkers firm, using a pair of the earlier straight\\-six L5 engines as a basis for an \"upright\" liquid\\-cooled V12 aviation engine, as the contemporary [BMW VI](/wiki/BMW_VI \"BMW VI\") engine already was.",
"Development of the Jumo 210 itself started in 1931 under the designation L10\\. The L10 was Germany's first truly modern engine design, featuring three valves per cylinder,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1937/1937%20\\-%202509\\.html?search\\=three%20valve \\|title\\=Flight Magazine, September 9, 1937 \\|author\\= \\|date\\=September 9, 1937 \\|page\\=265 \\|website\\=flightglobal.com \\|publisher\\=Flightglobal Archive \\|access\\-date\\=March 15, 2017 \\|quote\\=At the recent international meeting at Zürich, several of the successful German machines were fitted with the new Junkers 210 petrol engine...Three valves per cylinder are provided, two inlets and one exhaust, operated by push rods and rockers from a single camshaft.}} an inverted\\-V layout, a [supercharger](/wiki/Supercharger \"Supercharger\") as standard equipment, and a cast cylinder block. The 210 was odd in that the cylinders were machined into a block along with one side of the crankcase, two such parts being bolted together side\\-by\\-side to form the engine. Normal construction techniques used three parts, two cylinder blocks and a separate crankcase.",
"The L10 was first run in static tests on October 22, 1932\\. With the official formation of the [RLM](/wiki/Reich_Air_Ministry \"Reich Air Ministry\") in 1933, numerical engine designations by manufacturer was rationalized with Junkers receiving the \"200 block\", the L10 becoming the 210\\. Type approval was achieved in March 1934, and it first flew on July 5, 1934 installed in a [Junkers W33](/wiki/Junkers_W33 \"Junkers W33\"). The design had initially aimed for 700 PS, but the prototypes delivered only about 600 PS, so there was some disappointment in the industry. Nevertheless, almost all German aircraft designs of the era were based on the 210, which is why they were so small compared to other countries' efforts.",
"A Junkers W33 was flown with a 680 hp version of the Jumo 210 on 5 July 1934\\.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Vajda \\|first\\=Ferenc A. \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Elfmh6eJFrMC \\|title\\=German Aircraft Industry and Production, 1933\\-1945 \\|last2\\=Dancey \\|first2\\=Peter \\|date\\=1998 \\|publisher\\=McFarland \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-85310\\-864\\-8 \\|page\\=234 \\|language\\=en}}",
"Initial production of the 610 PS (602 hp, 449 kW) Jumo 210A started in late 1934\\. Further development led in 1935 to the 640 PS (631 hp, 471 kW) 210B and 210C. Both added a new [supercharger](/wiki/Supercharger \"Supercharger\") for improved performance, along with a dump valve to avoid overboost. The B model had its propeller geared at 1:1\\.55 (prop:engine rpm) for high\\-speed use, while the C model was geared at 1:1\\.63 for slower flying speeds. In 1936 the new 670 PS (661 hp, 493 kW) 210D and 210E were introduced, which had the same gearing as the B and C but used a new two\\-speed supercharger to increase takeoff power and altitude performance.",
"The Jumo 210G had a [direct injection system](/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection \"Gasoline direct injection\") developed by August Lichte. The Jumo system used a small pump piston positioned beside each of the main cylinders, driven off the crank shaft. The injector used a simple check valve to prevent internal pressure from blowing back into the fuel line, and the pump was timed to inject at the proper point in the intake cycle. Inclusion of the injection system increased takeoff performance by about 20 PS without increasing boost rates and it also reduced fuel consumption. For those reasons most newer German engine types were set up with fuel injection systems. The Jumo 210G was rated at 730 PS (720 hp, 534 kW) and was only available for fast aircraft like the [Bf 109](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109 \"Messerschmitt Bf 109\") and [Bf 110](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110 \"Messerschmitt Bf 110\") but not for slow aircraft like the [Ju 87](/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87 \"Junkers Ju 87\").",
"Further developments were planned as Jumo 210F and 210H, but never built. In 1935 the Jumo 210H, with twin exhaust valves for each cylinder, was used for development of the Jumo 211\\. The Jumo 210\\-S was a special development by the DVL with rotary disc valves, as used in KM\\-8 torpedo engine. Production of the Jumo 210 came to an end in about 1938\\.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Born to a Jewish family in [Grodno](/wiki/Grodno "Grodno") in the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire"), Ribak emigrated to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") at the age of ten with his family. He studied at the [Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Academy_of_the_Fine_Arts "Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts") for a year in 1922, and the [Art Students League of New York](/wiki/Art_Students_League_of_New_York "Art Students League of New York") in 1923 under [John Sloan](/wiki/John_French_Sloan "John French Sloan"). In 1929, he became a founding member of the [John Reed Club](/wiki/John_Reed_Club "John Reed Club"), which was organized to support leftist artists and writers and was closely associated with the Marxist magazine *[The New Masses](/wiki/The_New_Masses "The New Masses")*.
In the 1930s and 1940s, Ribak painted in a [Social Realist](/wiki/Social_Realist "Social Realist") style, exhibiting with fellow Social Realists like [Reginald Marsh](/wiki/Reginald_Marsh_%28artist%29 "Reginald Marsh (artist)") and [Raphael Soyer](/wiki/Raphael_Soyer "Raphael Soyer"). In the 1930s he also worked as a muralist for the [Works Progress Administration](/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration "Works Progress Administration"); among these works is the 1939 mural *[View Near Albemarle](/wiki/List_of_Post_Office_Murals%23North_Carolina "List of Post Office Murals#North Carolina")* in the U.S. Post Office in [Albemarle, North Carolina](/wiki/Albemarle%2C_North_Carolina "Albemarle, North Carolina"). In 1933, he assisted [Diego Rivera](/wiki/Diego_Rivera "Diego Rivera") on his mural *[Man at the Crossroads](/wiki/Man_at_the_Crossroads "Man at the Crossroads")*, commissioned for Rockefeller Center and destroyed before completion.
Ribak met fellow artist [Beatrice Mandelman](/wiki/Beatrice_Mandelman "Beatrice Mandelman") in New York at a dance sponsored by the [Artists Union](/wiki/Artists_Union "Artists Union"), and the two married in 1942\. He served in the military for two years during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War") and was discharged because of [asthma](/wiki/Asthma "Asthma"). Seeking a healthier climate, Ribak and Mandelman moved to [Taos, New Mexico](/wiki/Taos%2C_New_Mexico "Taos, New Mexico") in 1944\. At this point, Ribak shifted to a more abstract style and brighter color palette.
In 1947, he and Mandelman founded the Taos Valley Art School, and Ribak was its director and an instructor until it closed in 1955\.
Ribak died in Taos in 1979\. His work is in the permanent collections of the [Whitney Museum of American Art](/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art "Whitney Museum of American Art") (New York) and [The Newark Museum of Art](/wiki/The_Newark_Museum_of_Art "The Newark Museum of Art") (New Jersey), among other institutions.
The Mandelman\-Ribak Foundation was established to preserve the legacy of Ribak and Mandelman; among other activities, it catalogued a half century of their work held in the Mandelman\-Ribak Collection. In 2014, the collection and associated personal papers were donated to the University of New Mexico.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Born to a Jewish family in [Grodno](/wiki/Grodno \"Grodno\") in the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\"), Ribak emigrated to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") at the age of ten with his family. He studied at the [Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Academy_of_the_Fine_Arts \"Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts\") for a year in 1922, and the [Art Students League of New York](/wiki/Art_Students_League_of_New_York \"Art Students League of New York\") in 1923 under [John Sloan](/wiki/John_French_Sloan \"John French Sloan\"). In 1929, he became a founding member of the [John Reed Club](/wiki/John_Reed_Club \"John Reed Club\"), which was organized to support leftist artists and writers and was closely associated with the Marxist magazine *[The New Masses](/wiki/The_New_Masses \"The New Masses\")*.",
"In the 1930s and 1940s, Ribak painted in a [Social Realist](/wiki/Social_Realist \"Social Realist\") style, exhibiting with fellow Social Realists like [Reginald Marsh](/wiki/Reginald_Marsh_%28artist%29 \"Reginald Marsh (artist)\") and [Raphael Soyer](/wiki/Raphael_Soyer \"Raphael Soyer\"). In the 1930s he also worked as a muralist for the [Works Progress Administration](/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration \"Works Progress Administration\"); among these works is the 1939 mural *[View Near Albemarle](/wiki/List_of_Post_Office_Murals%23North_Carolina \"List of Post Office Murals#North Carolina\")* in the U.S. Post Office in [Albemarle, North Carolina](/wiki/Albemarle%2C_North_Carolina \"Albemarle, North Carolina\"). In 1933, he assisted [Diego Rivera](/wiki/Diego_Rivera \"Diego Rivera\") on his mural *[Man at the Crossroads](/wiki/Man_at_the_Crossroads \"Man at the Crossroads\")*, commissioned for Rockefeller Center and destroyed before completion.",
"Ribak met fellow artist [Beatrice Mandelman](/wiki/Beatrice_Mandelman \"Beatrice Mandelman\") in New York at a dance sponsored by the [Artists Union](/wiki/Artists_Union \"Artists Union\"), and the two married in 1942\\. He served in the military for two years during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\") and was discharged because of [asthma](/wiki/Asthma \"Asthma\"). Seeking a healthier climate, Ribak and Mandelman moved to [Taos, New Mexico](/wiki/Taos%2C_New_Mexico \"Taos, New Mexico\") in 1944\\. At this point, Ribak shifted to a more abstract style and brighter color palette.",
"In 1947, he and Mandelman founded the Taos Valley Art School, and Ribak was its director and an instructor until it closed in 1955\\.",
"Ribak died in Taos in 1979\\. His work is in the permanent collections of the [Whitney Museum of American Art](/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art \"Whitney Museum of American Art\") (New York) and [The Newark Museum of Art](/wiki/The_Newark_Museum_of_Art \"The Newark Museum of Art\") (New Jersey), among other institutions.",
"The Mandelman\\-Ribak Foundation was established to preserve the legacy of Ribak and Mandelman; among other activities, it catalogued a half century of their work held in the Mandelman\\-Ribak Collection. In 2014, the collection and associated personal papers were donated to the University of New Mexico.",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1990s
The origin of this second United Nations military presence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is found in the [Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement](/wiki/Lusaka_Ceasefire_Agreement "Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement") on 17 July 1999 and the following [United Nations Security Council Resolution 1258](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1258 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1258") of 6 August 1999, authorizing the deployment of a maximum of 90 officers.
The first liaison officers arrived in the DRC on 3 September 1999\. In November 1999 the number of liaison officers totaled 55, distributed in the capitals of the warring countries ([Rwanda](/wiki/Rwanda "Rwanda"), [Uganda](/wiki/Uganda "Uganda"), [Burundi](/wiki/Burundi "Burundi"), Zambia, [Namibia](/wiki/Namibia "Namibia"), [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Zimbabwe "Zimbabwe"), [Ethiopia](/wiki/Ethiopia "Ethiopia")) including 24 who were stationed in [Kinshasa](/wiki/Kinshasa "Kinshasa"). In January 2000 they reached the number of 79 and they were spread over the whole territory of DRC. Their mission was to liaise with all the warring factions, give a technical assistance and prepare the deployment of military observers.
### 2000s
#### 2000
On 24 February 2000 with the resolution 1291, the UN Security Council authorized the deployment of a maximum of 5537 military personnel in the DRC, including 500 military observers. On 4 April 2000 the Senegalese Major General [Mountaga Diallo](/wiki/Mountaga_Diallo "Mountaga Diallo") was appointed as the commander of MONUSCO's military force. The mandate was to monitor the implementation of the Ceasefire Agreement and the redeployment of belligerent forces, to develop an action plan for the overall implementation of the Ceasefire Agreement, to work with the parties to obtain the release of all prisoners of war, military captives and the return of the remains, to facilitate humanitarian assistance and to assist the Facilitator of the National Dialogue.
Acting under [Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter](/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter "Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter"), the UN Security Council authorized MONUC to take the necessary action, in the areas of deployment of its infantry battalions, to protect UN personnel, facilities, installations and equipment, ensure the security and freedom of movement of its personnel, and to protect civilians under imminent threat of physical violence.
In December 2000 there were 224 military personnel deployed, including 148 observers in thirteen points around the country. The observers could only record the non\-application of the Ceasefire, the violent fighting at [Kisangani](/wiki/Kisangani "Kisangani") and in the [Équateur](/wiki/%C3%89quateur_%28former_province%29 "Équateur (former province)") and [Katanga](/wiki/Katanga_Province "Katanga Province") provinces as well as the presence of foreign troops in the DRC. The deployment of UN troops was impossible due to the security situation and the reluctance of the Congolese government.
#### 2001
Even though the beginning of 2001 was still hampered by sporadic combat, the military observers could fulfill their mission in regards with the disengagement of forces and the withdrawal of some of the [Rwandan](/wiki/Rwanda_Defence_Force "Rwanda Defence Force") and [Ugandan forces](/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force "Uganda People's Defence Force").
In March 2001, the first [Uruguayan](/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Uruguay "Armed Forces of Uruguay") guard unit arrived in [Kalemie](/wiki/Kalemie "Kalemie"). The force was deployed in four sectors at [Kananga](/wiki/Kananga "Kananga"), [Kisangani](/wiki/Kisangani "Kisangani"), Kalemie and [Mbandaka](/wiki/Mbandaka "Mbandaka"). In July 2001, the force strength was of 2,366 soldiers, including 363 military observers distributed across 22 cities, and 28 teams monitoring the disengagement of forces. The contingent soldiers totaled 1,869\. They came from South Africa, Uruguay, Morocco, Senegal and Tunisia. Guard units protected MONUC installations in [Kinshasa](/wiki/Kinshasa "Kinshasa"), [Kananga](/wiki/Kananga "Kananga"), [Kisangani](/wiki/Kisangani "Kisangani"), Kalemie, [Goma](/wiki/Goma "Goma"), and Mbandaka. A Uruguayan riverine unit and a [South African](/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force "South African National Defence Force") air medical evacuation team were also deployed. The deployed troops were only to protect the sites against looting and theft, the force had neither the mandate nor the strength to protect the civilian population, or even to extract MONUC personnel. Following [UNSCR 1355](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1355 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1355"), the military observers, within their capacities, could also contribute to the voluntary disarmament, demobilization, repatriation and reintegration process of the armed groups.
With [Security Council Resolution 1376](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1376 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1376"), the Security Council launched the third phase of the deployment of MONUC troops, in the eastern DRC. The site for the logistical base was planned to be [Kindu](/wiki/Kindu "Kindu"), [Maniema Province](/wiki/Maniema_Province "Maniema Province").
#### 2002
In 2002, the 450 military observers, split in 95 teams, continued to monitor the Ceasefire along the ex\-frontlines. The teams also investigated violations of the Ceasefire. Foreign troops continued to leave the country. The riverine units escorted the first ships on the [Congo River](/wiki/Congo_River "Congo River"), which was again open to commercial traffic. In June 2002 the UN troops' total number was 3,804\. Contingents from Ghana and Bolivia joined the force, of which more than a third of the soldiers were Uruguayan. More than one thousand soldiers were deployed in Kisangani. On 14 May 2002, a military observer died near [Ikela](/wiki/Ikela "Ikela") following the explosion of a mine under his vehicle.
On 30 July 2002, the different parties signed the [Pretoria agreement](/wiki/Pretoria_Accord "Pretoria Accord") and the nature of the mission of the peacekeepers changed. The military observers monitored the withdrawal of 20,000 Rwandan soldiers, but they also noted the rise of [ethnic violence in Ituri Province](/wiki/Ituri_conflict "Ituri conflict"). At the end of 2002 there were a total of 4,200 UN soldiers in the DRC. Through [UNSCR 1445](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1445 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1445"), the Security Council authorized the increase of military personnel to 8,500\. The principle of two independent intervention forces – civilian and military – was also approved. MONUC was tasked to support the voluntary disarmament, demobilization, repatriation, reintegration and resettlement (DDRRR) process, without the use of force.
#### 2003
Numerous DDRRR operations in collaboration with the civilian component were conducted in the beginning of 2003\. Before the start of the transition, UN soldiers were deployed along the front lines. A vast redeployment to the East started. The four coordination centres and 22 bases in the western part of the country were shut down. Over one hundred observers were redeployed and Uruguayan contingents arrived in [Bukavu](/wiki/Bukavu "Bukavu"), [South Kivu](/wiki/South_Kivu "South Kivu") and [Lubero](/wiki/Lubero "Lubero"), [North Kivu](/wiki/North_Kivu "North Kivu"). Observer teams monitored serious combat and human rights violations in Ituri. In April 2003, 800 Uruguayan soldiers were deployed in [Bunia](/wiki/Bunia "Bunia"), [Ituri Province](/wiki/Ituri_Province "Ituri Province") under [Resolution 1484](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1484 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1484"). In the same month an observer died in a mine explosion. In May 2003 two military observers were savagely killed by a militia.
The withdrawal of 7,000 Ugandan troops in April 2003 led to a deteriorating security situation in the Ituri Province, endangering the peace process. The UN Secretary General [Kofi Annan](/wiki/Kofi_Annan "Kofi Annan") called for establishing and deploying a temporary multi\-national force to the area until the weakened MONUC mission could be reinforced. In his second special report to the Security Council, the UN Secretary General proposed a reorientation of MONUC missions: to provide support to the transition and to maintain security in key areas of the country. Accordingly, he proposed the creation of a brigade in Ituri to support the peace process.
[thumb\|An IDP camp around a base in [Kitshanga](/wiki/Kitchanga "Kitchanga")](/wiki/File:KitshangaWar-36_%288538205595%29.jpg "KitshangaWar-36 (8538205595).jpg")
On 30 May 2003, [UNSCR 1493](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1493 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1493") authorized the deployment of the Interim Emergency Multinational Force (IEMF) in Bunia with a task to secure the airport and protect both [internally displaced persons](/wiki/Internally_displaced_person "Internally displaced person") in camps and the civilians in the town. UNSCR 1493 authorized an increase of military personnel to 10,800, imposed an arms embargo, and authorized MONUC to use all necessary means to fulfill its mandate in the [Ituri District](/wiki/Ituri_District "Ituri District") and also in North and South Kivu, as it deemed the additional provinces to be within MONUC's capabilities,
The [French Government](/wiki/Cabinet_of_France "Cabinet of France") had already shown interest in leading the operation. It soon broadened to a [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union") (EU) \-led mission with France as the framework nation providing the bulk of the personnel and complemented by contributions from both EU and non\-EU nations. The total force consisted of about 1,800 personnel and was supported by French aircraft based at airfields in [N'Djamena](/wiki/N%27Djamena "N'Djamena"), Chad and [Entebbe](/wiki/Entebbe "Entebbe"), Uganda. A small 80\-man [Swedish Special Forces](/wiki/S%C3%A4rskilda_Skyddsgruppen "Särskilda Skyddsgruppen") (SSG) group was also added.
The operation called [Operation Artemis](/wiki/Operation_Artemis "Operation Artemis") was launched on 12 June and the IMEF completed its deployment in the following three weeks. The force was successful in stabilising the situation in Bunia and enforcing the UN presence in the DRC. In September 2003, responsibility for the security of the region was handed over to the MONUC mission.{{cite web \|date\=October 2004 \|title\=Operation Artemis: The Lessons of the Interim Emergency Multinational Force \|url\=http://pbpu.unlb.org/PBPS/Pages/PUBLIC/ViewDocument.aspx?docid\=572\&menukey\=\_5\_2\_4 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605013600/http://pbpu.unlb.org/PBPS/Pages/PUBLIC/ViewDocument.aspx?docid\=572\&menukey\=\_5\_2\_4 \|archive\-date\=5 June 2011 \|access\-date\=31 October 2008 \|website\=United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations}}
Growing military conflict in DRC caused the United Nations to seek additional military help from major powers. In July 2003, [India](/wiki/India "India") announced that it would be sending an additional 300 personnel and combat aircraft from the [Indian Air Force](/wiki/Indian_Air_Force "Indian Air Force") to strengthen the UN peacekeeping effort in DRC.{{cite news \|date\=10 July 2003 \|title\=Indian Air Force to Congo \|work\=\[\[BBC World News]] \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south\_asia/3054873\.stm \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-28 \|archive\-date\=9 January 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109004635/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south\_asia/3054873\.stm \|url\-status\=live }}
In September 2003, the Ituri brigade was in place, including soldiers from Uruguay, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Indonesia, India and Morocco.
In November 2003, a total of 10,415 peacekeepers were in the DRC, comprising infantry units, engineer units, helicopter units, logistic units, medical units and riverine units.
#### 2004
Deploying the Ituri brigade and conducting [cordon and search](/wiki/Cordon_and_search "Cordon and search") operations improved the security conditions in Ituri but, at the same time, the peacekeepers became the target of the militias. On 12 February 2004, a military observer was killed in Ituri.
With the arrival of the [Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo](/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"), which included members of rebel movements, more than 900 Tunisian and Ghanaian UN troops contributed to the security of Kinshasa.
It was decided that the troops present in the Kivus will be assembled under the unified command of a brigade. In March the Nigerian General [Samaila Iliya](/wiki/Samaila_Iliya "Samaila Iliya") took over the command of the force.
In June 2004, Bukavu, South Kivu was occupied by rebel general [Laurent Nkunda](/wiki/Laurent_Nkunda "Laurent Nkunda"). A military observer was killed. The 1,000 MONUC troops could only protect their own installations. Demonstrations were held all over the country and UN troops opened fire on looters in Kinshasa. MONUC soldiers were again targeted by Ituri militia at the end of 2004\.
Though the Secretary General had asked for an increase of 13,100 soldiers, in October 2004 the Security Council by [Resolution 1565](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1565 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1565"), authorized a reinforcement of 5,900 military personnel and defined the mandate with the strategic military objectives of the MONUC force as:
* proactively contributing to the pacification and general improvement of security in the country;
* providing support for conflict resolution in politically volatile areas;
* improving border security through regional confidence\-building mechanisms, such as the Joint Verification Mechanism, and effective patrolling and monitoring of the arms embargo;
* gathering and analysing military and other information on spoilers.
Following the UN resolution, the [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army "Indian Army") announced that it would be sending an additional 850 troops and four combat helicopters to aid the MONUC peacekeeping effort.{{cite news \|date\=6 October 2004 \|title\=DRC: India, Pakistan to Send More Troops \|work\=\[\[AllAfrica]] \|url\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200410060045\.html \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-28 \|archive\-date\=20 October 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020054924/http://allafrica.com/stories/200410060045\.html \|url\-status\=live }}
#### 2005
By 2005, the strength of UN peacekeeping forces in Congo reached more than 16,000 troops, split almost equally between the Western Brigade and the Eastern Division.
In February 2005, nine Bangladeshi UN troops were killed during an ambush in Ituri. The actions of the Ituri and Kivu Brigades became more robust and the pressure rose on all armed groups. [Thomas Lubanga Dyilo](/wiki/Thomas_Lubanga_Dyilo "Thomas Lubanga Dyilo"), the leader of the [Union of Congolese Patriots](/wiki/Union_of_Congolese_Patriots "Union of Congolese Patriots"), and other militia leaders were arrested by Congolese authorities and imprisoned in [Makala](/wiki/Makala "Makala"), Kinshasa. Lubanga was accused of having ordered the killing of the peacekeepers in February 2005 and of orchestrating continuous insecurity in the area. On 10 February 2006, the [International Criminal Court](/wiki/International_Criminal_Court "International Criminal Court") (ICC) issued an arrest warrant for Lubanga for the [war crime](/wiki/War_crime "War crime") of "conscripting and enlisting children under the age of fifteen years and using them to participate actively in hostilities." The Congolese national authorities transferred Lubanga to ICC custody on 17 March 2006\.{{cite news \|date\=17 March 2006 \|title\=DR Congo rebel faces Hague trial \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4815966\.stm \|access\-date\=31 October 2008 \|archive\-date\=3 July 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703081018/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4815966\.stm \|url\-status\=live }}
On 1 March 2005, a vast cordon and search operation in Ituri was conducted by Nepalese, Pakistani and South African Infantry elements with the support of Indian attack helicopters, between 50 and 60 militiamen were killed.
Senegalese General [Babacar Gaye](/wiki/Babacar_Gaye "Babacar Gaye") was appointed force commander in March 2005 after Spanish General Vincente Diaz de Villegas resigned for personal reasons.
In May 2005, the UN Secretary General asked for a supplementary brigade for Katanga. Joint operations were conducted by the newly arrived integrated brigades of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC). UN troops were tasked with the support of the electoral process, contributing protection and transport. In Ituri over 15000 militiamen were disarmed.
In October 2005, by Resolution 1635, the UN Security Council authorized a temporary increase of 300 military personnel to permit a deployment to Katanga.{{cite web \|date\=2006\-07\-01 \|title\=MONUC History \|url\=http://www.monuc.org/News.aspx?newsId\=9564 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708101447/http://www.monuc.org/News.aspx?newsId\=9564 \|archive\-date\=2006\-07\-08 \|access\-date\=31 October 2008 \|website\=Monuc.org}}
#### 2006
[thumb\|Czech soldier in MONUC, {{Circa\|2006}}](/wiki/File:MONUCcz.jpg "MONUCcz.jpg")
In late January, a group of 80 Guatemalan Special Forces from the [Kaibiles](/wiki/Kaibiles "Kaibiles") were engaged in a four hour firefight with LRA rebels, ending with the deaths of eight Guatemalans and fifteen rebels. They are believed to have been conducting a raid on an LRA encampment to capture LRA Deputy Commander [Vincent Otti](/wiki/Vincent_Otti "Vincent Otti"). The incident caused a significant uproar from both the [Government of Guatemala](/wiki/Government_of_Guatemala "Government of Guatemala") and the Guatemalan public, who demanded an official inquiry into the engagement.{{cite web\|url\=https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic\-republic\-congo/guatemalan\-blue\-helmet\-deaths\-stir\-congo\-debate\|title\=Guatemalan blue helmet deaths stir Congo debate \- Democratic Republic of the Congo\|date\=31 January 2006 \|access\-date\=17 November 2018\|archive\-date\=7 September 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032342/https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic\-republic\-congo/guatemalan\-blue\-helmet\-deaths\-stir\-congo\-debate\|url\-status\=live}}
On 25 April 2006, the UN Security Council adopted [Resolution 1671](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1671 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1671"), authorising the temporary deployment of a [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union") force to support MONUC during the period encompassing [the general elections](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election%2C_2006 "Democratic Republic of the Congo general election, 2006") in the DR Congo, which began on 30 July 2006\.
The European Council approved the launching of the EU military operation, [EUFOR RD Congo](/wiki/EUFOR_RD_Congo "EUFOR RD Congo"), and appointed Lieutenant General Karlheinz Viereck (Germany) Operation Commander and Major General Christian Damay (France) EU Force Commander. The Operational Headquarters was the German\-nominated Armed Forces Operational Command – Einsatzführungskommando – at [Potsdam](/wiki/Potsdam "Potsdam"), Germany.COUNCIL JOINT ACTION 2006/319/CFSP
of 27 April 2006 on the European Union military operation in support of the UN Mission in the Congo The mission was tasked with:
* supporting and providing security to MONUC installations and personnel;
* contributing to airport protection in Kinshasa;
* contributing to the protection of civilians under imminent threat of physical violence;
* evacuation operations in case of emergency.
This mission came to an end on 30 November 2006\.[EUFOR RD Congo](http://www.consilium.europa.eu/cms3_fo/showPage.asp?id=1091&lang=EN&mode=g) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420101803/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/cms3\_fo/showPage.asp?id\=1091\&mode\=g⟨\=en \|date\=20 April 2008 }}, [Council of the European Union](/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union "Council of the European Union"), accessed 13 January 2007\.
#### 2007
In May 2007, [India](/wiki/India "India") announced that it would be sending an additional 70 [Indian Air Force](/wiki/Indian_Air_Force "Indian Air Force") personnel to join the MONOU effort.[Indian Army aviators head for Congo on UN deployment](http://www.rxpgnews.com/india/Indian-Army-aviators-head-for-Congo-on-UN-deployment_18129.shtml) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930022221/http://www.rxpgnews.com/india/Indian\-Army\-aviators\-head\-for\-Congo\-on\-UN\-deployment\_18129\.shtml \|date\=30 September 2011 }}, 17 May 2007 – 8:46:52 am
#### 2008
[thumb\|right\|Indian peacekeepers on duty, protecting aid workers. India was the single largest contributor of personnel.](/wiki/File:Congopeacekeepers.jpg "Congopeacekeepers.jpg")
In August 2008, an internal investigation led by the Indian Army and other MONOU officers revealed that about ten Indian peacekeepers may have been involved in abuse and exploitation in Congo.{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7557670\.stm \|title\=UN probes India 'abuses' in Congo \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=13 August 2008 \|access\-date\=30 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=9 January 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109004635/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7557670\.stm \|url\-status\=live }} Earlier in May 2008, the vice chief of the Indian Army visited Congo to look into these allegations and by August 2008, the Indian Army had launched an official probe to look into these allegations.
On 26 October 2008 [Rally for Congolese Democracy](/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy "Rally for Congolese Democracy") (RCD) forces of [Laurent Nkunda](/wiki/Laurent_Nkunda "Laurent Nkunda") seized a major military camp, along with [Virunga National Park](/wiki/Virunga_National_Park "Virunga National Park") for use as a base to launch attacks. This occurred after a peace treaty failed, with the resultant fighting displacing thousands.{{cite news \|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/26/congo.gorillapark/index.html\#cnnSTCText \|title\=Thousands flee fighting as Congo rebels seize gorilla park \|publisher\=CNN \|date\=26 October 2008 \|access\-date\=28 October 2008 \|archive\-date\=27 October 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027212732/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/26/congo.gorillapark/index.html\#cnnSTCText \|url\-status\=live }} The park was taken due to its strategic location on a main road leading to the city of [Goma](/wiki/Goma "Goma").
On 27 October 2008 riots began around the United Nations compound in Goma, and civilians pelted the building with rocks and threw [Molotov cocktails](/wiki/Molotov_cocktail "Molotov cocktail"), claiming that the UN forces had done nothing to prevent the RCD advance.{{cite news\|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/27/congo.united.nations.ap/index.html\#cnnSTCText \|title\=Protesters attack U.N. HQ in eastern Congo \|publisher\=CNN \|date\=24 October 2008 \|access\-date\=28 October 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030045606/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/27/congo.united.nations.ap/index.html \|archive\-date\=30 October 2008 }} The [Congolese national army](/wiki/Military_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo") also retreated under pressure from the rebel army in a "major retreat."
Meanwhile, United Nations [gunships](/wiki/Attack_helicopter "Attack helicopter") and [armoured vehicles](/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle "Armoured fighting vehicle") were used in an effort to halt the advance of the rebels, who claimed to be within {{convert\|7\|mi\|km}} of Goma.{{cite news\|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/27/congo.united.nations/index.html \|title\=U.N. gunships battle rebels in east Congo \|publisher\=CNN \|date\=28 October 2008 \|access\-date\=28 October 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029024104/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/27/congo.united.nations/index.html \|archive\-date\=29 October 2008 }} Special Representative of the UN Secretary\-General for DRC [Alan Doss](/wiki/Alan_Doss "Alan Doss") explained the necessity of engaging the rebels, stating that "...\[the UN] can't allow population centres to be threatened... \[the UN] had to engage."{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7692932\.stm\|title\=UN joins battle with Congo rebels\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=27 October 2008\|access\-date\=28 October 2008\|archive\-date\=28 October 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028004529/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7692932\.stm\|url\-status\=live}}
[Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army "Indian Army") personnel were asked to deploy themselves from Goma to adjoining [North Kivu](/wiki/North_Kivu "North Kivu") province, after the Uruguayan battalion deployed in the region fled.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.timesnow.tv/Newsdtls.aspx?NewsID\=19726 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118140828/http://www.timesnow.tv/Newsdtls.aspx?NewsID\=19726 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=18 November 2016 \|access\-date\=1 November 2008 \| title\=Times Now }} However, after that several Uruguayan battalions were playing a crucial role in the buffer zone between the retreating government soldiers and the advancing rebels.[Uruguay officials travel to assess troops in Congo — MercoPress](http://www.falkland-malvinas.com/vernoticia.do?id=15219&formato=pdf). Falkland\-malvinas.com. Retrieved 4 September 2013\.
On 29 October 2008, a French request for an EU reinforcement of 1,500 troops was refused by several countries and appeared unlikely to materialize; however, the UN forces stated they would act to prevent takeovers of population centres.{{cite news \|first\=Catherine \|last\=Philp \|title\=UN peacekeepers braced for full\-scale war in central Africa \|url\=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5043727\.ece?token\=null\&offset\=0\&page\=1 \|work\=The Times \|date\=30 October 2008 \|access\-date\=30 October 2008 \|archive\-date\=29 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529144005/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5043727\.ece?token\=null\&offset\=0\&page\=1 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|first\=Michelle \|last\=Faul \|title\= Congo rebels reach Goma edge, declare cease\-fire \|url\=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hoitt5BsM5OKJ2Mmc3g5q6iufXjwD944CKL83 \|agency\=Associated Press \|date\=29 October 2008 \|access\-date\=29 October 2008}}{{dead link\|date\=November 2012\|bot\=Legobot}}
In November 2008, India announced that it would be sending the 3rd battalion of the [3rd Gorkha Rifles](/wiki/3rd_Gorkha_Rifles "3rd Gorkha Rifles") regiment to replace a [Sikh Light Infantry](/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry "Sikh Light Infantry") battalion and join the peace\-keeping effort in the Congo.{{Cite news \|last\=Majumdar \|first\=Bappa \|date\=2008\-11\-07 \|title\=Gurkhas to join Indian troops in Congo U.N. force \|language\=en \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia\-36382420081107 \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-04 \|archive\-date\=4 July 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704042907/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia\-36382420081107 \|url\-status\=live }} India made the decision to send its elite forces amidst rising concerns that Indian peace\-keepers were getting caught in the cross\-fire between DRC government troops and rebels.
On 4 November 2008, a 200\-fighter strong Mai Mai militia force launched a surprise attack on CNDP troops in Kiwanja, a CNDP\-controlled town near [Rutshuru](/wiki/Rutshuru "Rutshuru"), North Kivu. The Mai Mai were initially able to retake the town but a speedy counter\-attack returned control to the CNDP less than 24\-hours later. After the town was retaken, CNDP forces under the command of [Bosco Ntaganda](/wiki/Bosco_Ntaganda "Bosco Ntaganda") combed through Kiwanja, searching out boys and men – who they accused of collaborating with the Mai Mai – and executing them on the spot. Older members of the community, both men and women, were also murdered and a large number of women were raped and assaulted. By the end of 5 November, over 150 civilians had been killed in Kiwanja in what has since been dubbed the Kiwanja Massacre.{{cite book \|last1\=Mampilly \|first1\=Zachariah \|title\=Peacekeeping in Africa: The Evolving Security Architecture \|date\=2014 \|publisher\=Routledge, Taylor and Francis \|year\=2014 \|isbn\=9781317913665 \|editor\-last\=Wyss \|editor\-first\=Marco \|location\=London \|language\=en \|chapter\=Indian peacekeeping and the performance of the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo \|oclc\=871224152 \|editor\-last2\=Tardy \|editor\-first2\=Thierry}}
A UN base was situated less than {{convert\|1\|mi\|km\|abbr\=on}} from Kiwanja and over 100 Indian peacekeepers were present at the time of the attacks but the forces lacked basic intelligence capabilities – no one in the base spoke the necessary languages, as their interpreter had been reassigned without replacement a week prior – and the peacekeepers later said they had no idea the massacre was taking place until it was over. Lt. Col. H. S. Brar, commander of the Indian peacekeepers at Kiwanja summarized the failure as the result of "poor communication and staffing, inadequate equipment, intelligence breakdowns and spectacularly bad luck."{{cite news \|last1\=Polgreen \|first1\=Lydia \|title\=A Massacre in Congo, Despite Nearby Support \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/11/world/africa/11congo.html \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-03 \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=2008\-12\-11 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=4 July 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704042916/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/11/world/africa/11congo.html \|url\-status\=live }} In its report on the massacre, [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") largely supported Brar's assessment but further observed that competing priorities from headquarters in Goma shifted focus to "assuring the security of humanitarian workers, a foreign journalist, and a group of military observers, rather than protecting the civilian population."{{cite web \|title\=Killings in Kiwanja: The UN's Inability to Protect Civilians \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/12/11/killings\-kiwanja/uns\-inability\-protect\-civilians \|website\=\[\[Human Rights Watch]] \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-03 \|language\=en \|date\=2008\-12\-11 \|archive\-date\=4 July 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704042916/https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/12/11/killings\-kiwanja/uns\-inability\-protect\-civilians \|url\-status\=live }}
In the immediate aftermath of the Kiwanja Massacre, the recently\-appointed civilian and military heads of the UN peacekeeping force in North Kivu, [Hiroute Guebre Sellassie](/wiki/Hiroute_Guebre_Sellassie "Hiroute Guebre Sellassie") and Gen. [Bipin Rawat](/wiki/Bipin_Rawat "Bipin Rawat"), brought their commands together for evaluation. As a result, the MONUC civilian and military teams in North Kivu "implemented a number of reforms that drastically improved the performance of peacekeepers and were hailed as a model for other peacekeeping missions." Reforms included the creation of joint protection teams comprising military and police personnel and civil affairs, human rights, and child protection staff operating from the UN's forward bases; a mobile\-phone based early warning system, in which community members were provided with devices to alert peacekeepers of unrest; community alert networks that allowed for bases to be contacted around the clock; Community Liaison Assistants (CLAs), an expanded role for Congolese translators to also act as community monitors and information gatherers; an emphasis on civilian outreach; increased foot patrols; and deployment of 30–35 troop standing combat units to areas deemed vulnerable.
On 18 November, a draft resolution spearheaded by the [French Foreign Ministry](/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28France%29 "Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)") was presented before the [United Nations Security Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council "United Nations Security Council").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSN18289517\.\_CH\_.2400\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205025853/http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSN18289517\.\_CH\_.2400\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=5 December 2008\|title\=More peacekeepers won't bring peace to Congo – UN\|publisher\=Reuters\|author\=Louis Charbonneau\|date\=18 November 2008\|access\-date\=20 November 2008}} The resolution, signed by 44 different organizations and with the backing of the [British Foreign Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office "Foreign and Commonwealth Office") minister [Mark Malloch Brown](/wiki/Mark_Malloch_Brown%2C_Baron_Malloch-Brown "Mark Malloch Brown, Baron Malloch-Brown"), asked the UN to send 3,000 more peacekeepers to reinforce the 17,000\-strong garrison in the Congo, the largest garrison of its kind.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7735159\.stm\|title\=Congo rebels 'to withdraw troops'\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=18 November 2008\|access\-date\=20 November 2008\|archive\-date\=20 November 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120014820/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7735159\.stm\|url\-status\=live}} This echoed calls from Human Rights Watch and other [humanitarian aid](/wiki/Humanitarian_aid "Humanitarian aid") groups in the region, who were also asking for reinforcements to bring stability to the area. In a shared statement, the coalition of organizations stated that
> "\[The reinforcements] would help to prevent the atrocities that continue to be committed against civilians on an ever greater scale here in North Kivu \[province], on the border of Rwanda and Uganda... Since August 28, fighting has intensified in many areas, causing deaths, rapes, lootings, forced recruitment and further displacements of civilian populations. The population has thus been immersed in unspeakable suffering. In the last few days, fighting has drawn closer to large populated areas, such as the town of Goma. Fighting has also invaded and torn apart the region of [Rutshuru](/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory "Rutshuru Territory"), particularly in the town of Kiwanja, where hundreds of civilian deaths have now been recorded."{{cite web \|title\=A Plea from Local Organizations and Civil Society in North Kivu \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/11/18/plea\-local\-organizations\-and\-civil\-society\-north\-kivu \|website\=\[\[Human Rights Watch]] \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-03 \|language\=en \|date\=2008\-11\-18 \|archive\-date\=4 July 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704042907/https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/11/18/plea\-local\-organizations\-and\-civil\-society\-north\-kivu \|url\-status\=live }}
Local groups in the Congo also requested help from the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union"), as they would be able to deploy soldiers sooner, working as a "bridging force" until the UN reinforcements arrived. British EU spokeswoman Catriona Little stated that they were "not ruling in or out EU forces".{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/19/congo.un.troops/index.html\|title\=Britain, France push for more U.N. troops in Congo\|publisher\=CNN\|date\=19 November 2008\|access\-date\=20 November 2008\|archive\-date\=9 December 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209142332/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/19/congo.un.troops/index.html\|url\-status\=live}}
On 20 November, the UN voted unanimously to send 3,085 more peacekeepers, citing "extreme concern at the deteriorating humanitarian situation and in particular the targeted attacks against civilian population, sexual violence, recruitment of child soldiers and [summary executions](/wiki/Summary_execution "Summary execution")." However, it did not extend MONUC's mandate in the Congo, which was set to expire at the end of 2008\.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/20/congo.un.troops/index.html\|title\=U.N. condemns Congo atrocities\|publisher\=CNN\|date\=20 November 2008\|access\-date\=21 November 2008\|archive\-date\=9 December 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209143026/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/20/congo.un.troops/index.html\|url\-status\=live}} The decision was made despite the rebel commitment to pulling back from the front lines and allowing aid to reach the thousands of people still isolated, according to aid groups.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/20/congo\-unitednations\|title\=Extra 3,100 UN troops to be deployed to Congo\|author\=Angela Balakrishnan\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=20 November 2008\|access\-date\=21 November 2008\|archive\-date\=4 September 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904060929/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/20/congo\-unitednations\|url\-status\=live}}
However, a week after the UN vote, the DRC government requested the UN to not deploy any more Indian troops in the east of the country, arguing that there was a need to "redress the balance" of the make\-up of the 17,000\-strong UN force in the country.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7750564\.stm\|title\=DR Congo declines Indian troops\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=26 November 2008\|access\-date\=30 June 2011\|archive\-date\=13 March 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313112434/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7750564\.stm\|url\-status\=live}}
#### 2009
On 17 February, [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt") announced that it would send around 1,325 soldiers from the Egyptian Army to support the UN mission in Congo. Egypt also announced that it will send a police force to help in protecting the UN mission in Congo. The Egyptian armed force will work to give support and technical advice to the Congo Army beside operating armed mission in the conflict zones and medical assistant and support. According to the Foreign affairs in Cairo, Egypt will send a Mechanized Unit, Special Forces, Field Engineers, and Paratroops. Egypt already has a small unit in Congo consisting of 13 policemen and 23 observers.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID\=20117\|title\=Egypt to send more than 1,325 peacekeepers to Congo \|publisher\=Reuters\|date\=18 February 2009}}
In March 2009, the Indian Army questioned more than 100 Indian troops deployed in DRC regarding the abuse allegations against them.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/congo\-abuse\-army\-clean\-chit\-to\-soldiers/433886/\|title\=Congo abuse: Army clean chit to soldiers\|publisher\=Indian Express\|date\=13 March 2009\|access\-date\=30 June 2011\|archive\-date\=27 February 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227182352/https://indianexpress.com/article/news\-archive/web/congo\-abuse\-army\-clean\-chit\-to\-soldiers/\|url\-status\=live}} After a thorough investigation, which included examination of statements by alleged victims, the Indian Army found "serious irregularities" in charges raised by the [United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services](/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Internal_Oversight_Services "United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services"). Consequently, all of the accused personnel were let off due to lack of evidence.
In October 2009, India announced a US$263 million aid package to Congo to help the country's information technology, [hydroelectricity](/wiki/Hydroelectricity "Hydroelectricity") and railway sectors.{{citation \| url \= http://www.sify.com/news/India\-announces\-263\-mn\-credit\-for\-Congo\-news\-jk3sEbghdci.html \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20121021124905/http://www.sify.com/news/India\-announces\-263\-mn\-credit\-for\-Congo\-news\-jk3sEbghdci.html \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-date \= 2012\-10\-21 \| title \= India announces $263\-mn credit for Congo \| website \= \[\[Sify]] \| date \= 2009\-10\-29}} India also renewed its military commitments to MONUC while Congo expressed its support for [India's UNSC permanent seat candidature](/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council%23India "Reform of the United Nations Security Council#India"). These developments helped thaw relations between the two countries.
In December, MONUC rushed peacekeeping troops to [Dongo](/wiki/Dongo%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "Dongo, Democratic Republic of the Congo") in the [Kungu](/wiki/Kungu "Kungu") territory of [Sud\-Ubangi District](/wiki/Sud-Ubangi_District "Sud-Ubangi District") where [a new conflict](/wiki/Dongo_conflict "Dongo conflict") rapidly escalated in an effort to protect the local population.{{citation\|url\=http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\=1042\&ctl\=Details∣\=1096\&ItemID\=6547 \|title\=Equateur: New interdisciplinary MONUC mission in Dongo \|publisher\=MONUC \|date\=24 November 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429172309/http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\=1042 \|archive\-date\=29 April 2009 }} A MONUC helicopter that was restocking the 20 troops stationed there fell under gunfire from armed men. The helicopter crew, all of Russian nationality, facilitated the evacuation of 25 people, including 5 injured people (including the helicopter pilot), who were brought to [Brazzaville](/wiki/Brazzaville "Brazzaville") for emergency medical treatment.{{citation\|url\=http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\=1042\&ctl\=Details∣\=1096\&ItemID\=6730 \|title\=Alan Doss meets the Russian crew of a MONUC helicopter attacked in Dongo \|publisher\=MONUC \|date\=12 December 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429172309/http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\=1042 \|archive\-date\=29 April 2009 }}
Sources in Kinshasa reported that in mid\-November DRC President [Joseph Kabila](/wiki/Joseph_Kabila "Joseph Kabila") secretly airlifted a battalion of [Rwandan Defense Forces](/wiki/Rwandan_Defense_Forces "Rwandan Defense Forces") (RDF) across Congo to put down the rebellion in Dongo and the operation was supported by the United Nations Observes Mission in Congo ([MONUC](/wiki/MONUC "MONUC")) and the [United States Africa Command](/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command "United States Africa Command"). Along with RDF regulars, MONUC troops have been fighting alongside [Tutsi](/wiki/Tutsi "Tutsi") Rwandan soldiers infiltrated by Rwanda, with the Kabila government's support, into the national army, the Armed Forces of the DRC (FARDC).{{citation\|title\=Belgian Paratroopers To Crush Rising Congo Rebellion? \|url\=http://www.consciousbeingalliance.com/2009/12/belgian\-paratroopers\-to\-crush\-rising\-congo\-rebellion/ \|date\=7 December 2009 \|first\=Keith \|last\=Harmon Snow \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226200656/http://www.consciousbeingalliance.com/2009/12/belgian\-paratroopers\-to\-crush\-rising\-congo\-rebellion \|archive\-date\=26 December 2009 \|df\=dmy }}
At the weekly MONUC press conference of 16 December 2009, it was announced by MONUC spokesperson Madnodje Mounoubai that the first MONUC peacekeeping troops were deployed in Dongo, where a temporary operational basis is functional, as well as in nearby [Bozene](/wiki/Bozene "Bozene"). The 500 MONUC troops will come from the Ghanaian, Tunisian and Egyptian contingents as well as troops from the Guatemalan Special Forces. Military equipment such as armored personnel carriers, transport and combat helicopters will also be at their disposal to support their mission.{{citation\|url\=http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\=932\&ctl\=Details∣\=1096\&ItemID\=6815 \|title\=Equateur: An extra 500 MONUC troops being deployed to Dongo \|publisher\=MONUC \|date\=16 December 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429172347/http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\=932 \|archive\-date\=29 April 2009 }}
### 2010s
#### 2010
In accordance with Security Council resolution 1925 of 28 May 2010, MONUC was renamed as of 1 July the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) to reflect the new phase reached in the country. In August 2010, the Mai Mai rebels ambushed a base of the 19th [Kumaon Regiment](/wiki/Kumaon_Regiment "Kumaon Regiment") of the [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army "Indian Army"), killing three Indian peace\-keepers.[3 Indian peacekeepers killed in Congo](https://web.archive.org/web/20120905125527/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-19/india/28311544_1_indian-peacekeepers-indian-soldiers-congo-government), Times of India, 19 August 2010 The attack renewed calls in India to decrease the country's military presence in Congo due to growing conflict in the region.
#### 2011
In May 2011, the international cooperation minister of DRC expressed his government's desire of an "orderly, progressive withdrawal" of MONUSCO due to "normalization" of DRC's relations with neighboring countries and containment of rebels to a "few isolated zones."[DR Congo calls on UN to withdraw peacekeepers](http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/dr-congo-calls-un-withdraw-peacekeepers) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017052717/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/dr\-congo\-calls\-un\-withdraw\-peacekeepers \|date\=17 October 2012 }}, Radio Netherlands, 18 May 2011
In June 2011, the UN announced that it would withdraw about 2,000 peace\-keepers by the end of the month.[U.N. peacekeepers start Congo withdrawal](https://web.archive.org/web/20121018203957/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2010%2F6%2F17%2Fworldupdates%2F2010-06-17T001737Z_01_NOOTR_RTRMDNC_0_-493692-1&sec=Worldupdates), The Star, 17 June 2010 The UN announcement came only a few days after India's decision to withdraw all of its four [Mi\-35](/wiki/Mi-35 "Mi-35") combat helicopters from MONUSCO and eventually cease peace\-keeping operations in DRC.{{Cite news \|last\=Lynch \|first\=Colum \|date\=2011\-06\-14 \|title\=India's withdrawal of helicopters from Congo points to wider trend \|language\=en\-US \|newspaper\=\[\[Washington Post]] \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/national\-security/indias\-withdrawal\-of\-helicopters\-from\-congo\-points\-to\-wider\-trend/2011/06/10/AGH5loUH\_story.html \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-27 \|issn\=0190\-8286 \|archive\-date\=20 December 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220004508/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/national\-security/indias\-withdrawal\-of\-helicopters\-from\-congo\-points\-to\-wider\-trend/2011/06/10/AGH5loUH\_story.html \|url\-status\=live }}
#### 2012
[thumb\|Members of Uruguayan Riverine Company patrolling [Lake Tanganyika](/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika "Lake Tanganyika"), March 2012](/wiki/File:UN-12-049_%288137919009%29.jpg "UN-12-049 (8137919009).jpg")
{{main\|2012 East DR Congo conflict}}
On 15 November, MONUSCO helicopter gunships were deployed to support government forces as they fought to hold off a [23 March Movement](/wiki/March_23_Movement "March 23 Movement") attack south of Kibumba; the combined army and UN assault killed approximately 64 M23 fighters.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/congo\-democratic\-un\-idUSL5E8MLH6J20121121 \|title\=UN defends failed attempt to halt capture of Congo's Goma \|date\=21 November 2012 \|publisher\=Reuters \|access\-date\=21 November 2012 \|archive\-date\=29 November 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129111232/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/21/congo\-democratic\-un\-idUSL5E8MLH6J20121121 \|url\-status\=live \|df\=dmy }}
On 20 November 2012, 23 March Movement seized the provincial capital of [Goma](/wiki/Goma "Goma") after the national army retreated. MONUSCO troops observed without intervening, as their mandate only allowed them to protect civilians.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/world/africa/congolese\-rebels\-reach\-goma\-reports\-say.html \|title\=Congo Rebels Seize Provincial Capital \|author\=Jeffrey Gettleman and Josh Kron \|date\=20 November 2012 \|work\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=18 November 2012 \|archive\-date\=20 November 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120190538/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/world/africa/congolese\-rebels\-reach\-goma\-reports\-say.html?\_r\=0 \|url\-status\=live \|df\=dmy }} French Foreign Minister [Laurent Fabius](/wiki/Laurent_Fabius "Laurent Fabius") called the situation "absurd", noting MONUSCO's greatly superior numbers, and called for the group's mandate to be revised.{{cite web\|author\=Jonny Hogg \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-congo\-democratic\-idUSBRE8AI0UO20121120 \|title\=Congo rebels seize eastern city as U.N. forces look on \|publisher\=Reuters \|date\=20 November 2012 \|access\-date\=20 November 2012 \|archive\-date\=21 November 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121162508/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/20/us\-congo\-democratic\-idUSBRE8AI0UO20121120 \|url\-status\=live \|df\=dmy }} UN spokesman Eduardo del Buey said peacekeepers "cannot substitute" for the Congo national army, adding that the 1,500 UN troops in Goma held their fire because they did not want to risk civilian lives.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-africa\-20405739 \|title\=DR Congo M23 rebels 'enter Goma city' \|publisher\=BBC News \|date\=20 November 2012 \|access\-date\=20 November 2012 \|archive\-date\=5 December 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20121205032005/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-africa\-20405739 \|url\-status\=live \|df\=dmy }}
#### 2013
{{See also\|United Nations Force Intervention Brigade}}
[thumb\|[Tanzanian special forces](/wiki/Tanzania_People%27s_Defence_Force "Tanzania People's Defence Force") during a training exercise in Sake, July 2013](/wiki/File:FIB-training-22_%289311333487%29.jpg "FIB-training-22 (9311333487).jpg")
In January 2013 chief of MONUSCO [Herve Ladsous](/wiki/Herve_Ladsous "Herve Ladsous") told the UN Security Council during a closed\-door session that the mission plans to deploy three [unmanned aerial vehicles](/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle "Unmanned aerial vehicle") in eastern provinces of DRC. US, UK and some other Security Council members were also supportive of the idea. However, Rwanda, which had denied allegations by UN experts that it has been supporting the [March 23 Movement](/wiki/March_23_Movement "March 23 Movement"), opposed this proposal. Rwandan delegation informed the UN Security Council that Monusco would be a "belligerent" if it deployed drones in eastern DRC. Other diplomats, including Russian, Chinese, and some from Europe, also expressed reservations. They said there were unanswered questions about who would receive the information from the drones and how widely it would be disseminated, expressing discomfort at the idea of the United Nations becoming an active gatherer of intelligence.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.news24\.com/Africa/News/Rwanda\-opposes\-use\-of\-drones\-DRC\-20130109\|title\=Rwanda opposes use of drones in DRC\|publisher\=News 24\|date\=9 December 2013\|access\-date\=11 December 2013\|archive\-date\=14 December 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214115518/http://www.news24\.com/Africa/News/Rwanda\-opposes\-use\-of\-drones\-DRC\-20130109\|url\-status\=live}}
In March 2013, the United Nations [Security Council](/wiki/Security_Council "Security Council") authorized the deployment of an intervention brigade within MONUSCO to carry out targeted offensive operations, with or without the [Congolese national army](/wiki/Military_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"), against armed groups that threaten peace in eastern DRC. The brigade is based in [Sake](/wiki/Sake%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "Sake, Democratic Republic of the Congo"), North Kivu and is made up of a total of 3,069 peacekeepers. It is tasked with neutralizing armed groups, reducing the threat posed to State authority and civilian security and to make space for stabilization activities.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\=44876\#.UizEW9JJOE0\|title\=Tanzanian troops arrive in eastern DR Congo as part of UN intervention brigade\|publisher\=United Nations\|access\-date\=8 September 2013\|date\=10 May 2013\|archive\-date\=28 September 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928085644/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\=44876\#.UizEW9JJOE0\|url\-status\=live}} The first Brigade was composed of three battalions, one each from [South Africa](/wiki/South_African_Army "South African Army"), [Tanzania](/wiki/Tanzania_People%27s_Defence_Force "Tanzania People's Defence Force") and [Malawi](/wiki/Malawian_Defence_Force "Malawian Defence Force") with the Brigade being commanded by [James Aloizi Mwakibolwa](/wiki/James_Aloizi_Mwakibolwa "James Aloizi Mwakibolwa"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid\=98140\|title\=NGOs concerned about new DRC Intervention Brigade\|publisher\=IrinNews\|access\-date\=30 July 2014\|date\=31 May 2013\|archive\-date\=8 August 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808040120/http://www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid\=98140\|url\-status\=live}} of Tanzania.
On 30 July 2013, the March 23 Movement was given a 48\-hour ultimatum by the UN to leave Goma area or face "use of force."[UN gives ultimatum to DR Congo rebels – Africa](http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/07/201373017252298401.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801232357/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/07/201373017252298401\.html \|date\=1 August 2013 }}. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 4 September 2013\. Between 21 and 29 August, heavy fighting outside Goma left 57 rebels, 10–23 government soldiers, 14 civilians and one Tanzanian UN peacekeeper dead. Seven\-hundred and twenty government soldiers and ten UN peacekeepers were also wounded.{{cite web \|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/casualties\-congo\-troops\-forces\-fight\-rebels\-20065097 \|title\=International News \| World News \- ABC News \| Casualties as Congo and UN Forces Fight Rebels \|publisher\=abcnews.go.com \|access\-date\=15 March 2016 \|archive\-date\=28 August 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828083647/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/casualties\-congo\-troops\-forces\-fight\-rebels\-20065097 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/congo\-conflict\-spills\-rwanda\-20111030 \|title\=International News \| World News \- ABC News \| Rebels Declare Ceasefire in Congo \|publisher\=abcnews.go.com \|access\-date\=15 March 2016 \|archive\-date\=1 September 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130901121605/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/congo\-conflict\-spills\-rwanda\-20111030 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\=45727\#.UiMppjZHIpk\|title\=United Nations News Centre \- DR Congo: UN chief deplores killing of Tanzanian peacekeeper\|date\=29 August 2013\|publisher\=un.org\|access\-date\=15 March 2016\|archive\-date\=5 November 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105044543/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\=45727\#.UiMppjZHIpk\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.enca.com/africa/sa\-snipers\-kill\-congo\-rebels\|title\=SA snipers kill Congo rebels \| eNCA\|author\=eNCA\|publisher\=enca.com\|access\-date\=15 March 2016\|archive\-date\=24 September 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924000423/http://www.enca.com/africa/sa\-snipers\-kill\-congo\-rebels\|url\-status\=live}}
[thumb\|A team of technicians prepares for the inaugural flight of the UAV, December 2013](/wiki/File:A_team_of_technicians_prepares_for_the_inaugural_flight_of_an_Unmanned-Unarmed_Aerial_Vehicles_%28UAV%29_in_Goma%2C_North_Kivu_province_%2811189522286%29.jpg "A team of technicians prepares for the inaugural flight of an Unmanned-Unarmed Aerial Vehicles (UAV) in Goma, North Kivu province (11189522286).jpg")
#### 2014
After the [2014 South Kivu attack](/wiki/2014_South_Kivu_attack "2014 South Kivu attack") in June 2014, the UN announced it would send MONUSCO peacekeeping troops to the area to protect the population. "These violent acts are unacceptable and need to stop immediately," said Kobler.{{cite news\|title\=Dispute over cows leaves 37 dead, 20 others injured in eastern Congo\|work\=Chicago Tribune\|date\=7 June 2014\|author\=Crispin Kyalangalilwa\|agency\=Reuters\|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2014/06/07/dispute\-over\-cows\-leaves\-37\-dead\-20\-others\-injured\-in\-eastern\-congo/\|access\-date\=8 June 2014\|archive\-date\=8 June 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608152438/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014\-06\-07/news/sns\-rt\-us\-congo\-massacre\-20140607\_1\_national\-liberation\-forces\-cows\-burundi\|url\-status\=live}}
#### 2015
In May 2015, [Allied Democratic Forces](/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces "Allied Democratic Forces") Ugandan rebels ambushed a MONUSCO convoy about {{convert\|7\|mi\|km}} from Beni, killing two Tanzanian soldiers. Four other peacekeepers were reported missing.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-africa\-32605771 \|title\=Tanzanian UN peacekeepers killed in DR Congo near Beni \|publisher\=BBC News \|date\=6 May 2015 \|access\-date\=27 November 2015 \|archive\-date\=9 January 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109004635/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-africa\-32605771 \|url\-status\=live }}
In October 2015, [Maman Sambo Sidikou](/wiki/Maman_Sambo_Sidikou "Maman Sambo Sidikou") succeeded [Martin Kobler](/wiki/Martin_Kobler "Martin Kobler") as head of the MONUSCO.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sga1596\.doc.htm \|title\=Secretary\-General Appoints Maman Sambo Sidikou of Niger Special Representative for Democratic Republic of Congo \|publisher\=United Nations \|date\=8 October 2015 \|access\-date\=8 December 2016 \|archive\-date\=4 December 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204185527/http://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sga1596\.doc.htm \|url\-status\=live }}
[thumb\|The head of MONUSCO [Bintou Keita](/wiki/Bintou_Keita "Bintou Keita") (on right) in Kalemie in 2021, observing COVID\-19 precautions](/wiki/File:Bintou_Keita_in_Kalemie_during_covid-19_on_26_MARS_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg "Bintou Keita in Kalemie during covid-19 on 26 MARS 2021 (cropped).jpg")
#### 2017
On 8 December 2017, the Semuliki operating base, 27 miles from the town of Beni, was [engaged in a protracted attack](/wiki/2017_Semuliki_attack "2017 Semuliki attack") which resulted in the deaths of 15 UN peacekeepers and 5 Congolese soldiers killed. 53 UN peacekeepers were also wounded. At least 12 of the dead UN peacekeepers were Tanzanians.{{cite web\|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/08/africa/africa\-un\-peacekeepers\-killed/index.html\|title\=15 UN peacekeepers slain in Congo\|author1\=Joe Sterling\|author2\=Robyn Kriel\|author3\=Eric Levenson\|date\=8 December 2017\|publisher\=CNN\|access\-date\=17 November 2018\|archive\-date\=17 November 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117151523/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/08/africa/africa\-un\-peacekeepers\-killed/index.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://news.sky.com/story/fourteen\-un\-peacekeepers\-killed\-in\-democratic\-republic\-of\-congo\-attack\-11161884\|title\=Fourteen UN peacekeepers killed in Democratic Republic of Congo attack\|access\-date\=17 November 2018\|archive\-date\=8 December 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208192535/https://news.sky.com/story/fourteen\-un\-peacekeepers\-killed\-in\-democratic\-republic\-of\-congo\-attack\-11161884\|url\-status\=live}} It is suspected that the attackers were rebels of the [Allied Democratic Forces](/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces "Allied Democratic Forces") (ADF).{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-africa\-42285871\|title\=UN peacekeepers killed in DR Congo\|work\=BBC News\|date\=8 December 2017\|access\-date\=17 November 2018\|archive\-date\=16 November 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116151500/https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-africa\-42285871\|url\-status\=live}} This brought the total casualties of UN forces since the mission commenced in Congo to 93\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/08/peacekeepers\-killed\-in\-attack\-on\-un\-base\-in\-dr\-congo\|title\=Islamist attack kills at least 15 UN peacekeepers and five soldiers in DRC\|first\=Jason\|last\=Burke\|date\=8 December 2017\|website\=the Guardian\|access\-date\=17 November 2018\|archive\-date\=22 October 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022005924/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/08/peacekeepers\-killed\-in\-attack\-on\-un\-base\-in\-dr\-congo\|url\-status\=live}}
#### 2022
In March, due to the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine"), Ukraine withdrew its aviation unit of eight helicopters.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-africa\-62945971 \|title\=Ukraine troops leave DR Congo peacekeeping mission Monusco \|last\=Cyuzuzo \|first\=Samba \|website\=BBC \|date\=19 September 2022 \|access\-date\=24 September 2022 \|archive\-date\=25 September 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925065053/https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-africa\-62945971 \|url\-status\=live }}
[Anti\-MONUSCO protests](/wiki/Anti-MONUSCO_protests "Anti-MONUSCO protests") emerged in late July amidst accusations by Congolese politicians and civilians of failing to take action to end the Kivu conflict within the country. The protestors demanded that MONUSCO leave the country. On 26 July, fifteen people were killed and 50 others were injured as UN peacekeepers opened fire at a protest in [Goma](/wiki/Goma "Goma"), North Kivu.{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-07\-26 \|title\=At least 15 killed as anti\-UN protests spread in eastern DR Congo \|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/26/un\-peacekeepers\-troops\-shoot\-two\-protesters\-dead\-in\-goma\-drc \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-27 \|website\=\[\[Al Jazeera English\|Al Jazeera]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=26 July 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726212051/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/26/un\-peacekeepers\-troops\-shoot\-two\-protesters\-dead\-in\-goma\-drc \|url\-status\=live }} The same day, three peacekeepers and seven civilians were killed during an attack on a MONUSCO base by protesters in [Butembo](/wiki/Butembo "Butembo"). On 27 July, four protesters at a MONUSCO base in [Uvira](/wiki/Uvira "Uvira") were killed by electrocution after soldiers shot an electric cable which fell on them. South Kivu governor [Théo Ngwabidje Kasi](/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_Ngwabidje_Kasi "Théo Ngwabidje Kasi") called for investigations as to whether the cable was shot by Congolese security forces or MONUSCO peacekeepers.{{cite web \|last1\=Kyala \|first1\=Crispin \|last2\=Bujakera \|first2\=Stanis \|title\=Four civilians electrocuted during Congo anti\-U.N. protests \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/four\-dead\-anti\-un\-protests\-spread\-congo\-2022\-07\-27/ \|website\=\[\[Reuters]] \|access\-date\=28 July 2022 \|language\=en \|date\=27 July 2022 \|archive\-date\=27 July 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727150800/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/four\-dead\-anti\-un\-protests\-spread\-congo\-2022\-07\-27/ \|url\-status\=live }}
In September, Ukraine withdrew its 250 troops from the mission.
#### 2023
{{See also\|2023 DRC anti\-MONUSCO protests}}
In August 2023, protesters clashed with soldiers in a protest in [Goma](/wiki/Goma "Goma"), [Democratic Republic of the Congo](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "Democratic Republic of the Congo"), against MONUSCO forces for the failure to prevent the violence of militants against civilians. According to reports, the death toll reached 56 on September 5, 2023\.{{Cite web \|title\=Two officers arrested over DR Congo crackdown as death toll rises to 56 \|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/5/two\-officers\-arrested\-in\-dr\-congo\-for\-crackdown\-that\-killed\-43\-people \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-09 \|website\=Al Jazeera \|language\=en}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1990s",
"The origin of this second United Nations military presence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is found in the [Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement](/wiki/Lusaka_Ceasefire_Agreement \"Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement\") on 17 July 1999 and the following [United Nations Security Council Resolution 1258](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1258 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1258\") of 6 August 1999, authorizing the deployment of a maximum of 90 officers.",
"The first liaison officers arrived in the DRC on 3 September 1999\\. In November 1999 the number of liaison officers totaled 55, distributed in the capitals of the warring countries ([Rwanda](/wiki/Rwanda \"Rwanda\"), [Uganda](/wiki/Uganda \"Uganda\"), [Burundi](/wiki/Burundi \"Burundi\"), Zambia, [Namibia](/wiki/Namibia \"Namibia\"), [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Zimbabwe \"Zimbabwe\"), [Ethiopia](/wiki/Ethiopia \"Ethiopia\")) including 24 who were stationed in [Kinshasa](/wiki/Kinshasa \"Kinshasa\"). In January 2000 they reached the number of 79 and they were spread over the whole territory of DRC. Their mission was to liaise with all the warring factions, give a technical assistance and prepare the deployment of military observers.",
"### 2000s",
"#### 2000",
"On 24 February 2000 with the resolution 1291, the UN Security Council authorized the deployment of a maximum of 5537 military personnel in the DRC, including 500 military observers. On 4 April 2000 the Senegalese Major General [Mountaga Diallo](/wiki/Mountaga_Diallo \"Mountaga Diallo\") was appointed as the commander of MONUSCO's military force. The mandate was to monitor the implementation of the Ceasefire Agreement and the redeployment of belligerent forces, to develop an action plan for the overall implementation of the Ceasefire Agreement, to work with the parties to obtain the release of all prisoners of war, military captives and the return of the remains, to facilitate humanitarian assistance and to assist the Facilitator of the National Dialogue.",
"Acting under [Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter](/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter \"Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter\"), the UN Security Council authorized MONUC to take the necessary action, in the areas of deployment of its infantry battalions, to protect UN personnel, facilities, installations and equipment, ensure the security and freedom of movement of its personnel, and to protect civilians under imminent threat of physical violence.",
"In December 2000 there were 224 military personnel deployed, including 148 observers in thirteen points around the country. The observers could only record the non\\-application of the Ceasefire, the violent fighting at [Kisangani](/wiki/Kisangani \"Kisangani\") and in the [Équateur](/wiki/%C3%89quateur_%28former_province%29 \"Équateur (former province)\") and [Katanga](/wiki/Katanga_Province \"Katanga Province\") provinces as well as the presence of foreign troops in the DRC. The deployment of UN troops was impossible due to the security situation and the reluctance of the Congolese government.",
"#### 2001",
"Even though the beginning of 2001 was still hampered by sporadic combat, the military observers could fulfill their mission in regards with the disengagement of forces and the withdrawal of some of the [Rwandan](/wiki/Rwanda_Defence_Force \"Rwanda Defence Force\") and [Ugandan forces](/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force \"Uganda People's Defence Force\").",
"In March 2001, the first [Uruguayan](/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Uruguay \"Armed Forces of Uruguay\") guard unit arrived in [Kalemie](/wiki/Kalemie \"Kalemie\"). The force was deployed in four sectors at [Kananga](/wiki/Kananga \"Kananga\"), [Kisangani](/wiki/Kisangani \"Kisangani\"), Kalemie and [Mbandaka](/wiki/Mbandaka \"Mbandaka\"). In July 2001, the force strength was of 2,366 soldiers, including 363 military observers distributed across 22 cities, and 28 teams monitoring the disengagement of forces. The contingent soldiers totaled 1,869\\. They came from South Africa, Uruguay, Morocco, Senegal and Tunisia. Guard units protected MONUC installations in [Kinshasa](/wiki/Kinshasa \"Kinshasa\"), [Kananga](/wiki/Kananga \"Kananga\"), [Kisangani](/wiki/Kisangani \"Kisangani\"), Kalemie, [Goma](/wiki/Goma \"Goma\"), and Mbandaka. A Uruguayan riverine unit and a [South African](/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force \"South African National Defence Force\") air medical evacuation team were also deployed. The deployed troops were only to protect the sites against looting and theft, the force had neither the mandate nor the strength to protect the civilian population, or even to extract MONUC personnel. Following [UNSCR 1355](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1355 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1355\"), the military observers, within their capacities, could also contribute to the voluntary disarmament, demobilization, repatriation and reintegration process of the armed groups.",
"With [Security Council Resolution 1376](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1376 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1376\"), the Security Council launched the third phase of the deployment of MONUC troops, in the eastern DRC. The site for the logistical base was planned to be [Kindu](/wiki/Kindu \"Kindu\"), [Maniema Province](/wiki/Maniema_Province \"Maniema Province\").",
"#### 2002",
"In 2002, the 450 military observers, split in 95 teams, continued to monitor the Ceasefire along the ex\\-frontlines. The teams also investigated violations of the Ceasefire. Foreign troops continued to leave the country. The riverine units escorted the first ships on the [Congo River](/wiki/Congo_River \"Congo River\"), which was again open to commercial traffic. In June 2002 the UN troops' total number was 3,804\\. Contingents from Ghana and Bolivia joined the force, of which more than a third of the soldiers were Uruguayan. More than one thousand soldiers were deployed in Kisangani. On 14 May 2002, a military observer died near [Ikela](/wiki/Ikela \"Ikela\") following the explosion of a mine under his vehicle.",
"On 30 July 2002, the different parties signed the [Pretoria agreement](/wiki/Pretoria_Accord \"Pretoria Accord\") and the nature of the mission of the peacekeepers changed. The military observers monitored the withdrawal of 20,000 Rwandan soldiers, but they also noted the rise of [ethnic violence in Ituri Province](/wiki/Ituri_conflict \"Ituri conflict\"). At the end of 2002 there were a total of 4,200 UN soldiers in the DRC. Through [UNSCR 1445](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1445 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1445\"), the Security Council authorized the increase of military personnel to 8,500\\. The principle of two independent intervention forces – civilian and military – was also approved. MONUC was tasked to support the voluntary disarmament, demobilization, repatriation, reintegration and resettlement (DDRRR) process, without the use of force.",
"#### 2003",
"Numerous DDRRR operations in collaboration with the civilian component were conducted in the beginning of 2003\\. Before the start of the transition, UN soldiers were deployed along the front lines. A vast redeployment to the East started. The four coordination centres and 22 bases in the western part of the country were shut down. Over one hundred observers were redeployed and Uruguayan contingents arrived in [Bukavu](/wiki/Bukavu \"Bukavu\"), [South Kivu](/wiki/South_Kivu \"South Kivu\") and [Lubero](/wiki/Lubero \"Lubero\"), [North Kivu](/wiki/North_Kivu \"North Kivu\"). Observer teams monitored serious combat and human rights violations in Ituri. In April 2003, 800 Uruguayan soldiers were deployed in [Bunia](/wiki/Bunia \"Bunia\"), [Ituri Province](/wiki/Ituri_Province \"Ituri Province\") under [Resolution 1484](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1484 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1484\"). In the same month an observer died in a mine explosion. In May 2003 two military observers were savagely killed by a militia.",
"The withdrawal of 7,000 Ugandan troops in April 2003 led to a deteriorating security situation in the Ituri Province, endangering the peace process. The UN Secretary General [Kofi Annan](/wiki/Kofi_Annan \"Kofi Annan\") called for establishing and deploying a temporary multi\\-national force to the area until the weakened MONUC mission could be reinforced. In his second special report to the Security Council, the UN Secretary General proposed a reorientation of MONUC missions: to provide support to the transition and to maintain security in key areas of the country. Accordingly, he proposed the creation of a brigade in Ituri to support the peace process.",
"[thumb\\|An IDP camp around a base in [Kitshanga](/wiki/Kitchanga \"Kitchanga\")](/wiki/File:KitshangaWar-36_%288538205595%29.jpg \"KitshangaWar-36 (8538205595).jpg\")\nOn 30 May 2003, [UNSCR 1493](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1493 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1493\") authorized the deployment of the Interim Emergency Multinational Force (IEMF) in Bunia with a task to secure the airport and protect both [internally displaced persons](/wiki/Internally_displaced_person \"Internally displaced person\") in camps and the civilians in the town. UNSCR 1493 authorized an increase of military personnel to 10,800, imposed an arms embargo, and authorized MONUC to use all necessary means to fulfill its mandate in the [Ituri District](/wiki/Ituri_District \"Ituri District\") and also in North and South Kivu, as it deemed the additional provinces to be within MONUC's capabilities,",
"The [French Government](/wiki/Cabinet_of_France \"Cabinet of France\") had already shown interest in leading the operation. It soon broadened to a [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") (EU) \\-led mission with France as the framework nation providing the bulk of the personnel and complemented by contributions from both EU and non\\-EU nations. The total force consisted of about 1,800 personnel and was supported by French aircraft based at airfields in [N'Djamena](/wiki/N%27Djamena \"N'Djamena\"), Chad and [Entebbe](/wiki/Entebbe \"Entebbe\"), Uganda. A small 80\\-man [Swedish Special Forces](/wiki/S%C3%A4rskilda_Skyddsgruppen \"Särskilda Skyddsgruppen\") (SSG) group was also added.",
"The operation called [Operation Artemis](/wiki/Operation_Artemis \"Operation Artemis\") was launched on 12 June and the IMEF completed its deployment in the following three weeks. The force was successful in stabilising the situation in Bunia and enforcing the UN presence in the DRC. In September 2003, responsibility for the security of the region was handed over to the MONUC mission.{{cite web \\|date\\=October 2004 \\|title\\=Operation Artemis: The Lessons of the Interim Emergency Multinational Force \\|url\\=http://pbpu.unlb.org/PBPS/Pages/PUBLIC/ViewDocument.aspx?docid\\=572\\&menukey\\=\\_5\\_2\\_4 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605013600/http://pbpu.unlb.org/PBPS/Pages/PUBLIC/ViewDocument.aspx?docid\\=572\\&menukey\\=\\_5\\_2\\_4 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 June 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2008 \\|website\\=United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations}}",
"Growing military conflict in DRC caused the United Nations to seek additional military help from major powers. In July 2003, [India](/wiki/India \"India\") announced that it would be sending an additional 300 personnel and combat aircraft from the [Indian Air Force](/wiki/Indian_Air_Force \"Indian Air Force\") to strengthen the UN peacekeeping effort in DRC.{{cite news \\|date\\=10 July 2003 \\|title\\=Indian Air Force to Congo \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC World News]] \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south\\_asia/3054873\\.stm \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-28 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 January 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109004635/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south\\_asia/3054873\\.stm \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In September 2003, the Ituri brigade was in place, including soldiers from Uruguay, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Indonesia, India and Morocco.",
"In November 2003, a total of 10,415 peacekeepers were in the DRC, comprising infantry units, engineer units, helicopter units, logistic units, medical units and riverine units.",
"#### 2004",
"Deploying the Ituri brigade and conducting [cordon and search](/wiki/Cordon_and_search \"Cordon and search\") operations improved the security conditions in Ituri but, at the same time, the peacekeepers became the target of the militias. On 12 February 2004, a military observer was killed in Ituri.",
"With the arrival of the [Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo](/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\"), which included members of rebel movements, more than 900 Tunisian and Ghanaian UN troops contributed to the security of Kinshasa.",
"It was decided that the troops present in the Kivus will be assembled under the unified command of a brigade. In March the Nigerian General [Samaila Iliya](/wiki/Samaila_Iliya \"Samaila Iliya\") took over the command of the force.",
"In June 2004, Bukavu, South Kivu was occupied by rebel general [Laurent Nkunda](/wiki/Laurent_Nkunda \"Laurent Nkunda\"). A military observer was killed. The 1,000 MONUC troops could only protect their own installations. Demonstrations were held all over the country and UN troops opened fire on looters in Kinshasa. MONUC soldiers were again targeted by Ituri militia at the end of 2004\\.",
"Though the Secretary General had asked for an increase of 13,100 soldiers, in October 2004 the Security Council by [Resolution 1565](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1565 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1565\"), authorized a reinforcement of 5,900 military personnel and defined the mandate with the strategic military objectives of the MONUC force as:\n* proactively contributing to the pacification and general improvement of security in the country;\n* providing support for conflict resolution in politically volatile areas;\n* improving border security through regional confidence\\-building mechanisms, such as the Joint Verification Mechanism, and effective patrolling and monitoring of the arms embargo;\n* gathering and analysing military and other information on spoilers.",
"Following the UN resolution, the [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army \"Indian Army\") announced that it would be sending an additional 850 troops and four combat helicopters to aid the MONUC peacekeeping effort.{{cite news \\|date\\=6 October 2004 \\|title\\=DRC: India, Pakistan to Send More Troops \\|work\\=\\[\\[AllAfrica]] \\|url\\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200410060045\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-28 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 October 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020054924/http://allafrica.com/stories/200410060045\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### 2005",
"By 2005, the strength of UN peacekeeping forces in Congo reached more than 16,000 troops, split almost equally between the Western Brigade and the Eastern Division.",
"In February 2005, nine Bangladeshi UN troops were killed during an ambush in Ituri. The actions of the Ituri and Kivu Brigades became more robust and the pressure rose on all armed groups. [Thomas Lubanga Dyilo](/wiki/Thomas_Lubanga_Dyilo \"Thomas Lubanga Dyilo\"), the leader of the [Union of Congolese Patriots](/wiki/Union_of_Congolese_Patriots \"Union of Congolese Patriots\"), and other militia leaders were arrested by Congolese authorities and imprisoned in [Makala](/wiki/Makala \"Makala\"), Kinshasa. Lubanga was accused of having ordered the killing of the peacekeepers in February 2005 and of orchestrating continuous insecurity in the area. On 10 February 2006, the [International Criminal Court](/wiki/International_Criminal_Court \"International Criminal Court\") (ICC) issued an arrest warrant for Lubanga for the [war crime](/wiki/War_crime \"War crime\") of \"conscripting and enlisting children under the age of fifteen years and using them to participate actively in hostilities.\" The Congolese national authorities transferred Lubanga to ICC custody on 17 March 2006\\.{{cite news \\|date\\=17 March 2006 \\|title\\=DR Congo rebel faces Hague trial \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4815966\\.stm \\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 July 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703081018/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4815966\\.stm \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"On 1 March 2005, a vast cordon and search operation in Ituri was conducted by Nepalese, Pakistani and South African Infantry elements with the support of Indian attack helicopters, between 50 and 60 militiamen were killed.",
"Senegalese General [Babacar Gaye](/wiki/Babacar_Gaye \"Babacar Gaye\") was appointed force commander in March 2005 after Spanish General Vincente Diaz de Villegas resigned for personal reasons.",
"In May 2005, the UN Secretary General asked for a supplementary brigade for Katanga. Joint operations were conducted by the newly arrived integrated brigades of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC). UN troops were tasked with the support of the electoral process, contributing protection and transport. In Ituri over 15000 militiamen were disarmed.",
"In October 2005, by Resolution 1635, the UN Security Council authorized a temporary increase of 300 military personnel to permit a deployment to Katanga.{{cite web \\|date\\=2006\\-07\\-01 \\|title\\=MONUC History \\|url\\=http://www.monuc.org/News.aspx?newsId\\=9564 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708101447/http://www.monuc.org/News.aspx?newsId\\=9564 \\|archive\\-date\\=2006\\-07\\-08 \\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2008 \\|website\\=Monuc.org}}",
"#### 2006",
"[thumb\\|Czech soldier in MONUC, {{Circa\\|2006}}](/wiki/File:MONUCcz.jpg \"MONUCcz.jpg\")\nIn late January, a group of 80 Guatemalan Special Forces from the [Kaibiles](/wiki/Kaibiles \"Kaibiles\") were engaged in a four hour firefight with LRA rebels, ending with the deaths of eight Guatemalans and fifteen rebels. They are believed to have been conducting a raid on an LRA encampment to capture LRA Deputy Commander [Vincent Otti](/wiki/Vincent_Otti \"Vincent Otti\"). The incident caused a significant uproar from both the [Government of Guatemala](/wiki/Government_of_Guatemala \"Government of Guatemala\") and the Guatemalan public, who demanded an official inquiry into the engagement.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic\\-republic\\-congo/guatemalan\\-blue\\-helmet\\-deaths\\-stir\\-congo\\-debate\\|title\\=Guatemalan blue helmet deaths stir Congo debate \\- Democratic Republic of the Congo\\|date\\=31 January 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=17 November 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=7 September 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032342/https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic\\-republic\\-congo/guatemalan\\-blue\\-helmet\\-deaths\\-stir\\-congo\\-debate\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On 25 April 2006, the UN Security Council adopted [Resolution 1671](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1671 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1671\"), authorising the temporary deployment of a [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") force to support MONUC during the period encompassing [the general elections](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election%2C_2006 \"Democratic Republic of the Congo general election, 2006\") in the DR Congo, which began on 30 July 2006\\.",
"The European Council approved the launching of the EU military operation, [EUFOR RD Congo](/wiki/EUFOR_RD_Congo \"EUFOR RD Congo\"), and appointed Lieutenant General Karlheinz Viereck (Germany) Operation Commander and Major General Christian Damay (France) EU Force Commander. The Operational Headquarters was the German\\-nominated Armed Forces Operational Command – Einsatzführungskommando – at [Potsdam](/wiki/Potsdam \"Potsdam\"), Germany.COUNCIL JOINT ACTION 2006/319/CFSP\nof 27 April 2006 on the European Union military operation in support of the UN Mission in the Congo The mission was tasked with:\n* supporting and providing security to MONUC installations and personnel;\n* contributing to airport protection in Kinshasa;\n* contributing to the protection of civilians under imminent threat of physical violence;\n* evacuation operations in case of emergency.",
"This mission came to an end on 30 November 2006\\.[EUFOR RD Congo](http://www.consilium.europa.eu/cms3_fo/showPage.asp?id=1091&lang=EN&mode=g) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420101803/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/cms3\\_fo/showPage.asp?id\\=1091\\&mode\\=g⟨\\=en \\|date\\=20 April 2008 }}, [Council of the European Union](/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union \"Council of the European Union\"), accessed 13 January 2007\\.",
"#### 2007",
"In May 2007, [India](/wiki/India \"India\") announced that it would be sending an additional 70 [Indian Air Force](/wiki/Indian_Air_Force \"Indian Air Force\") personnel to join the MONOU effort.[Indian Army aviators head for Congo on UN deployment](http://www.rxpgnews.com/india/Indian-Army-aviators-head-for-Congo-on-UN-deployment_18129.shtml) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930022221/http://www.rxpgnews.com/india/Indian\\-Army\\-aviators\\-head\\-for\\-Congo\\-on\\-UN\\-deployment\\_18129\\.shtml \\|date\\=30 September 2011 }}, 17 May 2007 – 8:46:52 am",
"#### 2008",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Indian peacekeepers on duty, protecting aid workers. India was the single largest contributor of personnel.](/wiki/File:Congopeacekeepers.jpg \"Congopeacekeepers.jpg\")\nIn August 2008, an internal investigation led by the Indian Army and other MONOU officers revealed that about ten Indian peacekeepers may have been involved in abuse and exploitation in Congo.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7557670\\.stm \\|title\\=UN probes India 'abuses' in Congo \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=13 August 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 January 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109004635/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7557670\\.stm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Earlier in May 2008, the vice chief of the Indian Army visited Congo to look into these allegations and by August 2008, the Indian Army had launched an official probe to look into these allegations.",
"On 26 October 2008 [Rally for Congolese Democracy](/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy \"Rally for Congolese Democracy\") (RCD) forces of [Laurent Nkunda](/wiki/Laurent_Nkunda \"Laurent Nkunda\") seized a major military camp, along with [Virunga National Park](/wiki/Virunga_National_Park \"Virunga National Park\") for use as a base to launch attacks. This occurred after a peace treaty failed, with the resultant fighting displacing thousands.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/26/congo.gorillapark/index.html\\#cnnSTCText \\|title\\=Thousands flee fighting as Congo rebels seize gorilla park \\|publisher\\=CNN \\|date\\=26 October 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 October 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027212732/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/26/congo.gorillapark/index.html\\#cnnSTCText \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The park was taken due to its strategic location on a main road leading to the city of [Goma](/wiki/Goma \"Goma\").",
"On 27 October 2008 riots began around the United Nations compound in Goma, and civilians pelted the building with rocks and threw [Molotov cocktails](/wiki/Molotov_cocktail \"Molotov cocktail\"), claiming that the UN forces had done nothing to prevent the RCD advance.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/27/congo.united.nations.ap/index.html\\#cnnSTCText \\|title\\=Protesters attack U.N. HQ in eastern Congo \\|publisher\\=CNN \\|date\\=24 October 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030045606/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/27/congo.united.nations.ap/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=30 October 2008 }} The [Congolese national army](/wiki/Military_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\") also retreated under pressure from the rebel army in a \"major retreat.\"",
"Meanwhile, United Nations [gunships](/wiki/Attack_helicopter \"Attack helicopter\") and [armoured vehicles](/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle \"Armoured fighting vehicle\") were used in an effort to halt the advance of the rebels, who claimed to be within {{convert\\|7\\|mi\\|km}} of Goma.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/27/congo.united.nations/index.html \\|title\\=U.N. gunships battle rebels in east Congo \\|publisher\\=CNN \\|date\\=28 October 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029024104/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/27/congo.united.nations/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=29 October 2008 }} Special Representative of the UN Secretary\\-General for DRC [Alan Doss](/wiki/Alan_Doss \"Alan Doss\") explained the necessity of engaging the rebels, stating that \"...\\[the UN] can't allow population centres to be threatened... \\[the UN] had to engage.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7692932\\.stm\\|title\\=UN joins battle with Congo rebels\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=27 October 2008\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=28 October 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028004529/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7692932\\.stm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"[Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army \"Indian Army\") personnel were asked to deploy themselves from Goma to adjoining [North Kivu](/wiki/North_Kivu \"North Kivu\") province, after the Uruguayan battalion deployed in the region fled.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.timesnow.tv/Newsdtls.aspx?NewsID\\=19726 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118140828/http://www.timesnow.tv/Newsdtls.aspx?NewsID\\=19726 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=18 November 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=1 November 2008 \\| title\\=Times Now }} However, after that several Uruguayan battalions were playing a crucial role in the buffer zone between the retreating government soldiers and the advancing rebels.[Uruguay officials travel to assess troops in Congo — MercoPress](http://www.falkland-malvinas.com/vernoticia.do?id=15219&formato=pdf). Falkland\\-malvinas.com. Retrieved 4 September 2013\\.",
"On 29 October 2008, a French request for an EU reinforcement of 1,500 troops was refused by several countries and appeared unlikely to materialize; however, the UN forces stated they would act to prevent takeovers of population centres.{{cite news \\|first\\=Catherine \\|last\\=Philp \\|title\\=UN peacekeepers braced for full\\-scale war in central Africa \\|url\\=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5043727\\.ece?token\\=null\\&offset\\=0\\&page\\=1 \\|work\\=The Times \\|date\\=30 October 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=30 October 2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529144005/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5043727\\.ece?token\\=null\\&offset\\=0\\&page\\=1 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|first\\=Michelle \\|last\\=Faul \\|title\\= Congo rebels reach Goma edge, declare cease\\-fire \\|url\\=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hoitt5BsM5OKJ2Mmc3g5q6iufXjwD944CKL83 \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=29 October 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=29 October 2008}}{{dead link\\|date\\=November 2012\\|bot\\=Legobot}}",
"In November 2008, India announced that it would be sending the 3rd battalion of the [3rd Gorkha Rifles](/wiki/3rd_Gorkha_Rifles \"3rd Gorkha Rifles\") regiment to replace a [Sikh Light Infantry](/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry \"Sikh Light Infantry\") battalion and join the peace\\-keeping effort in the Congo.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Majumdar \\|first\\=Bappa \\|date\\=2008\\-11\\-07 \\|title\\=Gurkhas to join Indian troops in Congo U.N. force \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia\\-36382420081107 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-04 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 July 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704042907/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia\\-36382420081107 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} India made the decision to send its elite forces amidst rising concerns that Indian peace\\-keepers were getting caught in the cross\\-fire between DRC government troops and rebels.",
"On 4 November 2008, a 200\\-fighter strong Mai Mai militia force launched a surprise attack on CNDP troops in Kiwanja, a CNDP\\-controlled town near [Rutshuru](/wiki/Rutshuru \"Rutshuru\"), North Kivu. The Mai Mai were initially able to retake the town but a speedy counter\\-attack returned control to the CNDP less than 24\\-hours later. After the town was retaken, CNDP forces under the command of [Bosco Ntaganda](/wiki/Bosco_Ntaganda \"Bosco Ntaganda\") combed through Kiwanja, searching out boys and men – who they accused of collaborating with the Mai Mai – and executing them on the spot. Older members of the community, both men and women, were also murdered and a large number of women were raped and assaulted. By the end of 5 November, over 150 civilians had been killed in Kiwanja in what has since been dubbed the Kiwanja Massacre.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Mampilly \\|first1\\=Zachariah \\|title\\=Peacekeeping in Africa: The Evolving Security Architecture \\|date\\=2014 \\|publisher\\=Routledge, Taylor and Francis \\|year\\=2014 \\|isbn\\=9781317913665 \\|editor\\-last\\=Wyss \\|editor\\-first\\=Marco \\|location\\=London \\|language\\=en \\|chapter\\=Indian peacekeeping and the performance of the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo \\|oclc\\=871224152 \\|editor\\-last2\\=Tardy \\|editor\\-first2\\=Thierry}}",
"A UN base was situated less than {{convert\\|1\\|mi\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} from Kiwanja and over 100 Indian peacekeepers were present at the time of the attacks but the forces lacked basic intelligence capabilities – no one in the base spoke the necessary languages, as their interpreter had been reassigned without replacement a week prior – and the peacekeepers later said they had no idea the massacre was taking place until it was over. Lt. Col. H. S. Brar, commander of the Indian peacekeepers at Kiwanja summarized the failure as the result of \"poor communication and staffing, inadequate equipment, intelligence breakdowns and spectacularly bad luck.\"{{cite news \\|last1\\=Polgreen \\|first1\\=Lydia \\|title\\=A Massacre in Congo, Despite Nearby Support \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/11/world/africa/11congo.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-03 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-11 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=4 July 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704042916/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/11/world/africa/11congo.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In its report on the massacre, [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") largely supported Brar's assessment but further observed that competing priorities from headquarters in Goma shifted focus to \"assuring the security of humanitarian workers, a foreign journalist, and a group of military observers, rather than protecting the civilian population.\"{{cite web \\|title\\=Killings in Kiwanja: The UN's Inability to Protect Civilians \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/12/11/killings\\-kiwanja/uns\\-inability\\-protect\\-civilians \\|website\\=\\[\\[Human Rights Watch]] \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-03 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-11 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 July 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704042916/https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/12/11/killings\\-kiwanja/uns\\-inability\\-protect\\-civilians \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In the immediate aftermath of the Kiwanja Massacre, the recently\\-appointed civilian and military heads of the UN peacekeeping force in North Kivu, [Hiroute Guebre Sellassie](/wiki/Hiroute_Guebre_Sellassie \"Hiroute Guebre Sellassie\") and Gen. [Bipin Rawat](/wiki/Bipin_Rawat \"Bipin Rawat\"), brought their commands together for evaluation. As a result, the MONUC civilian and military teams in North Kivu \"implemented a number of reforms that drastically improved the performance of peacekeepers and were hailed as a model for other peacekeeping missions.\" Reforms included the creation of joint protection teams comprising military and police personnel and civil affairs, human rights, and child protection staff operating from the UN's forward bases; a mobile\\-phone based early warning system, in which community members were provided with devices to alert peacekeepers of unrest; community alert networks that allowed for bases to be contacted around the clock; Community Liaison Assistants (CLAs), an expanded role for Congolese translators to also act as community monitors and information gatherers; an emphasis on civilian outreach; increased foot patrols; and deployment of 30–35 troop standing combat units to areas deemed vulnerable.",
"On 18 November, a draft resolution spearheaded by the [French Foreign Ministry](/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28France%29 \"Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)\") was presented before the [United Nations Security Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council \"United Nations Security Council\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSN18289517\\.\\_CH\\_.2400\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205025853/http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSN18289517\\.\\_CH\\_.2400\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=5 December 2008\\|title\\=More peacekeepers won't bring peace to Congo – UN\\|publisher\\=Reuters\\|author\\=Louis Charbonneau\\|date\\=18 November 2008\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2008}} The resolution, signed by 44 different organizations and with the backing of the [British Foreign Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office \"Foreign and Commonwealth Office\") minister [Mark Malloch Brown](/wiki/Mark_Malloch_Brown%2C_Baron_Malloch-Brown \"Mark Malloch Brown, Baron Malloch-Brown\"), asked the UN to send 3,000 more peacekeepers to reinforce the 17,000\\-strong garrison in the Congo, the largest garrison of its kind.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7735159\\.stm\\|title\\=Congo rebels 'to withdraw troops'\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=18 November 2008\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=20 November 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120014820/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7735159\\.stm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} This echoed calls from Human Rights Watch and other [humanitarian aid](/wiki/Humanitarian_aid \"Humanitarian aid\") groups in the region, who were also asking for reinforcements to bring stability to the area. In a shared statement, the coalition of organizations stated that \n> \"\\[The reinforcements] would help to prevent the atrocities that continue to be committed against civilians on an ever greater scale here in North Kivu \\[province], on the border of Rwanda and Uganda... Since August 28, fighting has intensified in many areas, causing deaths, rapes, lootings, forced recruitment and further displacements of civilian populations. The population has thus been immersed in unspeakable suffering. In the last few days, fighting has drawn closer to large populated areas, such as the town of Goma. Fighting has also invaded and torn apart the region of [Rutshuru](/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory \"Rutshuru Territory\"), particularly in the town of Kiwanja, where hundreds of civilian deaths have now been recorded.\"{{cite web \\|title\\=A Plea from Local Organizations and Civil Society in North Kivu \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/11/18/plea\\-local\\-organizations\\-and\\-civil\\-society\\-north\\-kivu \\|website\\=\\[\\[Human Rights Watch]] \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-03 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=2008\\-11\\-18 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 July 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704042907/https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/11/18/plea\\-local\\-organizations\\-and\\-civil\\-society\\-north\\-kivu \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Local groups in the Congo also requested help from the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\"), as they would be able to deploy soldiers sooner, working as a \"bridging force\" until the UN reinforcements arrived. British EU spokeswoman Catriona Little stated that they were \"not ruling in or out EU forces\".{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/19/congo.un.troops/index.html\\|title\\=Britain, France push for more U.N. troops in Congo\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|date\\=19 November 2008\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209142332/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/19/congo.un.troops/index.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On 20 November, the UN voted unanimously to send 3,085 more peacekeepers, citing \"extreme concern at the deteriorating humanitarian situation and in particular the targeted attacks against civilian population, sexual violence, recruitment of child soldiers and [summary executions](/wiki/Summary_execution \"Summary execution\").\" However, it did not extend MONUC's mandate in the Congo, which was set to expire at the end of 2008\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/20/congo.un.troops/index.html\\|title\\=U.N. condemns Congo atrocities\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|date\\=20 November 2008\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209143026/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/20/congo.un.troops/index.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The decision was made despite the rebel commitment to pulling back from the front lines and allowing aid to reach the thousands of people still isolated, according to aid groups.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/20/congo\\-unitednations\\|title\\=Extra 3,100 UN troops to be deployed to Congo\\|author\\=Angela Balakrishnan\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=20 November 2008\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=4 September 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904060929/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/20/congo\\-unitednations\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"However, a week after the UN vote, the DRC government requested the UN to not deploy any more Indian troops in the east of the country, arguing that there was a need to \"redress the balance\" of the make\\-up of the 17,000\\-strong UN force in the country.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7750564\\.stm\\|title\\=DR Congo declines Indian troops\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=26 November 2008\\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=13 March 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313112434/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7750564\\.stm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### 2009",
"On 17 February, [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") announced that it would send around 1,325 soldiers from the Egyptian Army to support the UN mission in Congo. Egypt also announced that it will send a police force to help in protecting the UN mission in Congo. The Egyptian armed force will work to give support and technical advice to the Congo Army beside operating armed mission in the conflict zones and medical assistant and support. According to the Foreign affairs in Cairo, Egypt will send a Mechanized Unit, Special Forces, Field Engineers, and Paratroops. Egypt already has a small unit in Congo consisting of 13 policemen and 23 observers.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID\\=20117\\|title\\=Egypt to send more than 1,325 peacekeepers to Congo \\|publisher\\=Reuters\\|date\\=18 February 2009}}",
"In March 2009, the Indian Army questioned more than 100 Indian troops deployed in DRC regarding the abuse allegations against them.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/congo\\-abuse\\-army\\-clean\\-chit\\-to\\-soldiers/433886/\\|title\\=Congo abuse: Army clean chit to soldiers\\|publisher\\=Indian Express\\|date\\=13 March 2009\\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227182352/https://indianexpress.com/article/news\\-archive/web/congo\\-abuse\\-army\\-clean\\-chit\\-to\\-soldiers/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} After a thorough investigation, which included examination of statements by alleged victims, the Indian Army found \"serious irregularities\" in charges raised by the [United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services](/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Internal_Oversight_Services \"United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services\"). Consequently, all of the accused personnel were let off due to lack of evidence.",
"In October 2009, India announced a US$263 million aid package to Congo to help the country's information technology, [hydroelectricity](/wiki/Hydroelectricity \"Hydroelectricity\") and railway sectors.{{citation \\| url \\= http://www.sify.com/news/India\\-announces\\-263\\-mn\\-credit\\-for\\-Congo\\-news\\-jk3sEbghdci.html \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121021124905/http://www.sify.com/news/India\\-announces\\-263\\-mn\\-credit\\-for\\-Congo\\-news\\-jk3sEbghdci.html \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-date \\= 2012\\-10\\-21 \\| title \\= India announces $263\\-mn credit for Congo \\| website \\= \\[\\[Sify]] \\| date \\= 2009\\-10\\-29}} India also renewed its military commitments to MONUC while Congo expressed its support for [India's UNSC permanent seat candidature](/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council%23India \"Reform of the United Nations Security Council#India\"). These developments helped thaw relations between the two countries.",
"In December, MONUC rushed peacekeeping troops to [Dongo](/wiki/Dongo%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Dongo, Democratic Republic of the Congo\") in the [Kungu](/wiki/Kungu \"Kungu\") territory of [Sud\\-Ubangi District](/wiki/Sud-Ubangi_District \"Sud-Ubangi District\") where [a new conflict](/wiki/Dongo_conflict \"Dongo conflict\") rapidly escalated in an effort to protect the local population.{{citation\\|url\\=http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\\=1042\\&ctl\\=Details∣\\=1096\\&ItemID\\=6547 \\|title\\=Equateur: New interdisciplinary MONUC mission in Dongo \\|publisher\\=MONUC \\|date\\=24 November 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429172309/http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\\=1042 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2009 }} A MONUC helicopter that was restocking the 20 troops stationed there fell under gunfire from armed men. The helicopter crew, all of Russian nationality, facilitated the evacuation of 25 people, including 5 injured people (including the helicopter pilot), who were brought to [Brazzaville](/wiki/Brazzaville \"Brazzaville\") for emergency medical treatment.{{citation\\|url\\=http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\\=1042\\&ctl\\=Details∣\\=1096\\&ItemID\\=6730 \\|title\\=Alan Doss meets the Russian crew of a MONUC helicopter attacked in Dongo \\|publisher\\=MONUC \\|date\\=12 December 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429172309/http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\\=1042 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2009 }}",
"Sources in Kinshasa reported that in mid\\-November DRC President [Joseph Kabila](/wiki/Joseph_Kabila \"Joseph Kabila\") secretly airlifted a battalion of [Rwandan Defense Forces](/wiki/Rwandan_Defense_Forces \"Rwandan Defense Forces\") (RDF) across Congo to put down the rebellion in Dongo and the operation was supported by the United Nations Observes Mission in Congo ([MONUC](/wiki/MONUC \"MONUC\")) and the [United States Africa Command](/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command \"United States Africa Command\"). Along with RDF regulars, MONUC troops have been fighting alongside [Tutsi](/wiki/Tutsi \"Tutsi\") Rwandan soldiers infiltrated by Rwanda, with the Kabila government's support, into the national army, the Armed Forces of the DRC (FARDC).{{citation\\|title\\=Belgian Paratroopers To Crush Rising Congo Rebellion? \\|url\\=http://www.consciousbeingalliance.com/2009/12/belgian\\-paratroopers\\-to\\-crush\\-rising\\-congo\\-rebellion/ \\|date\\=7 December 2009 \\|first\\=Keith \\|last\\=Harmon Snow \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226200656/http://www.consciousbeingalliance.com/2009/12/belgian\\-paratroopers\\-to\\-crush\\-rising\\-congo\\-rebellion \\|archive\\-date\\=26 December 2009 \\|df\\=dmy }}",
"At the weekly MONUC press conference of 16 December 2009, it was announced by MONUC spokesperson Madnodje Mounoubai that the first MONUC peacekeeping troops were deployed in Dongo, where a temporary operational basis is functional, as well as in nearby [Bozene](/wiki/Bozene \"Bozene\"). The 500 MONUC troops will come from the Ghanaian, Tunisian and Egyptian contingents as well as troops from the Guatemalan Special Forces. Military equipment such as armored personnel carriers, transport and combat helicopters will also be at their disposal to support their mission.{{citation\\|url\\=http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\\=932\\&ctl\\=Details∣\\=1096\\&ItemID\\=6815 \\|title\\=Equateur: An extra 500 MONUC troops being deployed to Dongo \\|publisher\\=MONUC \\|date\\=16 December 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429172347/http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\\=932 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2009 }}",
"### 2010s",
"#### 2010",
"In accordance with Security Council resolution 1925 of 28 May 2010, MONUC was renamed as of 1 July the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) to reflect the new phase reached in the country. In August 2010, the Mai Mai rebels ambushed a base of the 19th [Kumaon Regiment](/wiki/Kumaon_Regiment \"Kumaon Regiment\") of the [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army \"Indian Army\"), killing three Indian peace\\-keepers.[3 Indian peacekeepers killed in Congo](https://web.archive.org/web/20120905125527/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-19/india/28311544_1_indian-peacekeepers-indian-soldiers-congo-government), Times of India, 19 August 2010 The attack renewed calls in India to decrease the country's military presence in Congo due to growing conflict in the region.",
"#### 2011",
"In May 2011, the international cooperation minister of DRC expressed his government's desire of an \"orderly, progressive withdrawal\" of MONUSCO due to \"normalization\" of DRC's relations with neighboring countries and containment of rebels to a \"few isolated zones.\"[DR Congo calls on UN to withdraw peacekeepers](http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/dr-congo-calls-un-withdraw-peacekeepers) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017052717/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/dr\\-congo\\-calls\\-un\\-withdraw\\-peacekeepers \\|date\\=17 October 2012 }}, Radio Netherlands, 18 May 2011",
"In June 2011, the UN announced that it would withdraw about 2,000 peace\\-keepers by the end of the month.[U.N. peacekeepers start Congo withdrawal](https://web.archive.org/web/20121018203957/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2010%2F6%2F17%2Fworldupdates%2F2010-06-17T001737Z_01_NOOTR_RTRMDNC_0_-493692-1&sec=Worldupdates), The Star, 17 June 2010 The UN announcement came only a few days after India's decision to withdraw all of its four [Mi\\-35](/wiki/Mi-35 \"Mi-35\") combat helicopters from MONUSCO and eventually cease peace\\-keeping operations in DRC.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Lynch \\|first\\=Colum \\|date\\=2011\\-06\\-14 \\|title\\=India's withdrawal of helicopters from Congo points to wider trend \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Washington Post]] \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/national\\-security/indias\\-withdrawal\\-of\\-helicopters\\-from\\-congo\\-points\\-to\\-wider\\-trend/2011/06/10/AGH5loUH\\_story.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-27 \\|issn\\=0190\\-8286 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220004508/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/national\\-security/indias\\-withdrawal\\-of\\-helicopters\\-from\\-congo\\-points\\-to\\-wider\\-trend/2011/06/10/AGH5loUH\\_story.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### 2012",
"[thumb\\|Members of Uruguayan Riverine Company patrolling [Lake Tanganyika](/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika \"Lake Tanganyika\"), March 2012](/wiki/File:UN-12-049_%288137919009%29.jpg \"UN-12-049 (8137919009).jpg\")\n{{main\\|2012 East DR Congo conflict}}\nOn 15 November, MONUSCO helicopter gunships were deployed to support government forces as they fought to hold off a [23 March Movement](/wiki/March_23_Movement \"March 23 Movement\") attack south of Kibumba; the combined army and UN assault killed approximately 64 M23 fighters.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/congo\\-democratic\\-un\\-idUSL5E8MLH6J20121121 \\|title\\=UN defends failed attempt to halt capture of Congo's Goma \\|date\\=21 November 2012 \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 November 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129111232/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/21/congo\\-democratic\\-un\\-idUSL5E8MLH6J20121121 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|df\\=dmy }}",
"On 20 November 2012, 23 March Movement seized the provincial capital of [Goma](/wiki/Goma \"Goma\") after the national army retreated. MONUSCO troops observed without intervening, as their mandate only allowed them to protect civilians.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/world/africa/congolese\\-rebels\\-reach\\-goma\\-reports\\-say.html \\|title\\=Congo Rebels Seize Provincial Capital \\|author\\=Jeffrey Gettleman and Josh Kron \\|date\\=20 November 2012 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 November 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120190538/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/world/africa/congolese\\-rebels\\-reach\\-goma\\-reports\\-say.html?\\_r\\=0 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|df\\=dmy }} French Foreign Minister [Laurent Fabius](/wiki/Laurent_Fabius \"Laurent Fabius\") called the situation \"absurd\", noting MONUSCO's greatly superior numbers, and called for the group's mandate to be revised.{{cite web\\|author\\=Jonny Hogg \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-congo\\-democratic\\-idUSBRE8AI0UO20121120 \\|title\\=Congo rebels seize eastern city as U.N. forces look on \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|date\\=20 November 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 November 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121162508/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/20/us\\-congo\\-democratic\\-idUSBRE8AI0UO20121120 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|df\\=dmy }} UN spokesman Eduardo del Buey said peacekeepers \"cannot substitute\" for the Congo national army, adding that the 1,500 UN troops in Goma held their fire because they did not want to risk civilian lives.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-africa\\-20405739 \\|title\\=DR Congo M23 rebels 'enter Goma city' \\|publisher\\=BBC News \\|date\\=20 November 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 December 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20121205032005/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-africa\\-20405739 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|df\\=dmy }}",
"#### 2013",
"{{See also\\|United Nations Force Intervention Brigade}}\n[thumb\\|[Tanzanian special forces](/wiki/Tanzania_People%27s_Defence_Force \"Tanzania People's Defence Force\") during a training exercise in Sake, July 2013](/wiki/File:FIB-training-22_%289311333487%29.jpg \"FIB-training-22 (9311333487).jpg\")",
"In January 2013 chief of MONUSCO [Herve Ladsous](/wiki/Herve_Ladsous \"Herve Ladsous\") told the UN Security Council during a closed\\-door session that the mission plans to deploy three [unmanned aerial vehicles](/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle \"Unmanned aerial vehicle\") in eastern provinces of DRC. US, UK and some other Security Council members were also supportive of the idea. However, Rwanda, which had denied allegations by UN experts that it has been supporting the [March 23 Movement](/wiki/March_23_Movement \"March 23 Movement\"), opposed this proposal. Rwandan delegation informed the UN Security Council that Monusco would be a \"belligerent\" if it deployed drones in eastern DRC. Other diplomats, including Russian, Chinese, and some from Europe, also expressed reservations. They said there were unanswered questions about who would receive the information from the drones and how widely it would be disseminated, expressing discomfort at the idea of the United Nations becoming an active gatherer of intelligence.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.news24\\.com/Africa/News/Rwanda\\-opposes\\-use\\-of\\-drones\\-DRC\\-20130109\\|title\\=Rwanda opposes use of drones in DRC\\|publisher\\=News 24\\|date\\=9 December 2013\\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=14 December 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214115518/http://www.news24\\.com/Africa/News/Rwanda\\-opposes\\-use\\-of\\-drones\\-DRC\\-20130109\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In March 2013, the United Nations [Security Council](/wiki/Security_Council \"Security Council\") authorized the deployment of an intervention brigade within MONUSCO to carry out targeted offensive operations, with or without the [Congolese national army](/wiki/Military_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\"), against armed groups that threaten peace in eastern DRC. The brigade is based in [Sake](/wiki/Sake%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Sake, Democratic Republic of the Congo\"), North Kivu and is made up of a total of 3,069 peacekeepers. It is tasked with neutralizing armed groups, reducing the threat posed to State authority and civilian security and to make space for stabilization activities.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\\=44876\\#.UizEW9JJOE0\\|title\\=Tanzanian troops arrive in eastern DR Congo as part of UN intervention brigade\\|publisher\\=United Nations\\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2013\\|date\\=10 May 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=28 September 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928085644/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\\=44876\\#.UizEW9JJOE0\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The first Brigade was composed of three battalions, one each from [South Africa](/wiki/South_African_Army \"South African Army\"), [Tanzania](/wiki/Tanzania_People%27s_Defence_Force \"Tanzania People's Defence Force\") and [Malawi](/wiki/Malawian_Defence_Force \"Malawian Defence Force\") with the Brigade being commanded by [James Aloizi Mwakibolwa](/wiki/James_Aloizi_Mwakibolwa \"James Aloizi Mwakibolwa\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid\\=98140\\|title\\=NGOs concerned about new DRC Intervention Brigade\\|publisher\\=IrinNews\\|access\\-date\\=30 July 2014\\|date\\=31 May 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808040120/http://www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid\\=98140\\|url\\-status\\=live}} of Tanzania.",
"On 30 July 2013, the March 23 Movement was given a 48\\-hour ultimatum by the UN to leave Goma area or face \"use of force.\"[UN gives ultimatum to DR Congo rebels – Africa](http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/07/201373017252298401.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801232357/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/07/201373017252298401\\.html \\|date\\=1 August 2013 }}. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 4 September 2013\\. Between 21 and 29 August, heavy fighting outside Goma left 57 rebels, 10–23 government soldiers, 14 civilians and one Tanzanian UN peacekeeper dead. Seven\\-hundred and twenty government soldiers and ten UN peacekeepers were also wounded.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/casualties\\-congo\\-troops\\-forces\\-fight\\-rebels\\-20065097 \\|title\\=International News \\| World News \\- ABC News \\| Casualties as Congo and UN Forces Fight Rebels \\|publisher\\=abcnews.go.com \\|access\\-date\\=15 March 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 August 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828083647/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/casualties\\-congo\\-troops\\-forces\\-fight\\-rebels\\-20065097 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/congo\\-conflict\\-spills\\-rwanda\\-20111030 \\|title\\=International News \\| World News \\- ABC News \\| Rebels Declare Ceasefire in Congo \\|publisher\\=abcnews.go.com \\|access\\-date\\=15 March 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 September 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130901121605/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/congo\\-conflict\\-spills\\-rwanda\\-20111030 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\\=45727\\#.UiMppjZHIpk\\|title\\=United Nations News Centre \\- DR Congo: UN chief deplores killing of Tanzanian peacekeeper\\|date\\=29 August 2013\\|publisher\\=un.org\\|access\\-date\\=15 March 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=5 November 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105044543/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID\\=45727\\#.UiMppjZHIpk\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.enca.com/africa/sa\\-snipers\\-kill\\-congo\\-rebels\\|title\\=SA snipers kill Congo rebels \\| eNCA\\|author\\=eNCA\\|publisher\\=enca.com\\|access\\-date\\=15 March 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=24 September 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924000423/http://www.enca.com/africa/sa\\-snipers\\-kill\\-congo\\-rebels\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"[thumb\\|A team of technicians prepares for the inaugural flight of the UAV, December 2013](/wiki/File:A_team_of_technicians_prepares_for_the_inaugural_flight_of_an_Unmanned-Unarmed_Aerial_Vehicles_%28UAV%29_in_Goma%2C_North_Kivu_province_%2811189522286%29.jpg \"A team of technicians prepares for the inaugural flight of an Unmanned-Unarmed Aerial Vehicles (UAV) in Goma, North Kivu province (11189522286).jpg\")",
"#### 2014",
"After the [2014 South Kivu attack](/wiki/2014_South_Kivu_attack \"2014 South Kivu attack\") in June 2014, the UN announced it would send MONUSCO peacekeeping troops to the area to protect the population. \"These violent acts are unacceptable and need to stop immediately,\" said Kobler.{{cite news\\|title\\=Dispute over cows leaves 37 dead, 20 others injured in eastern Congo\\|work\\=Chicago Tribune\\|date\\=7 June 2014\\|author\\=Crispin Kyalangalilwa\\|agency\\=Reuters\\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2014/06/07/dispute\\-over\\-cows\\-leaves\\-37\\-dead\\-20\\-others\\-injured\\-in\\-eastern\\-congo/\\|access\\-date\\=8 June 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=8 June 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608152438/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014\\-06\\-07/news/sns\\-rt\\-us\\-congo\\-massacre\\-20140607\\_1\\_national\\-liberation\\-forces\\-cows\\-burundi\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### 2015",
"In May 2015, [Allied Democratic Forces](/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces \"Allied Democratic Forces\") Ugandan rebels ambushed a MONUSCO convoy about {{convert\\|7\\|mi\\|km}} from Beni, killing two Tanzanian soldiers. Four other peacekeepers were reported missing.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-africa\\-32605771 \\|title\\=Tanzanian UN peacekeepers killed in DR Congo near Beni \\|publisher\\=BBC News \\|date\\=6 May 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=27 November 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 January 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109004635/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-africa\\-32605771 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In October 2015, [Maman Sambo Sidikou](/wiki/Maman_Sambo_Sidikou \"Maman Sambo Sidikou\") succeeded [Martin Kobler](/wiki/Martin_Kobler \"Martin Kobler\") as head of the MONUSCO.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sga1596\\.doc.htm \\|title\\=Secretary\\-General Appoints Maman Sambo Sidikou of Niger Special Representative for Democratic Republic of Congo \\|publisher\\=United Nations \\|date\\=8 October 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 December 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204185527/http://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sga1596\\.doc.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"[thumb\\|The head of MONUSCO [Bintou Keita](/wiki/Bintou_Keita \"Bintou Keita\") (on right) in Kalemie in 2021, observing COVID\\-19 precautions](/wiki/File:Bintou_Keita_in_Kalemie_during_covid-19_on_26_MARS_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Bintou Keita in Kalemie during covid-19 on 26 MARS 2021 (cropped).jpg\")",
"#### 2017",
"On 8 December 2017, the Semuliki operating base, 27 miles from the town of Beni, was [engaged in a protracted attack](/wiki/2017_Semuliki_attack \"2017 Semuliki attack\") which resulted in the deaths of 15 UN peacekeepers and 5 Congolese soldiers killed. 53 UN peacekeepers were also wounded. At least 12 of the dead UN peacekeepers were Tanzanians.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/08/africa/africa\\-un\\-peacekeepers\\-killed/index.html\\|title\\=15 UN peacekeepers slain in Congo\\|author1\\=Joe Sterling\\|author2\\=Robyn Kriel\\|author3\\=Eric Levenson\\|date\\=8 December 2017\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|access\\-date\\=17 November 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=17 November 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117151523/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/08/africa/africa\\-un\\-peacekeepers\\-killed/index.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.sky.com/story/fourteen\\-un\\-peacekeepers\\-killed\\-in\\-democratic\\-republic\\-of\\-congo\\-attack\\-11161884\\|title\\=Fourteen UN peacekeepers killed in Democratic Republic of Congo attack\\|access\\-date\\=17 November 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=8 December 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208192535/https://news.sky.com/story/fourteen\\-un\\-peacekeepers\\-killed\\-in\\-democratic\\-republic\\-of\\-congo\\-attack\\-11161884\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It is suspected that the attackers were rebels of the [Allied Democratic Forces](/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces \"Allied Democratic Forces\") (ADF).{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-africa\\-42285871\\|title\\=UN peacekeepers killed in DR Congo\\|work\\=BBC News\\|date\\=8 December 2017\\|access\\-date\\=17 November 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=16 November 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116151500/https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-africa\\-42285871\\|url\\-status\\=live}} This brought the total casualties of UN forces since the mission commenced in Congo to 93\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/08/peacekeepers\\-killed\\-in\\-attack\\-on\\-un\\-base\\-in\\-dr\\-congo\\|title\\=Islamist attack kills at least 15 UN peacekeepers and five soldiers in DRC\\|first\\=Jason\\|last\\=Burke\\|date\\=8 December 2017\\|website\\=the Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=17 November 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022005924/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/08/peacekeepers\\-killed\\-in\\-attack\\-on\\-un\\-base\\-in\\-dr\\-congo\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### 2022",
"In March, due to the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\"), Ukraine withdrew its aviation unit of eight helicopters.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-africa\\-62945971 \\|title\\=Ukraine troops leave DR Congo peacekeeping mission Monusco \\|last\\=Cyuzuzo \\|first\\=Samba \\|website\\=BBC \\|date\\=19 September 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=24 September 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 September 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925065053/https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-africa\\-62945971 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"[Anti\\-MONUSCO protests](/wiki/Anti-MONUSCO_protests \"Anti-MONUSCO protests\") emerged in late July amidst accusations by Congolese politicians and civilians of failing to take action to end the Kivu conflict within the country. The protestors demanded that MONUSCO leave the country. On 26 July, fifteen people were killed and 50 others were injured as UN peacekeepers opened fire at a protest in [Goma](/wiki/Goma \"Goma\"), North Kivu.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-07\\-26 \\|title\\=At least 15 killed as anti\\-UN protests spread in eastern DR Congo \\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/26/un\\-peacekeepers\\-troops\\-shoot\\-two\\-protesters\\-dead\\-in\\-goma\\-drc \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-27 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Al Jazeera English\\|Al Jazeera]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=26 July 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726212051/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/26/un\\-peacekeepers\\-troops\\-shoot\\-two\\-protesters\\-dead\\-in\\-goma\\-drc \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The same day, three peacekeepers and seven civilians were killed during an attack on a MONUSCO base by protesters in [Butembo](/wiki/Butembo \"Butembo\"). On 27 July, four protesters at a MONUSCO base in [Uvira](/wiki/Uvira \"Uvira\") were killed by electrocution after soldiers shot an electric cable which fell on them. South Kivu governor [Théo Ngwabidje Kasi](/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_Ngwabidje_Kasi \"Théo Ngwabidje Kasi\") called for investigations as to whether the cable was shot by Congolese security forces or MONUSCO peacekeepers.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Kyala \\|first1\\=Crispin \\|last2\\=Bujakera \\|first2\\=Stanis \\|title\\=Four civilians electrocuted during Congo anti\\-U.N. protests \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/four\\-dead\\-anti\\-un\\-protests\\-spread\\-congo\\-2022\\-07\\-27/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=27 July 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 July 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727150800/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/four\\-dead\\-anti\\-un\\-protests\\-spread\\-congo\\-2022\\-07\\-27/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In September, Ukraine withdrew its 250 troops from the mission.\n#### 2023",
"{{See also\\|2023 DRC anti\\-MONUSCO protests}}",
"In August 2023, protesters clashed with soldiers in a protest in [Goma](/wiki/Goma \"Goma\"), [Democratic Republic of the Congo](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Democratic Republic of the Congo\"), against MONUSCO forces for the failure to prevent the violence of militants against civilians. According to reports, the death toll reached 56 on September 5, 2023\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Two officers arrested over DR Congo crackdown as death toll rises to 56 \\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/5/two\\-officers\\-arrested\\-in\\-dr\\-congo\\-for\\-crackdown\\-that\\-killed\\-43\\-people \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-09 \\|website\\=Al Jazeera \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
### 2000s
#### 2000
On 24 February 2000 with the resolution 1291, the UN Security Council authorized the deployment of a maximum of 5537 military personnel in the DRC, including 500 military observers. On 4 April 2000 the Senegalese Major General [Mountaga Diallo](/wiki/Mountaga_Diallo "Mountaga Diallo") was appointed as the commander of MONUSCO's military force. The mandate was to monitor the implementation of the Ceasefire Agreement and the redeployment of belligerent forces, to develop an action plan for the overall implementation of the Ceasefire Agreement, to work with the parties to obtain the release of all prisoners of war, military captives and the return of the remains, to facilitate humanitarian assistance and to assist the Facilitator of the National Dialogue.
Acting under [Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter](/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter "Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter"), the UN Security Council authorized MONUC to take the necessary action, in the areas of deployment of its infantry battalions, to protect UN personnel, facilities, installations and equipment, ensure the security and freedom of movement of its personnel, and to protect civilians under imminent threat of physical violence.
In December 2000 there were 224 military personnel deployed, including 148 observers in thirteen points around the country. The observers could only record the non\-application of the Ceasefire, the violent fighting at [Kisangani](/wiki/Kisangani "Kisangani") and in the [Équateur](/wiki/%C3%89quateur_%28former_province%29 "Équateur (former province)") and [Katanga](/wiki/Katanga_Province "Katanga Province") provinces as well as the presence of foreign troops in the DRC. The deployment of UN troops was impossible due to the security situation and the reluctance of the Congolese government.
#### 2001
Even though the beginning of 2001 was still hampered by sporadic combat, the military observers could fulfill their mission in regards with the disengagement of forces and the withdrawal of some of the [Rwandan](/wiki/Rwanda_Defence_Force "Rwanda Defence Force") and [Ugandan forces](/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force "Uganda People's Defence Force").
In March 2001, the first [Uruguayan](/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Uruguay "Armed Forces of Uruguay") guard unit arrived in [Kalemie](/wiki/Kalemie "Kalemie"). The force was deployed in four sectors at [Kananga](/wiki/Kananga "Kananga"), [Kisangani](/wiki/Kisangani "Kisangani"), Kalemie and [Mbandaka](/wiki/Mbandaka "Mbandaka"). In July 2001, the force strength was of 2,366 soldiers, including 363 military observers distributed across 22 cities, and 28 teams monitoring the disengagement of forces. The contingent soldiers totaled 1,869\. They came from South Africa, Uruguay, Morocco, Senegal and Tunisia. Guard units protected MONUC installations in [Kinshasa](/wiki/Kinshasa "Kinshasa"), [Kananga](/wiki/Kananga "Kananga"), [Kisangani](/wiki/Kisangani "Kisangani"), Kalemie, [Goma](/wiki/Goma "Goma"), and Mbandaka. A Uruguayan riverine unit and a [South African](/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force "South African National Defence Force") air medical evacuation team were also deployed. The deployed troops were only to protect the sites against looting and theft, the force had neither the mandate nor the strength to protect the civilian population, or even to extract MONUC personnel. Following [UNSCR 1355](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1355 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1355"), the military observers, within their capacities, could also contribute to the voluntary disarmament, demobilization, repatriation and reintegration process of the armed groups.
With [Security Council Resolution 1376](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1376 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1376"), the Security Council launched the third phase of the deployment of MONUC troops, in the eastern DRC. The site for the logistical base was planned to be [Kindu](/wiki/Kindu "Kindu"), [Maniema Province](/wiki/Maniema_Province "Maniema Province").
#### 2002
In 2002, the 450 military observers, split in 95 teams, continued to monitor the Ceasefire along the ex\-frontlines. The teams also investigated violations of the Ceasefire. Foreign troops continued to leave the country. The riverine units escorted the first ships on the [Congo River](/wiki/Congo_River "Congo River"), which was again open to commercial traffic. In June 2002 the UN troops' total number was 3,804\. Contingents from Ghana and Bolivia joined the force, of which more than a third of the soldiers were Uruguayan. More than one thousand soldiers were deployed in Kisangani. On 14 May 2002, a military observer died near [Ikela](/wiki/Ikela "Ikela") following the explosion of a mine under his vehicle.
On 30 July 2002, the different parties signed the [Pretoria agreement](/wiki/Pretoria_Accord "Pretoria Accord") and the nature of the mission of the peacekeepers changed. The military observers monitored the withdrawal of 20,000 Rwandan soldiers, but they also noted the rise of [ethnic violence in Ituri Province](/wiki/Ituri_conflict "Ituri conflict"). At the end of 2002 there were a total of 4,200 UN soldiers in the DRC. Through [UNSCR 1445](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1445 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1445"), the Security Council authorized the increase of military personnel to 8,500\. The principle of two independent intervention forces – civilian and military – was also approved. MONUC was tasked to support the voluntary disarmament, demobilization, repatriation, reintegration and resettlement (DDRRR) process, without the use of force.
#### 2003
Numerous DDRRR operations in collaboration with the civilian component were conducted in the beginning of 2003\. Before the start of the transition, UN soldiers were deployed along the front lines. A vast redeployment to the East started. The four coordination centres and 22 bases in the western part of the country were shut down. Over one hundred observers were redeployed and Uruguayan contingents arrived in [Bukavu](/wiki/Bukavu "Bukavu"), [South Kivu](/wiki/South_Kivu "South Kivu") and [Lubero](/wiki/Lubero "Lubero"), [North Kivu](/wiki/North_Kivu "North Kivu"). Observer teams monitored serious combat and human rights violations in Ituri. In April 2003, 800 Uruguayan soldiers were deployed in [Bunia](/wiki/Bunia "Bunia"), [Ituri Province](/wiki/Ituri_Province "Ituri Province") under [Resolution 1484](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1484 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1484"). In the same month an observer died in a mine explosion. In May 2003 two military observers were savagely killed by a militia.
The withdrawal of 7,000 Ugandan troops in April 2003 led to a deteriorating security situation in the Ituri Province, endangering the peace process. The UN Secretary General [Kofi Annan](/wiki/Kofi_Annan "Kofi Annan") called for establishing and deploying a temporary multi\-national force to the area until the weakened MONUC mission could be reinforced. In his second special report to the Security Council, the UN Secretary General proposed a reorientation of MONUC missions: to provide support to the transition and to maintain security in key areas of the country. Accordingly, he proposed the creation of a brigade in Ituri to support the peace process.
[thumb\|An IDP camp around a base in [Kitshanga](/wiki/Kitchanga "Kitchanga")](/wiki/File:KitshangaWar-36_%288538205595%29.jpg "KitshangaWar-36 (8538205595).jpg")
On 30 May 2003, [UNSCR 1493](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1493 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1493") authorized the deployment of the Interim Emergency Multinational Force (IEMF) in Bunia with a task to secure the airport and protect both [internally displaced persons](/wiki/Internally_displaced_person "Internally displaced person") in camps and the civilians in the town. UNSCR 1493 authorized an increase of military personnel to 10,800, imposed an arms embargo, and authorized MONUC to use all necessary means to fulfill its mandate in the [Ituri District](/wiki/Ituri_District "Ituri District") and also in North and South Kivu, as it deemed the additional provinces to be within MONUC's capabilities,
The [French Government](/wiki/Cabinet_of_France "Cabinet of France") had already shown interest in leading the operation. It soon broadened to a [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union") (EU) \-led mission with France as the framework nation providing the bulk of the personnel and complemented by contributions from both EU and non\-EU nations. The total force consisted of about 1,800 personnel and was supported by French aircraft based at airfields in [N'Djamena](/wiki/N%27Djamena "N'Djamena"), Chad and [Entebbe](/wiki/Entebbe "Entebbe"), Uganda. A small 80\-man [Swedish Special Forces](/wiki/S%C3%A4rskilda_Skyddsgruppen "Särskilda Skyddsgruppen") (SSG) group was also added.
The operation called [Operation Artemis](/wiki/Operation_Artemis "Operation Artemis") was launched on 12 June and the IMEF completed its deployment in the following three weeks. The force was successful in stabilising the situation in Bunia and enforcing the UN presence in the DRC. In September 2003, responsibility for the security of the region was handed over to the MONUC mission.{{cite web \|date\=October 2004 \|title\=Operation Artemis: The Lessons of the Interim Emergency Multinational Force \|url\=http://pbpu.unlb.org/PBPS/Pages/PUBLIC/ViewDocument.aspx?docid\=572\&menukey\=\_5\_2\_4 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605013600/http://pbpu.unlb.org/PBPS/Pages/PUBLIC/ViewDocument.aspx?docid\=572\&menukey\=\_5\_2\_4 \|archive\-date\=5 June 2011 \|access\-date\=31 October 2008 \|website\=United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations}}
Growing military conflict in DRC caused the United Nations to seek additional military help from major powers. In July 2003, [India](/wiki/India "India") announced that it would be sending an additional 300 personnel and combat aircraft from the [Indian Air Force](/wiki/Indian_Air_Force "Indian Air Force") to strengthen the UN peacekeeping effort in DRC.{{cite news \|date\=10 July 2003 \|title\=Indian Air Force to Congo \|work\=\[\[BBC World News]] \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south\_asia/3054873\.stm \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-28 \|archive\-date\=9 January 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109004635/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south\_asia/3054873\.stm \|url\-status\=live }}
In September 2003, the Ituri brigade was in place, including soldiers from Uruguay, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Indonesia, India and Morocco.
In November 2003, a total of 10,415 peacekeepers were in the DRC, comprising infantry units, engineer units, helicopter units, logistic units, medical units and riverine units.
#### 2004
Deploying the Ituri brigade and conducting [cordon and search](/wiki/Cordon_and_search "Cordon and search") operations improved the security conditions in Ituri but, at the same time, the peacekeepers became the target of the militias. On 12 February 2004, a military observer was killed in Ituri.
With the arrival of the [Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo](/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"), which included members of rebel movements, more than 900 Tunisian and Ghanaian UN troops contributed to the security of Kinshasa.
It was decided that the troops present in the Kivus will be assembled under the unified command of a brigade. In March the Nigerian General [Samaila Iliya](/wiki/Samaila_Iliya "Samaila Iliya") took over the command of the force.
In June 2004, Bukavu, South Kivu was occupied by rebel general [Laurent Nkunda](/wiki/Laurent_Nkunda "Laurent Nkunda"). A military observer was killed. The 1,000 MONUC troops could only protect their own installations. Demonstrations were held all over the country and UN troops opened fire on looters in Kinshasa. MONUC soldiers were again targeted by Ituri militia at the end of 2004\.
Though the Secretary General had asked for an increase of 13,100 soldiers, in October 2004 the Security Council by [Resolution 1565](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1565 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1565"), authorized a reinforcement of 5,900 military personnel and defined the mandate with the strategic military objectives of the MONUC force as:
* proactively contributing to the pacification and general improvement of security in the country;
* providing support for conflict resolution in politically volatile areas;
* improving border security through regional confidence\-building mechanisms, such as the Joint Verification Mechanism, and effective patrolling and monitoring of the arms embargo;
* gathering and analysing military and other information on spoilers.
Following the UN resolution, the [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army "Indian Army") announced that it would be sending an additional 850 troops and four combat helicopters to aid the MONUC peacekeeping effort.{{cite news \|date\=6 October 2004 \|title\=DRC: India, Pakistan to Send More Troops \|work\=\[\[AllAfrica]] \|url\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200410060045\.html \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-28 \|archive\-date\=20 October 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020054924/http://allafrica.com/stories/200410060045\.html \|url\-status\=live }}
#### 2005
By 2005, the strength of UN peacekeeping forces in Congo reached more than 16,000 troops, split almost equally between the Western Brigade and the Eastern Division.
In February 2005, nine Bangladeshi UN troops were killed during an ambush in Ituri. The actions of the Ituri and Kivu Brigades became more robust and the pressure rose on all armed groups. [Thomas Lubanga Dyilo](/wiki/Thomas_Lubanga_Dyilo "Thomas Lubanga Dyilo"), the leader of the [Union of Congolese Patriots](/wiki/Union_of_Congolese_Patriots "Union of Congolese Patriots"), and other militia leaders were arrested by Congolese authorities and imprisoned in [Makala](/wiki/Makala "Makala"), Kinshasa. Lubanga was accused of having ordered the killing of the peacekeepers in February 2005 and of orchestrating continuous insecurity in the area. On 10 February 2006, the [International Criminal Court](/wiki/International_Criminal_Court "International Criminal Court") (ICC) issued an arrest warrant for Lubanga for the [war crime](/wiki/War_crime "War crime") of "conscripting and enlisting children under the age of fifteen years and using them to participate actively in hostilities." The Congolese national authorities transferred Lubanga to ICC custody on 17 March 2006\.{{cite news \|date\=17 March 2006 \|title\=DR Congo rebel faces Hague trial \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4815966\.stm \|access\-date\=31 October 2008 \|archive\-date\=3 July 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703081018/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4815966\.stm \|url\-status\=live }}
On 1 March 2005, a vast cordon and search operation in Ituri was conducted by Nepalese, Pakistani and South African Infantry elements with the support of Indian attack helicopters, between 50 and 60 militiamen were killed.
Senegalese General [Babacar Gaye](/wiki/Babacar_Gaye "Babacar Gaye") was appointed force commander in March 2005 after Spanish General Vincente Diaz de Villegas resigned for personal reasons.
In May 2005, the UN Secretary General asked for a supplementary brigade for Katanga. Joint operations were conducted by the newly arrived integrated brigades of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC). UN troops were tasked with the support of the electoral process, contributing protection and transport. In Ituri over 15000 militiamen were disarmed.
In October 2005, by Resolution 1635, the UN Security Council authorized a temporary increase of 300 military personnel to permit a deployment to Katanga.{{cite web \|date\=2006\-07\-01 \|title\=MONUC History \|url\=http://www.monuc.org/News.aspx?newsId\=9564 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708101447/http://www.monuc.org/News.aspx?newsId\=9564 \|archive\-date\=2006\-07\-08 \|access\-date\=31 October 2008 \|website\=Monuc.org}}
#### 2006
[thumb\|Czech soldier in MONUC, {{Circa\|2006}}](/wiki/File:MONUCcz.jpg "MONUCcz.jpg")
In late January, a group of 80 Guatemalan Special Forces from the [Kaibiles](/wiki/Kaibiles "Kaibiles") were engaged in a four hour firefight with LRA rebels, ending with the deaths of eight Guatemalans and fifteen rebels. They are believed to have been conducting a raid on an LRA encampment to capture LRA Deputy Commander [Vincent Otti](/wiki/Vincent_Otti "Vincent Otti"). The incident caused a significant uproar from both the [Government of Guatemala](/wiki/Government_of_Guatemala "Government of Guatemala") and the Guatemalan public, who demanded an official inquiry into the engagement.{{cite web\|url\=https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic\-republic\-congo/guatemalan\-blue\-helmet\-deaths\-stir\-congo\-debate\|title\=Guatemalan blue helmet deaths stir Congo debate \- Democratic Republic of the Congo\|date\=31 January 2006 \|access\-date\=17 November 2018\|archive\-date\=7 September 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032342/https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic\-republic\-congo/guatemalan\-blue\-helmet\-deaths\-stir\-congo\-debate\|url\-status\=live}}
On 25 April 2006, the UN Security Council adopted [Resolution 1671](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1671 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1671"), authorising the temporary deployment of a [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union") force to support MONUC during the period encompassing [the general elections](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election%2C_2006 "Democratic Republic of the Congo general election, 2006") in the DR Congo, which began on 30 July 2006\.
The European Council approved the launching of the EU military operation, [EUFOR RD Congo](/wiki/EUFOR_RD_Congo "EUFOR RD Congo"), and appointed Lieutenant General Karlheinz Viereck (Germany) Operation Commander and Major General Christian Damay (France) EU Force Commander. The Operational Headquarters was the German\-nominated Armed Forces Operational Command – Einsatzführungskommando – at [Potsdam](/wiki/Potsdam "Potsdam"), Germany.COUNCIL JOINT ACTION 2006/319/CFSP
of 27 April 2006 on the European Union military operation in support of the UN Mission in the Congo The mission was tasked with:
* supporting and providing security to MONUC installations and personnel;
* contributing to airport protection in Kinshasa;
* contributing to the protection of civilians under imminent threat of physical violence;
* evacuation operations in case of emergency.
This mission came to an end on 30 November 2006\.[EUFOR RD Congo](http://www.consilium.europa.eu/cms3_fo/showPage.asp?id=1091&lang=EN&mode=g) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420101803/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/cms3\_fo/showPage.asp?id\=1091\&mode\=g⟨\=en \|date\=20 April 2008 }}, [Council of the European Union](/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union "Council of the European Union"), accessed 13 January 2007\.
#### 2007
In May 2007, [India](/wiki/India "India") announced that it would be sending an additional 70 [Indian Air Force](/wiki/Indian_Air_Force "Indian Air Force") personnel to join the MONOU effort.[Indian Army aviators head for Congo on UN deployment](http://www.rxpgnews.com/india/Indian-Army-aviators-head-for-Congo-on-UN-deployment_18129.shtml) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930022221/http://www.rxpgnews.com/india/Indian\-Army\-aviators\-head\-for\-Congo\-on\-UN\-deployment\_18129\.shtml \|date\=30 September 2011 }}, 17 May 2007 – 8:46:52 am
#### 2008
[thumb\|right\|Indian peacekeepers on duty, protecting aid workers. India was the single largest contributor of personnel.](/wiki/File:Congopeacekeepers.jpg "Congopeacekeepers.jpg")
In August 2008, an internal investigation led by the Indian Army and other MONOU officers revealed that about ten Indian peacekeepers may have been involved in abuse and exploitation in Congo.{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7557670\.stm \|title\=UN probes India 'abuses' in Congo \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=13 August 2008 \|access\-date\=30 June 2011 \|archive\-date\=9 January 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109004635/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7557670\.stm \|url\-status\=live }} Earlier in May 2008, the vice chief of the Indian Army visited Congo to look into these allegations and by August 2008, the Indian Army had launched an official probe to look into these allegations.
On 26 October 2008 [Rally for Congolese Democracy](/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy "Rally for Congolese Democracy") (RCD) forces of [Laurent Nkunda](/wiki/Laurent_Nkunda "Laurent Nkunda") seized a major military camp, along with [Virunga National Park](/wiki/Virunga_National_Park "Virunga National Park") for use as a base to launch attacks. This occurred after a peace treaty failed, with the resultant fighting displacing thousands.{{cite news \|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/26/congo.gorillapark/index.html\#cnnSTCText \|title\=Thousands flee fighting as Congo rebels seize gorilla park \|publisher\=CNN \|date\=26 October 2008 \|access\-date\=28 October 2008 \|archive\-date\=27 October 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027212732/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/26/congo.gorillapark/index.html\#cnnSTCText \|url\-status\=live }} The park was taken due to its strategic location on a main road leading to the city of [Goma](/wiki/Goma "Goma").
On 27 October 2008 riots began around the United Nations compound in Goma, and civilians pelted the building with rocks and threw [Molotov cocktails](/wiki/Molotov_cocktail "Molotov cocktail"), claiming that the UN forces had done nothing to prevent the RCD advance.{{cite news\|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/27/congo.united.nations.ap/index.html\#cnnSTCText \|title\=Protesters attack U.N. HQ in eastern Congo \|publisher\=CNN \|date\=24 October 2008 \|access\-date\=28 October 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030045606/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/27/congo.united.nations.ap/index.html \|archive\-date\=30 October 2008 }} The [Congolese national army](/wiki/Military_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo") also retreated under pressure from the rebel army in a "major retreat."
Meanwhile, United Nations [gunships](/wiki/Attack_helicopter "Attack helicopter") and [armoured vehicles](/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle "Armoured fighting vehicle") were used in an effort to halt the advance of the rebels, who claimed to be within {{convert\|7\|mi\|km}} of Goma.{{cite news\|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/27/congo.united.nations/index.html \|title\=U.N. gunships battle rebels in east Congo \|publisher\=CNN \|date\=28 October 2008 \|access\-date\=28 October 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029024104/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/27/congo.united.nations/index.html \|archive\-date\=29 October 2008 }} Special Representative of the UN Secretary\-General for DRC [Alan Doss](/wiki/Alan_Doss "Alan Doss") explained the necessity of engaging the rebels, stating that "...\[the UN] can't allow population centres to be threatened... \[the UN] had to engage."{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7692932\.stm\|title\=UN joins battle with Congo rebels\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=27 October 2008\|access\-date\=28 October 2008\|archive\-date\=28 October 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028004529/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7692932\.stm\|url\-status\=live}}
[Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army "Indian Army") personnel were asked to deploy themselves from Goma to adjoining [North Kivu](/wiki/North_Kivu "North Kivu") province, after the Uruguayan battalion deployed in the region fled.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.timesnow.tv/Newsdtls.aspx?NewsID\=19726 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118140828/http://www.timesnow.tv/Newsdtls.aspx?NewsID\=19726 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=18 November 2016 \|access\-date\=1 November 2008 \| title\=Times Now }} However, after that several Uruguayan battalions were playing a crucial role in the buffer zone between the retreating government soldiers and the advancing rebels.[Uruguay officials travel to assess troops in Congo — MercoPress](http://www.falkland-malvinas.com/vernoticia.do?id=15219&formato=pdf). Falkland\-malvinas.com. Retrieved 4 September 2013\.
On 29 October 2008, a French request for an EU reinforcement of 1,500 troops was refused by several countries and appeared unlikely to materialize; however, the UN forces stated they would act to prevent takeovers of population centres.{{cite news \|first\=Catherine \|last\=Philp \|title\=UN peacekeepers braced for full\-scale war in central Africa \|url\=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5043727\.ece?token\=null\&offset\=0\&page\=1 \|work\=The Times \|date\=30 October 2008 \|access\-date\=30 October 2008 \|archive\-date\=29 May 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529144005/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5043727\.ece?token\=null\&offset\=0\&page\=1 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite news \|first\=Michelle \|last\=Faul \|title\= Congo rebels reach Goma edge, declare cease\-fire \|url\=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hoitt5BsM5OKJ2Mmc3g5q6iufXjwD944CKL83 \|agency\=Associated Press \|date\=29 October 2008 \|access\-date\=29 October 2008}}{{dead link\|date\=November 2012\|bot\=Legobot}}
In November 2008, India announced that it would be sending the 3rd battalion of the [3rd Gorkha Rifles](/wiki/3rd_Gorkha_Rifles "3rd Gorkha Rifles") regiment to replace a [Sikh Light Infantry](/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry "Sikh Light Infantry") battalion and join the peace\-keeping effort in the Congo.{{Cite news \|last\=Majumdar \|first\=Bappa \|date\=2008\-11\-07 \|title\=Gurkhas to join Indian troops in Congo U.N. force \|language\=en \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia\-36382420081107 \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-04 \|archive\-date\=4 July 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704042907/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia\-36382420081107 \|url\-status\=live }} India made the decision to send its elite forces amidst rising concerns that Indian peace\-keepers were getting caught in the cross\-fire between DRC government troops and rebels.
On 4 November 2008, a 200\-fighter strong Mai Mai militia force launched a surprise attack on CNDP troops in Kiwanja, a CNDP\-controlled town near [Rutshuru](/wiki/Rutshuru "Rutshuru"), North Kivu. The Mai Mai were initially able to retake the town but a speedy counter\-attack returned control to the CNDP less than 24\-hours later. After the town was retaken, CNDP forces under the command of [Bosco Ntaganda](/wiki/Bosco_Ntaganda "Bosco Ntaganda") combed through Kiwanja, searching out boys and men – who they accused of collaborating with the Mai Mai – and executing them on the spot. Older members of the community, both men and women, were also murdered and a large number of women were raped and assaulted. By the end of 5 November, over 150 civilians had been killed in Kiwanja in what has since been dubbed the Kiwanja Massacre.{{cite book \|last1\=Mampilly \|first1\=Zachariah \|title\=Peacekeeping in Africa: The Evolving Security Architecture \|date\=2014 \|publisher\=Routledge, Taylor and Francis \|year\=2014 \|isbn\=9781317913665 \|editor\-last\=Wyss \|editor\-first\=Marco \|location\=London \|language\=en \|chapter\=Indian peacekeeping and the performance of the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo \|oclc\=871224152 \|editor\-last2\=Tardy \|editor\-first2\=Thierry}}
A UN base was situated less than {{convert\|1\|mi\|km\|abbr\=on}} from Kiwanja and over 100 Indian peacekeepers were present at the time of the attacks but the forces lacked basic intelligence capabilities – no one in the base spoke the necessary languages, as their interpreter had been reassigned without replacement a week prior – and the peacekeepers later said they had no idea the massacre was taking place until it was over. Lt. Col. H. S. Brar, commander of the Indian peacekeepers at Kiwanja summarized the failure as the result of "poor communication and staffing, inadequate equipment, intelligence breakdowns and spectacularly bad luck."{{cite news \|last1\=Polgreen \|first1\=Lydia \|title\=A Massacre in Congo, Despite Nearby Support \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/11/world/africa/11congo.html \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-03 \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=2008\-12\-11 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=4 July 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704042916/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/11/world/africa/11congo.html \|url\-status\=live }} In its report on the massacre, [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") largely supported Brar's assessment but further observed that competing priorities from headquarters in Goma shifted focus to "assuring the security of humanitarian workers, a foreign journalist, and a group of military observers, rather than protecting the civilian population."{{cite web \|title\=Killings in Kiwanja: The UN's Inability to Protect Civilians \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/12/11/killings\-kiwanja/uns\-inability\-protect\-civilians \|website\=\[\[Human Rights Watch]] \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-03 \|language\=en \|date\=2008\-12\-11 \|archive\-date\=4 July 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704042916/https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/12/11/killings\-kiwanja/uns\-inability\-protect\-civilians \|url\-status\=live }}
In the immediate aftermath of the Kiwanja Massacre, the recently\-appointed civilian and military heads of the UN peacekeeping force in North Kivu, [Hiroute Guebre Sellassie](/wiki/Hiroute_Guebre_Sellassie "Hiroute Guebre Sellassie") and Gen. [Bipin Rawat](/wiki/Bipin_Rawat "Bipin Rawat"), brought their commands together for evaluation. As a result, the MONUC civilian and military teams in North Kivu "implemented a number of reforms that drastically improved the performance of peacekeepers and were hailed as a model for other peacekeeping missions." Reforms included the creation of joint protection teams comprising military and police personnel and civil affairs, human rights, and child protection staff operating from the UN's forward bases; a mobile\-phone based early warning system, in which community members were provided with devices to alert peacekeepers of unrest; community alert networks that allowed for bases to be contacted around the clock; Community Liaison Assistants (CLAs), an expanded role for Congolese translators to also act as community monitors and information gatherers; an emphasis on civilian outreach; increased foot patrols; and deployment of 30–35 troop standing combat units to areas deemed vulnerable.
On 18 November, a draft resolution spearheaded by the [French Foreign Ministry](/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28France%29 "Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)") was presented before the [United Nations Security Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council "United Nations Security Council").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSN18289517\.\_CH\_.2400\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205025853/http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSN18289517\.\_CH\_.2400\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=5 December 2008\|title\=More peacekeepers won't bring peace to Congo – UN\|publisher\=Reuters\|author\=Louis Charbonneau\|date\=18 November 2008\|access\-date\=20 November 2008}} The resolution, signed by 44 different organizations and with the backing of the [British Foreign Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office "Foreign and Commonwealth Office") minister [Mark Malloch Brown](/wiki/Mark_Malloch_Brown%2C_Baron_Malloch-Brown "Mark Malloch Brown, Baron Malloch-Brown"), asked the UN to send 3,000 more peacekeepers to reinforce the 17,000\-strong garrison in the Congo, the largest garrison of its kind.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7735159\.stm\|title\=Congo rebels 'to withdraw troops'\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=18 November 2008\|access\-date\=20 November 2008\|archive\-date\=20 November 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120014820/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7735159\.stm\|url\-status\=live}} This echoed calls from Human Rights Watch and other [humanitarian aid](/wiki/Humanitarian_aid "Humanitarian aid") groups in the region, who were also asking for reinforcements to bring stability to the area. In a shared statement, the coalition of organizations stated that
> "\[The reinforcements] would help to prevent the atrocities that continue to be committed against civilians on an ever greater scale here in North Kivu \[province], on the border of Rwanda and Uganda... Since August 28, fighting has intensified in many areas, causing deaths, rapes, lootings, forced recruitment and further displacements of civilian populations. The population has thus been immersed in unspeakable suffering. In the last few days, fighting has drawn closer to large populated areas, such as the town of Goma. Fighting has also invaded and torn apart the region of [Rutshuru](/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory "Rutshuru Territory"), particularly in the town of Kiwanja, where hundreds of civilian deaths have now been recorded."{{cite web \|title\=A Plea from Local Organizations and Civil Society in North Kivu \|url\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/11/18/plea\-local\-organizations\-and\-civil\-society\-north\-kivu \|website\=\[\[Human Rights Watch]] \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-03 \|language\=en \|date\=2008\-11\-18 \|archive\-date\=4 July 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704042907/https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/11/18/plea\-local\-organizations\-and\-civil\-society\-north\-kivu \|url\-status\=live }}
Local groups in the Congo also requested help from the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union"), as they would be able to deploy soldiers sooner, working as a "bridging force" until the UN reinforcements arrived. British EU spokeswoman Catriona Little stated that they were "not ruling in or out EU forces".{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/19/congo.un.troops/index.html\|title\=Britain, France push for more U.N. troops in Congo\|publisher\=CNN\|date\=19 November 2008\|access\-date\=20 November 2008\|archive\-date\=9 December 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209142332/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/19/congo.un.troops/index.html\|url\-status\=live}}
On 20 November, the UN voted unanimously to send 3,085 more peacekeepers, citing "extreme concern at the deteriorating humanitarian situation and in particular the targeted attacks against civilian population, sexual violence, recruitment of child soldiers and [summary executions](/wiki/Summary_execution "Summary execution")." However, it did not extend MONUC's mandate in the Congo, which was set to expire at the end of 2008\.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/20/congo.un.troops/index.html\|title\=U.N. condemns Congo atrocities\|publisher\=CNN\|date\=20 November 2008\|access\-date\=21 November 2008\|archive\-date\=9 December 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209143026/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/20/congo.un.troops/index.html\|url\-status\=live}} The decision was made despite the rebel commitment to pulling back from the front lines and allowing aid to reach the thousands of people still isolated, according to aid groups.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/20/congo\-unitednations\|title\=Extra 3,100 UN troops to be deployed to Congo\|author\=Angela Balakrishnan\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=20 November 2008\|access\-date\=21 November 2008\|archive\-date\=4 September 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904060929/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/20/congo\-unitednations\|url\-status\=live}}
However, a week after the UN vote, the DRC government requested the UN to not deploy any more Indian troops in the east of the country, arguing that there was a need to "redress the balance" of the make\-up of the 17,000\-strong UN force in the country.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7750564\.stm\|title\=DR Congo declines Indian troops\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=26 November 2008\|access\-date\=30 June 2011\|archive\-date\=13 March 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313112434/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7750564\.stm\|url\-status\=live}}
#### 2009
On 17 February, [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt") announced that it would send around 1,325 soldiers from the Egyptian Army to support the UN mission in Congo. Egypt also announced that it will send a police force to help in protecting the UN mission in Congo. The Egyptian armed force will work to give support and technical advice to the Congo Army beside operating armed mission in the conflict zones and medical assistant and support. According to the Foreign affairs in Cairo, Egypt will send a Mechanized Unit, Special Forces, Field Engineers, and Paratroops. Egypt already has a small unit in Congo consisting of 13 policemen and 23 observers.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID\=20117\|title\=Egypt to send more than 1,325 peacekeepers to Congo \|publisher\=Reuters\|date\=18 February 2009}}
In March 2009, the Indian Army questioned more than 100 Indian troops deployed in DRC regarding the abuse allegations against them.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/congo\-abuse\-army\-clean\-chit\-to\-soldiers/433886/\|title\=Congo abuse: Army clean chit to soldiers\|publisher\=Indian Express\|date\=13 March 2009\|access\-date\=30 June 2011\|archive\-date\=27 February 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227182352/https://indianexpress.com/article/news\-archive/web/congo\-abuse\-army\-clean\-chit\-to\-soldiers/\|url\-status\=live}} After a thorough investigation, which included examination of statements by alleged victims, the Indian Army found "serious irregularities" in charges raised by the [United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services](/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Internal_Oversight_Services "United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services"). Consequently, all of the accused personnel were let off due to lack of evidence.
In October 2009, India announced a US$263 million aid package to Congo to help the country's information technology, [hydroelectricity](/wiki/Hydroelectricity "Hydroelectricity") and railway sectors.{{citation \| url \= http://www.sify.com/news/India\-announces\-263\-mn\-credit\-for\-Congo\-news\-jk3sEbghdci.html \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20121021124905/http://www.sify.com/news/India\-announces\-263\-mn\-credit\-for\-Congo\-news\-jk3sEbghdci.html \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-date \= 2012\-10\-21 \| title \= India announces $263\-mn credit for Congo \| website \= \[\[Sify]] \| date \= 2009\-10\-29}} India also renewed its military commitments to MONUC while Congo expressed its support for [India's UNSC permanent seat candidature](/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council%23India "Reform of the United Nations Security Council#India"). These developments helped thaw relations between the two countries.
In December, MONUC rushed peacekeeping troops to [Dongo](/wiki/Dongo%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "Dongo, Democratic Republic of the Congo") in the [Kungu](/wiki/Kungu "Kungu") territory of [Sud\-Ubangi District](/wiki/Sud-Ubangi_District "Sud-Ubangi District") where [a new conflict](/wiki/Dongo_conflict "Dongo conflict") rapidly escalated in an effort to protect the local population.{{citation\|url\=http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\=1042\&ctl\=Details∣\=1096\&ItemID\=6547 \|title\=Equateur: New interdisciplinary MONUC mission in Dongo \|publisher\=MONUC \|date\=24 November 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429172309/http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\=1042 \|archive\-date\=29 April 2009 }} A MONUC helicopter that was restocking the 20 troops stationed there fell under gunfire from armed men. The helicopter crew, all of Russian nationality, facilitated the evacuation of 25 people, including 5 injured people (including the helicopter pilot), who were brought to [Brazzaville](/wiki/Brazzaville "Brazzaville") for emergency medical treatment.{{citation\|url\=http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\=1042\&ctl\=Details∣\=1096\&ItemID\=6730 \|title\=Alan Doss meets the Russian crew of a MONUC helicopter attacked in Dongo \|publisher\=MONUC \|date\=12 December 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429172309/http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\=1042 \|archive\-date\=29 April 2009 }}
Sources in Kinshasa reported that in mid\-November DRC President [Joseph Kabila](/wiki/Joseph_Kabila "Joseph Kabila") secretly airlifted a battalion of [Rwandan Defense Forces](/wiki/Rwandan_Defense_Forces "Rwandan Defense Forces") (RDF) across Congo to put down the rebellion in Dongo and the operation was supported by the United Nations Observes Mission in Congo ([MONUC](/wiki/MONUC "MONUC")) and the [United States Africa Command](/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command "United States Africa Command"). Along with RDF regulars, MONUC troops have been fighting alongside [Tutsi](/wiki/Tutsi "Tutsi") Rwandan soldiers infiltrated by Rwanda, with the Kabila government's support, into the national army, the Armed Forces of the DRC (FARDC).{{citation\|title\=Belgian Paratroopers To Crush Rising Congo Rebellion? \|url\=http://www.consciousbeingalliance.com/2009/12/belgian\-paratroopers\-to\-crush\-rising\-congo\-rebellion/ \|date\=7 December 2009 \|first\=Keith \|last\=Harmon Snow \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226200656/http://www.consciousbeingalliance.com/2009/12/belgian\-paratroopers\-to\-crush\-rising\-congo\-rebellion \|archive\-date\=26 December 2009 \|df\=dmy }}
At the weekly MONUC press conference of 16 December 2009, it was announced by MONUC spokesperson Madnodje Mounoubai that the first MONUC peacekeeping troops were deployed in Dongo, where a temporary operational basis is functional, as well as in nearby [Bozene](/wiki/Bozene "Bozene"). The 500 MONUC troops will come from the Ghanaian, Tunisian and Egyptian contingents as well as troops from the Guatemalan Special Forces. Military equipment such as armored personnel carriers, transport and combat helicopters will also be at their disposal to support their mission.{{citation\|url\=http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\=932\&ctl\=Details∣\=1096\&ItemID\=6815 \|title\=Equateur: An extra 500 MONUC troops being deployed to Dongo \|publisher\=MONUC \|date\=16 December 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429172347/http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\=932 \|archive\-date\=29 April 2009 }}
|
[
"### 2000s",
"#### 2000",
"On 24 February 2000 with the resolution 1291, the UN Security Council authorized the deployment of a maximum of 5537 military personnel in the DRC, including 500 military observers. On 4 April 2000 the Senegalese Major General [Mountaga Diallo](/wiki/Mountaga_Diallo \"Mountaga Diallo\") was appointed as the commander of MONUSCO's military force. The mandate was to monitor the implementation of the Ceasefire Agreement and the redeployment of belligerent forces, to develop an action plan for the overall implementation of the Ceasefire Agreement, to work with the parties to obtain the release of all prisoners of war, military captives and the return of the remains, to facilitate humanitarian assistance and to assist the Facilitator of the National Dialogue.",
"Acting under [Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter](/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter \"Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter\"), the UN Security Council authorized MONUC to take the necessary action, in the areas of deployment of its infantry battalions, to protect UN personnel, facilities, installations and equipment, ensure the security and freedom of movement of its personnel, and to protect civilians under imminent threat of physical violence.",
"In December 2000 there were 224 military personnel deployed, including 148 observers in thirteen points around the country. The observers could only record the non\\-application of the Ceasefire, the violent fighting at [Kisangani](/wiki/Kisangani \"Kisangani\") and in the [Équateur](/wiki/%C3%89quateur_%28former_province%29 \"Équateur (former province)\") and [Katanga](/wiki/Katanga_Province \"Katanga Province\") provinces as well as the presence of foreign troops in the DRC. The deployment of UN troops was impossible due to the security situation and the reluctance of the Congolese government.",
"#### 2001",
"Even though the beginning of 2001 was still hampered by sporadic combat, the military observers could fulfill their mission in regards with the disengagement of forces and the withdrawal of some of the [Rwandan](/wiki/Rwanda_Defence_Force \"Rwanda Defence Force\") and [Ugandan forces](/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force \"Uganda People's Defence Force\").",
"In March 2001, the first [Uruguayan](/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Uruguay \"Armed Forces of Uruguay\") guard unit arrived in [Kalemie](/wiki/Kalemie \"Kalemie\"). The force was deployed in four sectors at [Kananga](/wiki/Kananga \"Kananga\"), [Kisangani](/wiki/Kisangani \"Kisangani\"), Kalemie and [Mbandaka](/wiki/Mbandaka \"Mbandaka\"). In July 2001, the force strength was of 2,366 soldiers, including 363 military observers distributed across 22 cities, and 28 teams monitoring the disengagement of forces. The contingent soldiers totaled 1,869\\. They came from South Africa, Uruguay, Morocco, Senegal and Tunisia. Guard units protected MONUC installations in [Kinshasa](/wiki/Kinshasa \"Kinshasa\"), [Kananga](/wiki/Kananga \"Kananga\"), [Kisangani](/wiki/Kisangani \"Kisangani\"), Kalemie, [Goma](/wiki/Goma \"Goma\"), and Mbandaka. A Uruguayan riverine unit and a [South African](/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force \"South African National Defence Force\") air medical evacuation team were also deployed. The deployed troops were only to protect the sites against looting and theft, the force had neither the mandate nor the strength to protect the civilian population, or even to extract MONUC personnel. Following [UNSCR 1355](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1355 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1355\"), the military observers, within their capacities, could also contribute to the voluntary disarmament, demobilization, repatriation and reintegration process of the armed groups.",
"With [Security Council Resolution 1376](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1376 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1376\"), the Security Council launched the third phase of the deployment of MONUC troops, in the eastern DRC. The site for the logistical base was planned to be [Kindu](/wiki/Kindu \"Kindu\"), [Maniema Province](/wiki/Maniema_Province \"Maniema Province\").",
"#### 2002",
"In 2002, the 450 military observers, split in 95 teams, continued to monitor the Ceasefire along the ex\\-frontlines. The teams also investigated violations of the Ceasefire. Foreign troops continued to leave the country. The riverine units escorted the first ships on the [Congo River](/wiki/Congo_River \"Congo River\"), which was again open to commercial traffic. In June 2002 the UN troops' total number was 3,804\\. Contingents from Ghana and Bolivia joined the force, of which more than a third of the soldiers were Uruguayan. More than one thousand soldiers were deployed in Kisangani. On 14 May 2002, a military observer died near [Ikela](/wiki/Ikela \"Ikela\") following the explosion of a mine under his vehicle.",
"On 30 July 2002, the different parties signed the [Pretoria agreement](/wiki/Pretoria_Accord \"Pretoria Accord\") and the nature of the mission of the peacekeepers changed. The military observers monitored the withdrawal of 20,000 Rwandan soldiers, but they also noted the rise of [ethnic violence in Ituri Province](/wiki/Ituri_conflict \"Ituri conflict\"). At the end of 2002 there were a total of 4,200 UN soldiers in the DRC. Through [UNSCR 1445](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1445 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1445\"), the Security Council authorized the increase of military personnel to 8,500\\. The principle of two independent intervention forces – civilian and military – was also approved. MONUC was tasked to support the voluntary disarmament, demobilization, repatriation, reintegration and resettlement (DDRRR) process, without the use of force.",
"#### 2003",
"Numerous DDRRR operations in collaboration with the civilian component were conducted in the beginning of 2003\\. Before the start of the transition, UN soldiers were deployed along the front lines. A vast redeployment to the East started. The four coordination centres and 22 bases in the western part of the country were shut down. Over one hundred observers were redeployed and Uruguayan contingents arrived in [Bukavu](/wiki/Bukavu \"Bukavu\"), [South Kivu](/wiki/South_Kivu \"South Kivu\") and [Lubero](/wiki/Lubero \"Lubero\"), [North Kivu](/wiki/North_Kivu \"North Kivu\"). Observer teams monitored serious combat and human rights violations in Ituri. In April 2003, 800 Uruguayan soldiers were deployed in [Bunia](/wiki/Bunia \"Bunia\"), [Ituri Province](/wiki/Ituri_Province \"Ituri Province\") under [Resolution 1484](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1484 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1484\"). In the same month an observer died in a mine explosion. In May 2003 two military observers were savagely killed by a militia.",
"The withdrawal of 7,000 Ugandan troops in April 2003 led to a deteriorating security situation in the Ituri Province, endangering the peace process. The UN Secretary General [Kofi Annan](/wiki/Kofi_Annan \"Kofi Annan\") called for establishing and deploying a temporary multi\\-national force to the area until the weakened MONUC mission could be reinforced. In his second special report to the Security Council, the UN Secretary General proposed a reorientation of MONUC missions: to provide support to the transition and to maintain security in key areas of the country. Accordingly, he proposed the creation of a brigade in Ituri to support the peace process.",
"[thumb\\|An IDP camp around a base in [Kitshanga](/wiki/Kitchanga \"Kitchanga\")](/wiki/File:KitshangaWar-36_%288538205595%29.jpg \"KitshangaWar-36 (8538205595).jpg\")\nOn 30 May 2003, [UNSCR 1493](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1493 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1493\") authorized the deployment of the Interim Emergency Multinational Force (IEMF) in Bunia with a task to secure the airport and protect both [internally displaced persons](/wiki/Internally_displaced_person \"Internally displaced person\") in camps and the civilians in the town. UNSCR 1493 authorized an increase of military personnel to 10,800, imposed an arms embargo, and authorized MONUC to use all necessary means to fulfill its mandate in the [Ituri District](/wiki/Ituri_District \"Ituri District\") and also in North and South Kivu, as it deemed the additional provinces to be within MONUC's capabilities,",
"The [French Government](/wiki/Cabinet_of_France \"Cabinet of France\") had already shown interest in leading the operation. It soon broadened to a [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") (EU) \\-led mission with France as the framework nation providing the bulk of the personnel and complemented by contributions from both EU and non\\-EU nations. The total force consisted of about 1,800 personnel and was supported by French aircraft based at airfields in [N'Djamena](/wiki/N%27Djamena \"N'Djamena\"), Chad and [Entebbe](/wiki/Entebbe \"Entebbe\"), Uganda. A small 80\\-man [Swedish Special Forces](/wiki/S%C3%A4rskilda_Skyddsgruppen \"Särskilda Skyddsgruppen\") (SSG) group was also added.",
"The operation called [Operation Artemis](/wiki/Operation_Artemis \"Operation Artemis\") was launched on 12 June and the IMEF completed its deployment in the following three weeks. The force was successful in stabilising the situation in Bunia and enforcing the UN presence in the DRC. In September 2003, responsibility for the security of the region was handed over to the MONUC mission.{{cite web \\|date\\=October 2004 \\|title\\=Operation Artemis: The Lessons of the Interim Emergency Multinational Force \\|url\\=http://pbpu.unlb.org/PBPS/Pages/PUBLIC/ViewDocument.aspx?docid\\=572\\&menukey\\=\\_5\\_2\\_4 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605013600/http://pbpu.unlb.org/PBPS/Pages/PUBLIC/ViewDocument.aspx?docid\\=572\\&menukey\\=\\_5\\_2\\_4 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 June 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2008 \\|website\\=United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations}}",
"Growing military conflict in DRC caused the United Nations to seek additional military help from major powers. In July 2003, [India](/wiki/India \"India\") announced that it would be sending an additional 300 personnel and combat aircraft from the [Indian Air Force](/wiki/Indian_Air_Force \"Indian Air Force\") to strengthen the UN peacekeeping effort in DRC.{{cite news \\|date\\=10 July 2003 \\|title\\=Indian Air Force to Congo \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC World News]] \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south\\_asia/3054873\\.stm \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-28 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 January 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109004635/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south\\_asia/3054873\\.stm \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In September 2003, the Ituri brigade was in place, including soldiers from Uruguay, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Indonesia, India and Morocco.",
"In November 2003, a total of 10,415 peacekeepers were in the DRC, comprising infantry units, engineer units, helicopter units, logistic units, medical units and riverine units.",
"#### 2004",
"Deploying the Ituri brigade and conducting [cordon and search](/wiki/Cordon_and_search \"Cordon and search\") operations improved the security conditions in Ituri but, at the same time, the peacekeepers became the target of the militias. On 12 February 2004, a military observer was killed in Ituri.",
"With the arrival of the [Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo](/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\"), which included members of rebel movements, more than 900 Tunisian and Ghanaian UN troops contributed to the security of Kinshasa.",
"It was decided that the troops present in the Kivus will be assembled under the unified command of a brigade. In March the Nigerian General [Samaila Iliya](/wiki/Samaila_Iliya \"Samaila Iliya\") took over the command of the force.",
"In June 2004, Bukavu, South Kivu was occupied by rebel general [Laurent Nkunda](/wiki/Laurent_Nkunda \"Laurent Nkunda\"). A military observer was killed. The 1,000 MONUC troops could only protect their own installations. Demonstrations were held all over the country and UN troops opened fire on looters in Kinshasa. MONUC soldiers were again targeted by Ituri militia at the end of 2004\\.",
"Though the Secretary General had asked for an increase of 13,100 soldiers, in October 2004 the Security Council by [Resolution 1565](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1565 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1565\"), authorized a reinforcement of 5,900 military personnel and defined the mandate with the strategic military objectives of the MONUC force as:\n* proactively contributing to the pacification and general improvement of security in the country;\n* providing support for conflict resolution in politically volatile areas;\n* improving border security through regional confidence\\-building mechanisms, such as the Joint Verification Mechanism, and effective patrolling and monitoring of the arms embargo;\n* gathering and analysing military and other information on spoilers.",
"Following the UN resolution, the [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army \"Indian Army\") announced that it would be sending an additional 850 troops and four combat helicopters to aid the MONUC peacekeeping effort.{{cite news \\|date\\=6 October 2004 \\|title\\=DRC: India, Pakistan to Send More Troops \\|work\\=\\[\\[AllAfrica]] \\|url\\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200410060045\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-28 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 October 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020054924/http://allafrica.com/stories/200410060045\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### 2005",
"By 2005, the strength of UN peacekeeping forces in Congo reached more than 16,000 troops, split almost equally between the Western Brigade and the Eastern Division.",
"In February 2005, nine Bangladeshi UN troops were killed during an ambush in Ituri. The actions of the Ituri and Kivu Brigades became more robust and the pressure rose on all armed groups. [Thomas Lubanga Dyilo](/wiki/Thomas_Lubanga_Dyilo \"Thomas Lubanga Dyilo\"), the leader of the [Union of Congolese Patriots](/wiki/Union_of_Congolese_Patriots \"Union of Congolese Patriots\"), and other militia leaders were arrested by Congolese authorities and imprisoned in [Makala](/wiki/Makala \"Makala\"), Kinshasa. Lubanga was accused of having ordered the killing of the peacekeepers in February 2005 and of orchestrating continuous insecurity in the area. On 10 February 2006, the [International Criminal Court](/wiki/International_Criminal_Court \"International Criminal Court\") (ICC) issued an arrest warrant for Lubanga for the [war crime](/wiki/War_crime \"War crime\") of \"conscripting and enlisting children under the age of fifteen years and using them to participate actively in hostilities.\" The Congolese national authorities transferred Lubanga to ICC custody on 17 March 2006\\.{{cite news \\|date\\=17 March 2006 \\|title\\=DR Congo rebel faces Hague trial \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4815966\\.stm \\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 July 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703081018/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4815966\\.stm \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"On 1 March 2005, a vast cordon and search operation in Ituri was conducted by Nepalese, Pakistani and South African Infantry elements with the support of Indian attack helicopters, between 50 and 60 militiamen were killed.",
"Senegalese General [Babacar Gaye](/wiki/Babacar_Gaye \"Babacar Gaye\") was appointed force commander in March 2005 after Spanish General Vincente Diaz de Villegas resigned for personal reasons.",
"In May 2005, the UN Secretary General asked for a supplementary brigade for Katanga. Joint operations were conducted by the newly arrived integrated brigades of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC). UN troops were tasked with the support of the electoral process, contributing protection and transport. In Ituri over 15000 militiamen were disarmed.",
"In October 2005, by Resolution 1635, the UN Security Council authorized a temporary increase of 300 military personnel to permit a deployment to Katanga.{{cite web \\|date\\=2006\\-07\\-01 \\|title\\=MONUC History \\|url\\=http://www.monuc.org/News.aspx?newsId\\=9564 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708101447/http://www.monuc.org/News.aspx?newsId\\=9564 \\|archive\\-date\\=2006\\-07\\-08 \\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2008 \\|website\\=Monuc.org}}",
"#### 2006",
"[thumb\\|Czech soldier in MONUC, {{Circa\\|2006}}](/wiki/File:MONUCcz.jpg \"MONUCcz.jpg\")\nIn late January, a group of 80 Guatemalan Special Forces from the [Kaibiles](/wiki/Kaibiles \"Kaibiles\") were engaged in a four hour firefight with LRA rebels, ending with the deaths of eight Guatemalans and fifteen rebels. They are believed to have been conducting a raid on an LRA encampment to capture LRA Deputy Commander [Vincent Otti](/wiki/Vincent_Otti \"Vincent Otti\"). The incident caused a significant uproar from both the [Government of Guatemala](/wiki/Government_of_Guatemala \"Government of Guatemala\") and the Guatemalan public, who demanded an official inquiry into the engagement.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic\\-republic\\-congo/guatemalan\\-blue\\-helmet\\-deaths\\-stir\\-congo\\-debate\\|title\\=Guatemalan blue helmet deaths stir Congo debate \\- Democratic Republic of the Congo\\|date\\=31 January 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=17 November 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=7 September 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032342/https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic\\-republic\\-congo/guatemalan\\-blue\\-helmet\\-deaths\\-stir\\-congo\\-debate\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On 25 April 2006, the UN Security Council adopted [Resolution 1671](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1671 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1671\"), authorising the temporary deployment of a [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") force to support MONUC during the period encompassing [the general elections](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election%2C_2006 \"Democratic Republic of the Congo general election, 2006\") in the DR Congo, which began on 30 July 2006\\.",
"The European Council approved the launching of the EU military operation, [EUFOR RD Congo](/wiki/EUFOR_RD_Congo \"EUFOR RD Congo\"), and appointed Lieutenant General Karlheinz Viereck (Germany) Operation Commander and Major General Christian Damay (France) EU Force Commander. The Operational Headquarters was the German\\-nominated Armed Forces Operational Command – Einsatzführungskommando – at [Potsdam](/wiki/Potsdam \"Potsdam\"), Germany.COUNCIL JOINT ACTION 2006/319/CFSP\nof 27 April 2006 on the European Union military operation in support of the UN Mission in the Congo The mission was tasked with:\n* supporting and providing security to MONUC installations and personnel;\n* contributing to airport protection in Kinshasa;\n* contributing to the protection of civilians under imminent threat of physical violence;\n* evacuation operations in case of emergency.",
"This mission came to an end on 30 November 2006\\.[EUFOR RD Congo](http://www.consilium.europa.eu/cms3_fo/showPage.asp?id=1091&lang=EN&mode=g) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420101803/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/cms3\\_fo/showPage.asp?id\\=1091\\&mode\\=g⟨\\=en \\|date\\=20 April 2008 }}, [Council of the European Union](/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union \"Council of the European Union\"), accessed 13 January 2007\\.",
"#### 2007",
"In May 2007, [India](/wiki/India \"India\") announced that it would be sending an additional 70 [Indian Air Force](/wiki/Indian_Air_Force \"Indian Air Force\") personnel to join the MONOU effort.[Indian Army aviators head for Congo on UN deployment](http://www.rxpgnews.com/india/Indian-Army-aviators-head-for-Congo-on-UN-deployment_18129.shtml) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930022221/http://www.rxpgnews.com/india/Indian\\-Army\\-aviators\\-head\\-for\\-Congo\\-on\\-UN\\-deployment\\_18129\\.shtml \\|date\\=30 September 2011 }}, 17 May 2007 – 8:46:52 am",
"#### 2008",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Indian peacekeepers on duty, protecting aid workers. India was the single largest contributor of personnel.](/wiki/File:Congopeacekeepers.jpg \"Congopeacekeepers.jpg\")\nIn August 2008, an internal investigation led by the Indian Army and other MONOU officers revealed that about ten Indian peacekeepers may have been involved in abuse and exploitation in Congo.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7557670\\.stm \\|title\\=UN probes India 'abuses' in Congo \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=13 August 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 January 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109004635/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7557670\\.stm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Earlier in May 2008, the vice chief of the Indian Army visited Congo to look into these allegations and by August 2008, the Indian Army had launched an official probe to look into these allegations.",
"On 26 October 2008 [Rally for Congolese Democracy](/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy \"Rally for Congolese Democracy\") (RCD) forces of [Laurent Nkunda](/wiki/Laurent_Nkunda \"Laurent Nkunda\") seized a major military camp, along with [Virunga National Park](/wiki/Virunga_National_Park \"Virunga National Park\") for use as a base to launch attacks. This occurred after a peace treaty failed, with the resultant fighting displacing thousands.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/26/congo.gorillapark/index.html\\#cnnSTCText \\|title\\=Thousands flee fighting as Congo rebels seize gorilla park \\|publisher\\=CNN \\|date\\=26 October 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 October 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027212732/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/26/congo.gorillapark/index.html\\#cnnSTCText \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The park was taken due to its strategic location on a main road leading to the city of [Goma](/wiki/Goma \"Goma\").",
"On 27 October 2008 riots began around the United Nations compound in Goma, and civilians pelted the building with rocks and threw [Molotov cocktails](/wiki/Molotov_cocktail \"Molotov cocktail\"), claiming that the UN forces had done nothing to prevent the RCD advance.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/27/congo.united.nations.ap/index.html\\#cnnSTCText \\|title\\=Protesters attack U.N. HQ in eastern Congo \\|publisher\\=CNN \\|date\\=24 October 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030045606/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/27/congo.united.nations.ap/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=30 October 2008 }} The [Congolese national army](/wiki/Military_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\") also retreated under pressure from the rebel army in a \"major retreat.\"",
"Meanwhile, United Nations [gunships](/wiki/Attack_helicopter \"Attack helicopter\") and [armoured vehicles](/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle \"Armoured fighting vehicle\") were used in an effort to halt the advance of the rebels, who claimed to be within {{convert\\|7\\|mi\\|km}} of Goma.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/27/congo.united.nations/index.html \\|title\\=U.N. gunships battle rebels in east Congo \\|publisher\\=CNN \\|date\\=28 October 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029024104/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/27/congo.united.nations/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=29 October 2008 }} Special Representative of the UN Secretary\\-General for DRC [Alan Doss](/wiki/Alan_Doss \"Alan Doss\") explained the necessity of engaging the rebels, stating that \"...\\[the UN] can't allow population centres to be threatened... \\[the UN] had to engage.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7692932\\.stm\\|title\\=UN joins battle with Congo rebels\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=27 October 2008\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=28 October 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028004529/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7692932\\.stm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"[Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army \"Indian Army\") personnel were asked to deploy themselves from Goma to adjoining [North Kivu](/wiki/North_Kivu \"North Kivu\") province, after the Uruguayan battalion deployed in the region fled.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.timesnow.tv/Newsdtls.aspx?NewsID\\=19726 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118140828/http://www.timesnow.tv/Newsdtls.aspx?NewsID\\=19726 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=18 November 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=1 November 2008 \\| title\\=Times Now }} However, after that several Uruguayan battalions were playing a crucial role in the buffer zone between the retreating government soldiers and the advancing rebels.[Uruguay officials travel to assess troops in Congo — MercoPress](http://www.falkland-malvinas.com/vernoticia.do?id=15219&formato=pdf). Falkland\\-malvinas.com. Retrieved 4 September 2013\\.",
"On 29 October 2008, a French request for an EU reinforcement of 1,500 troops was refused by several countries and appeared unlikely to materialize; however, the UN forces stated they would act to prevent takeovers of population centres.{{cite news \\|first\\=Catherine \\|last\\=Philp \\|title\\=UN peacekeepers braced for full\\-scale war in central Africa \\|url\\=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5043727\\.ece?token\\=null\\&offset\\=0\\&page\\=1 \\|work\\=The Times \\|date\\=30 October 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=30 October 2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 May 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529144005/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5043727\\.ece?token\\=null\\&offset\\=0\\&page\\=1 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite news \\|first\\=Michelle \\|last\\=Faul \\|title\\= Congo rebels reach Goma edge, declare cease\\-fire \\|url\\=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hoitt5BsM5OKJ2Mmc3g5q6iufXjwD944CKL83 \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=29 October 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=29 October 2008}}{{dead link\\|date\\=November 2012\\|bot\\=Legobot}}",
"In November 2008, India announced that it would be sending the 3rd battalion of the [3rd Gorkha Rifles](/wiki/3rd_Gorkha_Rifles \"3rd Gorkha Rifles\") regiment to replace a [Sikh Light Infantry](/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry \"Sikh Light Infantry\") battalion and join the peace\\-keeping effort in the Congo.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Majumdar \\|first\\=Bappa \\|date\\=2008\\-11\\-07 \\|title\\=Gurkhas to join Indian troops in Congo U.N. force \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia\\-36382420081107 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-04 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 July 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704042907/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia\\-36382420081107 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} India made the decision to send its elite forces amidst rising concerns that Indian peace\\-keepers were getting caught in the cross\\-fire between DRC government troops and rebels.",
"On 4 November 2008, a 200\\-fighter strong Mai Mai militia force launched a surprise attack on CNDP troops in Kiwanja, a CNDP\\-controlled town near [Rutshuru](/wiki/Rutshuru \"Rutshuru\"), North Kivu. The Mai Mai were initially able to retake the town but a speedy counter\\-attack returned control to the CNDP less than 24\\-hours later. After the town was retaken, CNDP forces under the command of [Bosco Ntaganda](/wiki/Bosco_Ntaganda \"Bosco Ntaganda\") combed through Kiwanja, searching out boys and men – who they accused of collaborating with the Mai Mai – and executing them on the spot. Older members of the community, both men and women, were also murdered and a large number of women were raped and assaulted. By the end of 5 November, over 150 civilians had been killed in Kiwanja in what has since been dubbed the Kiwanja Massacre.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Mampilly \\|first1\\=Zachariah \\|title\\=Peacekeeping in Africa: The Evolving Security Architecture \\|date\\=2014 \\|publisher\\=Routledge, Taylor and Francis \\|year\\=2014 \\|isbn\\=9781317913665 \\|editor\\-last\\=Wyss \\|editor\\-first\\=Marco \\|location\\=London \\|language\\=en \\|chapter\\=Indian peacekeeping and the performance of the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo \\|oclc\\=871224152 \\|editor\\-last2\\=Tardy \\|editor\\-first2\\=Thierry}}",
"A UN base was situated less than {{convert\\|1\\|mi\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} from Kiwanja and over 100 Indian peacekeepers were present at the time of the attacks but the forces lacked basic intelligence capabilities – no one in the base spoke the necessary languages, as their interpreter had been reassigned without replacement a week prior – and the peacekeepers later said they had no idea the massacre was taking place until it was over. Lt. Col. H. S. Brar, commander of the Indian peacekeepers at Kiwanja summarized the failure as the result of \"poor communication and staffing, inadequate equipment, intelligence breakdowns and spectacularly bad luck.\"{{cite news \\|last1\\=Polgreen \\|first1\\=Lydia \\|title\\=A Massacre in Congo, Despite Nearby Support \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/11/world/africa/11congo.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-03 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-11 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=4 July 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704042916/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/11/world/africa/11congo.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In its report on the massacre, [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") largely supported Brar's assessment but further observed that competing priorities from headquarters in Goma shifted focus to \"assuring the security of humanitarian workers, a foreign journalist, and a group of military observers, rather than protecting the civilian population.\"{{cite web \\|title\\=Killings in Kiwanja: The UN's Inability to Protect Civilians \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/12/11/killings\\-kiwanja/uns\\-inability\\-protect\\-civilians \\|website\\=\\[\\[Human Rights Watch]] \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-03 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-11 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 July 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704042916/https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/12/11/killings\\-kiwanja/uns\\-inability\\-protect\\-civilians \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In the immediate aftermath of the Kiwanja Massacre, the recently\\-appointed civilian and military heads of the UN peacekeeping force in North Kivu, [Hiroute Guebre Sellassie](/wiki/Hiroute_Guebre_Sellassie \"Hiroute Guebre Sellassie\") and Gen. [Bipin Rawat](/wiki/Bipin_Rawat \"Bipin Rawat\"), brought their commands together for evaluation. As a result, the MONUC civilian and military teams in North Kivu \"implemented a number of reforms that drastically improved the performance of peacekeepers and were hailed as a model for other peacekeeping missions.\" Reforms included the creation of joint protection teams comprising military and police personnel and civil affairs, human rights, and child protection staff operating from the UN's forward bases; a mobile\\-phone based early warning system, in which community members were provided with devices to alert peacekeepers of unrest; community alert networks that allowed for bases to be contacted around the clock; Community Liaison Assistants (CLAs), an expanded role for Congolese translators to also act as community monitors and information gatherers; an emphasis on civilian outreach; increased foot patrols; and deployment of 30–35 troop standing combat units to areas deemed vulnerable.",
"On 18 November, a draft resolution spearheaded by the [French Foreign Ministry](/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28France%29 \"Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)\") was presented before the [United Nations Security Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council \"United Nations Security Council\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSN18289517\\.\\_CH\\_.2400\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205025853/http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSN18289517\\.\\_CH\\_.2400\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=5 December 2008\\|title\\=More peacekeepers won't bring peace to Congo – UN\\|publisher\\=Reuters\\|author\\=Louis Charbonneau\\|date\\=18 November 2008\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2008}} The resolution, signed by 44 different organizations and with the backing of the [British Foreign Office](/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office \"Foreign and Commonwealth Office\") minister [Mark Malloch Brown](/wiki/Mark_Malloch_Brown%2C_Baron_Malloch-Brown \"Mark Malloch Brown, Baron Malloch-Brown\"), asked the UN to send 3,000 more peacekeepers to reinforce the 17,000\\-strong garrison in the Congo, the largest garrison of its kind.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7735159\\.stm\\|title\\=Congo rebels 'to withdraw troops'\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=18 November 2008\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=20 November 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120014820/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7735159\\.stm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} This echoed calls from Human Rights Watch and other [humanitarian aid](/wiki/Humanitarian_aid \"Humanitarian aid\") groups in the region, who were also asking for reinforcements to bring stability to the area. In a shared statement, the coalition of organizations stated that \n> \"\\[The reinforcements] would help to prevent the atrocities that continue to be committed against civilians on an ever greater scale here in North Kivu \\[province], on the border of Rwanda and Uganda... Since August 28, fighting has intensified in many areas, causing deaths, rapes, lootings, forced recruitment and further displacements of civilian populations. The population has thus been immersed in unspeakable suffering. In the last few days, fighting has drawn closer to large populated areas, such as the town of Goma. Fighting has also invaded and torn apart the region of [Rutshuru](/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory \"Rutshuru Territory\"), particularly in the town of Kiwanja, where hundreds of civilian deaths have now been recorded.\"{{cite web \\|title\\=A Plea from Local Organizations and Civil Society in North Kivu \\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/11/18/plea\\-local\\-organizations\\-and\\-civil\\-society\\-north\\-kivu \\|website\\=\\[\\[Human Rights Watch]] \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-03 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=2008\\-11\\-18 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 July 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704042907/https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/11/18/plea\\-local\\-organizations\\-and\\-civil\\-society\\-north\\-kivu \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Local groups in the Congo also requested help from the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\"), as they would be able to deploy soldiers sooner, working as a \"bridging force\" until the UN reinforcements arrived. British EU spokeswoman Catriona Little stated that they were \"not ruling in or out EU forces\".{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/19/congo.un.troops/index.html\\|title\\=Britain, France push for more U.N. troops in Congo\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|date\\=19 November 2008\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209142332/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/19/congo.un.troops/index.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On 20 November, the UN voted unanimously to send 3,085 more peacekeepers, citing \"extreme concern at the deteriorating humanitarian situation and in particular the targeted attacks against civilian population, sexual violence, recruitment of child soldiers and [summary executions](/wiki/Summary_execution \"Summary execution\").\" However, it did not extend MONUC's mandate in the Congo, which was set to expire at the end of 2008\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/20/congo.un.troops/index.html\\|title\\=U.N. condemns Congo atrocities\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|date\\=20 November 2008\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209143026/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/20/congo.un.troops/index.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The decision was made despite the rebel commitment to pulling back from the front lines and allowing aid to reach the thousands of people still isolated, according to aid groups.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/20/congo\\-unitednations\\|title\\=Extra 3,100 UN troops to be deployed to Congo\\|author\\=Angela Balakrishnan\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=20 November 2008\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=4 September 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904060929/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/20/congo\\-unitednations\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"However, a week after the UN vote, the DRC government requested the UN to not deploy any more Indian troops in the east of the country, arguing that there was a need to \"redress the balance\" of the make\\-up of the 17,000\\-strong UN force in the country.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7750564\\.stm\\|title\\=DR Congo declines Indian troops\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=26 November 2008\\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=13 March 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313112434/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7750564\\.stm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### 2009",
"On 17 February, [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") announced that it would send around 1,325 soldiers from the Egyptian Army to support the UN mission in Congo. Egypt also announced that it will send a police force to help in protecting the UN mission in Congo. The Egyptian armed force will work to give support and technical advice to the Congo Army beside operating armed mission in the conflict zones and medical assistant and support. According to the Foreign affairs in Cairo, Egypt will send a Mechanized Unit, Special Forces, Field Engineers, and Paratroops. Egypt already has a small unit in Congo consisting of 13 policemen and 23 observers.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID\\=20117\\|title\\=Egypt to send more than 1,325 peacekeepers to Congo \\|publisher\\=Reuters\\|date\\=18 February 2009}}",
"In March 2009, the Indian Army questioned more than 100 Indian troops deployed in DRC regarding the abuse allegations against them.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/congo\\-abuse\\-army\\-clean\\-chit\\-to\\-soldiers/433886/\\|title\\=Congo abuse: Army clean chit to soldiers\\|publisher\\=Indian Express\\|date\\=13 March 2009\\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227182352/https://indianexpress.com/article/news\\-archive/web/congo\\-abuse\\-army\\-clean\\-chit\\-to\\-soldiers/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} After a thorough investigation, which included examination of statements by alleged victims, the Indian Army found \"serious irregularities\" in charges raised by the [United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services](/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Internal_Oversight_Services \"United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services\"). Consequently, all of the accused personnel were let off due to lack of evidence.",
"In October 2009, India announced a US$263 million aid package to Congo to help the country's information technology, [hydroelectricity](/wiki/Hydroelectricity \"Hydroelectricity\") and railway sectors.{{citation \\| url \\= http://www.sify.com/news/India\\-announces\\-263\\-mn\\-credit\\-for\\-Congo\\-news\\-jk3sEbghdci.html \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121021124905/http://www.sify.com/news/India\\-announces\\-263\\-mn\\-credit\\-for\\-Congo\\-news\\-jk3sEbghdci.html \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-date \\= 2012\\-10\\-21 \\| title \\= India announces $263\\-mn credit for Congo \\| website \\= \\[\\[Sify]] \\| date \\= 2009\\-10\\-29}} India also renewed its military commitments to MONUC while Congo expressed its support for [India's UNSC permanent seat candidature](/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council%23India \"Reform of the United Nations Security Council#India\"). These developments helped thaw relations between the two countries.",
"In December, MONUC rushed peacekeeping troops to [Dongo](/wiki/Dongo%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Dongo, Democratic Republic of the Congo\") in the [Kungu](/wiki/Kungu \"Kungu\") territory of [Sud\\-Ubangi District](/wiki/Sud-Ubangi_District \"Sud-Ubangi District\") where [a new conflict](/wiki/Dongo_conflict \"Dongo conflict\") rapidly escalated in an effort to protect the local population.{{citation\\|url\\=http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\\=1042\\&ctl\\=Details∣\\=1096\\&ItemID\\=6547 \\|title\\=Equateur: New interdisciplinary MONUC mission in Dongo \\|publisher\\=MONUC \\|date\\=24 November 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429172309/http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\\=1042 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2009 }} A MONUC helicopter that was restocking the 20 troops stationed there fell under gunfire from armed men. The helicopter crew, all of Russian nationality, facilitated the evacuation of 25 people, including 5 injured people (including the helicopter pilot), who were brought to [Brazzaville](/wiki/Brazzaville \"Brazzaville\") for emergency medical treatment.{{citation\\|url\\=http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\\=1042\\&ctl\\=Details∣\\=1096\\&ItemID\\=6730 \\|title\\=Alan Doss meets the Russian crew of a MONUC helicopter attacked in Dongo \\|publisher\\=MONUC \\|date\\=12 December 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429172309/http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\\=1042 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2009 }}",
"Sources in Kinshasa reported that in mid\\-November DRC President [Joseph Kabila](/wiki/Joseph_Kabila \"Joseph Kabila\") secretly airlifted a battalion of [Rwandan Defense Forces](/wiki/Rwandan_Defense_Forces \"Rwandan Defense Forces\") (RDF) across Congo to put down the rebellion in Dongo and the operation was supported by the United Nations Observes Mission in Congo ([MONUC](/wiki/MONUC \"MONUC\")) and the [United States Africa Command](/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command \"United States Africa Command\"). Along with RDF regulars, MONUC troops have been fighting alongside [Tutsi](/wiki/Tutsi \"Tutsi\") Rwandan soldiers infiltrated by Rwanda, with the Kabila government's support, into the national army, the Armed Forces of the DRC (FARDC).{{citation\\|title\\=Belgian Paratroopers To Crush Rising Congo Rebellion? \\|url\\=http://www.consciousbeingalliance.com/2009/12/belgian\\-paratroopers\\-to\\-crush\\-rising\\-congo\\-rebellion/ \\|date\\=7 December 2009 \\|first\\=Keith \\|last\\=Harmon Snow \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226200656/http://www.consciousbeingalliance.com/2009/12/belgian\\-paratroopers\\-to\\-crush\\-rising\\-congo\\-rebellion \\|archive\\-date\\=26 December 2009 \\|df\\=dmy }}",
"At the weekly MONUC press conference of 16 December 2009, it was announced by MONUC spokesperson Madnodje Mounoubai that the first MONUC peacekeeping troops were deployed in Dongo, where a temporary operational basis is functional, as well as in nearby [Bozene](/wiki/Bozene \"Bozene\"). The 500 MONUC troops will come from the Ghanaian, Tunisian and Egyptian contingents as well as troops from the Guatemalan Special Forces. Military equipment such as armored personnel carriers, transport and combat helicopters will also be at their disposal to support their mission.{{citation\\|url\\=http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\\=932\\&ctl\\=Details∣\\=1096\\&ItemID\\=6815 \\|title\\=Equateur: An extra 500 MONUC troops being deployed to Dongo \\|publisher\\=MONUC \\|date\\=16 December 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429172347/http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid\\=932 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2009 }}",
""
] |
#### 2003
Numerous DDRRR operations in collaboration with the civilian component were conducted in the beginning of 2003\. Before the start of the transition, UN soldiers were deployed along the front lines. A vast redeployment to the East started. The four coordination centres and 22 bases in the western part of the country were shut down. Over one hundred observers were redeployed and Uruguayan contingents arrived in [Bukavu](/wiki/Bukavu "Bukavu"), [South Kivu](/wiki/South_Kivu "South Kivu") and [Lubero](/wiki/Lubero "Lubero"), [North Kivu](/wiki/North_Kivu "North Kivu"). Observer teams monitored serious combat and human rights violations in Ituri. In April 2003, 800 Uruguayan soldiers were deployed in [Bunia](/wiki/Bunia "Bunia"), [Ituri Province](/wiki/Ituri_Province "Ituri Province") under [Resolution 1484](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1484 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1484"). In the same month an observer died in a mine explosion. In May 2003 two military observers were savagely killed by a militia.
The withdrawal of 7,000 Ugandan troops in April 2003 led to a deteriorating security situation in the Ituri Province, endangering the peace process. The UN Secretary General [Kofi Annan](/wiki/Kofi_Annan "Kofi Annan") called for establishing and deploying a temporary multi\-national force to the area until the weakened MONUC mission could be reinforced. In his second special report to the Security Council, the UN Secretary General proposed a reorientation of MONUC missions: to provide support to the transition and to maintain security in key areas of the country. Accordingly, he proposed the creation of a brigade in Ituri to support the peace process.
[thumb\|An IDP camp around a base in [Kitshanga](/wiki/Kitchanga "Kitchanga")](/wiki/File:KitshangaWar-36_%288538205595%29.jpg "KitshangaWar-36 (8538205595).jpg")
On 30 May 2003, [UNSCR 1493](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1493 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1493") authorized the deployment of the Interim Emergency Multinational Force (IEMF) in Bunia with a task to secure the airport and protect both [internally displaced persons](/wiki/Internally_displaced_person "Internally displaced person") in camps and the civilians in the town. UNSCR 1493 authorized an increase of military personnel to 10,800, imposed an arms embargo, and authorized MONUC to use all necessary means to fulfill its mandate in the [Ituri District](/wiki/Ituri_District "Ituri District") and also in North and South Kivu, as it deemed the additional provinces to be within MONUC's capabilities,
The [French Government](/wiki/Cabinet_of_France "Cabinet of France") had already shown interest in leading the operation. It soon broadened to a [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union") (EU) \-led mission with France as the framework nation providing the bulk of the personnel and complemented by contributions from both EU and non\-EU nations. The total force consisted of about 1,800 personnel and was supported by French aircraft based at airfields in [N'Djamena](/wiki/N%27Djamena "N'Djamena"), Chad and [Entebbe](/wiki/Entebbe "Entebbe"), Uganda. A small 80\-man [Swedish Special Forces](/wiki/S%C3%A4rskilda_Skyddsgruppen "Särskilda Skyddsgruppen") (SSG) group was also added.
The operation called [Operation Artemis](/wiki/Operation_Artemis "Operation Artemis") was launched on 12 June and the IMEF completed its deployment in the following three weeks. The force was successful in stabilising the situation in Bunia and enforcing the UN presence in the DRC. In September 2003, responsibility for the security of the region was handed over to the MONUC mission.{{cite web \|date\=October 2004 \|title\=Operation Artemis: The Lessons of the Interim Emergency Multinational Force \|url\=http://pbpu.unlb.org/PBPS/Pages/PUBLIC/ViewDocument.aspx?docid\=572\&menukey\=\_5\_2\_4 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605013600/http://pbpu.unlb.org/PBPS/Pages/PUBLIC/ViewDocument.aspx?docid\=572\&menukey\=\_5\_2\_4 \|archive\-date\=5 June 2011 \|access\-date\=31 October 2008 \|website\=United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations}}
Growing military conflict in DRC caused the United Nations to seek additional military help from major powers. In July 2003, [India](/wiki/India "India") announced that it would be sending an additional 300 personnel and combat aircraft from the [Indian Air Force](/wiki/Indian_Air_Force "Indian Air Force") to strengthen the UN peacekeeping effort in DRC.{{cite news \|date\=10 July 2003 \|title\=Indian Air Force to Congo \|work\=\[\[BBC World News]] \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south\_asia/3054873\.stm \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-28 \|archive\-date\=9 January 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109004635/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south\_asia/3054873\.stm \|url\-status\=live }}
In September 2003, the Ituri brigade was in place, including soldiers from Uruguay, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Indonesia, India and Morocco.
In November 2003, a total of 10,415 peacekeepers were in the DRC, comprising infantry units, engineer units, helicopter units, logistic units, medical units and riverine units.
|
[
"#### 2003",
"Numerous DDRRR operations in collaboration with the civilian component were conducted in the beginning of 2003\\. Before the start of the transition, UN soldiers were deployed along the front lines. A vast redeployment to the East started. The four coordination centres and 22 bases in the western part of the country were shut down. Over one hundred observers were redeployed and Uruguayan contingents arrived in [Bukavu](/wiki/Bukavu \"Bukavu\"), [South Kivu](/wiki/South_Kivu \"South Kivu\") and [Lubero](/wiki/Lubero \"Lubero\"), [North Kivu](/wiki/North_Kivu \"North Kivu\"). Observer teams monitored serious combat and human rights violations in Ituri. In April 2003, 800 Uruguayan soldiers were deployed in [Bunia](/wiki/Bunia \"Bunia\"), [Ituri Province](/wiki/Ituri_Province \"Ituri Province\") under [Resolution 1484](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1484 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1484\"). In the same month an observer died in a mine explosion. In May 2003 two military observers were savagely killed by a militia.",
"The withdrawal of 7,000 Ugandan troops in April 2003 led to a deteriorating security situation in the Ituri Province, endangering the peace process. The UN Secretary General [Kofi Annan](/wiki/Kofi_Annan \"Kofi Annan\") called for establishing and deploying a temporary multi\\-national force to the area until the weakened MONUC mission could be reinforced. In his second special report to the Security Council, the UN Secretary General proposed a reorientation of MONUC missions: to provide support to the transition and to maintain security in key areas of the country. Accordingly, he proposed the creation of a brigade in Ituri to support the peace process.",
"[thumb\\|An IDP camp around a base in [Kitshanga](/wiki/Kitchanga \"Kitchanga\")](/wiki/File:KitshangaWar-36_%288538205595%29.jpg \"KitshangaWar-36 (8538205595).jpg\")\nOn 30 May 2003, [UNSCR 1493](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1493 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1493\") authorized the deployment of the Interim Emergency Multinational Force (IEMF) in Bunia with a task to secure the airport and protect both [internally displaced persons](/wiki/Internally_displaced_person \"Internally displaced person\") in camps and the civilians in the town. UNSCR 1493 authorized an increase of military personnel to 10,800, imposed an arms embargo, and authorized MONUC to use all necessary means to fulfill its mandate in the [Ituri District](/wiki/Ituri_District \"Ituri District\") and also in North and South Kivu, as it deemed the additional provinces to be within MONUC's capabilities,",
"The [French Government](/wiki/Cabinet_of_France \"Cabinet of France\") had already shown interest in leading the operation. It soon broadened to a [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") (EU) \\-led mission with France as the framework nation providing the bulk of the personnel and complemented by contributions from both EU and non\\-EU nations. The total force consisted of about 1,800 personnel and was supported by French aircraft based at airfields in [N'Djamena](/wiki/N%27Djamena \"N'Djamena\"), Chad and [Entebbe](/wiki/Entebbe \"Entebbe\"), Uganda. A small 80\\-man [Swedish Special Forces](/wiki/S%C3%A4rskilda_Skyddsgruppen \"Särskilda Skyddsgruppen\") (SSG) group was also added.",
"The operation called [Operation Artemis](/wiki/Operation_Artemis \"Operation Artemis\") was launched on 12 June and the IMEF completed its deployment in the following three weeks. The force was successful in stabilising the situation in Bunia and enforcing the UN presence in the DRC. In September 2003, responsibility for the security of the region was handed over to the MONUC mission.{{cite web \\|date\\=October 2004 \\|title\\=Operation Artemis: The Lessons of the Interim Emergency Multinational Force \\|url\\=http://pbpu.unlb.org/PBPS/Pages/PUBLIC/ViewDocument.aspx?docid\\=572\\&menukey\\=\\_5\\_2\\_4 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605013600/http://pbpu.unlb.org/PBPS/Pages/PUBLIC/ViewDocument.aspx?docid\\=572\\&menukey\\=\\_5\\_2\\_4 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 June 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2008 \\|website\\=United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations}}",
"Growing military conflict in DRC caused the United Nations to seek additional military help from major powers. In July 2003, [India](/wiki/India \"India\") announced that it would be sending an additional 300 personnel and combat aircraft from the [Indian Air Force](/wiki/Indian_Air_Force \"Indian Air Force\") to strengthen the UN peacekeeping effort in DRC.{{cite news \\|date\\=10 July 2003 \\|title\\=Indian Air Force to Congo \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC World News]] \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south\\_asia/3054873\\.stm \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-28 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 January 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109004635/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south\\_asia/3054873\\.stm \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In September 2003, the Ituri brigade was in place, including soldiers from Uruguay, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Indonesia, India and Morocco.",
"In November 2003, a total of 10,415 peacekeepers were in the DRC, comprising infantry units, engineer units, helicopter units, logistic units, medical units and riverine units.",
""
] |
#### 2004
Deploying the Ituri brigade and conducting [cordon and search](/wiki/Cordon_and_search "Cordon and search") operations improved the security conditions in Ituri but, at the same time, the peacekeepers became the target of the militias. On 12 February 2004, a military observer was killed in Ituri.
With the arrival of the [Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo](/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"), which included members of rebel movements, more than 900 Tunisian and Ghanaian UN troops contributed to the security of Kinshasa.
It was decided that the troops present in the Kivus will be assembled under the unified command of a brigade. In March the Nigerian General [Samaila Iliya](/wiki/Samaila_Iliya "Samaila Iliya") took over the command of the force.
In June 2004, Bukavu, South Kivu was occupied by rebel general [Laurent Nkunda](/wiki/Laurent_Nkunda "Laurent Nkunda"). A military observer was killed. The 1,000 MONUC troops could only protect their own installations. Demonstrations were held all over the country and UN troops opened fire on looters in Kinshasa. MONUC soldiers were again targeted by Ituri militia at the end of 2004\.
Though the Secretary General had asked for an increase of 13,100 soldiers, in October 2004 the Security Council by [Resolution 1565](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1565 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1565"), authorized a reinforcement of 5,900 military personnel and defined the mandate with the strategic military objectives of the MONUC force as:
* proactively contributing to the pacification and general improvement of security in the country;
* providing support for conflict resolution in politically volatile areas;
* improving border security through regional confidence\-building mechanisms, such as the Joint Verification Mechanism, and effective patrolling and monitoring of the arms embargo;
* gathering and analysing military and other information on spoilers.
Following the UN resolution, the [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army "Indian Army") announced that it would be sending an additional 850 troops and four combat helicopters to aid the MONUC peacekeeping effort.{{cite news \|date\=6 October 2004 \|title\=DRC: India, Pakistan to Send More Troops \|work\=\[\[AllAfrica]] \|url\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200410060045\.html \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-28 \|archive\-date\=20 October 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020054924/http://allafrica.com/stories/200410060045\.html \|url\-status\=live }}
|
[
"#### 2004",
"Deploying the Ituri brigade and conducting [cordon and search](/wiki/Cordon_and_search \"Cordon and search\") operations improved the security conditions in Ituri but, at the same time, the peacekeepers became the target of the militias. On 12 February 2004, a military observer was killed in Ituri.",
"With the arrival of the [Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo](/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\"), which included members of rebel movements, more than 900 Tunisian and Ghanaian UN troops contributed to the security of Kinshasa.",
"It was decided that the troops present in the Kivus will be assembled under the unified command of a brigade. In March the Nigerian General [Samaila Iliya](/wiki/Samaila_Iliya \"Samaila Iliya\") took over the command of the force.",
"In June 2004, Bukavu, South Kivu was occupied by rebel general [Laurent Nkunda](/wiki/Laurent_Nkunda \"Laurent Nkunda\"). A military observer was killed. The 1,000 MONUC troops could only protect their own installations. Demonstrations were held all over the country and UN troops opened fire on looters in Kinshasa. MONUC soldiers were again targeted by Ituri militia at the end of 2004\\.",
"Though the Secretary General had asked for an increase of 13,100 soldiers, in October 2004 the Security Council by [Resolution 1565](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1565 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1565\"), authorized a reinforcement of 5,900 military personnel and defined the mandate with the strategic military objectives of the MONUC force as:\n* proactively contributing to the pacification and general improvement of security in the country;\n* providing support for conflict resolution in politically volatile areas;\n* improving border security through regional confidence\\-building mechanisms, such as the Joint Verification Mechanism, and effective patrolling and monitoring of the arms embargo;\n* gathering and analysing military and other information on spoilers.",
"Following the UN resolution, the [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army \"Indian Army\") announced that it would be sending an additional 850 troops and four combat helicopters to aid the MONUC peacekeeping effort.{{cite news \\|date\\=6 October 2004 \\|title\\=DRC: India, Pakistan to Send More Troops \\|work\\=\\[\\[AllAfrica]] \\|url\\=http://allafrica.com/stories/200410060045\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-28 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 October 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020054924/http://allafrica.com/stories/200410060045\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
""
] |
Organization
------------
The headquarters of the mission are in [Kinshasa](/wiki/Kinshasa "Kinshasa"), DRC. The mission views the DRC as consisting of 6 sectors, each with its own staff headquarters. In 2005\-6 the Eastern Division however was formed at [Kisangani](/wiki/Kisangani "Kisangani") and took over brigades in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, along with two or three of the Sector HQs.
The approved budget for MONUC, from 1 July 2007 to 30 June 2008, is US$1\.16 billion, the largest for any current UN peacekeeping operation.
### Force commanders
[thumb\|300px\|Locations of MONUC units as of December 2009](/wiki/File:MONUC_deployments_Dec_2009.png "MONUC deployments Dec 2009.png")
{{Post\-start\|caption\=MONUSCO commanders\|float\=}}
{{Post\-header\|post\-name\=Force commanders}}
{{Post\-member\|from\-date\=March 2000\|post\-incumbent\=Lt Gen \[\[Mountaga Diallo]] (\[\[Senegal]]) \|to\-date\=January 2004}}
{{Post\-member\|from\-date\=January 2004\|post\-incumbent\=\[\[Samaila Iliya]] (\[\[Nigeria]]) \|to\-date\=February 2005}}
{{Post\-member\|from\-date\=February 2005\|post\-incumbent\=\[\[Babacar Gaye]] (\[\[Senegal]]) \|to\-date\=July 2010}}
{{Post\-member\|from\-date\=July 2010\|post\-incumbent\=Lt Gen \[\[Chander Prakash]] (\[\[India]]) \|to\-date\=March 2013}}
{{Post\-member\|from\-date\=April 2013\|post\-incumbent\=Lt Gen \[\[Carlos Alberto dos Santos Cruz]] (\[\[Brazil]]) \|to\-date\=December 2015}}
{{Post\-member\|from\-date\=December 2015\|post\-incumbent\=Lt Gen \[\[Derrick Mgwebi]] {{Post\-nominals\|country\=ZAR\|SD\|SM\|MMM}} (\[\[South Africa]]){{cite news\|last1\=Helfrich\|first1\=K. \|title\=Exclusive: Mgwebi's term as MONUSCO force commander ends\|website\=Defenceweb\|date\=25 January 2018\|access\-date\=31 January 2018\|url\=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=50479:exclusive\-mgwebis\-term\-as\-monusco\-force\-commander\-ends\&catid\=56:diplomacy\-a\-peace\&Itemid\=111 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131081111/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=50479:exclusive\-mgwebis\-term\-as\-monusco\-force\-commander\-ends\&catid\=56:diplomacy\-a\-peace\&Itemid\=111 \|archive\-date\=31 January 2018}} \|to\-date\=January 2018}}
{{Post\-member\|from\-date\=January 2018\|post\-incumbent\=Maj Gen Bernard Commins{{efn\|Acting Force Commander}} (\[\[France]]) \|to\-date\=June 2018}}
{{Post\-member\|from\-date\=June 2018\|post\-incumbent\=Lt Gen \[\[Elias Martins Filho]] (Brazil) \|to\-date\=January 2020}}
{{Post\-member\|from\-date\=January 2020\|post\-incumbent\=Lt Gen \[\[Ricardo Augusto Ferreira Costa Neves]] (Brazil) \|to\-date\=April 2021}}
{{Post\-member\|from\-date\=April 2021\|post\-incumbent\=Lt Gen \[\[Marcos de Sá Affonso da Costa]] (Brazil) \|to\-date\=n.d.}}
{{Post\-end}}
### Sector headquarters
* MONUSCO HQ: [Kinshasa](/wiki/Kinshasa "Kinshasa")
* Sector 1: [Mbandaka](/wiki/Mbandaka "Mbandaka")
* Sector 2 and Eastern Division HQ: [Kisangani](/wiki/Kisangani "Kisangani")
* Sector 3: [Kananga](/wiki/Kananga "Kananga")
* Sector 4: [Kalemie](/wiki/Kalemie "Kalemie")
* Sector 5: [Kindu](/wiki/Kindu "Kindu")
* Sector 6: [Bunia](/wiki/Bunia "Bunia")
### Force numbers and fatalities
In July 2004 there were 10,531 UN soldiers under MONUC's command. On 1 October 2004, the UN [Security Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council "United Nations Security Council") decided to deploy 5,900 more soldiers to Congo, although UN Secretary\-General [Kofi Annan](/wiki/Kofi_Annan "Kofi Annan") had asked for some 12,000\.
On 25 February 2005, nine Bangladeshi peacekeepers were killed by members of the [Nationalist and Integrationist Front](/wiki/Nationalist_and_Integrationist_Front "Nationalist and Integrationist Front") militia in [Ituri province](/wiki/Ituri_Province "Ituri Province"). The FNI killed another Nepali peacekeeper and took seven captive in May 2006\. Two of the seven were released in late June and the UN was trying to secure the release of the remaining five.["Two DR Congo peacekeepers freed"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5119918.stm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708231348/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5119918\.stm \|date\=8 July 2006 }}, *[BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC")*, 27 June 2006 By November 2005, MONUC consisted of 16,561 uniformed troops. On 30 July 2006, MONUC forces were charged with keeping the [2006 general election](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election%2C_2006 "Democratic Republic of the Congo general election, 2006")—the first multiparty election in the DRC since 1960—peaceful and orderly. MONUC troops began patrolling areas of eastern DRC after armed clashes broke on 5 August following the chaotic collection of election results. The UN command is also arranging different training programs and competitions in Congo for both Congo and international forces. A similar shooting competition was held between troops from all international forces and was won by a Pakistani infantry battalion.
Total strength, on 31 October 2007 was 18,407 uniformed personnel, including 16,661 troops, 735 [military observers](/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer "United Nations Military Observer"), 1,011 police, who were supported by 931 international civilian personnel, 2,062 local civilian staff and 585 [United Nations Volunteers](/wiki/United_Nations_Volunteers "United Nations Volunteers").
The UN has recorded a total of 161 fatalities among MONUC personnel, up to 1 July 2010, as follows: 100 military personnel, 10 military observers, 6 UN police, 12 international civilians, and 30 local civilians.
### Staff and forces
On 31 October 2007 MONUC had a total of 18,407 uniformed personnel, including 16,661 troops, 735 [military observers](/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer "United Nations Military Observer"), 1,011 police, who were supported by 931 international civilian personnel, 2,062 local civilian staff and 585 [United Nations Volunteers](/wiki/United_Nations_Volunteers "United Nations Volunteers"). As of June 2022, major troop contributors, in order of total number of military personnel are [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan"), [India](/wiki/India "India"), [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa"), [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal "Nepal"), [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia"), and [Morocco](/wiki/Morocco "Morocco") (nearly 10,000\).
On 20 November 2008, the [United Nations Security Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council "United Nations Security Council") voted unanimously to reinforce MONUC with 3,085 more peacekeepers to deal with trouble in the [2008 Nord\-Kivu conflict](/wiki/2008_Nord-Kivu_conflict "2008 Nord-Kivu conflict"). They voted after 44 organizations, led by the [French Foreign Ministry](/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28France%29 "Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)"), petitioned the council to send reinforcements to stabilize the region.
{{As of\|2011\|8\|31}} MONUSCO forces included 19,084 uniformed personnel, out of which 16,998 were military personnel, 743 were military observers and 1,343 were police (including formed units). In addition the forces included 983 international civilian personnel, 2,828 local civilian staff and 600 UN volunteers.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/monusco/facts.shtml \|title\=MONUSCO Facts and Figures – United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo \|work\=un.org \|access\-date\=16 October 2011 \|archive\-date\=15 October 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015002326/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/monusco/facts.shtml \|url\-status\=live }}
#### Command staff
[thumb\|Ukraine aviation unit flight reconnaissance mission over North Kivu.](/wiki/File:MONUSCO_Ml-24_flight_reconnaissance_in_North_Kivu.jpg "MONUSCO Ml-24 flight reconnaissance in North Kivu.jpg")
The names of the MONUSCO command staff are as follows:
* In January 2021, [Bintou Keita](/wiki/Bintou_Keita "Bintou Keita") was appointed to lead MONUSCO and to be the [UN Secretary General](/wiki/UN_Secretary_General "UN Secretary General")'s Special Representative to the DRC.{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-01\-14\|title\=Ms. Bintou Keita of Guinea \- Special Representative of the Secretary\-General in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Head of the UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO)\|url\=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel\-appointments/2021\-01\-14/ms\-bintou\-keita\-of\-guinea\-special\-representative\-of\-the\-secretary\-general\-the\-democratic\-republic\-of\-the\-congo\-and\-head\-of\-the\-un\-organization\|access\-date\=2021\-07\-02\|website\=United Nations Secretary\-General\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=1 August 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801050743/https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel\-appointments/2021\-01\-14/ms\-bintou\-keita\-of\-guinea\-special\-representative\-of\-the\-secretary\-general\-the\-democratic\-republic\-of\-the\-congo\-and\-head\-of\-the\-un\-organization\|url\-status\=live}}
+ 2018–21: [Leila Zerrougui](/wiki/Leila_Zerrougui "Leila Zerrougui") ({{ALG}})
+ 2015–17: [Maman Sambo Sidikou](/wiki/Maman_Sambo_Sidikou "Maman Sambo Sidikou") ({{NIG}}){{cite web\|url\=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/monusco/leadership.shtml\|title\=MONUSCO Leadership – United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo\|work\=un.org\|access\-date\=14 February 2015\|archive\-date\=14 February 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214143714/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/monusco/leadership.shtml\|url\-status\=live}}
+ 2013–15: [Martin Kobler](/wiki/Martin_Kobler "Martin Kobler") ({{GER}})
+ 2010–13: [Roger A. Meece](/wiki/Roger_A._Meece "Roger A. Meece") ({{USA}})
+ 2007–10: [Alan Doss](/wiki/Alan_Doss "Alan Doss") ({{GRB}})
+ 2003–07: [William L. Swing](/wiki/William_L._Swing "William L. Swing") ({{USA}})
+ 2001–03: [Amos Namanga Ngongi](/wiki/Amos_Namanga_Ngongi "Amos Namanga Ngongi") ({{CMR}})
+ 1999–2001: [Kamel Morjane](/wiki/Kamel_Morjane "Kamel Morjane") ({{TUN}})
* Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary\-General: [Abdallah Wafy](/wiki/Abdallah_Wafy "Abdallah Wafy") ({{NIG}})
* Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary\-General: [Kim Bolduc](/wiki/Kim_Bolduc "Kim Bolduc") ({{CAN}}){{Cite web\|url\=https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sga1768\.doc.htm\|title\=Secretary\-General Appoints Kim Bolduc of Canada Deputy Special Representative, United Nations Mission in Democratic Republic of Congo {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases\|website\=www.un.org\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-04\|archive\-date\=9 July 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709215203/https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sga1768\.doc.htm\|url\-status\=live}}
* Force Commander: Lieutenant General [Derrick Mgwebi](/wiki/Derrick_Mgwebi "Derrick Mgwebi") ({{RSA}})
* Police Commissioner: Général [Pascal Champion](/wiki/Pascal_Champion "Pascal Champion") ({{FRA}})
|
[
"Organization\n------------",
"The headquarters of the mission are in [Kinshasa](/wiki/Kinshasa \"Kinshasa\"), DRC. The mission views the DRC as consisting of 6 sectors, each with its own staff headquarters. In 2005\\-6 the Eastern Division however was formed at [Kisangani](/wiki/Kisangani \"Kisangani\") and took over brigades in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, along with two or three of the Sector HQs.",
"The approved budget for MONUC, from 1 July 2007 to 30 June 2008, is US$1\\.16 billion, the largest for any current UN peacekeeping operation.",
"### Force commanders",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|Locations of MONUC units as of December 2009](/wiki/File:MONUC_deployments_Dec_2009.png \"MONUC deployments Dec 2009.png\")\n{{Post\\-start\\|caption\\=MONUSCO commanders\\|float\\=}}\n{{Post\\-header\\|post\\-name\\=Force commanders}}\n{{Post\\-member\\|from\\-date\\=March 2000\\|post\\-incumbent\\=Lt Gen \\[\\[Mountaga Diallo]] (\\[\\[Senegal]]) \\|to\\-date\\=January 2004}}\n{{Post\\-member\\|from\\-date\\=January 2004\\|post\\-incumbent\\=\\[\\[Samaila Iliya]] (\\[\\[Nigeria]]) \\|to\\-date\\=February 2005}}\n{{Post\\-member\\|from\\-date\\=February 2005\\|post\\-incumbent\\=\\[\\[Babacar Gaye]] (\\[\\[Senegal]]) \\|to\\-date\\=July 2010}}\n{{Post\\-member\\|from\\-date\\=July 2010\\|post\\-incumbent\\=Lt Gen \\[\\[Chander Prakash]] (\\[\\[India]]) \\|to\\-date\\=March 2013}}\n{{Post\\-member\\|from\\-date\\=April 2013\\|post\\-incumbent\\=Lt Gen \\[\\[Carlos Alberto dos Santos Cruz]] (\\[\\[Brazil]]) \\|to\\-date\\=December 2015}}\n{{Post\\-member\\|from\\-date\\=December 2015\\|post\\-incumbent\\=Lt Gen \\[\\[Derrick Mgwebi]] {{Post\\-nominals\\|country\\=ZAR\\|SD\\|SM\\|MMM}} (\\[\\[South Africa]]){{cite news\\|last1\\=Helfrich\\|first1\\=K. \\|title\\=Exclusive: Mgwebi's term as MONUSCO force commander ends\\|website\\=Defenceweb\\|date\\=25 January 2018\\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2018\\|url\\=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=50479:exclusive\\-mgwebis\\-term\\-as\\-monusco\\-force\\-commander\\-ends\\&catid\\=56:diplomacy\\-a\\-peace\\&Itemid\\=111 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131081111/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=50479:exclusive\\-mgwebis\\-term\\-as\\-monusco\\-force\\-commander\\-ends\\&catid\\=56:diplomacy\\-a\\-peace\\&Itemid\\=111 \\|archive\\-date\\=31 January 2018}} \\|to\\-date\\=January 2018}}\n{{Post\\-member\\|from\\-date\\=January 2018\\|post\\-incumbent\\=Maj Gen Bernard Commins{{efn\\|Acting Force Commander}} (\\[\\[France]]) \\|to\\-date\\=June 2018}}\n{{Post\\-member\\|from\\-date\\=June 2018\\|post\\-incumbent\\=Lt Gen \\[\\[Elias Martins Filho]] (Brazil) \\|to\\-date\\=January 2020}}\n{{Post\\-member\\|from\\-date\\=January 2020\\|post\\-incumbent\\=Lt Gen \\[\\[Ricardo Augusto Ferreira Costa Neves]] (Brazil) \\|to\\-date\\=April 2021}}\n{{Post\\-member\\|from\\-date\\=April 2021\\|post\\-incumbent\\=Lt Gen \\[\\[Marcos de Sá Affonso da Costa]] (Brazil) \\|to\\-date\\=n.d.}}\n{{Post\\-end}}",
"### Sector headquarters",
"* MONUSCO HQ: [Kinshasa](/wiki/Kinshasa \"Kinshasa\")\n* Sector 1: [Mbandaka](/wiki/Mbandaka \"Mbandaka\")\n* Sector 2 and Eastern Division HQ: [Kisangani](/wiki/Kisangani \"Kisangani\")\n* Sector 3: [Kananga](/wiki/Kananga \"Kananga\")\n* Sector 4: [Kalemie](/wiki/Kalemie \"Kalemie\")\n* Sector 5: [Kindu](/wiki/Kindu \"Kindu\")\n* Sector 6: [Bunia](/wiki/Bunia \"Bunia\")",
"### Force numbers and fatalities",
"In July 2004 there were 10,531 UN soldiers under MONUC's command. On 1 October 2004, the UN [Security Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council \"United Nations Security Council\") decided to deploy 5,900 more soldiers to Congo, although UN Secretary\\-General [Kofi Annan](/wiki/Kofi_Annan \"Kofi Annan\") had asked for some 12,000\\.",
"On 25 February 2005, nine Bangladeshi peacekeepers were killed by members of the [Nationalist and Integrationist Front](/wiki/Nationalist_and_Integrationist_Front \"Nationalist and Integrationist Front\") militia in [Ituri province](/wiki/Ituri_Province \"Ituri Province\"). The FNI killed another Nepali peacekeeper and took seven captive in May 2006\\. Two of the seven were released in late June and the UN was trying to secure the release of the remaining five.[\"Two DR Congo peacekeepers freed\"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5119918.stm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708231348/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5119918\\.stm \\|date\\=8 July 2006 }}, *[BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\")*, 27 June 2006 By November 2005, MONUC consisted of 16,561 uniformed troops. On 30 July 2006, MONUC forces were charged with keeping the [2006 general election](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election%2C_2006 \"Democratic Republic of the Congo general election, 2006\")—the first multiparty election in the DRC since 1960—peaceful and orderly. MONUC troops began patrolling areas of eastern DRC after armed clashes broke on 5 August following the chaotic collection of election results. The UN command is also arranging different training programs and competitions in Congo for both Congo and international forces. A similar shooting competition was held between troops from all international forces and was won by a Pakistani infantry battalion.",
"Total strength, on 31 October 2007 was 18,407 uniformed personnel, including 16,661 troops, 735 [military observers](/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer \"United Nations Military Observer\"), 1,011 police, who were supported by 931 international civilian personnel, 2,062 local civilian staff and 585 [United Nations Volunteers](/wiki/United_Nations_Volunteers \"United Nations Volunteers\").",
"The UN has recorded a total of 161 fatalities among MONUC personnel, up to 1 July 2010, as follows: 100 military personnel, 10 military observers, 6 UN police, 12 international civilians, and 30 local civilians.",
"### Staff and forces",
"On 31 October 2007 MONUC had a total of 18,407 uniformed personnel, including 16,661 troops, 735 [military observers](/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer \"United Nations Military Observer\"), 1,011 police, who were supported by 931 international civilian personnel, 2,062 local civilian staff and 585 [United Nations Volunteers](/wiki/United_Nations_Volunteers \"United Nations Volunteers\"). As of June 2022, major troop contributors, in order of total number of military personnel are [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\"), [India](/wiki/India \"India\"), [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"), [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal \"Nepal\"), [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\"), and [Morocco](/wiki/Morocco \"Morocco\") (nearly 10,000\\).",
"On 20 November 2008, the [United Nations Security Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council \"United Nations Security Council\") voted unanimously to reinforce MONUC with 3,085 more peacekeepers to deal with trouble in the [2008 Nord\\-Kivu conflict](/wiki/2008_Nord-Kivu_conflict \"2008 Nord-Kivu conflict\"). They voted after 44 organizations, led by the [French Foreign Ministry](/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28France%29 \"Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)\"), petitioned the council to send reinforcements to stabilize the region.",
"{{As of\\|2011\\|8\\|31}} MONUSCO forces included 19,084 uniformed personnel, out of which 16,998 were military personnel, 743 were military observers and 1,343 were police (including formed units). In addition the forces included 983 international civilian personnel, 2,828 local civilian staff and 600 UN volunteers.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/monusco/facts.shtml \\|title\\=MONUSCO Facts and Figures – United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo \\|work\\=un.org \\|access\\-date\\=16 October 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 October 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015002326/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/monusco/facts.shtml \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### Command staff",
"[thumb\\|Ukraine aviation unit flight reconnaissance mission over North Kivu.](/wiki/File:MONUSCO_Ml-24_flight_reconnaissance_in_North_Kivu.jpg \"MONUSCO Ml-24 flight reconnaissance in North Kivu.jpg\")\nThe names of the MONUSCO command staff are as follows:\n* In January 2021, [Bintou Keita](/wiki/Bintou_Keita \"Bintou Keita\") was appointed to lead MONUSCO and to be the [UN Secretary General](/wiki/UN_Secretary_General \"UN Secretary General\")'s Special Representative to the DRC.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-14\\|title\\=Ms. Bintou Keita of Guinea \\- Special Representative of the Secretary\\-General in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Head of the UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO)\\|url\\=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel\\-appointments/2021\\-01\\-14/ms\\-bintou\\-keita\\-of\\-guinea\\-special\\-representative\\-of\\-the\\-secretary\\-general\\-the\\-democratic\\-republic\\-of\\-the\\-congo\\-and\\-head\\-of\\-the\\-un\\-organization\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-02\\|website\\=United Nations Secretary\\-General\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=1 August 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801050743/https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel\\-appointments/2021\\-01\\-14/ms\\-bintou\\-keita\\-of\\-guinea\\-special\\-representative\\-of\\-the\\-secretary\\-general\\-the\\-democratic\\-republic\\-of\\-the\\-congo\\-and\\-head\\-of\\-the\\-un\\-organization\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n\t+ 2018–21: [Leila Zerrougui](/wiki/Leila_Zerrougui \"Leila Zerrougui\") ({{ALG}})\n\t+ 2015–17: [Maman Sambo Sidikou](/wiki/Maman_Sambo_Sidikou \"Maman Sambo Sidikou\") ({{NIG}}){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/monusco/leadership.shtml\\|title\\=MONUSCO Leadership – United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo\\|work\\=un.org\\|access\\-date\\=14 February 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=14 February 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214143714/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/monusco/leadership.shtml\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n\t+ 2013–15: [Martin Kobler](/wiki/Martin_Kobler \"Martin Kobler\") ({{GER}})\n\t+ 2010–13: [Roger A. Meece](/wiki/Roger_A._Meece \"Roger A. Meece\") ({{USA}})\n\t+ 2007–10: [Alan Doss](/wiki/Alan_Doss \"Alan Doss\") ({{GRB}})\n\t+ 2003–07: [William L. Swing](/wiki/William_L._Swing \"William L. Swing\") ({{USA}})\n\t+ 2001–03: [Amos Namanga Ngongi](/wiki/Amos_Namanga_Ngongi \"Amos Namanga Ngongi\") ({{CMR}})\n\t+ 1999–2001: [Kamel Morjane](/wiki/Kamel_Morjane \"Kamel Morjane\") ({{TUN}})\n* Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary\\-General: [Abdallah Wafy](/wiki/Abdallah_Wafy \"Abdallah Wafy\") ({{NIG}})\n* Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary\\-General: [Kim Bolduc](/wiki/Kim_Bolduc \"Kim Bolduc\") ({{CAN}}){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sga1768\\.doc.htm\\|title\\=Secretary\\-General Appoints Kim Bolduc of Canada Deputy Special Representative, United Nations Mission in Democratic Republic of Congo {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases\\|website\\=www.un.org\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=9 July 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709215203/https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sga1768\\.doc.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n* Force Commander: Lieutenant General [Derrick Mgwebi](/wiki/Derrick_Mgwebi \"Derrick Mgwebi\") ({{RSA}})\n* Police Commissioner: Général [Pascal Champion](/wiki/Pascal_Champion \"Pascal Champion\") ({{FRA}})",
""
] |
Career
------
Seeman was brought to London from Danzig by his father, also Enoch (born circa 1660\), in around 1704\. The earliest known painting by the younger Seeman is a group portrait of the [Bisset](/wiki/Bisset "Bisset") family in the style of the portraitist [Godfrey Kneller](/wiki/Godfrey_Kneller "Godfrey Kneller"), now held at [Castle Forbes](/wiki/Castle_Forbes "Castle Forbes") in [Grampian](/wiki/Grampian "Grampian"), Scotland, and dated by an inscription to 1708\.
As a painter to the [British royal court](/wiki/British_royal_court "British royal court"), Seeman the Younger completed coronation portraits of [George II](/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain "George II of Great Britain") and his wife [Queen Caroline of Ansbach](/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach "Caroline of Ansbach") in around 1730\. These pictures are held at [Windsor Castle](/wiki/Windsor_Castle "Windsor Castle") in Berkshire, England, as part of the [Royal Collection](/wiki/Royal_Collection "Royal Collection").
In 1734, Seeman painted a portrait of [Jane Pratt Taylor](/wiki/Jane_Pratt_Taylor "Jane Pratt Taylor"), daughter of [Lord Chief Justice](/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales "Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales") [John Pratt](/wiki/John_Pratt_%28judge%29 "John Pratt (judge)"). The portrait was sent to [William Byrd, II](/wiki/William_Byrd_II "William Byrd II") of [Westover](/wiki/Westover_Plantation "Westover Plantation"), in Virginia, where it became part of the largest colonial portrait collection of the early eighteenth century. The painting is now part of the collection of the [Virginia Historical Society](/wiki/Virginia_Historical_Society "Virginia Historical Society").
The [Metropolitan Museum](/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum "Metropolitan Museum") in New York, US, owns his rendering of [Sir James Dashwood](/wiki/Sir_James_Dashwood "Sir James Dashwood"), described by the [*Grove Dictionary of Art*](/wiki/Grove_Art_Online "Grove Art Online") as 'Exceptionally lively'. Also by Seeman the younger are a 1739 portrait of [Abraham Tucker](/wiki/Abraham_Tucker "Abraham Tucker"), held by the [National Portrait Gallery, London](/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London "National Portrait Gallery, London"), and various copies of sixteenth\- and seventeenth\-century portraits. The [National Trust](/wiki/National_Trust "National Trust") owns two examples of this set of his work – at [Dunham Massey](/wiki/Dunham_Massey_Hall "Dunham Massey Hall") in Cheshire, England, a copy of a portrait of [Lady Diana Cecil](/wiki/Lady_Diana_Cecil "Lady Diana Cecil"), and at [Belton House](/wiki/Belton_House "Belton House") in Lincolnshire, England, of [Lady Cust](/wiki/Lady_Cust "Lady Cust") and her nine children. His portrait of Lady Caroline D'Arcy, Countess of Ancram, wife of the [Earl of Ancram](/wiki/William_Kerr%2C_4th_Marquess_of_Lothian "William Kerr, 4th Marquess of Lothian"), sold at [Christie's](/wiki/Christie%27s "Christie's") in 2000 for £11,750\. It had previously been owned by [George Osborne, 10th Duke of Leeds](/wiki/George_Osborne%2C_10th_Duke_of_Leeds "George Osborne, 10th Duke of Leeds") and hung in the dining room at [Hornby Castle](/wiki/Hornby_Castle%2C_North_Yorkshire "Hornby Castle, North Yorkshire").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.christies.com/lot/lot\-1948354/?intObjectID\=1948354\|title\=Enoch Seeman (c. 1694\-1745\) Portrait of Lady Caroline D'Arcy, Countess of Ancram\|date\=1 December 2000\|accessdate\=10 March 2021\|publisher\=\[\[Christie's]]}}
A portrait of [George I](/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain "George I of Great Britain") held at [Middle Temple](/wiki/Middle_Temple "Middle Temple") was previously attributed to Seeman the Younger but it has now been established that it was painted by his father, Enoch Seeman the Elder. It is also almost certain that the 1717 portrait of [Elihu Yale](/wiki/Elihu_Yale "Elihu Yale") held by [Yale University Art Gallery](/wiki/Yale_University_Art_Gallery "Yale University Art Gallery") is not by Seeman the Younger, as attributed, but also by his father.
Despite royal commissions, Seeman the younger's work is thought of as less accomplished than that of the top flight of portraitists because of his lesser attention to detail in the facial features of different sitters. This is more apparent in male than in female subjects of Seeman's.
Seeman the younger died in London in April 1745\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Seeman was brought to London from Danzig by his father, also Enoch (born circa 1660\\), in around 1704\\. The earliest known painting by the younger Seeman is a group portrait of the [Bisset](/wiki/Bisset \"Bisset\") family in the style of the portraitist [Godfrey Kneller](/wiki/Godfrey_Kneller \"Godfrey Kneller\"), now held at [Castle Forbes](/wiki/Castle_Forbes \"Castle Forbes\") in [Grampian](/wiki/Grampian \"Grampian\"), Scotland, and dated by an inscription to 1708\\.",
"As a painter to the [British royal court](/wiki/British_royal_court \"British royal court\"), Seeman the Younger completed coronation portraits of [George II](/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain \"George II of Great Britain\") and his wife [Queen Caroline of Ansbach](/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach \"Caroline of Ansbach\") in around 1730\\. These pictures are held at [Windsor Castle](/wiki/Windsor_Castle \"Windsor Castle\") in Berkshire, England, as part of the [Royal Collection](/wiki/Royal_Collection \"Royal Collection\").",
"In 1734, Seeman painted a portrait of [Jane Pratt Taylor](/wiki/Jane_Pratt_Taylor \"Jane Pratt Taylor\"), daughter of [Lord Chief Justice](/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales \"Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales\") [John Pratt](/wiki/John_Pratt_%28judge%29 \"John Pratt (judge)\"). The portrait was sent to [William Byrd, II](/wiki/William_Byrd_II \"William Byrd II\") of [Westover](/wiki/Westover_Plantation \"Westover Plantation\"), in Virginia, where it became part of the largest colonial portrait collection of the early eighteenth century. The painting is now part of the collection of the [Virginia Historical Society](/wiki/Virginia_Historical_Society \"Virginia Historical Society\").",
"The [Metropolitan Museum](/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum \"Metropolitan Museum\") in New York, US, owns his rendering of [Sir James Dashwood](/wiki/Sir_James_Dashwood \"Sir James Dashwood\"), described by the [*Grove Dictionary of Art*](/wiki/Grove_Art_Online \"Grove Art Online\") as 'Exceptionally lively'. Also by Seeman the younger are a 1739 portrait of [Abraham Tucker](/wiki/Abraham_Tucker \"Abraham Tucker\"), held by the [National Portrait Gallery, London](/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London \"National Portrait Gallery, London\"), and various copies of sixteenth\\- and seventeenth\\-century portraits. The [National Trust](/wiki/National_Trust \"National Trust\") owns two examples of this set of his work – at [Dunham Massey](/wiki/Dunham_Massey_Hall \"Dunham Massey Hall\") in Cheshire, England, a copy of a portrait of [Lady Diana Cecil](/wiki/Lady_Diana_Cecil \"Lady Diana Cecil\"), and at [Belton House](/wiki/Belton_House \"Belton House\") in Lincolnshire, England, of [Lady Cust](/wiki/Lady_Cust \"Lady Cust\") and her nine children. His portrait of Lady Caroline D'Arcy, Countess of Ancram, wife of the [Earl of Ancram](/wiki/William_Kerr%2C_4th_Marquess_of_Lothian \"William Kerr, 4th Marquess of Lothian\"), sold at [Christie's](/wiki/Christie%27s \"Christie's\") in 2000 for £11,750\\. It had previously been owned by [George Osborne, 10th Duke of Leeds](/wiki/George_Osborne%2C_10th_Duke_of_Leeds \"George Osborne, 10th Duke of Leeds\") and hung in the dining room at [Hornby Castle](/wiki/Hornby_Castle%2C_North_Yorkshire \"Hornby Castle, North Yorkshire\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.christies.com/lot/lot\\-1948354/?intObjectID\\=1948354\\|title\\=Enoch Seeman (c. 1694\\-1745\\) Portrait of Lady Caroline D'Arcy, Countess of Ancram\\|date\\=1 December 2000\\|accessdate\\=10 March 2021\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Christie's]]}}",
"A portrait of [George I](/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain \"George I of Great Britain\") held at [Middle Temple](/wiki/Middle_Temple \"Middle Temple\") was previously attributed to Seeman the Younger but it has now been established that it was painted by his father, Enoch Seeman the Elder. It is also almost certain that the 1717 portrait of [Elihu Yale](/wiki/Elihu_Yale \"Elihu Yale\") held by [Yale University Art Gallery](/wiki/Yale_University_Art_Gallery \"Yale University Art Gallery\") is not by Seeman the Younger, as attributed, but also by his father.",
"Despite royal commissions, Seeman the younger's work is thought of as less accomplished than that of the top flight of portraitists because of his lesser attention to detail in the facial features of different sitters. This is more apparent in male than in female subjects of Seeman's.",
"Seeman the younger died in London in April 1745\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
The condition was first identified by Dr. Raphael Steidele, Professor of Obstetrics at the [University of Vienna](/wiki/University_of_Vienna "University of Vienna"), in 1778\.{{cite journal\|last1\=Lie\|first1\=J.T.\|title\=The malformation complex of the absence of the arch of the aorta\-Steidele's complex\|journal\=American Heart Journal\|date\=May 1967\|volume\=73\|issue\=5\|pages\=615–625\|doi\=10\.1016/0002\-8703(67\)90171\-8\|pmid\=6024217}} In the case Steidele described, the infant had a type A interrupted aortic arch, and survived only for "a few hours." In homage to the discoverer, the terminology of "Steidele's complex" has been used to describe an interrupted aortic arch. The first type B interrupted aortic arch was reported by Seidel in 1818, and the first type C was reported by Weisman and Kesten in 1948\. The classification system (Types A, B, and C) were defined by Celoria and Patton in 1959\.
The first successful repair of a Type A interrupted aortic arch was reported in 1961, in which the left subclavian artery was grafted into the [descending thoracic aorta](/wiki/Descending_thoracic_aorta "Descending thoracic aorta") in a 14\-year\-old male patient. The first successful repair of a Type A interrupted aortic arch in an infant was in a 12\-day\-old infant in 1969, in which the left subclavian artery was [connected](/wiki/Surgical_anastomosis "Surgical anastomosis") to the descending thoracic aorta, the [patent ductus arteriosus](/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus "Patent ductus arteriosus") was closed, and the main [pulmonary artery](/wiki/Pulmonary_artery "Pulmonary artery") was banded.
The first successful repair of a Type B interrupted aortic arch was in 1954, in which the 16 year\-old, female patient's [own aorta](/wiki/Homograft "Homograft") was grafted from the arch to the descending thoracic aorta and the left subclavian artery was [ligated](/wiki/Ligature_%28medicine%29 "Ligature (medicine)"). The first successful repair on a type B interrupted aortic arch in an infant was in 1973, in which a vein was used to connect the ascending aorta and the descending aorta.
The first successful repair of a Type C interrupted aortic arch was in 1964, in which the 16\-year\-old female patient's ascending aorta was grafted to the descending thoracic aorta. As of 1984, there had been no successful repairs on infants under one year old.
The use of [PGE1](/wiki/PGE1 "PGE1") dramatically improved the mortality rate after its introduction in 1976\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The condition was first identified by Dr. Raphael Steidele, Professor of Obstetrics at the [University of Vienna](/wiki/University_of_Vienna \"University of Vienna\"), in 1778\\.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Lie\\|first1\\=J.T.\\|title\\=The malformation complex of the absence of the arch of the aorta\\-Steidele's complex\\|journal\\=American Heart Journal\\|date\\=May 1967\\|volume\\=73\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=615–625\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0002\\-8703(67\\)90171\\-8\\|pmid\\=6024217}} In the case Steidele described, the infant had a type A interrupted aortic arch, and survived only for \"a few hours.\" In homage to the discoverer, the terminology of \"Steidele's complex\" has been used to describe an interrupted aortic arch. The first type B interrupted aortic arch was reported by Seidel in 1818, and the first type C was reported by Weisman and Kesten in 1948\\. The classification system (Types A, B, and C) were defined by Celoria and Patton in 1959\\.",
"The first successful repair of a Type A interrupted aortic arch was reported in 1961, in which the left subclavian artery was grafted into the [descending thoracic aorta](/wiki/Descending_thoracic_aorta \"Descending thoracic aorta\") in a 14\\-year\\-old male patient. The first successful repair of a Type A interrupted aortic arch in an infant was in a 12\\-day\\-old infant in 1969, in which the left subclavian artery was [connected](/wiki/Surgical_anastomosis \"Surgical anastomosis\") to the descending thoracic aorta, the [patent ductus arteriosus](/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus \"Patent ductus arteriosus\") was closed, and the main [pulmonary artery](/wiki/Pulmonary_artery \"Pulmonary artery\") was banded.",
"The first successful repair of a Type B interrupted aortic arch was in 1954, in which the 16 year\\-old, female patient's [own aorta](/wiki/Homograft \"Homograft\") was grafted from the arch to the descending thoracic aorta and the left subclavian artery was [ligated](/wiki/Ligature_%28medicine%29 \"Ligature (medicine)\"). The first successful repair on a type B interrupted aortic arch in an infant was in 1973, in which a vein was used to connect the ascending aorta and the descending aorta.",
"The first successful repair of a Type C interrupted aortic arch was in 1964, in which the 16\\-year\\-old female patient's ascending aorta was grafted to the descending thoracic aorta. As of 1984, there had been no successful repairs on infants under one year old.",
"The use of [PGE1](/wiki/PGE1 \"PGE1\") dramatically improved the mortality rate after its introduction in 1976\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
The idea of building a dedicated heavy\-ion [detector](/wiki/Sensor "Sensor") for the [LHC](/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider "Large Hadron Collider") was first discussed at the meeting "Towards the LHC experimental Programme" hosted in [Évian, France](/wiki/%C3%89vian-les-Bains "Évian-les-Bains") in March 1992\. The meeting ultimately led to several LHC programs, including [ATLAS](/wiki/ATLAS_experiment "ATLAS experiment") and [CMS](/wiki/Compact_Muon_Solenoid "Compact Muon Solenoid").{{cite web\|url\=https://home.web.cern.ch/news/opinion/cern/25\-years\-lhc\-experimental\-programme\|title\=25 years of the LHC experimental programme\|date\=12 Dec 2017\|website\=CERN\|first\=Fabiola\|last\=Gianotti}} After Évian, the ALICE collaboration was formed and submitted a [Letter of Intent](/wiki/Letter_of_Intent "Letter of Intent") in 1993\.[ALICE New Kid on the block](https://cerncourier.com/alice-new-kid-on-the-block-archive/) *CERN Courier*, 19 September 2008\.
ALICE was first proposed as a central detector in 1993 and later complemented by an additional forward [muon](/wiki/Muon "Muon") [spectrometer](/wiki/Spectrometer "Spectrometer") designed in 1995\. In 1997, ALICE was allowed to proceed towards final design and construction by the LHC Committee.[ALICE Experiment approved](https://timeline.web.cern.ch/events/alice-experiment-approved) CERN timeline. 14 February 1997\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\.
The first ten years were spent on design and an extensive [research and development](/wiki/Research_and_development "Research and development") (R\&D) effort. As with other LHC experiments, the challenges of heavy\-ion physics at the LHC required advancements beyond existing technology. In some cases, it would take a technological breakthrough in order to accomplish the initial designs of the project. A well\-organized R\&D effort, sustained over most of the 1990s, led to significant advances in detectors, [electronics](/wiki/Electronics "Electronics"), and [computing](/wiki/Computing "Computing").
The detector needs to be general\-purpose, capable of measuring a wide range of signals, with flexibility for additions and modifications as new research avenues emerged. To combat these challenges, ALICE included support for a number of [observables](/wiki/Observable "Observable") that were not initially required. Various major detection systems have been added over the years, including the muon spectrometer in 1995, the [transition radiation detectors](/wiki/Transition_radiation_detector "Transition radiation detector") in 1999, and a large [jet](/wiki/Jet_%28particle_physics%29 "Jet (particle physics)") [calorimeter](/wiki/Calorimeter_%28particle_physics%29 "Calorimeter (particle physics)") in 2007\.
In 2010, ALICE recorded data from the first lead–lead collisions at the LHC. Data sets taken during heavy\-ion periods in 2010 and 2011, along with [proton](/wiki/Proton "Proton")–lead data from 2013, provided insight into the physics of quark–gluon plasma.
In 2014, the ALICE detector underwent a major consolidation program and upgrade during the long shutdown of CERN's accelerator complex. A new sub\-detector, the [dijet](/wiki/Dijet_event "Dijet event") calorimeter (DCAL), was installed. All 18 of the existing sub\-detectors were upgraded, and the infrastructure, including the electrical and cooling systems, underwent major renovations.{{cn\|date\=July 2024}}
In 2022, ALICE received additional sub\-detectors, including a new [inner tracking system](/wiki/%23Inner_Tracking_System "#Inner Tracking System"), muon forward tracker, and fast interaction trigger.{{cite web\|url\=https://home.cern/press/2022/ALICE\-upgrades\-LS2\|title\=ALICE upgrades during LS2\|website\=CERN}}
{{As of\|2024}}, the ALICE Collaboration has more than 1,900 members coming from 174 institutes in 39 countries.{{cite web\|url\=http://alice\-collaboration.web.cern.ch/general/index.html\|title\=ALICE Collaboration\|access\-date\=25 July 2024}} The present detector weights about 10,000 tons and is 26 m long, 16 m high, and 16 m wide.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The idea of building a dedicated heavy\\-ion [detector](/wiki/Sensor \"Sensor\") for the [LHC](/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider \"Large Hadron Collider\") was first discussed at the meeting \"Towards the LHC experimental Programme\" hosted in [Évian, France](/wiki/%C3%89vian-les-Bains \"Évian-les-Bains\") in March 1992\\. The meeting ultimately led to several LHC programs, including [ATLAS](/wiki/ATLAS_experiment \"ATLAS experiment\") and [CMS](/wiki/Compact_Muon_Solenoid \"Compact Muon Solenoid\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://home.web.cern.ch/news/opinion/cern/25\\-years\\-lhc\\-experimental\\-programme\\|title\\=25 years of the LHC experimental programme\\|date\\=12 Dec 2017\\|website\\=CERN\\|first\\=Fabiola\\|last\\=Gianotti}} After Évian, the ALICE collaboration was formed and submitted a [Letter of Intent](/wiki/Letter_of_Intent \"Letter of Intent\") in 1993\\.[ALICE New Kid on the block](https://cerncourier.com/alice-new-kid-on-the-block-archive/) *CERN Courier*, 19 September 2008\\.",
"ALICE was first proposed as a central detector in 1993 and later complemented by an additional forward [muon](/wiki/Muon \"Muon\") [spectrometer](/wiki/Spectrometer \"Spectrometer\") designed in 1995\\. In 1997, ALICE was allowed to proceed towards final design and construction by the LHC Committee.[ALICE Experiment approved](https://timeline.web.cern.ch/events/alice-experiment-approved) CERN timeline. 14 February 1997\\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\\.",
"The first ten years were spent on design and an extensive [research and development](/wiki/Research_and_development \"Research and development\") (R\\&D) effort. As with other LHC experiments, the challenges of heavy\\-ion physics at the LHC required advancements beyond existing technology. In some cases, it would take a technological breakthrough in order to accomplish the initial designs of the project. A well\\-organized R\\&D effort, sustained over most of the 1990s, led to significant advances in detectors, [electronics](/wiki/Electronics \"Electronics\"), and [computing](/wiki/Computing \"Computing\").",
"The detector needs to be general\\-purpose, capable of measuring a wide range of signals, with flexibility for additions and modifications as new research avenues emerged. To combat these challenges, ALICE included support for a number of [observables](/wiki/Observable \"Observable\") that were not initially required. Various major detection systems have been added over the years, including the muon spectrometer in 1995, the [transition radiation detectors](/wiki/Transition_radiation_detector \"Transition radiation detector\") in 1999, and a large [jet](/wiki/Jet_%28particle_physics%29 \"Jet (particle physics)\") [calorimeter](/wiki/Calorimeter_%28particle_physics%29 \"Calorimeter (particle physics)\") in 2007\\.",
"In 2010, ALICE recorded data from the first lead–lead collisions at the LHC. Data sets taken during heavy\\-ion periods in 2010 and 2011, along with [proton](/wiki/Proton \"Proton\")–lead data from 2013, provided insight into the physics of quark–gluon plasma.",
"In 2014, the ALICE detector underwent a major consolidation program and upgrade during the long shutdown of CERN's accelerator complex. A new sub\\-detector, the [dijet](/wiki/Dijet_event \"Dijet event\") calorimeter (DCAL), was installed. All 18 of the existing sub\\-detectors were upgraded, and the infrastructure, including the electrical and cooling systems, underwent major renovations.{{cn\\|date\\=July 2024}}",
"In 2022, ALICE received additional sub\\-detectors, including a new [inner tracking system](/wiki/%23Inner_Tracking_System \"#Inner Tracking System\"), muon forward tracker, and fast interaction trigger.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://home.cern/press/2022/ALICE\\-upgrades\\-LS2\\|title\\=ALICE upgrades during LS2\\|website\\=CERN}}",
"{{As of\\|2024}}, the ALICE Collaboration has more than 1,900 members coming from 174 institutes in 39 countries.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://alice\\-collaboration.web.cern.ch/general/index.html\\|title\\=ALICE Collaboration\\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2024}} The present detector weights about 10,000 tons and is 26 m long, 16 m high, and 16 m wide.",
""
] |
Heavy\-ion collisions at the LHC
--------------------------------
Searching for quark–gluon plasma and a deeper understanding of the QCD started at [CERN](/wiki/CERN "CERN") and Brookhaven with lighter ions in the 1980s.[Experiments Revisit the Quark\-Gluon Plasma](https://cerncourier.com/experiments-revisit-the-quark-gluon-soup/) *CERN Courier*, 26 February 2001\.[RHIC starts producing data](https://cerncourier.com/rhic-starts-producing-data/) *CERN Courier*, 10 October 2000\. Today's program at these laboratories has moved on to ultra\-relativistic collisions of heavy ions, and it is just reaching the energy threshold at which the phase transition is expected to occur. The LHC, with a centre\-of\-mass energy around 5\.5 [TeV/nucleon](/wiki/Electronvolt "Electronvolt"), will push the energy reach even further.
During head\-on collisions of lead ions at the LHC, hundreds of protons and neutrons collide at energies of upwards of a few [TeVs](/wiki/Electronvolt "Electronvolt"). Lead ions are accelerated to more than 99\.9999% of the speed of light. Collisions at the LHC are 100 times more energetic than those of protons, heating up matter in the interaction point to a temperature almost 100,000 times higher than the temperature in the [core of the sun.](/wiki/Solar_core "Solar core") {{Citation needed\|date\=September 2024}}
When the two lead nuclei collide, matter undergoes a transition to briefly form a droplet of [quark–gluon plasma](/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma "Quark–gluon plasma"), which is believed to have filled the universe a few microseconds after the Big Bang.
The [quark–gluon plasma](/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma "Quark–gluon plasma") is formed as protons and neutrons "melt" into their elementary constituents, [quarks](/wiki/Quarks "Quarks") and [gluons](/wiki/Gluons "Gluons") become asymptotically free. The droplet of QGP instantly cools, and the individual quarks and gluons (collectively called [partons](/wiki/Partons "Partons")) recombine into a mixture of ordinary matter that speeds away in all directions.[Interview with CERN's theorist Urs Wiedemann](http://alicematters.web.cern.ch/?q=UrsWiedemann) ALICE Matters, 13 July 2012 The debris contains particles such as [pions](/wiki/Pions "Pions") and [kaons](/wiki/Kaons "Kaons"), which are made of a [quark](/wiki/Quark "Quark") and an [antiquark](/wiki/Antiquark "Antiquark"); [protons](/wiki/Protons "Protons") and [neutrons](/wiki/Neutrons "Neutrons"), made of three quarks; and numerous [antiprotons](/wiki/Antiprotons "Antiprotons") and [antineutrons](/wiki/Antineutron "Antineutron"), which may combine to form the nuclei of [antiatoms](/wiki/Antiatom "Antiatom") as heavy as [helium](/wiki/Helium "Helium"). Much can be learned by studying the distribution and energy of this debris.
### First lead{{Ndash}}lead collisions
[thumb\|One of the LHC's first lead\-ion collisions, as recorded by the ALICE detector.](/wiki/File:Alicelead3.jpg "Alicelead3.jpg")
The [Large Hadron Collider](/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider "Large Hadron Collider") smashed its first lead ions in 2010, on 7th November at around 12:30 a.m. CET.[LHC begins physics with lead ions](https://cerncourier.com/lhc-begins-physics-with-lead-ions/) *CERN Courier*, 30 November 2010\.[First ions for ALICE and rings for LHCb](https://cerncourier.com/first-ions-for-alice-and-rings-for-lhcb/) *CERN Courier*, 30 October 2009\.
The first collisions in the center of the ALICE, ATLAS, and CMS detectors took place less than 72 hours after the LHC ended its first run of [protons](/wiki/Proton "Proton") and switched to accelerating lead\-ion beams. Each lead nucleus contains 82 protons, and the LHC accelerates each proton to an energy of 3\.5 TeV, thus resulting in an energy of 287 TeV per beam, or a total collision energy of 574 TeV.
Up to 3,000 charged particles were emitted from each collision, shown here as lines radiating from the collision point. The colors of the lines indicate how much energy each particle carried away from the collision.
### Proton{{Ndash}}lead collisions at the LHC
[thumb\|Proton\-Lead ion collision recorded by the ALICE Experiment on 13 September 2012 at a center of mass energy per colliding nucleon\-nucleon pair of 5\.02 TeV.](/wiki/File:ALICE_pPb_event.jpg "ALICE pPb event.jpg")
In 2013, the [LHC](/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider "Large Hadron Collider") collided protons with lead ions for the LHC's first physics beams of 2013\.[First lead\-ion collisions in the LHC](http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/breaking/2010/11/08/first-lead-ion-collisions-in-the-lhc) Symmetry Magazine, 8 November 2010\. The experiment was conducted by counter\-rotating beams of *[protons](/wiki/Proton "Proton")* and *[lead](/wiki/Lead "Lead") ions*, and begun with centered orbits with different revolution frequencies, and then separately ramped to the accelerator's maximum collision energy.{{cite web\|url\=http://home.web.cern.ch/about/updates/2013/01/protons\-smash\-lead\-ions\-first\-lhc\-collisions\-2013\|title\=Protons smash lead ions in first LHC collisions of 2013\|date\=22 January 2013\|author\=Cian O'Luanaigh}}
The first lead–proton run at the LHC lasted for one month and data help ALICE physicists to decouple the effects of the plasma from effects that stem from cold nuclear matter effects and shed more light on the study of the quark–gluon plasma.
In the case of lead–lead collisions, the configurations of the quarks and gluons that make up the protons and neutrons of the incoming lead nucleus can be somewhat different of those in the incoming protons. In order to study if part of the effects observed when comparing lead–lead and proton–proton collisions is due to this configuration difference rather than the formation of the plasma. Proton–lead collisions are an ideal tool for this study.
|
[
"Heavy\\-ion collisions at the LHC\n--------------------------------",
"Searching for quark–gluon plasma and a deeper understanding of the QCD started at [CERN](/wiki/CERN \"CERN\") and Brookhaven with lighter ions in the 1980s.[Experiments Revisit the Quark\\-Gluon Plasma](https://cerncourier.com/experiments-revisit-the-quark-gluon-soup/) *CERN Courier*, 26 February 2001\\.[RHIC starts producing data](https://cerncourier.com/rhic-starts-producing-data/) *CERN Courier*, 10 October 2000\\. Today's program at these laboratories has moved on to ultra\\-relativistic collisions of heavy ions, and it is just reaching the energy threshold at which the phase transition is expected to occur. The LHC, with a centre\\-of\\-mass energy around 5\\.5 [TeV/nucleon](/wiki/Electronvolt \"Electronvolt\"), will push the energy reach even further.",
"During head\\-on collisions of lead ions at the LHC, hundreds of protons and neutrons collide at energies of upwards of a few [TeVs](/wiki/Electronvolt \"Electronvolt\"). Lead ions are accelerated to more than 99\\.9999% of the speed of light. Collisions at the LHC are 100 times more energetic than those of protons, heating up matter in the interaction point to a temperature almost 100,000 times higher than the temperature in the [core of the sun.](/wiki/Solar_core \"Solar core\") {{Citation needed\\|date\\=September 2024}}",
"When the two lead nuclei collide, matter undergoes a transition to briefly form a droplet of [quark–gluon plasma](/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma \"Quark–gluon plasma\"), which is believed to have filled the universe a few microseconds after the Big Bang.",
"The [quark–gluon plasma](/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma \"Quark–gluon plasma\") is formed as protons and neutrons \"melt\" into their elementary constituents, [quarks](/wiki/Quarks \"Quarks\") and [gluons](/wiki/Gluons \"Gluons\") become asymptotically free. The droplet of QGP instantly cools, and the individual quarks and gluons (collectively called [partons](/wiki/Partons \"Partons\")) recombine into a mixture of ordinary matter that speeds away in all directions.[Interview with CERN's theorist Urs Wiedemann](http://alicematters.web.cern.ch/?q=UrsWiedemann) ALICE Matters, 13 July 2012 The debris contains particles such as [pions](/wiki/Pions \"Pions\") and [kaons](/wiki/Kaons \"Kaons\"), which are made of a [quark](/wiki/Quark \"Quark\") and an [antiquark](/wiki/Antiquark \"Antiquark\"); [protons](/wiki/Protons \"Protons\") and [neutrons](/wiki/Neutrons \"Neutrons\"), made of three quarks; and numerous [antiprotons](/wiki/Antiprotons \"Antiprotons\") and [antineutrons](/wiki/Antineutron \"Antineutron\"), which may combine to form the nuclei of [antiatoms](/wiki/Antiatom \"Antiatom\") as heavy as [helium](/wiki/Helium \"Helium\"). Much can be learned by studying the distribution and energy of this debris.",
"### First lead{{Ndash}}lead collisions",
"[thumb\\|One of the LHC's first lead\\-ion collisions, as recorded by the ALICE detector.](/wiki/File:Alicelead3.jpg \"Alicelead3.jpg\")\nThe [Large Hadron Collider](/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider \"Large Hadron Collider\") smashed its first lead ions in 2010, on 7th November at around 12:30 a.m. CET.[LHC begins physics with lead ions](https://cerncourier.com/lhc-begins-physics-with-lead-ions/) *CERN Courier*, 30 November 2010\\.[First ions for ALICE and rings for LHCb](https://cerncourier.com/first-ions-for-alice-and-rings-for-lhcb/) *CERN Courier*, 30 October 2009\\.",
"The first collisions in the center of the ALICE, ATLAS, and CMS detectors took place less than 72 hours after the LHC ended its first run of [protons](/wiki/Proton \"Proton\") and switched to accelerating lead\\-ion beams. Each lead nucleus contains 82 protons, and the LHC accelerates each proton to an energy of 3\\.5 TeV, thus resulting in an energy of 287 TeV per beam, or a total collision energy of 574 TeV.",
"Up to 3,000 charged particles were emitted from each collision, shown here as lines radiating from the collision point. The colors of the lines indicate how much energy each particle carried away from the collision.",
"### Proton{{Ndash}}lead collisions at the LHC",
"[thumb\\|Proton\\-Lead ion collision recorded by the ALICE Experiment on 13 September 2012 at a center of mass energy per colliding nucleon\\-nucleon pair of 5\\.02 TeV.](/wiki/File:ALICE_pPb_event.jpg \"ALICE pPb event.jpg\")\nIn 2013, the [LHC](/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider \"Large Hadron Collider\") collided protons with lead ions for the LHC's first physics beams of 2013\\.[First lead\\-ion collisions in the LHC](http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/breaking/2010/11/08/first-lead-ion-collisions-in-the-lhc) Symmetry Magazine, 8 November 2010\\. The experiment was conducted by counter\\-rotating beams of *[protons](/wiki/Proton \"Proton\")* and *[lead](/wiki/Lead \"Lead\") ions*, and begun with centered orbits with different revolution frequencies, and then separately ramped to the accelerator's maximum collision energy.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://home.web.cern.ch/about/updates/2013/01/protons\\-smash\\-lead\\-ions\\-first\\-lhc\\-collisions\\-2013\\|title\\=Protons smash lead ions in first LHC collisions of 2013\\|date\\=22 January 2013\\|author\\=Cian O'Luanaigh}}",
"The first lead–proton run at the LHC lasted for one month and data help ALICE physicists to decouple the effects of the plasma from effects that stem from cold nuclear matter effects and shed more light on the study of the quark–gluon plasma.",
"In the case of lead–lead collisions, the configurations of the quarks and gluons that make up the protons and neutrons of the incoming lead nucleus can be somewhat different of those in the incoming protons. In order to study if part of the effects observed when comparing lead–lead and proton–proton collisions is due to this configuration difference rather than the formation of the plasma. Proton–lead collisions are an ideal tool for this study.",
""
] |
The ALICE detectors
-------------------
A key design consideration of ALICE is the ability to study QCD and quark (de)confinement under these extreme conditions. This is done by using particles, created inside the hot volume as it expands and cools down, that live long enough to reach the sensitive detector layers situated around the interaction region. ALICE's physics programme relies on being able to identify all of them, i.e. to determine if they are [electrons](/wiki/Electron "Electron"), [photons](/wiki/Photon "Photon"), [pions](/wiki/Pion "Pion"), etc. and to determine their charge. This involves making the most of the (sometimes slightly) different ways that particles interact with matter.[Particle identification in ALICE boosts QGP studies](https://cerncourier.com/particle-identification-in-alice-boosts-qgp-studies/) *CERN Courier*, 23 August 2012\.
In a "traditional" experiment, particles are identified or at least assigned to families (charged or neutral [hadrons](/wiki/Hadron "Hadron")), by the characteristic signatures they leave in the detector. The experiment is divided into a few main components and each component tests a specific set of particle properties. These components are stacked in layers and the particles go through the layers sequentially from the collision point outwards: first a tracking system, then an [electromagnetic](/wiki/Electromagnetism "Electromagnetism") (EM) and a hadronic calorimeter and finally a muon system. The detectors are embedded in a [magnetic field](/wiki/Magnetic_field "Magnetic field") in order to bend the tracks of charged [particles](/wiki/Particles "Particles") for [momentum](/wiki/Momentum "Momentum") and [charge](/wiki/Electric_charge "Electric charge") determination. This method for particle identification works well only for certain particles, and is used for example by the large [LHC](/wiki/LHC "LHC") experiments [ATLAS](/wiki/ATLAS_experiment "ATLAS experiment") and [CMS](/wiki/Compact_Muon_Solenoid "Compact Muon Solenoid"). However, this technique is not suitable for hadron identification as it does not allow distinguishing the different charged hadrons that are produced in Pb–Pb collisions.
In order to identify all the particles that are coming out of the system of the QGP ALICE is using a set of 18 detectors[ALICE forges ahead with detector installation](https://cerncourier.com/alice-forges-ahead-with-detector-installation/) *CERN Courier*, 6 December 2006\. that give information about the mass, the velocity and the electrical sign of the particles.
### Barrel tracking
An ensemble of cylindrical barrel detectors that surround the nominal interaction point is used to track all the particles that fly out of the hot, dense medium. The Inner Tracking System (ITS) (consisting of three layers of detectors: Silicon Pixel Detector (SPD), Silicon Drift Detector (SDD), Silicon Strip Detector (SSD)), the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) and the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) measure at many points the passage of each particle carrying an electric charge and give precise information about the particle's trajectory. The ALICE barrel tracking detectors are embedded in a magnetic field of **0\.5 Tesla** produced by a huge magnetic solenoid bending the trajectories of the particles. From the curvature of the tracks one can derive their momentum. The ITS is so precise that particles which are generated by the decay of other particles with a long (\~.1 mm before decay) life time can be identified by seeing that they do not originate from the point where the interaction has taken place (the "[vertex](/wiki/Interaction_point "Interaction point")" of the event) but rather from a point at a distance of as small as a tenth of a millimeter. This allows us to measure, for example, bottom quarks which decay into a relatively long\-lived [B\-meson](/wiki/B_meson "B meson") through "topological" cuts.
#### Inner Tracking System
[thumb\|Installation of the ALICE Inner Tracking System](/wiki/File:ALICE_ITS.jpg "ALICE ITS.jpg")
The short\-living heavy particles cover a very small distance before decaying. This system aims at identifying these phenomena of decay by measuring the location where it occurs with a precision of a tenth of millimetre.[The Inner Tracking System arrives at the heart of ALICE](https://cerncourier.com/the-inner-tracking-system-arrives-at-the-heart-of-alice/) *CERN Courier*, 4 June 2007\.
The Inner Tracking System (ITS) consists of six cylindrical layers of [silicon detectors](/wiki/Silicon_detector "Silicon detector"). The layers surround the collision point and measure the properties of the particles emerging from the collisions, pin\-pointing their position of passage to a fraction of a millimetre.[Pixels make for perfect particle tracking in ALICE](https://cerncourier.com/pixels-make-for-perfect-particle-tracking-in-alice/) *CERN Courier*, 8 July 2008\. With the help of the ITS, particles containing heavy [quarks](/wiki/Quarks "Quarks") (charm and beauty) can be identified by reconstructing the coordinates at which they decay.
ITS layers (counting from the interaction point):
* 2 layers of SPD ([Silicon Pixel Detector](/wiki/Hybrid_pixel_detector "Hybrid pixel detector")),
* 2 layers of SDD ([Silicon Drift Detector](/wiki/Silicon_Drift_Detector "Silicon Drift Detector")),
* 2 layers of SSD (Silicon Strip Detector).
The ITS was inserted at the heart of the ALICE experiment in March 2007 following a large phase of R\&D. Using the smallest amounts of the lightest material, the ITS has been made as lightweight and delicate as possible. With almost 5 m2 of double\-sided silicon strip detectors and more than 1 m2 of silicon drift detectors, it is the largest system using both types of silicon detector.
ALICE has recently presented plans for an upgraded Inner Tracking System, mainly based on building a new silicon tracker with greatly improved features in terms of determination of the impact parameter (d0\) to the primary vertex, tracking efficiency at low pT and readout rate capabilities.Luciano Musa, [Upgrade of the ALICE ITS](http://alicematters.web.cern.ch/?q=ALICE_ITSUpgrade) ALICE Matters, 5 December 2012\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\. The upgraded ITS will open new channels in the study of the Quark Gluon Plasma formed at LHC which are necessary in order to understand the dynamics of this condensed phase of the QCD.
It will allow the study of the process of thermalization of [heavy quarks](/wiki/Heavy_quarks "Heavy quarks") in the medium by measuring heavy flavor charms and beauty [baryons](/wiki/Baryons "Baryons") and extending these measurements down to very low pT for the first time. It will also give a better understanding of the quark mass dependence of in\-medium energy loss and offer a unique capability of measuring the beauty quarks while also improving the beauty decay vertex reconstruction. Finally, the upgraded ITS will give us the chance to characterize the thermal radiation coming from the [QGP](/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma "Quark–gluon plasma") and the in\-medium modification of [hadronic](/wiki/Hadronic "Hadronic") spectral functions as related to [chiral symmetry restoration](/wiki/Chirality_%28physics%29 "Chirality (physics)").
The upgrade project requires an extensive R\&D effort by our researchers and collaborators all over the world on cutting\-edge technologies: silicon sensors, low\-power electronics, interconnection and packaging technologies, ultra\-light mechanical structures and cooling units.
#### Time Projection Chamber
[thumb\|The ALICE [Time Projection Chamber](/wiki/Time_Projection_Chamber "Time Projection Chamber") used for particle tracking and identification.](/wiki/File:ALICE_TPC.jpg "ALICE TPC.jpg")
The ALICE [Time Projection Chamber](/wiki/Time_Projection_Chamber "Time Projection Chamber") (TPC) is a large volume filled with a gas as detection medium and is the main particle tracking device in ALICE.[ALICE Time Projection Chamber](http://alice-tpc.web.cern.ch/) Retrieved 20 January 2019\.[Time Projection Chamber](http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2_TPC.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127021724/http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2\_TPC.html \|date\=2013\-11\-27 }} Retrieved 20 January 2019\.
Charged particles crossing the gas of the TPC ionize the gas atoms along their path, liberating electrons that drift towards the end plates of the detector. The characteristics of the ionization process caused by fast charged particles passing through a medium can be used for particle identification. The velocity dependence of the ionization strength is connected to the well\-known [Bethe{{Ndash}}Bloch formula](/wiki/Bethe_formula "Bethe formula"), which describes the average energy loss of charged particles through inelastic [Coulomb collisions](/wiki/Coulomb_collision "Coulomb collision") with the atomic electrons of the medium.
Multiwire proportional counters or solid\-state counters are often used as detection medium, because they provide signals with pulse heights proportional to the ionization strength. An [avalanche effect](/wiki/Electron_avalanche "Electron avalanche") in the vicinity of the anode wires strung in the readout chambers, gives the necessary signal amplification. The positive ions created in the avalanche induce a positive current signal on the pad plane. The readout is performed by the 557 568 pads that form the cathode plane of the multi\-wire proportional chambers ([MWPC](/wiki/MWPC "MWPC")) located at the end plates. This gives the radial distance to the beam and the azimuth. The last coordinate, z along the beam direction, is given by the drift time. Since energy\-loss fluctuations can be considerable, in general many pulse\-height measurements are performed along the particle track in order to optimize the resolution of the ionization measurement.
Almost all of the TPC's volume is sensitive to the traversing charged particles, but it features a minimum material budget. The straightforward pattern recognition (continuous tracks) make TPCs the perfect choice for high\-multiplicity environments, such as in heavy\-ion collisions, where thousands of particles have to be tracked simultaneously. Inside the ALICE TPC, the ionization strength of all tracks is sampled up to 159 times, resulting in a resolution of the ionization measurement as good as 5%.
#### Transition radiation detector
[thumb\|The completed ALICE detector showing the eighteen TRD modules (trapezoidal prisms in a radial arrangement).](/wiki/File:CERN_ALICE_Experiment.jpg "CERN ALICE Experiment.jpg")
[Electrons](/wiki/Electron "Electron") and [positrons](/wiki/Positron "Positron") can be discriminated from other charged particles using the emission of [transition radiation](/wiki/Transition_radiation "Transition radiation"), [X\-rays](/wiki/X-rays "X-rays") emitted when the particles cross many layers of thin materials.
The identification of electrons and positrons is achieved using a transition radiation detector (TRD).[Transition Radiation Detector](http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2_TRD.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127021747/http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2\_TRD.html \|date\=2013\-11\-27 }} Retrieved 20 January 2019\. In a similar manner to the muon spectrometer, this system enables detailed studies of the production of vector\-meson resonances, but with extended coverage down to the light vector\-meson ρ and in a different rapidity region. Below 1 GeV/c, electrons can be identified via a combination of particle identification detector (PID) measurements in the TPC and time of flight (TOF). In the momentum range 1–10 GeV/c, the fact that electrons may create TR when travelling through a dedicated "radiator" can be exploited. Inside such a radiator, fast charged particles cross the boundaries between materials with different dielectric constants, which can lead to the emission of TR photons with energies in the X\-ray range. The effect is tiny and the radiator has to provide many hundreds of material boundaries to achieve a high enough probability to produce at least one photon. In the ALICE TRD, the TR photons are detected just behind the radiator using MWPCs filled with a xenon\-based gas mixture, where they deposit their energy on top of the ionization signals from the particle's track.
The ALICE TRD was designed to derive a fast trigger for charged particles with high momentum and can significantly enhance the recorded yields of vector mesons. For this purpose, 250,000 CPUs are installed right on the detector to identify candidates for high\-momentum tracks and analyse the energy deposition associated with them as quickly as possible (while the signals are still being created in the detector). This information is sent to a global tracking unit, which combines all of the information to search for electron–positron track pairs within only 6 μs.
To develop such a [Transition Radiation Detector](/wiki/Transition_radiation_detector "Transition radiation detector") (TRD) for ALICE many detector prototypes were tested in mixed beams of [pions](/wiki/Pion "Pion") and electrons.
### Particle identification with ALICE
ALICE also wants to know the identity of each particle, whether it is an electron, or a proton, a kaon or a pion.
Charged hadrons (in fact, all stable charged particles) are unambiguously identified if their mass and charge are determined. The mass can be deduced from measurements of the momentum and of the velocity. Momentum and the sign of the charge are obtained by measuring the curvature of the particle's track in a magnetic field. To obtain the particle velocity, there exists four methods based on measurements of time\-of\-flight and ionization, and on detection of transition radiation and Cherenkov radiation. Each of these methods works well in different momentum ranges or for specific types of particle. In ALICE all of these methods may be combined in order to measure, for instance, particle spectra.
In addition to the information given by ITS and TPC, more specialized detectors are needed: the TOF measures, with a precision better than a tenth of a billionth of a second, the time that each particle takes to travel from the vertex to reach it, so that one can measure its speed. The high momentum particle identification detector (HMPID) measures the faint light patterns generated by fast particles and the TRD measures the special radiation very fast particles emit when crossing different materials, thus allowing to identify electrons. Muons are measured by exploiting the fact that they penetrate matter more easily than most other particles: in the forward region a very thick and complex absorber stops all other particles and muons are measured by a dedicated set of detectors: the muon spectrometer.
#### Time of Flight
Charged particles are identified in ALICE by Time\-Of\-Flight (TOF). TOF measurements yield the velocity of a charged particle by measuring the flight time over a given distance along the track trajectory.[Time flies for ALICE](https://cerncourier.com/and-time-flies-for-the-alice-detector/) CERN Courier, 8 July 2008\.[ALICE revolutionizes TOF systems](https://cerncourier.com/alice-revolutionizes-tof-systems/) CERN Courier, 25 October 2011\. Using the tracking information from other detectors every track firing a sensor is identified. Provided the momentum is also known, the mass of the particle can then be derived from these measurements. The ALICE TOF detector is a large\-area detector based on multigap resistive plate chambers (MRPCs) that cover a cylindrical surface of 141 m2, with an inner radius of {{convert\|3\.7\|m}}. There are approximately 160,000 MRPC pads with time resolution of about 100 ps distributed over the large surface of 150 m2.
The MRPCs are parallel\-plate detectors built of thin sheets of standard window glass to create narrow gas gaps with high electric fields. These plates are separated using fishing lines to provide the desired spacing; 10 gas gaps per MRPC are needed to arrive at a detection efficiency close to 100%.
The simplicity of the construction allows a large system to be built with an overall TOF resolution of 80 ps at a relatively low cost (CERN Courier November 2011 p8\). This performance allows the separation of kaons, pions and protons up to momenta of a few GeV/c. Combining such a measurement with the PID information from the ALICE TPC has proved useful in improving the separation between the different particle types, as figure 3 shows for a particular momentum range.
#### High Momentum Particle Identification Detector
[thumb\|The HMPID detector before final installation inside the ALICE magnet.](/wiki/File:ALICE_HMPID.jpg "ALICE HMPID.jpg")
The High Momentum Particle Identification Detector (HMPID) is a [RICH detector](/wiki/Ring_imaging_Cherenkov_detector "Ring imaging Cherenkov detector") to determine the speed of particles beyond the momentum range available through energy loss (in ITS and TPC, *p* \= 600 MeV) and through time\-of\-flight measurements (in TOF, *p* \= 1\.2–1\.4 GeV).
Cherenkov radiation is a shock wave resulting from charged particles moving through a material faster than the velocity of light in that material. The radiation propagates with a characteristic angle with respect to the particle track, which depends on the particle velocity. Cherenkov detectors make use of this effect and in general consist of two main elements: a radiator in which Cherenkov radiation is produced and a photon detector. Ring imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detectors resolve the ring\-shaped image of the focused Cherenkov radiation, enabling a measurement of the Cherenkov angle and thus the particle velocity. This in turn is sufficient to determine the mass of the charged particle.
If a dense medium (large refractive index) is used, only a thin radiator layer of the order of a few centimetres is required to emit a sufficient number of Cherenkov photons. The photon detector is then located at some distance (usually about 10 cm) behind the radiator, allowing the cone of light to expand and form the characteristic ring\-shaped image. Such a proximity\-focusing RICH is installed in the ALICE experiment.
ALICE HMPID's momentum range is up to 3 GeV for pion/[kaon](/wiki/Kaon "Kaon") discrimination and up to 5 GeV for kaon/[proton](/wiki/Proton "Proton") discrimination. It is the world's largest [caesium iodide](/wiki/Caesium_iodide "Caesium iodide") RICH detector, with an active area of 11 m2. A prototype was successfully tested at CERN in 1997 and currently takes data at the [Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider](/wiki/Relativistic_Heavy_Ion_Collider "Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider") at the [Brookhaven National Laboratory](/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory "Brookhaven National Laboratory") in the US.
### Calorimeters
Calorimeters measure the energy of particles, and determine whether they have electromagnetic or hadronic interactions. Particle identification in a calorimeter is a destructive measurement. All particles except muons and neutrinos deposit all their energy in the calorimeter system by production of electromagnetic or hadronic showers. Photons, electrons and positrons deposit all their energy in an electromagnetic calorimeter. Their showers are indistinguishable, but a photon can be identified by the non\-existence of a track in the tracking system that is associated to the shower.
The photons (particles of light), like the light emitted from a hot object, tell us about the temperature of the system. To measure them, special detectors are necessary: the crystals of the PHOS, which are as dense as lead and as transparent as glass, will measure them with fantastic precision in a limited region, while the PMD and in particular the EMCal will measure them over a very wide area. The EMCal will also measure groups of close particles (called "jets") which have a memory of the early phases of the event.
#### Photon spectrometer
[thumb\|A technology for mass production of PWO crystals has been developed in close cooperation between CERN, the Apatity plant and RRC "Kurchatov Institute".](/wiki/File:PHOScrystal.jpg "PHOScrystal.jpg")
PHOS is a high\-resolution electromagnetic calorimeter installed in ALICE[PHOS commissioning during LS1](http://alicematters.web.cern.ch/?q=PHOSupgrade) ALICE matters, 17 May 2013\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\. to provide data to test the thermal and dynamical properties of the initial phase of the collision. This is done by measuring photons emerging directly from the collision. PHOS covers a limited acceptance domain at central rapidity. It is made of [lead tungstate](/wiki/Lead_tungstate "Lead tungstate") crystals,[ALICE crystals arrive at CERN](https://cerncourier.com/alice-crystals-arrive-at-cern/) *CERN Courier*, 30 September 2002\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\. similar to the ones used by CMS, read out using Avalanche Photodiodes (APD).
When high energy photons strike lead tungstate, they make it glow, or scintillate, and this glow can be measured. Lead tungstate is extremely dense (denser than iron), stopping most photons that reach it. The crystals are kept at a temperature of 248 K, which helps to minimize the deterioration of the energy resolution due to noise and to optimize the response for low energies.
#### Electro\-Magnetic Calorimeter
The EMCal is a lead\-scintillator sampling calorimeter comprising almost 13,000 individual towers that are grouped into ten super\-modules. The towers are read out by wavelength\-shifting optical fibers in a shashlik geometry coupled to an avalanche photodiode. The complete EMCal will contain 100,000 individual scintillator tiles and 185 kilometers of optical fiber, weighing in total about 100 tons.
The EMCal covers almost the full length of the ALICE Time Projection Chamber and central detector, and a third of its azimuth placed back\-to\-back with the ALICE Photon Spectrometer – a smaller, highly granular lead\-tungstate calorimeter.
The super\-modules are inserted into an independent support frame situated within the ALICE magnet, between the time\-of\-flight counters and the magnet coil. The support frame itself is a complex structure: it weighs 20 tons and must support five times its own weight, with a maximum deflection between being empty and being fully loaded of only a couple of centimeters. Installation of the eight\-ton super\-modules requires a system of rails with a sophisticated insertion device to bridge across to the support structure.
The Electro\-Magnetic Calorimeter (EM\-Cal) will add greatly to the high momentum particle measurement capabilities of ALICE.[First jet measurements with ALICE](https://cerncourier.com/first-jet-measurements-with-alice/) *CERN Courier*, 22 May 2013\. It will extend ALICE's reach to study jets and other hard processes.
#### Photon Multiplicity Detector
The [Photon Multiplicity Detector (PMD)](/wiki/Photon_Multiplicity_Detector_%28PMD%29 "Photon Multiplicity Detector (PMD)") is a Particle shower detector which measures the multiplicity and spatial distribution of photons produced in the collisions.[Indian detector stars at Brookhaven](https://cerncourier.com/indian-detector-stars-at-brookhaven/) *CERN Courier*, 5 September 2004\. It utilizes as a first layer a veto detector to reject charged particles. Photons on the other hand pass through a converter, initiating an electromagnetic shower in a second detector layer where they produce large signals on several cells of its sensitive volume. Hadrons on the other hand normally affect only one cell and produce a signal representing minimum\-ionizing particles.
#### Forward Multiplicity Detector
[thumb\|ALICE Forward Multiplicity Detector](/wiki/File:FMD_1.jpg "FMD 1.jpg")
The Forward Multiplicity Detector (FMD) extends the coverage for multiplicity of charge particles into the forward regions, giving ALICE the widest coverage of the 4 LHC experiments for these measurements.[ALICE Forward Detectors](http://fmd.nbi.dk) Retrieved 20 January 2019\.
The FMD consist of 5 large silicon discs, each with 10,240 individual detector channels to measure the charged particles emitted at small angles relative to the beam. FMD provides an independent measurement of the orientation of the collisions in the vertical plane, which can be used with measurements from the barrel detector to investigate flow, jets, etc.
#### Muon spectrometer
The ALICE forward muon spectrometer studies the complete spectrum of heavy quarkonia (J/Ψ, Ψ′, ϒ, ϒ′, ϒ′′) via their decay in the μ\+μ– channel. Heavy quarkonium states, provide an essential tool to study the early and hot stage of heavy\-ion collisions.[ALICE Dimuon Spectrometer](http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2_dim_spec.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927035318/http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2\_dim\_spec.html \|date\=2013\-09\-27 }} Retrieved 20 January 2019\. In particular they are expected to be sensitive to Quark\-Gluon Plasma formation. In the presence of a deconfined medium (i.e. QGP) with high enough energy density, quarkonium states are dissociated because of colour screening. This leads to a suppression of their production rates. At the high LHC collision energy, both the charmonium states (J/Ψ and Ψ′) as well as the bottomonium states (ϒ, ϒ′ and ϒ′′) can be studied. The Dimuon spectrometer is optimized for the detection of these heavy quark resonances.
[thumb\|The main components of the ALICE muon spectrometer: an absorber to filter the background, a set of tracking chambers before, inside and after the magnet and a set of trigger chambers.](/wiki/File:Dimuon1_small.gif "Dimuon1 small.gif")
Muons may be identified using the just described technique by using the fact that they are the only charged particles able to pass almost undisturbed through any material. This behavior is connected to the fact that muons with momenta below a few hundred GeV/c do not suffer from radiative energy losses and so do not produce electromagnetic showers. Also, because they are leptons, they are not subject to strong interactions with the nuclei of the material they traverse. This behavior is exploited in muon spectrometers in high\-energy physics experiments by installing muon detectors behind the calorimeter systems or behind thick absorber materials. All charged particles other than muons are completely stopped, producing electromagnetic (and hadronic) showers.
The muon spectrometer in the forward region of ALICE features a very thick and complex front absorber and an additional muon filter consisting of an iron wall 1\.2 m thick. Muon candidates selected from tracks penetrating these absorbers are measured precisely in a dedicated set of tracking detectors. Pairs of muons are used to collect the spectrum of heavy\-quark vector\-meson resonances (J/Psi). Their production rates can be analysed as a function of transverse momentum and collision centrality in order to investigate dissociation due to colour screening. The acceptance of the ALICE Muon Spectrometer covers the pseudorapidity interval 2\.5 ≤ η ≤ 4 and the resonances can be detected down to zero transverse momentum.
### Characterization of the collision
Finally, we need to know how powerful the collision was: this is done by measuring the remnants of the colliding nuclei in detectors made of high density materials located about 110 metres on both sides of ALICE (the ZDCs) and by measuring with the FMD, V0 and T0 the number of particles produced in the collision and their spatial distribution. T0 also measures with high precision the time when the event takes place.
#### Zero Degree Calorimeter
[thumb\|Front face of the ZN calorimeter: One of the two ZN calorimeters during assembly. The quartz fibers are hosted in the 1936 grooves of the W\-alloy slabs.](/wiki/File:ALICE_ZDC3.jpg "ALICE ZDC3.jpg")
The ZDCs are calorimeters which detect the energy of the spectator nucleons in order to determine the overlap region of the two colliding nuclei. It is composed of four calorimeters, two to detect protons (ZP) and two to detect neutrons (ZN). They are located 115 meters away from the interaction point on both sides, exactly along the beam line. The ZN is placed at zero degree with respect to the LHC beam axis, between the two beam pipes. That is why we call them Zero Degree Calorimeters (ZDC). The ZP is positioned externally to the outgoing beam pipe. The spectator protons are separated from the ion beams by means of the dipole magnet D1\.
The ZDCs are "spaghetti calorimeters", made by a stack of heavy metal plates grooved to allocate a matrix of quartz fibers. Their principle of operation is based on the detection of Cherenkov light produced by the charged particles of the shower in the fibers.
#### V0 detector
V0 is made of two arrays of scintillator counters set on both sides of the ALICE interaction point, and called V0\-A and V0\-C. The V0\-C counter is located upstream of the dimuon arm absorber and cover the spectrometer acceptance while the V0\-A counter will be located at around 3\.5 m away from the collision vertex, on the other side.
It is used to estimate the centrality of the collision by summing up the energy deposited in the two disks of V0\. This observable scales directly with the number of primary particles generated in the collision and therefore to the centrality.
V0 is also used as reference in Van Der Meer scans that give the size and shape of colliding beams and therefore the luminosity delivered to the experiment.
#### T0 detector
[thumb\|An array of Cherenkov counters used in the ALICE T0 detector.](/wiki/File:T0det.png "T0det.png")
ALICE T0 serves as a start, trigger and luminosity detector for ALICE. The accurate interaction time (START) serves as the reference signal for the Time\-of\-Flight detector that is used for particle identification. T0 supplies five different trigger signals to the Central Trigger Processor. The most important of these is the T0 vertex providing prompt and accurate confirmation of the location of the primary interaction point along the beam axis within the set boundaries. The detector is also used for online luminosity monitoring providing fast feedback to the accelerator team.
The T0 detector consists of two arrays of [Cherenkov](/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation "Cherenkov radiation") counters (T0\-C and T0\-A) positioned at the opposite sides of the interaction point (IP). Each array has 12 cylindrical counters equipped with a quartz radiator and a photomultiplier tube.
### ALICE Cosmic Rays Detector (ACORDE)
The ALICE cavern provides an ideal place for the detection of high energy atmospheric muons coming from cosmic ray showers. ACORDE detects cosmic ray showers by triggering the arrival of muons to the top of the ALICE magnet.
The ALICE cosmic ray trigger is made of 60 scintillator modules distributed on the three upper faces of the ALICE magnet yoke. The array can be configured to trigger on single or multi\-muon events, from 2\-fold coincidences up to the whole array if desired. ACORDE's high luminosity allows the recording of cosmic events with very high multiplicity of parallel muon tracks, the so\-called muon bundles.
With ACORDE, the ALICE Experiment has been able to detect muon bundles with the highest multiplicity ever registered as well as to indirectly measure very high energy primary cosmic rays.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2015}}
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[
"The ALICE detectors\n-------------------",
"A key design consideration of ALICE is the ability to study QCD and quark (de)confinement under these extreme conditions. This is done by using particles, created inside the hot volume as it expands and cools down, that live long enough to reach the sensitive detector layers situated around the interaction region. ALICE's physics programme relies on being able to identify all of them, i.e. to determine if they are [electrons](/wiki/Electron \"Electron\"), [photons](/wiki/Photon \"Photon\"), [pions](/wiki/Pion \"Pion\"), etc. and to determine their charge. This involves making the most of the (sometimes slightly) different ways that particles interact with matter.[Particle identification in ALICE boosts QGP studies](https://cerncourier.com/particle-identification-in-alice-boosts-qgp-studies/) *CERN Courier*, 23 August 2012\\.",
"In a \"traditional\" experiment, particles are identified or at least assigned to families (charged or neutral [hadrons](/wiki/Hadron \"Hadron\")), by the characteristic signatures they leave in the detector. The experiment is divided into a few main components and each component tests a specific set of particle properties. These components are stacked in layers and the particles go through the layers sequentially from the collision point outwards: first a tracking system, then an [electromagnetic](/wiki/Electromagnetism \"Electromagnetism\") (EM) and a hadronic calorimeter and finally a muon system. The detectors are embedded in a [magnetic field](/wiki/Magnetic_field \"Magnetic field\") in order to bend the tracks of charged [particles](/wiki/Particles \"Particles\") for [momentum](/wiki/Momentum \"Momentum\") and [charge](/wiki/Electric_charge \"Electric charge\") determination. This method for particle identification works well only for certain particles, and is used for example by the large [LHC](/wiki/LHC \"LHC\") experiments [ATLAS](/wiki/ATLAS_experiment \"ATLAS experiment\") and [CMS](/wiki/Compact_Muon_Solenoid \"Compact Muon Solenoid\"). However, this technique is not suitable for hadron identification as it does not allow distinguishing the different charged hadrons that are produced in Pb–Pb collisions.",
"In order to identify all the particles that are coming out of the system of the QGP ALICE is using a set of 18 detectors[ALICE forges ahead with detector installation](https://cerncourier.com/alice-forges-ahead-with-detector-installation/) *CERN Courier*, 6 December 2006\\. that give information about the mass, the velocity and the electrical sign of the particles.",
"### Barrel tracking",
"An ensemble of cylindrical barrel detectors that surround the nominal interaction point is used to track all the particles that fly out of the hot, dense medium. The Inner Tracking System (ITS) (consisting of three layers of detectors: Silicon Pixel Detector (SPD), Silicon Drift Detector (SDD), Silicon Strip Detector (SSD)), the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) and the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) measure at many points the passage of each particle carrying an electric charge and give precise information about the particle's trajectory. The ALICE barrel tracking detectors are embedded in a magnetic field of **0\\.5 Tesla** produced by a huge magnetic solenoid bending the trajectories of the particles. From the curvature of the tracks one can derive their momentum. The ITS is so precise that particles which are generated by the decay of other particles with a long (\\~.1 mm before decay) life time can be identified by seeing that they do not originate from the point where the interaction has taken place (the \"[vertex](/wiki/Interaction_point \"Interaction point\")\" of the event) but rather from a point at a distance of as small as a tenth of a millimeter. This allows us to measure, for example, bottom quarks which decay into a relatively long\\-lived [B\\-meson](/wiki/B_meson \"B meson\") through \"topological\" cuts.",
"#### Inner Tracking System",
"[thumb\\|Installation of the ALICE Inner Tracking System](/wiki/File:ALICE_ITS.jpg \"ALICE ITS.jpg\")",
"The short\\-living heavy particles cover a very small distance before decaying. This system aims at identifying these phenomena of decay by measuring the location where it occurs with a precision of a tenth of millimetre.[The Inner Tracking System arrives at the heart of ALICE](https://cerncourier.com/the-inner-tracking-system-arrives-at-the-heart-of-alice/) *CERN Courier*, 4 June 2007\\.",
"The Inner Tracking System (ITS) consists of six cylindrical layers of [silicon detectors](/wiki/Silicon_detector \"Silicon detector\"). The layers surround the collision point and measure the properties of the particles emerging from the collisions, pin\\-pointing their position of passage to a fraction of a millimetre.[Pixels make for perfect particle tracking in ALICE](https://cerncourier.com/pixels-make-for-perfect-particle-tracking-in-alice/) *CERN Courier*, 8 July 2008\\. With the help of the ITS, particles containing heavy [quarks](/wiki/Quarks \"Quarks\") (charm and beauty) can be identified by reconstructing the coordinates at which they decay.",
"ITS layers (counting from the interaction point):\n* 2 layers of SPD ([Silicon Pixel Detector](/wiki/Hybrid_pixel_detector \"Hybrid pixel detector\")),\n* 2 layers of SDD ([Silicon Drift Detector](/wiki/Silicon_Drift_Detector \"Silicon Drift Detector\")),\n* 2 layers of SSD (Silicon Strip Detector).",
"The ITS was inserted at the heart of the ALICE experiment in March 2007 following a large phase of R\\&D. Using the smallest amounts of the lightest material, the ITS has been made as lightweight and delicate as possible. With almost 5 m2 of double\\-sided silicon strip detectors and more than 1 m2 of silicon drift detectors, it is the largest system using both types of silicon detector.",
"ALICE has recently presented plans for an upgraded Inner Tracking System, mainly based on building a new silicon tracker with greatly improved features in terms of determination of the impact parameter (d0\\) to the primary vertex, tracking efficiency at low pT and readout rate capabilities.Luciano Musa, [Upgrade of the ALICE ITS](http://alicematters.web.cern.ch/?q=ALICE_ITSUpgrade) ALICE Matters, 5 December 2012\\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\\. The upgraded ITS will open new channels in the study of the Quark Gluon Plasma formed at LHC which are necessary in order to understand the dynamics of this condensed phase of the QCD.",
"It will allow the study of the process of thermalization of [heavy quarks](/wiki/Heavy_quarks \"Heavy quarks\") in the medium by measuring heavy flavor charms and beauty [baryons](/wiki/Baryons \"Baryons\") and extending these measurements down to very low pT for the first time. It will also give a better understanding of the quark mass dependence of in\\-medium energy loss and offer a unique capability of measuring the beauty quarks while also improving the beauty decay vertex reconstruction. Finally, the upgraded ITS will give us the chance to characterize the thermal radiation coming from the [QGP](/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma \"Quark–gluon plasma\") and the in\\-medium modification of [hadronic](/wiki/Hadronic \"Hadronic\") spectral functions as related to [chiral symmetry restoration](/wiki/Chirality_%28physics%29 \"Chirality (physics)\").",
"The upgrade project requires an extensive R\\&D effort by our researchers and collaborators all over the world on cutting\\-edge technologies: silicon sensors, low\\-power electronics, interconnection and packaging technologies, ultra\\-light mechanical structures and cooling units.",
"#### Time Projection Chamber",
"[thumb\\|The ALICE [Time Projection Chamber](/wiki/Time_Projection_Chamber \"Time Projection Chamber\") used for particle tracking and identification.](/wiki/File:ALICE_TPC.jpg \"ALICE TPC.jpg\")",
"The ALICE [Time Projection Chamber](/wiki/Time_Projection_Chamber \"Time Projection Chamber\") (TPC) is a large volume filled with a gas as detection medium and is the main particle tracking device in ALICE.[ALICE Time Projection Chamber](http://alice-tpc.web.cern.ch/) Retrieved 20 January 2019\\.[Time Projection Chamber](http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2_TPC.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127021724/http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2\\_TPC.html \\|date\\=2013\\-11\\-27 }} Retrieved 20 January 2019\\.",
"Charged particles crossing the gas of the TPC ionize the gas atoms along their path, liberating electrons that drift towards the end plates of the detector. The characteristics of the ionization process caused by fast charged particles passing through a medium can be used for particle identification. The velocity dependence of the ionization strength is connected to the well\\-known [Bethe{{Ndash}}Bloch formula](/wiki/Bethe_formula \"Bethe formula\"), which describes the average energy loss of charged particles through inelastic [Coulomb collisions](/wiki/Coulomb_collision \"Coulomb collision\") with the atomic electrons of the medium.",
"Multiwire proportional counters or solid\\-state counters are often used as detection medium, because they provide signals with pulse heights proportional to the ionization strength. An [avalanche effect](/wiki/Electron_avalanche \"Electron avalanche\") in the vicinity of the anode wires strung in the readout chambers, gives the necessary signal amplification. The positive ions created in the avalanche induce a positive current signal on the pad plane. The readout is performed by the 557 568 pads that form the cathode plane of the multi\\-wire proportional chambers ([MWPC](/wiki/MWPC \"MWPC\")) located at the end plates. This gives the radial distance to the beam and the azimuth. The last coordinate, z along the beam direction, is given by the drift time. Since energy\\-loss fluctuations can be considerable, in general many pulse\\-height measurements are performed along the particle track in order to optimize the resolution of the ionization measurement.",
"Almost all of the TPC's volume is sensitive to the traversing charged particles, but it features a minimum material budget. The straightforward pattern recognition (continuous tracks) make TPCs the perfect choice for high\\-multiplicity environments, such as in heavy\\-ion collisions, where thousands of particles have to be tracked simultaneously. Inside the ALICE TPC, the ionization strength of all tracks is sampled up to 159 times, resulting in a resolution of the ionization measurement as good as 5%.",
"#### Transition radiation detector",
"[thumb\\|The completed ALICE detector showing the eighteen TRD modules (trapezoidal prisms in a radial arrangement).](/wiki/File:CERN_ALICE_Experiment.jpg \"CERN ALICE Experiment.jpg\")\n[Electrons](/wiki/Electron \"Electron\") and [positrons](/wiki/Positron \"Positron\") can be discriminated from other charged particles using the emission of [transition radiation](/wiki/Transition_radiation \"Transition radiation\"), [X\\-rays](/wiki/X-rays \"X-rays\") emitted when the particles cross many layers of thin materials.",
"The identification of electrons and positrons is achieved using a transition radiation detector (TRD).[Transition Radiation Detector](http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2_TRD.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127021747/http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2\\_TRD.html \\|date\\=2013\\-11\\-27 }} Retrieved 20 January 2019\\. In a similar manner to the muon spectrometer, this system enables detailed studies of the production of vector\\-meson resonances, but with extended coverage down to the light vector\\-meson ρ and in a different rapidity region. Below 1 GeV/c, electrons can be identified via a combination of particle identification detector (PID) measurements in the TPC and time of flight (TOF). In the momentum range 1–10 GeV/c, the fact that electrons may create TR when travelling through a dedicated \"radiator\" can be exploited. Inside such a radiator, fast charged particles cross the boundaries between materials with different dielectric constants, which can lead to the emission of TR photons with energies in the X\\-ray range. The effect is tiny and the radiator has to provide many hundreds of material boundaries to achieve a high enough probability to produce at least one photon. In the ALICE TRD, the TR photons are detected just behind the radiator using MWPCs filled with a xenon\\-based gas mixture, where they deposit their energy on top of the ionization signals from the particle's track.",
"The ALICE TRD was designed to derive a fast trigger for charged particles with high momentum and can significantly enhance the recorded yields of vector mesons. For this purpose, 250,000 CPUs are installed right on the detector to identify candidates for high\\-momentum tracks and analyse the energy deposition associated with them as quickly as possible (while the signals are still being created in the detector). This information is sent to a global tracking unit, which combines all of the information to search for electron–positron track pairs within only 6 μs.",
"To develop such a [Transition Radiation Detector](/wiki/Transition_radiation_detector \"Transition radiation detector\") (TRD) for ALICE many detector prototypes were tested in mixed beams of [pions](/wiki/Pion \"Pion\") and electrons.",
"### Particle identification with ALICE",
"ALICE also wants to know the identity of each particle, whether it is an electron, or a proton, a kaon or a pion.",
"Charged hadrons (in fact, all stable charged particles) are unambiguously identified if their mass and charge are determined. The mass can be deduced from measurements of the momentum and of the velocity. Momentum and the sign of the charge are obtained by measuring the curvature of the particle's track in a magnetic field. To obtain the particle velocity, there exists four methods based on measurements of time\\-of\\-flight and ionization, and on detection of transition radiation and Cherenkov radiation. Each of these methods works well in different momentum ranges or for specific types of particle. In ALICE all of these methods may be combined in order to measure, for instance, particle spectra.",
"In addition to the information given by ITS and TPC, more specialized detectors are needed: the TOF measures, with a precision better than a tenth of a billionth of a second, the time that each particle takes to travel from the vertex to reach it, so that one can measure its speed. The high momentum particle identification detector (HMPID) measures the faint light patterns generated by fast particles and the TRD measures the special radiation very fast particles emit when crossing different materials, thus allowing to identify electrons. Muons are measured by exploiting the fact that they penetrate matter more easily than most other particles: in the forward region a very thick and complex absorber stops all other particles and muons are measured by a dedicated set of detectors: the muon spectrometer.",
"#### Time of Flight",
"Charged particles are identified in ALICE by Time\\-Of\\-Flight (TOF). TOF measurements yield the velocity of a charged particle by measuring the flight time over a given distance along the track trajectory.[Time flies for ALICE](https://cerncourier.com/and-time-flies-for-the-alice-detector/) CERN Courier, 8 July 2008\\.[ALICE revolutionizes TOF systems](https://cerncourier.com/alice-revolutionizes-tof-systems/) CERN Courier, 25 October 2011\\. Using the tracking information from other detectors every track firing a sensor is identified. Provided the momentum is also known, the mass of the particle can then be derived from these measurements. The ALICE TOF detector is a large\\-area detector based on multigap resistive plate chambers (MRPCs) that cover a cylindrical surface of 141 m2, with an inner radius of {{convert\\|3\\.7\\|m}}. There are approximately 160,000 MRPC pads with time resolution of about 100 ps distributed over the large surface of 150 m2.",
"The MRPCs are parallel\\-plate detectors built of thin sheets of standard window glass to create narrow gas gaps with high electric fields. These plates are separated using fishing lines to provide the desired spacing; 10 gas gaps per MRPC are needed to arrive at a detection efficiency close to 100%.",
"The simplicity of the construction allows a large system to be built with an overall TOF resolution of 80 ps at a relatively low cost (CERN Courier November 2011 p8\\). This performance allows the separation of kaons, pions and protons up to momenta of a few GeV/c. Combining such a measurement with the PID information from the ALICE TPC has proved useful in improving the separation between the different particle types, as figure 3 shows for a particular momentum range.",
"#### High Momentum Particle Identification Detector",
"[thumb\\|The HMPID detector before final installation inside the ALICE magnet.](/wiki/File:ALICE_HMPID.jpg \"ALICE HMPID.jpg\")",
"The High Momentum Particle Identification Detector (HMPID) is a [RICH detector](/wiki/Ring_imaging_Cherenkov_detector \"Ring imaging Cherenkov detector\") to determine the speed of particles beyond the momentum range available through energy loss (in ITS and TPC, *p* \\= 600 MeV) and through time\\-of\\-flight measurements (in TOF, *p* \\= 1\\.2–1\\.4 GeV).",
"Cherenkov radiation is a shock wave resulting from charged particles moving through a material faster than the velocity of light in that material. The radiation propagates with a characteristic angle with respect to the particle track, which depends on the particle velocity. Cherenkov detectors make use of this effect and in general consist of two main elements: a radiator in which Cherenkov radiation is produced and a photon detector. Ring imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detectors resolve the ring\\-shaped image of the focused Cherenkov radiation, enabling a measurement of the Cherenkov angle and thus the particle velocity. This in turn is sufficient to determine the mass of the charged particle.",
"If a dense medium (large refractive index) is used, only a thin radiator layer of the order of a few centimetres is required to emit a sufficient number of Cherenkov photons. The photon detector is then located at some distance (usually about 10 cm) behind the radiator, allowing the cone of light to expand and form the characteristic ring\\-shaped image. Such a proximity\\-focusing RICH is installed in the ALICE experiment.",
"ALICE HMPID's momentum range is up to 3 GeV for pion/[kaon](/wiki/Kaon \"Kaon\") discrimination and up to 5 GeV for kaon/[proton](/wiki/Proton \"Proton\") discrimination. It is the world's largest [caesium iodide](/wiki/Caesium_iodide \"Caesium iodide\") RICH detector, with an active area of 11 m2. A prototype was successfully tested at CERN in 1997 and currently takes data at the [Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider](/wiki/Relativistic_Heavy_Ion_Collider \"Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider\") at the [Brookhaven National Laboratory](/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory \"Brookhaven National Laboratory\") in the US.",
"### Calorimeters",
"Calorimeters measure the energy of particles, and determine whether they have electromagnetic or hadronic interactions. Particle identification in a calorimeter is a destructive measurement. All particles except muons and neutrinos deposit all their energy in the calorimeter system by production of electromagnetic or hadronic showers. Photons, electrons and positrons deposit all their energy in an electromagnetic calorimeter. Their showers are indistinguishable, but a photon can be identified by the non\\-existence of a track in the tracking system that is associated to the shower.",
"The photons (particles of light), like the light emitted from a hot object, tell us about the temperature of the system. To measure them, special detectors are necessary: the crystals of the PHOS, which are as dense as lead and as transparent as glass, will measure them with fantastic precision in a limited region, while the PMD and in particular the EMCal will measure them over a very wide area. The EMCal will also measure groups of close particles (called \"jets\") which have a memory of the early phases of the event.",
"#### Photon spectrometer",
"[thumb\\|A technology for mass production of PWO crystals has been developed in close cooperation between CERN, the Apatity plant and RRC \"Kurchatov Institute\".](/wiki/File:PHOScrystal.jpg \"PHOScrystal.jpg\")",
"PHOS is a high\\-resolution electromagnetic calorimeter installed in ALICE[PHOS commissioning during LS1](http://alicematters.web.cern.ch/?q=PHOSupgrade) ALICE matters, 17 May 2013\\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\\. to provide data to test the thermal and dynamical properties of the initial phase of the collision. This is done by measuring photons emerging directly from the collision. PHOS covers a limited acceptance domain at central rapidity. It is made of [lead tungstate](/wiki/Lead_tungstate \"Lead tungstate\") crystals,[ALICE crystals arrive at CERN](https://cerncourier.com/alice-crystals-arrive-at-cern/) *CERN Courier*, 30 September 2002\\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\\. similar to the ones used by CMS, read out using Avalanche Photodiodes (APD).",
"When high energy photons strike lead tungstate, they make it glow, or scintillate, and this glow can be measured. Lead tungstate is extremely dense (denser than iron), stopping most photons that reach it. The crystals are kept at a temperature of 248 K, which helps to minimize the deterioration of the energy resolution due to noise and to optimize the response for low energies.",
"#### Electro\\-Magnetic Calorimeter",
"The EMCal is a lead\\-scintillator sampling calorimeter comprising almost 13,000 individual towers that are grouped into ten super\\-modules. The towers are read out by wavelength\\-shifting optical fibers in a shashlik geometry coupled to an avalanche photodiode. The complete EMCal will contain 100,000 individual scintillator tiles and 185 kilometers of optical fiber, weighing in total about 100 tons.",
"The EMCal covers almost the full length of the ALICE Time Projection Chamber and central detector, and a third of its azimuth placed back\\-to\\-back with the ALICE Photon Spectrometer – a smaller, highly granular lead\\-tungstate calorimeter.",
"The super\\-modules are inserted into an independent support frame situated within the ALICE magnet, between the time\\-of\\-flight counters and the magnet coil. The support frame itself is a complex structure: it weighs 20 tons and must support five times its own weight, with a maximum deflection between being empty and being fully loaded of only a couple of centimeters. Installation of the eight\\-ton super\\-modules requires a system of rails with a sophisticated insertion device to bridge across to the support structure.",
"The Electro\\-Magnetic Calorimeter (EM\\-Cal) will add greatly to the high momentum particle measurement capabilities of ALICE.[First jet measurements with ALICE](https://cerncourier.com/first-jet-measurements-with-alice/) *CERN Courier*, 22 May 2013\\. It will extend ALICE's reach to study jets and other hard processes.",
"#### Photon Multiplicity Detector",
"The [Photon Multiplicity Detector (PMD)](/wiki/Photon_Multiplicity_Detector_%28PMD%29 \"Photon Multiplicity Detector (PMD)\") is a Particle shower detector which measures the multiplicity and spatial distribution of photons produced in the collisions.[Indian detector stars at Brookhaven](https://cerncourier.com/indian-detector-stars-at-brookhaven/) *CERN Courier*, 5 September 2004\\. It utilizes as a first layer a veto detector to reject charged particles. Photons on the other hand pass through a converter, initiating an electromagnetic shower in a second detector layer where they produce large signals on several cells of its sensitive volume. Hadrons on the other hand normally affect only one cell and produce a signal representing minimum\\-ionizing particles.",
"#### Forward Multiplicity Detector",
"[thumb\\|ALICE Forward Multiplicity Detector](/wiki/File:FMD_1.jpg \"FMD 1.jpg\")",
"The Forward Multiplicity Detector (FMD) extends the coverage for multiplicity of charge particles into the forward regions, giving ALICE the widest coverage of the 4 LHC experiments for these measurements.[ALICE Forward Detectors](http://fmd.nbi.dk) Retrieved 20 January 2019\\.",
"The FMD consist of 5 large silicon discs, each with 10,240 individual detector channels to measure the charged particles emitted at small angles relative to the beam. FMD provides an independent measurement of the orientation of the collisions in the vertical plane, which can be used with measurements from the barrel detector to investigate flow, jets, etc.",
"#### Muon spectrometer",
"The ALICE forward muon spectrometer studies the complete spectrum of heavy quarkonia (J/Ψ, Ψ′, ϒ, ϒ′, ϒ′′) via their decay in the μ\\+μ– channel. Heavy quarkonium states, provide an essential tool to study the early and hot stage of heavy\\-ion collisions.[ALICE Dimuon Spectrometer](http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2_dim_spec.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927035318/http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2\\_dim\\_spec.html \\|date\\=2013\\-09\\-27 }} Retrieved 20 January 2019\\. In particular they are expected to be sensitive to Quark\\-Gluon Plasma formation. In the presence of a deconfined medium (i.e. QGP) with high enough energy density, quarkonium states are dissociated because of colour screening. This leads to a suppression of their production rates. At the high LHC collision energy, both the charmonium states (J/Ψ and Ψ′) as well as the bottomonium states (ϒ, ϒ′ and ϒ′′) can be studied. The Dimuon spectrometer is optimized for the detection of these heavy quark resonances.",
"[thumb\\|The main components of the ALICE muon spectrometer: an absorber to filter the background, a set of tracking chambers before, inside and after the magnet and a set of trigger chambers.](/wiki/File:Dimuon1_small.gif \"Dimuon1 small.gif\")",
"Muons may be identified using the just described technique by using the fact that they are the only charged particles able to pass almost undisturbed through any material. This behavior is connected to the fact that muons with momenta below a few hundred GeV/c do not suffer from radiative energy losses and so do not produce electromagnetic showers. Also, because they are leptons, they are not subject to strong interactions with the nuclei of the material they traverse. This behavior is exploited in muon spectrometers in high\\-energy physics experiments by installing muon detectors behind the calorimeter systems or behind thick absorber materials. All charged particles other than muons are completely stopped, producing electromagnetic (and hadronic) showers.",
"The muon spectrometer in the forward region of ALICE features a very thick and complex front absorber and an additional muon filter consisting of an iron wall 1\\.2 m thick. Muon candidates selected from tracks penetrating these absorbers are measured precisely in a dedicated set of tracking detectors. Pairs of muons are used to collect the spectrum of heavy\\-quark vector\\-meson resonances (J/Psi). Their production rates can be analysed as a function of transverse momentum and collision centrality in order to investigate dissociation due to colour screening. The acceptance of the ALICE Muon Spectrometer covers the pseudorapidity interval 2\\.5 ≤ η ≤ 4 and the resonances can be detected down to zero transverse momentum.",
"### Characterization of the collision",
"Finally, we need to know how powerful the collision was: this is done by measuring the remnants of the colliding nuclei in detectors made of high density materials located about 110 metres on both sides of ALICE (the ZDCs) and by measuring with the FMD, V0 and T0 the number of particles produced in the collision and their spatial distribution. T0 also measures with high precision the time when the event takes place.",
"#### Zero Degree Calorimeter",
"[thumb\\|Front face of the ZN calorimeter: One of the two ZN calorimeters during assembly. The quartz fibers are hosted in the 1936 grooves of the W\\-alloy slabs.](/wiki/File:ALICE_ZDC3.jpg \"ALICE ZDC3.jpg\")",
"The ZDCs are calorimeters which detect the energy of the spectator nucleons in order to determine the overlap region of the two colliding nuclei. It is composed of four calorimeters, two to detect protons (ZP) and two to detect neutrons (ZN). They are located 115 meters away from the interaction point on both sides, exactly along the beam line. The ZN is placed at zero degree with respect to the LHC beam axis, between the two beam pipes. That is why we call them Zero Degree Calorimeters (ZDC). The ZP is positioned externally to the outgoing beam pipe. The spectator protons are separated from the ion beams by means of the dipole magnet D1\\.",
"The ZDCs are \"spaghetti calorimeters\", made by a stack of heavy metal plates grooved to allocate a matrix of quartz fibers. Their principle of operation is based on the detection of Cherenkov light produced by the charged particles of the shower in the fibers.",
"#### V0 detector",
"V0 is made of two arrays of scintillator counters set on both sides of the ALICE interaction point, and called V0\\-A and V0\\-C. The V0\\-C counter is located upstream of the dimuon arm absorber and cover the spectrometer acceptance while the V0\\-A counter will be located at around 3\\.5 m away from the collision vertex, on the other side.",
"It is used to estimate the centrality of the collision by summing up the energy deposited in the two disks of V0\\. This observable scales directly with the number of primary particles generated in the collision and therefore to the centrality.",
"V0 is also used as reference in Van Der Meer scans that give the size and shape of colliding beams and therefore the luminosity delivered to the experiment.",
"#### T0 detector",
"[thumb\\|An array of Cherenkov counters used in the ALICE T0 detector.](/wiki/File:T0det.png \"T0det.png\")\nALICE T0 serves as a start, trigger and luminosity detector for ALICE. The accurate interaction time (START) serves as the reference signal for the Time\\-of\\-Flight detector that is used for particle identification. T0 supplies five different trigger signals to the Central Trigger Processor. The most important of these is the T0 vertex providing prompt and accurate confirmation of the location of the primary interaction point along the beam axis within the set boundaries. The detector is also used for online luminosity monitoring providing fast feedback to the accelerator team.",
"The T0 detector consists of two arrays of [Cherenkov](/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation \"Cherenkov radiation\") counters (T0\\-C and T0\\-A) positioned at the opposite sides of the interaction point (IP). Each array has 12 cylindrical counters equipped with a quartz radiator and a photomultiplier tube.",
"### ALICE Cosmic Rays Detector (ACORDE)",
"The ALICE cavern provides an ideal place for the detection of high energy atmospheric muons coming from cosmic ray showers. ACORDE detects cosmic ray showers by triggering the arrival of muons to the top of the ALICE magnet.",
"The ALICE cosmic ray trigger is made of 60 scintillator modules distributed on the three upper faces of the ALICE magnet yoke. The array can be configured to trigger on single or multi\\-muon events, from 2\\-fold coincidences up to the whole array if desired. ACORDE's high luminosity allows the recording of cosmic events with very high multiplicity of parallel muon tracks, the so\\-called muon bundles.",
"With ACORDE, the ALICE Experiment has been able to detect muon bundles with the highest multiplicity ever registered as well as to indirectly measure very high energy primary cosmic rays.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2015}}\n{\\>\\>\" \\# Continue....",
""
] |
### Barrel tracking
An ensemble of cylindrical barrel detectors that surround the nominal interaction point is used to track all the particles that fly out of the hot, dense medium. The Inner Tracking System (ITS) (consisting of three layers of detectors: Silicon Pixel Detector (SPD), Silicon Drift Detector (SDD), Silicon Strip Detector (SSD)), the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) and the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) measure at many points the passage of each particle carrying an electric charge and give precise information about the particle's trajectory. The ALICE barrel tracking detectors are embedded in a magnetic field of **0\.5 Tesla** produced by a huge magnetic solenoid bending the trajectories of the particles. From the curvature of the tracks one can derive their momentum. The ITS is so precise that particles which are generated by the decay of other particles with a long (\~.1 mm before decay) life time can be identified by seeing that they do not originate from the point where the interaction has taken place (the "[vertex](/wiki/Interaction_point "Interaction point")" of the event) but rather from a point at a distance of as small as a tenth of a millimeter. This allows us to measure, for example, bottom quarks which decay into a relatively long\-lived [B\-meson](/wiki/B_meson "B meson") through "topological" cuts.
#### Inner Tracking System
[thumb\|Installation of the ALICE Inner Tracking System](/wiki/File:ALICE_ITS.jpg "ALICE ITS.jpg")
The short\-living heavy particles cover a very small distance before decaying. This system aims at identifying these phenomena of decay by measuring the location where it occurs with a precision of a tenth of millimetre.[The Inner Tracking System arrives at the heart of ALICE](https://cerncourier.com/the-inner-tracking-system-arrives-at-the-heart-of-alice/) *CERN Courier*, 4 June 2007\.
The Inner Tracking System (ITS) consists of six cylindrical layers of [silicon detectors](/wiki/Silicon_detector "Silicon detector"). The layers surround the collision point and measure the properties of the particles emerging from the collisions, pin\-pointing their position of passage to a fraction of a millimetre.[Pixels make for perfect particle tracking in ALICE](https://cerncourier.com/pixels-make-for-perfect-particle-tracking-in-alice/) *CERN Courier*, 8 July 2008\. With the help of the ITS, particles containing heavy [quarks](/wiki/Quarks "Quarks") (charm and beauty) can be identified by reconstructing the coordinates at which they decay.
ITS layers (counting from the interaction point):
* 2 layers of SPD ([Silicon Pixel Detector](/wiki/Hybrid_pixel_detector "Hybrid pixel detector")),
* 2 layers of SDD ([Silicon Drift Detector](/wiki/Silicon_Drift_Detector "Silicon Drift Detector")),
* 2 layers of SSD (Silicon Strip Detector).
The ITS was inserted at the heart of the ALICE experiment in March 2007 following a large phase of R\&D. Using the smallest amounts of the lightest material, the ITS has been made as lightweight and delicate as possible. With almost 5 m2 of double\-sided silicon strip detectors and more than 1 m2 of silicon drift detectors, it is the largest system using both types of silicon detector.
ALICE has recently presented plans for an upgraded Inner Tracking System, mainly based on building a new silicon tracker with greatly improved features in terms of determination of the impact parameter (d0\) to the primary vertex, tracking efficiency at low pT and readout rate capabilities.Luciano Musa, [Upgrade of the ALICE ITS](http://alicematters.web.cern.ch/?q=ALICE_ITSUpgrade) ALICE Matters, 5 December 2012\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\. The upgraded ITS will open new channels in the study of the Quark Gluon Plasma formed at LHC which are necessary in order to understand the dynamics of this condensed phase of the QCD.
It will allow the study of the process of thermalization of [heavy quarks](/wiki/Heavy_quarks "Heavy quarks") in the medium by measuring heavy flavor charms and beauty [baryons](/wiki/Baryons "Baryons") and extending these measurements down to very low pT for the first time. It will also give a better understanding of the quark mass dependence of in\-medium energy loss and offer a unique capability of measuring the beauty quarks while also improving the beauty decay vertex reconstruction. Finally, the upgraded ITS will give us the chance to characterize the thermal radiation coming from the [QGP](/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma "Quark–gluon plasma") and the in\-medium modification of [hadronic](/wiki/Hadronic "Hadronic") spectral functions as related to [chiral symmetry restoration](/wiki/Chirality_%28physics%29 "Chirality (physics)").
The upgrade project requires an extensive R\&D effort by our researchers and collaborators all over the world on cutting\-edge technologies: silicon sensors, low\-power electronics, interconnection and packaging technologies, ultra\-light mechanical structures and cooling units.
#### Time Projection Chamber
[thumb\|The ALICE [Time Projection Chamber](/wiki/Time_Projection_Chamber "Time Projection Chamber") used for particle tracking and identification.](/wiki/File:ALICE_TPC.jpg "ALICE TPC.jpg")
The ALICE [Time Projection Chamber](/wiki/Time_Projection_Chamber "Time Projection Chamber") (TPC) is a large volume filled with a gas as detection medium and is the main particle tracking device in ALICE.[ALICE Time Projection Chamber](http://alice-tpc.web.cern.ch/) Retrieved 20 January 2019\.[Time Projection Chamber](http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2_TPC.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127021724/http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2\_TPC.html \|date\=2013\-11\-27 }} Retrieved 20 January 2019\.
Charged particles crossing the gas of the TPC ionize the gas atoms along their path, liberating electrons that drift towards the end plates of the detector. The characteristics of the ionization process caused by fast charged particles passing through a medium can be used for particle identification. The velocity dependence of the ionization strength is connected to the well\-known [Bethe{{Ndash}}Bloch formula](/wiki/Bethe_formula "Bethe formula"), which describes the average energy loss of charged particles through inelastic [Coulomb collisions](/wiki/Coulomb_collision "Coulomb collision") with the atomic electrons of the medium.
Multiwire proportional counters or solid\-state counters are often used as detection medium, because they provide signals with pulse heights proportional to the ionization strength. An [avalanche effect](/wiki/Electron_avalanche "Electron avalanche") in the vicinity of the anode wires strung in the readout chambers, gives the necessary signal amplification. The positive ions created in the avalanche induce a positive current signal on the pad plane. The readout is performed by the 557 568 pads that form the cathode plane of the multi\-wire proportional chambers ([MWPC](/wiki/MWPC "MWPC")) located at the end plates. This gives the radial distance to the beam and the azimuth. The last coordinate, z along the beam direction, is given by the drift time. Since energy\-loss fluctuations can be considerable, in general many pulse\-height measurements are performed along the particle track in order to optimize the resolution of the ionization measurement.
Almost all of the TPC's volume is sensitive to the traversing charged particles, but it features a minimum material budget. The straightforward pattern recognition (continuous tracks) make TPCs the perfect choice for high\-multiplicity environments, such as in heavy\-ion collisions, where thousands of particles have to be tracked simultaneously. Inside the ALICE TPC, the ionization strength of all tracks is sampled up to 159 times, resulting in a resolution of the ionization measurement as good as 5%.
#### Transition radiation detector
[thumb\|The completed ALICE detector showing the eighteen TRD modules (trapezoidal prisms in a radial arrangement).](/wiki/File:CERN_ALICE_Experiment.jpg "CERN ALICE Experiment.jpg")
[Electrons](/wiki/Electron "Electron") and [positrons](/wiki/Positron "Positron") can be discriminated from other charged particles using the emission of [transition radiation](/wiki/Transition_radiation "Transition radiation"), [X\-rays](/wiki/X-rays "X-rays") emitted when the particles cross many layers of thin materials.
The identification of electrons and positrons is achieved using a transition radiation detector (TRD).[Transition Radiation Detector](http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2_TRD.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127021747/http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2\_TRD.html \|date\=2013\-11\-27 }} Retrieved 20 January 2019\. In a similar manner to the muon spectrometer, this system enables detailed studies of the production of vector\-meson resonances, but with extended coverage down to the light vector\-meson ρ and in a different rapidity region. Below 1 GeV/c, electrons can be identified via a combination of particle identification detector (PID) measurements in the TPC and time of flight (TOF). In the momentum range 1–10 GeV/c, the fact that electrons may create TR when travelling through a dedicated "radiator" can be exploited. Inside such a radiator, fast charged particles cross the boundaries between materials with different dielectric constants, which can lead to the emission of TR photons with energies in the X\-ray range. The effect is tiny and the radiator has to provide many hundreds of material boundaries to achieve a high enough probability to produce at least one photon. In the ALICE TRD, the TR photons are detected just behind the radiator using MWPCs filled with a xenon\-based gas mixture, where they deposit their energy on top of the ionization signals from the particle's track.
The ALICE TRD was designed to derive a fast trigger for charged particles with high momentum and can significantly enhance the recorded yields of vector mesons. For this purpose, 250,000 CPUs are installed right on the detector to identify candidates for high\-momentum tracks and analyse the energy deposition associated with them as quickly as possible (while the signals are still being created in the detector). This information is sent to a global tracking unit, which combines all of the information to search for electron–positron track pairs within only 6 μs.
To develop such a [Transition Radiation Detector](/wiki/Transition_radiation_detector "Transition radiation detector") (TRD) for ALICE many detector prototypes were tested in mixed beams of [pions](/wiki/Pion "Pion") and electrons.
|
[
"### Barrel tracking",
"An ensemble of cylindrical barrel detectors that surround the nominal interaction point is used to track all the particles that fly out of the hot, dense medium. The Inner Tracking System (ITS) (consisting of three layers of detectors: Silicon Pixel Detector (SPD), Silicon Drift Detector (SDD), Silicon Strip Detector (SSD)), the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) and the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) measure at many points the passage of each particle carrying an electric charge and give precise information about the particle's trajectory. The ALICE barrel tracking detectors are embedded in a magnetic field of **0\\.5 Tesla** produced by a huge magnetic solenoid bending the trajectories of the particles. From the curvature of the tracks one can derive their momentum. The ITS is so precise that particles which are generated by the decay of other particles with a long (\\~.1 mm before decay) life time can be identified by seeing that they do not originate from the point where the interaction has taken place (the \"[vertex](/wiki/Interaction_point \"Interaction point\")\" of the event) but rather from a point at a distance of as small as a tenth of a millimeter. This allows us to measure, for example, bottom quarks which decay into a relatively long\\-lived [B\\-meson](/wiki/B_meson \"B meson\") through \"topological\" cuts.",
"#### Inner Tracking System",
"[thumb\\|Installation of the ALICE Inner Tracking System](/wiki/File:ALICE_ITS.jpg \"ALICE ITS.jpg\")",
"The short\\-living heavy particles cover a very small distance before decaying. This system aims at identifying these phenomena of decay by measuring the location where it occurs with a precision of a tenth of millimetre.[The Inner Tracking System arrives at the heart of ALICE](https://cerncourier.com/the-inner-tracking-system-arrives-at-the-heart-of-alice/) *CERN Courier*, 4 June 2007\\.",
"The Inner Tracking System (ITS) consists of six cylindrical layers of [silicon detectors](/wiki/Silicon_detector \"Silicon detector\"). The layers surround the collision point and measure the properties of the particles emerging from the collisions, pin\\-pointing their position of passage to a fraction of a millimetre.[Pixels make for perfect particle tracking in ALICE](https://cerncourier.com/pixels-make-for-perfect-particle-tracking-in-alice/) *CERN Courier*, 8 July 2008\\. With the help of the ITS, particles containing heavy [quarks](/wiki/Quarks \"Quarks\") (charm and beauty) can be identified by reconstructing the coordinates at which they decay.",
"ITS layers (counting from the interaction point):\n* 2 layers of SPD ([Silicon Pixel Detector](/wiki/Hybrid_pixel_detector \"Hybrid pixel detector\")),\n* 2 layers of SDD ([Silicon Drift Detector](/wiki/Silicon_Drift_Detector \"Silicon Drift Detector\")),\n* 2 layers of SSD (Silicon Strip Detector).",
"The ITS was inserted at the heart of the ALICE experiment in March 2007 following a large phase of R\\&D. Using the smallest amounts of the lightest material, the ITS has been made as lightweight and delicate as possible. With almost 5 m2 of double\\-sided silicon strip detectors and more than 1 m2 of silicon drift detectors, it is the largest system using both types of silicon detector.",
"ALICE has recently presented plans for an upgraded Inner Tracking System, mainly based on building a new silicon tracker with greatly improved features in terms of determination of the impact parameter (d0\\) to the primary vertex, tracking efficiency at low pT and readout rate capabilities.Luciano Musa, [Upgrade of the ALICE ITS](http://alicematters.web.cern.ch/?q=ALICE_ITSUpgrade) ALICE Matters, 5 December 2012\\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\\. The upgraded ITS will open new channels in the study of the Quark Gluon Plasma formed at LHC which are necessary in order to understand the dynamics of this condensed phase of the QCD.",
"It will allow the study of the process of thermalization of [heavy quarks](/wiki/Heavy_quarks \"Heavy quarks\") in the medium by measuring heavy flavor charms and beauty [baryons](/wiki/Baryons \"Baryons\") and extending these measurements down to very low pT for the first time. It will also give a better understanding of the quark mass dependence of in\\-medium energy loss and offer a unique capability of measuring the beauty quarks while also improving the beauty decay vertex reconstruction. Finally, the upgraded ITS will give us the chance to characterize the thermal radiation coming from the [QGP](/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma \"Quark–gluon plasma\") and the in\\-medium modification of [hadronic](/wiki/Hadronic \"Hadronic\") spectral functions as related to [chiral symmetry restoration](/wiki/Chirality_%28physics%29 \"Chirality (physics)\").",
"The upgrade project requires an extensive R\\&D effort by our researchers and collaborators all over the world on cutting\\-edge technologies: silicon sensors, low\\-power electronics, interconnection and packaging technologies, ultra\\-light mechanical structures and cooling units.",
"#### Time Projection Chamber",
"[thumb\\|The ALICE [Time Projection Chamber](/wiki/Time_Projection_Chamber \"Time Projection Chamber\") used for particle tracking and identification.](/wiki/File:ALICE_TPC.jpg \"ALICE TPC.jpg\")",
"The ALICE [Time Projection Chamber](/wiki/Time_Projection_Chamber \"Time Projection Chamber\") (TPC) is a large volume filled with a gas as detection medium and is the main particle tracking device in ALICE.[ALICE Time Projection Chamber](http://alice-tpc.web.cern.ch/) Retrieved 20 January 2019\\.[Time Projection Chamber](http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2_TPC.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127021724/http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2\\_TPC.html \\|date\\=2013\\-11\\-27 }} Retrieved 20 January 2019\\.",
"Charged particles crossing the gas of the TPC ionize the gas atoms along their path, liberating electrons that drift towards the end plates of the detector. The characteristics of the ionization process caused by fast charged particles passing through a medium can be used for particle identification. The velocity dependence of the ionization strength is connected to the well\\-known [Bethe{{Ndash}}Bloch formula](/wiki/Bethe_formula \"Bethe formula\"), which describes the average energy loss of charged particles through inelastic [Coulomb collisions](/wiki/Coulomb_collision \"Coulomb collision\") with the atomic electrons of the medium.",
"Multiwire proportional counters or solid\\-state counters are often used as detection medium, because they provide signals with pulse heights proportional to the ionization strength. An [avalanche effect](/wiki/Electron_avalanche \"Electron avalanche\") in the vicinity of the anode wires strung in the readout chambers, gives the necessary signal amplification. The positive ions created in the avalanche induce a positive current signal on the pad plane. The readout is performed by the 557 568 pads that form the cathode plane of the multi\\-wire proportional chambers ([MWPC](/wiki/MWPC \"MWPC\")) located at the end plates. This gives the radial distance to the beam and the azimuth. The last coordinate, z along the beam direction, is given by the drift time. Since energy\\-loss fluctuations can be considerable, in general many pulse\\-height measurements are performed along the particle track in order to optimize the resolution of the ionization measurement.",
"Almost all of the TPC's volume is sensitive to the traversing charged particles, but it features a minimum material budget. The straightforward pattern recognition (continuous tracks) make TPCs the perfect choice for high\\-multiplicity environments, such as in heavy\\-ion collisions, where thousands of particles have to be tracked simultaneously. Inside the ALICE TPC, the ionization strength of all tracks is sampled up to 159 times, resulting in a resolution of the ionization measurement as good as 5%.",
"#### Transition radiation detector",
"[thumb\\|The completed ALICE detector showing the eighteen TRD modules (trapezoidal prisms in a radial arrangement).](/wiki/File:CERN_ALICE_Experiment.jpg \"CERN ALICE Experiment.jpg\")\n[Electrons](/wiki/Electron \"Electron\") and [positrons](/wiki/Positron \"Positron\") can be discriminated from other charged particles using the emission of [transition radiation](/wiki/Transition_radiation \"Transition radiation\"), [X\\-rays](/wiki/X-rays \"X-rays\") emitted when the particles cross many layers of thin materials.",
"The identification of electrons and positrons is achieved using a transition radiation detector (TRD).[Transition Radiation Detector](http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2_TRD.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127021747/http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2\\_TRD.html \\|date\\=2013\\-11\\-27 }} Retrieved 20 January 2019\\. In a similar manner to the muon spectrometer, this system enables detailed studies of the production of vector\\-meson resonances, but with extended coverage down to the light vector\\-meson ρ and in a different rapidity region. Below 1 GeV/c, electrons can be identified via a combination of particle identification detector (PID) measurements in the TPC and time of flight (TOF). In the momentum range 1–10 GeV/c, the fact that electrons may create TR when travelling through a dedicated \"radiator\" can be exploited. Inside such a radiator, fast charged particles cross the boundaries between materials with different dielectric constants, which can lead to the emission of TR photons with energies in the X\\-ray range. The effect is tiny and the radiator has to provide many hundreds of material boundaries to achieve a high enough probability to produce at least one photon. In the ALICE TRD, the TR photons are detected just behind the radiator using MWPCs filled with a xenon\\-based gas mixture, where they deposit their energy on top of the ionization signals from the particle's track.",
"The ALICE TRD was designed to derive a fast trigger for charged particles with high momentum and can significantly enhance the recorded yields of vector mesons. For this purpose, 250,000 CPUs are installed right on the detector to identify candidates for high\\-momentum tracks and analyse the energy deposition associated with them as quickly as possible (while the signals are still being created in the detector). This information is sent to a global tracking unit, which combines all of the information to search for electron–positron track pairs within only 6 μs.",
"To develop such a [Transition Radiation Detector](/wiki/Transition_radiation_detector \"Transition radiation detector\") (TRD) for ALICE many detector prototypes were tested in mixed beams of [pions](/wiki/Pion \"Pion\") and electrons.",
""
] |
#### Inner Tracking System
[thumb\|Installation of the ALICE Inner Tracking System](/wiki/File:ALICE_ITS.jpg "ALICE ITS.jpg")
The short\-living heavy particles cover a very small distance before decaying. This system aims at identifying these phenomena of decay by measuring the location where it occurs with a precision of a tenth of millimetre.[The Inner Tracking System arrives at the heart of ALICE](https://cerncourier.com/the-inner-tracking-system-arrives-at-the-heart-of-alice/) *CERN Courier*, 4 June 2007\.
The Inner Tracking System (ITS) consists of six cylindrical layers of [silicon detectors](/wiki/Silicon_detector "Silicon detector"). The layers surround the collision point and measure the properties of the particles emerging from the collisions, pin\-pointing their position of passage to a fraction of a millimetre.[Pixels make for perfect particle tracking in ALICE](https://cerncourier.com/pixels-make-for-perfect-particle-tracking-in-alice/) *CERN Courier*, 8 July 2008\. With the help of the ITS, particles containing heavy [quarks](/wiki/Quarks "Quarks") (charm and beauty) can be identified by reconstructing the coordinates at which they decay.
ITS layers (counting from the interaction point):
* 2 layers of SPD ([Silicon Pixel Detector](/wiki/Hybrid_pixel_detector "Hybrid pixel detector")),
* 2 layers of SDD ([Silicon Drift Detector](/wiki/Silicon_Drift_Detector "Silicon Drift Detector")),
* 2 layers of SSD (Silicon Strip Detector).
The ITS was inserted at the heart of the ALICE experiment in March 2007 following a large phase of R\&D. Using the smallest amounts of the lightest material, the ITS has been made as lightweight and delicate as possible. With almost 5 m2 of double\-sided silicon strip detectors and more than 1 m2 of silicon drift detectors, it is the largest system using both types of silicon detector.
ALICE has recently presented plans for an upgraded Inner Tracking System, mainly based on building a new silicon tracker with greatly improved features in terms of determination of the impact parameter (d0\) to the primary vertex, tracking efficiency at low pT and readout rate capabilities.Luciano Musa, [Upgrade of the ALICE ITS](http://alicematters.web.cern.ch/?q=ALICE_ITSUpgrade) ALICE Matters, 5 December 2012\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\. The upgraded ITS will open new channels in the study of the Quark Gluon Plasma formed at LHC which are necessary in order to understand the dynamics of this condensed phase of the QCD.
It will allow the study of the process of thermalization of [heavy quarks](/wiki/Heavy_quarks "Heavy quarks") in the medium by measuring heavy flavor charms and beauty [baryons](/wiki/Baryons "Baryons") and extending these measurements down to very low pT for the first time. It will also give a better understanding of the quark mass dependence of in\-medium energy loss and offer a unique capability of measuring the beauty quarks while also improving the beauty decay vertex reconstruction. Finally, the upgraded ITS will give us the chance to characterize the thermal radiation coming from the [QGP](/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma "Quark–gluon plasma") and the in\-medium modification of [hadronic](/wiki/Hadronic "Hadronic") spectral functions as related to [chiral symmetry restoration](/wiki/Chirality_%28physics%29 "Chirality (physics)").
The upgrade project requires an extensive R\&D effort by our researchers and collaborators all over the world on cutting\-edge technologies: silicon sensors, low\-power electronics, interconnection and packaging technologies, ultra\-light mechanical structures and cooling units.
|
[
"#### Inner Tracking System",
"[thumb\\|Installation of the ALICE Inner Tracking System](/wiki/File:ALICE_ITS.jpg \"ALICE ITS.jpg\")",
"The short\\-living heavy particles cover a very small distance before decaying. This system aims at identifying these phenomena of decay by measuring the location where it occurs with a precision of a tenth of millimetre.[The Inner Tracking System arrives at the heart of ALICE](https://cerncourier.com/the-inner-tracking-system-arrives-at-the-heart-of-alice/) *CERN Courier*, 4 June 2007\\.",
"The Inner Tracking System (ITS) consists of six cylindrical layers of [silicon detectors](/wiki/Silicon_detector \"Silicon detector\"). The layers surround the collision point and measure the properties of the particles emerging from the collisions, pin\\-pointing their position of passage to a fraction of a millimetre.[Pixels make for perfect particle tracking in ALICE](https://cerncourier.com/pixels-make-for-perfect-particle-tracking-in-alice/) *CERN Courier*, 8 July 2008\\. With the help of the ITS, particles containing heavy [quarks](/wiki/Quarks \"Quarks\") (charm and beauty) can be identified by reconstructing the coordinates at which they decay.",
"ITS layers (counting from the interaction point):\n* 2 layers of SPD ([Silicon Pixel Detector](/wiki/Hybrid_pixel_detector \"Hybrid pixel detector\")),\n* 2 layers of SDD ([Silicon Drift Detector](/wiki/Silicon_Drift_Detector \"Silicon Drift Detector\")),\n* 2 layers of SSD (Silicon Strip Detector).",
"The ITS was inserted at the heart of the ALICE experiment in March 2007 following a large phase of R\\&D. Using the smallest amounts of the lightest material, the ITS has been made as lightweight and delicate as possible. With almost 5 m2 of double\\-sided silicon strip detectors and more than 1 m2 of silicon drift detectors, it is the largest system using both types of silicon detector.",
"ALICE has recently presented plans for an upgraded Inner Tracking System, mainly based on building a new silicon tracker with greatly improved features in terms of determination of the impact parameter (d0\\) to the primary vertex, tracking efficiency at low pT and readout rate capabilities.Luciano Musa, [Upgrade of the ALICE ITS](http://alicematters.web.cern.ch/?q=ALICE_ITSUpgrade) ALICE Matters, 5 December 2012\\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\\. The upgraded ITS will open new channels in the study of the Quark Gluon Plasma formed at LHC which are necessary in order to understand the dynamics of this condensed phase of the QCD.",
"It will allow the study of the process of thermalization of [heavy quarks](/wiki/Heavy_quarks \"Heavy quarks\") in the medium by measuring heavy flavor charms and beauty [baryons](/wiki/Baryons \"Baryons\") and extending these measurements down to very low pT for the first time. It will also give a better understanding of the quark mass dependence of in\\-medium energy loss and offer a unique capability of measuring the beauty quarks while also improving the beauty decay vertex reconstruction. Finally, the upgraded ITS will give us the chance to characterize the thermal radiation coming from the [QGP](/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma \"Quark–gluon plasma\") and the in\\-medium modification of [hadronic](/wiki/Hadronic \"Hadronic\") spectral functions as related to [chiral symmetry restoration](/wiki/Chirality_%28physics%29 \"Chirality (physics)\").",
"The upgrade project requires an extensive R\\&D effort by our researchers and collaborators all over the world on cutting\\-edge technologies: silicon sensors, low\\-power electronics, interconnection and packaging technologies, ultra\\-light mechanical structures and cooling units.",
""
] |
### Particle identification with ALICE
ALICE also wants to know the identity of each particle, whether it is an electron, or a proton, a kaon or a pion.
Charged hadrons (in fact, all stable charged particles) are unambiguously identified if their mass and charge are determined. The mass can be deduced from measurements of the momentum and of the velocity. Momentum and the sign of the charge are obtained by measuring the curvature of the particle's track in a magnetic field. To obtain the particle velocity, there exists four methods based on measurements of time\-of\-flight and ionization, and on detection of transition radiation and Cherenkov radiation. Each of these methods works well in different momentum ranges or for specific types of particle. In ALICE all of these methods may be combined in order to measure, for instance, particle spectra.
In addition to the information given by ITS and TPC, more specialized detectors are needed: the TOF measures, with a precision better than a tenth of a billionth of a second, the time that each particle takes to travel from the vertex to reach it, so that one can measure its speed. The high momentum particle identification detector (HMPID) measures the faint light patterns generated by fast particles and the TRD measures the special radiation very fast particles emit when crossing different materials, thus allowing to identify electrons. Muons are measured by exploiting the fact that they penetrate matter more easily than most other particles: in the forward region a very thick and complex absorber stops all other particles and muons are measured by a dedicated set of detectors: the muon spectrometer.
#### Time of Flight
Charged particles are identified in ALICE by Time\-Of\-Flight (TOF). TOF measurements yield the velocity of a charged particle by measuring the flight time over a given distance along the track trajectory.[Time flies for ALICE](https://cerncourier.com/and-time-flies-for-the-alice-detector/) CERN Courier, 8 July 2008\.[ALICE revolutionizes TOF systems](https://cerncourier.com/alice-revolutionizes-tof-systems/) CERN Courier, 25 October 2011\. Using the tracking information from other detectors every track firing a sensor is identified. Provided the momentum is also known, the mass of the particle can then be derived from these measurements. The ALICE TOF detector is a large\-area detector based on multigap resistive plate chambers (MRPCs) that cover a cylindrical surface of 141 m2, with an inner radius of {{convert\|3\.7\|m}}. There are approximately 160,000 MRPC pads with time resolution of about 100 ps distributed over the large surface of 150 m2.
The MRPCs are parallel\-plate detectors built of thin sheets of standard window glass to create narrow gas gaps with high electric fields. These plates are separated using fishing lines to provide the desired spacing; 10 gas gaps per MRPC are needed to arrive at a detection efficiency close to 100%.
The simplicity of the construction allows a large system to be built with an overall TOF resolution of 80 ps at a relatively low cost (CERN Courier November 2011 p8\). This performance allows the separation of kaons, pions and protons up to momenta of a few GeV/c. Combining such a measurement with the PID information from the ALICE TPC has proved useful in improving the separation between the different particle types, as figure 3 shows for a particular momentum range.
#### High Momentum Particle Identification Detector
[thumb\|The HMPID detector before final installation inside the ALICE magnet.](/wiki/File:ALICE_HMPID.jpg "ALICE HMPID.jpg")
The High Momentum Particle Identification Detector (HMPID) is a [RICH detector](/wiki/Ring_imaging_Cherenkov_detector "Ring imaging Cherenkov detector") to determine the speed of particles beyond the momentum range available through energy loss (in ITS and TPC, *p* \= 600 MeV) and through time\-of\-flight measurements (in TOF, *p* \= 1\.2–1\.4 GeV).
Cherenkov radiation is a shock wave resulting from charged particles moving through a material faster than the velocity of light in that material. The radiation propagates with a characteristic angle with respect to the particle track, which depends on the particle velocity. Cherenkov detectors make use of this effect and in general consist of two main elements: a radiator in which Cherenkov radiation is produced and a photon detector. Ring imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detectors resolve the ring\-shaped image of the focused Cherenkov radiation, enabling a measurement of the Cherenkov angle and thus the particle velocity. This in turn is sufficient to determine the mass of the charged particle.
If a dense medium (large refractive index) is used, only a thin radiator layer of the order of a few centimetres is required to emit a sufficient number of Cherenkov photons. The photon detector is then located at some distance (usually about 10 cm) behind the radiator, allowing the cone of light to expand and form the characteristic ring\-shaped image. Such a proximity\-focusing RICH is installed in the ALICE experiment.
ALICE HMPID's momentum range is up to 3 GeV for pion/[kaon](/wiki/Kaon "Kaon") discrimination and up to 5 GeV for kaon/[proton](/wiki/Proton "Proton") discrimination. It is the world's largest [caesium iodide](/wiki/Caesium_iodide "Caesium iodide") RICH detector, with an active area of 11 m2. A prototype was successfully tested at CERN in 1997 and currently takes data at the [Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider](/wiki/Relativistic_Heavy_Ion_Collider "Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider") at the [Brookhaven National Laboratory](/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory "Brookhaven National Laboratory") in the US.
|
[
"### Particle identification with ALICE",
"ALICE also wants to know the identity of each particle, whether it is an electron, or a proton, a kaon or a pion.",
"Charged hadrons (in fact, all stable charged particles) are unambiguously identified if their mass and charge are determined. The mass can be deduced from measurements of the momentum and of the velocity. Momentum and the sign of the charge are obtained by measuring the curvature of the particle's track in a magnetic field. To obtain the particle velocity, there exists four methods based on measurements of time\\-of\\-flight and ionization, and on detection of transition radiation and Cherenkov radiation. Each of these methods works well in different momentum ranges or for specific types of particle. In ALICE all of these methods may be combined in order to measure, for instance, particle spectra.",
"In addition to the information given by ITS and TPC, more specialized detectors are needed: the TOF measures, with a precision better than a tenth of a billionth of a second, the time that each particle takes to travel from the vertex to reach it, so that one can measure its speed. The high momentum particle identification detector (HMPID) measures the faint light patterns generated by fast particles and the TRD measures the special radiation very fast particles emit when crossing different materials, thus allowing to identify electrons. Muons are measured by exploiting the fact that they penetrate matter more easily than most other particles: in the forward region a very thick and complex absorber stops all other particles and muons are measured by a dedicated set of detectors: the muon spectrometer.",
"#### Time of Flight",
"Charged particles are identified in ALICE by Time\\-Of\\-Flight (TOF). TOF measurements yield the velocity of a charged particle by measuring the flight time over a given distance along the track trajectory.[Time flies for ALICE](https://cerncourier.com/and-time-flies-for-the-alice-detector/) CERN Courier, 8 July 2008\\.[ALICE revolutionizes TOF systems](https://cerncourier.com/alice-revolutionizes-tof-systems/) CERN Courier, 25 October 2011\\. Using the tracking information from other detectors every track firing a sensor is identified. Provided the momentum is also known, the mass of the particle can then be derived from these measurements. The ALICE TOF detector is a large\\-area detector based on multigap resistive plate chambers (MRPCs) that cover a cylindrical surface of 141 m2, with an inner radius of {{convert\\|3\\.7\\|m}}. There are approximately 160,000 MRPC pads with time resolution of about 100 ps distributed over the large surface of 150 m2.",
"The MRPCs are parallel\\-plate detectors built of thin sheets of standard window glass to create narrow gas gaps with high electric fields. These plates are separated using fishing lines to provide the desired spacing; 10 gas gaps per MRPC are needed to arrive at a detection efficiency close to 100%.",
"The simplicity of the construction allows a large system to be built with an overall TOF resolution of 80 ps at a relatively low cost (CERN Courier November 2011 p8\\). This performance allows the separation of kaons, pions and protons up to momenta of a few GeV/c. Combining such a measurement with the PID information from the ALICE TPC has proved useful in improving the separation between the different particle types, as figure 3 shows for a particular momentum range.",
"#### High Momentum Particle Identification Detector",
"[thumb\\|The HMPID detector before final installation inside the ALICE magnet.](/wiki/File:ALICE_HMPID.jpg \"ALICE HMPID.jpg\")",
"The High Momentum Particle Identification Detector (HMPID) is a [RICH detector](/wiki/Ring_imaging_Cherenkov_detector \"Ring imaging Cherenkov detector\") to determine the speed of particles beyond the momentum range available through energy loss (in ITS and TPC, *p* \\= 600 MeV) and through time\\-of\\-flight measurements (in TOF, *p* \\= 1\\.2–1\\.4 GeV).",
"Cherenkov radiation is a shock wave resulting from charged particles moving through a material faster than the velocity of light in that material. The radiation propagates with a characteristic angle with respect to the particle track, which depends on the particle velocity. Cherenkov detectors make use of this effect and in general consist of two main elements: a radiator in which Cherenkov radiation is produced and a photon detector. Ring imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detectors resolve the ring\\-shaped image of the focused Cherenkov radiation, enabling a measurement of the Cherenkov angle and thus the particle velocity. This in turn is sufficient to determine the mass of the charged particle.",
"If a dense medium (large refractive index) is used, only a thin radiator layer of the order of a few centimetres is required to emit a sufficient number of Cherenkov photons. The photon detector is then located at some distance (usually about 10 cm) behind the radiator, allowing the cone of light to expand and form the characteristic ring\\-shaped image. Such a proximity\\-focusing RICH is installed in the ALICE experiment.",
"ALICE HMPID's momentum range is up to 3 GeV for pion/[kaon](/wiki/Kaon \"Kaon\") discrimination and up to 5 GeV for kaon/[proton](/wiki/Proton \"Proton\") discrimination. It is the world's largest [caesium iodide](/wiki/Caesium_iodide \"Caesium iodide\") RICH detector, with an active area of 11 m2. A prototype was successfully tested at CERN in 1997 and currently takes data at the [Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider](/wiki/Relativistic_Heavy_Ion_Collider \"Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider\") at the [Brookhaven National Laboratory](/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory \"Brookhaven National Laboratory\") in the US.",
""
] |
### Calorimeters
Calorimeters measure the energy of particles, and determine whether they have electromagnetic or hadronic interactions. Particle identification in a calorimeter is a destructive measurement. All particles except muons and neutrinos deposit all their energy in the calorimeter system by production of electromagnetic or hadronic showers. Photons, electrons and positrons deposit all their energy in an electromagnetic calorimeter. Their showers are indistinguishable, but a photon can be identified by the non\-existence of a track in the tracking system that is associated to the shower.
The photons (particles of light), like the light emitted from a hot object, tell us about the temperature of the system. To measure them, special detectors are necessary: the crystals of the PHOS, which are as dense as lead and as transparent as glass, will measure them with fantastic precision in a limited region, while the PMD and in particular the EMCal will measure them over a very wide area. The EMCal will also measure groups of close particles (called "jets") which have a memory of the early phases of the event.
#### Photon spectrometer
[thumb\|A technology for mass production of PWO crystals has been developed in close cooperation between CERN, the Apatity plant and RRC "Kurchatov Institute".](/wiki/File:PHOScrystal.jpg "PHOScrystal.jpg")
PHOS is a high\-resolution electromagnetic calorimeter installed in ALICE[PHOS commissioning during LS1](http://alicematters.web.cern.ch/?q=PHOSupgrade) ALICE matters, 17 May 2013\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\. to provide data to test the thermal and dynamical properties of the initial phase of the collision. This is done by measuring photons emerging directly from the collision. PHOS covers a limited acceptance domain at central rapidity. It is made of [lead tungstate](/wiki/Lead_tungstate "Lead tungstate") crystals,[ALICE crystals arrive at CERN](https://cerncourier.com/alice-crystals-arrive-at-cern/) *CERN Courier*, 30 September 2002\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\. similar to the ones used by CMS, read out using Avalanche Photodiodes (APD).
When high energy photons strike lead tungstate, they make it glow, or scintillate, and this glow can be measured. Lead tungstate is extremely dense (denser than iron), stopping most photons that reach it. The crystals are kept at a temperature of 248 K, which helps to minimize the deterioration of the energy resolution due to noise and to optimize the response for low energies.
#### Electro\-Magnetic Calorimeter
The EMCal is a lead\-scintillator sampling calorimeter comprising almost 13,000 individual towers that are grouped into ten super\-modules. The towers are read out by wavelength\-shifting optical fibers in a shashlik geometry coupled to an avalanche photodiode. The complete EMCal will contain 100,000 individual scintillator tiles and 185 kilometers of optical fiber, weighing in total about 100 tons.
The EMCal covers almost the full length of the ALICE Time Projection Chamber and central detector, and a third of its azimuth placed back\-to\-back with the ALICE Photon Spectrometer – a smaller, highly granular lead\-tungstate calorimeter.
The super\-modules are inserted into an independent support frame situated within the ALICE magnet, between the time\-of\-flight counters and the magnet coil. The support frame itself is a complex structure: it weighs 20 tons and must support five times its own weight, with a maximum deflection between being empty and being fully loaded of only a couple of centimeters. Installation of the eight\-ton super\-modules requires a system of rails with a sophisticated insertion device to bridge across to the support structure.
The Electro\-Magnetic Calorimeter (EM\-Cal) will add greatly to the high momentum particle measurement capabilities of ALICE.[First jet measurements with ALICE](https://cerncourier.com/first-jet-measurements-with-alice/) *CERN Courier*, 22 May 2013\. It will extend ALICE's reach to study jets and other hard processes.
#### Photon Multiplicity Detector
The [Photon Multiplicity Detector (PMD)](/wiki/Photon_Multiplicity_Detector_%28PMD%29 "Photon Multiplicity Detector (PMD)") is a Particle shower detector which measures the multiplicity and spatial distribution of photons produced in the collisions.[Indian detector stars at Brookhaven](https://cerncourier.com/indian-detector-stars-at-brookhaven/) *CERN Courier*, 5 September 2004\. It utilizes as a first layer a veto detector to reject charged particles. Photons on the other hand pass through a converter, initiating an electromagnetic shower in a second detector layer where they produce large signals on several cells of its sensitive volume. Hadrons on the other hand normally affect only one cell and produce a signal representing minimum\-ionizing particles.
#### Forward Multiplicity Detector
[thumb\|ALICE Forward Multiplicity Detector](/wiki/File:FMD_1.jpg "FMD 1.jpg")
The Forward Multiplicity Detector (FMD) extends the coverage for multiplicity of charge particles into the forward regions, giving ALICE the widest coverage of the 4 LHC experiments for these measurements.[ALICE Forward Detectors](http://fmd.nbi.dk) Retrieved 20 January 2019\.
The FMD consist of 5 large silicon discs, each with 10,240 individual detector channels to measure the charged particles emitted at small angles relative to the beam. FMD provides an independent measurement of the orientation of the collisions in the vertical plane, which can be used with measurements from the barrel detector to investigate flow, jets, etc.
#### Muon spectrometer
The ALICE forward muon spectrometer studies the complete spectrum of heavy quarkonia (J/Ψ, Ψ′, ϒ, ϒ′, ϒ′′) via their decay in the μ\+μ– channel. Heavy quarkonium states, provide an essential tool to study the early and hot stage of heavy\-ion collisions.[ALICE Dimuon Spectrometer](http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2_dim_spec.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927035318/http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2\_dim\_spec.html \|date\=2013\-09\-27 }} Retrieved 20 January 2019\. In particular they are expected to be sensitive to Quark\-Gluon Plasma formation. In the presence of a deconfined medium (i.e. QGP) with high enough energy density, quarkonium states are dissociated because of colour screening. This leads to a suppression of their production rates. At the high LHC collision energy, both the charmonium states (J/Ψ and Ψ′) as well as the bottomonium states (ϒ, ϒ′ and ϒ′′) can be studied. The Dimuon spectrometer is optimized for the detection of these heavy quark resonances.
[thumb\|The main components of the ALICE muon spectrometer: an absorber to filter the background, a set of tracking chambers before, inside and after the magnet and a set of trigger chambers.](/wiki/File:Dimuon1_small.gif "Dimuon1 small.gif")
Muons may be identified using the just described technique by using the fact that they are the only charged particles able to pass almost undisturbed through any material. This behavior is connected to the fact that muons with momenta below a few hundred GeV/c do not suffer from radiative energy losses and so do not produce electromagnetic showers. Also, because they are leptons, they are not subject to strong interactions with the nuclei of the material they traverse. This behavior is exploited in muon spectrometers in high\-energy physics experiments by installing muon detectors behind the calorimeter systems or behind thick absorber materials. All charged particles other than muons are completely stopped, producing electromagnetic (and hadronic) showers.
The muon spectrometer in the forward region of ALICE features a very thick and complex front absorber and an additional muon filter consisting of an iron wall 1\.2 m thick. Muon candidates selected from tracks penetrating these absorbers are measured precisely in a dedicated set of tracking detectors. Pairs of muons are used to collect the spectrum of heavy\-quark vector\-meson resonances (J/Psi). Their production rates can be analysed as a function of transverse momentum and collision centrality in order to investigate dissociation due to colour screening. The acceptance of the ALICE Muon Spectrometer covers the pseudorapidity interval 2\.5 ≤ η ≤ 4 and the resonances can be detected down to zero transverse momentum.
|
[
"### Calorimeters",
"Calorimeters measure the energy of particles, and determine whether they have electromagnetic or hadronic interactions. Particle identification in a calorimeter is a destructive measurement. All particles except muons and neutrinos deposit all their energy in the calorimeter system by production of electromagnetic or hadronic showers. Photons, electrons and positrons deposit all their energy in an electromagnetic calorimeter. Their showers are indistinguishable, but a photon can be identified by the non\\-existence of a track in the tracking system that is associated to the shower.",
"The photons (particles of light), like the light emitted from a hot object, tell us about the temperature of the system. To measure them, special detectors are necessary: the crystals of the PHOS, which are as dense as lead and as transparent as glass, will measure them with fantastic precision in a limited region, while the PMD and in particular the EMCal will measure them over a very wide area. The EMCal will also measure groups of close particles (called \"jets\") which have a memory of the early phases of the event.",
"#### Photon spectrometer",
"[thumb\\|A technology for mass production of PWO crystals has been developed in close cooperation between CERN, the Apatity plant and RRC \"Kurchatov Institute\".](/wiki/File:PHOScrystal.jpg \"PHOScrystal.jpg\")",
"PHOS is a high\\-resolution electromagnetic calorimeter installed in ALICE[PHOS commissioning during LS1](http://alicematters.web.cern.ch/?q=PHOSupgrade) ALICE matters, 17 May 2013\\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\\. to provide data to test the thermal and dynamical properties of the initial phase of the collision. This is done by measuring photons emerging directly from the collision. PHOS covers a limited acceptance domain at central rapidity. It is made of [lead tungstate](/wiki/Lead_tungstate \"Lead tungstate\") crystals,[ALICE crystals arrive at CERN](https://cerncourier.com/alice-crystals-arrive-at-cern/) *CERN Courier*, 30 September 2002\\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\\. similar to the ones used by CMS, read out using Avalanche Photodiodes (APD).",
"When high energy photons strike lead tungstate, they make it glow, or scintillate, and this glow can be measured. Lead tungstate is extremely dense (denser than iron), stopping most photons that reach it. The crystals are kept at a temperature of 248 K, which helps to minimize the deterioration of the energy resolution due to noise and to optimize the response for low energies.",
"#### Electro\\-Magnetic Calorimeter",
"The EMCal is a lead\\-scintillator sampling calorimeter comprising almost 13,000 individual towers that are grouped into ten super\\-modules. The towers are read out by wavelength\\-shifting optical fibers in a shashlik geometry coupled to an avalanche photodiode. The complete EMCal will contain 100,000 individual scintillator tiles and 185 kilometers of optical fiber, weighing in total about 100 tons.",
"The EMCal covers almost the full length of the ALICE Time Projection Chamber and central detector, and a third of its azimuth placed back\\-to\\-back with the ALICE Photon Spectrometer – a smaller, highly granular lead\\-tungstate calorimeter.",
"The super\\-modules are inserted into an independent support frame situated within the ALICE magnet, between the time\\-of\\-flight counters and the magnet coil. The support frame itself is a complex structure: it weighs 20 tons and must support five times its own weight, with a maximum deflection between being empty and being fully loaded of only a couple of centimeters. Installation of the eight\\-ton super\\-modules requires a system of rails with a sophisticated insertion device to bridge across to the support structure.",
"The Electro\\-Magnetic Calorimeter (EM\\-Cal) will add greatly to the high momentum particle measurement capabilities of ALICE.[First jet measurements with ALICE](https://cerncourier.com/first-jet-measurements-with-alice/) *CERN Courier*, 22 May 2013\\. It will extend ALICE's reach to study jets and other hard processes.",
"#### Photon Multiplicity Detector",
"The [Photon Multiplicity Detector (PMD)](/wiki/Photon_Multiplicity_Detector_%28PMD%29 \"Photon Multiplicity Detector (PMD)\") is a Particle shower detector which measures the multiplicity and spatial distribution of photons produced in the collisions.[Indian detector stars at Brookhaven](https://cerncourier.com/indian-detector-stars-at-brookhaven/) *CERN Courier*, 5 September 2004\\. It utilizes as a first layer a veto detector to reject charged particles. Photons on the other hand pass through a converter, initiating an electromagnetic shower in a second detector layer where they produce large signals on several cells of its sensitive volume. Hadrons on the other hand normally affect only one cell and produce a signal representing minimum\\-ionizing particles.",
"#### Forward Multiplicity Detector",
"[thumb\\|ALICE Forward Multiplicity Detector](/wiki/File:FMD_1.jpg \"FMD 1.jpg\")",
"The Forward Multiplicity Detector (FMD) extends the coverage for multiplicity of charge particles into the forward regions, giving ALICE the widest coverage of the 4 LHC experiments for these measurements.[ALICE Forward Detectors](http://fmd.nbi.dk) Retrieved 20 January 2019\\.",
"The FMD consist of 5 large silicon discs, each with 10,240 individual detector channels to measure the charged particles emitted at small angles relative to the beam. FMD provides an independent measurement of the orientation of the collisions in the vertical plane, which can be used with measurements from the barrel detector to investigate flow, jets, etc.",
"#### Muon spectrometer",
"The ALICE forward muon spectrometer studies the complete spectrum of heavy quarkonia (J/Ψ, Ψ′, ϒ, ϒ′, ϒ′′) via their decay in the μ\\+μ– channel. Heavy quarkonium states, provide an essential tool to study the early and hot stage of heavy\\-ion collisions.[ALICE Dimuon Spectrometer](http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2_dim_spec.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927035318/http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/en/Chapter2/Chap2\\_dim\\_spec.html \\|date\\=2013\\-09\\-27 }} Retrieved 20 January 2019\\. In particular they are expected to be sensitive to Quark\\-Gluon Plasma formation. In the presence of a deconfined medium (i.e. QGP) with high enough energy density, quarkonium states are dissociated because of colour screening. This leads to a suppression of their production rates. At the high LHC collision energy, both the charmonium states (J/Ψ and Ψ′) as well as the bottomonium states (ϒ, ϒ′ and ϒ′′) can be studied. The Dimuon spectrometer is optimized for the detection of these heavy quark resonances.",
"[thumb\\|The main components of the ALICE muon spectrometer: an absorber to filter the background, a set of tracking chambers before, inside and after the magnet and a set of trigger chambers.](/wiki/File:Dimuon1_small.gif \"Dimuon1 small.gif\")",
"Muons may be identified using the just described technique by using the fact that they are the only charged particles able to pass almost undisturbed through any material. This behavior is connected to the fact that muons with momenta below a few hundred GeV/c do not suffer from radiative energy losses and so do not produce electromagnetic showers. Also, because they are leptons, they are not subject to strong interactions with the nuclei of the material they traverse. This behavior is exploited in muon spectrometers in high\\-energy physics experiments by installing muon detectors behind the calorimeter systems or behind thick absorber materials. All charged particles other than muons are completely stopped, producing electromagnetic (and hadronic) showers.",
"The muon spectrometer in the forward region of ALICE features a very thick and complex front absorber and an additional muon filter consisting of an iron wall 1\\.2 m thick. Muon candidates selected from tracks penetrating these absorbers are measured precisely in a dedicated set of tracking detectors. Pairs of muons are used to collect the spectrum of heavy\\-quark vector\\-meson resonances (J/Psi). Their production rates can be analysed as a function of transverse momentum and collision centrality in order to investigate dissociation due to colour screening. The acceptance of the ALICE Muon Spectrometer covers the pseudorapidity interval 2\\.5 ≤ η ≤ 4 and the resonances can be detected down to zero transverse momentum.",
""
] |
### Characterization of the collision
Finally, we need to know how powerful the collision was: this is done by measuring the remnants of the colliding nuclei in detectors made of high density materials located about 110 metres on both sides of ALICE (the ZDCs) and by measuring with the FMD, V0 and T0 the number of particles produced in the collision and their spatial distribution. T0 also measures with high precision the time when the event takes place.
#### Zero Degree Calorimeter
[thumb\|Front face of the ZN calorimeter: One of the two ZN calorimeters during assembly. The quartz fibers are hosted in the 1936 grooves of the W\-alloy slabs.](/wiki/File:ALICE_ZDC3.jpg "ALICE ZDC3.jpg")
The ZDCs are calorimeters which detect the energy of the spectator nucleons in order to determine the overlap region of the two colliding nuclei. It is composed of four calorimeters, two to detect protons (ZP) and two to detect neutrons (ZN). They are located 115 meters away from the interaction point on both sides, exactly along the beam line. The ZN is placed at zero degree with respect to the LHC beam axis, between the two beam pipes. That is why we call them Zero Degree Calorimeters (ZDC). The ZP is positioned externally to the outgoing beam pipe. The spectator protons are separated from the ion beams by means of the dipole magnet D1\.
The ZDCs are "spaghetti calorimeters", made by a stack of heavy metal plates grooved to allocate a matrix of quartz fibers. Their principle of operation is based on the detection of Cherenkov light produced by the charged particles of the shower in the fibers.
#### V0 detector
V0 is made of two arrays of scintillator counters set on both sides of the ALICE interaction point, and called V0\-A and V0\-C. The V0\-C counter is located upstream of the dimuon arm absorber and cover the spectrometer acceptance while the V0\-A counter will be located at around 3\.5 m away from the collision vertex, on the other side.
It is used to estimate the centrality of the collision by summing up the energy deposited in the two disks of V0\. This observable scales directly with the number of primary particles generated in the collision and therefore to the centrality.
V0 is also used as reference in Van Der Meer scans that give the size and shape of colliding beams and therefore the luminosity delivered to the experiment.
#### T0 detector
[thumb\|An array of Cherenkov counters used in the ALICE T0 detector.](/wiki/File:T0det.png "T0det.png")
ALICE T0 serves as a start, trigger and luminosity detector for ALICE. The accurate interaction time (START) serves as the reference signal for the Time\-of\-Flight detector that is used for particle identification. T0 supplies five different trigger signals to the Central Trigger Processor. The most important of these is the T0 vertex providing prompt and accurate confirmation of the location of the primary interaction point along the beam axis within the set boundaries. The detector is also used for online luminosity monitoring providing fast feedback to the accelerator team.
The T0 detector consists of two arrays of [Cherenkov](/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation "Cherenkov radiation") counters (T0\-C and T0\-A) positioned at the opposite sides of the interaction point (IP). Each array has 12 cylindrical counters equipped with a quartz radiator and a photomultiplier tube.
|
[
"### Characterization of the collision",
"Finally, we need to know how powerful the collision was: this is done by measuring the remnants of the colliding nuclei in detectors made of high density materials located about 110 metres on both sides of ALICE (the ZDCs) and by measuring with the FMD, V0 and T0 the number of particles produced in the collision and their spatial distribution. T0 also measures with high precision the time when the event takes place.",
"#### Zero Degree Calorimeter",
"[thumb\\|Front face of the ZN calorimeter: One of the two ZN calorimeters during assembly. The quartz fibers are hosted in the 1936 grooves of the W\\-alloy slabs.](/wiki/File:ALICE_ZDC3.jpg \"ALICE ZDC3.jpg\")",
"The ZDCs are calorimeters which detect the energy of the spectator nucleons in order to determine the overlap region of the two colliding nuclei. It is composed of four calorimeters, two to detect protons (ZP) and two to detect neutrons (ZN). They are located 115 meters away from the interaction point on both sides, exactly along the beam line. The ZN is placed at zero degree with respect to the LHC beam axis, between the two beam pipes. That is why we call them Zero Degree Calorimeters (ZDC). The ZP is positioned externally to the outgoing beam pipe. The spectator protons are separated from the ion beams by means of the dipole magnet D1\\.",
"The ZDCs are \"spaghetti calorimeters\", made by a stack of heavy metal plates grooved to allocate a matrix of quartz fibers. Their principle of operation is based on the detection of Cherenkov light produced by the charged particles of the shower in the fibers.",
"#### V0 detector",
"V0 is made of two arrays of scintillator counters set on both sides of the ALICE interaction point, and called V0\\-A and V0\\-C. The V0\\-C counter is located upstream of the dimuon arm absorber and cover the spectrometer acceptance while the V0\\-A counter will be located at around 3\\.5 m away from the collision vertex, on the other side.",
"It is used to estimate the centrality of the collision by summing up the energy deposited in the two disks of V0\\. This observable scales directly with the number of primary particles generated in the collision and therefore to the centrality.",
"V0 is also used as reference in Van Der Meer scans that give the size and shape of colliding beams and therefore the luminosity delivered to the experiment.",
"#### T0 detector",
"[thumb\\|An array of Cherenkov counters used in the ALICE T0 detector.](/wiki/File:T0det.png \"T0det.png\")\nALICE T0 serves as a start, trigger and luminosity detector for ALICE. The accurate interaction time (START) serves as the reference signal for the Time\\-of\\-Flight detector that is used for particle identification. T0 supplies five different trigger signals to the Central Trigger Processor. The most important of these is the T0 vertex providing prompt and accurate confirmation of the location of the primary interaction point along the beam axis within the set boundaries. The detector is also used for online luminosity monitoring providing fast feedback to the accelerator team.",
"The T0 detector consists of two arrays of [Cherenkov](/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation \"Cherenkov radiation\") counters (T0\\-C and T0\\-A) positioned at the opposite sides of the interaction point (IP). Each array has 12 cylindrical counters equipped with a quartz radiator and a photomultiplier tube.",
""
] |
Results
-------
[thumb\|Events recorded by the ALICE experiment from the first lead ion collisions, at a centre\-of\-mass energy of 2\.76 TeV per nucleon pair.](/wiki/File:1011252_11-A4-at-144-dpi.jpg "1011252 11-A4-at-144-dpi.jpg")
The physics program of ALICE includes the following main topics: i) the study of the thermalization of partons in the QGP with focus on the massive charming beauty quarks and understanding the behavior of these heavy quarks in relation to the strongly coupled medium of QGP, ii) the study of the mechanisms of energy loss that occur in the medium and the dependencies of energy loss on the parton species, iii) the dissociation of quarkonium states which can be a probe of deconfinement and of the temperature of the medium and finally the production of thermal photons and low\-mass dileptons emitted by the QGP which is about assessing the initial temperature and degrees of freedom of the systems as well as the chiral nature of the phase transition.
The ALICE collaboration presented its first results from LHC proton collisions at a centre\-of\-mass energy of 7 TeV in March 2010\.[ALICE presents first results at 7 TeV](https://cerncourier.com/alice-reveals-first-results-at-7-tev/) *CERN Courier*, 7 June 2010\. The results confirmed that the charged\-particle multiplicity is rising with energy faster than expected while the shape of the multiplicity distribution is not reproduced well by standard simulations. The results were based on the analysis of a sample of 300,000 proton–proton collisions the ALICE experiment collected during the first runs of the LHC with stable beams at a centre\-of\-mass energy, √s, of 7 TeV,
In 2011, the ALICE Collaboration measured the size of the system created in Pb\-Pb collisions at a centre\-of\-mass energy of 2\.76 TeV per nucleon pair.[ALICE Collaboration measures the size of the fireball in heav\-ion collisions](https://cerncourier.com/alice-collaboration-measures-the-size-of-the-fireball-in-heavy-ion-collisions/) *CERN Courier*, 3 May 2011\. ALICE confirmed that the QCD matter created in Pb\-Pb collisions behaves like a fluid, with strong collective motions that are well described by hydrodynamic equations. The fireball formed in nuclear collisions at the LHC is hotter, lives longer and expands to a larger size than the medium that was formed in heavy\-ion collisions at RHIC. Multiplicity measurements by the ALICE experiment show that the system initially has much higher energy density and is at least 30% hotter than at RHIC, resulting in about double the particle multiplicity for each colliding nucleon pair (Aamodt et al. 2010a). Further analyses, in particular including the full dependence of these observables on centrality, will provide more insights into the properties of the system – such as initial velocities, the equation of state and the fluid viscosity – and strongly constrain the theoretical modelling of heavy\-ion collisions.
### A perfect liquid at the LHC
Off\-center nuclear collisions, with a finite impact parameter, create a strongly asymmetric "almond\-shaped" fireball. However, experiments cannot measure the spatial dimensions of the interaction (except in special cases, for example in the production of pions, see[ALICE enters new territory in heavy\-ion collisions](http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/46055l){{Dead link\|date\=May 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}, [CERN Courier](/wiki/CERN_Courier "CERN Courier"), 25 January 2012). Instead, they measure the momentum distributions of the emitted particles. A correlation between the measured azimuthal momentum distribution of particles emitted from the decaying fireball and the initial spatial asymmetry can arise only from multiple interactions between the constituents of the created matter; in other words it tells us about how the matter flows, which is related to its equation of state and its thermodynamic transport properties.[Hadron spectra probe nature of matter in Pb\-Pb collisions](https://cerncourier.com/hadron-spectra-probe-nature-of-matter-in-pb-pb-collisions/), *[CERN Courier](/wiki/CERN_Courier "CERN Courier")*, 25 January 2012\.
The measured azimuthal distribution of particles in momentum space can be decomposed into Fourier coefficients. The second Fourier coefficient (v2\), called elliptic flow, is particularly sensitive to the internal friction or viscosity of the fluid, or more precisely, η/s, the ratio of the shear viscosity (η) to entropy (s) of the system. For a good fluid such as water, the η/s ratio is small. A "thick" liquid, such as honey, has large values of η/s.
In heavy\-ion collisions at the LHC, the ALICE collaboration found that the hot matter created in the collision behaves like a fluid with little friction, with η/s close to its lower limit (almost zero viscosity). With these measurements, ALICE has just begun to explore the temperature dependence of η/s and we anticipate many more in\-depth flow\-related measurements at the LHC that will constrain the hydrodynamic features of the QGP even further.
### Measuring the highest temperature on Earth
In August 2012, ALICE scientists announced that their experiments produced [quark–gluon plasma](/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma "Quark–gluon plasma") with temperature at around 5\.5 trillion [kelvins](/wiki/Kelvin "Kelvin"), the highest temperature mass achieved in any physical experiments thus far.[CERN scientists create the highest temperature mass humanity has ever seen](https://www.yahoo.com/news/blogs/technology-blog/cern-scientists-create-highest-temperature-mass-humanity-ever-034111958.html), [Yahoo! News](/wiki/Yahoo%21_News "Yahoo! News"), 14 August 2012\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\. This temperature is about 38% higher than the previous record of about 4 trillion kelvins, achieved in the 2010 experiments at the [Brookhaven National Laboratory](/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory "Brookhaven National Laboratory").[Hot stuff: CERN physicists create record\-breaking subatomic soup](http://blogs.nature.com/news/2012/08/hot-stuff-cern-physicists-create-record-breaking-subatomic-soup.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203826/http://blogs.nature.com/news/2012/08/hot\-stuff\-cern\-physicists\-create\-record\-breaking\-subatomic\-soup.html \|date\=2016\-03\-04 }}, [*Nature* newsblog](/wiki/Nature_%28journal%29 "Nature (journal)"), 13 August 2012\.
The ALICE results were announced at the August 13 *Quark Matter 2012* conference in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") The quark–gluon plasma produced by these experiments approximates the conditions in the universe that existed microseconds after the [Big Bang](/wiki/Big_Bang "Big Bang"), before the matter coalesced into [atoms](/wiki/Atom "Atom").Will Ferguson, [LHC primordial matter is hottest stuff ever made](https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22173-lhc-primordial-matter-is-hottest-stuff-ever-made/), *[New Scientist](/wiki/New_Scientist "New Scientist")*, 14 August 2012\.
### Energy loss
A basic process in QCD is the energy loss of a fast parton in a medium composed of color charges. This phenomenon, "jet quenching", is especially useful in the study of the QGP, using the naturally occurring products (jets) of the hard scattering of quarks and gluons from the incoming nuclei. A highly energetic parton (a color charge) probes the colored medium rather like an X\-ray probes ordinary matter. The production of these partonic probes in hadronic collisions is well understood within perturbative QCD. The theory also shows that a parton traversing the medium will lose a fraction of its energy in emitting many soft (low energy) gluons. The amount of the radiated energy is proportional to the density of the medium and to the square of the path length travelled by the parton in the medium. Theory also predicts that the energy loss depends on the flavor of the parton.
Jet quenching was first observed at RHIC by measuring the yields of hadrons with high transverse momentum. These particles are produced via fragmentation of energetic partons. The yields of these high\-pT particles in central nucleus–nucleus collisions were found to be a factor of five lower than expected from the measurements in proton–proton reactions. ALICE has recently published the measurement of charged particles in central heavy\-ion collisions at the LHC. As at RHIC, the production of high\-pT hadrons at the LHC is strongly suppressed. However, the observations at the LHC show qualitatively new features. The observation from ALICE is consistent with reports from the ATLAS and CMS collaborations on direct evidence for parton energy loss within heavy\-ion collisions using fully reconstructed back\-to\-back jets of particles associated with hard parton scatterings.[ALICE tracks charm energy loss](https://cerncourier.com/alice-tracks-charm-energy-loss-in-the-qgp/) *CERN Courier*, 31 May 2012\. The latter two experiments have shown a strong energy imbalance between the jet and its recoiling partner (G Aad et al. 2010 and CMS collaboration 2011\). This imbalance is thought to arise because one of the jets traversed the hot and dense matter, transferring a substantial fraction of its energy to the medium in a way that is not recovered by the reconstruction of the jets.
### Studying quarkonium hadroproduction
Quarkonia are bound states of heavy flavour quarks (charm or bottom) and their antiquarks. Two types of quarkonia have been extensively studied: charmonia, which consist of a charm quark and an anti\-charm, and bottomonia made of a bottom and an anti\-bottom quark. Charm and anticharm quarks in the presence of the Quark Gluon Plasma, in which there are many free color charges, are not able to see each other any more and therefore they cannot form bound states. The "melting" of quarkonia into the QGP manifests itself in the suppression of the quarkonium yields compared to the production without the presence of the QGP. The search for quarkonia suppression as a QGP signature started 25 years ago. The first ALICE results for charm hadrons in PbPb collisions at a center\-of\-mass energy √sNN \= 2\.76 TeV indicate strong in\-medium energy loss for charm and strange quarks that is an indication of the formation of the hot medium of QGP.[Studying Quarkonium hadroproduction with ALICE](http://alicematters.web.cern.ch/?q=ALICE_Quarkonium) ALICE Matters, 20 August 2013\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\.
As the temperature increases so does the colour screening resulting in greater suppression of the quarkonium states as it is more difficult for charm – anticharm or bottom – antibottom to form new bound states. At very high temperatures no quarkonium states are expected to survive; they melt in the QGP. Quarkonium sequential suppression is therefore considered as a QGP thermometer, as states with different masses have different sizes and are expected to be screened and dissociated at different temperatures. However \- as the collision energy increases \- so does the number of charm\-anticharm quarks that can form bound states, and a balancing mechanism of recombination of quarkonia may appear as we move to higher energies.
The results from the first ALICE run are rather striking, when compared with the observations from lower energies. While a similar suppression is observed at LHC energies for peripheral collisions, when moving towards more head\-on collisions – as quantified by the increasing number of nucleons in the lead nuclei participating in the interaction – the suppression no longer increases. Therefore, despite the higher temperatures attained in the nuclear collisions at the LHC, more J/ψ mesons are detected by the ALICE experiment in Pb–Pb with respect to p–p. Such an effect is likely to be related to a regeneration process occurring at the temperature boundary between the QGP and a hot gas of hadrons.
The suppression of charmonium states was also observed in proton\-lead collisions at the LHC, in which Quark Gluon Plasma is not formed. This suggests that the observed suppression in proton\-nucleus collisions (pA) is due to cold nuclear matter effects. Grasping the wealth of experimental results requires understanding the medium modification of quarkonia and disentangling hot and cold\-matter effects. Today there is a large amount of data available from RHIC and LHC on charmonium and bottomonium suppression and ALICE tries to distinguish between effects due to the formation of the QGP and those from cold nuclear matter effects.
### Double\-ridge structure in p\-Pb collisions
[thumb\|ALICE records first proton\-lead collisions at the LHC](/wiki/File:Test8.png "Test8.png")
The analysis of the data from the p\-Pb collisions at the LHC revealed a completely unexpected double\-ridge structure with so far unknown origin. The proton–lead (p–Pb) collisions in 2013, two years after its heavy\-ion collisions opened a new chapter in exploration of the properties of the deconfined, chirally symmetrical state of the QGP. A surprising near\-side, long\-range (elongated in pseudorapidity) correlation, forming a ridge\-like structure observed in high\-multiplicity pp collisions, was also found in high\-multiplicity p–Pb collisions, but with a much larger amplitude.[ALICE and ATLAS find intriguing double ridge in proton\-lead collisions](https://cerncourier.com/alice-and-atlas-find-intriguing-double-ridge-in-proton-lead-collisions/) *CERN Courier*, 20 February 2013\. However, the biggest surprise came from the observation that this near\-side ridge is accompanied by an essentially symmetrical away\-side ridge, opposite in azimuth (CERN Courier March 2013 p6\). This double ridge was revealed after the short\-range correlations arising from jet fragmentation and resonance decays were suppressed by subtracting the correlation distribution measured for low\-multiplicity events from the one for high\-multiplicity events.
Similar long\-range structures in heavy\-ion collisions have been attributed to the collective flow of particles emitted from a thermalized system undergoing a collective hydrodynamic expansion. This anisotropy can be characterized by means of the vn (n \= 2, 3, ...) coefficients of a Fourier decomposition of the single\-particle azimuthal distribution. To test the possible presence of collective phenomena further, the ALICE collaboration has extended the two\-particle correlation analysis to identified particles, checking for a potential mass ordering of the v2 harmonic coefficients. Such an ordering in mass was observed in heavy\-ion collisions, where it was interpreted to arise from a common radial boost – the so\-called radial flow – coupled to the anisotropy in momentum space. Continuing the surprises, a clear particle\-mass ordering, similar to the one observed in mid\-central Pb{{Ndash}}Pb collisions (CERN Courier, September 2013\), has been measured in high\-multiplicity p{{Ndash}}Pb collisions.
The final surprise, so far, comes from the charmonium states. Whereas J/ψ production does not reveal any unexpected behaviour, the production of the heavier and less\-bound (2S) state indicates a strong suppression (0\.5–0\.7\) with respect to J/ψ, when compared with p{{Ndash}}p collisions. Is this a hint of effects of the medium? Indeed, in heavy\-ion collisions, such a suppression has been interpreted as a sequential melting of quarkonia states, depending on their binding energy and the temperature of the QGP created in these collisions.
The first p{{Ndash}}Pb measurement campaign, expected results were widely accompanied by unanticipated observations. Among the expected results is the confirmation that proton–nucleus collisions provide an appropriate tool to study the partonic structure of cold nuclear matter in detail. The surprises have come from the similarity of several observables between p{{Ndash}}Pb and Pb{{Ndash}}Pb collisions, which hint at the existence of collective phenomena in p{{Ndash}}Pb collisions with high particle multiplicity and, eventually, the formation of QGP.[Is Cold nuclear matter really cold?](https://cerncourier.com/alice-is-cold-nuclear-matter-really-cold/) *CERN Courier*, 24 February 2014\.
|
[
"Results\n-------",
"[thumb\\|Events recorded by the ALICE experiment from the first lead ion collisions, at a centre\\-of\\-mass energy of 2\\.76 TeV per nucleon pair.](/wiki/File:1011252_11-A4-at-144-dpi.jpg \"1011252 11-A4-at-144-dpi.jpg\")",
"The physics program of ALICE includes the following main topics: i) the study of the thermalization of partons in the QGP with focus on the massive charming beauty quarks and understanding the behavior of these heavy quarks in relation to the strongly coupled medium of QGP, ii) the study of the mechanisms of energy loss that occur in the medium and the dependencies of energy loss on the parton species, iii) the dissociation of quarkonium states which can be a probe of deconfinement and of the temperature of the medium and finally the production of thermal photons and low\\-mass dileptons emitted by the QGP which is about assessing the initial temperature and degrees of freedom of the systems as well as the chiral nature of the phase transition.",
"The ALICE collaboration presented its first results from LHC proton collisions at a centre\\-of\\-mass energy of 7 TeV in March 2010\\.[ALICE presents first results at 7 TeV](https://cerncourier.com/alice-reveals-first-results-at-7-tev/) *CERN Courier*, 7 June 2010\\. The results confirmed that the charged\\-particle multiplicity is rising with energy faster than expected while the shape of the multiplicity distribution is not reproduced well by standard simulations. The results were based on the analysis of a sample of 300,000 proton–proton collisions the ALICE experiment collected during the first runs of the LHC with stable beams at a centre\\-of\\-mass energy, √s, of 7 TeV,",
"In 2011, the ALICE Collaboration measured the size of the system created in Pb\\-Pb collisions at a centre\\-of\\-mass energy of 2\\.76 TeV per nucleon pair.[ALICE Collaboration measures the size of the fireball in heav\\-ion collisions](https://cerncourier.com/alice-collaboration-measures-the-size-of-the-fireball-in-heavy-ion-collisions/) *CERN Courier*, 3 May 2011\\. ALICE confirmed that the QCD matter created in Pb\\-Pb collisions behaves like a fluid, with strong collective motions that are well described by hydrodynamic equations. The fireball formed in nuclear collisions at the LHC is hotter, lives longer and expands to a larger size than the medium that was formed in heavy\\-ion collisions at RHIC. Multiplicity measurements by the ALICE experiment show that the system initially has much higher energy density and is at least 30% hotter than at RHIC, resulting in about double the particle multiplicity for each colliding nucleon pair (Aamodt et al. 2010a). Further analyses, in particular including the full dependence of these observables on centrality, will provide more insights into the properties of the system – such as initial velocities, the equation of state and the fluid viscosity – and strongly constrain the theoretical modelling of heavy\\-ion collisions.",
"### A perfect liquid at the LHC",
"Off\\-center nuclear collisions, with a finite impact parameter, create a strongly asymmetric \"almond\\-shaped\" fireball. However, experiments cannot measure the spatial dimensions of the interaction (except in special cases, for example in the production of pions, see[ALICE enters new territory in heavy\\-ion collisions](http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/46055l){{Dead link\\|date\\=May 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}, [CERN Courier](/wiki/CERN_Courier \"CERN Courier\"), 25 January 2012). Instead, they measure the momentum distributions of the emitted particles. A correlation between the measured azimuthal momentum distribution of particles emitted from the decaying fireball and the initial spatial asymmetry can arise only from multiple interactions between the constituents of the created matter; in other words it tells us about how the matter flows, which is related to its equation of state and its thermodynamic transport properties.[Hadron spectra probe nature of matter in Pb\\-Pb collisions](https://cerncourier.com/hadron-spectra-probe-nature-of-matter-in-pb-pb-collisions/), *[CERN Courier](/wiki/CERN_Courier \"CERN Courier\")*, 25 January 2012\\.",
"The measured azimuthal distribution of particles in momentum space can be decomposed into Fourier coefficients. The second Fourier coefficient (v2\\), called elliptic flow, is particularly sensitive to the internal friction or viscosity of the fluid, or more precisely, η/s, the ratio of the shear viscosity (η) to entropy (s) of the system. For a good fluid such as water, the η/s ratio is small. A \"thick\" liquid, such as honey, has large values of η/s.",
"In heavy\\-ion collisions at the LHC, the ALICE collaboration found that the hot matter created in the collision behaves like a fluid with little friction, with η/s close to its lower limit (almost zero viscosity). With these measurements, ALICE has just begun to explore the temperature dependence of η/s and we anticipate many more in\\-depth flow\\-related measurements at the LHC that will constrain the hydrodynamic features of the QGP even further.",
"### Measuring the highest temperature on Earth",
"In August 2012, ALICE scientists announced that their experiments produced [quark–gluon plasma](/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma \"Quark–gluon plasma\") with temperature at around 5\\.5 trillion [kelvins](/wiki/Kelvin \"Kelvin\"), the highest temperature mass achieved in any physical experiments thus far.[CERN scientists create the highest temperature mass humanity has ever seen](https://www.yahoo.com/news/blogs/technology-blog/cern-scientists-create-highest-temperature-mass-humanity-ever-034111958.html), [Yahoo! News](/wiki/Yahoo%21_News \"Yahoo! News\"), 14 August 2012\\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\\. This temperature is about 38% higher than the previous record of about 4 trillion kelvins, achieved in the 2010 experiments at the [Brookhaven National Laboratory](/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory \"Brookhaven National Laboratory\").[Hot stuff: CERN physicists create record\\-breaking subatomic soup](http://blogs.nature.com/news/2012/08/hot-stuff-cern-physicists-create-record-breaking-subatomic-soup.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203826/http://blogs.nature.com/news/2012/08/hot\\-stuff\\-cern\\-physicists\\-create\\-record\\-breaking\\-subatomic\\-soup.html \\|date\\=2016\\-03\\-04 }}, [*Nature* newsblog](/wiki/Nature_%28journal%29 \"Nature (journal)\"), 13 August 2012\\.",
"The ALICE results were announced at the August 13 *Quark Matter 2012* conference in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") The quark–gluon plasma produced by these experiments approximates the conditions in the universe that existed microseconds after the [Big Bang](/wiki/Big_Bang \"Big Bang\"), before the matter coalesced into [atoms](/wiki/Atom \"Atom\").Will Ferguson, [LHC primordial matter is hottest stuff ever made](https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22173-lhc-primordial-matter-is-hottest-stuff-ever-made/), *[New Scientist](/wiki/New_Scientist \"New Scientist\")*, 14 August 2012\\.",
"### Energy loss",
"A basic process in QCD is the energy loss of a fast parton in a medium composed of color charges. This phenomenon, \"jet quenching\", is especially useful in the study of the QGP, using the naturally occurring products (jets) of the hard scattering of quarks and gluons from the incoming nuclei. A highly energetic parton (a color charge) probes the colored medium rather like an X\\-ray probes ordinary matter. The production of these partonic probes in hadronic collisions is well understood within perturbative QCD. The theory also shows that a parton traversing the medium will lose a fraction of its energy in emitting many soft (low energy) gluons. The amount of the radiated energy is proportional to the density of the medium and to the square of the path length travelled by the parton in the medium. Theory also predicts that the energy loss depends on the flavor of the parton.",
"Jet quenching was first observed at RHIC by measuring the yields of hadrons with high transverse momentum. These particles are produced via fragmentation of energetic partons. The yields of these high\\-pT particles in central nucleus–nucleus collisions were found to be a factor of five lower than expected from the measurements in proton–proton reactions. ALICE has recently published the measurement of charged particles in central heavy\\-ion collisions at the LHC. As at RHIC, the production of high\\-pT hadrons at the LHC is strongly suppressed. However, the observations at the LHC show qualitatively new features. The observation from ALICE is consistent with reports from the ATLAS and CMS collaborations on direct evidence for parton energy loss within heavy\\-ion collisions using fully reconstructed back\\-to\\-back jets of particles associated with hard parton scatterings.[ALICE tracks charm energy loss](https://cerncourier.com/alice-tracks-charm-energy-loss-in-the-qgp/) *CERN Courier*, 31 May 2012\\. The latter two experiments have shown a strong energy imbalance between the jet and its recoiling partner (G Aad et al. 2010 and CMS collaboration 2011\\). This imbalance is thought to arise because one of the jets traversed the hot and dense matter, transferring a substantial fraction of its energy to the medium in a way that is not recovered by the reconstruction of the jets.",
"### Studying quarkonium hadroproduction",
"Quarkonia are bound states of heavy flavour quarks (charm or bottom) and their antiquarks. Two types of quarkonia have been extensively studied: charmonia, which consist of a charm quark and an anti\\-charm, and bottomonia made of a bottom and an anti\\-bottom quark. Charm and anticharm quarks in the presence of the Quark Gluon Plasma, in which there are many free color charges, are not able to see each other any more and therefore they cannot form bound states. The \"melting\" of quarkonia into the QGP manifests itself in the suppression of the quarkonium yields compared to the production without the presence of the QGP. The search for quarkonia suppression as a QGP signature started 25 years ago. The first ALICE results for charm hadrons in PbPb collisions at a center\\-of\\-mass energy √sNN \\= 2\\.76 TeV indicate strong in\\-medium energy loss for charm and strange quarks that is an indication of the formation of the hot medium of QGP.[Studying Quarkonium hadroproduction with ALICE](http://alicematters.web.cern.ch/?q=ALICE_Quarkonium) ALICE Matters, 20 August 2013\\. Retrieved 20 January 2019\\.",
"As the temperature increases so does the colour screening resulting in greater suppression of the quarkonium states as it is more difficult for charm – anticharm or bottom – antibottom to form new bound states. At very high temperatures no quarkonium states are expected to survive; they melt in the QGP. Quarkonium sequential suppression is therefore considered as a QGP thermometer, as states with different masses have different sizes and are expected to be screened and dissociated at different temperatures. However \\- as the collision energy increases \\- so does the number of charm\\-anticharm quarks that can form bound states, and a balancing mechanism of recombination of quarkonia may appear as we move to higher energies.",
"The results from the first ALICE run are rather striking, when compared with the observations from lower energies. While a similar suppression is observed at LHC energies for peripheral collisions, when moving towards more head\\-on collisions – as quantified by the increasing number of nucleons in the lead nuclei participating in the interaction – the suppression no longer increases. Therefore, despite the higher temperatures attained in the nuclear collisions at the LHC, more J/ψ mesons are detected by the ALICE experiment in Pb–Pb with respect to p–p. Such an effect is likely to be related to a regeneration process occurring at the temperature boundary between the QGP and a hot gas of hadrons.",
"The suppression of charmonium states was also observed in proton\\-lead collisions at the LHC, in which Quark Gluon Plasma is not formed. This suggests that the observed suppression in proton\\-nucleus collisions (pA) is due to cold nuclear matter effects. Grasping the wealth of experimental results requires understanding the medium modification of quarkonia and disentangling hot and cold\\-matter effects. Today there is a large amount of data available from RHIC and LHC on charmonium and bottomonium suppression and ALICE tries to distinguish between effects due to the formation of the QGP and those from cold nuclear matter effects.",
"### Double\\-ridge structure in p\\-Pb collisions",
"[thumb\\|ALICE records first proton\\-lead collisions at the LHC](/wiki/File:Test8.png \"Test8.png\")",
"The analysis of the data from the p\\-Pb collisions at the LHC revealed a completely unexpected double\\-ridge structure with so far unknown origin. The proton–lead (p–Pb) collisions in 2013, two years after its heavy\\-ion collisions opened a new chapter in exploration of the properties of the deconfined, chirally symmetrical state of the QGP. A surprising near\\-side, long\\-range (elongated in pseudorapidity) correlation, forming a ridge\\-like structure observed in high\\-multiplicity pp collisions, was also found in high\\-multiplicity p–Pb collisions, but with a much larger amplitude.[ALICE and ATLAS find intriguing double ridge in proton\\-lead collisions](https://cerncourier.com/alice-and-atlas-find-intriguing-double-ridge-in-proton-lead-collisions/) *CERN Courier*, 20 February 2013\\. However, the biggest surprise came from the observation that this near\\-side ridge is accompanied by an essentially symmetrical away\\-side ridge, opposite in azimuth (CERN Courier March 2013 p6\\). This double ridge was revealed after the short\\-range correlations arising from jet fragmentation and resonance decays were suppressed by subtracting the correlation distribution measured for low\\-multiplicity events from the one for high\\-multiplicity events.",
"Similar long\\-range structures in heavy\\-ion collisions have been attributed to the collective flow of particles emitted from a thermalized system undergoing a collective hydrodynamic expansion. This anisotropy can be characterized by means of the vn (n \\= 2, 3, ...) coefficients of a Fourier decomposition of the single\\-particle azimuthal distribution. To test the possible presence of collective phenomena further, the ALICE collaboration has extended the two\\-particle correlation analysis to identified particles, checking for a potential mass ordering of the v2 harmonic coefficients. Such an ordering in mass was observed in heavy\\-ion collisions, where it was interpreted to arise from a common radial boost – the so\\-called radial flow – coupled to the anisotropy in momentum space. Continuing the surprises, a clear particle\\-mass ordering, similar to the one observed in mid\\-central Pb{{Ndash}}Pb collisions (CERN Courier, September 2013\\), has been measured in high\\-multiplicity p{{Ndash}}Pb collisions.",
"The final surprise, so far, comes from the charmonium states. Whereas J/ψ production does not reveal any unexpected behaviour, the production of the heavier and less\\-bound (2S) state indicates a strong suppression (0\\.5–0\\.7\\) with respect to J/ψ, when compared with p{{Ndash}}p collisions. Is this a hint of effects of the medium? Indeed, in heavy\\-ion collisions, such a suppression has been interpreted as a sequential melting of quarkonia states, depending on their binding energy and the temperature of the QGP created in these collisions.",
"The first p{{Ndash}}Pb measurement campaign, expected results were widely accompanied by unanticipated observations. Among the expected results is the confirmation that proton–nucleus collisions provide an appropriate tool to study the partonic structure of cold nuclear matter in detail. The surprises have come from the similarity of several observables between p{{Ndash}}Pb and Pb{{Ndash}}Pb collisions, which hint at the existence of collective phenomena in p{{Ndash}}Pb collisions with high particle multiplicity and, eventually, the formation of QGP.[Is Cold nuclear matter really cold?](https://cerncourier.com/alice-is-cold-nuclear-matter-really-cold/) *CERN Courier*, 24 February 2014\\.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
According to Zhang's official biography, *Superman,* he was born in 1960 in [Anhui](/wiki/Anhui "Anhui") to very poor parents and was given away at a young age to a couple in [Benxi](/wiki/Benxi "Benxi"), [Liaoning](/wiki/Liaoning "Liaoning"). His adopted father was the [Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary](/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary "Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary") of the [Xihu district of Benxi](/wiki/Xihu_District%2C_Benxi "Xihu District, Benxi"), and his mother was an artist. They both died around the year 2000\.{{Cite web \|date\=2002\-02\-03 \|title\=Strange encounter of the X\-files kind \|url\=https://www.scmp.com/article/370590/strange\-encounter\-x\-files\-kind \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-04 \|website\=South China Morning Post \|language\=en}} He graduated junior high school and took occupation as a miner. Zhang's claim of supernatural abilities came following the popularity of a [Dazu](/wiki/Dazu%2C_Chongqing "Dazu, Chongqing") schoolboy, Tang Yu. David Palmer, author of *[Qigong Fever: Body, Science, and Utopia in China](/wiki/Qigong_Fever:Body%2C_Science%2C_and_Utopia_in_China "Body, Science, and Utopia in China")*, wrote that Yu first rose to popularity in 1978\. He was said to have been walking when he accused the friend that was accompanying him, Chen Xiaoming, of concealing a certain brand of Chinese cigarettes in his pocket. Xiaoming initially denied it but Yu reached in his pocket and pulled them out. Xiaoming was amazed at the fact.{{Cite book \|last\=Palmer \|first\=David \|title\=\[\[Qigong Fever: Body, Science, and Utopia in China]] \|publisher\=\[\[Columbia University Press]] \|year\=2007 \|location\=New York \|pages\=60, 61}} Tang Yu's claims attained credence because of the communist government's confirmation of his abilities.{{Cite book \|last\=Palmer \|first\=David \|title\=\[\[Qigong Fever: Body, Science, and Utopia in China]] \|publisher\=\[\[Columbia University Press]] \|year\=2007 \|location\=New York \|pages\=310}} Yu was described by The *[Sichuan Daily](/wiki/Sichuan_Daily "Sichuan Daily")*, an official [Chinese Communist Party](/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party "Chinese Communist Party") (CCP) newspaper, as, "a child who could allegedly read [Chinese characters](/wiki/Chinese_characters "Chinese characters") with his ears." Yu was apparently able to read the characters of small balled up pieces of paper placed within his ear. Similarly, Zhang Baosheng was first "able to read with his nose." Zhang was said to be capable of "smelling" the contents of concealed written messages.
Zhang claimed further abilities such as seeing through people's bodies and the ability to place objects in closed containers without touching them. Zhang was called on by the local police to assist in solving criminal cases and by the local hospital to serve as a human [X\-ray machine](/wiki/X-ray_machine "X-ray machine").
In the spring of 1982, Zhang was invited by the Chinese Somatic Science Society (CSSS) to demonstrate his skills, and he convinced them of his abilities. Afterwards, CCP leaders in [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing "Beijing") learned of Zhang and were interested. Zhang was one of the "Healers with Extraordinary Powers" invited into the [Zhongnanhai](/wiki/Zhongnanhai "Zhongnanhai") leadership compound to treat the daughter\-in\-law of General [Chen Geng](/wiki/Chen_Geng "Chen Geng"). Zhang, described as charismatic, earned the trust of the officials. He was invited to the home of [Ye Jianying](/wiki/Ye_Jianying "Ye Jianying"), who orchestrated the overthrow of the "[Gang of Four](/wiki/Gang_of_Four "Gang of Four")" following the death of [Mao Zedong](/wiki/Mao_Zedong "Mao Zedong"). After the demonstration in which he read characters on folded paper, Ye exclaimed amazement and support for research on Extraordinary Powers. He was again called to Ye's home after he had fallen sick with a respiratory illness. Zhang reportedly produced [phlegm](/wiki/Phlegm "Phlegm") from Ye's throat and chest using *[qi](/wiki/Qi "Qi")*, allowing him to breathe easy.{{Cite journal \|last\=Cramer \|first\=William \|date\=April 13, 2020 \|title\=The Rise and Fall of Qigong \|url\=https://digitalcommons.oberlin.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1684\&context\=honors \|journal\=Honors Papers, Oberlin College \|via\=Digital Commons}} Ye gave him a special passport allowing him access to important places, ordered him paid well, and given good living conditions. His supposed powers were further researched by No. 506 Institute of Aeronautical Engineering of the Commission of Science Technology and Industry for National Defense ([COSTIND](/wiki/COSTIND "COSTIND")) where he was appointed. He was the first to push ideas of a "cosmic field," almost aura in which participation, through *Qigong,* or through simply observing, would allow extraordinary events to occur, even miracles.
By the mid 1980s, Zhang was a favorite among CCP leaders, and the most renowned of any of the masters of Extraordinary Powers. He had developed a cult\-like following among the people of China, specifically Beijing. Believers in the Extraordinary Powers believed him decidedly the most powerful. He performed for top government officials, military leaders, scientists, actors, actresses, and foreigners. By the late 1980s *Qigong* was a sensation. He was called "superman," "person from the stars," "guest from other world," "living buddha," even "Chinese God." He drove a luxury car, and he lived in a luxury home; these were conditions reserved for the most respected Chinese officials. He had a siren on his car that allowed him to go through traffic lights.
In 1988, he was exposed by the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal ([CSICOP](/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry "Committee for Skeptical Inquiry")). The committee investigated whether he could truly pull a pill through a bottle, and if he could truly read a concealed message. The demonstration took place in front of a crowd of 50 people, including high ranking officials and scientists. However the experiment was not in the control of the committee and many opportunities for tampering were introduced, such as Zhang leaving the room unattended 11 times. The sealed points on all four bottles were revealed broken even when Zhang was cautioned not to. When it came time for Zhang to read the message in the sealed and covertly marked envelope, He folded the envelope and handed it to one of the experimenters, and said he would reveal the message in 15 minutes. He then left the room. Upon his exit, Ti Yueli, a Beijing illusionist performer invited to observe by CSICOP, revealed that Zhang had used [sleight of hand](/wiki/Sleight_of_hand "Sleight of hand") to replace the envelope with a facsimile. This was confirmed when the folded envelope was examined and no marks were found. When Zhang came back he refused to reveal the message and would not speak further on the performance. The show was photographed. Believers stated the presence of magician [James Randi](/wiki/James_Randi "James Randi"), CSICOP co\-founder, was the reason for the failure. They accused Randi of using his own powers to counteract that of Zhang's.{{Cite book \|last\=Palmer \|first\=David \|title\=\[\[Qigong Fever: Body, Science, and Utopia in China]] \|publisher\=\[\[Columbia University Press]] \|year\=2007 \|location\=New York \|pages\=132}}
Zhang was further exposed in various Taiwanese news publication through the 1990s, some dubbing him a "low\-level magician." Indeed many of his tricks can be explained through illusionist techniques. His supposed healings often resulted in a fluid or blob of some form appearing in his hand which he would claim he removed from the body. Before one treatment in 1990, he took a long shower in the hotel room. Afterwards, he removed pus from a patient's lesion. Curiously, after Zhang left it was observed that a new piece of soap had scratches on it, and it was theorized the pus was water and soap. Other skills that he was famous for such as spoon\-bending, smoke from the fingers, and rejoining torn cards have long been exposed as common trickery. The rest of his abilities were explainable through sleight of hand and because each time he performed he left the room unattended often. He claimed this was due to *Qigong* Rejuvenation and body regulation. He was also followed around by an entourage of followers that would provide distraction and confirm a trick successful even when it had not been.
Zhang Baosheng became more and more discredited through the 1990s. The government was cracking down on such outlandish claims. In 1994, the [Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party](/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party") issued, "Several Opinions on Strengthening the Popularization of Science," which promoted fact\-based finding. Afterwards, several articles discrediting Zhang were published in China. In 1998, all testing with the Institute of Aeronautical Engineering of COSTIND ceased after 16 years, yet he was still allowed a place in the Space Research Centre.
*Qigong* became associated with the [Falun Gong](/wiki/Falun_Gong "Falun Gong"). When the Chinese government started their [persecution of the Falun Gong](/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong "Persecution of Falun Gong") in 1999, they associated with Zhang even less, and he then tried to remain out of the public eye. He was still very rich, well respected among the powerful of China, and his services were still in demand. His last public appearance was in 2002 at the farewell ceremony of [Wu Shaozu](/wiki/Wu_Shaozu "Wu Shaozu"), who at one point ran the day\-to\-day of China's military\-industrial research budget and approved research on Zhang. General Wu was forced to relinquish his post as head of the National Sports Commission due to the Falun Gong persecution.
Zhang died in the early morning of August 3, 2018 in Beijing. His cause of death was a heart attack at age 58\. In his later years, he lived unhappily in seclusion with a small circle.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"According to Zhang's official biography, *Superman,* he was born in 1960 in [Anhui](/wiki/Anhui \"Anhui\") to very poor parents and was given away at a young age to a couple in [Benxi](/wiki/Benxi \"Benxi\"), [Liaoning](/wiki/Liaoning \"Liaoning\"). His adopted father was the [Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary](/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary \"Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary\") of the [Xihu district of Benxi](/wiki/Xihu_District%2C_Benxi \"Xihu District, Benxi\"), and his mother was an artist. They both died around the year 2000\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2002\\-02\\-03 \\|title\\=Strange encounter of the X\\-files kind \\|url\\=https://www.scmp.com/article/370590/strange\\-encounter\\-x\\-files\\-kind \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-04 \\|website\\=South China Morning Post \\|language\\=en}} He graduated junior high school and took occupation as a miner. Zhang's claim of supernatural abilities came following the popularity of a [Dazu](/wiki/Dazu%2C_Chongqing \"Dazu, Chongqing\") schoolboy, Tang Yu. David Palmer, author of *[Qigong Fever: Body, Science, and Utopia in China](/wiki/Qigong_Fever:Body%2C_Science%2C_and_Utopia_in_China \"Body, Science, and Utopia in China\")*, wrote that Yu first rose to popularity in 1978\\. He was said to have been walking when he accused the friend that was accompanying him, Chen Xiaoming, of concealing a certain brand of Chinese cigarettes in his pocket. Xiaoming initially denied it but Yu reached in his pocket and pulled them out. Xiaoming was amazed at the fact.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Palmer \\|first\\=David \\|title\\=\\[\\[Qigong Fever: Body, Science, and Utopia in China]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Columbia University Press]] \\|year\\=2007 \\|location\\=New York \\|pages\\=60, 61}} Tang Yu's claims attained credence because of the communist government's confirmation of his abilities.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Palmer \\|first\\=David \\|title\\=\\[\\[Qigong Fever: Body, Science, and Utopia in China]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Columbia University Press]] \\|year\\=2007 \\|location\\=New York \\|pages\\=310}} Yu was described by The *[Sichuan Daily](/wiki/Sichuan_Daily \"Sichuan Daily\")*, an official [Chinese Communist Party](/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party \"Chinese Communist Party\") (CCP) newspaper, as, \"a child who could allegedly read [Chinese characters](/wiki/Chinese_characters \"Chinese characters\") with his ears.\" Yu was apparently able to read the characters of small balled up pieces of paper placed within his ear. Similarly, Zhang Baosheng was first \"able to read with his nose.\" Zhang was said to be capable of \"smelling\" the contents of concealed written messages.",
"Zhang claimed further abilities such as seeing through people's bodies and the ability to place objects in closed containers without touching them. Zhang was called on by the local police to assist in solving criminal cases and by the local hospital to serve as a human [X\\-ray machine](/wiki/X-ray_machine \"X-ray machine\").",
"In the spring of 1982, Zhang was invited by the Chinese Somatic Science Society (CSSS) to demonstrate his skills, and he convinced them of his abilities. Afterwards, CCP leaders in [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\") learned of Zhang and were interested. Zhang was one of the \"Healers with Extraordinary Powers\" invited into the [Zhongnanhai](/wiki/Zhongnanhai \"Zhongnanhai\") leadership compound to treat the daughter\\-in\\-law of General [Chen Geng](/wiki/Chen_Geng \"Chen Geng\"). Zhang, described as charismatic, earned the trust of the officials. He was invited to the home of [Ye Jianying](/wiki/Ye_Jianying \"Ye Jianying\"), who orchestrated the overthrow of the \"[Gang of Four](/wiki/Gang_of_Four \"Gang of Four\")\" following the death of [Mao Zedong](/wiki/Mao_Zedong \"Mao Zedong\"). After the demonstration in which he read characters on folded paper, Ye exclaimed amazement and support for research on Extraordinary Powers. He was again called to Ye's home after he had fallen sick with a respiratory illness. Zhang reportedly produced [phlegm](/wiki/Phlegm \"Phlegm\") from Ye's throat and chest using *[qi](/wiki/Qi \"Qi\")*, allowing him to breathe easy.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Cramer \\|first\\=William \\|date\\=April 13, 2020 \\|title\\=The Rise and Fall of Qigong \\|url\\=https://digitalcommons.oberlin.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1684\\&context\\=honors \\|journal\\=Honors Papers, Oberlin College \\|via\\=Digital Commons}} Ye gave him a special passport allowing him access to important places, ordered him paid well, and given good living conditions. His supposed powers were further researched by No. 506 Institute of Aeronautical Engineering of the Commission of Science Technology and Industry for National Defense ([COSTIND](/wiki/COSTIND \"COSTIND\")) where he was appointed. He was the first to push ideas of a \"cosmic field,\" almost aura in which participation, through *Qigong,* or through simply observing, would allow extraordinary events to occur, even miracles.",
"By the mid 1980s, Zhang was a favorite among CCP leaders, and the most renowned of any of the masters of Extraordinary Powers. He had developed a cult\\-like following among the people of China, specifically Beijing. Believers in the Extraordinary Powers believed him decidedly the most powerful. He performed for top government officials, military leaders, scientists, actors, actresses, and foreigners. By the late 1980s *Qigong* was a sensation. He was called \"superman,\" \"person from the stars,\" \"guest from other world,\" \"living buddha,\" even \"Chinese God.\" He drove a luxury car, and he lived in a luxury home; these were conditions reserved for the most respected Chinese officials. He had a siren on his car that allowed him to go through traffic lights.",
"In 1988, he was exposed by the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal ([CSICOP](/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry \"Committee for Skeptical Inquiry\")). The committee investigated whether he could truly pull a pill through a bottle, and if he could truly read a concealed message. The demonstration took place in front of a crowd of 50 people, including high ranking officials and scientists. However the experiment was not in the control of the committee and many opportunities for tampering were introduced, such as Zhang leaving the room unattended 11 times. The sealed points on all four bottles were revealed broken even when Zhang was cautioned not to. When it came time for Zhang to read the message in the sealed and covertly marked envelope, He folded the envelope and handed it to one of the experimenters, and said he would reveal the message in 15 minutes. He then left the room. Upon his exit, Ti Yueli, a Beijing illusionist performer invited to observe by CSICOP, revealed that Zhang had used [sleight of hand](/wiki/Sleight_of_hand \"Sleight of hand\") to replace the envelope with a facsimile. This was confirmed when the folded envelope was examined and no marks were found. When Zhang came back he refused to reveal the message and would not speak further on the performance. The show was photographed. Believers stated the presence of magician [James Randi](/wiki/James_Randi \"James Randi\"), CSICOP co\\-founder, was the reason for the failure. They accused Randi of using his own powers to counteract that of Zhang's.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Palmer \\|first\\=David \\|title\\=\\[\\[Qigong Fever: Body, Science, and Utopia in China]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Columbia University Press]] \\|year\\=2007 \\|location\\=New York \\|pages\\=132}}",
"Zhang was further exposed in various Taiwanese news publication through the 1990s, some dubbing him a \"low\\-level magician.\" Indeed many of his tricks can be explained through illusionist techniques. His supposed healings often resulted in a fluid or blob of some form appearing in his hand which he would claim he removed from the body. Before one treatment in 1990, he took a long shower in the hotel room. Afterwards, he removed pus from a patient's lesion. Curiously, after Zhang left it was observed that a new piece of soap had scratches on it, and it was theorized the pus was water and soap. Other skills that he was famous for such as spoon\\-bending, smoke from the fingers, and rejoining torn cards have long been exposed as common trickery. The rest of his abilities were explainable through sleight of hand and because each time he performed he left the room unattended often. He claimed this was due to *Qigong* Rejuvenation and body regulation. He was also followed around by an entourage of followers that would provide distraction and confirm a trick successful even when it had not been.",
"Zhang Baosheng became more and more discredited through the 1990s. The government was cracking down on such outlandish claims. In 1994, the [Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party](/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\") issued, \"Several Opinions on Strengthening the Popularization of Science,\" which promoted fact\\-based finding. Afterwards, several articles discrediting Zhang were published in China. In 1998, all testing with the Institute of Aeronautical Engineering of COSTIND ceased after 16 years, yet he was still allowed a place in the Space Research Centre.",
"*Qigong* became associated with the [Falun Gong](/wiki/Falun_Gong \"Falun Gong\"). When the Chinese government started their [persecution of the Falun Gong](/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong \"Persecution of Falun Gong\") in 1999, they associated with Zhang even less, and he then tried to remain out of the public eye. He was still very rich, well respected among the powerful of China, and his services were still in demand. His last public appearance was in 2002 at the farewell ceremony of [Wu Shaozu](/wiki/Wu_Shaozu \"Wu Shaozu\"), who at one point ran the day\\-to\\-day of China's military\\-industrial research budget and approved research on Zhang. General Wu was forced to relinquish his post as head of the National Sports Commission due to the Falun Gong persecution.",
"Zhang died in the early morning of August 3, 2018 in Beijing. His cause of death was a heart attack at age 58\\. In his later years, he lived unhappily in seclusion with a small circle.",
""
] |
Individual ambulances
---------------------
### {{lang\|fr\|Ambulance Anglaise}}
[thumb\|Richard Wallace pictured in 1857](/wiki/File:Sir_Richard_Wallace.jpg "Sir Richard Wallace.jpg")
A prominent British resident of Paris, [Richard Wallace](/wiki/Sir_Richard_Wallace%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir Richard Wallace, 1st Baronet") contributed funds to establish two ambulances during the siege: one for French wounded and one for "sick and destitute" British citizens.{{cite book \|last\=Horne \|first\=Alastair \|year\=1965 \|title\=The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune 1870–71 \|pages\=167–168 \|publisher\=Penguin \|location\=London \|isbn\=978\-0\-14\-103063\-0}} He also contributed more than £12,000 of funding for the ambulances as part of the 2\.5 million francs he gave to relieve suffering in Paris during the war.{{cite web \|last1 \= Devlin \|first1 \= Patrick \|title \= Sir Richard Wallace (1818–1890\): Art Collector and philanthropist \|url \= http://www.newulsterbiography.co.uk/index.php/home/viewperson/1677 \|publisher \= Dictionary of Ulster Biography \|accessdate \= 10 December 2018 }}{{cite news \|title \= Lisburn benefactor Sir Richard Wallace was a man of international standing \|url \= https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/lisburn\-benefactor\-sir\-richard\-wallace\-was\-a\-man\-of\-international\-standing\-1\-8544103 \|accessdate \= 10 December 2018 \|work \= Belfast News Letter \|date \= 25 June 2018 \|language \= en }} Despite having the opportunity to flee, Wallace chose to remain in the city throughout the war.{{cite book \|last1 \= Weis \|first1 \= René \|title \= The Real Traviata: The Song of Marie Duplessis \|date \= 2015 \|publisher \= Oxford University Press \|isbn \= 9780198708544 \|page \= 259 \|url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=SzpKCgAAQBAJ \|language \= en }} The ambulances, staffed by English surgeons, became known as the {{lang\|fr\|Ambulance Anglaise}} ("English Ambulance"), though Wallace named the field portion of the unit after [his father, the Marquess of Hertford](/wiki/Richard_Seymour-Conway%2C_4th_Marquess_of_Hertford "Richard Seymour-Conway, 4th Marquess of Hertford").{{cite journal \|first\=John Rose \|last\=Cormack \|title\=Successful resection of the shoulder\-joint in a case of gunshot wound \|journal \= \[\[British Medical Journal]] \|volume\=2 \|issue\=714 \|date \= 5 September 1874 \|page\=299 \|publisher \= British Medical Association \|url \= https://books.google.co.uk/books?id\=6HRMAQAAMAAJ\&pg\=PA299 \|language \= en }}{{cite book \|title \= Art, Pictorial and Industrial: An Illustrated Magazine \|date \= 1871 \|publisher \= S. Low, son, \& Marston \|page \= 146 \|url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=WWQ\-AQAAMAAJ \|accessdate \= 10 December 2018 \|language \= en }} The unit provided a hospital of 50 beds in the city and absorbed some of the staff of the [American Ambulance](/wiki/American_Ambulance_%28Franco-Prussian_War%29 "American Ambulance (Franco-Prussian War)") after it was disbanded in March.{{cite book \|last1 \= Sheppard \|first1 \= Nathan \|title \= Shut Up in Paris \|date \= 1871 \|publisher \= Bernhard Tauchnitz \|page \= 257 \|url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=AiYvuxlKeJoC \|accessdate \= 10 December 2018 }}
After the war, Wallace's ambulances were absorbed into the [Hertford British Hospital](/wiki/Hertford_British_Hospital "Hertford British Hospital"), established in Paris by Wallace on 15 October 1871\.{{cite journal \|editor\-first\=Francis H. \|editor\-last\=Brown \|title \= New English Hospital in Paris \|journal \= The New England Journal of Medicine \|volume\=85
\|issue\=19 \|date \= 9 November 1871 \|publisher \= Massachusetts Medical Society \|page \= 311 \|url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=oLI1AQAAMAAJ \|accessdate \= 10 December 2018 \|language \= en }} As a result of his work, Wallace was said to be the most popular British resident of the city. He was honoured by having a street named for him and received the [Legion of Honour](/wiki/Legion_of_Honour "Legion of Honour") from France and a baronetcy from Queen Victoria.
### Anglo\-American Ambulance
[thumb\|Charles E. Ryan in the uniform of the Anglo\-American Ambulance of 1870–71](/wiki/File:Charles_e_ryan.jpg "Charles e ryan.jpg")
The Anglo\-American Ambulance was formed as a splinter of the [American Ambulance](/wiki/American_Ambulance_%28Franco-Prussian_War%29 "American Ambulance (Franco-Prussian War)"), following a dispute between medical staff and the ambulance committee over deployments (the committee wanted to wait for the siege to begin whereas the doctors wanted to immediately head to the front). The Anglo\-American Ambulance was led by Confederate [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") veteran [J. Marion Sims](/wiki/J._Marion_Sims "J. Marion Sims"), who was then resident in France, and British surgeon [William MacCormac](/wiki/William_MacCormac "William MacCormac").{{cite book \|last1\=Crossland \|first1\=James \|title\=War, Law and Humanity: The Campaign to Control Warfare, 1853–1914 \|date\=2018 \|publisher\=Bloomsbury \|isbn\=9781350041233 \|page\=110 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=CCJZDwAAQBAJ \|accessdate\=8 January 2019 \|language\=en}} The new ambulance was partially funded by the British Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War and consisted of 8 American and 8 English medical staff with three ambulance wagons.{{rp\|Ch 1–3}}{{cite book \|last1 \= Harris \|first1 \= Seale \|title \= Woman's surgeon: the life story of J. Marion Sims \|date \= 1950 \|location \= New York \|publisher \= Macmillan \|url \= https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/18614462?q\&versionId\=21852802 \|accessdate \= 11 December 2018 \|language \= en }} All bar one of the Americans were former Confederate Army surgeons.{{rp\|Ch 1–3}}
Charles E. Ryan served with the corps as a dresser and assistant surgeon and in 1896 published an account of his time with the unit.{{cite book \|url\=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41689/41689\-h/41689\-h.htm \|title\=With an Ambulance during the Franco\-German War 1870–1871 \|last\=Ryan \|first\=Charles E. \|location\=New York \|publisher\=Charles Scribner's Sons \|year\=1896 \|isbn\=9781845749538 \|via\=Project Gutenberg}} The unit left Paris on 28 August by train for the battlefield of Carignan but was delayed as Prussian forces had captured the railway line. The ambulance was held at [Sedan](/wiki/Sedan%2C_Ardennes "Sedan, Ardennes") railway station where its personnel encountered the French Emperor [Napoleon III](/wiki/Napoleon_III "Napoleon III") and the retreating survivors of the [Battle of Beaumont](/wiki/Battle_of_Beaumont "Battle of Beaumont"). The ambulance attempted to move towards the front by road but found it was caught between the two armies and returned to Sedan.{{rp\|Ch 1–3}} Twelve men of the ambulance treated more than 600 wounded of the subsequent [Battle of Sedan](/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan "Battle of Sedan") (1–2 September) from a hospital that periodically came under shellfire. The remaining four medical staff ran a secondary hospital at Balan which treated the wounded of a battle fought there on 31 August and those of the 1 September [Battle of Bazeilles](/wiki/Battle_of_Bazeilles "Battle of Bazeilles").{{rp\|Ch 4–7}} With the ambulance at Sedan was [Marcus Beck](/wiki/Marcus_Beck "Marcus Beck") who reported that the French army surgeons had not adopted the anti\-septic measures advocated by his father's cousin [Joseph Lister](/wiki/Joseph_Lister "Joseph Lister").{{cite journal \|last1\=Sakula \|first1\=Alex \|title\=Marcus Beck Library: Who Was Marcus Beck? \|journal\=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine \|date\=29 June 2016 \|volume\=78 \|issue\=12 \|pages\=1047–1049 \|doi\=10\.1177/014107688507801214 \|pmid\=3906125 \|pmc\=1290062 \|language\=en}}
Following the French defeat, the ambulance was re\-united at Sedan under Prussian occupation and erected 36 tents to accommodate the large number of wounded from the recent battles and those given to their care by the Prussian forces.{{rp\|Ch 4–7}} The ambulance was granted permission to leave Sedan for Paris on 4 October and travelled via Belgium and [Rouen](/wiki/Rouen "Rouen").{{rp\|Ch 8–11}} However, it proved impossible to enter the capital due to the ongoing siege and instead the unit was placed at the disposal of the Prussian Army at [Versailles](/wiki/Versailles "Versailles") by [Robert Loyd\-Lindsay](/wiki/Robert_Loyd-Lindsay%2C_1st_Baron_Wantage "Robert Loyd-Lindsay, 1st Baron Wantage") of the British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War. At around this time the ambulance changed its previously French\-inspired uniform for that of the British Army's Royal Artillery undress uniform.{{rp\|Ch 12–16}}
The ambulance arrived at the city of [Orléans](/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans "Orléans") on 20 October, travelling through the scene of the [First Battle of Orléans](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Orl%C3%A9ans "First Battle of Orléans") which was fought on 10 October. The ambulance was ordered to take over the running of a 150\-bed hospital in the railway station and to be ready to take to the field as necessary.{{rp\|Ch 12–16}} The Prussians evacuated the city on the night of 8 November and left all of the wounded there in the care of the ambulance. The unit sent a field unit to the 9 November [Battle of Coulmiers](/wiki/Battle_of_Coulmiers "Battle of Coulmiers") where the Prussians were defeated. [Orléans](/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans "Orléans") subsequently came into French control and they cleared the ambulance from the railway station and moved it into overcrowded private houses.{{rp\|Ch 17–20}}
An engagement occurred at nearby Neuville on 24 November and the ambulance sent men into the field to tend to the wounded of this and subsequent skirmishes of 25 and 26 November.{{rp\|Ch 17–24}}{{rp\|Ch 21–24}} The ambulance managed to secure space for a 300\-bed hospital at the [Church of St. Euverte](/wiki/%C3%89glise_Saint-Euverte_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans "Église Saint-Euverte d'Orléans"). The Prussians commenced the [Second Battle of Orléans](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_%281870%29 "Second Battle of Orléans (1870)") on 3 December and large numbers of wounded were soon brought back to the ambulance. A field unit was sent out on 4 December but the speed of the French retreat meant that a field hospital could not be established. Prussian forces retook Orléans on the night of 4 December, bringing the ambulance under their orders once again. A mobile unit was provided for the [Battle of Beaugency](/wiki/Battle_of_Beaugency_%281870%29 "Battle of Beaugency (1870)") on 7 December and returned to the city on 10 December with wagons loaded with wounded men. A number of the ambulance's men were arrested by the Prussian authorities on suspicion of espionage whilst procuring medical supplies at [Étampes](/wiki/%C3%89tampes "Étampes") but were shortly thereafter released.{{rp\|21–24}} The ambulance remained in Orléans until the [armistice](/wiki/Armistice_of_Versailles "Armistice of Versailles") was signed and disbanded in early March with its equipment being handed over to the French in Paris.{{rp\|Ch 28–31}}
The Anglo\-American Ambulance has been described as a key means of exchanging medical best practice between the volunteers and the French and Prussian surgeons they worked with. In addition to spreading the word of Lister's pioneering work on antiseptics and widening the use of chloroform and morphine on the battlefield the ambulance helped to popularise a standardised method of treating bullet wounds which was based on Surgeon\-General Sir [Thomas Longmore](/wiki/Thomas_Longmore "Thomas Longmore")'s 1863 work with [Minié rifle](/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_rifle "Minié rifle") bullet wounds. MacCormac claimed that the adoption of this method was the primary reason for the low mortality rates achieved by the ambulance.
### British Ambulance Corps
The British Ambulance Corps was raised to serve with the Prussian forces, but also cared for captured French wounded during the [Siege of Paris](/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_%281870%E2%80%9371%29 "Siege of Paris (1870–71)") of September 1870 to January 1871\.{{Cite DNB12 \|wstitle\= Manley, William George Nicholas \|volume\= 2 \|pages\= 557\-558 \|last\= Power \|first\= D'Arcy \|author\-link\= D'Arcy Power \|year\=1912\|short\= 1}} The unit's B Division was commanded by Surgeon [William Manley](/wiki/William_Manley "William Manley") VC, a British Army veteran of the [Crimean](/wiki/Crimean_War "Crimean War") and [New Zealand Wars](/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars "New Zealand Wars"), and was attached to the Prussian Army's [22nd Division](/wiki/22nd_Division_%28German_Empire%29 "22nd Division (German Empire)").{{cite book \|last1 \= Keenan \|first1 \= Desmond \|title \= Ireland 1850–1920 \|date \= 2005 \|publisher \= Xlibris Corporation \|isbn \= 9781465318701 \|page \= 66 \|url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=ShMOleWFxGIC \|accessdate \= 10 December 2018 \|language \= en }} The B Division tended to the wounded of the battles of [Orléans](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_%281870%29 "Second Battle of Orléans (1870)") (3–4 December), Cravant (10 December), Chateauneuf (18 December) and Bretoncelle (21 December).{{cite book \|last1 \= Harvey \|first1 \= Dan \|title \= Soldiers of the Short Grass: A History of the Curragh Camp \|date \= 2016 \|publisher \= Merrion Press \|isbn \= 9781785370656 \|page \= 40 \|url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZDXzDQAAQBAJ \|accessdate \= 10 December 2018 \|language \= en }} Manley was awarded the [Iron Cross 2nd Class](/wiki/Iron_Cross%23The_recommissioned_Iron_Cross_for_the_Franco-Prussian_War "Iron Cross#The recommissioned Iron Cross for the Franco-Prussian War") for his actions during the war, on the recommendation of [Frederick, Crown Prince of Prussia](/wiki/Frederick_III%2C_German_Emperor "Frederick III, German Emperor") who commanded the III Army (to which the 22nd Division belonged). He is the only man to receive both the [Victoria Cross](/wiki/Victoria_Cross "Victoria Cross") and the [Iron Cross](/wiki/Iron_Cross "Iron Cross").{{cite web \|title \= The Little Cross of Bronze \|url \= https://www.rte.ie/radio1/doconone/2013/0927/647526\-radio\-documentary\-little\-cross\-of\-bronze\-victoria/ \|website \= RTÉ Radio 1 \|date \= 3 September 2014 \|accessdate \= 4 January 2019 \|language \= en }}
### British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War
{{main\|British Red Cross}}
[thumb\|Sorting and packing linen bandages at the London office of the society, September 1870](/wiki/File:London_office_red_cross_1870.gif "London office red cross 1870.gif")
The British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War was founded at a public meeting in the Willis Rooms in London on 4 August 1870\. Members paid a single £5 donation or an annual 5 shilling subscription.{{cite book \|last1 \= National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War \|title \= Report of the operations of the British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War during the Franco\-German war, 1870–1871, together with a statement of receipts and expenditure and maps, reports, and correspondence \|date \= 1871 \|publisher \= Harrison and Sons \|url \= https://archive.org/stream/reportofoperatio00nati/reportofoperatio00nati\_djvu.txt \|accessdate \= 10 December 2018 }} The organisation was led by Colonel [Robert Loyd\-Lindsay](/wiki/Robert_Loyd-Lindsay%2C_1st_Baron_Wantage "Robert Loyd-Lindsay, 1st Baron Wantage") VC, another decorated Crimean War veteran, and its aims were to provide aid to the sick and wounded in war.{{cite journal \|last1 \= Gill \|first1 \= Rebecca \|title \= 'The Rational Administration of Compassion': The Origins of British Relief in War \|journal \= Le Mouvement Social \|date \= 2009 \|volume \= 2 \|issue \= 227 \|pages \= 9–26 \|doi \= 10\.3917/lms.227\.0009 \|s2cid \= 144568446 }} It aimed to serve alongside the British Army during wartime but also alongside other neutral armies when Britain was at peace.
The organisation deployed several ambulances during the Franco\-Prussian War. One of its major bases was Luxembourg, which was neutral during the war, and was used as a place to treat the wounded of the Battle of Metz. Hospitals were also established in Germany at [Bingen am Rhein](/wiki/Bingen_am_Rhein "Bingen am Rhein") and at [Darmstadt](/wiki/Darmstadt "Darmstadt"). By 17 September 1870 it had 62 surgeons and 16 nurses working as well as 22 other staff such as logistics officers. By the end of that month £200,000 had been raised to purchase drugs, surgical instruments, waterproof sheeting, fabric and lint. This was sent to the front at the rate of 4 tonnes per day over the 188 days of the war in 12,000 separate parcels. The organisation also acted to distribute supplies for the French [Société de Secours](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_Secours "Société de Secours") which had been much disrupted by the war. The organisation also ran soup kitchens and restaurants for the benefit of the travelling wounded.
During the course of the war, thousands of casualties were treated by the organisations at its own hospitals and in those of the French and Prussian armies. The organisation's surgeons received special permission from [William, King of Prussia](/wiki/William_I%2C_German_Emperor "William I, German Emperor") to cross the German lines to provide aid during the [Siege of Paris](/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_%281870%E2%80%9371%29 "Siege of Paris (1870–71)").
One notable ambulance was known as the Woolwich Ambulance, so called because it was equipped near to the [Royal Arsenal](/wiki/Royal_Arsenal "Royal Arsenal") under the supervision of the Director\-General of the British [Army Medical Department](/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps "Royal Army Medical Corps"). It left for the front on 14 October with equipment and tentage for a hospital of 200 patients. It was commanded by Doctor Guy and consisted of 12 medical officers and 27 hospital corpsmen. The ambulance treated the wounded of the battles of Forcay, Bretoncelle, Bagneux and [Beaune\-la\-Rolande](/wiki/Battle_of_Beaune-la-Rolande "Battle of Beaune-la-Rolande").
The society's ambulance helped to advance good practice in battlefield medical care. One of its surgeons [Joshua Henry Porter](/wiki/Joshua_Henry_Porter "Joshua Henry Porter") laid down rules for the safe transport of wounded from the battlefield – advocating a minimum of three stretcher bearers to each wounded man in case one were shot. He also implemented a two tiered system with an advanced treatment station near to the frontline backed up by a larger hospital. He advocated the quick transport of the wounded from the battlefield and helped to evaluate the effectiveness of stretchers and splints designed by his staff and that of the Anglo\-American Ambulance.
The society continued its work after the war, serving in various European and British colonial conflicts before becoming the [British Red Cross Society](/wiki/British_Red_Cross_Society "British Red Cross Society") in 1905\.
### Franco\-Irish Ambulance Brigade
{{Main\|Franco\-Irish Ambulance Brigade}}
[thumb\|Members of the Franco\-Irish Ambulance Brigade](/wiki/File:Franco_irish_ambulance_brigade.png "Franco irish ambulance brigade.png")
The Franco\-Irish Ambulance Brigade was established by the Irish Committee for the Relief of the Sick and Wounded of the French Army and Navy on 7 September 1870\.{{cite journal \|last1 \= McCarthy \|first1 \= Michael \|title \= The Franco\-Irish Ambulance Brigade 1870–71 \|journal \= Old Limerick Journal \|url \= http://www.limerickcity.ie/media/franco\-irish%20ambulance.pdf \|access\-date \= 10 August 2018 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140131111709/http://www.limerickcity.ie/media/franco\-irish%20ambulance.pdf \|archive\-date \= 31 January 2014 \|url\-status \= live }}{{rp\|132}} It sent 31 surgeons and 250 men to France though almost immediately the majority of the men were released as surplus to requirements.{{rp\|134–135}} Many of the released men joined the [French Foreign Legion](/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion "French Foreign Legion") and it has been alleged that the ambulance was used as a means of bypassing the [Foreign Enlistment Act 1870](/wiki/Foreign_Enlistment_Act_1870 "Foreign Enlistment Act 1870") which prevented British subjects from enlisting in foreign armies.{{cite journal \|last1 \= McConnel \|first1 \= James \|last2 \= Ó Catháin \|first2 \= Máirtín \|journal \= History Ireland \|volume \= 16 \|issue \= 6 \|year \= 2008 \|title \= A training school for rebels: Fenians in the French Foreign Legion \|url \= http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/1475/ \|accessdate \= 19 November 2018 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20181129225230/http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/1475/ \|archive\-date \= 29 November 2018 \|url\-status \= live }}
The ambulance treated the wounded from a battle at [Pacy\-sur\-Eure](/wiki/Pacy-sur-Eure "Pacy-sur-Eure") before being split into detachments serving with the [Army of the North](/wiki/Army_of_the_North_%28France%29 "Army of the North (France)") and the [Army of the Loire](/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_de_la_Loire "Armée de la Loire").{{cite book \|last1 \= Duquet \|first1 \= Alfred \|title \= Ireland and France \|date \= 1899 \|publisher \= John Murphy company \|location \= er Baltimore \|page \= \[https://archive.org/details/IrelandAndFrance/page/n27 17] \|url \= https://archive.org/details/IrelandAndFrance \|accessdate \= 19 November 2018 }}{{cite journal \|last1 \= Joye \|first1 \= Lar \|title \= The Ambulance Irlandais in the Franco\-Prussian War \|journal \= History Ireland – Artefacts \|date \= 3 September 2014 \|volume \= 22 \|issue \= 5 \|url \= https://www.historyireland.com/volume\-22/ambulance\-irlandais\-franco\-prussian\-war/ \|accessdate \= 10 August 2018 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20181130030316/https://www.historyireland.com/volume\-22/ambulance\-irlandais\-franco\-prussian\-war/ \|archive\-date \= 30 November 2018 \|url\-status \= live }}{{rp\|135}} The detachments treated the wounded of skirmishes at [Châteaudun](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaudun "Châteaudun"), [Patay](/wiki/Patay%2C_Loiret "Patay, Loiret") and Buchy and the [First Battle of Orleans](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War%23Loire_campaign "Franco-Prussian War#Loire campaign"), the [Battle of Loigny–Poupry](/wiki/Battle_of_Loigny%E2%80%93Poupry "Battle of Loigny–Poupry") and the [Battle of Le Mans](/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Mans "Battle of Le Mans").{{cite journal \|last1 \= de Mazade \|first1 \= Charles \|title \= La Guerre de France en 1870\-71/04 \|via\=Wikisource \|journal \= Revue des Deux Mondes, 2e période \|date \= 1873 \|page \= 38 \|volume \= 104 \|url \= https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/La\_Guerre\_de\_France\_en\_1870\-71/04 \|accessdate \= 28 November 2018 \|language \= fr }}{{cite book \|last1 \= Duquet \|first1 \= Alfred \|title \= Ireland and France \|date \= 1899 \|publisher \= John Murphy Company \|location \= Baltimore \|page \= \[https://archive.org/details/IrelandAndFrance/page/n28 18] \|url \= https://archive.org/details/IrelandAndFrance \|accessdate \= 19 November 2018 }}{{rp\|136–137}} A second Irish ambulance unit was raised in London but was turned away upon arrival at [Caen](/wiki/Caen "Caen") as no arrangements had been made with the French authorities to accept it.{{rp\|135}}
|
[
"Individual ambulances\n---------------------",
"### {{lang\\|fr\\|Ambulance Anglaise}}",
"[thumb\\|Richard Wallace pictured in 1857](/wiki/File:Sir_Richard_Wallace.jpg \"Sir Richard Wallace.jpg\")\nA prominent British resident of Paris, [Richard Wallace](/wiki/Sir_Richard_Wallace%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir Richard Wallace, 1st Baronet\") contributed funds to establish two ambulances during the siege: one for French wounded and one for \"sick and destitute\" British citizens.{{cite book \\|last\\=Horne \\|first\\=Alastair \\|year\\=1965 \\|title\\=The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune 1870–71 \\|pages\\=167–168 \\|publisher\\=Penguin \\|location\\=London \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-14\\-103063\\-0}} He also contributed more than £12,000 of funding for the ambulances as part of the 2\\.5 million francs he gave to relieve suffering in Paris during the war.{{cite web \\|last1 \\= Devlin \\|first1 \\= Patrick \\|title \\= Sir Richard Wallace (1818–1890\\): Art Collector and philanthropist \\|url \\= http://www.newulsterbiography.co.uk/index.php/home/viewperson/1677 \\|publisher \\= Dictionary of Ulster Biography \\|accessdate \\= 10 December 2018 }}{{cite news \\|title \\= Lisburn benefactor Sir Richard Wallace was a man of international standing \\|url \\= https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/lisburn\\-benefactor\\-sir\\-richard\\-wallace\\-was\\-a\\-man\\-of\\-international\\-standing\\-1\\-8544103 \\|accessdate \\= 10 December 2018 \\|work \\= Belfast News Letter \\|date \\= 25 June 2018 \\|language \\= en }} Despite having the opportunity to flee, Wallace chose to remain in the city throughout the war.{{cite book \\|last1 \\= Weis \\|first1 \\= René \\|title \\= The Real Traviata: The Song of Marie Duplessis \\|date \\= 2015 \\|publisher \\= Oxford University Press \\|isbn \\= 9780198708544 \\|page \\= 259 \\|url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=SzpKCgAAQBAJ \\|language \\= en }} The ambulances, staffed by English surgeons, became known as the {{lang\\|fr\\|Ambulance Anglaise}} (\"English Ambulance\"), though Wallace named the field portion of the unit after [his father, the Marquess of Hertford](/wiki/Richard_Seymour-Conway%2C_4th_Marquess_of_Hertford \"Richard Seymour-Conway, 4th Marquess of Hertford\").{{cite journal \\|first\\=John Rose \\|last\\=Cormack \\|title\\=Successful resection of the shoulder\\-joint in a case of gunshot wound \\|journal \\= \\[\\[British Medical Journal]] \\|volume\\=2 \\|issue\\=714 \\|date \\= 5 September 1874 \\|page\\=299 \\|publisher \\= British Medical Association \\|url \\= https://books.google.co.uk/books?id\\=6HRMAQAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=PA299 \\|language \\= en }}{{cite book \\|title \\= Art, Pictorial and Industrial: An Illustrated Magazine \\|date \\= 1871 \\|publisher \\= S. Low, son, \\& Marston \\|page \\= 146 \\|url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=WWQ\\-AQAAMAAJ \\|accessdate \\= 10 December 2018 \\|language \\= en }} The unit provided a hospital of 50 beds in the city and absorbed some of the staff of the [American Ambulance](/wiki/American_Ambulance_%28Franco-Prussian_War%29 \"American Ambulance (Franco-Prussian War)\") after it was disbanded in March.{{cite book \\|last1 \\= Sheppard \\|first1 \\= Nathan \\|title \\= Shut Up in Paris \\|date \\= 1871 \\|publisher \\= Bernhard Tauchnitz \\|page \\= 257 \\|url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=AiYvuxlKeJoC \\|accessdate \\= 10 December 2018 }}",
"After the war, Wallace's ambulances were absorbed into the [Hertford British Hospital](/wiki/Hertford_British_Hospital \"Hertford British Hospital\"), established in Paris by Wallace on 15 October 1871\\.{{cite journal \\|editor\\-first\\=Francis H. \\|editor\\-last\\=Brown \\|title \\= New English Hospital in Paris \\|journal \\= The New England Journal of Medicine \\|volume\\=85\n\\|issue\\=19 \\|date \\= 9 November 1871 \\|publisher \\= Massachusetts Medical Society \\|page \\= 311 \\|url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=oLI1AQAAMAAJ \\|accessdate \\= 10 December 2018 \\|language \\= en }} As a result of his work, Wallace was said to be the most popular British resident of the city. He was honoured by having a street named for him and received the [Legion of Honour](/wiki/Legion_of_Honour \"Legion of Honour\") from France and a baronetcy from Queen Victoria.",
"### Anglo\\-American Ambulance",
"[thumb\\|Charles E. Ryan in the uniform of the Anglo\\-American Ambulance of 1870–71](/wiki/File:Charles_e_ryan.jpg \"Charles e ryan.jpg\")\nThe Anglo\\-American Ambulance was formed as a splinter of the [American Ambulance](/wiki/American_Ambulance_%28Franco-Prussian_War%29 \"American Ambulance (Franco-Prussian War)\"), following a dispute between medical staff and the ambulance committee over deployments (the committee wanted to wait for the siege to begin whereas the doctors wanted to immediately head to the front). The Anglo\\-American Ambulance was led by Confederate [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") veteran [J. Marion Sims](/wiki/J._Marion_Sims \"J. Marion Sims\"), who was then resident in France, and British surgeon [William MacCormac](/wiki/William_MacCormac \"William MacCormac\").{{cite book \\|last1\\=Crossland \\|first1\\=James \\|title\\=War, Law and Humanity: The Campaign to Control Warfare, 1853–1914 \\|date\\=2018 \\|publisher\\=Bloomsbury \\|isbn\\=9781350041233 \\|page\\=110 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=CCJZDwAAQBAJ \\|accessdate\\=8 January 2019 \\|language\\=en}} The new ambulance was partially funded by the British Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War and consisted of 8 American and 8 English medical staff with three ambulance wagons.{{rp\\|Ch 1–3}}{{cite book \\|last1 \\= Harris \\|first1 \\= Seale \\|title \\= Woman's surgeon: the life story of J. Marion Sims \\|date \\= 1950 \\|location \\= New York \\|publisher \\= Macmillan \\|url \\= https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/18614462?q\\&versionId\\=21852802 \\|accessdate \\= 11 December 2018 \\|language \\= en }} All bar one of the Americans were former Confederate Army surgeons.{{rp\\|Ch 1–3}}",
"Charles E. Ryan served with the corps as a dresser and assistant surgeon and in 1896 published an account of his time with the unit.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41689/41689\\-h/41689\\-h.htm \\|title\\=With an Ambulance during the Franco\\-German War 1870–1871 \\|last\\=Ryan \\|first\\=Charles E. \\|location\\=New York \\|publisher\\=Charles Scribner's Sons \\|year\\=1896 \\|isbn\\=9781845749538 \\|via\\=Project Gutenberg}} The unit left Paris on 28 August by train for the battlefield of Carignan but was delayed as Prussian forces had captured the railway line. The ambulance was held at [Sedan](/wiki/Sedan%2C_Ardennes \"Sedan, Ardennes\") railway station where its personnel encountered the French Emperor [Napoleon III](/wiki/Napoleon_III \"Napoleon III\") and the retreating survivors of the [Battle of Beaumont](/wiki/Battle_of_Beaumont \"Battle of Beaumont\"). The ambulance attempted to move towards the front by road but found it was caught between the two armies and returned to Sedan.{{rp\\|Ch 1–3}} Twelve men of the ambulance treated more than 600 wounded of the subsequent [Battle of Sedan](/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan \"Battle of Sedan\") (1–2 September) from a hospital that periodically came under shellfire. The remaining four medical staff ran a secondary hospital at Balan which treated the wounded of a battle fought there on 31 August and those of the 1 September [Battle of Bazeilles](/wiki/Battle_of_Bazeilles \"Battle of Bazeilles\").{{rp\\|Ch 4–7}} With the ambulance at Sedan was [Marcus Beck](/wiki/Marcus_Beck \"Marcus Beck\") who reported that the French army surgeons had not adopted the anti\\-septic measures advocated by his father's cousin [Joseph Lister](/wiki/Joseph_Lister \"Joseph Lister\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Sakula \\|first1\\=Alex \\|title\\=Marcus Beck Library: Who Was Marcus Beck? \\|journal\\=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine \\|date\\=29 June 2016 \\|volume\\=78 \\|issue\\=12 \\|pages\\=1047–1049 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/014107688507801214 \\|pmid\\=3906125 \\|pmc\\=1290062 \\|language\\=en}}",
"Following the French defeat, the ambulance was re\\-united at Sedan under Prussian occupation and erected 36 tents to accommodate the large number of wounded from the recent battles and those given to their care by the Prussian forces.{{rp\\|Ch 4–7}} The ambulance was granted permission to leave Sedan for Paris on 4 October and travelled via Belgium and [Rouen](/wiki/Rouen \"Rouen\").{{rp\\|Ch 8–11}} However, it proved impossible to enter the capital due to the ongoing siege and instead the unit was placed at the disposal of the Prussian Army at [Versailles](/wiki/Versailles \"Versailles\") by [Robert Loyd\\-Lindsay](/wiki/Robert_Loyd-Lindsay%2C_1st_Baron_Wantage \"Robert Loyd-Lindsay, 1st Baron Wantage\") of the British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War. At around this time the ambulance changed its previously French\\-inspired uniform for that of the British Army's Royal Artillery undress uniform.{{rp\\|Ch 12–16}}",
"The ambulance arrived at the city of [Orléans](/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans \"Orléans\") on 20 October, travelling through the scene of the [First Battle of Orléans](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Orl%C3%A9ans \"First Battle of Orléans\") which was fought on 10 October. The ambulance was ordered to take over the running of a 150\\-bed hospital in the railway station and to be ready to take to the field as necessary.{{rp\\|Ch 12–16}} The Prussians evacuated the city on the night of 8 November and left all of the wounded there in the care of the ambulance. The unit sent a field unit to the 9 November [Battle of Coulmiers](/wiki/Battle_of_Coulmiers \"Battle of Coulmiers\") where the Prussians were defeated. [Orléans](/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans \"Orléans\") subsequently came into French control and they cleared the ambulance from the railway station and moved it into overcrowded private houses.{{rp\\|Ch 17–20}}",
"An engagement occurred at nearby Neuville on 24 November and the ambulance sent men into the field to tend to the wounded of this and subsequent skirmishes of 25 and 26 November.{{rp\\|Ch 17–24}}{{rp\\|Ch 21–24}} The ambulance managed to secure space for a 300\\-bed hospital at the [Church of St. Euverte](/wiki/%C3%89glise_Saint-Euverte_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans \"Église Saint-Euverte d'Orléans\"). The Prussians commenced the [Second Battle of Orléans](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_%281870%29 \"Second Battle of Orléans (1870)\") on 3 December and large numbers of wounded were soon brought back to the ambulance. A field unit was sent out on 4 December but the speed of the French retreat meant that a field hospital could not be established. Prussian forces retook Orléans on the night of 4 December, bringing the ambulance under their orders once again. A mobile unit was provided for the [Battle of Beaugency](/wiki/Battle_of_Beaugency_%281870%29 \"Battle of Beaugency (1870)\") on 7 December and returned to the city on 10 December with wagons loaded with wounded men. A number of the ambulance's men were arrested by the Prussian authorities on suspicion of espionage whilst procuring medical supplies at [Étampes](/wiki/%C3%89tampes \"Étampes\") but were shortly thereafter released.{{rp\\|21–24}} The ambulance remained in Orléans until the [armistice](/wiki/Armistice_of_Versailles \"Armistice of Versailles\") was signed and disbanded in early March with its equipment being handed over to the French in Paris.{{rp\\|Ch 28–31}}",
"The Anglo\\-American Ambulance has been described as a key means of exchanging medical best practice between the volunteers and the French and Prussian surgeons they worked with. In addition to spreading the word of Lister's pioneering work on antiseptics and widening the use of chloroform and morphine on the battlefield the ambulance helped to popularise a standardised method of treating bullet wounds which was based on Surgeon\\-General Sir [Thomas Longmore](/wiki/Thomas_Longmore \"Thomas Longmore\")'s 1863 work with [Minié rifle](/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_rifle \"Minié rifle\") bullet wounds. MacCormac claimed that the adoption of this method was the primary reason for the low mortality rates achieved by the ambulance.",
"### British Ambulance Corps",
"The British Ambulance Corps was raised to serve with the Prussian forces, but also cared for captured French wounded during the [Siege of Paris](/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_%281870%E2%80%9371%29 \"Siege of Paris (1870–71)\") of September 1870 to January 1871\\.{{Cite DNB12 \\|wstitle\\= Manley, William George Nicholas \\|volume\\= 2 \\|pages\\= 557\\-558 \\|last\\= Power \\|first\\= D'Arcy \\|author\\-link\\= D'Arcy Power \\|year\\=1912\\|short\\= 1}} The unit's B Division was commanded by Surgeon [William Manley](/wiki/William_Manley \"William Manley\") VC, a British Army veteran of the [Crimean](/wiki/Crimean_War \"Crimean War\") and [New Zealand Wars](/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars \"New Zealand Wars\"), and was attached to the Prussian Army's [22nd Division](/wiki/22nd_Division_%28German_Empire%29 \"22nd Division (German Empire)\").{{cite book \\|last1 \\= Keenan \\|first1 \\= Desmond \\|title \\= Ireland 1850–1920 \\|date \\= 2005 \\|publisher \\= Xlibris Corporation \\|isbn \\= 9781465318701 \\|page \\= 66 \\|url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ShMOleWFxGIC \\|accessdate \\= 10 December 2018 \\|language \\= en }} The B Division tended to the wounded of the battles of [Orléans](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_%281870%29 \"Second Battle of Orléans (1870)\") (3–4 December), Cravant (10 December), Chateauneuf (18 December) and Bretoncelle (21 December).{{cite book \\|last1 \\= Harvey \\|first1 \\= Dan \\|title \\= Soldiers of the Short Grass: A History of the Curragh Camp \\|date \\= 2016 \\|publisher \\= Merrion Press \\|isbn \\= 9781785370656 \\|page \\= 40 \\|url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZDXzDQAAQBAJ \\|accessdate \\= 10 December 2018 \\|language \\= en }} Manley was awarded the [Iron Cross 2nd Class](/wiki/Iron_Cross%23The_recommissioned_Iron_Cross_for_the_Franco-Prussian_War \"Iron Cross#The recommissioned Iron Cross for the Franco-Prussian War\") for his actions during the war, on the recommendation of [Frederick, Crown Prince of Prussia](/wiki/Frederick_III%2C_German_Emperor \"Frederick III, German Emperor\") who commanded the III Army (to which the 22nd Division belonged). He is the only man to receive both the [Victoria Cross](/wiki/Victoria_Cross \"Victoria Cross\") and the [Iron Cross](/wiki/Iron_Cross \"Iron Cross\").{{cite web \\|title \\= The Little Cross of Bronze \\|url \\= https://www.rte.ie/radio1/doconone/2013/0927/647526\\-radio\\-documentary\\-little\\-cross\\-of\\-bronze\\-victoria/ \\|website \\= RTÉ Radio 1 \\|date \\= 3 September 2014 \\|accessdate \\= 4 January 2019 \\|language \\= en }}",
"### British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War",
"{{main\\|British Red Cross}}\n[thumb\\|Sorting and packing linen bandages at the London office of the society, September 1870](/wiki/File:London_office_red_cross_1870.gif \"London office red cross 1870.gif\")\nThe British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War was founded at a public meeting in the Willis Rooms in London on 4 August 1870\\. Members paid a single £5 donation or an annual 5 shilling subscription.{{cite book \\|last1 \\= National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War \\|title \\= Report of the operations of the British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War during the Franco\\-German war, 1870–1871, together with a statement of receipts and expenditure and maps, reports, and correspondence \\|date \\= 1871 \\|publisher \\= Harrison and Sons \\|url \\= https://archive.org/stream/reportofoperatio00nati/reportofoperatio00nati\\_djvu.txt \\|accessdate \\= 10 December 2018 }} The organisation was led by Colonel [Robert Loyd\\-Lindsay](/wiki/Robert_Loyd-Lindsay%2C_1st_Baron_Wantage \"Robert Loyd-Lindsay, 1st Baron Wantage\") VC, another decorated Crimean War veteran, and its aims were to provide aid to the sick and wounded in war.{{cite journal \\|last1 \\= Gill \\|first1 \\= Rebecca \\|title \\= 'The Rational Administration of Compassion': The Origins of British Relief in War \\|journal \\= Le Mouvement Social \\|date \\= 2009 \\|volume \\= 2 \\|issue \\= 227 \\|pages \\= 9–26 \\|doi \\= 10\\.3917/lms.227\\.0009 \\|s2cid \\= 144568446 }} It aimed to serve alongside the British Army during wartime but also alongside other neutral armies when Britain was at peace.",
"The organisation deployed several ambulances during the Franco\\-Prussian War. One of its major bases was Luxembourg, which was neutral during the war, and was used as a place to treat the wounded of the Battle of Metz. Hospitals were also established in Germany at [Bingen am Rhein](/wiki/Bingen_am_Rhein \"Bingen am Rhein\") and at [Darmstadt](/wiki/Darmstadt \"Darmstadt\"). By 17 September 1870 it had 62 surgeons and 16 nurses working as well as 22 other staff such as logistics officers. By the end of that month £200,000 had been raised to purchase drugs, surgical instruments, waterproof sheeting, fabric and lint. This was sent to the front at the rate of 4 tonnes per day over the 188 days of the war in 12,000 separate parcels. The organisation also acted to distribute supplies for the French [Société de Secours](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_Secours \"Société de Secours\") which had been much disrupted by the war. The organisation also ran soup kitchens and restaurants for the benefit of the travelling wounded.",
"During the course of the war, thousands of casualties were treated by the organisations at its own hospitals and in those of the French and Prussian armies. The organisation's surgeons received special permission from [William, King of Prussia](/wiki/William_I%2C_German_Emperor \"William I, German Emperor\") to cross the German lines to provide aid during the [Siege of Paris](/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_%281870%E2%80%9371%29 \"Siege of Paris (1870–71)\").",
"One notable ambulance was known as the Woolwich Ambulance, so called because it was equipped near to the [Royal Arsenal](/wiki/Royal_Arsenal \"Royal Arsenal\") under the supervision of the Director\\-General of the British [Army Medical Department](/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps \"Royal Army Medical Corps\"). It left for the front on 14 October with equipment and tentage for a hospital of 200 patients. It was commanded by Doctor Guy and consisted of 12 medical officers and 27 hospital corpsmen. The ambulance treated the wounded of the battles of Forcay, Bretoncelle, Bagneux and [Beaune\\-la\\-Rolande](/wiki/Battle_of_Beaune-la-Rolande \"Battle of Beaune-la-Rolande\").",
"The society's ambulance helped to advance good practice in battlefield medical care. One of its surgeons [Joshua Henry Porter](/wiki/Joshua_Henry_Porter \"Joshua Henry Porter\") laid down rules for the safe transport of wounded from the battlefield – advocating a minimum of three stretcher bearers to each wounded man in case one were shot. He also implemented a two tiered system with an advanced treatment station near to the frontline backed up by a larger hospital. He advocated the quick transport of the wounded from the battlefield and helped to evaluate the effectiveness of stretchers and splints designed by his staff and that of the Anglo\\-American Ambulance.",
"The society continued its work after the war, serving in various European and British colonial conflicts before becoming the [British Red Cross Society](/wiki/British_Red_Cross_Society \"British Red Cross Society\") in 1905\\.",
"### Franco\\-Irish Ambulance Brigade",
"{{Main\\|Franco\\-Irish Ambulance Brigade}}\n[thumb\\|Members of the Franco\\-Irish Ambulance Brigade](/wiki/File:Franco_irish_ambulance_brigade.png \"Franco irish ambulance brigade.png\")",
"The Franco\\-Irish Ambulance Brigade was established by the Irish Committee for the Relief of the Sick and Wounded of the French Army and Navy on 7 September 1870\\.{{cite journal \\|last1 \\= McCarthy \\|first1 \\= Michael \\|title \\= The Franco\\-Irish Ambulance Brigade 1870–71 \\|journal \\= Old Limerick Journal \\|url \\= http://www.limerickcity.ie/media/franco\\-irish%20ambulance.pdf \\|access\\-date \\= 10 August 2018 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140131111709/http://www.limerickcity.ie/media/franco\\-irish%20ambulance.pdf \\|archive\\-date \\= 31 January 2014 \\|url\\-status \\= live }}{{rp\\|132}} It sent 31 surgeons and 250 men to France though almost immediately the majority of the men were released as surplus to requirements.{{rp\\|134–135}} Many of the released men joined the [French Foreign Legion](/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion \"French Foreign Legion\") and it has been alleged that the ambulance was used as a means of bypassing the [Foreign Enlistment Act 1870](/wiki/Foreign_Enlistment_Act_1870 \"Foreign Enlistment Act 1870\") which prevented British subjects from enlisting in foreign armies.{{cite journal \\|last1 \\= McConnel \\|first1 \\= James \\|last2 \\= Ó Catháin \\|first2 \\= Máirtín \\|journal \\= History Ireland \\|volume \\= 16 \\|issue \\= 6 \\|year \\= 2008 \\|title \\= A training school for rebels: Fenians in the French Foreign Legion \\|url \\= http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/1475/ \\|accessdate \\= 19 November 2018 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20181129225230/http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/1475/ \\|archive\\-date \\= 29 November 2018 \\|url\\-status \\= live }}",
"The ambulance treated the wounded from a battle at [Pacy\\-sur\\-Eure](/wiki/Pacy-sur-Eure \"Pacy-sur-Eure\") before being split into detachments serving with the [Army of the North](/wiki/Army_of_the_North_%28France%29 \"Army of the North (France)\") and the [Army of the Loire](/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_de_la_Loire \"Armée de la Loire\").{{cite book \\|last1 \\= Duquet \\|first1 \\= Alfred \\|title \\= Ireland and France \\|date \\= 1899 \\|publisher \\= John Murphy company \\|location \\= er Baltimore \\|page \\= \\[https://archive.org/details/IrelandAndFrance/page/n27 17] \\|url \\= https://archive.org/details/IrelandAndFrance \\|accessdate \\= 19 November 2018 }}{{cite journal \\|last1 \\= Joye \\|first1 \\= Lar \\|title \\= The Ambulance Irlandais in the Franco\\-Prussian War \\|journal \\= History Ireland – Artefacts \\|date \\= 3 September 2014 \\|volume \\= 22 \\|issue \\= 5 \\|url \\= https://www.historyireland.com/volume\\-22/ambulance\\-irlandais\\-franco\\-prussian\\-war/ \\|accessdate \\= 10 August 2018 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20181130030316/https://www.historyireland.com/volume\\-22/ambulance\\-irlandais\\-franco\\-prussian\\-war/ \\|archive\\-date \\= 30 November 2018 \\|url\\-status \\= live }}{{rp\\|135}} The detachments treated the wounded of skirmishes at [Châteaudun](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaudun \"Châteaudun\"), [Patay](/wiki/Patay%2C_Loiret \"Patay, Loiret\") and Buchy and the [First Battle of Orleans](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War%23Loire_campaign \"Franco-Prussian War#Loire campaign\"), the [Battle of Loigny–Poupry](/wiki/Battle_of_Loigny%E2%80%93Poupry \"Battle of Loigny–Poupry\") and the [Battle of Le Mans](/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Mans \"Battle of Le Mans\").{{cite journal \\|last1 \\= de Mazade \\|first1 \\= Charles \\|title \\= La Guerre de France en 1870\\-71/04 \\|via\\=Wikisource \\|journal \\= Revue des Deux Mondes, 2e période \\|date \\= 1873 \\|page \\= 38 \\|volume \\= 104 \\|url \\= https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/La\\_Guerre\\_de\\_France\\_en\\_1870\\-71/04 \\|accessdate \\= 28 November 2018 \\|language \\= fr }}{{cite book \\|last1 \\= Duquet \\|first1 \\= Alfred \\|title \\= Ireland and France \\|date \\= 1899 \\|publisher \\= John Murphy Company \\|location \\= Baltimore \\|page \\= \\[https://archive.org/details/IrelandAndFrance/page/n28 18] \\|url \\= https://archive.org/details/IrelandAndFrance \\|accessdate \\= 19 November 2018 }}{{rp\\|136–137}} A second Irish ambulance unit was raised in London but was turned away upon arrival at [Caen](/wiki/Caen \"Caen\") as no arrangements had been made with the French authorities to accept it.{{rp\\|135}}",
""
] |
### British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War
{{main\|British Red Cross}}
[thumb\|Sorting and packing linen bandages at the London office of the society, September 1870](/wiki/File:London_office_red_cross_1870.gif "London office red cross 1870.gif")
The British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War was founded at a public meeting in the Willis Rooms in London on 4 August 1870\. Members paid a single £5 donation or an annual 5 shilling subscription.{{cite book \|last1 \= National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War \|title \= Report of the operations of the British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War during the Franco\-German war, 1870–1871, together with a statement of receipts and expenditure and maps, reports, and correspondence \|date \= 1871 \|publisher \= Harrison and Sons \|url \= https://archive.org/stream/reportofoperatio00nati/reportofoperatio00nati\_djvu.txt \|accessdate \= 10 December 2018 }} The organisation was led by Colonel [Robert Loyd\-Lindsay](/wiki/Robert_Loyd-Lindsay%2C_1st_Baron_Wantage "Robert Loyd-Lindsay, 1st Baron Wantage") VC, another decorated Crimean War veteran, and its aims were to provide aid to the sick and wounded in war.{{cite journal \|last1 \= Gill \|first1 \= Rebecca \|title \= 'The Rational Administration of Compassion': The Origins of British Relief in War \|journal \= Le Mouvement Social \|date \= 2009 \|volume \= 2 \|issue \= 227 \|pages \= 9–26 \|doi \= 10\.3917/lms.227\.0009 \|s2cid \= 144568446 }} It aimed to serve alongside the British Army during wartime but also alongside other neutral armies when Britain was at peace.
The organisation deployed several ambulances during the Franco\-Prussian War. One of its major bases was Luxembourg, which was neutral during the war, and was used as a place to treat the wounded of the Battle of Metz. Hospitals were also established in Germany at [Bingen am Rhein](/wiki/Bingen_am_Rhein "Bingen am Rhein") and at [Darmstadt](/wiki/Darmstadt "Darmstadt"). By 17 September 1870 it had 62 surgeons and 16 nurses working as well as 22 other staff such as logistics officers. By the end of that month £200,000 had been raised to purchase drugs, surgical instruments, waterproof sheeting, fabric and lint. This was sent to the front at the rate of 4 tonnes per day over the 188 days of the war in 12,000 separate parcels. The organisation also acted to distribute supplies for the French [Société de Secours](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_Secours "Société de Secours") which had been much disrupted by the war. The organisation also ran soup kitchens and restaurants for the benefit of the travelling wounded.
During the course of the war, thousands of casualties were treated by the organisations at its own hospitals and in those of the French and Prussian armies. The organisation's surgeons received special permission from [William, King of Prussia](/wiki/William_I%2C_German_Emperor "William I, German Emperor") to cross the German lines to provide aid during the [Siege of Paris](/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_%281870%E2%80%9371%29 "Siege of Paris (1870–71)").
One notable ambulance was known as the Woolwich Ambulance, so called because it was equipped near to the [Royal Arsenal](/wiki/Royal_Arsenal "Royal Arsenal") under the supervision of the Director\-General of the British [Army Medical Department](/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps "Royal Army Medical Corps"). It left for the front on 14 October with equipment and tentage for a hospital of 200 patients. It was commanded by Doctor Guy and consisted of 12 medical officers and 27 hospital corpsmen. The ambulance treated the wounded of the battles of Forcay, Bretoncelle, Bagneux and [Beaune\-la\-Rolande](/wiki/Battle_of_Beaune-la-Rolande "Battle of Beaune-la-Rolande").
The society's ambulance helped to advance good practice in battlefield medical care. One of its surgeons [Joshua Henry Porter](/wiki/Joshua_Henry_Porter "Joshua Henry Porter") laid down rules for the safe transport of wounded from the battlefield – advocating a minimum of three stretcher bearers to each wounded man in case one were shot. He also implemented a two tiered system with an advanced treatment station near to the frontline backed up by a larger hospital. He advocated the quick transport of the wounded from the battlefield and helped to evaluate the effectiveness of stretchers and splints designed by his staff and that of the Anglo\-American Ambulance.
The society continued its work after the war, serving in various European and British colonial conflicts before becoming the [British Red Cross Society](/wiki/British_Red_Cross_Society "British Red Cross Society") in 1905\.
|
[
"### British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War",
"{{main\\|British Red Cross}}\n[thumb\\|Sorting and packing linen bandages at the London office of the society, September 1870](/wiki/File:London_office_red_cross_1870.gif \"London office red cross 1870.gif\")\nThe British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War was founded at a public meeting in the Willis Rooms in London on 4 August 1870\\. Members paid a single £5 donation or an annual 5 shilling subscription.{{cite book \\|last1 \\= National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War \\|title \\= Report of the operations of the British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War during the Franco\\-German war, 1870–1871, together with a statement of receipts and expenditure and maps, reports, and correspondence \\|date \\= 1871 \\|publisher \\= Harrison and Sons \\|url \\= https://archive.org/stream/reportofoperatio00nati/reportofoperatio00nati\\_djvu.txt \\|accessdate \\= 10 December 2018 }} The organisation was led by Colonel [Robert Loyd\\-Lindsay](/wiki/Robert_Loyd-Lindsay%2C_1st_Baron_Wantage \"Robert Loyd-Lindsay, 1st Baron Wantage\") VC, another decorated Crimean War veteran, and its aims were to provide aid to the sick and wounded in war.{{cite journal \\|last1 \\= Gill \\|first1 \\= Rebecca \\|title \\= 'The Rational Administration of Compassion': The Origins of British Relief in War \\|journal \\= Le Mouvement Social \\|date \\= 2009 \\|volume \\= 2 \\|issue \\= 227 \\|pages \\= 9–26 \\|doi \\= 10\\.3917/lms.227\\.0009 \\|s2cid \\= 144568446 }} It aimed to serve alongside the British Army during wartime but also alongside other neutral armies when Britain was at peace.",
"The organisation deployed several ambulances during the Franco\\-Prussian War. One of its major bases was Luxembourg, which was neutral during the war, and was used as a place to treat the wounded of the Battle of Metz. Hospitals were also established in Germany at [Bingen am Rhein](/wiki/Bingen_am_Rhein \"Bingen am Rhein\") and at [Darmstadt](/wiki/Darmstadt \"Darmstadt\"). By 17 September 1870 it had 62 surgeons and 16 nurses working as well as 22 other staff such as logistics officers. By the end of that month £200,000 had been raised to purchase drugs, surgical instruments, waterproof sheeting, fabric and lint. This was sent to the front at the rate of 4 tonnes per day over the 188 days of the war in 12,000 separate parcels. The organisation also acted to distribute supplies for the French [Société de Secours](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_Secours \"Société de Secours\") which had been much disrupted by the war. The organisation also ran soup kitchens and restaurants for the benefit of the travelling wounded.",
"During the course of the war, thousands of casualties were treated by the organisations at its own hospitals and in those of the French and Prussian armies. The organisation's surgeons received special permission from [William, King of Prussia](/wiki/William_I%2C_German_Emperor \"William I, German Emperor\") to cross the German lines to provide aid during the [Siege of Paris](/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_%281870%E2%80%9371%29 \"Siege of Paris (1870–71)\").",
"One notable ambulance was known as the Woolwich Ambulance, so called because it was equipped near to the [Royal Arsenal](/wiki/Royal_Arsenal \"Royal Arsenal\") under the supervision of the Director\\-General of the British [Army Medical Department](/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps \"Royal Army Medical Corps\"). It left for the front on 14 October with equipment and tentage for a hospital of 200 patients. It was commanded by Doctor Guy and consisted of 12 medical officers and 27 hospital corpsmen. The ambulance treated the wounded of the battles of Forcay, Bretoncelle, Bagneux and [Beaune\\-la\\-Rolande](/wiki/Battle_of_Beaune-la-Rolande \"Battle of Beaune-la-Rolande\").",
"The society's ambulance helped to advance good practice in battlefield medical care. One of its surgeons [Joshua Henry Porter](/wiki/Joshua_Henry_Porter \"Joshua Henry Porter\") laid down rules for the safe transport of wounded from the battlefield – advocating a minimum of three stretcher bearers to each wounded man in case one were shot. He also implemented a two tiered system with an advanced treatment station near to the frontline backed up by a larger hospital. He advocated the quick transport of the wounded from the battlefield and helped to evaluate the effectiveness of stretchers and splints designed by his staff and that of the Anglo\\-American Ambulance.",
"The society continued its work after the war, serving in various European and British colonial conflicts before becoming the [British Red Cross Society](/wiki/British_Red_Cross_Society \"British Red Cross Society\") in 1905\\.",
""
] |
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
--------------------------------
On May 11, 1575, a fire broke out in a Duke\-owned pub that burned down the entire [castle settlement](/wiki/Lischke_%28settlement%29 "Lischke (settlement)") except the church. The protection of the castle and the further growth of the town were limited by its location on a narrow peninsula. In 1584, following the order of the [Duke of Courland](/wiki/Dukes_of_Courland "Dukes of Courland") [Gotthard Kettler](/wiki/Gotthard_Kettler "Gotthard Kettler"), the castle settlement was dismantled and residents began to build a new town on the left bank of the [Nemunėlis](/wiki/Nemun%C4%97lis "Nemunėlis") river at the location of the modern Bauska Old Town.
### Establishment of the city
[thumb\|Bauska and its castle in 1706](/wiki/File:Bauskas_panor%C4%81ma_ar_hercoga_pili_pirms_1706._gada.jpg "Bauskas panorāma ar hercoga pili pirms 1706. gada.jpg")
[thumb\|Bauska Castle and city's plan in 1701](/wiki/File:Bauska_1701.jpg "Bauska 1701.jpg")
Moving from the narrow castle settlement to the new city of Bauska took several years. By 1573, a wooden church was built for the Latvian congregation on the territory of the present\-day garden at Trinity Lutheran Church. In 1688, the wooden church was renovated. In 1705, the church was in such a bad condition that the church services for the Latvian congregation were transferred to the [German Church of the Holy Spirit](/wiki/Bauska_Church_of_the_Holy_Spirit "Bauska Church of the Holy Spirit"). In 1726, funds were raised to repair the church. As repairs were nearing the end in 1733, a fire completely burned down the building.
Between 1591 and 1594, the city built the Church of the Holy Spirit, the first stone building in the city. From 1705 the church services were also held in Latvian.
The Duke of Bauska granted city rights in 1600\. In 1609, Duke [Friedrich Kettler](/wiki/Friedrich_Kettler "Friedrich Kettler") gave Bauska a stamp with the image of a lion of Courland, now considered the year of the granting of city rights. On July 21, 1615, Bauska was also granted meadows and pastures and on December 18, 1615, the city received the right to build a [town hall](/wiki/Bauska_Town_Hall "Bauska Town Hall") and shops. In 1635 the city received [Procedural Rules](/wiki/Procedural_law "Procedural law").
According to the police regulations approved by Duke Friedrich, Bauska's town council consisted of eight people – a mayor, a captive (judge) and six city councilors. The city introduced taxes and regulated trade and pubs. [Begging](/wiki/Begging "Begging") was permitted for registered beggars, who had to carry a [certified tin plate](/wiki/Beggar%27s_badge "Beggar's badge"). Lime and brick [kilns](/wiki/Kiln "Kiln") were built in 1632\.
In the 17th century Bauska was the third\-largest city of the Duchy of Courland. It had a regular block layout consisting of two main streets parallel to [Mēmele](/wiki/Nemun%C4%97lis "Nemunėlis"), a [market square](/wiki/Market_square "Market square") with a town hall, two Lutheran churches and one\-story wooden buildings. It had city\-made sidewalks and a [night watch](/wiki/Watchman_%28law_enforcement%29 "Watchman (law enforcement)").
### Goldsmiths' cunfte
There was no shortage of wealthy people in Bauska, as evidenced by the remains of the magnificent pottery found, as well as the establishment of a goldsmiths' [cunfte](/wiki/Corporation_%28feudal_Europe%29 "Corporation (feudal Europe)") office in 1638\. At the request of Bauska goldsmiths Heinrich Tinnes, Bertram Hilbrant, Hans Garding and Berent Boanne, the Duke of Courland issued the Bauska [Goldsmiths' Statute](/wiki/Hallmark "Hallmark") in 1638\. Four masters had to be in the Bauska goldsmiths' [cunfte](/wiki/Corporation_%28feudal_Europe%29 "Corporation (feudal Europe)"). The Duke had the right to include another goldsmith at his own discretion in the cunfte. It took three years for a goldsmith apprentice to acquire the position of goldsmith. Bauska goldsmiths made a variety of gold and silver items for the needs of local landlords, churches, merchants and rich farmers. Between 1686 and 1697, goldsmith Tobias Müller worked in Bauska. In 1712, Bauska goldsmith Christoffer Kölsing asked to be admitted to the [Jelgava](/wiki/Jelgava "Jelgava") Goldsmith's Cunfte, as all Bauska goldsmiths had died in the [Great Northern War plague outbreak](/wiki/Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak "Great Northern War plague outbreak"). Christoffer Kölsing died in 1732 and was buried in Bauska. Goldsmith Friedrich Hermann Jacobi worked in Bauska from 1749 to 1796\.
### Wars and plague
During the [Polish\-Swedish War](/wiki/Polish-Swedish_War_%281600-1629%29 "Polish-Swedish War (1600-1629)"), the Duchy of Courland had been out of production for several years in the early 1620s. Famine broke out and was followed by a plague epidemic of 1623–1625\. In September 1625, the troops of [Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden](/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden") occupied and plundered Bauska Castle and the city. By 1629, the city was under Swedish control.
During the [Second Northern War](/wiki/Second_Northern_War "Second Northern War"), Bauska was occupied by Swedish troops, and then Polish\-Lithuanian troops. Duke [Jacob Kettler](/wiki/Jacob_Kettler "Jacob Kettler") recovered it only in 1660 after paying the Polish\-Lithuanian king 10,000 [guilders](/wiki/Guilder "Guilder"). A plague epidemic broke out again in the city, killing 227 plague victims in just one month. On February 14, 1660, the Bauska City Magistrate ordered the collection of dead bodies on the streets and burial. After the war and the end of the plague, the pre\-war activity of Bauska Castle and the city returned as it had survived mostly unharmed.
Shortly after the [Great Northern War](/wiki/Great_Northern_War "Great Northern War") began in 1700, Bauska was occupied by [Saxon](/wiki/Saxony "Saxony") troops. It is possible that Bauska Castle was visited by the King of Poland [Augustus II the Strong](/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong "Augustus II the Strong") and the Russian Tsar [Peter I](/wiki/Peter_the_Great "Peter the Great"), who in the winter of 1701 held talks on further war tactics in [Biržai Castle](/wiki/Bir%C5%BEai_Castle "Biržai Castle"). After the victory over the Saxons at the [Crossing of the Düna](/wiki/Crossing_of_the_D%C3%BCna "Crossing of the Düna") battle in 1701, Bauska was captured by the army of King [Charles XII of Sweden](/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden "Charles XII of Sweden") and was temporarily taken away by Russian troops in 1705\. In 1706, both Bauska Castle and palace were partially blown up by the retreating Russian troops. It was no longer restored and eventually fell into ruins. During the war, two\-thirds of the city buildings were also destroyed. The early winter of 1708 cut short the harvest and led to a famine. At the same time, the Great Northern War plague outbreak began. On July 3, 1709, church services were banned in Bauska to prevent the plague from spreading, and the dead were buried outside the burial grounds of churches. After the winter of 1708/1709, only one\-third of the pre\-war population of Bauska had survived the plague epidemic and famine.
Bauska was ravaged by war and plague until the mid\-18th century. In 1762, members of the Magistrate were appointed noblemen and were allowed to carry a sword during their duties.
|
[
"Duchy of Courland and Semigallia\n--------------------------------",
"On May 11, 1575, a fire broke out in a Duke\\-owned pub that burned down the entire [castle settlement](/wiki/Lischke_%28settlement%29 \"Lischke (settlement)\") except the church. The protection of the castle and the further growth of the town were limited by its location on a narrow peninsula. In 1584, following the order of the [Duke of Courland](/wiki/Dukes_of_Courland \"Dukes of Courland\") [Gotthard Kettler](/wiki/Gotthard_Kettler \"Gotthard Kettler\"), the castle settlement was dismantled and residents began to build a new town on the left bank of the [Nemunėlis](/wiki/Nemun%C4%97lis \"Nemunėlis\") river at the location of the modern Bauska Old Town.",
"### Establishment of the city",
"[thumb\\|Bauska and its castle in 1706](/wiki/File:Bauskas_panor%C4%81ma_ar_hercoga_pili_pirms_1706._gada.jpg \"Bauskas panorāma ar hercoga pili pirms 1706. gada.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Bauska Castle and city's plan in 1701](/wiki/File:Bauska_1701.jpg \"Bauska 1701.jpg\")\nMoving from the narrow castle settlement to the new city of Bauska took several years. By 1573, a wooden church was built for the Latvian congregation on the territory of the present\\-day garden at Trinity Lutheran Church. In 1688, the wooden church was renovated. In 1705, the church was in such a bad condition that the church services for the Latvian congregation were transferred to the [German Church of the Holy Spirit](/wiki/Bauska_Church_of_the_Holy_Spirit \"Bauska Church of the Holy Spirit\"). In 1726, funds were raised to repair the church. As repairs were nearing the end in 1733, a fire completely burned down the building.",
"Between 1591 and 1594, the city built the Church of the Holy Spirit, the first stone building in the city. From 1705 the church services were also held in Latvian.",
"The Duke of Bauska granted city rights in 1600\\. In 1609, Duke [Friedrich Kettler](/wiki/Friedrich_Kettler \"Friedrich Kettler\") gave Bauska a stamp with the image of a lion of Courland, now considered the year of the granting of city rights. On July 21, 1615, Bauska was also granted meadows and pastures and on December 18, 1615, the city received the right to build a [town hall](/wiki/Bauska_Town_Hall \"Bauska Town Hall\") and shops. In 1635 the city received [Procedural Rules](/wiki/Procedural_law \"Procedural law\").",
"According to the police regulations approved by Duke Friedrich, Bauska's town council consisted of eight people – a mayor, a captive (judge) and six city councilors. The city introduced taxes and regulated trade and pubs. [Begging](/wiki/Begging \"Begging\") was permitted for registered beggars, who had to carry a [certified tin plate](/wiki/Beggar%27s_badge \"Beggar's badge\"). Lime and brick [kilns](/wiki/Kiln \"Kiln\") were built in 1632\\.",
"In the 17th century Bauska was the third\\-largest city of the Duchy of Courland. It had a regular block layout consisting of two main streets parallel to [Mēmele](/wiki/Nemun%C4%97lis \"Nemunėlis\"), a [market square](/wiki/Market_square \"Market square\") with a town hall, two Lutheran churches and one\\-story wooden buildings. It had city\\-made sidewalks and a [night watch](/wiki/Watchman_%28law_enforcement%29 \"Watchman (law enforcement)\"). \n### Goldsmiths' cunfte",
"There was no shortage of wealthy people in Bauska, as evidenced by the remains of the magnificent pottery found, as well as the establishment of a goldsmiths' [cunfte](/wiki/Corporation_%28feudal_Europe%29 \"Corporation (feudal Europe)\") office in 1638\\. At the request of Bauska goldsmiths Heinrich Tinnes, Bertram Hilbrant, Hans Garding and Berent Boanne, the Duke of Courland issued the Bauska [Goldsmiths' Statute](/wiki/Hallmark \"Hallmark\") in 1638\\. Four masters had to be in the Bauska goldsmiths' [cunfte](/wiki/Corporation_%28feudal_Europe%29 \"Corporation (feudal Europe)\"). The Duke had the right to include another goldsmith at his own discretion in the cunfte. It took three years for a goldsmith apprentice to acquire the position of goldsmith. Bauska goldsmiths made a variety of gold and silver items for the needs of local landlords, churches, merchants and rich farmers. Between 1686 and 1697, goldsmith Tobias Müller worked in Bauska. In 1712, Bauska goldsmith Christoffer Kölsing asked to be admitted to the [Jelgava](/wiki/Jelgava \"Jelgava\") Goldsmith's Cunfte, as all Bauska goldsmiths had died in the [Great Northern War plague outbreak](/wiki/Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak \"Great Northern War plague outbreak\"). Christoffer Kölsing died in 1732 and was buried in Bauska. Goldsmith Friedrich Hermann Jacobi worked in Bauska from 1749 to 1796\\.",
"### Wars and plague",
"During the [Polish\\-Swedish War](/wiki/Polish-Swedish_War_%281600-1629%29 \"Polish-Swedish War (1600-1629)\"), the Duchy of Courland had been out of production for several years in the early 1620s. Famine broke out and was followed by a plague epidemic of 1623–1625\\. In September 1625, the troops of [Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden](/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden \"Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden\") occupied and plundered Bauska Castle and the city. By 1629, the city was under Swedish control.",
"During the [Second Northern War](/wiki/Second_Northern_War \"Second Northern War\"), Bauska was occupied by Swedish troops, and then Polish\\-Lithuanian troops. Duke [Jacob Kettler](/wiki/Jacob_Kettler \"Jacob Kettler\") recovered it only in 1660 after paying the Polish\\-Lithuanian king 10,000 [guilders](/wiki/Guilder \"Guilder\"). A plague epidemic broke out again in the city, killing 227 plague victims in just one month. On February 14, 1660, the Bauska City Magistrate ordered the collection of dead bodies on the streets and burial. After the war and the end of the plague, the pre\\-war activity of Bauska Castle and the city returned as it had survived mostly unharmed.",
"Shortly after the [Great Northern War](/wiki/Great_Northern_War \"Great Northern War\") began in 1700, Bauska was occupied by [Saxon](/wiki/Saxony \"Saxony\") troops. It is possible that Bauska Castle was visited by the King of Poland [Augustus II the Strong](/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong \"Augustus II the Strong\") and the Russian Tsar [Peter I](/wiki/Peter_the_Great \"Peter the Great\"), who in the winter of 1701 held talks on further war tactics in [Biržai Castle](/wiki/Bir%C5%BEai_Castle \"Biržai Castle\"). After the victory over the Saxons at the [Crossing of the Düna](/wiki/Crossing_of_the_D%C3%BCna \"Crossing of the Düna\") battle in 1701, Bauska was captured by the army of King [Charles XII of Sweden](/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden \"Charles XII of Sweden\") and was temporarily taken away by Russian troops in 1705\\. In 1706, both Bauska Castle and palace were partially blown up by the retreating Russian troops. It was no longer restored and eventually fell into ruins. During the war, two\\-thirds of the city buildings were also destroyed. The early winter of 1708 cut short the harvest and led to a famine. At the same time, the Great Northern War plague outbreak began. On July 3, 1709, church services were banned in Bauska to prevent the plague from spreading, and the dead were buried outside the burial grounds of churches. After the winter of 1708/1709, only one\\-third of the pre\\-war population of Bauska had survived the plague epidemic and famine.",
"Bauska was ravaged by war and plague until the mid\\-18th century. In 1762, members of the Magistrate were appointed noblemen and were allowed to carry a sword during their duties.",
""
] |
Kurzeme Province of Russian Empire
----------------------------------
{{see also \|History of the Jews in Bauska\|Courland Governorate}}
[thumb\|right\|100px\|Sofia Musketeer Regiment banner, 1797\.](/wiki/File:Arkhitektonika_Znamya_Sofiya_Mushketer_polka_1797.jpg "Arkhitektonika Znamya Sofiya Mushketer polka 1797.jpg")
After the [third partition of Poland](/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland "Partitions of Poland") in 1795, the [Duchy of Courland and Semigallia](/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia "Duchy of Courland and Semigallia") was acquired by the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire"). Bauska retained its status as the administrative center. In July 1797 the [Sofia Musketeer Regiment](/wiki/Sofia_Musketeer_Regiment "Sofia Musketeer Regiment") of the Russian Empire was stationed in the city. In 1806 the first school was opened. In 1799 lightning struck the tall Bauska Church of the Holy Spirit and as a "temporary" replacement, a flat roof was constructed, which has survived to this day.
### French invasion
During the [War of 1812](/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia "French invasion of Russia"), several battles took place near Bauska, the largest of which was the [Battle of Ekau](/wiki/Battle_of_Ekau "Battle of Ekau"). On July 17, the Commander of the Russian Empire's troops in Bauska, Lieutenant Colonel Kunicki of the Polish Uhlans Regiment, learned of an approaching Prussian intelligence unit, confronted it and launched a battle four [versts](/wiki/Verst "Verst"), or about {{convert\|2\.6\|miles\|}}, from Bauska, but was defeated and forced to retreat in the direction of [Iecava](/wiki/Iecava "Iecava") ({{lang\-de\|link\=no\|Eckau}}). On July 18, Bauska was captured by the 27th Prussian Division of General [Julius von Grawert](/wiki/Julius_von_Grawert "Julius von Grawert") of the [Napoleonic](/wiki/Napoleon "Napoleon") Army Marshal [Jacques MacDonald](/wiki/Jacques_MacDonald "Jacques MacDonald")'s Prussian Corps on [their way toward Riga](/wiki/Siege_of_Riga_%281812%29 "Siege of Riga (1812)").
On August 1, Napoleon ordered the establishment of the {{ill\|Duchy of Kurzeme, Zemgale, and Piltene\|lv\|Kurzemes, Zemgales un Piltenes hercogiste}}, a council of eight people led by Count {{ill\|Karl Johann Friedrich von Medem\|lv\|Kārlis Johans Frīdrihs fon Mēdems}}. The townspeople had to pay contributions and were obliged to feed the soldiers, who remained in Bauska until early December. The [7th French Division](/wiki/7th_Hussar_Regiment_%28France%29 "7th Hussar Regiment (France)") left the city on December 7\.
### Post\-war development
In 1814, when the city plan was created, the city had 108 buildings and 28 building plots. On May 1, 1815, the peak of the tall Lutheran church tower was struck by lightning repeatedly, also destroying the masonry. After the abolition of serfdom in Kurzeme in 1817, the population of the city started to increase.
Following the administrative reform of [Courland Province](/wiki/Courland_Province "Courland Province") in 1819, Bauska became the center of [Bauska County](/wiki/Bauska_County "Bauska County"). Beginning in 1820, Jews who had previously lived in a separate settlement behind the river were allowed to settle in Bauska.
In 1823, there were 120 dwellings in Bauska, of which only six were brick, so the city was often devastated by fires. The city had one Lutheran church and two synagogues.
On June 6, 1825, [Russian Emperor](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire") [Alexander I](/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia "Alexander I of Russia") stayed overnight in Bauska.
From November 17, 1831, to January 24, 1832, the [Sapper Leib\-garde Battalion](/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1-%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD "Сапёрный лейб-гвардии батальон"), which participated in the repression of the [November uprising](/wiki/November_uprising "November uprising") [Congress Poland](/wiki/Congress_Poland "Congress Poland"), arrived for winter recreation.
By 1835 the city had a population of 2142\. There were two crown schools in Bauska with 61 pupils and two private girls' schools with 18 pupils. There were 17 prisoners in the City Prison.
In 1848, farmers were allowed to settle freely throughout the territory of the [Courland Governorate](/wiki/Courland_Governorate "Courland Governorate") (including towns). Many rural craftsmen came to Bauska and it became one of the [Zemgale](/wiki/Zemgale "Zemgale") grain, flax, linseed, and livestock trade centers. The city has traditionally hosted three major fairs: Methane, Mary and St. Franciscan days (French Market). The largest of these was the French Market, which usually took place in early October and lasted a week.
The many visitors to the market led to a large number of inns and pubs in Bauska. By order of the Governor of Kurzeme in 1858, there were 25 pubs and inns in Bauska where beverages could be sold to farmers who came to the market.
From September 17, 1855, to June 26, 1856, the [1st Sumy Hussar Regiment](/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_1-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA "Сумский 1-й гусарский полк") was stationed in the town. The city was not only a center for agricultural commodities, but it was also where the production of goods for farmers begins to develop. Hansberg Plow Works began in 1862\.
In the mid\-19th century, there were 126 craftsmen in the city, including 23 shoemakers, 35 shops, 37 pubs, a wool mill, watermills, a sawmill, an agricultural tool factory, and a brick kiln. There were many orchards around the city. In 1873, {{ill\|Theodore Loding Brewery\|lv\|Teodora Lodinga alus darītava}} was founded. In 1869, the {{ill\|Bauska Voluntary Firefighters Association\|lv\|Bauskas Brīvprātīgo ugunsdzēsēju biedrība}} was founded. In 1876, the city's savings bank was founded.
City life was greatly hampered by the lack of bridges over the [Mūsa](/wiki/M%C5%ABsa "Mūsa") and [Mēmele](/wiki/Nemun%C4%97lis "Nemunėlis"). In 1874, a raft bridge was built across the Mēmele. On July 10, 1888, The newly built Mūsa Bridge was officially opened. The construction of the stone\-built bridge began on June 1, 1886, and cost 89,000 rubles. The opening was attended by the Governor of Courland, the elder of the local landlords, other noblemen and officials. The governor was welcomed at the bridge by the city board and the fire brigade.
On November 11, 1893, the first city newspaper *Bauskas Sludinājumi* (Bauskas Announcements), founded by Nahman (Nikolaj) Yankelovich, began to be published in the Latvian, Russian and German languages.{{in lang\|lv}} [Bauskas vēsture un tematiskās vietas Bauskā](https://www.bauska.lv/print.php?url=lv/sabiedriba/izglitiba/bauskas-novada-maciba/Tematiskās_vietas_Bauskā_(ieskats_Bauskas_vēsturē)) Bauskas novada mācība. 2018 It remained in a circulation of 1000–1500 copies until 1915\.
In the middle of the 19th century Bauska was a multinational city, but many of the privileges inherited from earlier times have been maintained by the Baltic Germans, who controlled the entire city administration. In 1889, Bauska, along with other Latvian cities, dismantled the German [magistrate](/wiki/Magistrate "Magistrate") that had been governing the city since 1511 and introduced a city\-wide administration. The most active in trade were the Jews, who at that time accounted for more than half of the city's population, and in 1863 owned 70 of the city's 75 shops. Since the end of the 19th century Latvians had also been mentioned among the wealthiest households, craftsmen and entrepreneurs of the city.{{in lang\|lv}} {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.bauska.lv/i.php\|title\=Bauskas novada dome\|website\=www.bauska.lv\|access\-date\=December 6, 2019\|archive\-date\=May 11, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511072528/https://www.bauska.lv/i.php\|url\-status\=dead}}
In 1882, the area of the city of Bauska was 72 [desyatina](/wiki/Obsolete_Russian_units_of_measurement "Obsolete Russian units of measurement"). In addition, the city still owned 269 desyatina and 406 km2 of land. Many houses had extensive [orchards](/wiki/Orchard "Orchard").
In the late 19th and early 20th century, the construction of brick buildings expanded in the city. The central part of the city was still on the left bank of [Mēmele](/wiki/Nemun%C4%97lis "Nemunėlis"), with only the Big Street (now Riga Street) and the Market Square (now Town Hall Square), where the market was held twice a week (Tuesdays and Fridays). Along Cūku Street (now Plūdoņa Street), farmers drove livestock to the market.
[Lutheran](/wiki/Lutheranism "Lutheranism") residents of the city were in German and Latvian congregations, both of which used the Bauska Church of the Holy Spirit. The Jews had the Great and the Little synagogues. In 1864, a Catholic church was built. In 1881, [St. George's Church](/wiki/St._George%27s_Church%2C_Bauska "St. George's Church, Bauska") was built. At the turn of the 20th century, the townhouses the Bauska County School, the Julian Beeke private girls' gymnasium, the Žibeika Commercial School, and the Jewish [yeshiva](/wiki/Yeshiva "Yeshiva") were built. From April 24, 1902, until his death in 1918, {{ill\|Oskar von Brandenburg\|lv\|Oskars Brandenburgs}} ruled the city. During these years the hospital was modernized, a cattle slaughterhouse was built, a sewage system was partially built, and a city telephone exchange was opened, connecting Bauska with Jelgava and Riga.
During the [revolution of 1905](/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution%23Latvia "1905 Russian Revolution#Latvia"), a strike took place in Bauska in early 1905\. On October 23, a rally took place under the red flag in the castle ruins, attended by a few thousand people. At the end of the year, a revolutionary steering committee was established to control power until the beginning of January 1906, when it was repressed in a [punitive expedition](/wiki/Punitive_expedition "Punitive expedition"). Several revolutionary activists were shot dead.
On March 17–18, 1906, there were City Council elections. Before them, a fierce struggle broke out between the German (10 seats) and the Jewish (2 seats) coalition that won the 1902 elections and the Latvian MPs (8 seats). As only those earning a certain level of income could vote, to reduce the number of Latvian voters, a number of Latvian homebuyers were lowered to the value of 300 rubles.
In 1909 the city had about 7,000 inhabitants. As a large shopping center, the city had 15 beer bars, 6 taverns, 4 hotel\-pubs, 4 beer stores, 4 wine cellars, 2 vodka stores, a garden restaurant, and the Loding Brewery, which produces about 100,000 buckets of beer per year. There were 14 different societies and 3 credit unions operating in the city. In 1908 there were 14 theater performances in Latvian. Around 900 children were taught by eight schools, of which four were secondary and four were elementary.
|
[
"Kurzeme Province of Russian Empire\n----------------------------------",
"{{see also \\|History of the Jews in Bauska\\|Courland Governorate}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|100px\\|Sofia Musketeer Regiment banner, 1797\\.](/wiki/File:Arkhitektonika_Znamya_Sofiya_Mushketer_polka_1797.jpg \"Arkhitektonika Znamya Sofiya Mushketer polka 1797.jpg\")\nAfter the [third partition of Poland](/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland \"Partitions of Poland\") in 1795, the [Duchy of Courland and Semigallia](/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia \"Duchy of Courland and Semigallia\") was acquired by the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\"). Bauska retained its status as the administrative center. In July 1797 the [Sofia Musketeer Regiment](/wiki/Sofia_Musketeer_Regiment \"Sofia Musketeer Regiment\") of the Russian Empire was stationed in the city. In 1806 the first school was opened. In 1799 lightning struck the tall Bauska Church of the Holy Spirit and as a \"temporary\" replacement, a flat roof was constructed, which has survived to this day.",
"### French invasion",
"During the [War of 1812](/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia \"French invasion of Russia\"), several battles took place near Bauska, the largest of which was the [Battle of Ekau](/wiki/Battle_of_Ekau \"Battle of Ekau\"). On July 17, the Commander of the Russian Empire's troops in Bauska, Lieutenant Colonel Kunicki of the Polish Uhlans Regiment, learned of an approaching Prussian intelligence unit, confronted it and launched a battle four [versts](/wiki/Verst \"Verst\"), or about {{convert\\|2\\.6\\|miles\\|}}, from Bauska, but was defeated and forced to retreat in the direction of [Iecava](/wiki/Iecava \"Iecava\") ({{lang\\-de\\|link\\=no\\|Eckau}}). On July 18, Bauska was captured by the 27th Prussian Division of General [Julius von Grawert](/wiki/Julius_von_Grawert \"Julius von Grawert\") of the [Napoleonic](/wiki/Napoleon \"Napoleon\") Army Marshal [Jacques MacDonald](/wiki/Jacques_MacDonald \"Jacques MacDonald\")'s Prussian Corps on [their way toward Riga](/wiki/Siege_of_Riga_%281812%29 \"Siege of Riga (1812)\").",
"On August 1, Napoleon ordered the establishment of the {{ill\\|Duchy of Kurzeme, Zemgale, and Piltene\\|lv\\|Kurzemes, Zemgales un Piltenes hercogiste}}, a council of eight people led by Count {{ill\\|Karl Johann Friedrich von Medem\\|lv\\|Kārlis Johans Frīdrihs fon Mēdems}}. The townspeople had to pay contributions and were obliged to feed the soldiers, who remained in Bauska until early December. The [7th French Division](/wiki/7th_Hussar_Regiment_%28France%29 \"7th Hussar Regiment (France)\") left the city on December 7\\.",
"### Post\\-war development",
"In 1814, when the city plan was created, the city had 108 buildings and 28 building plots. On May 1, 1815, the peak of the tall Lutheran church tower was struck by lightning repeatedly, also destroying the masonry. After the abolition of serfdom in Kurzeme in 1817, the population of the city started to increase.",
"Following the administrative reform of [Courland Province](/wiki/Courland_Province \"Courland Province\") in 1819, Bauska became the center of [Bauska County](/wiki/Bauska_County \"Bauska County\"). Beginning in 1820, Jews who had previously lived in a separate settlement behind the river were allowed to settle in Bauska.",
"In 1823, there were 120 dwellings in Bauska, of which only six were brick, so the city was often devastated by fires. The city had one Lutheran church and two synagogues.",
"On June 6, 1825, [Russian Emperor](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\") [Alexander I](/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia \"Alexander I of Russia\") stayed overnight in Bauska.",
"From November 17, 1831, to January 24, 1832, the [Sapper Leib\\-garde Battalion](/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1-%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD \"Сапёрный лейб-гвардии батальон\"), which participated in the repression of the [November uprising](/wiki/November_uprising \"November uprising\") [Congress Poland](/wiki/Congress_Poland \"Congress Poland\"), arrived for winter recreation.",
"By 1835 the city had a population of 2142\\. There were two crown schools in Bauska with 61 pupils and two private girls' schools with 18 pupils. There were 17 prisoners in the City Prison.",
"In 1848, farmers were allowed to settle freely throughout the territory of the [Courland Governorate](/wiki/Courland_Governorate \"Courland Governorate\") (including towns). Many rural craftsmen came to Bauska and it became one of the [Zemgale](/wiki/Zemgale \"Zemgale\") grain, flax, linseed, and livestock trade centers. The city has traditionally hosted three major fairs: Methane, Mary and St. Franciscan days (French Market). The largest of these was the French Market, which usually took place in early October and lasted a week.",
"The many visitors to the market led to a large number of inns and pubs in Bauska. By order of the Governor of Kurzeme in 1858, there were 25 pubs and inns in Bauska where beverages could be sold to farmers who came to the market.",
"From September 17, 1855, to June 26, 1856, the [1st Sumy Hussar Regiment](/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_1-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA \"Сумский 1-й гусарский полк\") was stationed in the town. The city was not only a center for agricultural commodities, but it was also where the production of goods for farmers begins to develop. Hansberg Plow Works began in 1862\\.",
"In the mid\\-19th century, there were 126 craftsmen in the city, including 23 shoemakers, 35 shops, 37 pubs, a wool mill, watermills, a sawmill, an agricultural tool factory, and a brick kiln. There were many orchards around the city. In 1873, {{ill\\|Theodore Loding Brewery\\|lv\\|Teodora Lodinga alus darītava}} was founded. In 1869, the {{ill\\|Bauska Voluntary Firefighters Association\\|lv\\|Bauskas Brīvprātīgo ugunsdzēsēju biedrība}} was founded. In 1876, the city's savings bank was founded.",
"City life was greatly hampered by the lack of bridges over the [Mūsa](/wiki/M%C5%ABsa \"Mūsa\") and [Mēmele](/wiki/Nemun%C4%97lis \"Nemunėlis\"). In 1874, a raft bridge was built across the Mēmele. On July 10, 1888, The newly built Mūsa Bridge was officially opened. The construction of the stone\\-built bridge began on June 1, 1886, and cost 89,000 rubles. The opening was attended by the Governor of Courland, the elder of the local landlords, other noblemen and officials. The governor was welcomed at the bridge by the city board and the fire brigade.",
"On November 11, 1893, the first city newspaper *Bauskas Sludinājumi* (Bauskas Announcements), founded by Nahman (Nikolaj) Yankelovich, began to be published in the Latvian, Russian and German languages.{{in lang\\|lv}} [Bauskas vēsture un tematiskās vietas Bauskā](https://www.bauska.lv/print.php?url=lv/sabiedriba/izglitiba/bauskas-novada-maciba/Tematiskās_vietas_Bauskā_(ieskats_Bauskas_vēsturē)) Bauskas novada mācība. 2018 It remained in a circulation of 1000–1500 copies until 1915\\.",
"In the middle of the 19th century Bauska was a multinational city, but many of the privileges inherited from earlier times have been maintained by the Baltic Germans, who controlled the entire city administration. In 1889, Bauska, along with other Latvian cities, dismantled the German [magistrate](/wiki/Magistrate \"Magistrate\") that had been governing the city since 1511 and introduced a city\\-wide administration. The most active in trade were the Jews, who at that time accounted for more than half of the city's population, and in 1863 owned 70 of the city's 75 shops. Since the end of the 19th century Latvians had also been mentioned among the wealthiest households, craftsmen and entrepreneurs of the city.{{in lang\\|lv}} {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bauska.lv/i.php\\|title\\=Bauskas novada dome\\|website\\=www.bauska.lv\\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=May 11, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511072528/https://www.bauska.lv/i.php\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In 1882, the area of the city of Bauska was 72 [desyatina](/wiki/Obsolete_Russian_units_of_measurement \"Obsolete Russian units of measurement\"). In addition, the city still owned 269 desyatina and 406 km2 of land. Many houses had extensive [orchards](/wiki/Orchard \"Orchard\").",
"In the late 19th and early 20th century, the construction of brick buildings expanded in the city. The central part of the city was still on the left bank of [Mēmele](/wiki/Nemun%C4%97lis \"Nemunėlis\"), with only the Big Street (now Riga Street) and the Market Square (now Town Hall Square), where the market was held twice a week (Tuesdays and Fridays). Along Cūku Street (now Plūdoņa Street), farmers drove livestock to the market.",
"[Lutheran](/wiki/Lutheranism \"Lutheranism\") residents of the city were in German and Latvian congregations, both of which used the Bauska Church of the Holy Spirit. The Jews had the Great and the Little synagogues. In 1864, a Catholic church was built. In 1881, [St. George's Church](/wiki/St._George%27s_Church%2C_Bauska \"St. George's Church, Bauska\") was built. At the turn of the 20th century, the townhouses the Bauska County School, the Julian Beeke private girls' gymnasium, the Žibeika Commercial School, and the Jewish [yeshiva](/wiki/Yeshiva \"Yeshiva\") were built. From April 24, 1902, until his death in 1918, {{ill\\|Oskar von Brandenburg\\|lv\\|Oskars Brandenburgs}} ruled the city. During these years the hospital was modernized, a cattle slaughterhouse was built, a sewage system was partially built, and a city telephone exchange was opened, connecting Bauska with Jelgava and Riga.",
"During the [revolution of 1905](/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution%23Latvia \"1905 Russian Revolution#Latvia\"), a strike took place in Bauska in early 1905\\. On October 23, a rally took place under the red flag in the castle ruins, attended by a few thousand people. At the end of the year, a revolutionary steering committee was established to control power until the beginning of January 1906, when it was repressed in a [punitive expedition](/wiki/Punitive_expedition \"Punitive expedition\"). Several revolutionary activists were shot dead.",
"On March 17–18, 1906, there were City Council elections. Before them, a fierce struggle broke out between the German (10 seats) and the Jewish (2 seats) coalition that won the 1902 elections and the Latvian MPs (8 seats). As only those earning a certain level of income could vote, to reduce the number of Latvian voters, a number of Latvian homebuyers were lowered to the value of 300 rubles.",
"In 1909 the city had about 7,000 inhabitants. As a large shopping center, the city had 15 beer bars, 6 taverns, 4 hotel\\-pubs, 4 beer stores, 4 wine cellars, 2 vodka stores, a garden restaurant, and the Loding Brewery, which produces about 100,000 buckets of beer per year. There were 14 different societies and 3 credit unions operating in the city. In 1908 there were 14 theater performances in Latvian. Around 900 children were taught by eight schools, of which four were secondary and four were elementary.",
""
] |
### Post\-war development
In 1814, when the city plan was created, the city had 108 buildings and 28 building plots. On May 1, 1815, the peak of the tall Lutheran church tower was struck by lightning repeatedly, also destroying the masonry. After the abolition of serfdom in Kurzeme in 1817, the population of the city started to increase.
Following the administrative reform of [Courland Province](/wiki/Courland_Province "Courland Province") in 1819, Bauska became the center of [Bauska County](/wiki/Bauska_County "Bauska County"). Beginning in 1820, Jews who had previously lived in a separate settlement behind the river were allowed to settle in Bauska.
In 1823, there were 120 dwellings in Bauska, of which only six were brick, so the city was often devastated by fires. The city had one Lutheran church and two synagogues.
On June 6, 1825, [Russian Emperor](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire") [Alexander I](/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia "Alexander I of Russia") stayed overnight in Bauska.
From November 17, 1831, to January 24, 1832, the [Sapper Leib\-garde Battalion](/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1-%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD "Сапёрный лейб-гвардии батальон"), which participated in the repression of the [November uprising](/wiki/November_uprising "November uprising") [Congress Poland](/wiki/Congress_Poland "Congress Poland"), arrived for winter recreation.
By 1835 the city had a population of 2142\. There were two crown schools in Bauska with 61 pupils and two private girls' schools with 18 pupils. There were 17 prisoners in the City Prison.
In 1848, farmers were allowed to settle freely throughout the territory of the [Courland Governorate](/wiki/Courland_Governorate "Courland Governorate") (including towns). Many rural craftsmen came to Bauska and it became one of the [Zemgale](/wiki/Zemgale "Zemgale") grain, flax, linseed, and livestock trade centers. The city has traditionally hosted three major fairs: Methane, Mary and St. Franciscan days (French Market). The largest of these was the French Market, which usually took place in early October and lasted a week.
The many visitors to the market led to a large number of inns and pubs in Bauska. By order of the Governor of Kurzeme in 1858, there were 25 pubs and inns in Bauska where beverages could be sold to farmers who came to the market.
From September 17, 1855, to June 26, 1856, the [1st Sumy Hussar Regiment](/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_1-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA "Сумский 1-й гусарский полк") was stationed in the town. The city was not only a center for agricultural commodities, but it was also where the production of goods for farmers begins to develop. Hansberg Plow Works began in 1862\.
In the mid\-19th century, there were 126 craftsmen in the city, including 23 shoemakers, 35 shops, 37 pubs, a wool mill, watermills, a sawmill, an agricultural tool factory, and a brick kiln. There were many orchards around the city. In 1873, {{ill\|Theodore Loding Brewery\|lv\|Teodora Lodinga alus darītava}} was founded. In 1869, the {{ill\|Bauska Voluntary Firefighters Association\|lv\|Bauskas Brīvprātīgo ugunsdzēsēju biedrība}} was founded. In 1876, the city's savings bank was founded.
City life was greatly hampered by the lack of bridges over the [Mūsa](/wiki/M%C5%ABsa "Mūsa") and [Mēmele](/wiki/Nemun%C4%97lis "Nemunėlis"). In 1874, a raft bridge was built across the Mēmele. On July 10, 1888, The newly built Mūsa Bridge was officially opened. The construction of the stone\-built bridge began on June 1, 1886, and cost 89,000 rubles. The opening was attended by the Governor of Courland, the elder of the local landlords, other noblemen and officials. The governor was welcomed at the bridge by the city board and the fire brigade.
On November 11, 1893, the first city newspaper *Bauskas Sludinājumi* (Bauskas Announcements), founded by Nahman (Nikolaj) Yankelovich, began to be published in the Latvian, Russian and German languages.{{in lang\|lv}} [Bauskas vēsture un tematiskās vietas Bauskā](https://www.bauska.lv/print.php?url=lv/sabiedriba/izglitiba/bauskas-novada-maciba/Tematiskās_vietas_Bauskā_(ieskats_Bauskas_vēsturē)) Bauskas novada mācība. 2018 It remained in a circulation of 1000–1500 copies until 1915\.
In the middle of the 19th century Bauska was a multinational city, but many of the privileges inherited from earlier times have been maintained by the Baltic Germans, who controlled the entire city administration. In 1889, Bauska, along with other Latvian cities, dismantled the German [magistrate](/wiki/Magistrate "Magistrate") that had been governing the city since 1511 and introduced a city\-wide administration. The most active in trade were the Jews, who at that time accounted for more than half of the city's population, and in 1863 owned 70 of the city's 75 shops. Since the end of the 19th century Latvians had also been mentioned among the wealthiest households, craftsmen and entrepreneurs of the city.{{in lang\|lv}} {{Cite web\|url\=https://www.bauska.lv/i.php\|title\=Bauskas novada dome\|website\=www.bauska.lv\|access\-date\=December 6, 2019\|archive\-date\=May 11, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511072528/https://www.bauska.lv/i.php\|url\-status\=dead}}
In 1882, the area of the city of Bauska was 72 [desyatina](/wiki/Obsolete_Russian_units_of_measurement "Obsolete Russian units of measurement"). In addition, the city still owned 269 desyatina and 406 km2 of land. Many houses had extensive [orchards](/wiki/Orchard "Orchard").
In the late 19th and early 20th century, the construction of brick buildings expanded in the city. The central part of the city was still on the left bank of [Mēmele](/wiki/Nemun%C4%97lis "Nemunėlis"), with only the Big Street (now Riga Street) and the Market Square (now Town Hall Square), where the market was held twice a week (Tuesdays and Fridays). Along Cūku Street (now Plūdoņa Street), farmers drove livestock to the market.
[Lutheran](/wiki/Lutheranism "Lutheranism") residents of the city were in German and Latvian congregations, both of which used the Bauska Church of the Holy Spirit. The Jews had the Great and the Little synagogues. In 1864, a Catholic church was built. In 1881, [St. George's Church](/wiki/St._George%27s_Church%2C_Bauska "St. George's Church, Bauska") was built. At the turn of the 20th century, the townhouses the Bauska County School, the Julian Beeke private girls' gymnasium, the Žibeika Commercial School, and the Jewish [yeshiva](/wiki/Yeshiva "Yeshiva") were built. From April 24, 1902, until his death in 1918, {{ill\|Oskar von Brandenburg\|lv\|Oskars Brandenburgs}} ruled the city. During these years the hospital was modernized, a cattle slaughterhouse was built, a sewage system was partially built, and a city telephone exchange was opened, connecting Bauska with Jelgava and Riga.
During the [revolution of 1905](/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution%23Latvia "1905 Russian Revolution#Latvia"), a strike took place in Bauska in early 1905\. On October 23, a rally took place under the red flag in the castle ruins, attended by a few thousand people. At the end of the year, a revolutionary steering committee was established to control power until the beginning of January 1906, when it was repressed in a [punitive expedition](/wiki/Punitive_expedition "Punitive expedition"). Several revolutionary activists were shot dead.
On March 17–18, 1906, there were City Council elections. Before them, a fierce struggle broke out between the German (10 seats) and the Jewish (2 seats) coalition that won the 1902 elections and the Latvian MPs (8 seats). As only those earning a certain level of income could vote, to reduce the number of Latvian voters, a number of Latvian homebuyers were lowered to the value of 300 rubles.
In 1909 the city had about 7,000 inhabitants. As a large shopping center, the city had 15 beer bars, 6 taverns, 4 hotel\-pubs, 4 beer stores, 4 wine cellars, 2 vodka stores, a garden restaurant, and the Loding Brewery, which produces about 100,000 buckets of beer per year. There were 14 different societies and 3 credit unions operating in the city. In 1908 there were 14 theater performances in Latvian. Around 900 children were taught by eight schools, of which four were secondary and four were elementary.
|
[
"### Post\\-war development",
"In 1814, when the city plan was created, the city had 108 buildings and 28 building plots. On May 1, 1815, the peak of the tall Lutheran church tower was struck by lightning repeatedly, also destroying the masonry. After the abolition of serfdom in Kurzeme in 1817, the population of the city started to increase.",
"Following the administrative reform of [Courland Province](/wiki/Courland_Province \"Courland Province\") in 1819, Bauska became the center of [Bauska County](/wiki/Bauska_County \"Bauska County\"). Beginning in 1820, Jews who had previously lived in a separate settlement behind the river were allowed to settle in Bauska.",
"In 1823, there were 120 dwellings in Bauska, of which only six were brick, so the city was often devastated by fires. The city had one Lutheran church and two synagogues.",
"On June 6, 1825, [Russian Emperor](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\") [Alexander I](/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia \"Alexander I of Russia\") stayed overnight in Bauska.",
"From November 17, 1831, to January 24, 1832, the [Sapper Leib\\-garde Battalion](/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1-%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD \"Сапёрный лейб-гвардии батальон\"), which participated in the repression of the [November uprising](/wiki/November_uprising \"November uprising\") [Congress Poland](/wiki/Congress_Poland \"Congress Poland\"), arrived for winter recreation.",
"By 1835 the city had a population of 2142\\. There were two crown schools in Bauska with 61 pupils and two private girls' schools with 18 pupils. There were 17 prisoners in the City Prison.",
"In 1848, farmers were allowed to settle freely throughout the territory of the [Courland Governorate](/wiki/Courland_Governorate \"Courland Governorate\") (including towns). Many rural craftsmen came to Bauska and it became one of the [Zemgale](/wiki/Zemgale \"Zemgale\") grain, flax, linseed, and livestock trade centers. The city has traditionally hosted three major fairs: Methane, Mary and St. Franciscan days (French Market). The largest of these was the French Market, which usually took place in early October and lasted a week.",
"The many visitors to the market led to a large number of inns and pubs in Bauska. By order of the Governor of Kurzeme in 1858, there were 25 pubs and inns in Bauska where beverages could be sold to farmers who came to the market.",
"From September 17, 1855, to June 26, 1856, the [1st Sumy Hussar Regiment](/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_1-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA \"Сумский 1-й гусарский полк\") was stationed in the town. The city was not only a center for agricultural commodities, but it was also where the production of goods for farmers begins to develop. Hansberg Plow Works began in 1862\\.",
"In the mid\\-19th century, there were 126 craftsmen in the city, including 23 shoemakers, 35 shops, 37 pubs, a wool mill, watermills, a sawmill, an agricultural tool factory, and a brick kiln. There were many orchards around the city. In 1873, {{ill\\|Theodore Loding Brewery\\|lv\\|Teodora Lodinga alus darītava}} was founded. In 1869, the {{ill\\|Bauska Voluntary Firefighters Association\\|lv\\|Bauskas Brīvprātīgo ugunsdzēsēju biedrība}} was founded. In 1876, the city's savings bank was founded.",
"City life was greatly hampered by the lack of bridges over the [Mūsa](/wiki/M%C5%ABsa \"Mūsa\") and [Mēmele](/wiki/Nemun%C4%97lis \"Nemunėlis\"). In 1874, a raft bridge was built across the Mēmele. On July 10, 1888, The newly built Mūsa Bridge was officially opened. The construction of the stone\\-built bridge began on June 1, 1886, and cost 89,000 rubles. The opening was attended by the Governor of Courland, the elder of the local landlords, other noblemen and officials. The governor was welcomed at the bridge by the city board and the fire brigade.",
"On November 11, 1893, the first city newspaper *Bauskas Sludinājumi* (Bauskas Announcements), founded by Nahman (Nikolaj) Yankelovich, began to be published in the Latvian, Russian and German languages.{{in lang\\|lv}} [Bauskas vēsture un tematiskās vietas Bauskā](https://www.bauska.lv/print.php?url=lv/sabiedriba/izglitiba/bauskas-novada-maciba/Tematiskās_vietas_Bauskā_(ieskats_Bauskas_vēsturē)) Bauskas novada mācība. 2018 It remained in a circulation of 1000–1500 copies until 1915\\.",
"In the middle of the 19th century Bauska was a multinational city, but many of the privileges inherited from earlier times have been maintained by the Baltic Germans, who controlled the entire city administration. In 1889, Bauska, along with other Latvian cities, dismantled the German [magistrate](/wiki/Magistrate \"Magistrate\") that had been governing the city since 1511 and introduced a city\\-wide administration. The most active in trade were the Jews, who at that time accounted for more than half of the city's population, and in 1863 owned 70 of the city's 75 shops. Since the end of the 19th century Latvians had also been mentioned among the wealthiest households, craftsmen and entrepreneurs of the city.{{in lang\\|lv}} {{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bauska.lv/i.php\\|title\\=Bauskas novada dome\\|website\\=www.bauska.lv\\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=May 11, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511072528/https://www.bauska.lv/i.php\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In 1882, the area of the city of Bauska was 72 [desyatina](/wiki/Obsolete_Russian_units_of_measurement \"Obsolete Russian units of measurement\"). In addition, the city still owned 269 desyatina and 406 km2 of land. Many houses had extensive [orchards](/wiki/Orchard \"Orchard\").",
"In the late 19th and early 20th century, the construction of brick buildings expanded in the city. The central part of the city was still on the left bank of [Mēmele](/wiki/Nemun%C4%97lis \"Nemunėlis\"), with only the Big Street (now Riga Street) and the Market Square (now Town Hall Square), where the market was held twice a week (Tuesdays and Fridays). Along Cūku Street (now Plūdoņa Street), farmers drove livestock to the market.",
"[Lutheran](/wiki/Lutheranism \"Lutheranism\") residents of the city were in German and Latvian congregations, both of which used the Bauska Church of the Holy Spirit. The Jews had the Great and the Little synagogues. In 1864, a Catholic church was built. In 1881, [St. George's Church](/wiki/St._George%27s_Church%2C_Bauska \"St. George's Church, Bauska\") was built. At the turn of the 20th century, the townhouses the Bauska County School, the Julian Beeke private girls' gymnasium, the Žibeika Commercial School, and the Jewish [yeshiva](/wiki/Yeshiva \"Yeshiva\") were built. From April 24, 1902, until his death in 1918, {{ill\\|Oskar von Brandenburg\\|lv\\|Oskars Brandenburgs}} ruled the city. During these years the hospital was modernized, a cattle slaughterhouse was built, a sewage system was partially built, and a city telephone exchange was opened, connecting Bauska with Jelgava and Riga.",
"During the [revolution of 1905](/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution%23Latvia \"1905 Russian Revolution#Latvia\"), a strike took place in Bauska in early 1905\\. On October 23, a rally took place under the red flag in the castle ruins, attended by a few thousand people. At the end of the year, a revolutionary steering committee was established to control power until the beginning of January 1906, when it was repressed in a [punitive expedition](/wiki/Punitive_expedition \"Punitive expedition\"). Several revolutionary activists were shot dead.",
"On March 17–18, 1906, there were City Council elections. Before them, a fierce struggle broke out between the German (10 seats) and the Jewish (2 seats) coalition that won the 1902 elections and the Latvian MPs (8 seats). As only those earning a certain level of income could vote, to reduce the number of Latvian voters, a number of Latvian homebuyers were lowered to the value of 300 rubles.",
"In 1909 the city had about 7,000 inhabitants. As a large shopping center, the city had 15 beer bars, 6 taverns, 4 hotel\\-pubs, 4 beer stores, 4 wine cellars, 2 vodka stores, a garden restaurant, and the Loding Brewery, which produces about 100,000 buckets of beer per year. There were 14 different societies and 3 credit unions operating in the city. In 1908 there were 14 theater performances in Latvian. Around 900 children were taught by eight schools, of which four were secondary and four were elementary.",
""
] |
World War I and Latvian War of Independence
-------------------------------------------
Before [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") 8300 people lived in Bauska. Almost half of the city's population (mostly Jews) were forced to flee by the Russian authorities before the Germans arrived in 1915\.
### German occupation
During the {{ill\|Kurzeme offensive\|lv\|Kurzemes ofensīva}} on July 28, 1915, [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire "German Empire") troops pushed the Russian Empire army up to the Lielupe. On July 31, the Germans forced the Lielupe near Bauska and around 8 pm Bauska was captured by the German Empire, receiving 1450 soldiers and war trophies. During the German occupation in 1916, a power station was built in Bauska by the {{ill\|Meitene\-Bauska narrow\-gauge railway line\|lv\|Dzelzceļa līnija Meitene—Bauska}}.
From March to November 1918, Bauska was part of the [Duchy of Courland](/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_%281918%29 "Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)") restored by the [Baltic Germans](/wiki/Baltic_Germans "Baltic Germans") and later the [United Baltic Duchy](/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy "United Baltic Duchy"), which, on November 18, lost power to the [Latvian Provisional Government](/wiki/Latvian_Provisional_Government "Latvian Provisional Government") led by [Kārlis Ulmanis](/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Ulmanis "Kārlis Ulmanis").
In November 1918, about 300 German army soldiers under the command of [von Firksa](/wiki/Fircks_%28Adelsgeschlecht%29 "Fircks (Adelsgeschlecht)") were in town. On November 30, the city council was formed of five people, and the first head of Bauska was lawyer Janis Klavins,[Jānis Kļaviņš](https://timenote.info/lv/Janis-Klavins-00.00.1919) and his deputies were R. Gutman, J. Viumsons, J. Israelelsons, and E. Rijkur. At the first meeting, it was decided that the meetings would be held in Latvian instead of German or Russian. On December 1, the new board decided that seven militia guards would keep order in the city.{{in lang\|lv}} [Notikumi Bauskā pirms 90 gadiem](https://www.tvnet.lv/4758952/notikumi-bauska-pirms-90-gadiem)
### Bolsheviks in power
As [Soviet Russia](/wiki/Soviet_Russia "Soviet Russia")'s troops approached, the last 30–40 German [Iron Division](/wiki/Eiserne_Division "Eiserne Division") troops left Bauska on January 4, 1919\. The [Latvian Provisional Government](/wiki/Latvian_Provisional_Government "Latvian Provisional Government") remained in the hands of the loyal city head attorney Klavins. As he stated that the Red Riflemen were not to be feared, because they were not Bolsheviks, but good Latvians, German townspeople sought to dismiss Klavins.
On January 5, 12 Iron Division soldiers returned to Bauska to continue collecting items not collected the previous day. The militia commanded by Klavins arrested them, and at the same time arrested several German businessmen in the city. The city was in a great mood. On January 6, when a white\-collar unit in Russian uniforms passed through the city, retreating from the Bolsheviks, the townspeople regarded them as Red Army men and they were invited to a ball at the Kurzeme Hotel. On January 7, a unit defeated by the Bolsheviks reached Bauska. The Landesvere send a delegation for negotiation under the command of an officer, whom Klavins ordered arrested. The Landesvere forces responded with a battle that ended with a Landesvere victory and the release of prisoners. Klavins and six other militia members were shot dead. The same day the Landeswreck left the city.
On January 9, the [Soviet Latvian Army](/wiki/Soviet_Latvian_Army "Soviet Latvian Army") cavalry entered Bauska, followed by infantry and artillery on January 10\. Regular units of the Red Army went further, but a number of Bolshevik activists remained in the city, who introduced [Soviet](/wiki/Latvian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic "Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic") power. The Revolutionary Tribunal and the Battle Group were led by Sparrow. The political department was headed by Namnieks. The Executive Committee was chaired by Silis. About 100 volunteers applied to join the Red Army.
House searches and seizures of property took place, and nearly all German families were stripped of their clothes, silverware, and food. On January 13, there were the first executions of the Revolutionary Tribunal. Edgar von Ulot and the pastor [Hans Bielenstein](/wiki/Hans_Bielenstein_%28Pastor%29 "Hans Bielenstein (Pastor)") were shot in the mound park. Von Ulot was shot for directing the police during the oppression of the 1905 revolution, while Beelenstein was a member of the German occupation regime. During the months of Bolshevik rule, several merchants were shot, as well as Latvians and Germans accused of unauthorized speculation or cooperation with the German army.
On March 12 there was a meeting in the Church of the Holy Spirit, which was to be attended by all the inhabitants of the city. The head of the political department Namnieks strongly criticized the pastor [Kristaps Strautmanis](/wiki/Christoph_Strautmann "Christoph Strautmann"). After the Landesvere units liberated [Jelgava](/wiki/Jelgava "Jelgava") from the Bolsheviks, on March 19, panic broke out among the Bolsheviks and they left a number of prisoners, including Pastor Strautman, but returned on March 20\. Pastor Strautmanis and other prisoners were shot in the Vecsaule Forest. On March 21, German pastor Fricis Stafenhagen hid in a neighbor's garden house to avoid becoming a victim of the Bolshevik terror. Wealthy business brothers Lodiņi spent a couple of days in their beer brewery hiding in an empty beer barrel.
### Baltische Landeswehr and Bermondt\-Avalov
On March 23, at around 7:00 am, from the north and east of the city, came the military of Count York, backed by the Brandis branch. Bauska was defended by the [Soviet Latvian Army](/wiki/Soviet_Latvian_Army "Soviet Latvian Army") 99th Regiment, supported by units of the 3rd and 8th Latvian Red Rifle Regiments. The battle resulted in 400 prisoners of war and 4 machine guns.
Distressed Bruno Lodin was appointed head of Bauska City on March 30\. The front line stabilized on the cavalry from Bauska, and there were regular battles in the next few months. During April 22–24, 1919, the [Baltische Landeswehr](/wiki/Baltische_Landeswehr "Baltische Landeswehr") {{ill\|Bauska Battalion\|lv\|Bauskas bataljons}} with 300 volunteer soldiers was formed under the leadership of local Latvian officers. Bauska Commander [fon Betiher](/wiki/Betiheri "Betiheri") was appointed Battalion Commander, and Latvian officers Berzins, Krasts and Ermanis were appointed Commanders of the Battalion.
On April 26, the Bolsheviks began firing on the city's artillery. When the Bolsheviks attacked Bauska on April 28 and approached [Mēmele](/wiki/Nemun%C4%97lis "Nemunėlis") Bridge, 50 armed Bauska battalion soldiers under the leadership of Vilis Olavs (1902–1944\){{in lang\|lv}} [Olavs, Vilis](https://www.historia.lv/raksts/vilis-olavs-jaunakais-latvijas-diplomats) // Latvju enciklopēdija. 2\.sējums, 1801\.lpp., son of [Vilis Olavs](/wiki/Vilis_Olavs "Vilis Olavs"). broke into [Derpele manor](/wiki/Derpele_manor "Derpele manor") and attacked the bomber. On May 1, the Bauska Battalion together with the Germans went on a counterattack against the attacking Lithuanian Bolshevik forces, capturing 35 soldiers and 2 machine guns. In the following week the battalion fought in Lithuania. On May 18, the last battalion attack on [Ceraukste Parish](/wiki/Ceraukste_Parish "Ceraukste Parish") was unleashed.
On May 22, 1919, the city was taken over by the government of [Andrievs Niedra](/wiki/Andrievs_Niedra "Andrievs Niedra") and commanded by [Pavel Bermondt\-Avalov](/wiki/Pavel_Bermondt-Avalov "Pavel Bermondt-Avalov") in September 1919\. During the battles of the [West Russian Volunteer Army](/wiki/West_Russian_Volunteer_Army "West Russian Volunteer Army") and {{ill\|Bermontia\|lv\|Bermontiāde}} against the [Latvian Armies](/wiki/Latvian_Armed_Forces "Latvian Armed Forces"), Bauska was released by Valmiera and Jelgava regiments on the morning of November 17, 1919, obtaining hundreds of rifles, dozens of machine guns and two artillery\-loaded wagons.
|
[
"World War I and Latvian War of Independence\n-------------------------------------------",
"Before [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") 8300 people lived in Bauska. Almost half of the city's population (mostly Jews) were forced to flee by the Russian authorities before the Germans arrived in 1915\\.",
"### German occupation",
"During the {{ill\\|Kurzeme offensive\\|lv\\|Kurzemes ofensīva}} on July 28, 1915, [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire \"German Empire\") troops pushed the Russian Empire army up to the Lielupe. On July 31, the Germans forced the Lielupe near Bauska and around 8 pm Bauska was captured by the German Empire, receiving 1450 soldiers and war trophies. During the German occupation in 1916, a power station was built in Bauska by the {{ill\\|Meitene\\-Bauska narrow\\-gauge railway line\\|lv\\|Dzelzceļa līnija Meitene—Bauska}}.",
"From March to November 1918, Bauska was part of the [Duchy of Courland](/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_%281918%29 \"Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)\") restored by the [Baltic Germans](/wiki/Baltic_Germans \"Baltic Germans\") and later the [United Baltic Duchy](/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy \"United Baltic Duchy\"), which, on November 18, lost power to the [Latvian Provisional Government](/wiki/Latvian_Provisional_Government \"Latvian Provisional Government\") led by [Kārlis Ulmanis](/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Ulmanis \"Kārlis Ulmanis\").",
"In November 1918, about 300 German army soldiers under the command of [von Firksa](/wiki/Fircks_%28Adelsgeschlecht%29 \"Fircks (Adelsgeschlecht)\") were in town. On November 30, the city council was formed of five people, and the first head of Bauska was lawyer Janis Klavins,[Jānis Kļaviņš](https://timenote.info/lv/Janis-Klavins-00.00.1919) and his deputies were R. Gutman, J. Viumsons, J. Israelelsons, and E. Rijkur. At the first meeting, it was decided that the meetings would be held in Latvian instead of German or Russian. On December 1, the new board decided that seven militia guards would keep order in the city.{{in lang\\|lv}} [Notikumi Bauskā pirms 90 gadiem](https://www.tvnet.lv/4758952/notikumi-bauska-pirms-90-gadiem)",
"### Bolsheviks in power",
"As [Soviet Russia](/wiki/Soviet_Russia \"Soviet Russia\")'s troops approached, the last 30–40 German [Iron Division](/wiki/Eiserne_Division \"Eiserne Division\") troops left Bauska on January 4, 1919\\. The [Latvian Provisional Government](/wiki/Latvian_Provisional_Government \"Latvian Provisional Government\") remained in the hands of the loyal city head attorney Klavins. As he stated that the Red Riflemen were not to be feared, because they were not Bolsheviks, but good Latvians, German townspeople sought to dismiss Klavins.",
"On January 5, 12 Iron Division soldiers returned to Bauska to continue collecting items not collected the previous day. The militia commanded by Klavins arrested them, and at the same time arrested several German businessmen in the city. The city was in a great mood. On January 6, when a white\\-collar unit in Russian uniforms passed through the city, retreating from the Bolsheviks, the townspeople regarded them as Red Army men and they were invited to a ball at the Kurzeme Hotel. On January 7, a unit defeated by the Bolsheviks reached Bauska. The Landesvere send a delegation for negotiation under the command of an officer, whom Klavins ordered arrested. The Landesvere forces responded with a battle that ended with a Landesvere victory and the release of prisoners. Klavins and six other militia members were shot dead. The same day the Landeswreck left the city.",
"On January 9, the [Soviet Latvian Army](/wiki/Soviet_Latvian_Army \"Soviet Latvian Army\") cavalry entered Bauska, followed by infantry and artillery on January 10\\. Regular units of the Red Army went further, but a number of Bolshevik activists remained in the city, who introduced [Soviet](/wiki/Latvian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic \"Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic\") power. The Revolutionary Tribunal and the Battle Group were led by Sparrow. The political department was headed by Namnieks. The Executive Committee was chaired by Silis. About 100 volunteers applied to join the Red Army.",
"House searches and seizures of property took place, and nearly all German families were stripped of their clothes, silverware, and food. On January 13, there were the first executions of the Revolutionary Tribunal. Edgar von Ulot and the pastor [Hans Bielenstein](/wiki/Hans_Bielenstein_%28Pastor%29 \"Hans Bielenstein (Pastor)\") were shot in the mound park. Von Ulot was shot for directing the police during the oppression of the 1905 revolution, while Beelenstein was a member of the German occupation regime. During the months of Bolshevik rule, several merchants were shot, as well as Latvians and Germans accused of unauthorized speculation or cooperation with the German army.",
"On March 12 there was a meeting in the Church of the Holy Spirit, which was to be attended by all the inhabitants of the city. The head of the political department Namnieks strongly criticized the pastor [Kristaps Strautmanis](/wiki/Christoph_Strautmann \"Christoph Strautmann\"). After the Landesvere units liberated [Jelgava](/wiki/Jelgava \"Jelgava\") from the Bolsheviks, on March 19, panic broke out among the Bolsheviks and they left a number of prisoners, including Pastor Strautman, but returned on March 20\\. Pastor Strautmanis and other prisoners were shot in the Vecsaule Forest. On March 21, German pastor Fricis Stafenhagen hid in a neighbor's garden house to avoid becoming a victim of the Bolshevik terror. Wealthy business brothers Lodiņi spent a couple of days in their beer brewery hiding in an empty beer barrel.",
"### Baltische Landeswehr and Bermondt\\-Avalov",
"On March 23, at around 7:00 am, from the north and east of the city, came the military of Count York, backed by the Brandis branch. Bauska was defended by the [Soviet Latvian Army](/wiki/Soviet_Latvian_Army \"Soviet Latvian Army\") 99th Regiment, supported by units of the 3rd and 8th Latvian Red Rifle Regiments. The battle resulted in 400 prisoners of war and 4 machine guns.",
"Distressed Bruno Lodin was appointed head of Bauska City on March 30\\. The front line stabilized on the cavalry from Bauska, and there were regular battles in the next few months. During April 22–24, 1919, the [Baltische Landeswehr](/wiki/Baltische_Landeswehr \"Baltische Landeswehr\") {{ill\\|Bauska Battalion\\|lv\\|Bauskas bataljons}} with 300 volunteer soldiers was formed under the leadership of local Latvian officers. Bauska Commander [fon Betiher](/wiki/Betiheri \"Betiheri\") was appointed Battalion Commander, and Latvian officers Berzins, Krasts and Ermanis were appointed Commanders of the Battalion.",
"On April 26, the Bolsheviks began firing on the city's artillery. When the Bolsheviks attacked Bauska on April 28 and approached [Mēmele](/wiki/Nemun%C4%97lis \"Nemunėlis\") Bridge, 50 armed Bauska battalion soldiers under the leadership of Vilis Olavs (1902–1944\\){{in lang\\|lv}} [Olavs, Vilis](https://www.historia.lv/raksts/vilis-olavs-jaunakais-latvijas-diplomats) // Latvju enciklopēdija. 2\\.sējums, 1801\\.lpp., son of [Vilis Olavs](/wiki/Vilis_Olavs \"Vilis Olavs\"). broke into [Derpele manor](/wiki/Derpele_manor \"Derpele manor\") and attacked the bomber. On May 1, the Bauska Battalion together with the Germans went on a counterattack against the attacking Lithuanian Bolshevik forces, capturing 35 soldiers and 2 machine guns. In the following week the battalion fought in Lithuania. On May 18, the last battalion attack on [Ceraukste Parish](/wiki/Ceraukste_Parish \"Ceraukste Parish\") was unleashed.",
"On May 22, 1919, the city was taken over by the government of [Andrievs Niedra](/wiki/Andrievs_Niedra \"Andrievs Niedra\") and commanded by [Pavel Bermondt\\-Avalov](/wiki/Pavel_Bermondt-Avalov \"Pavel Bermondt-Avalov\") in September 1919\\. During the battles of the [West Russian Volunteer Army](/wiki/West_Russian_Volunteer_Army \"West Russian Volunteer Army\") and {{ill\\|Bermontia\\|lv\\|Bermontiāde}} against the [Latvian Armies](/wiki/Latvian_Armed_Forces \"Latvian Armed Forces\"), Bauska was released by Valmiera and Jelgava regiments on the morning of November 17, 1919, obtaining hundreds of rifles, dozens of machine guns and two artillery\\-loaded wagons.",
""
] |
### Bolsheviks in power
As [Soviet Russia](/wiki/Soviet_Russia "Soviet Russia")'s troops approached, the last 30–40 German [Iron Division](/wiki/Eiserne_Division "Eiserne Division") troops left Bauska on January 4, 1919\. The [Latvian Provisional Government](/wiki/Latvian_Provisional_Government "Latvian Provisional Government") remained in the hands of the loyal city head attorney Klavins. As he stated that the Red Riflemen were not to be feared, because they were not Bolsheviks, but good Latvians, German townspeople sought to dismiss Klavins.
On January 5, 12 Iron Division soldiers returned to Bauska to continue collecting items not collected the previous day. The militia commanded by Klavins arrested them, and at the same time arrested several German businessmen in the city. The city was in a great mood. On January 6, when a white\-collar unit in Russian uniforms passed through the city, retreating from the Bolsheviks, the townspeople regarded them as Red Army men and they were invited to a ball at the Kurzeme Hotel. On January 7, a unit defeated by the Bolsheviks reached Bauska. The Landesvere send a delegation for negotiation under the command of an officer, whom Klavins ordered arrested. The Landesvere forces responded with a battle that ended with a Landesvere victory and the release of prisoners. Klavins and six other militia members were shot dead. The same day the Landeswreck left the city.
On January 9, the [Soviet Latvian Army](/wiki/Soviet_Latvian_Army "Soviet Latvian Army") cavalry entered Bauska, followed by infantry and artillery on January 10\. Regular units of the Red Army went further, but a number of Bolshevik activists remained in the city, who introduced [Soviet](/wiki/Latvian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic "Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic") power. The Revolutionary Tribunal and the Battle Group were led by Sparrow. The political department was headed by Namnieks. The Executive Committee was chaired by Silis. About 100 volunteers applied to join the Red Army.
House searches and seizures of property took place, and nearly all German families were stripped of their clothes, silverware, and food. On January 13, there were the first executions of the Revolutionary Tribunal. Edgar von Ulot and the pastor [Hans Bielenstein](/wiki/Hans_Bielenstein_%28Pastor%29 "Hans Bielenstein (Pastor)") were shot in the mound park. Von Ulot was shot for directing the police during the oppression of the 1905 revolution, while Beelenstein was a member of the German occupation regime. During the months of Bolshevik rule, several merchants were shot, as well as Latvians and Germans accused of unauthorized speculation or cooperation with the German army.
On March 12 there was a meeting in the Church of the Holy Spirit, which was to be attended by all the inhabitants of the city. The head of the political department Namnieks strongly criticized the pastor [Kristaps Strautmanis](/wiki/Christoph_Strautmann "Christoph Strautmann"). After the Landesvere units liberated [Jelgava](/wiki/Jelgava "Jelgava") from the Bolsheviks, on March 19, panic broke out among the Bolsheviks and they left a number of prisoners, including Pastor Strautman, but returned on March 20\. Pastor Strautmanis and other prisoners were shot in the Vecsaule Forest. On March 21, German pastor Fricis Stafenhagen hid in a neighbor's garden house to avoid becoming a victim of the Bolshevik terror. Wealthy business brothers Lodiņi spent a couple of days in their beer brewery hiding in an empty beer barrel.
|
[
"### Bolsheviks in power",
"As [Soviet Russia](/wiki/Soviet_Russia \"Soviet Russia\")'s troops approached, the last 30–40 German [Iron Division](/wiki/Eiserne_Division \"Eiserne Division\") troops left Bauska on January 4, 1919\\. The [Latvian Provisional Government](/wiki/Latvian_Provisional_Government \"Latvian Provisional Government\") remained in the hands of the loyal city head attorney Klavins. As he stated that the Red Riflemen were not to be feared, because they were not Bolsheviks, but good Latvians, German townspeople sought to dismiss Klavins.",
"On January 5, 12 Iron Division soldiers returned to Bauska to continue collecting items not collected the previous day. The militia commanded by Klavins arrested them, and at the same time arrested several German businessmen in the city. The city was in a great mood. On January 6, when a white\\-collar unit in Russian uniforms passed through the city, retreating from the Bolsheviks, the townspeople regarded them as Red Army men and they were invited to a ball at the Kurzeme Hotel. On January 7, a unit defeated by the Bolsheviks reached Bauska. The Landesvere send a delegation for negotiation under the command of an officer, whom Klavins ordered arrested. The Landesvere forces responded with a battle that ended with a Landesvere victory and the release of prisoners. Klavins and six other militia members were shot dead. The same day the Landeswreck left the city.",
"On January 9, the [Soviet Latvian Army](/wiki/Soviet_Latvian_Army \"Soviet Latvian Army\") cavalry entered Bauska, followed by infantry and artillery on January 10\\. Regular units of the Red Army went further, but a number of Bolshevik activists remained in the city, who introduced [Soviet](/wiki/Latvian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic \"Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic\") power. The Revolutionary Tribunal and the Battle Group were led by Sparrow. The political department was headed by Namnieks. The Executive Committee was chaired by Silis. About 100 volunteers applied to join the Red Army.",
"House searches and seizures of property took place, and nearly all German families were stripped of their clothes, silverware, and food. On January 13, there were the first executions of the Revolutionary Tribunal. Edgar von Ulot and the pastor [Hans Bielenstein](/wiki/Hans_Bielenstein_%28Pastor%29 \"Hans Bielenstein (Pastor)\") were shot in the mound park. Von Ulot was shot for directing the police during the oppression of the 1905 revolution, while Beelenstein was a member of the German occupation regime. During the months of Bolshevik rule, several merchants were shot, as well as Latvians and Germans accused of unauthorized speculation or cooperation with the German army.",
"On March 12 there was a meeting in the Church of the Holy Spirit, which was to be attended by all the inhabitants of the city. The head of the political department Namnieks strongly criticized the pastor [Kristaps Strautmanis](/wiki/Christoph_Strautmann \"Christoph Strautmann\"). After the Landesvere units liberated [Jelgava](/wiki/Jelgava \"Jelgava\") from the Bolsheviks, on March 19, panic broke out among the Bolsheviks and they left a number of prisoners, including Pastor Strautman, but returned on March 20\\. Pastor Strautmanis and other prisoners were shot in the Vecsaule Forest. On March 21, German pastor Fricis Stafenhagen hid in a neighbor's garden house to avoid becoming a victim of the Bolshevik terror. Wealthy business brothers Lodiņi spent a couple of days in their beer brewery hiding in an empty beer barrel.",
""
] |
Republic of Latvia, 1920–1940
-----------------------------
Of the pre\-war 8300 citizens, only 2900 remained in the city. During this time, there were Loding Brewery, United Mill, sawmills, 363 merchants, several credit unions and interest organizations in Bauska.
### Council elections
On January 18, 1920, the first free city council elections were held, and on January 30, [Juri Vareno](/wiki/Juris_Varenais "Juris Varenais") was elected head of the city.
The February 1928 City Council elections by the Senate of Latvia were declared unlawful by a decision of October 15, 1928, and were canceled because they involved 43 city\-dependent disabled people who lived not in Bauska, but in Durban Manor of Bauska Parish.
The re\-election of the City Council took place on December 15 and 16, 1928, with 2534 voters. There were 295 votes cast for the "List of Joint Housewives, Public and Liberal Workers and Officials," with Augusts Ilziņš, Fricis Grīslis and Janis Priede elected to the Council. There were 189 votes cast for List 2 of the German Group, with Bruno Lodins and Arved Steben elected to the Duma. There were 530 votes cast for List 3 of the Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party and Bauska Organization, with Eduards Rijkuris, Kārlis Pumpurs, Jēkabs Lūde and Jānis Piļevskis elected to the Council. There were 273 votes cast for the "List of Bauska Industrialists and Craftsmen, Old Riflemen\-Liberators, Tenants and Landlords of the City Land," with Paulis Krauze and Rudolfs Silinieks elected to the Council. There were 411 votes cast for the "Bauska City Left Workers" List No.5, with [Jāzeps Leitāns](/wiki/J%C4%81zeps_Leit%C4%81ns "Jāzeps Leitāns"), Juris Šņore and Kārlis Jānuška elected. The list of "Bauska United Jewish Bloc" list No. 6 was transferred to 287, with David Hofchowitz and Benjamin\-Vole Hercenberg elected. There were 71 votes cast for List 7 of the "United Christian Workers Group", with Arvēds Karklins elected to the council. There were 172 votes cast for the "Jewish Progressive Workers, Small Producers and Tenant Candidates" list \# 8, which elected councilor Aix Levenstein. There were 297 votes cast for "United Bauska Homeowners, Traders and Officials" list \# 9, with [Juris Varenais](/wiki/Juris_Varenais "Juris Varenais") and Janis Viesjānis elected to the council. Nine votes were invalid. The ruling coalition council was traditionally led by [Augusts Ilziņš](/wiki/Augusts_Ilzi%C5%86%C5%A1 "Augusts Ilziņš").
### New Bauska
Former Lutheran Rectory lands (Garden, Acacia, Birch, Pilgrim, Meadow, Birzu Streets) and Orthodox Rectory lands (Uzvaras and Pilskalna Streets) were given to the city of Bauska during the [Latvian Agrarian Reform in the 1920s](/wiki/Latvian_Land_Reform_of_1920 "Latvian Land Reform of 1920"). In 1926, construction of buildings began in the *New Bauska* area around Brivibas, Uzvaras, Skolas, Pilskalna, and Krasta streets. In 1926, the construction of the new Bauska Elementary School (now Bauska State Gymnasium) on Uzvaras Street, which cost 863 983 Ls, was commenced and completed.
On October 20, 1929, in the presence of the President [Gustavs Zemgals](/wiki/Gustavs_Zemgals "Gustavs Zemgals"), the {{ill\|Bauska Freedom Monument\|lv\|Bauskas Brīvības piemineklis}} was unveiled. A new reinforced concrete bridge was erected over the Memel [1928 Bauska flood](/wiki/Bauska_floods_%281928%29 "Bauska floods (1928)") bridge.
From 1923, a weekly newspaper, Bauskas Vestnesis,{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.periodika.lv/periodika2\-viewer/view/index\-dev.html\#panel:pi{{!}}issue:/p\_001\_bave1923n01{{!}}issueType:undefined \|title\=Bauskas Wehstnesis Nr.1 20\.07\.1923 \|access\-date\=June 5, 2020 \|archive\-date\=April 6, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406095631/http://periodika.lv/periodika2\-viewer/view/index\-dev.html\#panel:pi{{!}}issue:/p\_001\_bave1923n01{{!}}issueType:undefined \|url\-status\=dead }} was published, the circulation of which increased from 400 in the late 1920s to 3,000 in the mid\-1930s. From May 28, 1930, to May 4, 1934, the weekly newspaper *Bauskas Avize wa*s published, which was printed in Jelgava.
On January 18, 1931, the Latvian Red Cross Outpatient Clinic was opened at Pils (Plūdoņa) Street 24, which was free of charge for the poor.
There were 664 books in the city library in 1926, and 3,500 in 1938\. The [Song Festival](/wiki/Latvian_Song_and_Dance_Festival "Latvian Song and Dance Festival") was held in Bauska on July 7, 1937\. The city maintained Latvian and Jewish elementary schools. The Latvian elementary school had 445 children and 16 teachers, while there were 100 children and 5 teachers at the Jewish school.
### Latvian coup d'état of May 15, 1934
On May 16, in Bauska, church bells were heard, state flags were being flown, and in the evening a solemn service was held at the Church of the Holy Spirit.
During the [1934 Latvian coup d'état](/wiki/1934_Latvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "1934 Latvian coup d'état") on the morning of May 16, a {{ill\|Bauska Guards Regiment\|lv\|13\. Bauskas Aizsargu pulks}} was heading toward Riga. After the success of the coup, the guards expand their active ideological work by organizing courses, theater performances, and concerts. The guards created nine choirs, eight orchestras, and an extensive library, and organized and participated in public holidays.
The operation of the Bauska elected officials was suspended immediately after the coup. On May 31, the Adjutant of the Guard Regiment, [Eduards Kasparsons](/wiki/Eduards_Kasparsons "Eduards Kasparsons"), who had no previous work experience in the municipality, was appointed head of the city. The former city leaders [Augusts Ilziņš](/wiki/Augusts_Ilzi%C5%86%C5%A1 "Augusts Ilziņš") and [Juris Varenais](/wiki/Juris_Varenais "Juris Varenais") continued to be active in the new city board; only the Social Democrats and minorities were excluded from power. On June 1–4, the Bauska Guards Regiment was on duty again in Riga, ensuring order after the coup.
On June 1, it was announced that the newspaper *[Zaļā Zemgale](/wiki/Za%C4%BC%C4%81_Zemgale "Zaļā Zemgale")*, which was wholly loyal to the official line of Ulmanis since autumn 1933, was merging with *[Bauskas Vestnesis](/wiki/Bauskas_Vestnesis "Bauskas Vestnesis")*. As of June 8, only the *Bauska Journal* was being published in Bauska, which declared that it will "express the common sense of the leadership of the state." Publications on donations of money to the guards and on the activities of the guards' regiment began to appear regularly. The first news of the $50 and $20 administrative fines for "spreading unfounded rumors," that is, critical statements against the Ulman regime, also appeared.
The first board meeting of the new city took place on June 11, 1934\. An audit commission was set up to investigate the work of the former City Council, which was more formal as the deputy mayor Ilzins had been appointed as a member of the city board and the audit commission was headed by the former city mayor and councilor Juris Varenais.
### Ulmanis authoritarian regime
On June 17, 1935, at the suggestion of Mayor Casparsons, 29 locals established the Bauska Branch of the Latvian Aeroclub. In 1935 it leased 12\.2 ha of city meadows for 500 lats a year for 10 years for the construction of an airfield, which costs 2270 lats. In the spring of 1937, they built two sailplanes and later a third. There was also a hangar for aircraft storage.
In the mid\-1930s, the city purchased a building on Pils Street 26, a health care center on Vienibas Street 17 and a shop building on the Market Square. As a gift, the city received the children's summer cottage "Marija" in [Asari](/wiki/Asari%2C_Latvia "Asari, Latvia"), Melitas Street 8, and a building on Uzvaras Street 4 for library and museum use.
A sewer network was constructed in Skolas, Industry, Guard and Big Baznicas streets. *New Bauska wa*s building a street cover at Skolas, Dārza, Pilskalna and Lielais Baznicas streets. In October 1938, the three\-year blasting of the Mēmele [dolomite](/wiki/Dolomite_%28mineral%29 "Dolomite (mineral)") from the castle mound to the mill was completed. This include a 12\-meter wide and half\-meter deep canal to facilitate the flow of timber rafts in a very shallow river. In 1938 construction began on the Bauska hospital; it was completed in November 1942\.
On the peninsula between Bauska Castle and Ķirbaksala, the planting and establishment of a park began on May 15, 1937\. In Bauska Castle, the ruins were strengthened and a viewing area was built in the tower, which was visited by Ulmanis in June 1938\.
In the late 1930s, when traditional markets became less popular, the town's income was supplemented by slaughterhouse work, which was rented for $6,000 a year. In 2005, the slaughterhouse was expanded, including a cold store.
Following the coup, the Bauska Farmers' Credit Union, Bauska Latvian Credit Union and Bauska Homeowner Credit Unions were merged into the Bauska Credit Union. At the end of 1938, it had 1,200 members. In total, loans in the amount of LVL 1\.69 million were issued to enterprises and residents of Bauska city and district.
The Bauska\-Meitene train ran several times a day and connected the city with Jelgava and Riga. Bus service with Riga was provided by the Raimunds Liepkalns company.
### Electrification
On November 1, 1932, the city owned the Bauska power grid, but electricity production was still provided by the private company {{ill\|Savienotās dzirnavas\|lv\|Savienotās dzirnavas (Bauska)}}. The upgrading of power cables by 1934 cost 20,000 [LVL](/wiki/Latvian_lats "Latvian lats"). Switching from [DC](/wiki/Direct_current "Direct current") to [AC](/wiki/Alternating_current "Alternating current") costs another 12,000 [LVL](/wiki/Latvian_lats "Latvian lats").
Electricity consumption in 1933 was 137,800 [kWh](/wiki/KWh "KWh"), but in 1937 it was 180,000 kWh. The city's profit from electricity sales increased from 16,700 to 26,900 [lats](/wiki/Latvian_lats "Latvian lats"). Electricity was sold for 0\.40 [LVL](/wiki/Latvian_lats "Latvian lats") per [kilowatt\-hour](/wiki/Kilowatt-hour "Kilowatt-hour") to households, 0\.25 [LVL](/wiki/Latvian_lats "Latvian lats") to industrial companies, and 0\.19 [LVL](/wiki/Latvian_lats "Latvian lats") per kilowatt\-hour to local government. Until December 1939, electricity was sold to the city by Savienotās dzirnavas, whose generator was powered by river water. On December 5, 1939, Bauska began receiving electricity from the newly built [Ķegums Hydroelectric Power Station](/wiki/%C4%B6egums_Hydroelectric_Power_Station "Ķegums Hydroelectric Power Station").
### City leaders
* 1918–1919, Janis Klavins
* From March 31, 1919, Bruno Lodiņš
* From November 25, 1919, {{ill\|Juris Varenais\|lv}}
* From February 18, 1925, {{ill\|Augusts Ilziņš\|lv}}
* From May 31, 1934, {{ill\|Eduards Kasparsons\|lv}}
* From July 10, 1940, {{ill\|Jāzeps Leitāns\|lv}}
|
[
"Republic of Latvia, 1920–1940\n-----------------------------",
"Of the pre\\-war 8300 citizens, only 2900 remained in the city. During this time, there were Loding Brewery, United Mill, sawmills, 363 merchants, several credit unions and interest organizations in Bauska.",
"### Council elections",
"On January 18, 1920, the first free city council elections were held, and on January 30, [Juri Vareno](/wiki/Juris_Varenais \"Juris Varenais\") was elected head of the city.",
"The February 1928 City Council elections by the Senate of Latvia were declared unlawful by a decision of October 15, 1928, and were canceled because they involved 43 city\\-dependent disabled people who lived not in Bauska, but in Durban Manor of Bauska Parish.",
"The re\\-election of the City Council took place on December 15 and 16, 1928, with 2534 voters. There were 295 votes cast for the \"List of Joint Housewives, Public and Liberal Workers and Officials,\" with Augusts Ilziņš, Fricis Grīslis and Janis Priede elected to the Council. There were 189 votes cast for List 2 of the German Group, with Bruno Lodins and Arved Steben elected to the Duma. There were 530 votes cast for List 3 of the Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party and Bauska Organization, with Eduards Rijkuris, Kārlis Pumpurs, Jēkabs Lūde and Jānis Piļevskis elected to the Council. There were 273 votes cast for the \"List of Bauska Industrialists and Craftsmen, Old Riflemen\\-Liberators, Tenants and Landlords of the City Land,\" with Paulis Krauze and Rudolfs Silinieks elected to the Council. There were 411 votes cast for the \"Bauska City Left Workers\" List No.5, with [Jāzeps Leitāns](/wiki/J%C4%81zeps_Leit%C4%81ns \"Jāzeps Leitāns\"), Juris Šņore and Kārlis Jānuška elected. The list of \"Bauska United Jewish Bloc\" list No. 6 was transferred to 287, with David Hofchowitz and Benjamin\\-Vole Hercenberg elected. There were 71 votes cast for List 7 of the \"United Christian Workers Group\", with Arvēds Karklins elected to the council. There were 172 votes cast for the \"Jewish Progressive Workers, Small Producers and Tenant Candidates\" list \\# 8, which elected councilor Aix Levenstein. There were 297 votes cast for \"United Bauska Homeowners, Traders and Officials\" list \\# 9, with [Juris Varenais](/wiki/Juris_Varenais \"Juris Varenais\") and Janis Viesjānis elected to the council. Nine votes were invalid. The ruling coalition council was traditionally led by [Augusts Ilziņš](/wiki/Augusts_Ilzi%C5%86%C5%A1 \"Augusts Ilziņš\").",
"### New Bauska",
"Former Lutheran Rectory lands (Garden, Acacia, Birch, Pilgrim, Meadow, Birzu Streets) and Orthodox Rectory lands (Uzvaras and Pilskalna Streets) were given to the city of Bauska during the [Latvian Agrarian Reform in the 1920s](/wiki/Latvian_Land_Reform_of_1920 \"Latvian Land Reform of 1920\"). In 1926, construction of buildings began in the *New Bauska* area around Brivibas, Uzvaras, Skolas, Pilskalna, and Krasta streets. In 1926, the construction of the new Bauska Elementary School (now Bauska State Gymnasium) on Uzvaras Street, which cost 863 983 Ls, was commenced and completed.",
"On October 20, 1929, in the presence of the President [Gustavs Zemgals](/wiki/Gustavs_Zemgals \"Gustavs Zemgals\"), the {{ill\\|Bauska Freedom Monument\\|lv\\|Bauskas Brīvības piemineklis}} was unveiled. A new reinforced concrete bridge was erected over the Memel [1928 Bauska flood](/wiki/Bauska_floods_%281928%29 \"Bauska floods (1928)\") bridge.",
"From 1923, a weekly newspaper, Bauskas Vestnesis,{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.periodika.lv/periodika2\\-viewer/view/index\\-dev.html\\#panel:pi{{!}}issue:/p\\_001\\_bave1923n01{{!}}issueType:undefined \\|title\\=Bauskas Wehstnesis Nr.1 20\\.07\\.1923 \\|access\\-date\\=June 5, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 6, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406095631/http://periodika.lv/periodika2\\-viewer/view/index\\-dev.html\\#panel:pi{{!}}issue:/p\\_001\\_bave1923n01{{!}}issueType:undefined \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} was published, the circulation of which increased from 400 in the late 1920s to 3,000 in the mid\\-1930s. From May 28, 1930, to May 4, 1934, the weekly newspaper *Bauskas Avize wa*s published, which was printed in Jelgava.",
"On January 18, 1931, the Latvian Red Cross Outpatient Clinic was opened at Pils (Plūdoņa) Street 24, which was free of charge for the poor.",
"There were 664 books in the city library in 1926, and 3,500 in 1938\\. The [Song Festival](/wiki/Latvian_Song_and_Dance_Festival \"Latvian Song and Dance Festival\") was held in Bauska on July 7, 1937\\. The city maintained Latvian and Jewish elementary schools. The Latvian elementary school had 445 children and 16 teachers, while there were 100 children and 5 teachers at the Jewish school.",
"### Latvian coup d'état of May 15, 1934",
"On May 16, in Bauska, church bells were heard, state flags were being flown, and in the evening a solemn service was held at the Church of the Holy Spirit.",
"During the [1934 Latvian coup d'état](/wiki/1934_Latvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"1934 Latvian coup d'état\") on the morning of May 16, a {{ill\\|Bauska Guards Regiment\\|lv\\|13\\. Bauskas Aizsargu pulks}} was heading toward Riga. After the success of the coup, the guards expand their active ideological work by organizing courses, theater performances, and concerts. The guards created nine choirs, eight orchestras, and an extensive library, and organized and participated in public holidays.",
"The operation of the Bauska elected officials was suspended immediately after the coup. On May 31, the Adjutant of the Guard Regiment, [Eduards Kasparsons](/wiki/Eduards_Kasparsons \"Eduards Kasparsons\"), who had no previous work experience in the municipality, was appointed head of the city. The former city leaders [Augusts Ilziņš](/wiki/Augusts_Ilzi%C5%86%C5%A1 \"Augusts Ilziņš\") and [Juris Varenais](/wiki/Juris_Varenais \"Juris Varenais\") continued to be active in the new city board; only the Social Democrats and minorities were excluded from power. On June 1–4, the Bauska Guards Regiment was on duty again in Riga, ensuring order after the coup.",
"On June 1, it was announced that the newspaper *[Zaļā Zemgale](/wiki/Za%C4%BC%C4%81_Zemgale \"Zaļā Zemgale\")*, which was wholly loyal to the official line of Ulmanis since autumn 1933, was merging with *[Bauskas Vestnesis](/wiki/Bauskas_Vestnesis \"Bauskas Vestnesis\")*. As of June 8, only the *Bauska Journal* was being published in Bauska, which declared that it will \"express the common sense of the leadership of the state.\" Publications on donations of money to the guards and on the activities of the guards' regiment began to appear regularly. The first news of the $50 and $20 administrative fines for \"spreading unfounded rumors,\" that is, critical statements against the Ulman regime, also appeared.",
"The first board meeting of the new city took place on June 11, 1934\\. An audit commission was set up to investigate the work of the former City Council, which was more formal as the deputy mayor Ilzins had been appointed as a member of the city board and the audit commission was headed by the former city mayor and councilor Juris Varenais.",
"### Ulmanis authoritarian regime",
"On June 17, 1935, at the suggestion of Mayor Casparsons, 29 locals established the Bauska Branch of the Latvian Aeroclub. In 1935 it leased 12\\.2 ha of city meadows for 500 lats a year for 10 years for the construction of an airfield, which costs 2270 lats. In the spring of 1937, they built two sailplanes and later a third. There was also a hangar for aircraft storage.",
"In the mid\\-1930s, the city purchased a building on Pils Street 26, a health care center on Vienibas Street 17 and a shop building on the Market Square. As a gift, the city received the children's summer cottage \"Marija\" in [Asari](/wiki/Asari%2C_Latvia \"Asari, Latvia\"), Melitas Street 8, and a building on Uzvaras Street 4 for library and museum use.",
"A sewer network was constructed in Skolas, Industry, Guard and Big Baznicas streets. *New Bauska wa*s building a street cover at Skolas, Dārza, Pilskalna and Lielais Baznicas streets. In October 1938, the three\\-year blasting of the Mēmele [dolomite](/wiki/Dolomite_%28mineral%29 \"Dolomite (mineral)\") from the castle mound to the mill was completed. This include a 12\\-meter wide and half\\-meter deep canal to facilitate the flow of timber rafts in a very shallow river. In 1938 construction began on the Bauska hospital; it was completed in November 1942\\.",
"On the peninsula between Bauska Castle and Ķirbaksala, the planting and establishment of a park began on May 15, 1937\\. In Bauska Castle, the ruins were strengthened and a viewing area was built in the tower, which was visited by Ulmanis in June 1938\\.",
"In the late 1930s, when traditional markets became less popular, the town's income was supplemented by slaughterhouse work, which was rented for $6,000 a year. In 2005, the slaughterhouse was expanded, including a cold store.",
"Following the coup, the Bauska Farmers' Credit Union, Bauska Latvian Credit Union and Bauska Homeowner Credit Unions were merged into the Bauska Credit Union. At the end of 1938, it had 1,200 members. In total, loans in the amount of LVL 1\\.69 million were issued to enterprises and residents of Bauska city and district.",
"The Bauska\\-Meitene train ran several times a day and connected the city with Jelgava and Riga. Bus service with Riga was provided by the Raimunds Liepkalns company.",
"### Electrification",
"On November 1, 1932, the city owned the Bauska power grid, but electricity production was still provided by the private company {{ill\\|Savienotās dzirnavas\\|lv\\|Savienotās dzirnavas (Bauska)}}. The upgrading of power cables by 1934 cost 20,000 [LVL](/wiki/Latvian_lats \"Latvian lats\"). Switching from [DC](/wiki/Direct_current \"Direct current\") to [AC](/wiki/Alternating_current \"Alternating current\") costs another 12,000 [LVL](/wiki/Latvian_lats \"Latvian lats\").",
"Electricity consumption in 1933 was 137,800 [kWh](/wiki/KWh \"KWh\"), but in 1937 it was 180,000 kWh. The city's profit from electricity sales increased from 16,700 to 26,900 [lats](/wiki/Latvian_lats \"Latvian lats\"). Electricity was sold for 0\\.40 [LVL](/wiki/Latvian_lats \"Latvian lats\") per [kilowatt\\-hour](/wiki/Kilowatt-hour \"Kilowatt-hour\") to households, 0\\.25 [LVL](/wiki/Latvian_lats \"Latvian lats\") to industrial companies, and 0\\.19 [LVL](/wiki/Latvian_lats \"Latvian lats\") per kilowatt\\-hour to local government. Until December 1939, electricity was sold to the city by Savienotās dzirnavas, whose generator was powered by river water. On December 5, 1939, Bauska began receiving electricity from the newly built [Ķegums Hydroelectric Power Station](/wiki/%C4%B6egums_Hydroelectric_Power_Station \"Ķegums Hydroelectric Power Station\").",
"### City leaders",
"* 1918–1919, Janis Klavins\n* From March 31, 1919, Bruno Lodiņš\n* From November 25, 1919, {{ill\\|Juris Varenais\\|lv}}\n* From February 18, 1925, {{ill\\|Augusts Ilziņš\\|lv}}\n* From May 31, 1934, {{ill\\|Eduards Kasparsons\\|lv}}\n* From July 10, 1940, {{ill\\|Jāzeps Leitāns\\|lv}}"
] |
### New Bauska
Former Lutheran Rectory lands (Garden, Acacia, Birch, Pilgrim, Meadow, Birzu Streets) and Orthodox Rectory lands (Uzvaras and Pilskalna Streets) were given to the city of Bauska during the [Latvian Agrarian Reform in the 1920s](/wiki/Latvian_Land_Reform_of_1920 "Latvian Land Reform of 1920"). In 1926, construction of buildings began in the *New Bauska* area around Brivibas, Uzvaras, Skolas, Pilskalna, and Krasta streets. In 1926, the construction of the new Bauska Elementary School (now Bauska State Gymnasium) on Uzvaras Street, which cost 863 983 Ls, was commenced and completed.
On October 20, 1929, in the presence of the President [Gustavs Zemgals](/wiki/Gustavs_Zemgals "Gustavs Zemgals"), the {{ill\|Bauska Freedom Monument\|lv\|Bauskas Brīvības piemineklis}} was unveiled. A new reinforced concrete bridge was erected over the Memel [1928 Bauska flood](/wiki/Bauska_floods_%281928%29 "Bauska floods (1928)") bridge.
From 1923, a weekly newspaper, Bauskas Vestnesis,{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.periodika.lv/periodika2\-viewer/view/index\-dev.html\#panel:pi{{!}}issue:/p\_001\_bave1923n01{{!}}issueType:undefined \|title\=Bauskas Wehstnesis Nr.1 20\.07\.1923 \|access\-date\=June 5, 2020 \|archive\-date\=April 6, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406095631/http://periodika.lv/periodika2\-viewer/view/index\-dev.html\#panel:pi{{!}}issue:/p\_001\_bave1923n01{{!}}issueType:undefined \|url\-status\=dead }} was published, the circulation of which increased from 400 in the late 1920s to 3,000 in the mid\-1930s. From May 28, 1930, to May 4, 1934, the weekly newspaper *Bauskas Avize wa*s published, which was printed in Jelgava.
On January 18, 1931, the Latvian Red Cross Outpatient Clinic was opened at Pils (Plūdoņa) Street 24, which was free of charge for the poor.
There were 664 books in the city library in 1926, and 3,500 in 1938\. The [Song Festival](/wiki/Latvian_Song_and_Dance_Festival "Latvian Song and Dance Festival") was held in Bauska on July 7, 1937\. The city maintained Latvian and Jewish elementary schools. The Latvian elementary school had 445 children and 16 teachers, while there were 100 children and 5 teachers at the Jewish school.
|
[
"### New Bauska",
"Former Lutheran Rectory lands (Garden, Acacia, Birch, Pilgrim, Meadow, Birzu Streets) and Orthodox Rectory lands (Uzvaras and Pilskalna Streets) were given to the city of Bauska during the [Latvian Agrarian Reform in the 1920s](/wiki/Latvian_Land_Reform_of_1920 \"Latvian Land Reform of 1920\"). In 1926, construction of buildings began in the *New Bauska* area around Brivibas, Uzvaras, Skolas, Pilskalna, and Krasta streets. In 1926, the construction of the new Bauska Elementary School (now Bauska State Gymnasium) on Uzvaras Street, which cost 863 983 Ls, was commenced and completed.",
"On October 20, 1929, in the presence of the President [Gustavs Zemgals](/wiki/Gustavs_Zemgals \"Gustavs Zemgals\"), the {{ill\\|Bauska Freedom Monument\\|lv\\|Bauskas Brīvības piemineklis}} was unveiled. A new reinforced concrete bridge was erected over the Memel [1928 Bauska flood](/wiki/Bauska_floods_%281928%29 \"Bauska floods (1928)\") bridge.",
"From 1923, a weekly newspaper, Bauskas Vestnesis,{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.periodika.lv/periodika2\\-viewer/view/index\\-dev.html\\#panel:pi{{!}}issue:/p\\_001\\_bave1923n01{{!}}issueType:undefined \\|title\\=Bauskas Wehstnesis Nr.1 20\\.07\\.1923 \\|access\\-date\\=June 5, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 6, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406095631/http://periodika.lv/periodika2\\-viewer/view/index\\-dev.html\\#panel:pi{{!}}issue:/p\\_001\\_bave1923n01{{!}}issueType:undefined \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} was published, the circulation of which increased from 400 in the late 1920s to 3,000 in the mid\\-1930s. From May 28, 1930, to May 4, 1934, the weekly newspaper *Bauskas Avize wa*s published, which was printed in Jelgava.",
"On January 18, 1931, the Latvian Red Cross Outpatient Clinic was opened at Pils (Plūdoņa) Street 24, which was free of charge for the poor.",
"There were 664 books in the city library in 1926, and 3,500 in 1938\\. The [Song Festival](/wiki/Latvian_Song_and_Dance_Festival \"Latvian Song and Dance Festival\") was held in Bauska on July 7, 1937\\. The city maintained Latvian and Jewish elementary schools. The Latvian elementary school had 445 children and 16 teachers, while there were 100 children and 5 teachers at the Jewish school.",
""
] |
### Latvian coup d'état of May 15, 1934
On May 16, in Bauska, church bells were heard, state flags were being flown, and in the evening a solemn service was held at the Church of the Holy Spirit.
During the [1934 Latvian coup d'état](/wiki/1934_Latvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "1934 Latvian coup d'état") on the morning of May 16, a {{ill\|Bauska Guards Regiment\|lv\|13\. Bauskas Aizsargu pulks}} was heading toward Riga. After the success of the coup, the guards expand their active ideological work by organizing courses, theater performances, and concerts. The guards created nine choirs, eight orchestras, and an extensive library, and organized and participated in public holidays.
The operation of the Bauska elected officials was suspended immediately after the coup. On May 31, the Adjutant of the Guard Regiment, [Eduards Kasparsons](/wiki/Eduards_Kasparsons "Eduards Kasparsons"), who had no previous work experience in the municipality, was appointed head of the city. The former city leaders [Augusts Ilziņš](/wiki/Augusts_Ilzi%C5%86%C5%A1 "Augusts Ilziņš") and [Juris Varenais](/wiki/Juris_Varenais "Juris Varenais") continued to be active in the new city board; only the Social Democrats and minorities were excluded from power. On June 1–4, the Bauska Guards Regiment was on duty again in Riga, ensuring order after the coup.
On June 1, it was announced that the newspaper *[Zaļā Zemgale](/wiki/Za%C4%BC%C4%81_Zemgale "Zaļā Zemgale")*, which was wholly loyal to the official line of Ulmanis since autumn 1933, was merging with *[Bauskas Vestnesis](/wiki/Bauskas_Vestnesis "Bauskas Vestnesis")*. As of June 8, only the *Bauska Journal* was being published in Bauska, which declared that it will "express the common sense of the leadership of the state." Publications on donations of money to the guards and on the activities of the guards' regiment began to appear regularly. The first news of the $50 and $20 administrative fines for "spreading unfounded rumors," that is, critical statements against the Ulman regime, also appeared.
The first board meeting of the new city took place on June 11, 1934\. An audit commission was set up to investigate the work of the former City Council, which was more formal as the deputy mayor Ilzins had been appointed as a member of the city board and the audit commission was headed by the former city mayor and councilor Juris Varenais.
|
[
"### Latvian coup d'état of May 15, 1934",
"On May 16, in Bauska, church bells were heard, state flags were being flown, and in the evening a solemn service was held at the Church of the Holy Spirit.",
"During the [1934 Latvian coup d'état](/wiki/1934_Latvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"1934 Latvian coup d'état\") on the morning of May 16, a {{ill\\|Bauska Guards Regiment\\|lv\\|13\\. Bauskas Aizsargu pulks}} was heading toward Riga. After the success of the coup, the guards expand their active ideological work by organizing courses, theater performances, and concerts. The guards created nine choirs, eight orchestras, and an extensive library, and organized and participated in public holidays.",
"The operation of the Bauska elected officials was suspended immediately after the coup. On May 31, the Adjutant of the Guard Regiment, [Eduards Kasparsons](/wiki/Eduards_Kasparsons \"Eduards Kasparsons\"), who had no previous work experience in the municipality, was appointed head of the city. The former city leaders [Augusts Ilziņš](/wiki/Augusts_Ilzi%C5%86%C5%A1 \"Augusts Ilziņš\") and [Juris Varenais](/wiki/Juris_Varenais \"Juris Varenais\") continued to be active in the new city board; only the Social Democrats and minorities were excluded from power. On June 1–4, the Bauska Guards Regiment was on duty again in Riga, ensuring order after the coup.",
"On June 1, it was announced that the newspaper *[Zaļā Zemgale](/wiki/Za%C4%BC%C4%81_Zemgale \"Zaļā Zemgale\")*, which was wholly loyal to the official line of Ulmanis since autumn 1933, was merging with *[Bauskas Vestnesis](/wiki/Bauskas_Vestnesis \"Bauskas Vestnesis\")*. As of June 8, only the *Bauska Journal* was being published in Bauska, which declared that it will \"express the common sense of the leadership of the state.\" Publications on donations of money to the guards and on the activities of the guards' regiment began to appear regularly. The first news of the $50 and $20 administrative fines for \"spreading unfounded rumors,\" that is, critical statements against the Ulman regime, also appeared.",
"The first board meeting of the new city took place on June 11, 1934\\. An audit commission was set up to investigate the work of the former City Council, which was more formal as the deputy mayor Ilzins had been appointed as a member of the city board and the audit commission was headed by the former city mayor and councilor Juris Varenais.",
""
] |
### Ulmanis authoritarian regime
On June 17, 1935, at the suggestion of Mayor Casparsons, 29 locals established the Bauska Branch of the Latvian Aeroclub. In 1935 it leased 12\.2 ha of city meadows for 500 lats a year for 10 years for the construction of an airfield, which costs 2270 lats. In the spring of 1937, they built two sailplanes and later a third. There was also a hangar for aircraft storage.
In the mid\-1930s, the city purchased a building on Pils Street 26, a health care center on Vienibas Street 17 and a shop building on the Market Square. As a gift, the city received the children's summer cottage "Marija" in [Asari](/wiki/Asari%2C_Latvia "Asari, Latvia"), Melitas Street 8, and a building on Uzvaras Street 4 for library and museum use.
A sewer network was constructed in Skolas, Industry, Guard and Big Baznicas streets. *New Bauska wa*s building a street cover at Skolas, Dārza, Pilskalna and Lielais Baznicas streets. In October 1938, the three\-year blasting of the Mēmele [dolomite](/wiki/Dolomite_%28mineral%29 "Dolomite (mineral)") from the castle mound to the mill was completed. This include a 12\-meter wide and half\-meter deep canal to facilitate the flow of timber rafts in a very shallow river. In 1938 construction began on the Bauska hospital; it was completed in November 1942\.
On the peninsula between Bauska Castle and Ķirbaksala, the planting and establishment of a park began on May 15, 1937\. In Bauska Castle, the ruins were strengthened and a viewing area was built in the tower, which was visited by Ulmanis in June 1938\.
In the late 1930s, when traditional markets became less popular, the town's income was supplemented by slaughterhouse work, which was rented for $6,000 a year. In 2005, the slaughterhouse was expanded, including a cold store.
Following the coup, the Bauska Farmers' Credit Union, Bauska Latvian Credit Union and Bauska Homeowner Credit Unions were merged into the Bauska Credit Union. At the end of 1938, it had 1,200 members. In total, loans in the amount of LVL 1\.69 million were issued to enterprises and residents of Bauska city and district.
The Bauska\-Meitene train ran several times a day and connected the city with Jelgava and Riga. Bus service with Riga was provided by the Raimunds Liepkalns company.
|
[
"### Ulmanis authoritarian regime",
"On June 17, 1935, at the suggestion of Mayor Casparsons, 29 locals established the Bauska Branch of the Latvian Aeroclub. In 1935 it leased 12\\.2 ha of city meadows for 500 lats a year for 10 years for the construction of an airfield, which costs 2270 lats. In the spring of 1937, they built two sailplanes and later a third. There was also a hangar for aircraft storage.",
"In the mid\\-1930s, the city purchased a building on Pils Street 26, a health care center on Vienibas Street 17 and a shop building on the Market Square. As a gift, the city received the children's summer cottage \"Marija\" in [Asari](/wiki/Asari%2C_Latvia \"Asari, Latvia\"), Melitas Street 8, and a building on Uzvaras Street 4 for library and museum use.",
"A sewer network was constructed in Skolas, Industry, Guard and Big Baznicas streets. *New Bauska wa*s building a street cover at Skolas, Dārza, Pilskalna and Lielais Baznicas streets. In October 1938, the three\\-year blasting of the Mēmele [dolomite](/wiki/Dolomite_%28mineral%29 \"Dolomite (mineral)\") from the castle mound to the mill was completed. This include a 12\\-meter wide and half\\-meter deep canal to facilitate the flow of timber rafts in a very shallow river. In 1938 construction began on the Bauska hospital; it was completed in November 1942\\.",
"On the peninsula between Bauska Castle and Ķirbaksala, the planting and establishment of a park began on May 15, 1937\\. In Bauska Castle, the ruins were strengthened and a viewing area was built in the tower, which was visited by Ulmanis in June 1938\\.",
"In the late 1930s, when traditional markets became less popular, the town's income was supplemented by slaughterhouse work, which was rented for $6,000 a year. In 2005, the slaughterhouse was expanded, including a cold store.",
"Following the coup, the Bauska Farmers' Credit Union, Bauska Latvian Credit Union and Bauska Homeowner Credit Unions were merged into the Bauska Credit Union. At the end of 1938, it had 1,200 members. In total, loans in the amount of LVL 1\\.69 million were issued to enterprises and residents of Bauska city and district.",
"The Bauska\\-Meitene train ran several times a day and connected the city with Jelgava and Riga. Bus service with Riga was provided by the Raimunds Liepkalns company.",
""
] |
World War II
------------
{{see also\|Occupation of the Baltic states}}
After [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") and [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") entered into the [Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact](/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact") in 1939, Latvia fell into the USSR [sphere of influence](/wiki/Sphere_of_influence "Sphere of influence") in accordance with the [Pact's secret protocols](/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact%23Secret_protocol "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact#Secret protocol"), and was [annexed by the USSR in 1940](/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_%281940%29 "Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)").
### The departure of the Baltic Germans
{{see also\|Nazi–Soviet population transfers}}
After the end of the [Polish Campaign](/wiki/Polish_Campaign "Polish Campaign") in late 1939, [almost all Germans left](/wiki/Nazi%E2%80%93Soviet_population_transfers "Nazi–Soviet population transfers") Bauska and relocated to the newly [annexed territories in Western Poland](/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany "Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany"). On October 15, 1939, the last church service was held by the German congregation. About 170 people left the city on November 12, closing three stores, some workshops, and a pharmacy. One of the traditional urban populations, the [Baltic Germans](/wiki/Baltic_Germans "Baltic Germans"), disappeared. There remained some, mostly mixed, families who did not want to leave their homes. Among those who left were pastor Eckert of the Bauska German congregation, doctors Trey and Kolbe, owner of the brewery Lodin with his family, and shopkeeper Miller. German flats and shops could only be rented with the permission of the Bauska district governor.
### Soviet Occupation, 1940–1941
On June 17, 1940, the [city was occupied by the Red Army](/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_%281940%29 "Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)"). On July 10, 1940, the decision to release all former heads of Latvian municipalities was published. By order of the Minister of the Interior [Vilis Lācis](/wiki/Vilis_L%C4%81cis "Vilis Lācis"), Jāzeps Leitāns was appointed the elder of Bauska City.
Privately owned businesses and buildings were nationalized. The largest nationalized company was the United Mill, which employed 148 people. Apartments for ten families were furnished in four nationalized new buildings. A children's playground was planned between Sun, Kaleja and Plūdoņa Street.
On July 21, 1940, a rally was held to celebrate the "[People's Saeima](/wiki/People%27s_Saeima "People's Saeima")," and on August 6, a rally was held in honor of Latvia's "welcome" to the USSR, with approximately 5,000 people participating. On January 11, 1941, several thousand city dwellers attended a rally on the market square for the election of the USSR Supreme Council. The rally concluded with the decision to send a congratulatory telegram to [Stalin](/wiki/Stalin "Stalin").
During this Soviet occupation, about one hundred Bauska residents suffered from repression and deportation.
### Nazi Occupation, 1941–1944
{{ill\|On June 28, the city was occupied by\|lv\|Latvijas vācu okupācijas hronoloģija 1941\. gadā}} the [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht "Wehrmacht"), after launching an attack from the Lithuanian city [Žeimelis](/wiki/%C5%BDeimelis "Žeimelis"). The Red Army did not defend the city particularly well, and retreated to Riga. The subsequent German attack on Riga was launched from Bauska.
Bauska became part of the newly formed [Reichskommissariat Ostland](/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland "Reichskommissariat Ostland") [Latvian General Area](/wiki/Latvian_General_Area "Latvian General Area"), and the [Nazi Occupation](/wiki/German_occupation_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II "German occupation of Latvia during World War II") years began. By the beginning of July 1941 the [Bauska Synagogue](/wiki/Bauska_Synagogue "Bauska Synagogue") was burnt down, on July 9, a Jewish ghetto was created behind Salātu Street, and on July 15, 56 Jews were publicly castrated in Bauska Marketplace. By the end of August, some 2,000 [Latvian Jews](/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia "History of the Jews in Latvia") living in Bauska and the surrounding area had been killed in the city and the [Vecsaule Concentration Camp](/wiki/Vecsaule_Concentration_Camp "Vecsaule Concentration Camp"). The [Bauska Jewish community](/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bauska "History of the Jews in Bauska") ceases to exist.
### 500th Anniversary of Bauska
On June 20, 1943, the city celebrated its 500th anniversary, based on Bauska being founded in 1443, when the construction of the Livonian Order's new castle began. A number of German occupation authorities attended the anniversary event, including [Latvian General Area](/wiki/Latvian_General_Area "Latvian General Area") Commissioner\-General Drehsler, [Jelgava County](/wiki/Jelgava_County "Jelgava County") Commissioner [von Medem](/wiki/Walter_von_Medem "Walter von Medem"), and Director\-General for Home Affairs [Oscar Danker](/wiki/Oscar_Danker "Oscar Danker"). The speeches emphasized the positive role of [German Militarism](/wiki/German_Militarism "German Militarism"), as well as the unity of Germans and Latvians during the war.
The celebration on June 20 began at 8 a.m. with church services in the city, and at 9 a.m. the ceremonial act of reprivatization in the castle ruins began, during which 1000 land and house owners received property documents on the properties nationalized in 1940 by the Captain Commissioner. At 11 am, a solemn act began in the town hall, spoken by the town's elder J. Skalder, Otto Drehsler and [Oscar Danker](/wiki/Oscar_Danker "Oscar Danker"). A memorial plaque was unveiled on the Bauska Castle mound with the inscription: "The Germans and Latvians united under the rule of Adolf Adolf Hitler in the fight against Bolshevism celebrated the 500th anniversary of Bauska Castle. 20\.6\.1943\." An art exhibition was opened in the city. At 5:00 p.m., the outdoor play "Wedding at John's Father's Court" began between the hospital and Corfu Garden, and was attended by about 10,000 people.
### Battle for Bauska, 1944
At the end of July 1944, Bauska fell into direct warfare for a month and a half. During the [Red Army Offensive Operation Bagrations](/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Occupation_of_Latvia_%281944-1945%29 "Chronology of the Occupation of Latvia (1944-1945)"), the Red Army crossed the Latvian\-Lithuanian border and approached Bauska on July 29\. The city was of strategic importance as it blocked the road to Riga.
The German Army in the city was protected from rapid capture by the Battle Battalion formed on July 29 by the Chief of Bauska County and the Commander of the 13th Bauska Guard Regiment Major [Janis Uuks](/wiki/Janis_Uuks "Janis Uuks"). The 300 battalions were made up of guards and policemen from the 13th Bauska Guards Battalion, who were also volunteers and mobilized citizens. On July 29, the Uuluk Battalion took a defensive line on the banks of the Lielupe River opposite [Bornsminde](/wiki/Donators "Donators") and launched a battle against the attacking Red Army soldiers. The city defenders were not sufficiently armed at the start of the fighting, and much of the automatic weaponry was acquired during the battle as war trophies from Soviet soldiers killed or captured.
On July 30, the 319\-F Police Battalion reached Bauska and engaged in combat on July 31\. The city was also defended by the 23rd and 322nd Battalions, which were part of the German [Kampfgruppe](/wiki/Kampfgruppe "Kampfgruppe") of [Otto Gieseke](/wiki/Otto_Gieseke "Otto Gieseke").[Franz Kurowski](/wiki/Franz_Kurowski "Franz Kurowski") {{in lang\|de}} ’’Todeskessel Kurland: Kampf und Untergang Der Heeresgruppe Nord, 1944/1945’’ Dorfler, 2001 {{ISBN\|3895554103}}, {{ISBN\|9783895554100}} 303 pages On August 22, the 319\-F Battalion had 318 soldiers, and on September 5, the Battalion left Bauska. The 322\-F Battalion was formed in Riga only on July 26, and was sent to the battles in Lithuania after which they retreated to Bauska and took defensive positions along the Bauska\-Ceraukste\-Brunava line, but retreated to Jaunsaule in early September. At the end of July, the 23rd Gauja Battalion, in the 215th Infantry Division, engaged in battles near Bauska, was besieged and retreated to Kegums.
After the first three days of fighting, the Ukulu Battalion was replaced by the 380th German Grenadier Regiment, who for six weeks, along with Latvian Legionnaire and Police Battalion units, defended the city under Lieutenant Colonel Herba, who was awarded the [Iron Cross Knight's Cross](/wiki/Iron_Cross_Knight%27s_Cross "Iron Cross Knight's Cross") in mid\-August. The Ukulu Battalion soldiers were distributed along these units and continued their defensive struggles. In addition to the German army, for six weeks one [Latvian Legion](/wiki/Latvian_Legion "Latvian Legion"), a guard battalion, and three [Latvian Police Battalions](/wiki/Latvian_Police_Battalions "Latvian Police Battalions") repelled [Red Army](/wiki/The_Red_Army "The Red Army") attempts to capture the city.
In the area of the bridge there was a defense plateau about 4 km wide and 1 km deep. The commander of the Red Army 1st Rifle Corps, General Vasilyev, was tasked with occupying the city. On the night of August 18, the Red Army's 179th Division troops moved to Lielupe and, on the morning of August 19, the 306th Division crossed over the Dirda after heavy artillery fire. The Red Army attacked the German fortifications at the Musa Bridge platoon, destroying them and occupying the train station. The Storm Battalion crossed the bridge, invaded the city and reached its center. The German army pulled in additional troops, Ferdinand and Tiger tanks and, after several hours of fighting, brought the Red Army to the south coast of Musa. Although the Red Army blasted the bridge, the Germans managed to cross the river and return to the defense platoon. The Germans reported that 400 Red Army were killed and 150 captured in the battle.
During the six\-week battle, the Red Army unsuccessfully attempted to capture Bauska by crossing by the shallows of Dirda, Vimbu Pub, Bornsminde, and Mežotne. Soviet artillery fired on the city from Caucminde.
The civilian population of Bauska was evacuated from the city at the end of July, but a volunteer fire brigade continued to operate in the city and the brewery continued to operate. Rye was harvested in August. Police in the town maintained order in the city, commanded by Lieutenant Arvids Upmals. Artillery fired at {{ill\|Bauska Catholic Church\|lv\|Bauskas katoļu baznīca}} Dean Joseph Maskvitis.
On September 11, Soviet aviation bombed the city. One\-third of Bauska buildings were destroyed in these attacks (100 buildings destroyed, 300 with varying degrees of damage), and the Bauska State Gymnasium burned down. On the morning of September 14, a massive attack by Soviet land and air broke out, breaking the resistance of city defenders around noon.
|
[
"World War II\n------------",
"{{see also\\|Occupation of the Baltic states}}\nAfter [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") and [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") entered into the [Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact](/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact \"Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact\") in 1939, Latvia fell into the USSR [sphere of influence](/wiki/Sphere_of_influence \"Sphere of influence\") in accordance with the [Pact's secret protocols](/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact%23Secret_protocol \"Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact#Secret protocol\"), and was [annexed by the USSR in 1940](/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_%281940%29 \"Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)\").",
"### The departure of the Baltic Germans",
"{{see also\\|Nazi–Soviet population transfers}}\nAfter the end of the [Polish Campaign](/wiki/Polish_Campaign \"Polish Campaign\") in late 1939, [almost all Germans left](/wiki/Nazi%E2%80%93Soviet_population_transfers \"Nazi–Soviet population transfers\") Bauska and relocated to the newly [annexed territories in Western Poland](/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany \"Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany\"). On October 15, 1939, the last church service was held by the German congregation. About 170 people left the city on November 12, closing three stores, some workshops, and a pharmacy. One of the traditional urban populations, the [Baltic Germans](/wiki/Baltic_Germans \"Baltic Germans\"), disappeared. There remained some, mostly mixed, families who did not want to leave their homes. Among those who left were pastor Eckert of the Bauska German congregation, doctors Trey and Kolbe, owner of the brewery Lodin with his family, and shopkeeper Miller. German flats and shops could only be rented with the permission of the Bauska district governor.",
"### Soviet Occupation, 1940–1941",
"On June 17, 1940, the [city was occupied by the Red Army](/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_%281940%29 \"Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)\"). On July 10, 1940, the decision to release all former heads of Latvian municipalities was published. By order of the Minister of the Interior [Vilis Lācis](/wiki/Vilis_L%C4%81cis \"Vilis Lācis\"), Jāzeps Leitāns was appointed the elder of Bauska City.",
"Privately owned businesses and buildings were nationalized. The largest nationalized company was the United Mill, which employed 148 people. Apartments for ten families were furnished in four nationalized new buildings. A children's playground was planned between Sun, Kaleja and Plūdoņa Street.",
"On July 21, 1940, a rally was held to celebrate the \"[People's Saeima](/wiki/People%27s_Saeima \"People's Saeima\"),\" and on August 6, a rally was held in honor of Latvia's \"welcome\" to the USSR, with approximately 5,000 people participating. On January 11, 1941, several thousand city dwellers attended a rally on the market square for the election of the USSR Supreme Council. The rally concluded with the decision to send a congratulatory telegram to [Stalin](/wiki/Stalin \"Stalin\").",
"During this Soviet occupation, about one hundred Bauska residents suffered from repression and deportation.",
"### Nazi Occupation, 1941–1944",
"{{ill\\|On June 28, the city was occupied by\\|lv\\|Latvijas vācu okupācijas hronoloģija 1941\\. gadā}} the [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\"), after launching an attack from the Lithuanian city [Žeimelis](/wiki/%C5%BDeimelis \"Žeimelis\"). The Red Army did not defend the city particularly well, and retreated to Riga. The subsequent German attack on Riga was launched from Bauska.",
"Bauska became part of the newly formed [Reichskommissariat Ostland](/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland \"Reichskommissariat Ostland\") [Latvian General Area](/wiki/Latvian_General_Area \"Latvian General Area\"), and the [Nazi Occupation](/wiki/German_occupation_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II \"German occupation of Latvia during World War II\") years began. By the beginning of July 1941 the [Bauska Synagogue](/wiki/Bauska_Synagogue \"Bauska Synagogue\") was burnt down, on July 9, a Jewish ghetto was created behind Salātu Street, and on July 15, 56 Jews were publicly castrated in Bauska Marketplace. By the end of August, some 2,000 [Latvian Jews](/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia \"History of the Jews in Latvia\") living in Bauska and the surrounding area had been killed in the city and the [Vecsaule Concentration Camp](/wiki/Vecsaule_Concentration_Camp \"Vecsaule Concentration Camp\"). The [Bauska Jewish community](/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bauska \"History of the Jews in Bauska\") ceases to exist.",
"### 500th Anniversary of Bauska",
"On June 20, 1943, the city celebrated its 500th anniversary, based on Bauska being founded in 1443, when the construction of the Livonian Order's new castle began. A number of German occupation authorities attended the anniversary event, including [Latvian General Area](/wiki/Latvian_General_Area \"Latvian General Area\") Commissioner\\-General Drehsler, [Jelgava County](/wiki/Jelgava_County \"Jelgava County\") Commissioner [von Medem](/wiki/Walter_von_Medem \"Walter von Medem\"), and Director\\-General for Home Affairs [Oscar Danker](/wiki/Oscar_Danker \"Oscar Danker\"). The speeches emphasized the positive role of [German Militarism](/wiki/German_Militarism \"German Militarism\"), as well as the unity of Germans and Latvians during the war.",
"The celebration on June 20 began at 8 a.m. with church services in the city, and at 9 a.m. the ceremonial act of reprivatization in the castle ruins began, during which 1000 land and house owners received property documents on the properties nationalized in 1940 by the Captain Commissioner. At 11 am, a solemn act began in the town hall, spoken by the town's elder J. Skalder, Otto Drehsler and [Oscar Danker](/wiki/Oscar_Danker \"Oscar Danker\"). A memorial plaque was unveiled on the Bauska Castle mound with the inscription: \"The Germans and Latvians united under the rule of Adolf Adolf Hitler in the fight against Bolshevism celebrated the 500th anniversary of Bauska Castle. 20\\.6\\.1943\\.\" An art exhibition was opened in the city. At 5:00 p.m., the outdoor play \"Wedding at John's Father's Court\" began between the hospital and Corfu Garden, and was attended by about 10,000 people.",
"### Battle for Bauska, 1944",
"At the end of July 1944, Bauska fell into direct warfare for a month and a half. During the [Red Army Offensive Operation Bagrations](/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Occupation_of_Latvia_%281944-1945%29 \"Chronology of the Occupation of Latvia (1944-1945)\"), the Red Army crossed the Latvian\\-Lithuanian border and approached Bauska on July 29\\. The city was of strategic importance as it blocked the road to Riga.",
"The German Army in the city was protected from rapid capture by the Battle Battalion formed on July 29 by the Chief of Bauska County and the Commander of the 13th Bauska Guard Regiment Major [Janis Uuks](/wiki/Janis_Uuks \"Janis Uuks\"). The 300 battalions were made up of guards and policemen from the 13th Bauska Guards Battalion, who were also volunteers and mobilized citizens. On July 29, the Uuluk Battalion took a defensive line on the banks of the Lielupe River opposite [Bornsminde](/wiki/Donators \"Donators\") and launched a battle against the attacking Red Army soldiers. The city defenders were not sufficiently armed at the start of the fighting, and much of the automatic weaponry was acquired during the battle as war trophies from Soviet soldiers killed or captured.",
"On July 30, the 319\\-F Police Battalion reached Bauska and engaged in combat on July 31\\. The city was also defended by the 23rd and 322nd Battalions, which were part of the German [Kampfgruppe](/wiki/Kampfgruppe \"Kampfgruppe\") of [Otto Gieseke](/wiki/Otto_Gieseke \"Otto Gieseke\").[Franz Kurowski](/wiki/Franz_Kurowski \"Franz Kurowski\") {{in lang\\|de}} ’’Todeskessel Kurland: Kampf und Untergang Der Heeresgruppe Nord, 1944/1945’’ Dorfler, 2001 {{ISBN\\|3895554103}}, {{ISBN\\|9783895554100}} 303 pages On August 22, the 319\\-F Battalion had 318 soldiers, and on September 5, the Battalion left Bauska. The 322\\-F Battalion was formed in Riga only on July 26, and was sent to the battles in Lithuania after which they retreated to Bauska and took defensive positions along the Bauska\\-Ceraukste\\-Brunava line, but retreated to Jaunsaule in early September. At the end of July, the 23rd Gauja Battalion, in the 215th Infantry Division, engaged in battles near Bauska, was besieged and retreated to Kegums.",
"After the first three days of fighting, the Ukulu Battalion was replaced by the 380th German Grenadier Regiment, who for six weeks, along with Latvian Legionnaire and Police Battalion units, defended the city under Lieutenant Colonel Herba, who was awarded the [Iron Cross Knight's Cross](/wiki/Iron_Cross_Knight%27s_Cross \"Iron Cross Knight's Cross\") in mid\\-August. The Ukulu Battalion soldiers were distributed along these units and continued their defensive struggles. In addition to the German army, for six weeks one [Latvian Legion](/wiki/Latvian_Legion \"Latvian Legion\"), a guard battalion, and three [Latvian Police Battalions](/wiki/Latvian_Police_Battalions \"Latvian Police Battalions\") repelled [Red Army](/wiki/The_Red_Army \"The Red Army\") attempts to capture the city.",
"In the area of the bridge there was a defense plateau about 4 km wide and 1 km deep. The commander of the Red Army 1st Rifle Corps, General Vasilyev, was tasked with occupying the city. On the night of August 18, the Red Army's 179th Division troops moved to Lielupe and, on the morning of August 19, the 306th Division crossed over the Dirda after heavy artillery fire. The Red Army attacked the German fortifications at the Musa Bridge platoon, destroying them and occupying the train station. The Storm Battalion crossed the bridge, invaded the city and reached its center. The German army pulled in additional troops, Ferdinand and Tiger tanks and, after several hours of fighting, brought the Red Army to the south coast of Musa. Although the Red Army blasted the bridge, the Germans managed to cross the river and return to the defense platoon. The Germans reported that 400 Red Army were killed and 150 captured in the battle.",
"During the six\\-week battle, the Red Army unsuccessfully attempted to capture Bauska by crossing by the shallows of Dirda, Vimbu Pub, Bornsminde, and Mežotne. Soviet artillery fired on the city from Caucminde.",
"The civilian population of Bauska was evacuated from the city at the end of July, but a volunteer fire brigade continued to operate in the city and the brewery continued to operate. Rye was harvested in August. Police in the town maintained order in the city, commanded by Lieutenant Arvids Upmals. Artillery fired at {{ill\\|Bauska Catholic Church\\|lv\\|Bauskas katoļu baznīca}} Dean Joseph Maskvitis.",
"On September 11, Soviet aviation bombed the city. One\\-third of Bauska buildings were destroyed in these attacks (100 buildings destroyed, 300 with varying degrees of damage), and the Bauska State Gymnasium burned down. On the morning of September 14, a massive attack by Soviet land and air broke out, breaking the resistance of city defenders around noon.",
""
] |
### Battle for Bauska, 1944
At the end of July 1944, Bauska fell into direct warfare for a month and a half. During the [Red Army Offensive Operation Bagrations](/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Occupation_of_Latvia_%281944-1945%29 "Chronology of the Occupation of Latvia (1944-1945)"), the Red Army crossed the Latvian\-Lithuanian border and approached Bauska on July 29\. The city was of strategic importance as it blocked the road to Riga.
The German Army in the city was protected from rapid capture by the Battle Battalion formed on July 29 by the Chief of Bauska County and the Commander of the 13th Bauska Guard Regiment Major [Janis Uuks](/wiki/Janis_Uuks "Janis Uuks"). The 300 battalions were made up of guards and policemen from the 13th Bauska Guards Battalion, who were also volunteers and mobilized citizens. On July 29, the Uuluk Battalion took a defensive line on the banks of the Lielupe River opposite [Bornsminde](/wiki/Donators "Donators") and launched a battle against the attacking Red Army soldiers. The city defenders were not sufficiently armed at the start of the fighting, and much of the automatic weaponry was acquired during the battle as war trophies from Soviet soldiers killed or captured.
On July 30, the 319\-F Police Battalion reached Bauska and engaged in combat on July 31\. The city was also defended by the 23rd and 322nd Battalions, which were part of the German [Kampfgruppe](/wiki/Kampfgruppe "Kampfgruppe") of [Otto Gieseke](/wiki/Otto_Gieseke "Otto Gieseke").[Franz Kurowski](/wiki/Franz_Kurowski "Franz Kurowski") {{in lang\|de}} ’’Todeskessel Kurland: Kampf und Untergang Der Heeresgruppe Nord, 1944/1945’’ Dorfler, 2001 {{ISBN\|3895554103}}, {{ISBN\|9783895554100}} 303 pages On August 22, the 319\-F Battalion had 318 soldiers, and on September 5, the Battalion left Bauska. The 322\-F Battalion was formed in Riga only on July 26, and was sent to the battles in Lithuania after which they retreated to Bauska and took defensive positions along the Bauska\-Ceraukste\-Brunava line, but retreated to Jaunsaule in early September. At the end of July, the 23rd Gauja Battalion, in the 215th Infantry Division, engaged in battles near Bauska, was besieged and retreated to Kegums.
After the first three days of fighting, the Ukulu Battalion was replaced by the 380th German Grenadier Regiment, who for six weeks, along with Latvian Legionnaire and Police Battalion units, defended the city under Lieutenant Colonel Herba, who was awarded the [Iron Cross Knight's Cross](/wiki/Iron_Cross_Knight%27s_Cross "Iron Cross Knight's Cross") in mid\-August. The Ukulu Battalion soldiers were distributed along these units and continued their defensive struggles. In addition to the German army, for six weeks one [Latvian Legion](/wiki/Latvian_Legion "Latvian Legion"), a guard battalion, and three [Latvian Police Battalions](/wiki/Latvian_Police_Battalions "Latvian Police Battalions") repelled [Red Army](/wiki/The_Red_Army "The Red Army") attempts to capture the city.
In the area of the bridge there was a defense plateau about 4 km wide and 1 km deep. The commander of the Red Army 1st Rifle Corps, General Vasilyev, was tasked with occupying the city. On the night of August 18, the Red Army's 179th Division troops moved to Lielupe and, on the morning of August 19, the 306th Division crossed over the Dirda after heavy artillery fire. The Red Army attacked the German fortifications at the Musa Bridge platoon, destroying them and occupying the train station. The Storm Battalion crossed the bridge, invaded the city and reached its center. The German army pulled in additional troops, Ferdinand and Tiger tanks and, after several hours of fighting, brought the Red Army to the south coast of Musa. Although the Red Army blasted the bridge, the Germans managed to cross the river and return to the defense platoon. The Germans reported that 400 Red Army were killed and 150 captured in the battle.
During the six\-week battle, the Red Army unsuccessfully attempted to capture Bauska by crossing by the shallows of Dirda, Vimbu Pub, Bornsminde, and Mežotne. Soviet artillery fired on the city from Caucminde.
The civilian population of Bauska was evacuated from the city at the end of July, but a volunteer fire brigade continued to operate in the city and the brewery continued to operate. Rye was harvested in August. Police in the town maintained order in the city, commanded by Lieutenant Arvids Upmals. Artillery fired at {{ill\|Bauska Catholic Church\|lv\|Bauskas katoļu baznīca}} Dean Joseph Maskvitis.
On September 11, Soviet aviation bombed the city. One\-third of Bauska buildings were destroyed in these attacks (100 buildings destroyed, 300 with varying degrees of damage), and the Bauska State Gymnasium burned down. On the morning of September 14, a massive attack by Soviet land and air broke out, breaking the resistance of city defenders around noon.
|
[
"### Battle for Bauska, 1944",
"At the end of July 1944, Bauska fell into direct warfare for a month and a half. During the [Red Army Offensive Operation Bagrations](/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Occupation_of_Latvia_%281944-1945%29 \"Chronology of the Occupation of Latvia (1944-1945)\"), the Red Army crossed the Latvian\\-Lithuanian border and approached Bauska on July 29\\. The city was of strategic importance as it blocked the road to Riga.",
"The German Army in the city was protected from rapid capture by the Battle Battalion formed on July 29 by the Chief of Bauska County and the Commander of the 13th Bauska Guard Regiment Major [Janis Uuks](/wiki/Janis_Uuks \"Janis Uuks\"). The 300 battalions were made up of guards and policemen from the 13th Bauska Guards Battalion, who were also volunteers and mobilized citizens. On July 29, the Uuluk Battalion took a defensive line on the banks of the Lielupe River opposite [Bornsminde](/wiki/Donators \"Donators\") and launched a battle against the attacking Red Army soldiers. The city defenders were not sufficiently armed at the start of the fighting, and much of the automatic weaponry was acquired during the battle as war trophies from Soviet soldiers killed or captured.",
"On July 30, the 319\\-F Police Battalion reached Bauska and engaged in combat on July 31\\. The city was also defended by the 23rd and 322nd Battalions, which were part of the German [Kampfgruppe](/wiki/Kampfgruppe \"Kampfgruppe\") of [Otto Gieseke](/wiki/Otto_Gieseke \"Otto Gieseke\").[Franz Kurowski](/wiki/Franz_Kurowski \"Franz Kurowski\") {{in lang\\|de}} ’’Todeskessel Kurland: Kampf und Untergang Der Heeresgruppe Nord, 1944/1945’’ Dorfler, 2001 {{ISBN\\|3895554103}}, {{ISBN\\|9783895554100}} 303 pages On August 22, the 319\\-F Battalion had 318 soldiers, and on September 5, the Battalion left Bauska. The 322\\-F Battalion was formed in Riga only on July 26, and was sent to the battles in Lithuania after which they retreated to Bauska and took defensive positions along the Bauska\\-Ceraukste\\-Brunava line, but retreated to Jaunsaule in early September. At the end of July, the 23rd Gauja Battalion, in the 215th Infantry Division, engaged in battles near Bauska, was besieged and retreated to Kegums.",
"After the first three days of fighting, the Ukulu Battalion was replaced by the 380th German Grenadier Regiment, who for six weeks, along with Latvian Legionnaire and Police Battalion units, defended the city under Lieutenant Colonel Herba, who was awarded the [Iron Cross Knight's Cross](/wiki/Iron_Cross_Knight%27s_Cross \"Iron Cross Knight's Cross\") in mid\\-August. The Ukulu Battalion soldiers were distributed along these units and continued their defensive struggles. In addition to the German army, for six weeks one [Latvian Legion](/wiki/Latvian_Legion \"Latvian Legion\"), a guard battalion, and three [Latvian Police Battalions](/wiki/Latvian_Police_Battalions \"Latvian Police Battalions\") repelled [Red Army](/wiki/The_Red_Army \"The Red Army\") attempts to capture the city.",
"In the area of the bridge there was a defense plateau about 4 km wide and 1 km deep. The commander of the Red Army 1st Rifle Corps, General Vasilyev, was tasked with occupying the city. On the night of August 18, the Red Army's 179th Division troops moved to Lielupe and, on the morning of August 19, the 306th Division crossed over the Dirda after heavy artillery fire. The Red Army attacked the German fortifications at the Musa Bridge platoon, destroying them and occupying the train station. The Storm Battalion crossed the bridge, invaded the city and reached its center. The German army pulled in additional troops, Ferdinand and Tiger tanks and, after several hours of fighting, brought the Red Army to the south coast of Musa. Although the Red Army blasted the bridge, the Germans managed to cross the river and return to the defense platoon. The Germans reported that 400 Red Army were killed and 150 captured in the battle.",
"During the six\\-week battle, the Red Army unsuccessfully attempted to capture Bauska by crossing by the shallows of Dirda, Vimbu Pub, Bornsminde, and Mežotne. Soviet artillery fired on the city from Caucminde.",
"The civilian population of Bauska was evacuated from the city at the end of July, but a volunteer fire brigade continued to operate in the city and the brewery continued to operate. Rye was harvested in August. Police in the town maintained order in the city, commanded by Lieutenant Arvids Upmals. Artillery fired at {{ill\\|Bauska Catholic Church\\|lv\\|Bauskas katoļu baznīca}} Dean Joseph Maskvitis.",
"On September 11, Soviet aviation bombed the city. One\\-third of Bauska buildings were destroyed in these attacks (100 buildings destroyed, 300 with varying degrees of damage), and the Bauska State Gymnasium burned down. On the morning of September 14, a massive attack by Soviet land and air broke out, breaking the resistance of city defenders around noon.",
""
] |
Egypt's road to the 1922 Declaration of Independence
----------------------------------------------------
Sarwat was instrumental in the events leading to the British [Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence](/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence "Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence"), a historical moment in modern Egypt. The road to the Declaration was long and tumultuous.
### Background
At the beginning of World War I, the British Government unilaterally declared Egypt, which it was occupying since 1882, a [British Protectorate](/wiki/British_protectorate "British protectorate") (18 December 1914\). By the end of the war, consequences of the war and the protectorate began to appear on both the Egyptian and British political scenes.
In Egypt, the [Egyptian nationalist movement](/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism "Egyptian nationalism") which has been growing among intellectuals before the war found a larger support among average Egyptians who suffered during the war from high inflation and from their forced recruitment into the Labor Corps (About half a million ).Vatikiotis (1985\), p.253 The nationalist movement also found support in [US President Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson")’s declaration on [Self\-determination](/wiki/Self-determination "Self-determination"). In Great Britain, the war made the Government more sensitive to the importance of Egypt as a strategic asset, but it also put financial strains on the Empire. Britain was now looking for an arrangement to control the Egypt at a lesser cost and a lower level of military commitments, while safeguarding its route to India and protecting the interests of foreigners living in the country.
Political developments during this period reflected the interaction between the major protagonists. On the British side, [Lloyd George](/wiki/David_Lloyd_George "David Lloyd George"), the British prime minister, had to consider his country's political climate. He was assisted by his Foreign Secretary, [Lord George Curzon](/wiki/George_Curzon%2C_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston "George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston"), who would become the lead British negotiator with an Egyptian delegation. A no less important figure was [Field Marshall Edmond Allenby](/wiki/Edmund_Allenby%2C_1st_Viscount_Allenby "Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby"), who was made Special [High Commissioner of Egypt](/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_Egypt "High Commissioner of Egypt") (based in Cairo) in 1919\. Allenby had a crucial role in shaping the issues and convincing the British Government to unilaterally declare the independence of Egypt. On the Egyptian side, [Saad Zaghlul Pasha](/wiki/Saad_Zaghloul "Saad Zaghloul"), who was seen as the national populist leader,Saad, who had been minister of Education, then of Minister of Justice before the war (1906–1912\), then member of the legislative assembly, had a reputation as an effective administrator, but was not known as a national political leader until 1918\. ultimately demanded the full independence of Egypt, including the evacuation of British troops. To serve this goal, he did not hesitate to use wide popular demonstrations. [Adly Yakan Pasha](/wiki/Adly_Yakan_Pasha "Adly Yakan Pasha") and Sarwat Pasha, who initially supported Saad, were moderates and hence became in constant conflict with Saad. This situation reflected their different support bases: the large masses for Saad and the ruling class for Adly and Sarwat.
### Creation of the Wafd and the 1919 Revolution
On 13 November 1918, two days after the [First World War](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") [armistice](/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918 "Armistice of 11 November 1918") was signed, Saad, who had held a prominent position in the Legislative Assembly before it was dissolved in 1914, and two others ex\-members had a historical one\-hour meeting with [Sir Reginald Wingate](/wiki/Reginald_Wingate "Reginald Wingate"), the British [High Commissioner](/wiki/High_commissioner "High commissioner") of Egypt. They first expressed their belief that they represented Egypt because of their previous membership in the legislative assembly. Saad then said: “When England will have helped us obtaining our complete independence, we will give her reasonable guarantees that no country will control our independence nor touch England's interest. We will guarantee her \[England's] road to [India](/wiki/India "India"), which is the [Suez Canal](/wiki/Suez_Canal "Suez Canal"), by giving her the exclusive right to occupy it \[the Canal] when necessary. We will also ally with her \[England] against third parties and give her, when necessary, what the alliance needs in terms of soldiers.”El Rafei (1987\-1\), p.115\. From the Egyptian minutes of the meeting. Translated from Arabic. He also said: “We are talking about these demands here with you as a personification of this great nation \[Britain] and we are addressing here \[in Egypt] no one other than you and outside \[of Egypt] no one other than England state's men, and we ask you \[...] to help up realize these demands”.It is noticeable that there was an acceptance by Saad of British troupes on Egyptian soil, when necessary.
Saad historical meeting was organized with the prior knowledge of and in agreement with Prime Minister Roshdi,Rushdi, in alliance with the Sultan, also wanted to change the status of Egypt. who met with Saad immediately after the meeting and met Wingate afterward, on the same day. Roshdi found the High Commissioner surprised that three people could talk in the name of a Nation. He reported this to Zaghlul and encouraged him to move forward with his project.El Rafei (1987\-1\), p.118
From then on, events unfolded quickly. On the same day, 13 November 1918, and after the meeting with Wingate, Saad met with a few supporters and *Al\-Wafd\-Al\-Masry* (the Egyptian Delegation) (“Wafd”)The meaning of Wafd needs to be understood depending on the context. Literally it means delegation. It will carry that meaning in some instances, in other contexts, it may refer to the movement founded by Saad and formalized into an organization in November 1918, which later became a political party. was created with Saad as head plus six members.Mainly members of the old (pre\-war) Legislative Assembly. Its members approved its constitution, on 23 November 1918, which stated, among other things, that its mission was to seek the complete independence of Egypt using legal and peaceful means.El Rafei (1987\-1\), p.119 The wafd then went on to collect powers of attorney from a diverse swath of the population, across the country, with the British opposing this initiative.El Rafei (1987\-1\), p.125\. It also enlarged it membership. On 20 November, Saad asked the British military authorities, as it was usually required, for permission for him and members of the Wafd to travel to Britain. On 1 December, he received a negative reply from the High Commissioner, after the later consulted his government.
From his side, Roshdi, requested, on 13 November, permission from the High Commissioner to travel to London, accompanied by Adly, his minister of Foreign Affairs, and Zaghloul, to discuss with the government of Britain the wishes of the Government of Egypt regarding Egypt's future. While favorable to the travel of Roshdy and Adly,Heikal (2014\), p.143 the High Commissioner was pressured by London to reply that it was not appropriate for Roshdy or Adly to travel at this timeVatikiotis (1985\), p.263 and that Zaghloul was not permitted to travel. Roshdi's reaction was to submit the resignation of his cabinet to the Sultan the next day, 2 December 1918, giving as reason, the refusal of Britain to allow the Wafd to travel to Britain. The resignation was only accepted three months later, on 1 March 1919\.
Following the resignation of Roshdi, Sarwat, who was Minister of Justice in the resigned cabinet, was offered to succeed him as prime minister with the hope that he would convince Saad to backtrack from his plan to represent Egypt in London.Heikal (2014\), p.144 Sarwat declined the offer, despite being told that this would stand in the way of him ever becoming prime minister. Shortly after, the Wafd led by Saad, visited Sarwat at his home to congratulate him on his stance.
Soon after the November 13 meeting with Sir Wingate and the formation of the Wafd, Saad initiated public protests, and, after he was refused to travel, expressed his protests to [plenipotentiaries](/wiki/Plenipotentiary "Plenipotentiary") of Foreign countries in Egypt about the British Government's policy, thus breaking his promise to the High Commissioner to talk to Britain only. He also sent three cables to US President Wilson. “The Wafd activities were now considered by the British authorities as dangerous to public security”.Vatikiotis (1985\), p.264 On 6 March, he was given an ultimatum by the Head of British Forces in Egypt and, on 8 March, he and three of his associates were arrested by the British authorities in Cairo and exiled to [Malta](/wiki/Malta "Malta").
What became known as the [1919 revolution](/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1919 "Egyptian Revolution of 1919") started effectively the next day, on 9 March 1919\. It was a major development in the history of Modern Egypt which none of the protagonists could ignore. The [revolution](/wiki/Revolution "Revolution") was a series of revolts, spanning the whole country, which extended from 9 March 1919 until about the end of the year. It was bloody, (according the British there were 1000 dead by 15 May)El Rafei (1987\-1\), p.262 and caused important destructions and disruptions. The revolution would affect Egypt's political evolution for the next decade.
An immediate consequence of the revolution was that [Field Marshal Edmond Allenby](/wiki/Edmund_Allenby%2C_1st_Viscount_Allenby "Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby"), the newly appointed (on 21 March) High Commissioner freed Saad from exile and, on 7 April, allowed all Egyptians, including Saad's Wafd, to travel.Immediately after his arrival, Allenby consulted Wafd members and members of the resigned Cabinet. Saad did not return to Egypt (he was not to return for another two years), but traveled to [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), where he was joined, on 19 April, by members of the Wafd after they were allowed to travel.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.198 He was unable to achieve much at the [Paris Peace Conference](/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_%281919%E2%80%931920%29 "Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)"), as US President Wilson recognized the British protectorate of Egypt and the [US\-German Peace Treaty](/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93German_Peace_Treaty_%281921%29 "U.S.–German Peace Treaty (1921)") had been published. The latter transferred the powers of Turkey over Egypt to Britain, forcing the acceptance by Germany of the British protectorate of Egypt.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.200,201 The Wafd, which until then was focusing on getting international recognition of the Independence of Egypt, from then on reoriented its actions exclusively to the inside of Egypt.
### The Milner Mission
Another consequence of the 1919 Revolution was the announcement on 15 May 1919, by the British Government, that a mission would travel to Egypt “To enquire into the causes of the late disorder in Egypt and to report on \[...] the form of the Constitution which, under the Protectorate, will be best calculated to promote its peace and prosperity, \[...]”.Lloyd (1970\), p.11 The [Milner Mission](/wiki/Milner_Mission "Milner Mission"), headed by Colonial Secretary [Alfred Milner](/wiki/Alfred_Milner%2C_1st_Viscount_Milner "Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner"), spent about three months in Egypt (7 December 1919 – 18 March 1920\). The arrival of Mission was immediately boycotted by a large portion of Egyptians, including the Wafd, on the basis that keeping the protectorate was not acceptable.
On 29 December 1919, three weeks after its arrival, the Mission backtracked and issued a declaration stating “The Mission has been sent out by the British Government, with the approval of Parliament, to reconcile the aspiration of the Egyptian people with the special interests which Britain has in Egypt and with a maintenance of the legitimate rights of all foreign residents in the country”.Lloyd (1970\), p.14 A version that overlooked the protectorate status mentioned in its terms of reference. This declaration resulted, from the boycott of the Mission by a majority of Egyptians and helped the trio of ex\-ministers Adly, Rushdi and Sarwat who indicated to the Mission the necessity of agreeing with the Wafd.Rushdi indicated to Milner that the original Mission that proposed to maintain the protectorate was unacceptable to any Egyptian politician and that any proposed agreement would fail if the Wafd did not agree with it. (Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.241\) Saad, who was in Paris, was pleased with the nature of these communications as per a letter date 27 January 1920\.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.241 Following the Mission's latest declaration, the trio expressed their support of it. Sarwat made a statement to a newspaper indicating that “We consider that the Declaration of Lord Milner opened to us a door that was closed until now. \[...] the declaration of Lord Milner is fair when it stated clearly that the negotiations will be without restrictions. \[...] Entering into negotiation with the Mission cannot be interpreted under any circumstance as a concession to the Nation's demand and Lord Milner's declaration regarding this point is clear.”Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.247\. Translated from Arabic The Wafd Central Committee did not endorse the trio's views and demanded in advance of any negotiation, the *“recognition of the complete independence of Egypt”.* Saad, who was in Paris, would not insist on the precondition.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.247
This was followed by multiple discussions between three parties: Lord Millner, the Wafd Central Committee and the trio of ex\-ministers. Two recommendations were sent to Saad in Paris: one by the trio of ex\-ministers urging Saad to come back to Egypt to negotiate with the Mission and a contrary one by the Wafd Central Committee.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.248 Despite further mediation by Adly, Saad decided not to return to Egypt. Lord Milner realizing that his mission would not succeed unless Saad represented Egypt,Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.256 invited Saad to London. Adly joined Saad in Paris on 22 April to discuss. In May and after many deliberations, the Milner Mission invited the Wafd for negotiations in London (as opposed to an invitation to Saad alone to discuss with Milner).Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.259 Adly accompanied the delegation.
The negotiations between the Wafd and the Milner Mission in London ([Saad\-Milner negotiations](/wiki/Saad-Milner_negotiations "Saad-Milner negotiations")) lasted about five months (June – November 1920\). A British proposal was made and did not explicitly mention the end of the protectorate. Saad made a counterproposal, which explicitly mentioned the end of the protectorate. This fundamental disagreement almost ended the negotiation, except for the intervention of Adly.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.292 The latter continued the negotiations without Saad for three weeks starting 25 July 1920, resulting in a final take\-all\-or\-leave British proposal presented to Saad on 10 August. It which included the British recognition of the independence of Egypt as a constitutional monarchy with representative institutions. It allowed the presence of British troops in Egypt, but not as an occupying force. It did not explicitly mention the end of the protectorate and also removed some of the benefits to Egypt included in the first proposal.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.293 Saad was not pleased with the proposal, but seeing a division in the Wafd, with Adly and his supporters favorable to the final proposal, he would not reject it and opted to send it to the Egyptian people for consultation. Saad wrote to the Nation a neutral letter about the proposal, when, in reality, he was unhappy about it as he indicated in a letter to three members of the Wafd “it is (between you and me) a proposal which in appearance accepts the independence, but in reality, confirms the protectorate”.El Rafei (1987\-1\), p.484\. Translated from Arabic. While “the members of the Wafd \[who travelled from London back to Egypt], as a group, where not only interpreters of the rules of the proposal but proponents and supporters of it”,El Rafei (1987\-1\), p.485\. Translated from Arabic the general feedback from the one\-month consultation of the Egyptian people was that there were reservations on the proposal, some of which were tantamount to refusing the proposal.El Rafei (1987\-1\), p.505 The negotiations resumed in London in October. The Wafd expressed on 25 October 1920 to Lord Milner seven reservations it had about the proposal, the first and most important demanded the end of the protectorate. After lengthy deliberations at the House of Lords,El Rafei (1987\-1\), p.509\-539 Milner met with Saad on 9 November 1920 to inform him that no more compromises were possible. The negotiations were interrupted on that day and the Wafd left London for Paris the next day.
In Paris, the rift within the Wafd (Saad/Adly) gained momentum and became known, but was kept under the lid.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.301\-307 The Adly camp, to which Sarwat belonged, wanted to continue the negotiations, while Saad thought it was time to go back to Cairo and focus the wafd on organizing the Nation's revolution. This became a turning point for Saad, who until then was moderate in his views and actions. The breakdown of the Milner negotiations made him lose hope in negotiation as a mean to help the Egyptian cause. His only option now was to rely on his popularity to lead the National movement.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.303
Lord Milner presented his mission's report to His Majesty's Government on 9 December 1920 in which it stated that “the time is appropriate to establish relations between Great Britain and Egypt on the basis of a permanent treaty, which is a treaty that gives Egypt its independence”.Lloyd (1970\), p.36 The report was released on 18 February 1921\.
### Split within the Wafd
On 26 February 1921, the British Government (Cabinet of [Lloyd George](/wiki/David_Lloyd_George "David Lloyd George")) advised [Fouad I](/wiki/Fuad_I_of_Egypt "Fuad I of Egypt"), the Sultan of Egypt that "His Majesty's Government, after a study of the proposals made by Lord Milner, have arrived at the conclusion that the status of protectorate is not a satisfactory relation in which Egypt should continue to stand to Great Britain”*F.O. Dispatch: Lord Curzon to Lord Allenby, 22 February 1921 Quoted in Lloyd (1970\), p.37* and invited Egypt to enter into official negotiations to replace the Protectorate by another relationship. This was the most important communication made by the British Government since its declaration of the protectorate in 1914\.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.310 The Sultan directed Adly to form a cabinet (his first) on 17 March 1921, with the purpose of entering into these negotiations.The Sultan was not keen on appointing Adly as prime minister, because he knew Adly wanted a constitution. His preference was to appoint him as negotiator within the existing government of Nessim Pasha, but he had no choice as Adly refused, lacking confidence in Nessim, and the British favored negotiating with Adly. (Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.312, El Rafei (1987\-1\), p.552\-553\) Sarwat was appointed Minister of the Interior.El Rafei (1987\-1\), p.556
Saad was still in Paris having not yet returned to Egypt since his release, two years earlier, from his one\-month exile. Adly invited him to join a delegation to be formed to negotiate with Britain. From Paris, Saad laid down four conditions for his participation. Adly found unacceptable the condition that Wafd should nominate the majority of the delegation's members and head the delegation.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.320\-321 Saad returned to Egypt on 5 April 1921, in the middle of an effusion of popular support.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.319This effusion of support was interpreted by Saad as a support of the principle of total independence. From this point on he adopted a radical position. (Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.320\) On 25 April 1921, Adly made public, in a newspaper, his refusal of Saad's conditions.El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.21Adly knew that he was not risking a Wafd withdrawal of confidence in the Cabinet, as he had the majority of the Wafd behind him (Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.322\) On the same day, Saad made public his insistence on leading the delegation in a speech in which he announced his non\-confidence in the cabinet.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.323 Three days later, in a meeting with the Wafd's members, Saad insisted that the Wafd, despite its majority dissenting, withdraws its confidence in the cabinet. As a result, a group of members of Saad's Wafd Party split from the party.El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.23Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.324 The split in the Wafd was now totally consumed. Chaos and violence erupted in the country: On 20 May, two police stations were burned and 58 people were killed in [Alexandria](/wiki/Alexandria "Alexandria"), among them 15 Europeans. The British military authorities had to take over the administration of the city.El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.31Lloyd (1970\), p.43
### Sarwat Minister of Interior (1921\)
On 1 July 1921, an official delegation headed by Prime Minister Adly, left for [London](/wiki/London "London") (without Saad) to conduct negotiations with Lord [George Curzon](/wiki/George_Curzon%2C_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston "George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston") (Adly\-Curzon negotiations), the British [Foreign Secretary](/wiki/Foreign_Secretary "Foreign Secretary") in the Cabinet of Lloyd George. The negotiations lasted several months, during which Sarwat was interim prime minister, in addition to being Minister of the Interior. While the early severe disturbances in Alexandria happened under his watch, he was effective in maintaining order during the Adly\-Curzon negotiations and succeeded in preventing disturbances from derailing the negotiations.Lloyd (1970\), p.48El Meligui (1989\), p.47
He tried unsuccessfully to prevent Saad from touring the country to criticize Adly and the British Government.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.340Saad tour of the country was quite successful and Sarwat conveyed the opposite to Adly not to affect his mission. (El Meligui (1989\), p.48\) When he heard that four [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29 "Labour Party (UK)") (opposition party) members of the [British House of Common](/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom "House of Commons of the United Kingdom") were planning to visit Egypt and accompany Saad on part of his tour of the country, Sarwat “besought the High Commissioner to prevent it”, but to no avail.The Labour representatives and others ended up issuing a communiqué stating that the cabinet did not represent the Egyptian people and that the only way to reach a treaty acceptable to the Egyptians is to abrogate martial laws and elect a National Assembly which would elect the negotiating delegation, once martial laws was abrogated ( Deeb (2009\), p.49\) He also sought the help of the British Military authority to act based on the prevailing Martial law in another situation against the President of the National Party.El Meligui (1989\), p.49
### Adly\-Curzon negotiations
On 10 November 1921, Curzon presented to Adly a draft treaty. Adly replied in a November 15 memorandum stating that the project did not hold a hope for reaching an agreement.El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.35 He left London and arrived in Alexandria on 5 December. In fact, “The negotiations had broken down chiefly on two points: the maintenance of a British garrison in Egypt and the control of Egyptian Foreign Affairs”Lloyd (1970\), p.51
The British authorities in Egypt, had also their point of view on the negotiations. First, the British Advisors in Egypt wrote, on 17 November, a common memorandum asserting that “any decision which does not accept the principle of independence and keeps the protectorate will inevitably lead to a real danger of a revolution starting in the whole country”.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.348\. Translated from Arabic. Allenby forwarded the memorandum to Lord Curzon with his support. Second, as Adly arrived in Cairo on 6 November 1921, Allenby asked Curzon, through a despatch “if he could advise the Sultan that his Majesty's Government was ready to execute \[...] the main proposals \[...] included in the proposed treaty and to extend to him these suggestions as a program for a new Government, or for the current one if it stayed in place? I fully realize that the work I am pointing to may force his Majesty's Government to end the Protectorate with a unilateral declaration”,Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.349\. Translated from Arabic. a precursor to the upcoming unilateral declaration.
### Resignation of Adly and exile of Zaghlul
Prime Minister Adly resigned on 8 December, three days after his arrival in Cairo.El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.38 Sultan Fouad did not accept his resignation and asked him to stay on until a new cabinet was formed. The failure of the Adly mission led to riots across the country. The day before Adly resigned, Saad called on the country to continue fighting.El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.45 In reaction to Saad's continued activism, the British military authority warned him, on 22 December, not to hold public meetings or write in the press and ordered him to leave Cairo and stay in the countryside. Saad responded on the same day by a speech in which he said *“the force can do with us whatever it wishes”.*El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.46 The next day, Allenby arrested Saad and froze his and his party's bank accounts, as well as those of prominent members of his party. On the same day, Adly, not wanting to be held responsible for the arrest of Saad, asked the Sultan to accept the resignation he submitted two weeks earlier. It was accepted the next day, 24 December 1921\.El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.47 A few days later, the British authorities decided to exile Saad (for the second time) and five of his colleagues to the Seychelles islands. They left Egypt on 29 December 1921\.El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.48
Saad's exile resulted in the reunification of his previously split Wafd and the organization of a campaign to boycott and to not cooperate with British persons and British interests in Egypt. A wave of violence and assassinations erupted throughout the country.El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.49\-56
### Sarwat's conditions to form a cabinet
Subsequent to Adly's resignation, Sarwat announced, on 11 December, that he would be ready to form a cabinet if eleven conditions, which he made public, were accepted by Britain. They included that the British Protectorate be abolished, the sovereign independence of Egypt recognized and the Ministry of Foreign affair reconstituted.Lloyd (1970\), p.53El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.57 The Wafd criticized these conditions as they did not include the evacuation of British forces from Egypt. Despite Great Britain accepting his conditions on 15 December, Sarwat, could not form a cabinet as he was unable to secure the support of Adly, who asserted that the demanded concessions “did not go far enough”.Lloyd (1970\), p.54
In his endeavor, Sarwat had the full support of Allenby, the British High commissioner, who was pushing to obtain from his Government firm concessions. On 12 January 1922, Allenby sent Curzon, the Foreign Secretary, the draft of a letter he recommended to be sent to the Sultan of Egypt “to announce that His Majesty's Government were prepared without waiting for a treaty to abolish the Protectorate and recognize Egyptian sovereign independence: that they would "view with favor" the creation of a parliament with the right to control the "policy and administration of a constitutionally responsible government”."Lloyd (1970\), p.56 The despatch, which accompanied the proposed letter indicated that “the proposed letter is the result of extensive negotiations with Sarwat Pasha and his immediate adherents. They, on their part, have been in contact with a wider circle, and Adly Pasha has been in close touch, and has lent valuable and disinterested assistance”*F.O. despatch, Lord Allenby to Lord Curzon, 12 January 1922, cited in Lloyd (1970\), p.56* Not getting a prompt response, Allenby sent Curzon, two weeks later, a despatch which included a resignation threat: “if the advice I have offered is rejected, I cannot honorably remain. I therefore beg that my resignation may be tendered to His Majesty with expression of my humble duty.”*F.O. despatch, Lord Allenby to Lord Curzon, 25 January 1922, Quoted in Lloyd (1970\), p.58* He was called back to London to explain his position to Curzon and left Cairo on 3 February, accompanied by two of his advisors. In London, with his possible resignation still looming, he was able to obtain the support of Prime Minister Lloyd George despite the opposition of Curzon, the Foreign Office Secretary. On 17 February, the Cabinet approved the end of the protectorate.
Eleven days later, Allenby arrived in Cairo with, in hand, the British Declaration of Egyptian Independence, which became known as the [Declaration of 28 February 1922](/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence "Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence").
### The Declaration of Independence
On 28 February 1922, the British High Commissioner in Egypt, Lord Allenby made public the following [Declaration](/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence "Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence"):
“Whereas His Majesty's Government, in accordance with their declared intentions, desire forthwith to recognize Egypt as an independent sovereign state; and whereas the relations between His Majesty's Government and Egypt are of vital interest to the British Empire; the following principles are hereby declared:
1. The British Protectorate over Egypt is terminated, and Egypt is declared to be an independent Sovereign State.
2. So soon as the Government of His Highness shall pass an act of indemnity with application to all inhabitants of Egypt, Martial Law as proclaimed on the 2nd of November 1914 shall be withdrawn.
3. The following matters are absolutely reserved to the discretion of His Majesty's Government until such time as it may be possible by free discussion and friendly accommodation on both sides to conclude agreements in regards thereto between His Majesty's Government and the Government of Egypt:
* The security and communications of the British empire in Egypt.
* The defense of Egypt against all foreign aggression or interference direct or indirect.
* The protection of Foreign interest in Egypt and the protection of minorities.
* The Sudan.
Pending the conclusion of such agreements the status quo in all these matters shall remain intact.”Lloyd (1970\), p.63
The four matters reserved in the declaration became the expression of past and future political divergence within Egypt. For the Wafd the four matters reflected the ill will of the British Government that handed Egypt an independence that was one only on paper. For the politicians who will become members of the Liberal Constitutional Party and their supporters, it was a step in the right direction.
For the next fifteen years or so, seeking an agreement as per point 3 of the declaration was the main objective of both the Wafd and the LCP, each going about it according to its own political beliefs.
|
[
"Egypt's road to the 1922 Declaration of Independence\n----------------------------------------------------",
"Sarwat was instrumental in the events leading to the British [Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence](/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence \"Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence\"), a historical moment in modern Egypt. The road to the Declaration was long and tumultuous.",
"### Background",
"At the beginning of World War I, the British Government unilaterally declared Egypt, which it was occupying since 1882, a [British Protectorate](/wiki/British_protectorate \"British protectorate\") (18 December 1914\\). By the end of the war, consequences of the war and the protectorate began to appear on both the Egyptian and British political scenes.",
"In Egypt, the [Egyptian nationalist movement](/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism \"Egyptian nationalism\") which has been growing among intellectuals before the war found a larger support among average Egyptians who suffered during the war from high inflation and from their forced recruitment into the Labor Corps (About half a million ).Vatikiotis (1985\\), p.253 The nationalist movement also found support in [US President Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson \"Woodrow Wilson\")’s declaration on [Self\\-determination](/wiki/Self-determination \"Self-determination\"). In Great Britain, the war made the Government more sensitive to the importance of Egypt as a strategic asset, but it also put financial strains on the Empire. Britain was now looking for an arrangement to control the Egypt at a lesser cost and a lower level of military commitments, while safeguarding its route to India and protecting the interests of foreigners living in the country.",
"Political developments during this period reflected the interaction between the major protagonists. On the British side, [Lloyd George](/wiki/David_Lloyd_George \"David Lloyd George\"), the British prime minister, had to consider his country's political climate. He was assisted by his Foreign Secretary, [Lord George Curzon](/wiki/George_Curzon%2C_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston \"George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston\"), who would become the lead British negotiator with an Egyptian delegation. A no less important figure was [Field Marshall Edmond Allenby](/wiki/Edmund_Allenby%2C_1st_Viscount_Allenby \"Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby\"), who was made Special [High Commissioner of Egypt](/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_Egypt \"High Commissioner of Egypt\") (based in Cairo) in 1919\\. Allenby had a crucial role in shaping the issues and convincing the British Government to unilaterally declare the independence of Egypt. On the Egyptian side, [Saad Zaghlul Pasha](/wiki/Saad_Zaghloul \"Saad Zaghloul\"), who was seen as the national populist leader,Saad, who had been minister of Education, then of Minister of Justice before the war (1906–1912\\), then member of the legislative assembly, had a reputation as an effective administrator, but was not known as a national political leader until 1918\\. ultimately demanded the full independence of Egypt, including the evacuation of British troops. To serve this goal, he did not hesitate to use wide popular demonstrations. [Adly Yakan Pasha](/wiki/Adly_Yakan_Pasha \"Adly Yakan Pasha\") and Sarwat Pasha, who initially supported Saad, were moderates and hence became in constant conflict with Saad. This situation reflected their different support bases: the large masses for Saad and the ruling class for Adly and Sarwat.",
"### Creation of the Wafd and the 1919 Revolution",
"On 13 November 1918, two days after the [First World War](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") [armistice](/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918 \"Armistice of 11 November 1918\") was signed, Saad, who had held a prominent position in the Legislative Assembly before it was dissolved in 1914, and two others ex\\-members had a historical one\\-hour meeting with [Sir Reginald Wingate](/wiki/Reginald_Wingate \"Reginald Wingate\"), the British [High Commissioner](/wiki/High_commissioner \"High commissioner\") of Egypt. They first expressed their belief that they represented Egypt because of their previous membership in the legislative assembly. Saad then said: “When England will have helped us obtaining our complete independence, we will give her reasonable guarantees that no country will control our independence nor touch England's interest. We will guarantee her \\[England's] road to [India](/wiki/India \"India\"), which is the [Suez Canal](/wiki/Suez_Canal \"Suez Canal\"), by giving her the exclusive right to occupy it \\[the Canal] when necessary. We will also ally with her \\[England] against third parties and give her, when necessary, what the alliance needs in terms of soldiers.”El Rafei (1987\\-1\\), p.115\\. From the Egyptian minutes of the meeting. Translated from Arabic. He also said: “We are talking about these demands here with you as a personification of this great nation \\[Britain] and we are addressing here \\[in Egypt] no one other than you and outside \\[of Egypt] no one other than England state's men, and we ask you \\[...] to help up realize these demands”.It is noticeable that there was an acceptance by Saad of British troupes on Egyptian soil, when necessary.",
"Saad historical meeting was organized with the prior knowledge of and in agreement with Prime Minister Roshdi,Rushdi, in alliance with the Sultan, also wanted to change the status of Egypt. who met with Saad immediately after the meeting and met Wingate afterward, on the same day. Roshdi found the High Commissioner surprised that three people could talk in the name of a Nation. He reported this to Zaghlul and encouraged him to move forward with his project.El Rafei (1987\\-1\\), p.118",
"From then on, events unfolded quickly. On the same day, 13 November 1918, and after the meeting with Wingate, Saad met with a few supporters and *Al\\-Wafd\\-Al\\-Masry* (the Egyptian Delegation) (“Wafd”)The meaning of Wafd needs to be understood depending on the context. Literally it means delegation. It will carry that meaning in some instances, in other contexts, it may refer to the movement founded by Saad and formalized into an organization in November 1918, which later became a political party. was created with Saad as head plus six members.Mainly members of the old (pre\\-war) Legislative Assembly. Its members approved its constitution, on 23 November 1918, which stated, among other things, that its mission was to seek the complete independence of Egypt using legal and peaceful means.El Rafei (1987\\-1\\), p.119 The wafd then went on to collect powers of attorney from a diverse swath of the population, across the country, with the British opposing this initiative.El Rafei (1987\\-1\\), p.125\\. It also enlarged it membership. On 20 November, Saad asked the British military authorities, as it was usually required, for permission for him and members of the Wafd to travel to Britain. On 1 December, he received a negative reply from the High Commissioner, after the later consulted his government.",
"From his side, Roshdi, requested, on 13 November, permission from the High Commissioner to travel to London, accompanied by Adly, his minister of Foreign Affairs, and Zaghloul, to discuss with the government of Britain the wishes of the Government of Egypt regarding Egypt's future. While favorable to the travel of Roshdy and Adly,Heikal (2014\\), p.143 the High Commissioner was pressured by London to reply that it was not appropriate for Roshdy or Adly to travel at this timeVatikiotis (1985\\), p.263 and that Zaghloul was not permitted to travel. Roshdi's reaction was to submit the resignation of his cabinet to the Sultan the next day, 2 December 1918, giving as reason, the refusal of Britain to allow the Wafd to travel to Britain. The resignation was only accepted three months later, on 1 March 1919\\.",
"Following the resignation of Roshdi, Sarwat, who was Minister of Justice in the resigned cabinet, was offered to succeed him as prime minister with the hope that he would convince Saad to backtrack from his plan to represent Egypt in London.Heikal (2014\\), p.144 Sarwat declined the offer, despite being told that this would stand in the way of him ever becoming prime minister. Shortly after, the Wafd led by Saad, visited Sarwat at his home to congratulate him on his stance.",
"Soon after the November 13 meeting with Sir Wingate and the formation of the Wafd, Saad initiated public protests, and, after he was refused to travel, expressed his protests to [plenipotentiaries](/wiki/Plenipotentiary \"Plenipotentiary\") of Foreign countries in Egypt about the British Government's policy, thus breaking his promise to the High Commissioner to talk to Britain only. He also sent three cables to US President Wilson. “The Wafd activities were now considered by the British authorities as dangerous to public security”.Vatikiotis (1985\\), p.264 On 6 March, he was given an ultimatum by the Head of British Forces in Egypt and, on 8 March, he and three of his associates were arrested by the British authorities in Cairo and exiled to [Malta](/wiki/Malta \"Malta\").",
"What became known as the [1919 revolution](/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1919 \"Egyptian Revolution of 1919\") started effectively the next day, on 9 March 1919\\. It was a major development in the history of Modern Egypt which none of the protagonists could ignore. The [revolution](/wiki/Revolution \"Revolution\") was a series of revolts, spanning the whole country, which extended from 9 March 1919 until about the end of the year. It was bloody, (according the British there were 1000 dead by 15 May)El Rafei (1987\\-1\\), p.262 and caused important destructions and disruptions. The revolution would affect Egypt's political evolution for the next decade.",
"An immediate consequence of the revolution was that [Field Marshal Edmond Allenby](/wiki/Edmund_Allenby%2C_1st_Viscount_Allenby \"Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby\"), the newly appointed (on 21 March) High Commissioner freed Saad from exile and, on 7 April, allowed all Egyptians, including Saad's Wafd, to travel.Immediately after his arrival, Allenby consulted Wafd members and members of the resigned Cabinet. Saad did not return to Egypt (he was not to return for another two years), but traveled to [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), where he was joined, on 19 April, by members of the Wafd after they were allowed to travel.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.198 He was unable to achieve much at the [Paris Peace Conference](/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_%281919%E2%80%931920%29 \"Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)\"), as US President Wilson recognized the British protectorate of Egypt and the [US\\-German Peace Treaty](/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93German_Peace_Treaty_%281921%29 \"U.S.–German Peace Treaty (1921)\") had been published. The latter transferred the powers of Turkey over Egypt to Britain, forcing the acceptance by Germany of the British protectorate of Egypt.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.200,201 The Wafd, which until then was focusing on getting international recognition of the Independence of Egypt, from then on reoriented its actions exclusively to the inside of Egypt.",
"### The Milner Mission",
"Another consequence of the 1919 Revolution was the announcement on 15 May 1919, by the British Government, that a mission would travel to Egypt “To enquire into the causes of the late disorder in Egypt and to report on \\[...] the form of the Constitution which, under the Protectorate, will be best calculated to promote its peace and prosperity, \\[...]”.Lloyd (1970\\), p.11 The [Milner Mission](/wiki/Milner_Mission \"Milner Mission\"), headed by Colonial Secretary [Alfred Milner](/wiki/Alfred_Milner%2C_1st_Viscount_Milner \"Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner\"), spent about three months in Egypt (7 December 1919 – 18 March 1920\\). The arrival of Mission was immediately boycotted by a large portion of Egyptians, including the Wafd, on the basis that keeping the protectorate was not acceptable.",
"On 29 December 1919, three weeks after its arrival, the Mission backtracked and issued a declaration stating “The Mission has been sent out by the British Government, with the approval of Parliament, to reconcile the aspiration of the Egyptian people with the special interests which Britain has in Egypt and with a maintenance of the legitimate rights of all foreign residents in the country”.Lloyd (1970\\), p.14 A version that overlooked the protectorate status mentioned in its terms of reference. This declaration resulted, from the boycott of the Mission by a majority of Egyptians and helped the trio of ex\\-ministers Adly, Rushdi and Sarwat who indicated to the Mission the necessity of agreeing with the Wafd.Rushdi indicated to Milner that the original Mission that proposed to maintain the protectorate was unacceptable to any Egyptian politician and that any proposed agreement would fail if the Wafd did not agree with it. (Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.241\\) Saad, who was in Paris, was pleased with the nature of these communications as per a letter date 27 January 1920\\.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.241 Following the Mission's latest declaration, the trio expressed their support of it. Sarwat made a statement to a newspaper indicating that “We consider that the Declaration of Lord Milner opened to us a door that was closed until now. \\[...] the declaration of Lord Milner is fair when it stated clearly that the negotiations will be without restrictions. \\[...] Entering into negotiation with the Mission cannot be interpreted under any circumstance as a concession to the Nation's demand and Lord Milner's declaration regarding this point is clear.”Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.247\\. Translated from Arabic The Wafd Central Committee did not endorse the trio's views and demanded in advance of any negotiation, the *“recognition of the complete independence of Egypt”.* Saad, who was in Paris, would not insist on the precondition.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.247",
"This was followed by multiple discussions between three parties: Lord Millner, the Wafd Central Committee and the trio of ex\\-ministers. Two recommendations were sent to Saad in Paris: one by the trio of ex\\-ministers urging Saad to come back to Egypt to negotiate with the Mission and a contrary one by the Wafd Central Committee.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.248 Despite further mediation by Adly, Saad decided not to return to Egypt. Lord Milner realizing that his mission would not succeed unless Saad represented Egypt,Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.256 invited Saad to London. Adly joined Saad in Paris on 22 April to discuss. In May and after many deliberations, the Milner Mission invited the Wafd for negotiations in London (as opposed to an invitation to Saad alone to discuss with Milner).Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.259 Adly accompanied the delegation.",
"The negotiations between the Wafd and the Milner Mission in London ([Saad\\-Milner negotiations](/wiki/Saad-Milner_negotiations \"Saad-Milner negotiations\")) lasted about five months (June – November 1920\\). A British proposal was made and did not explicitly mention the end of the protectorate. Saad made a counterproposal, which explicitly mentioned the end of the protectorate. This fundamental disagreement almost ended the negotiation, except for the intervention of Adly.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.292 The latter continued the negotiations without Saad for three weeks starting 25 July 1920, resulting in a final take\\-all\\-or\\-leave British proposal presented to Saad on 10 August. It which included the British recognition of the independence of Egypt as a constitutional monarchy with representative institutions. It allowed the presence of British troops in Egypt, but not as an occupying force. It did not explicitly mention the end of the protectorate and also removed some of the benefits to Egypt included in the first proposal.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.293 Saad was not pleased with the proposal, but seeing a division in the Wafd, with Adly and his supporters favorable to the final proposal, he would not reject it and opted to send it to the Egyptian people for consultation. Saad wrote to the Nation a neutral letter about the proposal, when, in reality, he was unhappy about it as he indicated in a letter to three members of the Wafd “it is (between you and me) a proposal which in appearance accepts the independence, but in reality, confirms the protectorate”.El Rafei (1987\\-1\\), p.484\\. Translated from Arabic. While “the members of the Wafd \\[who travelled from London back to Egypt], as a group, where not only interpreters of the rules of the proposal but proponents and supporters of it”,El Rafei (1987\\-1\\), p.485\\. Translated from Arabic the general feedback from the one\\-month consultation of the Egyptian people was that there were reservations on the proposal, some of which were tantamount to refusing the proposal.El Rafei (1987\\-1\\), p.505 The negotiations resumed in London in October. The Wafd expressed on 25 October 1920 to Lord Milner seven reservations it had about the proposal, the first and most important demanded the end of the protectorate. After lengthy deliberations at the House of Lords,El Rafei (1987\\-1\\), p.509\\-539 Milner met with Saad on 9 November 1920 to inform him that no more compromises were possible. The negotiations were interrupted on that day and the Wafd left London for Paris the next day.",
"In Paris, the rift within the Wafd (Saad/Adly) gained momentum and became known, but was kept under the lid.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.301\\-307 The Adly camp, to which Sarwat belonged, wanted to continue the negotiations, while Saad thought it was time to go back to Cairo and focus the wafd on organizing the Nation's revolution. This became a turning point for Saad, who until then was moderate in his views and actions. The breakdown of the Milner negotiations made him lose hope in negotiation as a mean to help the Egyptian cause. His only option now was to rely on his popularity to lead the National movement.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.303",
"Lord Milner presented his mission's report to His Majesty's Government on 9 December 1920 in which it stated that “the time is appropriate to establish relations between Great Britain and Egypt on the basis of a permanent treaty, which is a treaty that gives Egypt its independence”.Lloyd (1970\\), p.36 The report was released on 18 February 1921\\.",
"### Split within the Wafd",
"On 26 February 1921, the British Government (Cabinet of [Lloyd George](/wiki/David_Lloyd_George \"David Lloyd George\")) advised [Fouad I](/wiki/Fuad_I_of_Egypt \"Fuad I of Egypt\"), the Sultan of Egypt that \"His Majesty's Government, after a study of the proposals made by Lord Milner, have arrived at the conclusion that the status of protectorate is not a satisfactory relation in which Egypt should continue to stand to Great Britain”*F.O. Dispatch: Lord Curzon to Lord Allenby, 22 February 1921 Quoted in Lloyd (1970\\), p.37* and invited Egypt to enter into official negotiations to replace the Protectorate by another relationship. This was the most important communication made by the British Government since its declaration of the protectorate in 1914\\.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.310 The Sultan directed Adly to form a cabinet (his first) on 17 March 1921, with the purpose of entering into these negotiations.The Sultan was not keen on appointing Adly as prime minister, because he knew Adly wanted a constitution. His preference was to appoint him as negotiator within the existing government of Nessim Pasha, but he had no choice as Adly refused, lacking confidence in Nessim, and the British favored negotiating with Adly. (Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.312, El Rafei (1987\\-1\\), p.552\\-553\\) Sarwat was appointed Minister of the Interior.El Rafei (1987\\-1\\), p.556",
"Saad was still in Paris having not yet returned to Egypt since his release, two years earlier, from his one\\-month exile. Adly invited him to join a delegation to be formed to negotiate with Britain. From Paris, Saad laid down four conditions for his participation. Adly found unacceptable the condition that Wafd should nominate the majority of the delegation's members and head the delegation.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.320\\-321 Saad returned to Egypt on 5 April 1921, in the middle of an effusion of popular support.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.319This effusion of support was interpreted by Saad as a support of the principle of total independence. From this point on he adopted a radical position. (Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.320\\) On 25 April 1921, Adly made public, in a newspaper, his refusal of Saad's conditions.El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.21Adly knew that he was not risking a Wafd withdrawal of confidence in the Cabinet, as he had the majority of the Wafd behind him (Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.322\\) On the same day, Saad made public his insistence on leading the delegation in a speech in which he announced his non\\-confidence in the cabinet.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.323 Three days later, in a meeting with the Wafd's members, Saad insisted that the Wafd, despite its majority dissenting, withdraws its confidence in the cabinet. As a result, a group of members of Saad's Wafd Party split from the party.El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.23Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.324 The split in the Wafd was now totally consumed. Chaos and violence erupted in the country: On 20 May, two police stations were burned and 58 people were killed in [Alexandria](/wiki/Alexandria \"Alexandria\"), among them 15 Europeans. The British military authorities had to take over the administration of the city.El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.31Lloyd (1970\\), p.43",
"### Sarwat Minister of Interior (1921\\)",
"On 1 July 1921, an official delegation headed by Prime Minister Adly, left for [London](/wiki/London \"London\") (without Saad) to conduct negotiations with Lord [George Curzon](/wiki/George_Curzon%2C_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston \"George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston\") (Adly\\-Curzon negotiations), the British [Foreign Secretary](/wiki/Foreign_Secretary \"Foreign Secretary\") in the Cabinet of Lloyd George. The negotiations lasted several months, during which Sarwat was interim prime minister, in addition to being Minister of the Interior. While the early severe disturbances in Alexandria happened under his watch, he was effective in maintaining order during the Adly\\-Curzon negotiations and succeeded in preventing disturbances from derailing the negotiations.Lloyd (1970\\), p.48El Meligui (1989\\), p.47",
"He tried unsuccessfully to prevent Saad from touring the country to criticize Adly and the British Government.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.340Saad tour of the country was quite successful and Sarwat conveyed the opposite to Adly not to affect his mission. (El Meligui (1989\\), p.48\\) When he heard that four [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29 \"Labour Party (UK)\") (opposition party) members of the [British House of Common](/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom \"House of Commons of the United Kingdom\") were planning to visit Egypt and accompany Saad on part of his tour of the country, Sarwat “besought the High Commissioner to prevent it”, but to no avail.The Labour representatives and others ended up issuing a communiqué stating that the cabinet did not represent the Egyptian people and that the only way to reach a treaty acceptable to the Egyptians is to abrogate martial laws and elect a National Assembly which would elect the negotiating delegation, once martial laws was abrogated ( Deeb (2009\\), p.49\\) He also sought the help of the British Military authority to act based on the prevailing Martial law in another situation against the President of the National Party.El Meligui (1989\\), p.49",
"### Adly\\-Curzon negotiations",
"On 10 November 1921, Curzon presented to Adly a draft treaty. Adly replied in a November 15 memorandum stating that the project did not hold a hope for reaching an agreement.El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.35 He left London and arrived in Alexandria on 5 December. In fact, “The negotiations had broken down chiefly on two points: the maintenance of a British garrison in Egypt and the control of Egyptian Foreign Affairs”Lloyd (1970\\), p.51",
"The British authorities in Egypt, had also their point of view on the negotiations. First, the British Advisors in Egypt wrote, on 17 November, a common memorandum asserting that “any decision which does not accept the principle of independence and keeps the protectorate will inevitably lead to a real danger of a revolution starting in the whole country”.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.348\\. Translated from Arabic. Allenby forwarded the memorandum to Lord Curzon with his support. Second, as Adly arrived in Cairo on 6 November 1921, Allenby asked Curzon, through a despatch “if he could advise the Sultan that his Majesty's Government was ready to execute \\[...] the main proposals \\[...] included in the proposed treaty and to extend to him these suggestions as a program for a new Government, or for the current one if it stayed in place? I fully realize that the work I am pointing to may force his Majesty's Government to end the Protectorate with a unilateral declaration”,Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.349\\. Translated from Arabic. a precursor to the upcoming unilateral declaration.",
"### Resignation of Adly and exile of Zaghlul",
"Prime Minister Adly resigned on 8 December, three days after his arrival in Cairo.El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.38 Sultan Fouad did not accept his resignation and asked him to stay on until a new cabinet was formed. The failure of the Adly mission led to riots across the country. The day before Adly resigned, Saad called on the country to continue fighting.El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.45 In reaction to Saad's continued activism, the British military authority warned him, on 22 December, not to hold public meetings or write in the press and ordered him to leave Cairo and stay in the countryside. Saad responded on the same day by a speech in which he said *“the force can do with us whatever it wishes”.*El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.46 The next day, Allenby arrested Saad and froze his and his party's bank accounts, as well as those of prominent members of his party. On the same day, Adly, not wanting to be held responsible for the arrest of Saad, asked the Sultan to accept the resignation he submitted two weeks earlier. It was accepted the next day, 24 December 1921\\.El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.47 A few days later, the British authorities decided to exile Saad (for the second time) and five of his colleagues to the Seychelles islands. They left Egypt on 29 December 1921\\.El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.48",
"Saad's exile resulted in the reunification of his previously split Wafd and the organization of a campaign to boycott and to not cooperate with British persons and British interests in Egypt. A wave of violence and assassinations erupted throughout the country.El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.49\\-56",
"### Sarwat's conditions to form a cabinet",
"Subsequent to Adly's resignation, Sarwat announced, on 11 December, that he would be ready to form a cabinet if eleven conditions, which he made public, were accepted by Britain. They included that the British Protectorate be abolished, the sovereign independence of Egypt recognized and the Ministry of Foreign affair reconstituted.Lloyd (1970\\), p.53El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.57 The Wafd criticized these conditions as they did not include the evacuation of British forces from Egypt. Despite Great Britain accepting his conditions on 15 December, Sarwat, could not form a cabinet as he was unable to secure the support of Adly, who asserted that the demanded concessions “did not go far enough”.Lloyd (1970\\), p.54",
"In his endeavor, Sarwat had the full support of Allenby, the British High commissioner, who was pushing to obtain from his Government firm concessions. On 12 January 1922, Allenby sent Curzon, the Foreign Secretary, the draft of a letter he recommended to be sent to the Sultan of Egypt “to announce that His Majesty's Government were prepared without waiting for a treaty to abolish the Protectorate and recognize Egyptian sovereign independence: that they would \"view with favor\" the creation of a parliament with the right to control the \"policy and administration of a constitutionally responsible government”.\"Lloyd (1970\\), p.56 The despatch, which accompanied the proposed letter indicated that “the proposed letter is the result of extensive negotiations with Sarwat Pasha and his immediate adherents. They, on their part, have been in contact with a wider circle, and Adly Pasha has been in close touch, and has lent valuable and disinterested assistance”*F.O. despatch, Lord Allenby to Lord Curzon, 12 January 1922, cited in Lloyd (1970\\), p.56* Not getting a prompt response, Allenby sent Curzon, two weeks later, a despatch which included a resignation threat: “if the advice I have offered is rejected, I cannot honorably remain. I therefore beg that my resignation may be tendered to His Majesty with expression of my humble duty.”*F.O. despatch, Lord Allenby to Lord Curzon, 25 January 1922, Quoted in Lloyd (1970\\), p.58* He was called back to London to explain his position to Curzon and left Cairo on 3 February, accompanied by two of his advisors. In London, with his possible resignation still looming, he was able to obtain the support of Prime Minister Lloyd George despite the opposition of Curzon, the Foreign Office Secretary. On 17 February, the Cabinet approved the end of the protectorate.",
"Eleven days later, Allenby arrived in Cairo with, in hand, the British Declaration of Egyptian Independence, which became known as the [Declaration of 28 February 1922](/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence \"Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence\").",
"### The Declaration of Independence",
"On 28 February 1922, the British High Commissioner in Egypt, Lord Allenby made public the following [Declaration](/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence \"Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence\"):",
"“Whereas His Majesty's Government, in accordance with their declared intentions, desire forthwith to recognize Egypt as an independent sovereign state; and whereas the relations between His Majesty's Government and Egypt are of vital interest to the British Empire; the following principles are hereby declared:",
"1. The British Protectorate over Egypt is terminated, and Egypt is declared to be an independent Sovereign State.\n2. So soon as the Government of His Highness shall pass an act of indemnity with application to all inhabitants of Egypt, Martial Law as proclaimed on the 2nd of November 1914 shall be withdrawn.\n3. The following matters are absolutely reserved to the discretion of His Majesty's Government until such time as it may be possible by free discussion and friendly accommodation on both sides to conclude agreements in regards thereto between His Majesty's Government and the Government of Egypt:\n\t* The security and communications of the British empire in Egypt.\n\t* The defense of Egypt against all foreign aggression or interference direct or indirect.\n\t* The protection of Foreign interest in Egypt and the protection of minorities.\n\t* The Sudan.",
"Pending the conclusion of such agreements the status quo in all these matters shall remain intact.”Lloyd (1970\\), p.63",
"The four matters reserved in the declaration became the expression of past and future political divergence within Egypt. For the Wafd the four matters reflected the ill will of the British Government that handed Egypt an independence that was one only on paper. For the politicians who will become members of the Liberal Constitutional Party and their supporters, it was a step in the right direction.",
"For the next fifteen years or so, seeking an agreement as per point 3 of the declaration was the main objective of both the Wafd and the LCP, each going about it according to its own political beliefs.",
""
] |
### Creation of the Wafd and the 1919 Revolution
On 13 November 1918, two days after the [First World War](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") [armistice](/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918 "Armistice of 11 November 1918") was signed, Saad, who had held a prominent position in the Legislative Assembly before it was dissolved in 1914, and two others ex\-members had a historical one\-hour meeting with [Sir Reginald Wingate](/wiki/Reginald_Wingate "Reginald Wingate"), the British [High Commissioner](/wiki/High_commissioner "High commissioner") of Egypt. They first expressed their belief that they represented Egypt because of their previous membership in the legislative assembly. Saad then said: “When England will have helped us obtaining our complete independence, we will give her reasonable guarantees that no country will control our independence nor touch England's interest. We will guarantee her \[England's] road to [India](/wiki/India "India"), which is the [Suez Canal](/wiki/Suez_Canal "Suez Canal"), by giving her the exclusive right to occupy it \[the Canal] when necessary. We will also ally with her \[England] against third parties and give her, when necessary, what the alliance needs in terms of soldiers.”El Rafei (1987\-1\), p.115\. From the Egyptian minutes of the meeting. Translated from Arabic. He also said: “We are talking about these demands here with you as a personification of this great nation \[Britain] and we are addressing here \[in Egypt] no one other than you and outside \[of Egypt] no one other than England state's men, and we ask you \[...] to help up realize these demands”.It is noticeable that there was an acceptance by Saad of British troupes on Egyptian soil, when necessary.
Saad historical meeting was organized with the prior knowledge of and in agreement with Prime Minister Roshdi,Rushdi, in alliance with the Sultan, also wanted to change the status of Egypt. who met with Saad immediately after the meeting and met Wingate afterward, on the same day. Roshdi found the High Commissioner surprised that three people could talk in the name of a Nation. He reported this to Zaghlul and encouraged him to move forward with his project.El Rafei (1987\-1\), p.118
From then on, events unfolded quickly. On the same day, 13 November 1918, and after the meeting with Wingate, Saad met with a few supporters and *Al\-Wafd\-Al\-Masry* (the Egyptian Delegation) (“Wafd”)The meaning of Wafd needs to be understood depending on the context. Literally it means delegation. It will carry that meaning in some instances, in other contexts, it may refer to the movement founded by Saad and formalized into an organization in November 1918, which later became a political party. was created with Saad as head plus six members.Mainly members of the old (pre\-war) Legislative Assembly. Its members approved its constitution, on 23 November 1918, which stated, among other things, that its mission was to seek the complete independence of Egypt using legal and peaceful means.El Rafei (1987\-1\), p.119 The wafd then went on to collect powers of attorney from a diverse swath of the population, across the country, with the British opposing this initiative.El Rafei (1987\-1\), p.125\. It also enlarged it membership. On 20 November, Saad asked the British military authorities, as it was usually required, for permission for him and members of the Wafd to travel to Britain. On 1 December, he received a negative reply from the High Commissioner, after the later consulted his government.
From his side, Roshdi, requested, on 13 November, permission from the High Commissioner to travel to London, accompanied by Adly, his minister of Foreign Affairs, and Zaghloul, to discuss with the government of Britain the wishes of the Government of Egypt regarding Egypt's future. While favorable to the travel of Roshdy and Adly,Heikal (2014\), p.143 the High Commissioner was pressured by London to reply that it was not appropriate for Roshdy or Adly to travel at this timeVatikiotis (1985\), p.263 and that Zaghloul was not permitted to travel. Roshdi's reaction was to submit the resignation of his cabinet to the Sultan the next day, 2 December 1918, giving as reason, the refusal of Britain to allow the Wafd to travel to Britain. The resignation was only accepted three months later, on 1 March 1919\.
Following the resignation of Roshdi, Sarwat, who was Minister of Justice in the resigned cabinet, was offered to succeed him as prime minister with the hope that he would convince Saad to backtrack from his plan to represent Egypt in London.Heikal (2014\), p.144 Sarwat declined the offer, despite being told that this would stand in the way of him ever becoming prime minister. Shortly after, the Wafd led by Saad, visited Sarwat at his home to congratulate him on his stance.
Soon after the November 13 meeting with Sir Wingate and the formation of the Wafd, Saad initiated public protests, and, after he was refused to travel, expressed his protests to [plenipotentiaries](/wiki/Plenipotentiary "Plenipotentiary") of Foreign countries in Egypt about the British Government's policy, thus breaking his promise to the High Commissioner to talk to Britain only. He also sent three cables to US President Wilson. “The Wafd activities were now considered by the British authorities as dangerous to public security”.Vatikiotis (1985\), p.264 On 6 March, he was given an ultimatum by the Head of British Forces in Egypt and, on 8 March, he and three of his associates were arrested by the British authorities in Cairo and exiled to [Malta](/wiki/Malta "Malta").
What became known as the [1919 revolution](/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1919 "Egyptian Revolution of 1919") started effectively the next day, on 9 March 1919\. It was a major development in the history of Modern Egypt which none of the protagonists could ignore. The [revolution](/wiki/Revolution "Revolution") was a series of revolts, spanning the whole country, which extended from 9 March 1919 until about the end of the year. It was bloody, (according the British there were 1000 dead by 15 May)El Rafei (1987\-1\), p.262 and caused important destructions and disruptions. The revolution would affect Egypt's political evolution for the next decade.
An immediate consequence of the revolution was that [Field Marshal Edmond Allenby](/wiki/Edmund_Allenby%2C_1st_Viscount_Allenby "Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby"), the newly appointed (on 21 March) High Commissioner freed Saad from exile and, on 7 April, allowed all Egyptians, including Saad's Wafd, to travel.Immediately after his arrival, Allenby consulted Wafd members and members of the resigned Cabinet. Saad did not return to Egypt (he was not to return for another two years), but traveled to [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), where he was joined, on 19 April, by members of the Wafd after they were allowed to travel.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.198 He was unable to achieve much at the [Paris Peace Conference](/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_%281919%E2%80%931920%29 "Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)"), as US President Wilson recognized the British protectorate of Egypt and the [US\-German Peace Treaty](/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93German_Peace_Treaty_%281921%29 "U.S.–German Peace Treaty (1921)") had been published. The latter transferred the powers of Turkey over Egypt to Britain, forcing the acceptance by Germany of the British protectorate of Egypt.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.200,201 The Wafd, which until then was focusing on getting international recognition of the Independence of Egypt, from then on reoriented its actions exclusively to the inside of Egypt.
|
[
"### Creation of the Wafd and the 1919 Revolution",
"On 13 November 1918, two days after the [First World War](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") [armistice](/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918 \"Armistice of 11 November 1918\") was signed, Saad, who had held a prominent position in the Legislative Assembly before it was dissolved in 1914, and two others ex\\-members had a historical one\\-hour meeting with [Sir Reginald Wingate](/wiki/Reginald_Wingate \"Reginald Wingate\"), the British [High Commissioner](/wiki/High_commissioner \"High commissioner\") of Egypt. They first expressed their belief that they represented Egypt because of their previous membership in the legislative assembly. Saad then said: “When England will have helped us obtaining our complete independence, we will give her reasonable guarantees that no country will control our independence nor touch England's interest. We will guarantee her \\[England's] road to [India](/wiki/India \"India\"), which is the [Suez Canal](/wiki/Suez_Canal \"Suez Canal\"), by giving her the exclusive right to occupy it \\[the Canal] when necessary. We will also ally with her \\[England] against third parties and give her, when necessary, what the alliance needs in terms of soldiers.”El Rafei (1987\\-1\\), p.115\\. From the Egyptian minutes of the meeting. Translated from Arabic. He also said: “We are talking about these demands here with you as a personification of this great nation \\[Britain] and we are addressing here \\[in Egypt] no one other than you and outside \\[of Egypt] no one other than England state's men, and we ask you \\[...] to help up realize these demands”.It is noticeable that there was an acceptance by Saad of British troupes on Egyptian soil, when necessary.",
"Saad historical meeting was organized with the prior knowledge of and in agreement with Prime Minister Roshdi,Rushdi, in alliance with the Sultan, also wanted to change the status of Egypt. who met with Saad immediately after the meeting and met Wingate afterward, on the same day. Roshdi found the High Commissioner surprised that three people could talk in the name of a Nation. He reported this to Zaghlul and encouraged him to move forward with his project.El Rafei (1987\\-1\\), p.118",
"From then on, events unfolded quickly. On the same day, 13 November 1918, and after the meeting with Wingate, Saad met with a few supporters and *Al\\-Wafd\\-Al\\-Masry* (the Egyptian Delegation) (“Wafd”)The meaning of Wafd needs to be understood depending on the context. Literally it means delegation. It will carry that meaning in some instances, in other contexts, it may refer to the movement founded by Saad and formalized into an organization in November 1918, which later became a political party. was created with Saad as head plus six members.Mainly members of the old (pre\\-war) Legislative Assembly. Its members approved its constitution, on 23 November 1918, which stated, among other things, that its mission was to seek the complete independence of Egypt using legal and peaceful means.El Rafei (1987\\-1\\), p.119 The wafd then went on to collect powers of attorney from a diverse swath of the population, across the country, with the British opposing this initiative.El Rafei (1987\\-1\\), p.125\\. It also enlarged it membership. On 20 November, Saad asked the British military authorities, as it was usually required, for permission for him and members of the Wafd to travel to Britain. On 1 December, he received a negative reply from the High Commissioner, after the later consulted his government.",
"From his side, Roshdi, requested, on 13 November, permission from the High Commissioner to travel to London, accompanied by Adly, his minister of Foreign Affairs, and Zaghloul, to discuss with the government of Britain the wishes of the Government of Egypt regarding Egypt's future. While favorable to the travel of Roshdy and Adly,Heikal (2014\\), p.143 the High Commissioner was pressured by London to reply that it was not appropriate for Roshdy or Adly to travel at this timeVatikiotis (1985\\), p.263 and that Zaghloul was not permitted to travel. Roshdi's reaction was to submit the resignation of his cabinet to the Sultan the next day, 2 December 1918, giving as reason, the refusal of Britain to allow the Wafd to travel to Britain. The resignation was only accepted three months later, on 1 March 1919\\.",
"Following the resignation of Roshdi, Sarwat, who was Minister of Justice in the resigned cabinet, was offered to succeed him as prime minister with the hope that he would convince Saad to backtrack from his plan to represent Egypt in London.Heikal (2014\\), p.144 Sarwat declined the offer, despite being told that this would stand in the way of him ever becoming prime minister. Shortly after, the Wafd led by Saad, visited Sarwat at his home to congratulate him on his stance.",
"Soon after the November 13 meeting with Sir Wingate and the formation of the Wafd, Saad initiated public protests, and, after he was refused to travel, expressed his protests to [plenipotentiaries](/wiki/Plenipotentiary \"Plenipotentiary\") of Foreign countries in Egypt about the British Government's policy, thus breaking his promise to the High Commissioner to talk to Britain only. He also sent three cables to US President Wilson. “The Wafd activities were now considered by the British authorities as dangerous to public security”.Vatikiotis (1985\\), p.264 On 6 March, he was given an ultimatum by the Head of British Forces in Egypt and, on 8 March, he and three of his associates were arrested by the British authorities in Cairo and exiled to [Malta](/wiki/Malta \"Malta\").",
"What became known as the [1919 revolution](/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1919 \"Egyptian Revolution of 1919\") started effectively the next day, on 9 March 1919\\. It was a major development in the history of Modern Egypt which none of the protagonists could ignore. The [revolution](/wiki/Revolution \"Revolution\") was a series of revolts, spanning the whole country, which extended from 9 March 1919 until about the end of the year. It was bloody, (according the British there were 1000 dead by 15 May)El Rafei (1987\\-1\\), p.262 and caused important destructions and disruptions. The revolution would affect Egypt's political evolution for the next decade.",
"An immediate consequence of the revolution was that [Field Marshal Edmond Allenby](/wiki/Edmund_Allenby%2C_1st_Viscount_Allenby \"Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby\"), the newly appointed (on 21 March) High Commissioner freed Saad from exile and, on 7 April, allowed all Egyptians, including Saad's Wafd, to travel.Immediately after his arrival, Allenby consulted Wafd members and members of the resigned Cabinet. Saad did not return to Egypt (he was not to return for another two years), but traveled to [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), where he was joined, on 19 April, by members of the Wafd after they were allowed to travel.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.198 He was unable to achieve much at the [Paris Peace Conference](/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_%281919%E2%80%931920%29 \"Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)\"), as US President Wilson recognized the British protectorate of Egypt and the [US\\-German Peace Treaty](/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93German_Peace_Treaty_%281921%29 \"U.S.–German Peace Treaty (1921)\") had been published. The latter transferred the powers of Turkey over Egypt to Britain, forcing the acceptance by Germany of the British protectorate of Egypt.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.200,201 The Wafd, which until then was focusing on getting international recognition of the Independence of Egypt, from then on reoriented its actions exclusively to the inside of Egypt.",
""
] |
First Sarwat cabinet (1922\)
----------------------------
[thumb\|Sarwat at his desk in the Egyptian legation in London (1927\)](/wiki/File:Abdel_Khalek_Sarwat_Pasha_-_at_his_desk_-_1927.jpg "Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha - at his desk - 1927.jpg")
On 1 March 1922, Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha was asked by the Sultan to form a cabinet. In his acceptance letter, submitted on the same day,El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.78\-79 Sarwat laid out the program of his Cabinet: the preparation of a draft Constitution based on the principles of the General Law, which will assert the accountability of the Government to a representative body, the end of martial law, elections which are to be held in normal circumstances and the reinstatement of a Ministry of Foreign Affair, which will establish political and consular representation of Egypt abroad. He also listed the name of the eight ministers of his cabinet, keeping to himself the ministries of interior and Foreign Affairs.
Two weeks later, on 15 March 1922, the Sultan officially proclaimed the independence of Egypt and assumed the title *“His Majesty, the King of Egypt”.* The Cabinet re\-created the ministry of Foreign affairs, which was abolished during the protectorate (1914–1922\), canceled the official holidays on the birthday of the King of Britain and on his Coronation Day. The position of Adviser to the Minister of Interior, held by a British, was abolished and the British Financial Advisor ceased to attend Cabinet meetings. Egyptian Deputy Ministers were appointed to replace the British ones.El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.82
The announcement of Egypt's independence was not well received by its people. “The announcement aroused no popular enthusiasm and the Zaghloolists attitude was everywhere of sullen dissatisfaction and hostility. \[...]. The proclamation of independence was accompanied by disorderly demonstrations in large towns”.Lloyd (1970\), p.66
### Committee on the Constitution
On 3 April 1922, the Cabinet created a Committee to draft a constitution and an election law. It was headed by Rushdy Pasha and had thirty members, excluding the chairman and the vice chairman, and was hence called the “Committee of the Thirty”. Its members were thinkers, men of the law, scientists, religious officials, moderate politicians, landowners, merchants and financiers.El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.85 The Wafd was invited to nominate two or three members but refused the invitation. It gave two reasons for its refusal: first, the number of members offered to the Wafd was too small and, second, he demanded that an elected constituent Assembly rather than a committee write the constitution.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.372 The Committee was nicknamed “Committee of the Naughties” by its opponents.
Defenders of the constituent Assembly idea used, as one of their argument, the promise made in the program of Adly's Cabinet, formed in 1921, that drafting of a constitution was to be assigned to a national constituent Assembly. Sarwat was a member of this Cabinet. The partial answer to their argument, made by Sarwat in his speech to the Committee on the Constitution, on 11 April 1922, is a good illustration of the political climate of the times. Sarwat explained that the purpose of the constituent Assembly mentioned in the program of Adly's cabinet was but primarily to review any treaty with Britain and, then, draft a constitution. Now the situation was reversed. Drafting a constitution preceded any eventual treaty with Britain (the declaration of independence being unilateral and not a treaty). He then said, referring to the Wafd: “There are individuals who have been working for a while on promoting bad faith towards the Government, on minimizing the importance of where the country has arrived at and on seeding doubt about what we are about to encounter, so that if a national constituent Assembly met, it would be engulfed in these views and tendencies and its work would revert to opposition, obsessions and abeyance leading to evil consequences for the country. This, in spite of the country having obtained an important gain from the Declaration of Independence and its recognition by other countries. Save that the Egyptian question has not been settled yet, as there are still ahead of us negotiations which must enable Egypt to arrive at its full potential ...”.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.373\. Quote from the minutes of the Committee*,* translated from Arabic.
Two views soon appeared within the committee; one willing to give the King enough rights to control partisan excesses and the other defending the principle that the people are the source of all powers. Rushdy, the chairman, who was close to Sarwat, tried to find a middle solution. While he was, like Sarwat, a defender of a representative democracy, he was also much aware that removing too many powers from the King would doom the exercise to failure.*Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.375* The King, who never liked the idea of Egypt becoming a constitutional monarchy,El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.97 put pressure on Sarwat to refrain from including clauses that would diminish his powers. Sarwat, who had a strong personality, and was not such a person as to be led by the KingEl Rafei (1987\-2\), p.96Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.377 did not accommodate all his demands*.* In addition, “The King had never been on friendly terms with Sarwat Pasha, who was not the Prime Minister of his choice*”.*Lloyd (1970\), p.70 By the end of July 1922, the relationship between them had soured to the point that “the High Commissioner \[Lord Allenby] intervened to insist on a rapprochement with Sarwat”.
Sensing that the King was planning to remove him, Sarwat pressured the committee to finish its work. On 31 October 1922, the Committee presented to Prime Minister Sarwat a draft Constitution and a draft Election Law. Sarwat sent the draft constitution, for promulgation, to the King who was not keen to do that*.*
### Assassinations and Government reaction
From the day the Sarwat cabinet was formed, Egypt found itself in the midst of a wave of assassinations which lasted several months and presented serious problems to the Government. There were many reasons for this instability. The Wafd was against the Declaration of Independence, the population also disliked it and Saad was in exile when all of this happened. Importantly, Sarwat was never popular, as he represented the ruling class and, as a matter of temperament, was not the type to seek popularity from the masses. There was even an assassination attempt against him planned for January 26, 1922, following rumors that he would be appointed prime minister. Seven plotters were arrested and tried by a British military tribunal. Three of them were sentenced to between two\- and three\-year prison terms.El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.87
Starting March 1922, following the appointment of the Sarwat Cabinet, there were seven assassinations attempts in a short period of time, which resulted in the death or serious injuries of British Employees in the Egyptian government. The perpetrators were not found.El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.88 These unpunished assassinations led the British Government to officially object, through its High Commissioner to the Government of Egypt, “considering it responsible for these attacks and reserving the right to assess the suitability of the amount of compensation to be paid by the Government”El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.88\. Quoted in Arabic. Nevertheless, the assassination attempts continued until at least August 1922, despite a second strong letter sent by Allenby on July 20\. It is worth mentioning that “On July 24 the Wafd made a false move in publishing a manifesto which directly counselled violence against the Ministry, and its supporters the British. Lord Allenby at once ordered the arrest of the signatories of this manifesto”.Lloyd (1970\), p.88 Saad was still in exile at that time.
In response to the numerous assassinations and to the British objections, Sarwat, who was Minister of the Interior in his own Cabinet, took a number of repressive measures. He prohibited anti\-government political meetings, permanently closed two newspapers, temporary stopped the publication of two others and instructed newspapers not to mention the name of Saad or his exiled associates in their articles or news.El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.90 These measures were unpopular and what made it worse for him was the arrest and imprisonment, on 25 July 1922, of seven members of the Wafd by the British military authority and their appearance in front a British military court under the accusation of printing and distributing leaflets inciting hate of the Government of His Majesty the King of Egypt. Their death sentence was commuted to seven years prison terms and large fines.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.364 They were released in May 1923\. The seven\-year sentences for inciting hate were not coherent with the three years sentences for the attempted murder on Sarwat a few months earlier.
### Creation of the Liberal Constitutional Party
The [Liberal Constitutional Party](/wiki/Liberal_Constitutional_Party_%28Egypt%29 "Liberal Constitutional Party (Egypt)") ("LCP"), was founded in October 1922, when Sarwat was still prime minister.The party included members of the Wafd, who had split from it in April 1921, as well as a majority of Saad's opponents. Adly, its founding president, announced in his speech to the party's first general assembly on 30 October 1922 that “Only the constitutional system is the proper way of governing a nation civilized like ours”.El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.91 Some thought that Prime Minister Sarwat, should join the Party so that the Cabinet could be an LCP cabinet,Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.378 but Sarwat was not a founder of the LCPEl Shelek (1982\), p.27 and never jointed it. Nevertheless, the Sarwat government gave full backing and logistical support to its creation.Sarwat admitted so to the British High Commissioner (El Shelek (1982\), p.53, quoting F.O. 407/195 Enc. in No.30\. Remarks by Sarwat, 9/ 9/1922\.
To better understand the roots of the LCP, we must remember that at the beginning of its formation, the Wafd movement was moderate in its approach and actions \[see above, meeting of 13 November 1918 between Saad and Lord Wingate]. This was natural, given that most of its members were from the pre\-war moderate Umma Party. Disagreements came gradually among the Wafd members, and culminated in five of its seven founding members quitting it on 26 April 1921 \[see above]. Certain authors think that the division within the Wafd was not due to essential disagreements about objectives or methods (moderate or populist), but rather to the absence of trust between its members and the authoritarian personality of its leader, Saad.El Shelek (1982\), p.14\-15 At its origin, the Wafd was a moderate movement, even members who split from it were moderates and remained so in their political actions after they left it. It is only natural to find that the Liberal Constitutional Party they formed in October 1922 was a moderate party working within the framework set by the Declaration of Independence, which they helped bring about and which the Wafd opposed. Given the popularity of the Wafd, it is no surprise to find that the LCP did not enjoy popular support.
The approaching elections, which were to follow the promulgation of the Constitution certainly can explain why the Liberal Constitutional Party was founded in October 1922\. Nevertheless, the precise timing was mainly driven by its founders anticipating the King's removal of Sarwat, one of their supporters. They wanted to make a move before a party loyal to the King was created, which was rumored at the time.El Shelek (1982\), p.50
### Rapprochement between the Wafd and the Palace
As relations between the King and Sarwat deteriorated because of their diverging views on the constitution, a rapprochement between the Palace and the Wafd against the Sarwat Cabinet was taking shape. The rapprochement was driven by [Mohamed Tawfik Nessim Pasha](/wiki/Mohamed_Tawfik_Naseem_Pasha "Mohamed Tawfik Naseem Pasha"), the Head of the Royal Office,Nessim Pasha married the granddaughter of [Khedive Ismail](/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha "Isma'il Pasha"), who was also the great\-granddaughter of [Abbas I of Egypt](/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Egypt "Abbas I of Egypt") who was supported by previous ministers and friends unhappy about the Rushdi, Adly, Sarwat trio taking over the political stage. The Wafd, on the other hand, hoped that a Cabinet led by Nessim and supported by the King would free Saad from exile. In an interview from his exile to Reuters, Saad asserted his loyalty to the King and vowed to serve Nation and King. This became the moto of the Wafd. Subsequently, the King met the interim President of the Wafd who then and issued an unusually aggressive communiqué against the Sarwat Cabinet.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.380\-381
### Resignation of the Sarwat cabinet
The King, who liked neither Sarwat nor a constitution limiting his powers, plotted to remove Sarwat. He used his recent rapprochement with the Wafd, the issue of the Sudan clauses and a security situation he orchestrated, that would have brought heavy criticism on the Government, to corner Sarwat into resigning.
The Wafd and the Palace, each for its own reasons, supported the inclusion of two Sudan clauses in the constitution. The inclusion of the clauses was opposed by the British and “Sarwat Pasha quite saw the reasonableness of the British contention that reference to the Sudan would be entirely out of place in the Egyptian Constitution\-on the other hand, if he acquiesced he stood to be shot by the Palace, by the Zaghlulists \[the Wafd], and very likely, as he surmised, by his own political friends”.Lloyd (1970\), p.72 In fact, it was the last part that tilted the balance. The king had adroitly exploited his own rapprochement with the Wafd which make him appear a nationalist. “Adly Pasha of course realized that references to the Sudan could not be justified, but he was fighting the Zaghlulists and could not afford to give them the right to call him a traitor to his country. \[...]. In the end, he took action, which proved Sarwat right, and announced if the Prime minister met British wishes in the matter of the Sudan his party would no longer support him.”
The final act came from two schemes organized by the King. In the first, a rumor, known to the King as false, alleged that when Sarwat was in Europe, he contacted the ex\-Khedive [Abbas Helmi](/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Egypt "Abbas II of Egypt"), an enemy of the King. This was taken as an opportunity by the King to tell Sarwat that he did not want him as prime minister anymore. In the second scheme, the king announced that he intended to do his Friday (30 November 1922\) prayer at [Al\-Azhar Mosque](/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque "Al-Azhar Mosque"), accompanied by his ministers. The Palace coordinated with the Wafd and the Azharites to organize a riot, where Government Ministers would be physically attacked after the King left the mosque, leaving the government in a bad optical situation. Sarwat having learned about this scheme the previous day, resigned on the afternoon of 29 November 1922\. The King accepted his resignation within half an hour and appointed Nessim Pasha as prime minister.Ramadan (1998\-1\), p.381
|
[
"First Sarwat cabinet (1922\\)\n----------------------------",
"[thumb\\|Sarwat at his desk in the Egyptian legation in London (1927\\)](/wiki/File:Abdel_Khalek_Sarwat_Pasha_-_at_his_desk_-_1927.jpg \"Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha - at his desk - 1927.jpg\")",
"On 1 March 1922, Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha was asked by the Sultan to form a cabinet. In his acceptance letter, submitted on the same day,El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.78\\-79 Sarwat laid out the program of his Cabinet: the preparation of a draft Constitution based on the principles of the General Law, which will assert the accountability of the Government to a representative body, the end of martial law, elections which are to be held in normal circumstances and the reinstatement of a Ministry of Foreign Affair, which will establish political and consular representation of Egypt abroad. He also listed the name of the eight ministers of his cabinet, keeping to himself the ministries of interior and Foreign Affairs.",
"Two weeks later, on 15 March 1922, the Sultan officially proclaimed the independence of Egypt and assumed the title *“His Majesty, the King of Egypt”.* The Cabinet re\\-created the ministry of Foreign affairs, which was abolished during the protectorate (1914–1922\\), canceled the official holidays on the birthday of the King of Britain and on his Coronation Day. The position of Adviser to the Minister of Interior, held by a British, was abolished and the British Financial Advisor ceased to attend Cabinet meetings. Egyptian Deputy Ministers were appointed to replace the British ones.El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.82",
"The announcement of Egypt's independence was not well received by its people. “The announcement aroused no popular enthusiasm and the Zaghloolists attitude was everywhere of sullen dissatisfaction and hostility. \\[...]. The proclamation of independence was accompanied by disorderly demonstrations in large towns”.Lloyd (1970\\), p.66",
"### Committee on the Constitution",
"On 3 April 1922, the Cabinet created a Committee to draft a constitution and an election law. It was headed by Rushdy Pasha and had thirty members, excluding the chairman and the vice chairman, and was hence called the “Committee of the Thirty”. Its members were thinkers, men of the law, scientists, religious officials, moderate politicians, landowners, merchants and financiers.El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.85 The Wafd was invited to nominate two or three members but refused the invitation. It gave two reasons for its refusal: first, the number of members offered to the Wafd was too small and, second, he demanded that an elected constituent Assembly rather than a committee write the constitution.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.372 The Committee was nicknamed “Committee of the Naughties” by its opponents.",
"Defenders of the constituent Assembly idea used, as one of their argument, the promise made in the program of Adly's Cabinet, formed in 1921, that drafting of a constitution was to be assigned to a national constituent Assembly. Sarwat was a member of this Cabinet. The partial answer to their argument, made by Sarwat in his speech to the Committee on the Constitution, on 11 April 1922, is a good illustration of the political climate of the times. Sarwat explained that the purpose of the constituent Assembly mentioned in the program of Adly's cabinet was but primarily to review any treaty with Britain and, then, draft a constitution. Now the situation was reversed. Drafting a constitution preceded any eventual treaty with Britain (the declaration of independence being unilateral and not a treaty). He then said, referring to the Wafd: “There are individuals who have been working for a while on promoting bad faith towards the Government, on minimizing the importance of where the country has arrived at and on seeding doubt about what we are about to encounter, so that if a national constituent Assembly met, it would be engulfed in these views and tendencies and its work would revert to opposition, obsessions and abeyance leading to evil consequences for the country. This, in spite of the country having obtained an important gain from the Declaration of Independence and its recognition by other countries. Save that the Egyptian question has not been settled yet, as there are still ahead of us negotiations which must enable Egypt to arrive at its full potential ...”.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.373\\. Quote from the minutes of the Committee*,* translated from Arabic.",
"Two views soon appeared within the committee; one willing to give the King enough rights to control partisan excesses and the other defending the principle that the people are the source of all powers. Rushdy, the chairman, who was close to Sarwat, tried to find a middle solution. While he was, like Sarwat, a defender of a representative democracy, he was also much aware that removing too many powers from the King would doom the exercise to failure.*Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.375* The King, who never liked the idea of Egypt becoming a constitutional monarchy,El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.97 put pressure on Sarwat to refrain from including clauses that would diminish his powers. Sarwat, who had a strong personality, and was not such a person as to be led by the KingEl Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.96Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.377 did not accommodate all his demands*.* In addition, “The King had never been on friendly terms with Sarwat Pasha, who was not the Prime Minister of his choice*”.*Lloyd (1970\\), p.70 By the end of July 1922, the relationship between them had soured to the point that “the High Commissioner \\[Lord Allenby] intervened to insist on a rapprochement with Sarwat”.",
"Sensing that the King was planning to remove him, Sarwat pressured the committee to finish its work. On 31 October 1922, the Committee presented to Prime Minister Sarwat a draft Constitution and a draft Election Law. Sarwat sent the draft constitution, for promulgation, to the King who was not keen to do that*.*",
"### Assassinations and Government reaction",
"From the day the Sarwat cabinet was formed, Egypt found itself in the midst of a wave of assassinations which lasted several months and presented serious problems to the Government. There were many reasons for this instability. The Wafd was against the Declaration of Independence, the population also disliked it and Saad was in exile when all of this happened. Importantly, Sarwat was never popular, as he represented the ruling class and, as a matter of temperament, was not the type to seek popularity from the masses. There was even an assassination attempt against him planned for January 26, 1922, following rumors that he would be appointed prime minister. Seven plotters were arrested and tried by a British military tribunal. Three of them were sentenced to between two\\- and three\\-year prison terms.El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.87",
"Starting March 1922, following the appointment of the Sarwat Cabinet, there were seven assassinations attempts in a short period of time, which resulted in the death or serious injuries of British Employees in the Egyptian government. The perpetrators were not found.El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.88 These unpunished assassinations led the British Government to officially object, through its High Commissioner to the Government of Egypt, “considering it responsible for these attacks and reserving the right to assess the suitability of the amount of compensation to be paid by the Government”El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.88\\. Quoted in Arabic. Nevertheless, the assassination attempts continued until at least August 1922, despite a second strong letter sent by Allenby on July 20\\. It is worth mentioning that “On July 24 the Wafd made a false move in publishing a manifesto which directly counselled violence against the Ministry, and its supporters the British. Lord Allenby at once ordered the arrest of the signatories of this manifesto”.Lloyd (1970\\), p.88 Saad was still in exile at that time.",
"In response to the numerous assassinations and to the British objections, Sarwat, who was Minister of the Interior in his own Cabinet, took a number of repressive measures. He prohibited anti\\-government political meetings, permanently closed two newspapers, temporary stopped the publication of two others and instructed newspapers not to mention the name of Saad or his exiled associates in their articles or news.El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.90 These measures were unpopular and what made it worse for him was the arrest and imprisonment, on 25 July 1922, of seven members of the Wafd by the British military authority and their appearance in front a British military court under the accusation of printing and distributing leaflets inciting hate of the Government of His Majesty the King of Egypt. Their death sentence was commuted to seven years prison terms and large fines.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.364 They were released in May 1923\\. The seven\\-year sentences for inciting hate were not coherent with the three years sentences for the attempted murder on Sarwat a few months earlier.",
"### Creation of the Liberal Constitutional Party",
"The [Liberal Constitutional Party](/wiki/Liberal_Constitutional_Party_%28Egypt%29 \"Liberal Constitutional Party (Egypt)\") (\"LCP\"), was founded in October 1922, when Sarwat was still prime minister.The party included members of the Wafd, who had split from it in April 1921, as well as a majority of Saad's opponents. Adly, its founding president, announced in his speech to the party's first general assembly on 30 October 1922 that “Only the constitutional system is the proper way of governing a nation civilized like ours”.El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.91 Some thought that Prime Minister Sarwat, should join the Party so that the Cabinet could be an LCP cabinet,Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.378 but Sarwat was not a founder of the LCPEl Shelek (1982\\), p.27 and never jointed it. Nevertheless, the Sarwat government gave full backing and logistical support to its creation.Sarwat admitted so to the British High Commissioner (El Shelek (1982\\), p.53, quoting F.O. 407/195 Enc. in No.30\\. Remarks by Sarwat, 9/ 9/1922\\.",
"To better understand the roots of the LCP, we must remember that at the beginning of its formation, the Wafd movement was moderate in its approach and actions \\[see above, meeting of 13 November 1918 between Saad and Lord Wingate]. This was natural, given that most of its members were from the pre\\-war moderate Umma Party. Disagreements came gradually among the Wafd members, and culminated in five of its seven founding members quitting it on 26 April 1921 \\[see above]. Certain authors think that the division within the Wafd was not due to essential disagreements about objectives or methods (moderate or populist), but rather to the absence of trust between its members and the authoritarian personality of its leader, Saad.El Shelek (1982\\), p.14\\-15 At its origin, the Wafd was a moderate movement, even members who split from it were moderates and remained so in their political actions after they left it. It is only natural to find that the Liberal Constitutional Party they formed in October 1922 was a moderate party working within the framework set by the Declaration of Independence, which they helped bring about and which the Wafd opposed. Given the popularity of the Wafd, it is no surprise to find that the LCP did not enjoy popular support.",
"The approaching elections, which were to follow the promulgation of the Constitution certainly can explain why the Liberal Constitutional Party was founded in October 1922\\. Nevertheless, the precise timing was mainly driven by its founders anticipating the King's removal of Sarwat, one of their supporters. They wanted to make a move before a party loyal to the King was created, which was rumored at the time.El Shelek (1982\\), p.50",
"### Rapprochement between the Wafd and the Palace",
"As relations between the King and Sarwat deteriorated because of their diverging views on the constitution, a rapprochement between the Palace and the Wafd against the Sarwat Cabinet was taking shape. The rapprochement was driven by [Mohamed Tawfik Nessim Pasha](/wiki/Mohamed_Tawfik_Naseem_Pasha \"Mohamed Tawfik Naseem Pasha\"), the Head of the Royal Office,Nessim Pasha married the granddaughter of [Khedive Ismail](/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha \"Isma'il Pasha\"), who was also the great\\-granddaughter of [Abbas I of Egypt](/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Egypt \"Abbas I of Egypt\") who was supported by previous ministers and friends unhappy about the Rushdi, Adly, Sarwat trio taking over the political stage. The Wafd, on the other hand, hoped that a Cabinet led by Nessim and supported by the King would free Saad from exile. In an interview from his exile to Reuters, Saad asserted his loyalty to the King and vowed to serve Nation and King. This became the moto of the Wafd. Subsequently, the King met the interim President of the Wafd who then and issued an unusually aggressive communiqué against the Sarwat Cabinet.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.380\\-381",
"### Resignation of the Sarwat cabinet",
"The King, who liked neither Sarwat nor a constitution limiting his powers, plotted to remove Sarwat. He used his recent rapprochement with the Wafd, the issue of the Sudan clauses and a security situation he orchestrated, that would have brought heavy criticism on the Government, to corner Sarwat into resigning.",
"The Wafd and the Palace, each for its own reasons, supported the inclusion of two Sudan clauses in the constitution. The inclusion of the clauses was opposed by the British and “Sarwat Pasha quite saw the reasonableness of the British contention that reference to the Sudan would be entirely out of place in the Egyptian Constitution\\-on the other hand, if he acquiesced he stood to be shot by the Palace, by the Zaghlulists \\[the Wafd], and very likely, as he surmised, by his own political friends”.Lloyd (1970\\), p.72 In fact, it was the last part that tilted the balance. The king had adroitly exploited his own rapprochement with the Wafd which make him appear a nationalist. “Adly Pasha of course realized that references to the Sudan could not be justified, but he was fighting the Zaghlulists and could not afford to give them the right to call him a traitor to his country. \\[...]. In the end, he took action, which proved Sarwat right, and announced if the Prime minister met British wishes in the matter of the Sudan his party would no longer support him.”",
"The final act came from two schemes organized by the King. In the first, a rumor, known to the King as false, alleged that when Sarwat was in Europe, he contacted the ex\\-Khedive [Abbas Helmi](/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Egypt \"Abbas II of Egypt\"), an enemy of the King. This was taken as an opportunity by the King to tell Sarwat that he did not want him as prime minister anymore. In the second scheme, the king announced that he intended to do his Friday (30 November 1922\\) prayer at [Al\\-Azhar Mosque](/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque \"Al-Azhar Mosque\"), accompanied by his ministers. The Palace coordinated with the Wafd and the Azharites to organize a riot, where Government Ministers would be physically attacked after the King left the mosque, leaving the government in a bad optical situation. Sarwat having learned about this scheme the previous day, resigned on the afternoon of 29 November 1922\\. The King accepted his resignation within half an hour and appointed Nessim Pasha as prime minister.Ramadan (1998\\-1\\), p.381",
""
] |
Second Sarwat cabinet (1927–1928\)
----------------------------------
[thumb\|340x340px\|Sarwat and his Cabinet at Parliament House. c. April 1927](/wiki/File:Abdel_Khalek_Sarwat_Pasha_and_his_second_cabinet_-_1927.jpg "Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha and his second cabinet - 1927.jpg")
The King called on Sarwat to form a Cabinet on 26 April 1927\. In it, Sarwat kept to himself the Ministry of the Interior. This Cabinet found itself dealing with two unexpected issues: the so\-called Army Crisis, which descended on the Cabinet less than a month after it was formed and the Sarwat\-Chamberlain negotiations on the relations between Egypt and Britain, which started unexpectedly.
### The army crisis
A month after he became prime minister, Sarwat found himself dealing with an acute crisis between Egypt and Britain, the Army Crisis.
This crisis had its roots back to the 1924 assassination of the [Sirdar](/wiki/Sirdar "Sirdar") and, more fundamentally, to the importance for Britain to keep the Egyptian Army under its control, ensuring Egypt as a safe passage to India. Focusing on the crisis, the 1927–28 budget was an opportunity for some Wafd deputies to propose, through a subcommittee of the Army Committee, measures to enhance the resources of the Army while reducing British oversight of it.Ramadan (1998\-2\), p.625 According to the British, “... we were faced with the prospect of an Egyptian Army, much increased in strength, and not only removed from any possibility of control by us, but saturated as the result of intensive propaganda with the political influence of an extreme political party \[meaning the wafd]”.Lloyd (1970\), p.200 It was generally true that the Army supported the Wafd.Ramadan (1998\-2\), p.623 For the British, this move from some of the Wafd DeputiesThis was the same issue that Adly sensed coming and caused him to present the resignation of his Cabinet a few months earlier *(Lloyd (1970\), p.199\)* crossed a red line. The British [High Commissioner](/wiki/High_commissioner "High commissioner"), [Lord Lloyd](/wiki/George_Lloyd%2C_1st_Baron_Lloyd "George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd") tried to convince Sarwat of Britain's point of view. In response, Sarwat sent him a note on 24 May 1926 indicating that, from a legal point of view, the position of the Government of Egypt was that Army matters do not fall under the reserved points of the Declaration of 28 February 1922 and that Egypt is free to make decisions about it.Ramadan (1998\-2\), p.627
The British answer was swift. On 31 May 1926, Lloyd “handed to Sarwat Pasha an official note embodying the views and demands of His Majesty's Government”.Lloyd (1970\), p.208 There were six demands. These would have resulted in thwarting the initiative proposed to the sub\-committee of the Chamber of deputies. Waiting for Sarwat's reply, Lloyd, as he later explained, “... was compelled in view of the possibility of disturbance to request the despatch of a [warship](/wiki/Warship "Warship") to Alexandria as a precautionary measure. That the arrival of this ship might be regarded as a threat was an inevitable conclusion, but I was not prepared to risk lives”. Sarwat's reply came on 3 June stating his understanding of British preoccupations. He agreed to only one of the six demands, while not explicitly rejecting the other five. Amid a disagreement between the British Foreign Office and the High Commissioner on how to respond to Sarwat, Lloyd tried further to pressure Sarwat and Saad. In response, on 11 June, Sarwat proposed a solution: Lloyd would ask him for further clarifications on his note, to which Sarwat would provide a reply that would be accepted by Lloyd.Ramadan (1998\-2\), p.630 This ended the crisis.
### Sarwat\-Chamberlain negotiations
In July 1927, Sarwat found himself unexpectedly negotiating with the British. Following the resolution of the Army crisis, Sarwat was politically in a stronger position and the British Foreign office wanted to take this opportunity to negotiate a treaty with a moderate Egyptian Government, which would safeguard British interests.
The opportunity arose when Prime Minister Sarwat accompanied the King on his official visit to Britain in July 1927\.The King wanted to travel unaccompanied, but Sarwat objected that it would be unconstitutional. The later had the support of Saad, who, as President of the Chamber of deputies threatened to block the approval of the trip expenses by Parliament. The King reluctantly conceded. (El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.342\) The events unfolding upon and after Sarwat arrival in London reveal the different views held by the British Secretary of State and the British High Commissioner regarding the timing of initiating such negotiations. While the High Commissioner, Lord Lloyd believed that there should be a waiting period until such negotiations could begin and it up the Government of Egypt to make the request.Lloyd (1970\), p.224 Nevertheless, the Secretary of State, [Sir Austen Chamberlain](/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain "Austen Chamberlain") moved immediately to benefit from the stronger Sarwat cabinet and did so without coordination with Lloyd. “I had had also the definite assurance of the Secretary of State that if at any time negotiations should appear to be possible, they would be conducted in Egypt not in London”Lloyd (1970\), p.227 Also, the negotiations were not planned or prepared in advance. “In spite of the Secretary of State's clearly recorded intention not to negotiate with Sarwat Pasha “during this visit”, the historical fact is that negotiations were begun the very next day, and two days afterwards\-July 15\-a detailed treaty was actually in draft. On July 18 Sarwat Pasha called again at the Foreign Office and communicated a draft treaty which he on his side had drafted”.Lloyd (1970\), p.228
[thumb\|[King Fuad I](/wiki/Fuad_I_of_Egypt "Fuad I of Egypt"), Sarwat, Ministers and Princes. Autumn 1927\.](/wiki/File:Adel_Khalek_Sarwat_Pasha%2C_His_second_cabinet_and_the_King_-_Autumn_1927.jpg "Adel Khalek Sarwat Pasha, His second cabinet and the King - Autumn 1927.jpg")
The unplanned overture of the Secretary of State initiated a sequence of events. In his first meeting with Sarwat on 12 July, Chamberlain clarified British interests in Egypt and hoped that an agreement was possible that would safeguard both Britain and Egypt's interests. The lack of agreement, explained Chamberlain, would inevitably result in an eventual crisis that Britain would have to resolve by force.Ramadan (1998\-2\), p.631 He then insisted that Sarwat, to the latter's surprise,Ramadan (1998\-2\), p.632 present him a draft treaty to normalize the relations between the two countries. Sarwat presented his draft treaty on 18 July 1927*,* which included concessions to Egyptian National aspirations. Sarwat later justified his concessions: “I was, despite that, taking into consideration what went into the minds of the British in terms of suspicions and unease, which may have prevented the full realization of these \[Egyptian national] demands...Hence I saw that I would not have served Egyptian interests if I only presented a narrative about the National demands”.Ramadan (1998\-2\) p.632, quoting an official document (note 160, p.656\). Translated from Arabic. This marked the beginning of long and arduous negotiations, during which an event with major consequences happened.
[thumb\|Sarwat and [King Fuad I](/wiki/Fuad_I_of_Egypt "Fuad I of Egypt"), at the Egyptian club in London. 11 July 1927\.\|left](/wiki/File:Abdel_Khalek_Sarwat_and_King_Fuad_I_-_1927.jpg "Abdel Khalek Sarwat and King Fuad I - 1927.jpg")
[thumb\|Sarwat (in dark glasses) visiting the Tomb of [Saad Zaghlul](/wiki/Saad_Zaghloul "Saad Zaghloul"), September 1927\.](/wiki/File:Abdel_Khalek_Sarwat_Pasha_visiting_Saad_Zaglool_Pasha%27s_Tomb_-_Sept_1927.jpg "Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha visiting Saad Zaglool Pasha's Tomb - Sept 1927.jpg")
On 23 August 1927, Saad Zaghlul Pasha, national icon and Leader of the majority Wafd Party died in Egypt.El Rafei (1987\-2\), p.344 During the negotiation and until his death, Saad had been in communication with Sarwat about the negotiation.Deeb (2009\), p.103 It took three weeks for the party to elect [Mostafa El\-Nahas](/wiki/Mostafa_El-Nahas "Mostafa El-Nahas") Pasha as new leader. The new leader was known for his extremism, guaranteeing that the Party would maintain its revolutionary approach.Ramadan (1998\-2\), p.642 Lord Lloyd, the British High Commissioner, was of the view that the negotiations should be suspended as “Zaghlul had been the one person whose support of a treaty with England could have ensured its acceptance. With his death, the possibility of such acceptance was rendered indefinitely more remote”.Lloyd (1970\), p.231 He also saw that the Liberal Democratic Party, which supported Sarwat, had a better chance to secure the lead after Zaghlul's death and that a suspension of the negotiations would help to that end*.* The foreign office, not listening to its people on the terrain, wanted to move forward “Curiously enough, these considerations were used in London as an argument in favor of pressing forward the treaty negotiations, although it was realized that the prospect of securing the treaty was now remote”.Lloyd (1970\), p.232 On the Egyptian side, the death of Saad did not discourage Sarwat from his aim. On the contrary, he was the one who insisted on resuming the negotiations.Ramadan (1998\-2\), p.644 and returned to London at the end of October 1927 to do so.
The negotiations were long and arduous. According to Sarwat “We were not moving forward without a lot of hardship and suffering”.Ramadan (1998\-2\), p.644\. Translated from Arabic. On 6 February 1928, Secretary of State Chamberlain sent a threatening letter to Sarwat. Despite no agreement having yet been reached, he demanded that the draft treaty be presented as is to the Egyptian Government for signature. This was followed by a second similar letter on 24 February.Ramadan (1998\-2\), p.645\-646 Sarwat, being also pressured by his Ministers and by El\-Nahas, the new leader of the Wafd, had no choice but to submit the incomplete draft treaty to Nahas.Ramadan (1998\-2\), p.646 After studying it, Nahas and his party rejected the document.
On 4 March 1928, The Cabinet rejected the draft treaty. On the same day, Sarwat informed the Foreign office through the High Commissioner of the rejection and presented his resignation to the King.
|
[
"Second Sarwat cabinet (1927–1928\\)\n----------------------------------",
"[thumb\\|340x340px\\|Sarwat and his Cabinet at Parliament House. c. April 1927](/wiki/File:Abdel_Khalek_Sarwat_Pasha_and_his_second_cabinet_-_1927.jpg \"Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha and his second cabinet - 1927.jpg\")",
"The King called on Sarwat to form a Cabinet on 26 April 1927\\. In it, Sarwat kept to himself the Ministry of the Interior. This Cabinet found itself dealing with two unexpected issues: the so\\-called Army Crisis, which descended on the Cabinet less than a month after it was formed and the Sarwat\\-Chamberlain negotiations on the relations between Egypt and Britain, which started unexpectedly.",
"### The army crisis",
"A month after he became prime minister, Sarwat found himself dealing with an acute crisis between Egypt and Britain, the Army Crisis.",
"This crisis had its roots back to the 1924 assassination of the [Sirdar](/wiki/Sirdar \"Sirdar\") and, more fundamentally, to the importance for Britain to keep the Egyptian Army under its control, ensuring Egypt as a safe passage to India. Focusing on the crisis, the 1927–28 budget was an opportunity for some Wafd deputies to propose, through a subcommittee of the Army Committee, measures to enhance the resources of the Army while reducing British oversight of it.Ramadan (1998\\-2\\), p.625 According to the British, “... we were faced with the prospect of an Egyptian Army, much increased in strength, and not only removed from any possibility of control by us, but saturated as the result of intensive propaganda with the political influence of an extreme political party \\[meaning the wafd]”.Lloyd (1970\\), p.200 It was generally true that the Army supported the Wafd.Ramadan (1998\\-2\\), p.623 For the British, this move from some of the Wafd DeputiesThis was the same issue that Adly sensed coming and caused him to present the resignation of his Cabinet a few months earlier *(Lloyd (1970\\), p.199\\)* crossed a red line. The British [High Commissioner](/wiki/High_commissioner \"High commissioner\"), [Lord Lloyd](/wiki/George_Lloyd%2C_1st_Baron_Lloyd \"George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd\") tried to convince Sarwat of Britain's point of view. In response, Sarwat sent him a note on 24 May 1926 indicating that, from a legal point of view, the position of the Government of Egypt was that Army matters do not fall under the reserved points of the Declaration of 28 February 1922 and that Egypt is free to make decisions about it.Ramadan (1998\\-2\\), p.627",
"The British answer was swift. On 31 May 1926, Lloyd “handed to Sarwat Pasha an official note embodying the views and demands of His Majesty's Government”.Lloyd (1970\\), p.208 There were six demands. These would have resulted in thwarting the initiative proposed to the sub\\-committee of the Chamber of deputies. Waiting for Sarwat's reply, Lloyd, as he later explained, “... was compelled in view of the possibility of disturbance to request the despatch of a [warship](/wiki/Warship \"Warship\") to Alexandria as a precautionary measure. That the arrival of this ship might be regarded as a threat was an inevitable conclusion, but I was not prepared to risk lives”. Sarwat's reply came on 3 June stating his understanding of British preoccupations. He agreed to only one of the six demands, while not explicitly rejecting the other five. Amid a disagreement between the British Foreign Office and the High Commissioner on how to respond to Sarwat, Lloyd tried further to pressure Sarwat and Saad. In response, on 11 June, Sarwat proposed a solution: Lloyd would ask him for further clarifications on his note, to which Sarwat would provide a reply that would be accepted by Lloyd.Ramadan (1998\\-2\\), p.630 This ended the crisis.",
"### Sarwat\\-Chamberlain negotiations",
"In July 1927, Sarwat found himself unexpectedly negotiating with the British. Following the resolution of the Army crisis, Sarwat was politically in a stronger position and the British Foreign office wanted to take this opportunity to negotiate a treaty with a moderate Egyptian Government, which would safeguard British interests.",
"The opportunity arose when Prime Minister Sarwat accompanied the King on his official visit to Britain in July 1927\\.The King wanted to travel unaccompanied, but Sarwat objected that it would be unconstitutional. The later had the support of Saad, who, as President of the Chamber of deputies threatened to block the approval of the trip expenses by Parliament. The King reluctantly conceded. (El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.342\\) The events unfolding upon and after Sarwat arrival in London reveal the different views held by the British Secretary of State and the British High Commissioner regarding the timing of initiating such negotiations. While the High Commissioner, Lord Lloyd believed that there should be a waiting period until such negotiations could begin and it up the Government of Egypt to make the request.Lloyd (1970\\), p.224 Nevertheless, the Secretary of State, [Sir Austen Chamberlain](/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain \"Austen Chamberlain\") moved immediately to benefit from the stronger Sarwat cabinet and did so without coordination with Lloyd. “I had had also the definite assurance of the Secretary of State that if at any time negotiations should appear to be possible, they would be conducted in Egypt not in London”Lloyd (1970\\), p.227 Also, the negotiations were not planned or prepared in advance. “In spite of the Secretary of State's clearly recorded intention not to negotiate with Sarwat Pasha “during this visit”, the historical fact is that negotiations were begun the very next day, and two days afterwards\\-July 15\\-a detailed treaty was actually in draft. On July 18 Sarwat Pasha called again at the Foreign Office and communicated a draft treaty which he on his side had drafted”.Lloyd (1970\\), p.228",
"[thumb\\|[King Fuad I](/wiki/Fuad_I_of_Egypt \"Fuad I of Egypt\"), Sarwat, Ministers and Princes. Autumn 1927\\.](/wiki/File:Adel_Khalek_Sarwat_Pasha%2C_His_second_cabinet_and_the_King_-_Autumn_1927.jpg \"Adel Khalek Sarwat Pasha, His second cabinet and the King - Autumn 1927.jpg\")",
"The unplanned overture of the Secretary of State initiated a sequence of events. In his first meeting with Sarwat on 12 July, Chamberlain clarified British interests in Egypt and hoped that an agreement was possible that would safeguard both Britain and Egypt's interests. The lack of agreement, explained Chamberlain, would inevitably result in an eventual crisis that Britain would have to resolve by force.Ramadan (1998\\-2\\), p.631 He then insisted that Sarwat, to the latter's surprise,Ramadan (1998\\-2\\), p.632 present him a draft treaty to normalize the relations between the two countries. Sarwat presented his draft treaty on 18 July 1927*,* which included concessions to Egyptian National aspirations. Sarwat later justified his concessions: “I was, despite that, taking into consideration what went into the minds of the British in terms of suspicions and unease, which may have prevented the full realization of these \\[Egyptian national] demands...Hence I saw that I would not have served Egyptian interests if I only presented a narrative about the National demands”.Ramadan (1998\\-2\\) p.632, quoting an official document (note 160, p.656\\). Translated from Arabic. This marked the beginning of long and arduous negotiations, during which an event with major consequences happened.\n[thumb\\|Sarwat and [King Fuad I](/wiki/Fuad_I_of_Egypt \"Fuad I of Egypt\"), at the Egyptian club in London. 11 July 1927\\.\\|left](/wiki/File:Abdel_Khalek_Sarwat_and_King_Fuad_I_-_1927.jpg \"Abdel Khalek Sarwat and King Fuad I - 1927.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Sarwat (in dark glasses) visiting the Tomb of [Saad Zaghlul](/wiki/Saad_Zaghloul \"Saad Zaghloul\"), September 1927\\.](/wiki/File:Abdel_Khalek_Sarwat_Pasha_visiting_Saad_Zaglool_Pasha%27s_Tomb_-_Sept_1927.jpg \"Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha visiting Saad Zaglool Pasha's Tomb - Sept 1927.jpg\") \nOn 23 August 1927, Saad Zaghlul Pasha, national icon and Leader of the majority Wafd Party died in Egypt.El Rafei (1987\\-2\\), p.344 During the negotiation and until his death, Saad had been in communication with Sarwat about the negotiation.Deeb (2009\\), p.103 It took three weeks for the party to elect [Mostafa El\\-Nahas](/wiki/Mostafa_El-Nahas \"Mostafa El-Nahas\") Pasha as new leader. The new leader was known for his extremism, guaranteeing that the Party would maintain its revolutionary approach.Ramadan (1998\\-2\\), p.642 Lord Lloyd, the British High Commissioner, was of the view that the negotiations should be suspended as “Zaghlul had been the one person whose support of a treaty with England could have ensured its acceptance. With his death, the possibility of such acceptance was rendered indefinitely more remote”.Lloyd (1970\\), p.231 He also saw that the Liberal Democratic Party, which supported Sarwat, had a better chance to secure the lead after Zaghlul's death and that a suspension of the negotiations would help to that end*.* The foreign office, not listening to its people on the terrain, wanted to move forward “Curiously enough, these considerations were used in London as an argument in favor of pressing forward the treaty negotiations, although it was realized that the prospect of securing the treaty was now remote”.Lloyd (1970\\), p.232 On the Egyptian side, the death of Saad did not discourage Sarwat from his aim. On the contrary, he was the one who insisted on resuming the negotiations.Ramadan (1998\\-2\\), p.644 and returned to London at the end of October 1927 to do so.",
"The negotiations were long and arduous. According to Sarwat “We were not moving forward without a lot of hardship and suffering”.Ramadan (1998\\-2\\), p.644\\. Translated from Arabic. On 6 February 1928, Secretary of State Chamberlain sent a threatening letter to Sarwat. Despite no agreement having yet been reached, he demanded that the draft treaty be presented as is to the Egyptian Government for signature. This was followed by a second similar letter on 24 February.Ramadan (1998\\-2\\), p.645\\-646 Sarwat, being also pressured by his Ministers and by El\\-Nahas, the new leader of the Wafd, had no choice but to submit the incomplete draft treaty to Nahas.Ramadan (1998\\-2\\), p.646 After studying it, Nahas and his party rejected the document.",
"On 4 March 1928, The Cabinet rejected the draft treaty. On the same day, Sarwat informed the Foreign office through the High Commissioner of the rejection and presented his resignation to the King.",
""
] |
Topical sections
----------------
### Sarwat and the Liberal Constitutional Party
The [Liberal Constitutional Party](/wiki/Liberal_Constitutional_Party_%28Egypt%29 "Liberal Constitutional Party (Egypt)") (LCP) had an intellectually liberal and secular platform, which was reflected in the promotion of a multiparty constitutional rule.El Shelek (1982\), p.477,499 On the Economy, it promoted economic liberalism and socially it believed in the respect of individual freedoms.El Shelek (1982\), p.491
The first idea about forming such a party sprang in August 1921, when the Adly\-Curzon negotiations were in trouble. In September, supporters of Adly approached Sarwat with their idea to form a party. The latter presented it to Adly, who initially rejected it, worrying that it would deepens the rift between his supporters and Saad's. Two days later, Adly changed his mind, believing that Egyptians were not ready for a revolution and that there was a need for a peaceful solution which required sustained efforts and resources.El Shelek (1982\), p.48 The Party was officially founded in October 1922, one month before the resignation of the first Sarwat cabinet. According to some calculations, when founded, 56% of its leadership was from large land owners while 30% was from the urban middle classes.Deeb (2009\), p.65
Although Sarwat gave to the Party the full logistic support of his Government, he never became a member.El Meligui (1989\), p.157 In fact, the relation between Sarwat and the LDP was ambivalent. On one hand, he shared with the Party founders their beliefs of liberalism, moderation and gradual achievement of Egypt's independence and their belief in a multiparty constitutional rule. Sarwat and the Party supported each other politically. On the other hand, he wanted to maintain a distance from the Party, especially after his Cabinet's resignation in 1922, when he remained, nevertheless, close to many of its members.
In the 1925 Parliament, when Sarwat ran against Saad for the Presidency of the Chamber of Deputies, he was not sitting as an LDP deputy, but as an Independent. He did not run for his seat, but the seat was waived to him by an elected LDP deputy, Moustapha Sabri.
### Sarwat and Taha Hussein
[thumb\|428x428px\|The First Board of Directors of the Egyptian University (1908\). Sarwat is the second standing from the left. Sitting at the front right is the future King Fuad I.](/wiki/File:Abdel_Khalek_Sarwat_and_the_first_Board_of_the_Egyptian_University_-_1908.jpg "Abdel Khalek Sarwat and the first Board of the Egyptian University - 1908.jpg")
[Taha Hussein](/wiki/Taha_Hussein "Taha Hussein") (1989\-1973\) was one of the most influential 20th\-century Egyptian writer and intellectual and a figurehead of the Egyptian Renaissance. He was nicknamed “the Dean of Arabic Literature”. Sarwat was introduced to Taha Hussein by Ahmed Lufty El Sayed, the first president the [Egyptian University](/wiki/Cairo_University "Cairo University"). Sarwat was then Minister of Justice and Member of the Board of Directors of the Egyptian University. The introduction happened after a Board meeting, which discussed a complaint brought by a certain Sheikh Mohamed El Mahdi against Taha Hussein about an article the latter wrote and which was supported by some board members. A demand had been made to expel Hussein from the University's mission to France. In the end, he remained in the mission, thanks to the support of Lufty El Sayed and SarwatEl Meligui (1989\), p.37 This introduction was the beginning of a lifetime friendship between Sarwat and Taha Hussein. The basis of this friendship was a common belief by the two men in liberal thinking.
Much later, in December 1923, when the Egyptian University accepted to merge into the to be created University of Fouad I,The University of Fouad I was officially created by Royal decree on 11 March 1925, (Asfour (1996\)) and was later renamed Cairo University. Lutfi El Sayed, the then President of the Egyptian University, put as a condition to the merger, the appointment of Taha Hussein as Professor in the faculty of Arts of the new University.Taha Hussein was professor of Arabic literature in the Egyptian University.Asfour (1996\) This is what ended up happening.El Sayed (2013\), Chapter 13\. On his first lecture as Professor of History of Arabic Literature, Taha Hussein was introduced by Sarwat.
In 1926, Taha Hussein highly controversial book *“On Pre\-Islamic Poetry” في الشعر الجاهلي* was published. It was dedicated to Sarwat, who was on the Board of Director of the University of Fuad I at the time. The dedication, dated 22 March 1926, reflected the friendship of the two men, but possibly also a political calculation by Taha Hussein who may have anticipated events to come.
There were two highly controversial assertions in the book. First, that the Quran cannot be used as a source of historical facts: “The Torah may tell us about Abraham and Ismael and the Quran also can tell us about both, but the occurrence of these two names in the Torah and the Quran is not sufficient to prove their historical existence”.Hussein (1998\), p.38\. Translated from Arabic. Second, that there were doubts about pre\-Islamic poetry as a proper representation of pre\-Islamic mental and spiritual state and even pre\-Islamic Arabic language. The publication of the book led to public demonstrations and attacks by members of the house of representative, demands that Taha be fired from the University and official complaints to a District Attorney. By the time Sarwat became Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Adly coalition Government, the controversy was heated and Sarwat advised Taha Hussein to go away until matters settled a bit. Following several complaints, a District Attorney opened an investigation, which was delayed because of the absence of Taha Hussein. The investigation effectively started on 17 October 1926 and ended at on 30 March 1927 without any charges being filed.Chalabi (1972\). The book recounts the prosecution of Taha Hussein. Less than two month later, Sarwat became prime minister while the controversy was still raging.
Taha Hussein who was a friend of Sarwat, was sympathetic to the Liberal Democratic Party, mainly because it espoused liberal ideas. As a result, the controversy became a confrontation between the religious establishment and supporters of the Wafd Party on one hand and supporters of the Liberal Constitutional Party on the other, with Sarwat being a historical supporter of the later.
|
[
"Topical sections\n----------------",
"### Sarwat and the Liberal Constitutional Party",
"The [Liberal Constitutional Party](/wiki/Liberal_Constitutional_Party_%28Egypt%29 \"Liberal Constitutional Party (Egypt)\") (LCP) had an intellectually liberal and secular platform, which was reflected in the promotion of a multiparty constitutional rule.El Shelek (1982\\), p.477,499 On the Economy, it promoted economic liberalism and socially it believed in the respect of individual freedoms.El Shelek (1982\\), p.491",
"The first idea about forming such a party sprang in August 1921, when the Adly\\-Curzon negotiations were in trouble. In September, supporters of Adly approached Sarwat with their idea to form a party. The latter presented it to Adly, who initially rejected it, worrying that it would deepens the rift between his supporters and Saad's. Two days later, Adly changed his mind, believing that Egyptians were not ready for a revolution and that there was a need for a peaceful solution which required sustained efforts and resources.El Shelek (1982\\), p.48 The Party was officially founded in October 1922, one month before the resignation of the first Sarwat cabinet. According to some calculations, when founded, 56% of its leadership was from large land owners while 30% was from the urban middle classes.Deeb (2009\\), p.65",
"Although Sarwat gave to the Party the full logistic support of his Government, he never became a member.El Meligui (1989\\), p.157 In fact, the relation between Sarwat and the LDP was ambivalent. On one hand, he shared with the Party founders their beliefs of liberalism, moderation and gradual achievement of Egypt's independence and their belief in a multiparty constitutional rule. Sarwat and the Party supported each other politically. On the other hand, he wanted to maintain a distance from the Party, especially after his Cabinet's resignation in 1922, when he remained, nevertheless, close to many of its members.",
"In the 1925 Parliament, when Sarwat ran against Saad for the Presidency of the Chamber of Deputies, he was not sitting as an LDP deputy, but as an Independent. He did not run for his seat, but the seat was waived to him by an elected LDP deputy, Moustapha Sabri.",
"### Sarwat and Taha Hussein",
"[thumb\\|428x428px\\|The First Board of Directors of the Egyptian University (1908\\). Sarwat is the second standing from the left. Sitting at the front right is the future King Fuad I.](/wiki/File:Abdel_Khalek_Sarwat_and_the_first_Board_of_the_Egyptian_University_-_1908.jpg \"Abdel Khalek Sarwat and the first Board of the Egyptian University - 1908.jpg\")",
"[Taha Hussein](/wiki/Taha_Hussein \"Taha Hussein\") (1989\\-1973\\) was one of the most influential 20th\\-century Egyptian writer and intellectual and a figurehead of the Egyptian Renaissance. He was nicknamed “the Dean of Arabic Literature”. Sarwat was introduced to Taha Hussein by Ahmed Lufty El Sayed, the first president the [Egyptian University](/wiki/Cairo_University \"Cairo University\"). Sarwat was then Minister of Justice and Member of the Board of Directors of the Egyptian University. The introduction happened after a Board meeting, which discussed a complaint brought by a certain Sheikh Mohamed El Mahdi against Taha Hussein about an article the latter wrote and which was supported by some board members. A demand had been made to expel Hussein from the University's mission to France. In the end, he remained in the mission, thanks to the support of Lufty El Sayed and SarwatEl Meligui (1989\\), p.37 This introduction was the beginning of a lifetime friendship between Sarwat and Taha Hussein. The basis of this friendship was a common belief by the two men in liberal thinking.",
"Much later, in December 1923, when the Egyptian University accepted to merge into the to be created University of Fouad I,The University of Fouad I was officially created by Royal decree on 11 March 1925, (Asfour (1996\\)) and was later renamed Cairo University. Lutfi El Sayed, the then President of the Egyptian University, put as a condition to the merger, the appointment of Taha Hussein as Professor in the faculty of Arts of the new University.Taha Hussein was professor of Arabic literature in the Egyptian University.Asfour (1996\\) This is what ended up happening.El Sayed (2013\\), Chapter 13\\. On his first lecture as Professor of History of Arabic Literature, Taha Hussein was introduced by Sarwat.",
"In 1926, Taha Hussein highly controversial book *“On Pre\\-Islamic Poetry” في الشعر الجاهلي* was published. It was dedicated to Sarwat, who was on the Board of Director of the University of Fuad I at the time. The dedication, dated 22 March 1926, reflected the friendship of the two men, but possibly also a political calculation by Taha Hussein who may have anticipated events to come.",
"There were two highly controversial assertions in the book. First, that the Quran cannot be used as a source of historical facts: “The Torah may tell us about Abraham and Ismael and the Quran also can tell us about both, but the occurrence of these two names in the Torah and the Quran is not sufficient to prove their historical existence”.Hussein (1998\\), p.38\\. Translated from Arabic. Second, that there were doubts about pre\\-Islamic poetry as a proper representation of pre\\-Islamic mental and spiritual state and even pre\\-Islamic Arabic language. The publication of the book led to public demonstrations and attacks by members of the house of representative, demands that Taha be fired from the University and official complaints to a District Attorney. By the time Sarwat became Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Adly coalition Government, the controversy was heated and Sarwat advised Taha Hussein to go away until matters settled a bit. Following several complaints, a District Attorney opened an investigation, which was delayed because of the absence of Taha Hussein. The investigation effectively started on 17 October 1926 and ended at on 30 March 1927 without any charges being filed.Chalabi (1972\\). The book recounts the prosecution of Taha Hussein. Less than two month later, Sarwat became prime minister while the controversy was still raging.",
"Taha Hussein who was a friend of Sarwat, was sympathetic to the Liberal Democratic Party, mainly because it espoused liberal ideas. As a result, the controversy became a confrontation between the religious establishment and supporters of the Wafd Party on one hand and supporters of the Liberal Constitutional Party on the other, with Sarwat being a historical supporter of the later.",
""
] |
Promotion play\-offs
--------------------
### Promotion play\-offs VV
The teams finishing in second place in the Belgian Division 2 VV A and Belgian Division 2 VV B take part in a promotion playoff first round together with three period winners from these both divisions. These 8 teams from the VV play the first round of a promotion playoff, with two teams qualifying for the [Promotion play\-offs Final](/wiki/%23Promotion_play-offs_Final "#Promotion play-offs Final").
In division A, Eendracht Aalst won the first period and was joined by the teams in positions 2 through 4: Petegem, Oostkamp and Jong Cercle, as the other two periods were won by champions Lokeren\-Temse. In division B, Hades (2nd), Hasselt (3rd), and City Pirates (12th) each were able to win a period and thereby qualified. They were joined by the highest finisher not already qualified: Belisia Bilzen (4th). Of these eight teams, only Belisia Bilzen, Eendracht Aalst, Hasselt and Jong Cercle are eligible for promotion and can qualify for the Promotion play\-offs Final.
#### VV Round 1
{{football box
\|date \= {{Start date\|2023\|5\|18\|df\=y}}
\|time \= 15:00
\|team1 \= \[\[K.S.C. City Pirates\|City Pirates]]
\|score \= 0–4
\|aet \=
\|penaltyscore \=
\|report \= \[https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20230518\_96360331 report]
\|team2 \= \[\[Cercle Brugge K.S.V.\|Jong Cercle]]
\|goals1 \=
\|goals2 \= \[\[Teun Wilke\|Wilke]] {{goal\|2\|\|17\|pen.\|18}}
\[\[Wolf Ackx\|Ackx]] {{goal\|29}}
\|stadium \=
\|attendance \=
\|referee \=
}}
{{football box
\|date \= {{Start date\|2023\|5\|18\|df\=y}}
\|time \= 15:00
\|team1 \= \[\[K.F.C. Sparta Petegem\|Petegem]]
\|score \= 0–2
\|aet \=
\|penaltyscore \=
\|report \= \[https://www.hln.be/sport\-in\-de\-buurt/petegem\-houdt\-met\-onuitgegeven\-elftal\-tegen\-hasselt\-lang\-stand\-penalty\-was\-goed\-voor\-iedereen\~a997fabe/ report]
\|team2 \= \[\[Sporting Hasselt\|Hasselt]]
\|goals1 \=
\|goals2 \= \[\[Jordi Maus\|Maus]] {{goal\|53\|pen.}}
\[\[Arne Cuypers\|Cuypers]] {{goal\|64}}
\|stadium \=
\|attendance \=
\|referee \=
}}
{{football box
\|date \= {{Start date\|2023\|5\|18\|df\=y}}
\|time \= 15:00
\|team1 \= \[\[S.V. Belisia Bilzen\|Belisia Bilzen]]
\|score \= 2–0
\|aet \=
\|penaltyscore \=
\|report \= \[https://www.hbvl.be/cnt/dmf20230518\_95995481 report]
\|team2 \= \[\[K.S.V. Oostkamp\|Oostkamp]]
\|goals1 \= \[\[Tiemen Wijnen\|Wijnen]] {{goal\|37}}
\[\[Alexander Quadflieg\|Quadflieg]] {{goal\|60}}
\|goals2 \=
\|stadium \=
\|attendance \=
\|referee \=
}}
{{football box
\|date \= {{Start date\|2023\|5\|18\|df\=y}}
\|time \= 15:00
\|team1 \= \[\[S.C. Eendracht Aalst\|Eendracht Aalst]]
\|score \= 0–0
\|aet \= yes
\|penaltyscore \= 3–5
\|report \= \[https://eendracht\-aalst.be/seizoen/wedstrijden/eindronde/eendracht\-aalst\-rc\-hades\-hasselt\-2/ report]
\|team2 \= \[\[R.C. Hades\|Hades]]
\|goals1 \=
\|goals2 \=
\|stadium \=
\|attendance \=
\|referee \=
\|penalties1 \= \[\[Arne Van Den Eynde\|Van Den Eynde]] {{pengoal}}
Jong Cercle, Hasselt, Belisia Bilsen, and Hades qualified for the VV second\-round promotion play\-offs. As more than two of the eligible teams qualified, VV Round 2 was necessary.
#### VV Round 2
{{football box
\|date \= {{Start date\|2023\|5\|21\|df\=y}}
\|time \= 15:00
\|team1 \= \[\[S.V. Belisia Bilzen\|Belisia Bilzen]]
\|score \= 0–1
\|aet \=
\|penaltyscore \=
\|report \= \[https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20230521\_95823147 report]
\|team2 \= \[\[Cercle Brugge K.S.V.\|Jong Cercle]]
\|goals1 \=
\|goals2 \= \[\[Ryan El Bahri\|El Bahri]] {{goal\|88}}
\|stadium \=
\|attendance \=
\|referee \=
}}
{{football box
\|date \= {{Start date\|2023\|5\|21\|df\=y}}
\|time \= 15:00
\|team1 \= \[\[Sporting Hasselt\|Hasselt]]
\|score \= 5–0
\|aet \=
\|penaltyscore \=
\|report \= \[https://www.hbvl.be/cnt/dmf20230521\_96385862 report]
\|team2 \= \[\[R.C. Hades\|Hades]]
\|goals1 \= \[\[Arne Cuypers\|Cuypers]] {{goal\|9\|\|87}}
\[\[Ricardo Kessels\|Kessels]] {{goal\|52}}
### Promotion play\-offs ACFF
With champions Warnant ineligible for promotion, second\-placed Union Namur was directly promoted instead. As no teams outside the top six won a period title, the teams in positions 3 through 6 participated in the playoffs. Prior to the start of these play\-offs however, both Meux and Binche were already ineligible for promotion as they had not applied for a license for the level above.
#### ACFF Round 1
{{football box
\|date \= {{Start date\|2023\|5\|18\|df\=y}}
\|time \= 15:00
\|team1 \= \[\[UR La Louvière Centre\|La Louvière Centre]]
\|score \= 3–0
\|aet \=
\|report \= \[https://www.sudinfo.be/id666427/article/2023\-05\-18/tour\-final\-d2\-acff\-la\-louviere\-centre\-fait\-le\-break\-contre\-meux\-grace\-sa report]
\|team2 \= \[\[R.F.C. Meux\|Meux]]
\|goals1 \= \[\[Christopher Luhaka\|Luhaka]] {{goal\|14}}
\[\[Amadou Ba (footballer)\|Ba]] {{goal\|16}}
\[\[Wesley Lubaki\-Evra\|Lubaki\-Evra]] {{goal\|40}}
\|goals2 \=
\|stadium \=
\|attendance \=
\|referee \=
}}
{{football box
\|date \= {{Start date\|2023\|5\|18\|df\=y}}
\|time \= 15:00
\|team1 \= \[\[Royale Union Tubize\-Braine\|Tubize\-Braine]]
\|score \= 0–0
\|aet \= yes
\|penaltyscore \= 7–8
\|report \= \[https://www.sudinfo.be/id666502/article/2023\-05\-18/tour\-final\-d2\-binche\-cree\-la\-surprise\-tubize\-braine\-et\-jouera\-la\-finale\-la report]
\|team2 \= \[\[RUS Binchoise\|Binche]]
\|goals1 \=
\|goals2 \=
\|stadium \=
\|attendance \=
\|referee \=
\|penalties1 \= \[\[Keeliane Leite\|Leite]] {{pengoal}}
\[\[Sami Lkoutbi\|Lkoutbi]] {{penmiss}}
\[\[Maxime Migliore\|Migliore]] {{pengoal}}
\[\[Jean\-Emmanuel Velasco Plaza\|Velasco Plaza]] {{pengoal}}
\[\[Ismaïl El Omari\|El Omari]] {{pengoal}}
\[\[Mano Van Onsem\|Van Onsem]] {{pengoal}}
\[\[Serhat Can Tepe\|Tepe]] {{pengoal}}
\[\[Noah Taroli\|Taroli]] {{pengoal}}
\[\[Naïm Aarab\|Aarab]] {{penmiss}}
\|penalties2 \= {{pengoal}} \[\[Tom Scohy\|Scohy]]
{{pengoal}} \[\[Nabil Seggour\|Seggour]]
{{pengoal}} \[\[Lilian George\|George]]
{{pengoal}} \[\[Quentin Louagé\|Louagé]]
{{penmiss}} \[\[Mathieu Despontin\|Despontin]]
{{pengoal}} \[\[Max Frisanco\|Frisanco]]
{{pengoal}} \[\[Simon Franquin\|Franquin]]
{{pengoal}} \[\[Maxime Brichant\|Brichant]]
{{pengoal}} \[\[Alessandro Fisichella\|Fisichella]]
}}
La Louvière Centre and Binche qualified for ACFF Round 2\. Binche was however ineligible for promotion and hence La Louvière Centre was already certain of participating in the Promotion play\-offs Final irrespective of the result.
#### ACFF Round 2
{{football box
\|date \= {{Start date\|2023\|5\|21\|df\=y}}
\|time \= 15:00
\|team1 \= \[\[RUS Binchoise\|Binche]]
\|score \= 1–2
\|aet \=
\|report \= \[https://www.sudinfo.be/id666427/article/2023\-05\-18/tour\-final\-d2\-acff\-la\-louviere\-centre\-fait\-le\-break\-contre\-meux\-grace\-sa report]
\|team2 \= \[\[UR La Louvière Centre\|La Louvière Centre]]
\|goals1 \= \[\[Nabil Seggour\|Seggour]] {{goal\|68}}
\|goals2 \= \[\[Yoroma Jatta\|Jatta]] {{goal\|25}}
\[\[Wesley Lubaki\-Evra\|Lubaki\-Evra]] {{goal\|57}}
\|stadium \=
\|attendance \=
\|referee \=
}}
### Promotion play\-offs Final
The two winners of the Promotion play\-offs on the VV side ([Jong Cercle](/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V. "Cercle Brugge K.S.V.") and [Hasselt](/wiki/Sporting_Hasselt "Sporting Hasselt")) and [La Louvière Centre](/wiki/UR_La_Louvi%C3%A8re_Centre "UR La Louvière Centre"), the only team with a valid license taking part in the ACFF Promotion play\-offs played a final tournament together with the team that finished in 14th place in the [2022–23 Belgian National Division 1](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Belgian_National_Division_1 "2022–23 Belgian National Division 1") ([Young Reds Antwerp](/wiki/Royal_Antwerp_F.C. "Royal Antwerp F.C.")). The winner of this play\-off promotes to (or remains in) the 2023–24 Belgian National Division 1\. As Young Reds Antwerp is a team from the VV side, there will be an extra VV team relegating from the 2022–23 Belgian Division 2 (and all levels below) in case the team from the ACFF side (La Louvière Centre) gets promoted. In this division, this meant that [R.F.C. Wetteren](/wiki/R.F.C._Wetteren "R.F.C. Wetteren"), the winner of the Relegation play\-offs, had to hope La Louvière Centre would not win the Promotion play\-offs Final.
#### Final Round 1
{{football box
\|date \= {{Start date\|2023\|5\|27\|df\=y}}
\|time \= 20:00
\|team1 \= \[\[UR La Louvière Centre\|La Louvière Centre]]
\|score \= 0–2
\|report \= \[https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20230529\_95717417 report]
\|team2 \= \[\[Royal Antwerp F.C.\|Young Reds Antwerp]]
\|goals1 \=
\|goals2 \= \[\[Visar Shala\|Shala]] {{goal\|73\|pen.}}
\[\[Abdel\-Malik Aziz\|Aziz]] {{goal\|90\+2}}
\|stadium \=
\|attendance \=
\|referee \=
}}
{{football box
\|date \= {{Start date\|2023\|5\|28\|df\=y}}
\|time \= 15:00
\|team1 \= \[\[Sporting Hasselt\|Hasselt]]
\|score \= 1–4
\|report \= \[https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20230528\_96768643 report]
\|team2 \= \[\[Cercle Brugge K.S.V.\|Jong Cercle]]
\|goals1 \= \[\[Jordi Maus\|Maus]] {{goal\|62}}
\|goals2 \= \[\[Teun Wilke\|Wilke]] {{goal\|28}}
\[\[Lucca Lucker\|Lucker]] {{goal\|44}}
\[\[Wolf Ackx\|Ackx]] {{goal\|56}}
\[\[Abdel\-Malik Aziz\|Aziz]] {{goal\|87}}
\|stadium \=
\|attendance \=
\|referee \=
}}
La Louvière Centre and Hasselt were eliminated and remain in the Belgian Division 2\. Due to the non\-promotion of La Louvière Centre, both the outgoing and incoming team will be of the same (Flemish) side of the football pyramid, and hence there will be no extra promotions on ACFF side, nor extra relegations on VV side. On VV side in particular, the following teams were spared of relegation due to the loss of La Louvière Centre: [Wetteren](/wiki/R.F.C._Wetteren "R.F.C. Wetteren") (Division 2\), [Witgoor](/wiki/K._Witgoor_Sport_Dessel "K. Witgoor Sport Dessel") (Division 3\), [Ranst](/wiki/K.F.C._Ranst "K.F.C. Ranst") (1st Provincial Division Antwerp), [Willebroek](/wiki/Willebroekse_Sportvereniging "Willebroekse Sportvereniging") (2nd Provincial Division Antwerp) and [Berendrecht](/wiki/K.F.C._Berendrecht_Sport "K.F.C. Berendrecht Sport") (3rd Provincial Division Antwerp).
#### Final Round 2
{{football box
\|date \= 3 June 2023
\|time \= 14:30
\|team1 \= \[\[Royal Antwerp F.C.\|Young Reds Antwerp]]
\|score \= 1–0
\|report \= \[https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20230603\_95438126 report]
\|team2 \= \[\[Cercle Brugge K.S.V.\|Jong Cercle]]
\|goals1 \= \[\[Visar Shala\|Shala]] {{goal\|84}}
\|goals2 \=
\|stadium \= Berlaar
\|attendance \=
\|referee \= Tim De Keyzer
}}
As Young Reds Antwerp won the match, both clubs remained in their division. Young Reds Antwerp will play in the Belgian National Division 1, while Jong Cercle will play in the Belgian Division 2\.
|
[
"Promotion play\\-offs\n--------------------",
"### Promotion play\\-offs VV",
"The teams finishing in second place in the Belgian Division 2 VV A and Belgian Division 2 VV B take part in a promotion playoff first round together with three period winners from these both divisions. These 8 teams from the VV play the first round of a promotion playoff, with two teams qualifying for the [Promotion play\\-offs Final](/wiki/%23Promotion_play-offs_Final \"#Promotion play-offs Final\").",
"In division A, Eendracht Aalst won the first period and was joined by the teams in positions 2 through 4: Petegem, Oostkamp and Jong Cercle, as the other two periods were won by champions Lokeren\\-Temse. In division B, Hades (2nd), Hasselt (3rd), and City Pirates (12th) each were able to win a period and thereby qualified. They were joined by the highest finisher not already qualified: Belisia Bilzen (4th). Of these eight teams, only Belisia Bilzen, Eendracht Aalst, Hasselt and Jong Cercle are eligible for promotion and can qualify for the Promotion play\\-offs Final.",
"#### VV Round 1",
"{{football box\n\\|date \\= {{Start date\\|2023\\|5\\|18\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|time \\= 15:00\n\\|team1 \\= \\[\\[K.S.C. City Pirates\\|City Pirates]]\n\\|score \\= 0–4\n\\|aet \\=\n\\|penaltyscore \\=\n\\|report \\= \\[https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20230518\\_96360331 report]\n\\|team2 \\= \\[\\[Cercle Brugge K.S.V.\\|Jong Cercle]]\n\\|goals1 \\=\n\\|goals2 \\= \\[\\[Teun Wilke\\|Wilke]] {{goal\\|2\\|\\|17\\|pen.\\|18}} \n\\[\\[Wolf Ackx\\|Ackx]] {{goal\\|29}}\n\\|stadium \\=\n\\|attendance \\=\n\\|referee \\=\n}}\n{{football box\n\\|date \\= {{Start date\\|2023\\|5\\|18\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|time \\= 15:00\n\\|team1 \\= \\[\\[K.F.C. Sparta Petegem\\|Petegem]]\n\\|score \\= 0–2\n\\|aet \\=\n\\|penaltyscore \\=\n\\|report \\= \\[https://www.hln.be/sport\\-in\\-de\\-buurt/petegem\\-houdt\\-met\\-onuitgegeven\\-elftal\\-tegen\\-hasselt\\-lang\\-stand\\-penalty\\-was\\-goed\\-voor\\-iedereen\\~a997fabe/ report]\n\\|team2 \\= \\[\\[Sporting Hasselt\\|Hasselt]]\n\\|goals1 \\=\n\\|goals2 \\= \\[\\[Jordi Maus\\|Maus]] {{goal\\|53\\|pen.}} \n\\[\\[Arne Cuypers\\|Cuypers]] {{goal\\|64}}\n\\|stadium \\=\n\\|attendance \\=\n\\|referee \\=\n}}\n{{football box\n\\|date \\= {{Start date\\|2023\\|5\\|18\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|time \\= 15:00\n\\|team1 \\= \\[\\[S.V. Belisia Bilzen\\|Belisia Bilzen]]\n\\|score \\= 2–0\n\\|aet \\=\n\\|penaltyscore \\=\n\\|report \\= \\[https://www.hbvl.be/cnt/dmf20230518\\_95995481 report]\n\\|team2 \\= \\[\\[K.S.V. Oostkamp\\|Oostkamp]]\n\\|goals1 \\= \\[\\[Tiemen Wijnen\\|Wijnen]] {{goal\\|37}} \n\\[\\[Alexander Quadflieg\\|Quadflieg]] {{goal\\|60}}\n\\|goals2 \\=\n\\|stadium \\=\n\\|attendance \\=\n\\|referee \\=\n}}\n{{football box\n\\|date \\= {{Start date\\|2023\\|5\\|18\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|time \\= 15:00\n\\|team1 \\= \\[\\[S.C. Eendracht Aalst\\|Eendracht Aalst]]\n\\|score \\= 0–0\n\\|aet \\= yes\n\\|penaltyscore \\= 3–5\n\\|report \\= \\[https://eendracht\\-aalst.be/seizoen/wedstrijden/eindronde/eendracht\\-aalst\\-rc\\-hades\\-hasselt\\-2/ report]\n\\|team2 \\= \\[\\[R.C. Hades\\|Hades]]\n\\|goals1 \\=\n\\|goals2 \\=\n\\|stadium \\=\n\\|attendance \\=\n\\|referee \\=\n\\|penalties1 \\= \\[\\[Arne Van Den Eynde\\|Van Den Eynde]] {{pengoal}}",
"Jong Cercle, Hasselt, Belisia Bilsen, and Hades qualified for the VV second\\-round promotion play\\-offs. As more than two of the eligible teams qualified, VV Round 2 was necessary.",
"#### VV Round 2",
"{{football box\n\\|date \\= {{Start date\\|2023\\|5\\|21\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|time \\= 15:00\n\\|team1 \\= \\[\\[S.V. Belisia Bilzen\\|Belisia Bilzen]]\n\\|score \\= 0–1\n\\|aet \\=\n\\|penaltyscore \\=\n\\|report \\= \\[https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20230521\\_95823147 report]\n\\|team2 \\= \\[\\[Cercle Brugge K.S.V.\\|Jong Cercle]]\n\\|goals1 \\=\n\\|goals2 \\= \\[\\[Ryan El Bahri\\|El Bahri]] {{goal\\|88}}\n\\|stadium \\=\n\\|attendance \\=\n\\|referee \\=\n}}\n{{football box\n\\|date \\= {{Start date\\|2023\\|5\\|21\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|time \\= 15:00\n\\|team1 \\= \\[\\[Sporting Hasselt\\|Hasselt]]\n\\|score \\= 5–0\n\\|aet \\=\n\\|penaltyscore \\=\n\\|report \\= \\[https://www.hbvl.be/cnt/dmf20230521\\_96385862 report]\n\\|team2 \\= \\[\\[R.C. Hades\\|Hades]]\n\\|goals1 \\= \\[\\[Arne Cuypers\\|Cuypers]] {{goal\\|9\\|\\|87}} \n\\[\\[Ricardo Kessels\\|Kessels]] {{goal\\|52}}",
"### Promotion play\\-offs ACFF",
"With champions Warnant ineligible for promotion, second\\-placed Union Namur was directly promoted instead. As no teams outside the top six won a period title, the teams in positions 3 through 6 participated in the playoffs. Prior to the start of these play\\-offs however, both Meux and Binche were already ineligible for promotion as they had not applied for a license for the level above.",
"#### ACFF Round 1",
"{{football box\n\\|date \\= {{Start date\\|2023\\|5\\|18\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|time \\= 15:00\n\\|team1 \\= \\[\\[UR La Louvière Centre\\|La Louvière Centre]]\n\\|score \\= 3–0\n\\|aet \\=\n\\|report \\= \\[https://www.sudinfo.be/id666427/article/2023\\-05\\-18/tour\\-final\\-d2\\-acff\\-la\\-louviere\\-centre\\-fait\\-le\\-break\\-contre\\-meux\\-grace\\-sa report]\n\\|team2 \\= \\[\\[R.F.C. Meux\\|Meux]]\n\\|goals1 \\= \\[\\[Christopher Luhaka\\|Luhaka]] {{goal\\|14}} \n\\[\\[Amadou Ba (footballer)\\|Ba]] {{goal\\|16}} \n\\[\\[Wesley Lubaki\\-Evra\\|Lubaki\\-Evra]] {{goal\\|40}}\n\\|goals2 \\=\n\\|stadium \\=\n\\|attendance \\=\n\\|referee \\=\n}}\n{{football box\n\\|date \\= {{Start date\\|2023\\|5\\|18\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|time \\= 15:00\n\\|team1 \\= \\[\\[Royale Union Tubize\\-Braine\\|Tubize\\-Braine]]\n\\|score \\= 0–0\n\\|aet \\= yes\n\\|penaltyscore \\= 7–8\n\\|report \\= \\[https://www.sudinfo.be/id666502/article/2023\\-05\\-18/tour\\-final\\-d2\\-binche\\-cree\\-la\\-surprise\\-tubize\\-braine\\-et\\-jouera\\-la\\-finale\\-la report]\n\\|team2 \\= \\[\\[RUS Binchoise\\|Binche]]\n\\|goals1 \\=\n\\|goals2 \\=\n\\|stadium \\=\n\\|attendance \\=\n\\|referee \\=\n\\|penalties1 \\= \\[\\[Keeliane Leite\\|Leite]] {{pengoal}} \n\\[\\[Sami Lkoutbi\\|Lkoutbi]] {{penmiss}} \n\\[\\[Maxime Migliore\\|Migliore]] {{pengoal}} \n\\[\\[Jean\\-Emmanuel Velasco Plaza\\|Velasco Plaza]] {{pengoal}} \n\\[\\[Ismaïl El Omari\\|El Omari]] {{pengoal}} \n\\[\\[Mano Van Onsem\\|Van Onsem]] {{pengoal}} \n\\[\\[Serhat Can Tepe\\|Tepe]] {{pengoal}} \n\\[\\[Noah Taroli\\|Taroli]] {{pengoal}} \n\\[\\[Naïm Aarab\\|Aarab]] {{penmiss}}\n\\|penalties2 \\= {{pengoal}} \\[\\[Tom Scohy\\|Scohy]] \n{{pengoal}} \\[\\[Nabil Seggour\\|Seggour]] \n{{pengoal}} \\[\\[Lilian George\\|George]] \n{{pengoal}} \\[\\[Quentin Louagé\\|Louagé]] \n{{penmiss}} \\[\\[Mathieu Despontin\\|Despontin]] \n{{pengoal}} \\[\\[Max Frisanco\\|Frisanco]] \n{{pengoal}} \\[\\[Simon Franquin\\|Franquin]] \n{{pengoal}} \\[\\[Maxime Brichant\\|Brichant]] \n{{pengoal}} \\[\\[Alessandro Fisichella\\|Fisichella]]\n}}\nLa Louvière Centre and Binche qualified for ACFF Round 2\\. Binche was however ineligible for promotion and hence La Louvière Centre was already certain of participating in the Promotion play\\-offs Final irrespective of the result.",
"#### ACFF Round 2",
"{{football box\n\\|date \\= {{Start date\\|2023\\|5\\|21\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|time \\= 15:00\n\\|team1 \\= \\[\\[RUS Binchoise\\|Binche]]\n\\|score \\= 1–2\n\\|aet \\=\n\\|report \\= \\[https://www.sudinfo.be/id666427/article/2023\\-05\\-18/tour\\-final\\-d2\\-acff\\-la\\-louviere\\-centre\\-fait\\-le\\-break\\-contre\\-meux\\-grace\\-sa report]\n\\|team2 \\= \\[\\[UR La Louvière Centre\\|La Louvière Centre]]\n\\|goals1 \\= \\[\\[Nabil Seggour\\|Seggour]] {{goal\\|68}}\n\\|goals2 \\= \\[\\[Yoroma Jatta\\|Jatta]] {{goal\\|25}} \n\\[\\[Wesley Lubaki\\-Evra\\|Lubaki\\-Evra]] {{goal\\|57}}\n\\|stadium \\=\n\\|attendance \\=\n\\|referee \\=\n}}",
"### Promotion play\\-offs Final",
"The two winners of the Promotion play\\-offs on the VV side ([Jong Cercle](/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V. \"Cercle Brugge K.S.V.\") and [Hasselt](/wiki/Sporting_Hasselt \"Sporting Hasselt\")) and [La Louvière Centre](/wiki/UR_La_Louvi%C3%A8re_Centre \"UR La Louvière Centre\"), the only team with a valid license taking part in the ACFF Promotion play\\-offs played a final tournament together with the team that finished in 14th place in the [2022–23 Belgian National Division 1](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Belgian_National_Division_1 \"2022–23 Belgian National Division 1\") ([Young Reds Antwerp](/wiki/Royal_Antwerp_F.C. \"Royal Antwerp F.C.\")). The winner of this play\\-off promotes to (or remains in) the 2023–24 Belgian National Division 1\\. As Young Reds Antwerp is a team from the VV side, there will be an extra VV team relegating from the 2022–23 Belgian Division 2 (and all levels below) in case the team from the ACFF side (La Louvière Centre) gets promoted. In this division, this meant that [R.F.C. Wetteren](/wiki/R.F.C._Wetteren \"R.F.C. Wetteren\"), the winner of the Relegation play\\-offs, had to hope La Louvière Centre would not win the Promotion play\\-offs Final.",
"#### Final Round 1",
"{{football box\n\\|date \\= {{Start date\\|2023\\|5\\|27\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|time \\= 20:00\n\\|team1 \\= \\[\\[UR La Louvière Centre\\|La Louvière Centre]]\n\\|score \\= 0–2\n\\|report \\= \\[https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20230529\\_95717417 report]\n\\|team2 \\= \\[\\[Royal Antwerp F.C.\\|Young Reds Antwerp]]\n\\|goals1 \\=\n\\|goals2 \\= \\[\\[Visar Shala\\|Shala]] {{goal\\|73\\|pen.}} \n\\[\\[Abdel\\-Malik Aziz\\|Aziz]] {{goal\\|90\\+2}}\n\\|stadium \\=\n\\|attendance \\=\n\\|referee \\=\n}}\n{{football box\n\\|date \\= {{Start date\\|2023\\|5\\|28\\|df\\=y}}\n\\|time \\= 15:00\n\\|team1 \\= \\[\\[Sporting Hasselt\\|Hasselt]]\n\\|score \\= 1–4\n\\|report \\= \\[https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20230528\\_96768643 report]\n\\|team2 \\= \\[\\[Cercle Brugge K.S.V.\\|Jong Cercle]]\n\\|goals1 \\= \\[\\[Jordi Maus\\|Maus]] {{goal\\|62}}\n\\|goals2 \\= \\[\\[Teun Wilke\\|Wilke]] {{goal\\|28}} \n\\[\\[Lucca Lucker\\|Lucker]] {{goal\\|44}} \n\\[\\[Wolf Ackx\\|Ackx]] {{goal\\|56}} \n\\[\\[Abdel\\-Malik Aziz\\|Aziz]] {{goal\\|87}}\n\\|stadium \\=\n\\|attendance \\=\n\\|referee \\=\n}}\nLa Louvière Centre and Hasselt were eliminated and remain in the Belgian Division 2\\. Due to the non\\-promotion of La Louvière Centre, both the outgoing and incoming team will be of the same (Flemish) side of the football pyramid, and hence there will be no extra promotions on ACFF side, nor extra relegations on VV side. On VV side in particular, the following teams were spared of relegation due to the loss of La Louvière Centre: [Wetteren](/wiki/R.F.C._Wetteren \"R.F.C. Wetteren\") (Division 2\\), [Witgoor](/wiki/K._Witgoor_Sport_Dessel \"K. Witgoor Sport Dessel\") (Division 3\\), [Ranst](/wiki/K.F.C._Ranst \"K.F.C. Ranst\") (1st Provincial Division Antwerp), [Willebroek](/wiki/Willebroekse_Sportvereniging \"Willebroekse Sportvereniging\") (2nd Provincial Division Antwerp) and [Berendrecht](/wiki/K.F.C._Berendrecht_Sport \"K.F.C. Berendrecht Sport\") (3rd Provincial Division Antwerp).",
"#### Final Round 2",
"{{football box\n\\|date \\= 3 June 2023\n\\|time \\= 14:30\n\\|team1 \\= \\[\\[Royal Antwerp F.C.\\|Young Reds Antwerp]]\n\\|score \\= 1–0\n\\|report \\= \\[https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20230603\\_95438126 report]\n\\|team2 \\= \\[\\[Cercle Brugge K.S.V.\\|Jong Cercle]]\n\\|goals1 \\= \\[\\[Visar Shala\\|Shala]] {{goal\\|84}}\n\\|goals2 \\=\n\\|stadium \\= Berlaar\n\\|attendance \\=\n\\|referee \\= Tim De Keyzer\n}}\nAs Young Reds Antwerp won the match, both clubs remained in their division. Young Reds Antwerp will play in the Belgian National Division 1, while Jong Cercle will play in the Belgian Division 2\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|right\|A street intersection in the City of the Future; detail of the [Futurama](/wiki/Futurama_%28New_York_World%27s_Fair%29 "Futurama (New York World's Fair)") exhibit at the [1939 New York World's Fair](/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair "1939 New York World's Fair")](/wiki/File:Street_intersection_Futurama.jpg "Street intersection Futurama.jpg")
### 1920s
In July 1925, [Houdina Radio Control](/wiki/Houdina_Radio_Control "Houdina Radio Control") first demonstrated the [radio\-controlled](/wiki/Radio_control "Radio control") "American Wonder" on New York City streets. The car was a [1926 Chandler](/wiki/Chandler_Motor_Car "Chandler Motor Car") that was equipped with a transmitting antenna on the [tonneau](/wiki/Tonneau "Tonneau") and was operated by a person in another car that followed it. The radio\-controlled car "barely missed trucks, automobiles and a milk wagon, finally crashing into a sedan."{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-evening\-news\-radio\-driven\-car\-hits\-s/147714843/ \|title\=Radio Driven Car Hits Sedan but Keeps Going \|newspaper\=\[\[The Patriot\-News\|The Evening News]] \|location\=\[\[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]] \|page\=8 \|date\=July 28, 1925 \|accessdate\=May 19, 2024 \|via\=newspapers.com}} In January 1927, after namesake Houdina reportedly left [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis "Indianapolis") without paying some of his workers, a story was circulated that the "radio control" was actually being done by a person hidden in the car.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-daily\-nonpareil\-wizard\-dupes\-hoosier/147716288/ \|title\=Wizard Dupes Hoosier Listeners \|newspaper\=\[\[The Daily Nonpareil]] \|location\=\[\[Council Bluffs, Iowa]] \|page\=8 \|date\=January 26, 1927 \|accessdate\=May 19, 2024 \|via\=newspapers.com}}
Reports of demonstrations of a "phantom motor car" or "phantom auto" in December 1926 in [Milwaukee, Wisconsin](/wiki/Milwaukee%2C_Wisconsin "Milwaukee, Wisconsin"),{{cite web\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=unBQAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=QQ8EAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=7304,3766749\|title\='Phantom Auto' will tour city\|work\=The Milwaukee Sentinel\|date\=8 December 1926\|accessdate\=23 July 2013\|archive\-date\=10 October 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010202440/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=unBQAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=QQ8EAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=7304,3766749\|url\-status\=dead}} and in June 1932 in [Fredericksburg, Virginia](/wiki/Fredericksburg%2C_Virginia "Fredericksburg, Virginia"), do not mention Houdina (the person or the company), although described capabilities of the car were consistent with the Houdina vehicle.{{cite web \|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=PthNAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=yYoDAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6442,3879017\|title\="Phantom Auto" to Be Operated Here\|work\=The Free\-Lance Star\|date\=17 June 1932\|accessdate\=14 September 2013 \|via\=\[\[Google News]]}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\-free\-lance\-star\-phantom\-auto\-is\-view/147716962/ \|title\=Phantom Auto is Viewed by Crowds \|newspaper\=\[\[The Free Lance–Star]] \|location\=\[\[Fredericksburg, Virginia]] \|page\=6 \|date\=June 27, 1932 \|accessdate\=May 19, 2024 \|via\=newspapers.com}}
### 1930s
An early depiction of automated guided cars was [Norman Bel Geddes](/wiki/Norman_Bel_Geddes "Norman Bel Geddes")'s [Futurama](/wiki/Futurama_%28New_York_World%27s_Fair%29 "Futurama (New York World's Fair)") exhibit sponsored by [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors") at the 1939 [World's Fair](/wiki/World%27s_Fair "World's Fair"), which showed radio\-controlled electric cars propelled via electromagnetic fields provided by circuits embedded in the roadway.[O'Toole (2009\)](/wiki/%23gridlock "#gridlock") pp. 189\-192
Bel Geddes later outlined his vision in his book Magic Motorways (1940\), promoting advances in highway design and transportation, foreshadowing the [Interstate Highway System](/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System "Interstate Highway System"), and arguing that humans should be removed from the process of driving. Bel Geddes predicted these advances to be a reality in 1960\.{{cite web\|url\=https://archive.org/details/magicmotorways00geddrich\|title\=Magic motorways\|first\=Norman Bel\|last\=Geddes\|publisher\=\[\[Random House]]\|via\=Internet Archive}} [Magic motorways](https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7205622M/Magic_motorways) by [Norman Bel Geddes](/wiki/Norman_Bel_Geddes "Norman Bel Geddes"), 1940\. [Full text](https://archive.org/stream/magicmotorways00geddrich/magicmotorways00geddrich_djvu.txt), pages 43 to 56\. Quote: "But these cars of 1960 and the highways on which they drive will have in them devices which will correct the faults of human beings as drivers. They will prevent the driver from committing errors. They will make it possible for him to proceed at full speed through dense fog."
[thumb\|right\|General Motors' Firebird III on display at the [Century 21 Exposition](/wiki/Century_21_Exposition "Century 21 Exposition"), [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle "Seattle"), 1962](/wiki/File:General_Motors_exhibit_at_Century_21_Exposition%2C_1962.jpg "General Motors exhibit at Century 21 Exposition, 1962.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|The [RRL](/wiki/Transport_Research_Laboratory "Transport Research Laboratory")'s modified 1960 [Citroen DS](/wiki/Citroen_DS "Citroen DS")19 to be automatically controlled at the [Science Museum, London](/wiki/Science_Museum%2C_London "Science Museum, London")](/wiki/File:800px_1973_377_Citroen_DS19_automatically_guided_motor_car.jpg "800px 1973 377 Citroen DS19 automatically guided motor car.jpg")
### 1950s
In 1953, [RCA Labs](/wiki/RCA "RCA") successfully created a system with a miniature car guided and controlled by wires laid in a pattern on a laboratory floor. The system sparked the imagination of Leland M. Hancock, traffic engineer in the Nebraska Department of Roads, and of his director, L. N. Ress, state engineer. The decision was made to experiment with the system in actual highway installations.
In 1957, a full size system was successfully demonstrated by RCA Labs and the [State of Nebraska](/wiki/State_of_Nebraska "State of Nebraska") on a 400\-foot strip of public highway at the intersection of [U.S. Route 77](/wiki/U.S._Route_77_in_Nebraska "U.S. Route 77 in Nebraska") and [Nebraska Highway 2](/wiki/Nebraska_Highway_2 "Nebraska Highway 2"), then just outside [Lincoln, Nebraska](/wiki/Lincoln%2C_Nebraska "Lincoln, Nebraska"). A series of experimental detector circuits buried in the pavement was paired with a series of lights along the edge of the road. The detector circuits were able to send impulses to guide the car and determine the presence and velocity of any metallic vehicle on its surface. A previous test installation of the system in September 1954 along [U.S. Route 73](/wiki/U.S._Route_73 "U.S. Route 73") and [U.S. Route 75](/wiki/U.S._Route_75_in_Nebraska "U.S. Route 75 in Nebraska") in [Cass County, Nebraska](/wiki/Cass_County%2C_Nebraska "Cass County, Nebraska"), was utilized as an experimental [traffic counter](/wiki/Traffic_counter "Traffic counter"). It was developed in collaboration with [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors"), who provided two standard car models with equipment consisting of special radio receivers and audible and visual warning devices that were able to simulate automatic steering, acceleration, and brake control.{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.wired.com/2009/11/autonomous\-cars/ \|title\=Autonomous Cars Will Make Us Safer\|date\=16 November 2009 \|magazine\=\[\[Wired (magazine)\|Wired]] \|access\-date\=20 October 2016\|last1\=Bartz\|first1\=Daniel}}{{Cite web\|title\=Driving the Dream \|url\=http://www.cspo.org/documents/article\_Wetmore\-DrivingTheDream.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122214019/http://www.cspo.org/documents/article\_Wetmore\-DrivingTheDream.pdf \|archive\-date\=2009\-11\-22 \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=11 April 2023 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://journalstar.com/news/local/govt\-and\-politics/nebraska\-tested\-driverless\-car\-technology\-years\-ago/article\_a702fab9\-cac3\-5a6e\-a95c\-9b597fdab078\.html \|title\=Nebraska tested driverless car technology 60 years ago\|first\=Nancy \|last\=Hicks \|date\=12 September 2017 \|publisher\=Journal Star \|access\-date\=2018\-03\-20}}
It was further demonstrated on 5 June 1960, at RCA Lab's headquarters in [Princeton, New Jersey](/wiki/Princeton%2C_New_Jersey "Princeton, New Jersey"), where reporters were allowed to "drive" the cars. Commercialization of the system was expected to happen by 1975\.{{cite web\|title\=ELECTRONIC ROADS CALLED PRACTICAL \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/06/06/archives/electronic\-roads\-called\-practical\-new\-system\-of\-guiding\-cars\-safely.html \|newspaper\=nytimes.com \|date\=6 June 1960 \|first\=Joseph C.\|last\=Ingraham}}{{cite web \|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=vUpeAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6885,3667738 \|title\=Reporter Rides Driverless Car \|work\=The Press\-Courier \|date\=7 June 1960\|access\-date\=21 July 2013}}
In addition, during the 1950s and throughout the 1960s, General Motors showcased its [Firebirds](/wiki/General_Motors_Firebird "General Motors Firebird"), a series of experimental cars that were described as having an "electronic guide system \[that] can rush it over an automatic highway while the driver relaxes".
Radar Assistance Systems, also with emergency brake functionality, were introduced in concept cars by major companies in the 1950s. Ford had Radar in the [FX Atomos](/wiki/Ford_FX-Atmos "Ford FX-Atmos") concept car with visualized information on a 'Roadarscope'. GM demonstrated the brake assist in a [Cadillac Cyclone](/wiki/Cadillac_Cyclone "Cadillac Cyclone") 1959\.{{cite web\|title\=25 concept cars from the jet age \|url\=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/motors/25\-concept\-cars\-from\-the\-jet\-age\-a3644241\.html
\|website\=\[\[Evening Standard]] \|date\=26 September 2017
\|access\-date\=11 April 2023 }}
### 1960s
In 1960, [Ohio State University](/wiki/Ohio_State_University "Ohio State University")'s Communication and Control Systems Laboratory launched a project to develop driverless cars which were activated by electronic devices embedded in the roadway. Head of the project, Dr. Robert L. Cosgriff, claimed in 1966 that the system could be ready for installation on a public road in 15 years.{{cite journal \|first1\=Rajvardhan \|last1\=Shendge1 \|first2\=Tejashree \|last2\=Shendge \|title\=This Automobile Doesn't Need Driver \|url\=https://ijarsct.co.in/Paper2855\.pdf \|journal\=International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology \|volume\=2 \|issue\=2 \|date\=March 2022 \|pages\=329–336 \|doi\=10\.48175/IJARSCT\-2855 \|access\-date\=December 11, 2023 }}
In the early 1960s, the Bureau of Public Roads considered the construction of an experimental electronically controlled highway. Four states – [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio "Ohio"), [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)") and [California](/wiki/California "California") – were bidding for the construction.{{cite web\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=zUxQAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=7032,1811148\|title\=DiSalle Seeks Road Funds In Washington\|date\=3 August 1961\|publisher\=Toledo Blade}} In August 1961, *[Popular Science](/wiki/Popular_Science "Popular Science")* reported on the Aeromobile 35B, an air\-cushion vehicle (ACV) that was invented by [William Bertelsen](/wiki/William_R._Bertelsen "William R. Bertelsen") and was envisioned to revolutionize the transportation system, with personal self\-driving [hovering](/wiki/Hovercar "Hovercar") cars that could speed up to 150 Mph.
During the 1960s, the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom")'s Transport and Road Research Laboratory tested a driverless [Citroen DS](/wiki/Citroen_DS "Citroen DS") that interacted with [magnetic cables](/wiki/Magnetic_cable "Magnetic cable") that were embedded in the road. It went through a test track at {{convert\|80\|mph\|kph}} without deviation of speed or direction in any weather conditions, and in a far more effective way than by human control.
### 1970s
Research continued in the 1970s with cruise control devices activated by signals in the cabling beneath the tracks. According to cost benefit analyses that were made, adoption of system on the British motorways would be repaid by end of the century, increase the road capacity by at least 50% and prevent around 40% of the accidents. Funding for these experiments was withdrawn by the mid\-1970s.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/4750544/Cruising\-into\-the\-future.html\|title\=Cruising into the future\|date\=26 May 2001\|publisher\=telegraph.co.uk\|location\=London\|first\=John\|last\=Reynolds}}{{cite web \|url\=http://uk.news.yahoo.com/how\-the\-first\-\-driverless\-car\-\-was\-invented\-in\-britain\-in\-1960\-093127757\.html\#TAIMeVa\|title\=How the first "driverless car" was invented in Britain in 1960\|date\=17 July 2013\|publisher\=Yahoo! News\|access\-date\=21 July 2013}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.flickr.com/photos/homer\-\-\-\-simpson/7768062772/\|title\=1960 Citroen DS19 \- "Driverless car"\|date\=12 August 2012\|publisher\=flickr.com}}
Also, during the 1960s and the 1970s, [Bendix Corporation](/wiki/Bendix_Corporation "Bendix Corporation") developed and tested driverless cars that were powered and controlled by buried cables, with wayside communicators relaying computer messages. [Stanford](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") demonstrated its Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Cart, a small wheeled robot that once accidentally navigated onto a nearby road.
Preliminary research into the intelligent automated logic needed for autonomous cars was conducted at the [Coordinated Science Laboratory](/wiki/Coordinated_Science_Laboratory "Coordinated Science Laboratory") of the [University of Illinois](/wiki/University_of_Illinois "University of Illinois") in the early to mid 1970s.Biss, K., Chien, R.T., Stahl, F.A., Weissman, S., "Semantic Modeling for Deductive Question\-Answering Systems", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS, C\-25(4\):358 \- 366, APRIL 1976
The first self\-driving car that did not rely upon rails or wires under the road is designed by the Japanese Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory in 1977\. The car was equipped with two cameras that used analog computer technology for signal processing.
### 1980s
In the 1980s, a vision\-guided [Mercedes\-Benz](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz "Mercedes-Benz") robotic van, designed by [Ernst Dickmanns](/wiki/Ernst_Dickmanns "Ernst Dickmanns") and his team at the [Bundeswehr University Munich](/wiki/Bundeswehr_University_Munich "Bundeswehr University Munich") in [Munich, Germany](/wiki/Munich%2C_Germany "Munich, Germany"), achieved a speed of {{convert\|59\.6\|mph\|kph}} on streets without traffic. Subsequently, [EUREKA](/wiki/Eureka_%28organization%29 "Eureka (organization)") conducted the {{currency\|749 million\|EUR}} [Prometheus Project](/wiki/EUREKA_Prometheus_Project "EUREKA Prometheus Project") on autonomous vehicles from 1987 to 1995\.
In the same decade, the [DARPA](/wiki/DARPA "DARPA")\-funded Autonomous Land driven Vehicle (ALV) project in the United States made use of new technologies developed by the University of Maryland, [Carnegie Mellon University](/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University "Carnegie Mellon University"), the [Environmental Research Institute of Michigan](/wiki/Environmental_Research_Institute_of_Michigan "Environmental Research Institute of Michigan"), Martin Marietta and [SRI International](/wiki/SRI_International "SRI International"). The ALV project achieved the first road\-following demonstration that used [lidar](/wiki/Lidar "Lidar"), [computer vision](/wiki/Computer_vision "Computer vision") and autonomous robotic control to direct a robotic vehicle at speeds of up to {{convert\|19\|mph\|kph}}. In 1987, HRL Laboratories (formerly Hughes Research Labs) demonstrated the first off\-road map and sensor\-based autonomous navigation on the ALV. The vehicle traveled over {{convert\|2000\|ft\|m}} at {{convert\|1\.9\|mph\|kph}} on complex terrain with steep slopes, ravines, large rocks, and vegetation. By 1989, [Carnegie Mellon University](/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University "Carnegie Mellon University") had pioneered the use of [neural networks](/wiki/Neural_networks "Neural networks") to steer and otherwise control autonomous vehicles,{{Cite journal\|url \= http://repository.cmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=2874\&context\=compsci\|title \= ALVINN: an autonomous land vehicle in a neural network\|last \= Pomerleau\|first \= Dean\|date \= 1989\|journal \= Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}} forming the basis of contemporary control strategies.
### 1990s
In 1991, the [United States Congress](/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress") passed the ISTEA Transportation Authorization bill, which instructed [USDOT](/wiki/USDOT "USDOT") to "demonstrate an automated vehicle and highway system by 1997\." The [Federal Highway Administration](/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration "Federal Highway Administration") took on this task, first with a series of Precursor Systems Analyses and then by establishing the National Automated Highway System Consortium (NAHSC). This cost\-shared project was led by FHWA and General Motors, with Caltrans, Delco, Parsons Brinkerhoff, Bechtel, UC\-Berkeley, Carnegie Mellon University, and Lockheed Martin as additional partners. Extensive systems engineering work and research culminated in Demo '97 on I\-15 in [San Diego, California](/wiki/San_Diego%2C_California "San Diego, California"), in which about 20 automated vehicles, including cars, buses, and trucks, were demonstrated to thousands of onlookers, attracting extensive media coverage. The demonstrations involved close\-headway [platooning](/wiki/Platoon_%28automobile%29 "Platoon (automobile)") intended to operate in segregated traffic, as well as "free agent" vehicles intended to operate in mixed traffic. Other carmakers were invited to demonstrate their systems, such that Toyota and Honda also participated. While the subsequent aim was to produce a system design to aid commercialization, the program was cancelled in the late 1990s due to tightening research budgets at USDOT. Overall funding for the program was in the range of $90 million.{{cite book\|last\=Bishop\|first\=Richard\|title\=Intelligent Vehicle Technologies and Trends\|year\=2005\|publisher\=Artech House\|location\=Boston\|isbn\=978\-1580539111\|page\=300}}
In June 1993, professor Han Min\-Hong in South Korea worked on a self\-driving car. He used an Asia Motors to test his car by having it drive around Seoul, accumulating a total of 17 kilometers travelled. Two years later, in 1995, a different car was tested by driving from Seoul to Busan via the Gyeongbu Highway in 1995\. As his work was ahead of its time in South Korea, the government focused on heavy industry like steel and shipbuilding at the time. As a result, government funding for his research was cut in the Korea University for his project. The consequences of this resulted in the termination of the self\-driving car development in South Korea. "It was born too early." "The technology couldn't catch up with the era." "Even if we entered the era a bit late, we could have become an Elon Musk of Korea." "It was the wrong era." These were some of the words that were spoken by Korean Netizens, who expressed disappointment about the cancellation of the program years later."{{cite web \|url\=https://www.gmnnews.com/%EC%97%AC%ED%96%89%ED%95%98%EC%A7%80\-%EC%95%8A%EC%9D%80\-%EA%B8%B8\-%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98\-%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A8\-%EC%A3%BC%ED%96%89\-%EA%B5%90%EC%88%98/
\|title\=여행하지 않은 길 : 한국의 자율 주행 교수\|work\=GMNnews\|date\=3 April 2021\|access\-date\=3 April 2021}}{{cite web \|url\=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/cars/heard\-of\-self\-driving\-santro\-from\-90s\-korean\-professor\-did\-it\-before\-tesla/amp\-41617345504841\.html\|title\=Heard of self\-driving Santro from 90s? Korean professor did it before Tesla\|work\=Hindustan times Autos\|date\=2 April 2021\|access\-date\=3 April 2021}}{{cite web \|url\=https://post.naver.com/viewer/postView.nhn?volumeNo\=30344402\&memberNo\=40864363\&vType\=VERTICAL\|title\=세계 최초로 자율 주행차 만든 한국인이 들었던 황당한 말
\|work\=오토포스트\|date\=31 December 2020\|access\-date\=3 April 2021}}{{cite web \|url\=https://mnews.joins.com/amparticle/22916189\|title\=\[권혁주 논설위원이 간다]"세계 첫 자율주행차는 한국"…25년 전 서울 시내 달렸다\|work\=중앙일보\|date\=27 August 2018\|access\-date\=3 April 2021}}
In 1994, the twin robot vehicles [VaMP](/wiki/VaMP "VaMP") and Vita\-2 of [Daimler\-Benz](/wiki/Daimler-Benz "Daimler-Benz") and Ernst Dickmanns of UniBwM drove more than {{convert\|620\|mi\|km}} on a Paris three\-lane highway in standard heavy traffic at speeds up to {{convert\|81\|mph\|kph}}, albeit semi\-autonomously with human interventions. They demonstrated autonomous driving in free lanes, convoy driving, and lane changes with autonomous passing of other cars.{{cite web\|date\=20 Sep 2016 \|title\=The PROMETHEUS project launched in 1986: Pioneering autonomous driving \|url\=https://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko/The\-PROMETHEUS\-project\-launched\-in\-1986\-Pioneering\-autonomous\-driving.xhtml?oid\=13744534 \|website\=Daimler }} That same year, [Lucas Industries](/wiki/Lucas_Industries "Lucas Industries") developed parts for a semi\-autonomous car in a project that was funded by [Jaguar Cars](/wiki/Jaguar_Cars "Jaguar Cars"), Lucas, and the UK Department of Trade and Industry.[Robot Car \| Raglan Tribe](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AlLZhcnpXYI). YouTube. Retrieved 12 March 2013\.
In 1995, [Carnegie Mellon University](/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University "Carnegie Mellon University")'s [Navlab](/wiki/Navlab "Navlab") project completed a {{convert\|3100\|mi\|km}} cross\-country journey, of which 98\.2% was autonomously controlled, dubbed "No Hands Across America".[No Hands Across America Home Page](https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/usr/tjochem/www/nhaa/nhaa_home_page.html). Retrieved 4 February 2013\. This car, however, was semi\-autonomous by nature: it used neural networks to control the steering wheel, but throttle and brakes were human\-controlled, chiefly for safety reasons. Also in 1995, Dickmanns' re\-engineered autonomous [S\-Class](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class "Mercedes-Benz S-Class") Mercedes\-Benz undertook a {{convert\|990\|mi\|km}} journey from [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich") in [Bavaria, Germany](/wiki/Bavaria "Bavaria") to [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen "Copenhagen"), [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark") and back, using [saccadic](/wiki/Saccadic "Saccadic") computer vision and [transputers](/wiki/Transputer "Transputer") to react in real time. The robot achieved speeds exceeding {{convert\|109\|mph\|kph}} on the German [Autobahn](/wiki/Autobahn "Autobahn"), with a mean time between human interventions of {{convert\|5\.6\|mi\|km}}, or 95% autonomous driving. It drove in traffic, executing manoeuvres to pass other cars. Despite being a research system without emphasis on long distance reliability, it drove up to {{convert\|98\|mi\|km}} without human intervention.{{Citation needed\|date\=July 2011}}
In 1996, (now Professor) [Alberto Broggi](/wiki/Alberto_Broggi "Alberto Broggi") of the [University of Parma](/wiki/University_of_Parma "University of Parma") launched the ARGO Project, which worked on enabling a modified [Lancia Thema](/wiki/Lancia_Thema "Lancia Thema") to follow the normal (painted) lane marks in an unmodified highway.{{cite news
\|date\=October 11, 2010
\|title\=Google Car: Not the First Self\-Driving Vehicle
\|first\=Chloe
\|last\=Albanesius
\|url\=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2370598,00\.asp
\|work\=PC Magazine
}} The culmination of the project was a journey of {{convert\|1,200\|mi\|km}} over six days on the motorways of northern Italy dubbed *Mille Miglia in Automatico* ("One thousand automatic miles"), with an average speed of {{convert\|56\|mph\|kph}}.{{cite web\|url\=http://millemiglia.ce.unipr.it/ARGO/english\|title\=ARGO Home Page\|work\=unipr.it}} The car operated in fully automatic mode for 94% of its journey, with the longest automatic stretch being {{convert\|34\|mi\|km}}. The vehicle had only two black\-and\-white low\-cost [video cameras](/wiki/Video_camera "Video camera") on board and used [stereoscopic vision](/wiki/Stereoscopy "Stereoscopy") algorithms to understand its environment.
[thumb\|right\|The [ParkShuttle](/wiki/ParkShuttle "ParkShuttle") at the Netherlands in August 2005The](/wiki/File:Parkshuttle.jpg "Parkshuttle.jpg") [ParkShuttle](/wiki/ParkShuttle "ParkShuttle"), billed as the world's first driverless vehicle,[Driverless Parkshuttle](http://www.2getthere.eu/driverless-parkshuttle/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224134621/http://www.2getthere.eu/driverless\-parkshuttle/ \|date\=2017\-02\-24 }} \- 2getthere is an [automated people mover](/wiki/Automated_people_mover "Automated people mover") which uses artificial reference points (magnets) embedded in the road surface to verify its position. Two pilot projects were started in the Netherlands, at Schiphol Airport (December 1997\) and business park Rivium (1999\). Both carried members of the general public and as such claim stake to the title to the first driverless vehicles. The vehicles are autonomous, do not feature a steering wheel or pedals, nor do they have a safety driver or steward on board. They drive at grade, on a dedicated lane which does feature intersections with pedestrians, bicyclists and cars.[Park shuttle automated driverless vehicle](http://faculty.washington.edu/jbs/itrans/parkshut.htm). [University of Washington](/wiki/University_of_Washington "University of Washington"). 2009\. Retrieved 14 March 2013\.
In 1998, Willie Jones Jones, W.D. "Keeping Cars from Crashing." IEEE Spectrum 38\.9 (2001\): 40–45\. states that many automakers consider autonomous technology as part of their research yearly. He notes "In May 1998, Toyota became the first to introduce an Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system on a production vehicle when it unveiled a laser\-based system for its Progres compact luxury sedan, which it sold in Japan".Jones, W.D. "Keeping Cars from Crashing." IEEE Spectrum 38\.9 (2001\): 40–45\. Retrieved 24 October 2014\.
### 2000s
The [US Government](/wiki/United_States_Government "United States Government") funded three military efforts known as Demo I (US Army), Demo II (DARPA), and Demo III ([US Army](/wiki/US_Army "US Army")). Demo III (2001\){{cite web\|url\=http://www.isd.mel.nist.gov/documents/albus/4DRCS.pdf\|title\=4\-D/RCS reference model architecture for unmanned ground vehicles\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040725051856/http://www.isd.mel.nist.gov/documents/albus/4DRCS.pdf \|archive\-date\=25 July 2004 }} demonstrated the ability of unmanned ground vehicles to navigate miles of difficult off\-road terrain, avoiding obstacles such as rocks and trees. [James Albus](/wiki/James_Albus "James Albus") at the [National Institute of Standards and Technology](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology "National Institute of Standards and Technology") provided the [Real\-Time Control System](/wiki/Real-Time_Control_System "Real-Time Control System") which is a [hierarchical control system](/wiki/Hierarchical_control_system "Hierarchical control system"). Not only were individual vehicles controlled (e.g. throttle, steering, and brake), but groups of vehicles had their movements automatically coordinated in response to high level goals.
In [the first Grand Challenge](/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge_%282004%29 "DARPA Grand Challenge (2004)") held in March 2004, [DARPA (the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)](/wiki/DARPA "DARPA") offered a $1 million prize to any team of robotic engineers which could create an autonomous car capable of finishing a 150\-mile course in the Mojave Desert. No team was successful in completing the course.{{cite journal \|last\=Dudley \|first\=David \|date\=January 2015 \|title\=The Driverless Car Is (Almost) Here; The self\-driving car — a godsend for older Americans — is now on the horizon \|url\=http://www.aarp.org/home\-family/personal\-technology/info\-2014/google\-self\-driving\-car.html \|journal\=AARP the Magazine \|publisher\=AARP \|access\-date\=30 November 2015 }}
In October 2005, [the second DARPA Grand Challenge](/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge_%282005%29 "DARPA Grand Challenge (2005)") was again held in a desert environment. GPS points were placed and obstacle types were located in advance.[Thrun, Sebastian](/wiki/Sebastian_Thrun "Sebastian Thrun"). "[Toward Robotic Cars](https://m-cacm.acm.org/magazines/2010/4/81485-toward-robotic-cars/fulltext)." Communications of the ACM 53\.4 (2010\): 99–106\. Computer \& Applied Sciences Complete. Retrieved 24 October 2014\. This year, five vehicles completed the course. David Hall of [Velodyne](/wiki/Velodyne "Velodyne") competed in the event with a prototype [lidar](/wiki/Lidar "Lidar") sensor, which he then manufactured with [Velodyne LiDAR](/wiki/Velodyne_LiDAR "Velodyne LiDAR"). Lidar quickly became an integral sensor for self\-driving vehicles, and five out of six of the vehicles that finished the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge used Velodyne's product.{{Cite web \|date\=2 January 2017 \|title\=It Began With a Race…16 Years of Velodyne LiDAR \|url\=https://velodynelidar.com/blog/it\-began\-with\-a\-race16\-years\-of\-velodyne\-lidar/ \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-08 \|website\=\[\[Velodyne LiDAR]]}}{{Cite web \|last\=Popper \|first\=Ben \|date\=2017\-10\-18 \|title\=Guiding Light \- The billion\-dollar widget steering the driverless car industry \|url\=https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/18/16491052/velodyne\-lidar\-mapping\-self\-driving\-car\-david\-hall\-interview \|access\-date\=8 October 2020 \|website\=\[\[The Verge]] }}
In January 2006, the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom")'s 'Foresight' think\-tank revealed a report which predicts [RFID](/wiki/RFID "RFID")\-tagged driverless cars on UK's roads by 2056 and the [Royal Academy of Engineering](/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering "Royal Academy of Engineering") claimed that driverless trucks could be on Britain's motorways by 2019\.{{cite web\|last\=McCue \|first\=Andy \|url\=http://www.silicon.com/management/public\-sector/2006/01/26/rfid\-tagged\-driverless\-cars\-on\-roads\-by\-2056\-39155962/ \|title\=RFID\-tagged driverless cars on roads by 2056 \|publisher\=Silicon.com \|date\=26 January 2006 \|access\-date\=20 November 2011}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.roadsafetygb.org.uk/news/541\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511081411/http://www.roadsafetygb.org.uk/news/541\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=11 May 2012 \|title\=Driverless trucks by 2019 \|publisher\=Roadsafetygb.org.uk \|access\-date\=20 November 2011 }}
[thumb\|right\|[Spirit of Berlin](/wiki/Spirit_of_Berlin "Spirit of Berlin") at Berlin, Germany in May 2007](/wiki/File:Spirit_of_Berlin.jpg "Spirit of Berlin.jpg")
In November 2007, DARPA again sponsored [Grand Challenge III](/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge_%282007%29 "DARPA Grand Challenge (2007)"), but this time the Challenge was held in an urban environment. In this race, a 2007 Chevy Tahoe autonomous car from Carnegie Mellon University earned the 1st place. Prize competitions as DARPA Grand Challenges gave students and researchers an opportunity to research a project on autonomous cars to reduce the burden of transportation problems such as traffic congestion and traffic accidents that increasingly exist on many urban residents.
Autonomous vehicles have also been used in mining. In December 2008, [Rio Tinto Alcan](/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Alcan "Rio Tinto Alcan") began testing the [Komatsu](/wiki/Komatsu_Limited "Komatsu Limited") Autonomous Haulage System – the world's first commercial autonomous mining haulage system – in the [Pilbara](/wiki/Pilbara "Pilbara") iron ore mine in [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia "Western Australia"). Rio Tinto has reported benefits in health, safety, and productivity. In November 2011, Rio Tinto signed a deal to greatly expand its fleet of driverless trucks.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.theindonesiatoday.com/Resources\-Headlines/Resources\-Headlines/Rio\-Tinto\-Expands\-Driverless\-Truck\-Fleet/News \|title\=Rio Tinto Expands Driverless Truck Fleet \|date\=2 November 2011 \|access\-date\=2014\-12\-20 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220174702/http://www.theindonesiatoday.com/Resources\-Headlines/Resources\-Headlines/Rio\-Tinto\-Expands\-Driverless\-Truck\-Fleet/News \|archive\-date\=2014\-12\-20 \|url\-status\=dead }}
Google began [developing](/wiki/New_product_development "New product development") its self\-driving cars in 2009, but did so privately, avoiding public announcement of the program until a later time.
### 2010s
{{Cleanup\|date\=June 2019\|reason\=Needs to be shorter and more coherent than just a long list of things.}}
Many major automotive manufacturers, including [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors"), [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company"), [Mercedes\-Benz](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz "Mercedes-Benz"), [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen "Volkswagen"), [Audi](/wiki/Audi "Audi"), [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan "Nissan"), [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota "Toyota"), [BMW](/wiki/BMW "BMW"), and [Volvo](/wiki/Volvo "Volvo"), are in the process of testing driverless car systems. BMW has been testing driverless systems since around 2005,{{cite web\|author\=Jack Carfrae \|url\=http://www.thenational.ae/business/technology/an\-automated\-adventure\-at\-the\-wheel\-of\-a\-driverless\-bmw \|title\=An automated adventure at the wheel of a driverless BMW – The National \|publisher\=Thenational.ae \|date\=25 May 2010 \|access\-date\=28 April 2012}}["The driverless car is coming. And we all should be glad it is."](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443524904577651552635911824) by Dan Niel *Wall Street Journal*. 24 September 2012\. in 2010, Audi sent a driverless Audi TTS to the top of [Pike’s Peak](/wiki/Pike%E2%80%99s_Peak "Pike’s Peak") at close to race speeds.
**2010**
In 2010, [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy")'s [VisLab](/wiki/VisLab "VisLab") from the [University of Parma](/wiki/University_of_Parma "University of Parma"), led by Professor [Alberto Broggi](/wiki/Alberto_Broggi "Alberto Broggi"), ran the [VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge](/wiki/VisLab_Intercontinental_Autonomous_Challenge "VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge") (VIAC), a {{convert\|9900\|mi\|km\|adj\=on}} test run which marked the first intercontinental land journey completed by autonomous vehicles. Four electric vans made a 100\-day journey, leaving [Parma](/wiki/Parma%2C_Italy "Parma, Italy"), Italy, on 20 July 2010, and arriving at the [Shanghai Expo](/wiki/Expo_2010 "Expo 2010") in [China](/wiki/China "China") on 28 October.
The research project is co\-funded by the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union") CORDIS program.["Without driver or map, vans go from Italy to China"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181019205654/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/A/AS_CHINA_EU_DRIVERLESS_VEHICLE?SITE=VASTR&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT). Elaine Kurtenbac. Associated Press. Retrieved 5 February 2013\.
In 2010, the Institute of Control Engineering of the Technische Universität Braunschweig demonstrated the first autonomous driving on public streets in Germany with the research vehicle Leonie. It was the first car licensed for autonomous driving on the streets and highways in Germany.{{cite web\|url\=https://blogs.tu\-braunschweig.de/presseinformationen/?p\=53\|title\=Forschungsfahrzeug "Leonie" fährt automatisch auf dem Braunschweiger Stadtring\|date\=5 October 2010\|access\-date\=29 October 2014}}
In October 2010, an attorney for the [California Department of Motor Vehicles](/wiki/California_Department_of_Motor_Vehicles "California Department of Motor Vehicles"), raised concerns that "\[t]he technology is ahead of the law in many areas", citing state laws that "all presume to have a human being operating the vehicle".{{cite news\|author\=John Markoff\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/science/10google.html\|title\=Google Cars Drive Themselves, in Traffic\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=October 9, 2010\|access\-date\=October 11, 2010\|author\-link\=John Markoff}}
**2011**
In 2011, the Freie Universität Berlin developed two autonomous cars to drive in the inner city traffic of Berlin in Germany. Led by the AutoNOMOS group, the two vehicles [Spirit of Berlin](/wiki/Spirit_of_Berlin "Spirit of Berlin") and [MadeInGermany](/wiki/MadeInGermany "MadeInGermany") handled intercity traffic, traffic lights and roundabouts between [International Congress Centrum](/wiki/International_Congress_Centrum "International Congress Centrum") and [Brandenburg Gate](/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate "Brandenburg Gate"). It was financed by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fu\-berlin.de/en/presse/informationen/fup/2011/fup\_11\_291/\|title\=Brandenburg Gate Mission Accomplished – Autonomous Car Navigates the Streets of Berlin\|publisher\=FU Berlin\|author\=FU Berlin\|date\=17 July 2013\|access\-date\=17 July 2013}}
In 2011, GM created the EN\-V (short for Electric Networked Vehicle), an autonomous electric urban vehicle.["EN\-V electric networked car concept by GM begins pilot testing"](http://www.designboom.com/weblog/cat/16/view/17067/en-v-electric-networked-car-concept-by-gm-begins-pilot-testing.html). DesignBoom.com. 14 October 2011\. Retrieved 7 January 2013\.
**2012**
[thumb\|right\|[MadeInGermany](/wiki/MadeInGermany "MadeInGermany") at Berlin, Germany in 2012](/wiki/File:MadeInGermany.jpg "MadeInGermany.jpg")
In 2012, Volkswagen began testing a "Temporary Auto Pilot" (TAP) system that will allow a car to drive itself at speeds of up to {{convert\|80\|mph\|kph}} on the highway.{{cite web \|url\=http://media.vw.com/newsrelease.do;jsessionid\=29F1827573C75FB72BF0CA0FB91FE2EF?\&id\=746\&allImage\=1\&teaser\=driving\-without\-driver\-volkswagen\-presents\-temporary\-auto\-pilot∣\=138 \|title\=Driving Without a Driver – Volkswagen presents the "Temporary Auto Pilot" \|publisher\=Media.vw.com \|access\-date\=28 April 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006062302/http://media.vw.com/newsrelease.do \|archive\-date\=2012\-10\-06 \|url\-status\=dead }}
Ford has conducted extensive research into driverless systems and vehicular communication systems.{{cite web \|url\=http://gigaom.com/mobile/ford\-is\-ready\-for\-the\-autonomous\-car\-are\-drivers/ \|title\=Ford is ready for the autonomous car. Are drivers? – Mobile Technology News \|publisher\=Gigaom.com \|date\=9 April 2012 \|access\-date\=28 April 2012 \|archive\-date\=21 April 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421202933/http://gigaom.com/mobile/ford\-is\-ready\-for\-the\-autonomous\-car\-are\-drivers/ \|url\-status\=dead }}
In April 2012, [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida") became the second state in the United States to allow the testing of autonomous cars on public roads,Ana Valdes (July 5, 2012\). [Florida Embraces Self\-Driving Cars](http://www.wptv.com/dpp/news/state/florida-embraces-self-driving-cars-as-engineers-and-lawmakers-prepare-for-the-new-technology) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412143433/http://www.wptv.com/dpp/news/state/florida\-embraces\-self\-driving\-cars\-as\-engineers\-and\-lawmakers\-prepare\-for\-the\-new\-technology \|date\=2013\-04\-12 }} Retrieved March 31, 2013\. and [California](/wiki/California "California") became the third when Governor [Jerry Brown](/wiki/Jerry_Brown "Jerry Brown") signed the bill into law at Google Headquarters in [Mountain View](/wiki/Mountain_View%2C_California "Mountain View, California").John Oram (9\-27\-2012\). [Governor Brown Signs California Driverless Car Law at Google HQ](http://www.brightsideofnews.com/news/2012/9/27/governor-brown-signs-california-driverless-car-law-at-google-hq-.aspx) Retrieved March 31, 2013\.
[thumb\|left\|[Lexus RX450h](/wiki/Lexus_RX450h "Lexus RX450h") retrofitted as a [Google driverless car](/wiki/Waymo "Waymo")](/wiki/File:Google%27s_Lexus_RX_450h_Self-Driving_Car.jpg "Google's Lexus RX 450h Self-Driving Car.jpg")
On 1 May 2012, a {{convert\|22\|km\|abbr\=on\|adj\=on}} [driving test](/wiki/Driving_test "Driving test") was administered to a Google self\-driving car by [Nevada](/wiki/Nevada "Nevada") [motor vehicle examiners](/wiki/Nevada_Department_of_Motor_Vehicles "Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles") in a test route in the city of [Las Vegas, Nevada](/wiki/Las_Vegas%2C_Nevada "Las Vegas, Nevada"). The autonomous car passed the test but was not tested at [roundabouts](/wiki/Roundabout "Roundabout"), no\-signal railroad crossings, or school zones.
{{cite news \|last1\=Harris\|first1\=Mark \|title\=How Google's Autonomous Car Passed the First U.S. State Self\-Driving Test \|url\=https://spectrum.ieee.org/how\-googles\-autonomous\-car\-passed\-the\-first\-us\-state\-selfdriving\-test \|access\-date\=2014\-09\-13 \|work\=\[\[IEEE Spectrum]] \|publisher\=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers \|date\=2014\-09\-10 }}
Nevada passed a law in June 2011 concerning the operation of autonomous cars in Nevada,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/06/ab511\-20110625\.html\|title\=Nevada enacts law authorizing autonomous (driverless) vehicles\|date\=25 June 2011\|publisher\=\[\[Green Car Congress]]\|access\-date\=25 June 2011}} which went into effect on March 1, 2012\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk\-usa\-nevada\-google\-idUSLNE84701320120508\| title\=Google gets first self\-driven car license in Nevada\|author\=Mary Slosson \|work\=\[\[Reuters]]\| date\=May 8, 2012\| access\-date\=May 9, 2012}}
A [Toyota Prius](/wiki/Toyota_Prius "Toyota Prius") modified with Google's experimental driverless technology was licensed by the [Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles](/wiki/Nevada_Department_of_Motor_Vehicles "Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles") (DMV) in May 2012\. This was the first license issued in the United States for a self\-driven car. License plates issued in Nevada for testing autonomous cars have a red background and feature an [infinity symbol](/wiki/Infinity_symbol "Infinity symbol") (∞) on the left side because, according to the DMV Director, "...using the infinity symbol was the best way to represent the 'car of the future{{'"}}.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2012/may/07/nevada\-issues\-google\-first\-license\-self\-driving\-ca/\|title\=Nevada issues Google first license for self\-driving car\|author\=Cy Ryan\|work\=\[\[Las Vegas Sun]]\|date\=May 7, 2012\|access\-date\=May 12, 2012}} Nevada's test regulations required a person behind the wheel and one in the passenger's seat during tests.
**2013**
In January 2013, Toyota demonstrated a partially self\-driving car with numerous sensors and communication systems. Other programs in the field include the [2GetThere](/wiki/ParkShuttle "ParkShuttle") passenger vehicles from the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") and the [DARPA Grand Challenge](/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge "DARPA Grand Challenge") in the USA; some plans for bimodal public transport systems include autonomous cars as a component.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.eubase.net/reports/PCT.html \|title\=Public Containerised Transport, ways to improve the efficiency and experience of travel by intermodalizing automobiles \|publisher\=Nordic Communications Corporation \|date\=4 January 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314083116/http://www.eubase.net/reports/PCT.html \|archive\-date\=14 March 2013 }}
On 12 July 2013, VisLab conducted another pioneering test of autonomous vehicles, during which a robotic vehicle drove in downtown Parma with no human control, successfully navigating roundabouts, traffic lights, pedestrian crossings and other common hazards.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.vislab.it/proud\|title\=PROUD Car Test 2013\|publisher\=VisLab\|author\=Alberto Broggi\|date\=17 July 2013\|access\-date\=17 July 2013}}
In August 2013, [Daimler](/wiki/Daimler_AG "Daimler AG") R\&D with [Karlsruhe Institute of Technology](/wiki/Karlsruhe_Institute_of_Technology "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology")/FZI, made a Mercedes\-Benz S\-class vehicle with close\-to\-production [stereo cameras](/wiki/Stereo_camera "Stereo camera"){{cite book\|author1\=Hamilton, O.K. \|author2\=Breckon, T.P. \|author3\=Bai, X. \|author4\=Kamata, S. \| chapter\=A Foreground Object based Quantitative Assessment of Dense Stereo Approaches for use in Automotive Environments\| title\=Proc. International Conference on Image Processing\|date\=September 2013\| pages\=418–422\| publisher\=IEEE\| chapter\-url\=http://breckon.eu/toby/publications/papers/hamilton13stereo.pdf\| access\-date\=19 November 2013}} and [radars](/wiki/Radars "Radars") drive completely autonomously for about 100 km from Mannheim to Pforzheim, Germany, following the historic [Bertha Benz Memorial Route](/wiki/Bertha_Benz_Memorial_Route "Bertha Benz Memorial Route").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=G5kJ\_8JAp\-w\|title\=Mercedes\-Benz S 500 INTELLIGENT DRIVE \|publisher\=youtube\|author\=Daimler\|date\=8 September 2013\|access\-date\=14 October 2013}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323808204579085271065923340\|title\=Driverless Cars for the Road Ahead\|publisher\=Wall Street Journal\|author\=Dan Neal\|date\=27 September 2013\|access\-date\=14 October 2013}}
Also in August 2013, Nissan announced its plans to launch several driverless cars by 2020\. The company is building in Japan a dedicated autonomous driving proving ground, to be completed in 2014\. Nissan installed its autonomous car technology in a [Nissan Leaf](/wiki/Nissan_Leaf "Nissan Leaf") [electric car](/wiki/Electric_car "Electric car") for demonstration purposes. The car was demonstrated at Nissan 360 test drive event held in California in August 2013\.{{cite web\|access\-date\=2014\-03\-05\|author\=Nissan News\|date\=2013\-08\-28\|publisher\=Green Car Congress\|title\=Nissan says it will have first commercially\-viable autonomous drive vehicles by 2020; across the range in 2 vehicle generations\|url\=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/08/20130828\-ad.html}}{{cite news\|url\=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/29/nissan\-announces\-plans\-to\-release\-driverless\-cars\-by\-2020/?\_php\=true\&\_type\=blogs\&ref\=automobiles\&\_r\=0\|title\=Nissan Announces Plans to Release Driverless Cars by 2020 \|author\=Paul Stenquist\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=2013\-08\-29\|access\-date\=2014\-03\-05}} In September 2013, the Leaf fitted the prototype Advanced Driver Assistance System was granted a license plate that allows to drive it on Japanese public roads. The testing car will be used by Nissan engineers to evaluate how its in\-house autonomous driving software performs in the real world. Time spent on public roads will help refine the car's software for fully automated driving.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.plugincars.com/nissan\-first\-advanced\-driver\-assistance\-leaf\-hits\-roads\-japan\-128415\.html\|title\=Nissan's Autonomous LEAF Granted License for Public Roads in Japan\|author\=Nikki Gordon\-Bloomfield\|publisher\=PluginCars.com\|date\=2013\-09\-26\|access\-date\=2014\-03\-05}} The autonomous Leaf was demonstrated on public roads for the first time at a media event held in Japan in November 2013\. The Leaf drove on the Sagami Expressway in [Kanagawa prefecture](/wiki/Kanagawa_prefecture "Kanagawa prefecture"), near Tokyo. Nissan vice chairman [Toshiyuki Shiga](/wiki/Toshiyuki_Shiga "Toshiyuki Shiga") and the prefecture's Governor, Yuji Kuroiwa, rode in the car during the test.{{cite news\|url\=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2013/12/02/self\-driving\-nissan\-electric\-car\-takes\-to\-highway/\|title\=Self\-Driving Nissan Electric Car Takes to Highway\|author\=Jonathan Welsh\|work\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]]\|date\=2013\-12\-02\|access\-date\=2014\-03\-05}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.engadget.com/2013/11/26/nissan\-leaf\-is\-first\-autonomous\-car\-on\-japanese\-public\-roads/ \|title\=Nissan Leaf prototype becomes first autonomous car to hit Japanese highways (video) \|author\=Alexis Santos\|publisher\=Engadget.com \|date\=2013\-11\-26\|access\-date\=2014\-03\-05}}
Available in 2013, the [2014 Mercedes S\-Class](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_%28W222%29 "Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222)") has options for autonomous steering, [lane keeping](/wiki/Lane_departure_warning_system "Lane departure warning system"), [acceleration/braking](/wiki/Adaptive_cruise_control "Adaptive cruise control"), [parking](/wiki/Automatic_parking "Automatic parking"), [accident avoidance](/wiki/Precrash_system "Precrash system"), and [driver fatigue detection](/wiki/Driver_drowsiness_detection "Driver drowsiness detection"), in both city traffic and highway speeds of up to {{convert\|124\|mi\|km}} per hour.{{cite news\|last\=Stenquist\|first\=Paul\|title\=On the Road to Autonomous, a Pause at Extrasensory\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/27/automobiles/on\-the\-road\-to\-autonomous\-a\-pause\-at\-extrasensory.html?pagewanted\=all\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=28 October 2013\|date\=25 October 2013}}{{cite news\|last\=Ewing\|first\=Jack\|title\=A Benz With a Virtual Chauffeur\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/automobiles/a\-benz\-with\-a\-virtual\-chauffeur.html\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=19 May 2013\|date\=16 May 2013}}{{cite web\|last\=Ingraham\|first\=Nathan\|title\=Mercedes\-Benz shows off self\-driving car technology in its new $100,000 S\-Class\|url\=https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/18/4341656/mercedes\-benz\-shows\-off\-self\-driving\-car\-technology\|work\=The Verge\|access\-date\=19 May 2013\|date\=18 May 2013}}{{cite web\|last\=English\|first\=Andrew\|title\=New Car Tech: 2014 Mercedes\-Benz S\-Class\|url\=http://www.roadandtrack.com/go/first\-looks/new\-car\-tech\-2014\-mercedes\-benz\-s\-class\|work\=Road \& Track\|access\-date\=13 April 2013\|date\=20 November 2012}}
Released in 2013, the 2014 [Infiniti Q50](/wiki/Infiniti_Q50 "Infiniti Q50") uses cameras, radar and other technology to deliver various lane\-keeping, collision avoidance and cruise control features. One reviewer remarked, "With the Q50 managing its speed and adjusting course, I could sit back and simply watch, even on mildly curving highways, for three or more miles at a stretch," adding that he wasn't touching the steering wheel or pedals.{{cite news\|last\=Ulrich\|first\=Lawrence\|title\=Feeling a Bit Obsolete in the Driver's Seat\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/15/automobiles/autoreviews/feeling\-a\-bit\-obsolete\-in\-the\-drivers\-seat.html\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=18 December 2013\|date\=15 December 2013}}
Although as of 2013, fully autonomous vehicles are not yet available to the public, many contemporary car models have features offering limited autonomous functionality. These include [adaptive cruise control](/wiki/Adaptive_cruise_control "Adaptive cruise control"), a system that monitors distances to adjacent vehicles in the same lane, adjusting the speed with the flow of traffic; [lane assist](/wiki/Lane_departure_warning_system "Lane departure warning system"), which monitors the vehicle's position in the lane, and either warns the driver when the vehicle is leaving its lane, or, less commonly, takes corrective actions; and [parking assist](/wiki/Automatic_parking "Automatic parking"), which assists the driver in the task of [parallel parking](/wiki/Parallel_parking "Parallel parking").{{cite web\|url\=http://blog.laptopmag.com/high\-tech\-cars\-go\-mainstream\-self\-driving\-in\-car\-radar\-more\|title\=The Race to Build Self\-Driving Cars\|author\= Daniel P. Howley\|work\=Laptop\|date\=23 August 2012\|access\-date\=12 March 2013}}
**2014**
[thumb\|Nissan autonomous prototype technology was fitted on a [Nissan Leaf](/wiki/Nissan_Leaf "Nissan Leaf") [all\-electric car](/wiki/All-electric_car "All-electric car").](/wiki/File:2014-03-04_Geneva_Motor_Show_1186.JPG "2014-03-04 Geneva Motor Show 1186.JPG")
In January 2014, Induct Technology's [Navia](/wiki/Navia_%28vehicle%29 "Navia (vehicle)") shuttle became the first self\-driving vehicle to be available for commercial sale.{{cite web\|last\=Maisto\|first\=Michelle\|title\=Induct Now Selling Navia, First Self\-Driving Commercial Vehicle\|url\=http://www.eweek.com/innovation/induct\-now\-selling\-navia\-first\-self\-driving\-commercial\-vehicle.html/\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20140107184549/http://www.eweek.com/innovation/induct\-now\-selling\-navia\-first\-self\-driving\-commercial\-vehicle.html/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 7, 2014\|work\=eWeek\|access\-date\=7 January 2014\|date\=6 January 2014}} Limited to {{convert\|12\.5\|mph\|kph}}, the open\-air electric vehicle resembles a golf cart and seats up to eight people. It is intended to shuttle people around "pedestrianized city centers, large industrial sites, airports, theme parks, university campuses or hospital complexes."{{cite web\|title\=Navia – The 100% Electric Automated Transport\|url\=http://induct\-technology.com/en/products/navia\-the\-100\-electric\-automated\-transport\|work\=Induct Technology\|access\-date\=7 January 2014\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130725140356/http://induct\-technology.com/en/products/navia\-the\-100\-electric\-automated\-transport\|archive\-date\=2013\-07\-25\|url\-status\=dead}}
On May 27, 2014, [Google](/wiki/Google "Google"){{cite web\|url\=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2014/05/just\-press\-go\-designing\-self\-driving.html\|title\=Official Google Blog: Just press go: designing a self\-driving vehicle\|work\=Official Google Blog\|date\=27 May 2014}} announced plans to unveil 100 autonomous car prototypes built from scratch inside [Google's secret X lab](/wiki/X_Development "X Development"), as manifestations of years of work that began by [modifying existing vehicles](/wiki/Google_driverless_car "Google driverless car"), along with, "in the next couple of years" according to Google in the above blog post, a pilot program similar to that which was used for the Cr\-48 [Chromebook](/wiki/Chromebook "Chromebook") back in 2010\.
In October 2014, [Tesla Motors](/wiki/Tesla_Motors "Tesla Motors") announced its first version of [Autopilot](/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot "Tesla Autopilot"). [Model S](/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S") cars equipped with this system are capable of lane control with autonomous steering, braking, and speed limit adjustment based on signal image recognition. The system also provides autonomous parking and can receive software updates to improve skills over time.{{cite web\|first\=Josh \|last\=Lowensohn\|date\=2014\-10\-10\|publisher\=Vox Media\|title\=This is Tesla's D: an all\-wheel\-drive Model S with eyes on the road\|url\=https://www.theverge.com/2014/10/9/6955357/this\-is\-tesla\-s\-d\-an\-all\-wheel\-drive\-car\-with\-eyes\-on\-the\-road\|work\=The Verge}}
In 2014, [SAE International](/wiki/SAE_International "SAE International"), an automotive standardization body, published a classification system with six levels – ranging from fully manual to fully automated systems –, as J3016, *Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to On\-Road Motor Vehicle Automated Driving Systems*.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.adaptive\-ip.eu/index.php/deliverables\_papers.html?file\=files/adaptive/content/downloads/Deliverables%20%26%20papers/AdaptIVe\-SP2\-v12\-DL\-D2\.1%20System%20Classification.pdf\|title\=AdaptIVe system classification and glossary on Automated driving\|access\-date\=11 September 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007124740/https://www.adaptive\-ip.eu/index.php/deliverables\_papers.html?file\=files%2Fadaptive%2Fcontent%2Fdownloads%2FDeliverables%20%26%20papers%2FAdaptIVe\-SP2\-v12\-DL\-D2\.1%20System%20Classification.pdf\|archive\-date\=7 October 2017\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sae.org/misc/pdfs/automated\_driving.pdf\|title\=AUTOMATED DRIVING LEVELS OF DRIVING AUTOMATION ARE DEFINED IN NEW SAE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD J3016\|date\= 2017\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120142825/http://www.sae.org/misc/pdfs/automated\_driving.pdf\|archive\-date\=20 November 2016}}
**2015**
In February 2015, the UK Government announced it would oversee public trials of the [LUTZ Pathfinder](/wiki/LUTZ_Pathfinder "LUTZ Pathfinder") driverless pod in [Milton Keynes](/wiki/Milton_Keynes "Milton Keynes").{{cite web\|last1\=Burn\-Callander\|first1\=Rebecca\|title\=This is the Lutz pod, the UK's first driverless car\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/businessclub/technology/11403306/This\-is\-the\-Lutz\-pod\-the\-UKs\-first\-driverless\-car.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211183424/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/businessclub/technology/11403306/This\-is\-the\-Lutz\-pod\-the\-UKs\-first\-driverless\-car.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=February 11, 2015\|website\=Daily Telegraph\|access\-date\=11 February 2015\|date\=11 February 2015}}
In March 2015, [Tesla Motors](/wiki/Tesla_Motors "Tesla Motors") announced that it will introduce its Autopilot technology by mid\-2015 through a software update for the cars equipped with the systems that allow autonomous driving.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/20/business/elon\-musk\-says\-self\-driving\-tesla\-cars\-will\-be\-in\-the\-us\-by\-summer.html?hpw\&rref\=automobiles\&action\=click\&pgtype\=Homepage\&module\=well\-region\®ion\=bottom\-well\&WT.nav\=bottom\-well\&\_r\=0\|title\=Elon Musk Says Self\-Driving Tesla Cars Will Be in the U.S. by Summer\|author\=Aaron M. Kessler\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=2015\-03\-19\|access\-date\=2015\-03\-20}} Some industry experts have raised questions about the legal status of [autonomous driving](/wiki/Autonomous_driving "Autonomous driving") in the U.S. and whether Model S owner would violate current state regulations when using the autopilot function. The few states that have passed laws allowing autonomous cars on the road limit their use for testing purposes, not the use by the general public. Also, there are questions about the liability of autonomous cars in case there is a mistake. A Tesla spokesman said there is: {{blockquote\|nothing in our autopilot system that conflicts with current regulations. We are not getting rid of the pilot. This is about releasing the driver from tedious tasks so they can focus and provide better input.}} [Google](/wiki/Google "Google")'s director of self\-driving cars at the company said he does not think there is a regulatory block as far as the self\-driving vehicle met crash\-test and other safety standards. A spokesman for the [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration") (NHTSA) said that "*any autonomous vehicle would need to meet applicable federal motor vehicle safety standards*" and the NHTSA "*will have the appropriate policies and regulations in place to ensure the safety of this type of vehicles*."
{{Multiple image\|direction\=vertical\|align\=left\|image1\=Drive Me Volvo S60 SAO 2014 0256\.JPG\|image2\=Drive Me Volvo S60 SAO 2014 0260\.JPG
\|width\=220\|caption1\=The \[\[Volvo S60]] \[\[Volvo Drive Me\|Drive Me]] autonomous test vehicle is considered Level 3 autonomous driving.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/a\-ride\-in\-volvos\-autonomous\-car\-how\-the\-next\-step\-in\-driver\-safety\-requires\-replacing\-the\-driver/ \| title\=Inside Volvo's self\-driving car: Improving driver safety without the driver \| first\=Tim \| last\=Stevens \| work\=CNET.com \| date\=2016\-05\-16 \| access\-date\=2016\-07\-02}}\|caption2\=Frontal sensors in the Volvo S60 test vehicle}}
In mid\-October 2015, Tesla Motors rolled out version 7 of their software in the U.S. that included Autopilot capability.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.autonews.com/article/20151014/OEM06/151019938/tesla\-beams\-down\-autopilot\-mode\-to\-model\-s \|title\=Tesla beams down 'autopilot' mode to Model S \|first\=Gabe \|last\=Nelson \|work\=Automotive News \|date\=2015\-10\-14 \|access\-date\=2015\-10\-19}} On January 9, 2016, Tesla rolled out version 7\.1 as an [over\-the\-air](/wiki/Over-the-air_programming "Over-the-air programming") update, adding a new "summon" feature that allows cars to self\-park at parking locations without the driver in the car.{{cite news \|url\=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/elon\-musk\-two\-years\-car\-202858960\.html \|title\=ELON MUSK: In 2 years your Tesla will be able to drive from New York to LA and find you \|first\=Benjamin \|last\=Zhang \|work\=Automotive News \|date\=2016\-01\-10 \|access\-date\=2016\-01\-12}} Tesla's autonomous driving features are ahead of production cars, and can be classified as is somewhere between level 2 and level 3 under the defunct [NHTSA five levels of vehicle automation](/wiki/Autonomous_car%23Classification "Autonomous car#Classification"). At this levels the car can act autonomously but requires the full attention of the driver, who must be prepared to take control at a moment's notice.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/tesla\-autopilot\-trying\-kill\-me\-says\-volvo\-rd\-chief\-1565134 \| title\=Tesla Autopilot is 'trying to kill me', says Volvo R\&D chief\| first\= Alistair \|last\=Charlton \| work\=\[\[International Business Times]] \| date\=2016\-06\-13 \| access\-date\=2016\-07\-01}}{{cite news \| url\=https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/27/11518826/volvo\-tesla\-autopilot\-autonomous\-self\-driving\-car \| title\=Volvo autonomous car engineer calls Tesla's Autopilot a 'wannabe' \| first\= Jordan \|last\=Golson \| work\=\[\[The Verge]] \| date\=2016\-04\-27 \| access\-date\=2016\-07\-01}}{{cite news \| url\=http://fortune.com/2015/12/21/elon\-musk\-interview/ \| title\=Elon Musk Says Tesla Vehicles Will Drive Themselves in Two Years \| first\=Kirsten \|last\=Korosec \| work\=\[\[Fortune (magazine)\|Fortune]] \| date\=2015\-12\-15 \| access\-date\=2016\-07\-01}} Autopilot is not fully autonomous and can't detect pedestrians or cyclists.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/samabuelsamid/2016/07/01/first\-tesla\-autopilot\-fatality\-demonstrates\-why\-lidar\-and\-v2v\-probably\-will\-be\-necessary/\#73c13b3f3f66 \| title\=Tesla Autopilot Fatality Shows Why Lidar And V2V Will Be Necessary For Autonomous Cars \| first\=Sam \| last\=Abuelsamid \| work\=\[\[Forbes]] \| date\=2016\-07\-01 \| access\-date\=2016\-07\-01}}
In February 2015, [Volvo Cars](/wiki/Volvo_Cars "Volvo Cars") announced its plans to lease 100 [XC90](/wiki/Volvo_XC90 "Volvo XC90") [SUVs](/wiki/SUV "SUV") fitted with [Drive Me](/wiki/Volvo_Drive_Me "Volvo Drive Me") [Level 3 automation](/wiki/Autonomous_car%23Classification "Autonomous car#Classification") technology to residents of [Gothenburg](/wiki/Gothenburg "Gothenburg") in 2017\.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.theverge.com/2015/2/23/8091455/volvo\-drive\-me\-self\-driving\-car\-test\-2017 \| title\=Volvo will run a public test of self\-driving cars with 100 real people in 2017 \| first\=Chris \|last\=Ziegler \| work\=\[\[The Verge]] \| date\=2015\-02\-23 \| access\-date\=2016\-07\-02}} The Drive Me XC90s will be equipped with [Nvidia](/wiki/Nvidia "Nvidia")’s [Drive PX 2](/wiki/Drive_PX-series "Drive PX-series") [supercomputer](/wiki/Supercomputer "Supercomputer") and will be driven autonomously in certain weather conditions and on one road that loops around the city. As part of Volvo's Drive Me project, the 100 cars in the Sweden test will have an interface called IntelliSafe Auto Pilot, a feature that will let drivers activate and deactivate the autonomous mode through specially\-designed paddles on the steering wheel. The interface was developed to oversee how drivers will transfer control to a car's autonomous driving mode in future cars. Volvo considers autonomous driving systems as the tool that will help it meet the company's goal to have no one seriously injured or killed in a new Volvo by the year 2020\.{{cite news \| url\=http://fortune.com/2016/04/06/volvo\-self\-driving\-china/ \| title\=Volvo Expands Its Self\-Driving Car Experiment to China \| first\= Kirsten \|last\=Korosec\| work\=\[\[Fortune (magazine)\|Fortune]] \| date\=2016\-04\-06 \| access\-date\=2016\-07\-02}}
[thumb\|Google's in\-house [driverless car](/wiki/Google_self-driving_car "Google self-driving car"). {{As of\|2015\|07}}, Google's driverless test vehicles had been involved in 14 minor accidents since 2009\.](/wiki/File:Google_driverless_car_at_intersection.gk.jpg "Google driverless car at intersection.gk.jpg")
In April 2015, a car designed by [Delphi Automotive](/wiki/Delphi_Automotive "Delphi Automotive") became the first automated vehicle to complete a coast\-to\-coast journey across North America. It travelled from San Francisco to New York, under computer control for 99% of that distance.{{cite web\|last1\=Isidore\|first1\=Chris\|title\=Driverless car finishes 3,400\-mile cross\-country trip\|url\=https://money.cnn.com/2015/04/03/autos/delphi\-driverless\-car\-cross\-country\-trip/\|website\=CNN Money\|publisher\=CNN\|access\-date\=13 September 2015\|date\=2015\-04\-03}}
In July 2015, Google announced that the test vehicles in its [driverless car project](/wiki/Google_self-driving_car "Google self-driving car") had been involved in 14 minor accidents since the project's inception in 2009\. Chris Urmson, the project leader, said that all of the accidents were caused by humans driving other cars and that 11 of the mishaps were rear\-end collisions. "Our self\-driving cars are being hit surprisingly often by other drivers who are distracted and not paying attention to the road. That's a big motivator for us." Over the six years of the project's existence the test vehicles had logged nearly 2 million miles on the road.{{cite news \| last \= Titcomb \| first \= James \| title \= Google blames careless humans after first driverless car injury \| journal \= The Telegraph \| date \= July 17, 2015 \| url \= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/11745772/Google\-blames\-careless\-humans\-after\-first\-driverless\-car\-injury.html \| access\-date \= July 18, 2015}}
A\*STAR's Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R) developed a self\-driving vehicle which was the first to be approved in Singapore for public road testing at [one\-north](/wiki/One-north "One-north") in July 2015\. It has ferried several dignitaries such as Prime Minister [Lee Hsien Loong](/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong "Lee Hsien Loong"), Minister [S. Iswaran](/wiki/S._Iswaran "S. Iswaran"), Minister [Vivian Balakrishnan](/wiki/Vivian_Balakrishnan "Vivian Balakrishnan"), and several ministers from other countries.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.smartnation.sg/what\-is\-smart\-nation/initiatives/Transport/autonomous\-vehicles\|title\=Autonomous Vehicles\|date\=2 May 2019\|website\=Smart Nation Singapore\|access\-date\=31 August 2019\|archive\-date\=16 August 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816030146/https://www.smartnation.sg/what\-is\-smart\-nation/initiatives/Transport/autonomous\-vehicles\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite journal\|last\=Umar Zakir Abdul \|first\=Hamid \|title\=Current Landscape of the Automotive Field in the ASEAN Region: Case Study of Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia \- A Brief Overview \|journal\=ASEAN Journal of Automotive Technology \|date\=2019 \|volume\=1 \|issue\=1 \|url\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336279557 \|display\-authors\=etal\|access\-date\=5 October 2019}}
**2016**
In April 2016, Volvo announced plans to deploy 100 XC90 self\-driving cars to test them in everyday driving conditions in China in 2017\. Also in April 2016, the carmaker announced plans to begin a trial in London in 2017 with 100 [Volvo XC90 plug\-in hybrids](/wiki/Volvo_XC90_T8 "Volvo XC90 T8") fitted with Drive Me technology. The XC90s will be leased to everyday users, and the self\-driving cars will log every journey, passing on that data to Thatcham Research, which will conduct a thorough analysis to examine how the car behaves in everyday situations as well as understand how other road users and the car's occupants respond to autonomous driving decisions made by the car.{{cite web \| url\=https://transportevolved.com/2016/04/27/volvo\-launches\-autonomous\-driveme\-pilot\-project\-in\-london\-hands\-over\-keys\-to\-100\-self\-driving\-plug\-in\-hybrids/ \| title\=Volvo Launches Autonomous DriveMe Pilot Project in London, Hands Over Keys To 100 Self\-Driving Plug\-in Hybrids \| first\=Nikki \| last\=Gordon\-Bloomfield \| publisher\=Transport Evolved \| date\=2016\-04\-27 \| access\-date\=2016\-07\-02 \| archive\-date\=2016\-06\-10 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610004347/https://transportevolved.com/2016/04/27/volvo\-launches\-autonomous\-driveme\-pilot\-project\-in\-london\-hands\-over\-keys\-to\-100\-self\-driving\-plug\-in\-hybrids/ \| url\-status\=dead }}
[thumb\|**Waymo LLC** is a [self\-driving](/wiki/Autonomous_car "Autonomous car") technology development company.{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2023}}](/wiki/File:Waymo_self-driving_car_side_view.gk.jpg "Waymo self-driving car side view.gk.jpg")
The [first known fatal accident](/wiki/List_of_Tesla_Autopilot_crashes%23Williston%2C_Florida%2C_USA_%28May_7%2C_2016%29 "List of Tesla Autopilot crashes#Williston, Florida, USA (May 7, 2016)") involving a vehicle being driven by itself took place in [Williston, Florida](/wiki/Williston%2C_Florida "Williston, Florida") on 7 May 2016 while a [Tesla Model S](/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S") [electric car](/wiki/Electric_car "Electric car") was engaged in Autopilot mode. The driver was killed in a crash with a large 18\-wheel [tractor\-trailer](/wiki/Tractor-trailer "Tractor-trailer"). On 28 June 2016, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) opened a formal investigation into the accident working with the [Florida Highway Patrol](/wiki/Florida_Highway_Patrol "Florida Highway Patrol"). According to the NHTSA, preliminary reports indicate the crash occurred when the tractor\-trailer made a left turn in front of the Tesla at an intersection on a non\-controlled access highway, and the car failed to apply the brakes. The car continued to travel after passing under the truck's trailer.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jun/30/tesla\-autopilot\-death\-self\-driving\-car\-elon\-musk \| title\=Tesla driver dies in first fatal crash while using autopilot mode \|first1\=Danny \|last1\=Yadron \|first2\=Dan \|last2\=Tynan \| work\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|location\=\[\[San Francisco]] \|date\=2016\-07\-01 \|access\-date\=2016\-07\-01}}{{cite news \| url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/01/business/self\-driving\-tesla\-fatal\-crash\-investigation.html \| title\=Self\-Driving Tesla Involved in Fatal Crash \| first1\=Bill \|last1\=Vlasic \|first2\=Neal E. \|last2\=Boudette \| work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \| date\=2016\-06\-30 \| access\-date\=2016\-07\-01}}{{cite news \| url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/07/01/truck\-driver\-involved\-with\-fatal\-tesla\-accident\-says\-driver\-was\-watching\-a\-movie.html \| title\=Highway patrol found DVD player in wreckage of fatal Tesla accident \| first\=David Paul \| last\=Morris \| publisher\=\[\[CNBC]] \| agency\=\[\[Associated Press]] \| date\=2016\-07\-01 \| access\-date\=2016\-07\-01 \| archive\-date\=2016\-07\-01 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701152829/http://www.cnbc.com/2016/07/01/truck\-driver\-involved\-with\-fatal\-tesla\-accident\-says\-driver\-was\-watching\-a\-movie.html \| url\-status\=dead }} The NHTSA's preliminary evaluation was opened to examine the design and performance of any automated driving systems in use at the time of the crash, which involves a population of an estimated 25,000 Model S cars.{{cite web \| url\=http://www\-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov/acms/cs/jaxrs/download/doc/UCM530776/INOA\-PE16007\-7080\.PDF \| title\=ODI Resume – Investigation: PE 16\-007 \| author\=Office of Defects Investigations, NHTSA \| publisher\=\[\[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA) \| date\=2016\-06\-28 \| access\-date\=2016\-07\-02 \| archive\-date\=2016\-07\-06 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706022332/http://www\-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov/acms/cs/jaxrs/download/doc/UCM530776/INOA\-PE16007\-7080\.PDF \| url\-status\=dead }}
In August 2016, [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") launched the first self\-driving taxi service (as a pilot), provided by an autonomous vehicle startup company called [nuTonomy](/wiki/NuTonomy "NuTonomy").{{cite news \| url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/worlds\-first\-self\-driving\-taxis\-hit\-the\-road\-in\-singapore\-1472102747 \| title\=World's First Self\-Driving Taxis Hit the Road in Singapore – Singapore's nuTonomy debuts autonomous cabs, beating the likes of U.S. tech giants Uber and Google \| work\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]] \| date\=25 August 2016 \| access\-date\=7 September 2016 \| author\=Watts, Jake Maxwell}}
In September 2016, [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration") (NHTSA) adopted the SAE classification standard,{{cite web\|date\=September 2016 \|title\=Federal Automated Vehicles Policy \|url\=https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/federal\_automated\_vehicles\_policy.pdf \|page\=9 \|website\=\[\[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration\|NHTSA]], U.S. \|access\-date\=1 December 2021}} and the SAE classification became widely accepted.{{cite web \|date\=1 February 2018 \|title\=JASO TP 18004: 自動車用運転自動化システムのレベル分類及び定義 \|trans\-title\=JASO TP 18004: Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems \|url\=https://www.jsae.or.jp/08std/data/DrivingAutomation/jaso\_tp18004\-18\.pdf \|page\= \|website\=\[\[Japanese Automotive Standards Organization\|JASO]], Japan \|access\-date\=1 December 2021 \|archive\-date\=1 December 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201121753/https://www.jsae.or.jp/08std/data/DrivingAutomation/jaso\_tp18004\-18\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead }}
Starting in October 2016, Tesla says that all of their cars are built with the necessary hardware to allow full self\-driving capability at a safety level ([SAE Level 5](/wiki/Autonomous_car%23Levels_of_driving_automation "Autonomous car#Levels of driving automation")). The hardware includes eight surround cameras and twelve ultrasonic sensors, in addition to the forward\-facing radar with enhanced processing capabilities.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.tesla.com/autopilot/?utm \|title\=Autopilot: Full Self\-Driving Hardware on All Cars \|publisher\=Tesla Motors \|access\-date\=2016\-10\-21}} The system will operate in "shadow mode" (processing without taking action) and send data back to Tesla to improve its abilities until the software is ready for deployment via over\-the\-air upgrades.{{cite news\|last1\=Guess\|first1\=Megan \|title\=Teslas will now be sold with enhanced hardware suite for full autonomy\|url\= https://arstechnica.com/cars/2016/10/tesla\-says\-all\-its\-cars\-will\-ship\-with\-hardware\-for\-level\-5\-autonomy/ \|date\= 2016\-10\-20\|access\-date\=2016\-10\-20\|publisher\=\[\[Ars Technica]]}} Full autonomy is only likely after millions of miles of testing, and approval by authorities. Tesla Motors said it expected to enable full self\-driving by the end of 2017, however, as of March 2021, this has not happened yet.{{cite web\|url\= https://electrek.co/2016/10/20/tesla\-enhanced\-autopilot\-full\-self\-driving\-capability/ \|title\=Tesla's software timeline for 'Enhanced Autopilot' transition means 'Full Self\-Driving Capability' as early as next year\|first1\= Fred \|last1\=Lambert\|date\= 2016\-10\-20\|work\=\[\[Electrek]] \|access\-date\= 2016\-10\-20 \|quote\=At “2 to 3 months from now”, Tesla expects .. the new software validation for the Autopilot features}}
In September 2017, SAE and GM announced a new collegiate autonomous vehicle challenge: the SAE Autodrive Challenge.{{Cite news \|last\=SZYMKOWSKI \|first\=SEAN \|date\=2016\-12\-14 \|title\=General Motors Sponsors Collegiate 'AutoDrive Challenge' For Advanced Autonomous Technology \|work\=GM Authority \|url\=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2016/12/general\-motors\-sponsors\-collegiate\-autodrive\-challenge\-for\-advanced\-autonomous\-technology/ \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-03}} The goal of the four\-year\-long competition is to have a vehicle navigate an urban driving course in an automated driving mode as described by SAE Standard (J3016\) level 4 definition by year four. Each team is provided with a 2017 Chevrolet Bolt EV to modify with state of the Art sensors. A total of 8 universities across North America participate in this competition: Kettering University, Michigan State University, Michigan Tech, North Carolina A\&T University, Texas A\&M University, University of Toronto, University of Waterloo, and Virginia Tech.{{Cite web \|title\=AutoDrive Challenge \|url\=https://www.sae.org/site/attend/student\-events/autodrive\-challenge/teams \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-03 \|website\=www.sae.org \|language\=en}} The University of Toronto [Team aUToronto](https://autoronto.ca/) has claimed all 4 years of first place award with their autonomous vehicle Zeus.{{Cite web \|title\=aUToronto \|url\=https://www.autodrive.utoronto.ca/ \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-03 \|website\=aUToronto \|language\=en\-US}}
**2017**
On June 4, 2017, [Audi](/wiki/Audi "Audi") stated that its new [A8](/wiki/Audi_A8 "Audi A8") would be fully self\-driving for speeds up to 60 km/h using its [Audi AI](/wiki/Audi%23Audi_AI "Audi#Audi AI"). Contrary to other cars, the driver would not have to do safety checks such as touching the steering wheel every 15 seconds to use this feature. The Audi A8 would therefore be the first production car to reach [level 3 autonomous driving](/wiki/Autonomous_car%23Classification "Autonomous car#Classification"), meaning that the driver could safely turn their attention away from driving tasks, e.g. the driver can text or watch a movie. Audi would also be the first manufacturer to use a 3D [LIDAR](/wiki/Lidar "Lidar") system in addition to cameras and ultrasonic sensors for their AI.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.irishtimes.com/life\-and\-style/motors/audi\-s\-self\-driving\-a8\-drivers\-can\-watch\-youtube\-or\-check\-emails\-at\-60km\-h\-1\.3150496\|title\=Audi's self\-driving A8: drivers can watch YouTube or check emails at 60km/h\|last\=McAleer\|first\=Michael\|date\=2017\-07\-11\|newspaper\=The Irish Times\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-11\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://spectrum.ieee.org/the\-audi\-a8\-the\-worlds\-first\-production\-car\-to\-achieve\-level\-3\-autonomy\|title\=The Audi A8: the World's First Production Car to Achieve Level 3 Autonomy\|last\=Ross\|first\=Philip E.\|date\=2017\-07\-11\|website\=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-14}} This level 3 functionality was never implemented, and in April 2020 Audi announced that the system was not going to be activated.{{Cite web \|last\=Edelstein \|first\=Stephen \|date\=2020\-04\-28 \|title\=Audi gives up on Level 3 autonomous driver\-assist system in A8 \|url\=https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1127984\_audi\-gives\-up\-on\-level\-3\-autonomous\-driver\-assist\-system\-in\-a8 \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-08 \|website\=Motor Authority}}
**2018**
In March 2018, the [death of Elaine Herzberg](/wiki/Death_of_Elaine_Herzberg "Death of Elaine Herzberg") in Arizona was the first reported fatal crash involving a self\-driving vehicle and a pedestrian in the United States.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/mar/19/uber\-self\-driving\-car\-kills\-woman\-arizona\-tempe \| title\=Self\-driving Uber kills Arizona woman in first fatal crash involving pedestrian \| last1\=Levin \|first1\=Sam \| last2\=Wong \| first2\=Julia Carrie \| author\-link\=Julia Carrie Wong \| work\=\[\[The Guardian]] \| date\=March 19, 2018}} Later in the same month, San Francisco police issued a ticket to the passenger of a self\-driving car that had failed to yield to a pedestrian in a crosswalk.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/03/28/self\-driving\-car\-passenger\-slapped\-with\-ticket\-in\-san\-francisco\-police\-say.html \|title\=Self\-driving car passenger slapped with a ticket in San Francisco, police say \|first\=Elizabeth \|last\=Zwirz \|publisher\=Fox News \|date\=2018\-03\-28 \|access\-date\=2018\-03\-29}}
In March 2018, the world's first fully electric [self\-driving bus](/wiki/Self-driving_bus "Self-driving bus") that is open to the general public is launched in [Neuhausen am Rheinfall](/wiki/Neuhausen_am_Rheinfall "Neuhausen am Rheinfall"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland").{{cite news \|title\=Self\-driving bus propels Swiss town into the future \|url\=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/27/sport/trapeze\-self\-driving\-autonomous\-electric\-bus\-switzerland\-spt\-intl/index.html \|access\-date\=26 August 2021 \|work\=CNN}}
In December 2018, [Waymo](/wiki/Waymo "Waymo") launched the first commercial [robotaxi](/wiki/Robotaxi "Robotaxi") called "Waymo One"; users in the [Phoenix metropolitan area](/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area "Phoenix metropolitan area") use an app to request a pick\-up.{{cite news \|author\=J. Fingas \|title\=Waymo launches its first commercial self\-driving car service \|url\=https://www.engadget.com/2018/12/05/waymo\-one\-launches/ \|work\=\[\[Engadget]] \|access\-date\=20 November 2021 }}
**2019**
In May 2019, twenty\-nine U.S. states passed laws permitting autonomous cars.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ncsl.org/research/transportation/autonomous\-vehicles\-self\-driving\-vehicles\-enacted\-legislation.aspx\|title\=Autonomous Vehicles {{!}} Self\-Driving Vehicles Enacted Legislation\|website\=www.ncsl.org \|access\-date\=6 May 2019}}
### 2020s
**2020**
In the 2020s, the first regulations related to automated features appear:
* Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 is defined in 2019 and applies from 2022 in the European Union for automated vehicles and for fully automated vehicles.{{cite web\|date\=16 December 2019 \|author\= \|title\=Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2019 \|url\=https://eur\-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/2144/oj \|website\=Eur\-Lex \|access\-date\=21 November 2021 }}
* In June 2020, [UNECE](/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe "United Nations Economic Commission for Europe") [WP.29](/wiki/World_Forum_for_Harmonization_of_Vehicle_Regulations "World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations") GRVA established regulation on SAE Level 3\.{{cite web\|date\=24 June 2020 \|title\=181st session, Geneva (online) \|url\=https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/doc/2020/wp29/ECE\-TRANS\-WP29\-1153e.pdf \|page\=8 \|website\=\[\[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe\|UNECE]] \|access\-date\=5 November 2021 }}{{cite web\|date\=August 2020 \|author\=Nick Bowyer \|title\=New UN ECE Regulations on Cyber Security and Software Updates Adopted \|url\=https://www.interregs.com/articles/spotlight/new\-un\-ece\-regulations\-on\-cyber\-security\-and\-software\-updates\-adopted\-000220 \|website\=InterRegs \|access\-date\=6 November 2021 }}
In October 2020 Tesla released a "beta" version of its "Full Self\-Driving" software to a small group of testers in the United States.{{Cite web\|last\=Stoklosa\|first\=Alexander\|date\=2020\-10\-22\|title\=Tesla Puts Full Self\-Driving "Beta" Capability In Hands of Select Few\|url\=https://www.motortrend.com/news/tesla\-full\-self\-driving\-beta\-capability\-testing/\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-08\|website\=MotorTrend\|language\=en}}
In the 2020s multiple electric, [autonomous buses](/wiki/Autonomous_bus "Autonomous bus") open for public transport are being launched around the world.{{cite news \|last1\=Benson \|first1\=Thor \|title\=Self\-driving buses to appear on public roads for the first time \|url\=https://www.inverse.com/innovation/americas\-first\-self\-driving\-buses\-are\-coming\-to\-a\-town\-in\-florida \|access\-date\=26 August 2021 \|work\=Inverse \|language\=en}}{{cite news \|title\=Europe's first full\-sized self\-driving urban electric bus has arrived \|url\=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/03/europe\-first\-autonomous\-electric\-buses\-spain/ \|access\-date\=26 August 2021 \|work\=World Economic Forum \|language\=en}}
**2021**
In March 2021, [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") began leasing in Japan a limited edition of 100 [Legend Hybrid EX](/wiki/Honda_Legend "Honda Legend") sedans equipped with the newly approved Level 3 automated driving equipment which was granted the safety certification by Japanese government to their autonomous "Traffic Jam Pilot" driving technology, and legally allow drivers to take their eyes off the road.{{cite web\|url\=https://global.honda/newsroom/news/2021/4210304eng\-legend.html \|date\=March 4, 2021 \|title\=Honda to Begin Sales of Legend with New Honda SENSING Elite \|website\=\[\[Honda]] \|access\-date\=March 6, 2021 }}
In April 2021, after four years of success in the Autodrive Challenge Series I, SAE and GM announced the second series of the SAE Autodrive Challenge. Participating university includes [Kettering University](/wiki/Kettering_University "Kettering University"), [Michigan Tehchnological University](/wiki/Michigan_Technological_University "Michigan Technological University"), [North Carolina A\&T University](/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_State_University "North Carolina A&T State University"), [Ohio State University](/wiki/Ohio_State_University "Ohio State University"), [Penn State University](/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University "Pennsylvania State University"), [Texas A\&M University](/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University "Texas A&M University"), [University of Toronto](/wiki/University_of_Toronto "University of Toronto"), [University of Wisconsin \- Madison](/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison "University of Wisconsin–Madison"), [Queens University](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston "Queen's University at Kingston"), [Virginia Tech](/wiki/Virginia_Tech "Virginia Tech").{{Cite news \|last\=Lopez \|first\=Jonathan \|date\=Apr 13, 2021 \|title\=General Motors And SAE Announce AutoDrive Challenge II University Teams \|work\=GM Authority \|url\=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2021/04/general\-motors\-and\-sae\-announce\-autodrive\-challenge\-ii\-university\-teams/ \|access\-date\=Aug 3, 2022}} The University of Toronto Team aUToronto achieved their 5th time first place in this competition series.{{Cite web \|last\=Irving \|first\=Tyler \|date\=2022\-06\-13 \|title\=Another top prize for aUToronto in the first competition of the AutoDrive Challenge™ II \|url\=https://news.engineering.utoronto.ca/another\-top\-prize\-for\-autoronto\-in\-the\-first\-competition\-of\-the\-autodrive\-challenge\-ii/ \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-03 \|website\=U of T Engineering News \|language\=en\-US}}
In December 2021, Mercedes\-Benz has received German approval for a Level 3 [Automated Lane Keeping System](/wiki/Automated_Lane_Keeping_System "Automated Lane Keeping System") (ALKS) self\-driving technology complying with UN\-R157 legal requirements.{{cite web \|date\=9 December 2021 \|title\=Mercedes\-Benz self\-driving car technology approved for use \|url\=https://www.fleetnews.co.uk/news/manufacturer\-news/2021/12/09/mercedes\-benz\-self\-driving\-car\-technology\-approved\-for\-use \|access\-date\=10 December 2021 \|archive\-date\=9 December 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209192401/https://www.fleetnews.co.uk/news/manufacturer\-news/2021/12/09/mercedes\-benz\-self\-driving\-car\-technology\-approved\-for\-use \|url\-status\=dead }}
**2022**
In May 2022, Mercedes\-Benz launched sales of its Drive Pilot system in Germany. The system is capable of operating at SAE Level 3 autonomy and can be ordered for the company's [S\-Class](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_%28W223%29 "Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)") and [EQS](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_EQS "Mercedes-Benz EQS") models.{{cite news\|date\=18 May 2022 \|author\= Brianna Wessling \|title\=Mercedes rolls out Level 3 autonomous driving tech in Germany \|url\=https://www.therobotreport.com/mercedes\-rolls\-out\-level\-3\-autonomous\-driving\-tech\-in\-germany/\#:\~:text\=Mercedes%2DBenz%20launched%20sales%20of,and%20all%2Delectric%20EQS%20models.
\|work\=Robot Report \|access\-date\=20 May 2022 }}
In December 2022, eve autonomy in Japan, a company backed by [Yamaha Motor](/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company "Yamaha Motor Company") and TIER IV, launched the all\-in\-one autonomous transportation commercial service "eve auto" with EV work vehicle as the first SAE Level 4 service in Japan at nine sites, including Yamaha Motor's three factories, Prime Polymer's Anesaki Works, [Panasonic](/wiki/Panasonic_Corp. "Panasonic Corp.")'s cold chain factory in the Oizumi area, [Fuji Electric](/wiki/Fuji_Electric "Fuji Electric")'s Suzuka factory, Japan Logistic Systems Corp.'s Ageo Center, and [ENEOS Corp.](/wiki/Eneos "Eneos")'s Negishi refinery.
Within this package service, the first dedicated insurance for the autonomous driving system provider is also included.{{Cite press release \|title\=eve autonomy launches Japan's first unmanned transportation service using autonomous EV \|date\=1 December 2022 \|publisher\=eve autonomy \|url\=https://eveautonomy.com/en/news/221130/ \|access\-date\=3 December 2022 }}
**2023**
On 1 April 2023 in Japan, the amended "Road Traffic Act" which allows Level 4 was enforced.
On 8 June 2023, at Sacramento, California issued an automated driving system permit to Mercedes\-Benz USA, allowing the Drive Pilot automated driving system on some California highways under specific conditions (SAE Level 3\). This makes Mercedes\-Benz the fourth company to receive an autonomous vehicle deployment permit in California and the first authorized to sell or lease to the public vehicles with an automated driving system.
The Level 3 Drive Pilot can only operate on highways during daylight at speeds not exceeding 40 miles per hour. This permit excludes operation on city or county streets, in construction zones, during heavy rain or heavy fog, on flooded roads and during weather conditions that impact Drive Pilot performance and the driver must remain behind the wheel to take over when prompted. Vehicle owners must watch a mandatory video before Drive Pilot activation.{{Cite news \|date\=2023\-06\-08 \|title\=Mercedes\-Benz beats Tesla for California's approval of automated driving tech \|language\=en \|work\=Reuters \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos\-transportation/california\-dmv\-conditionally\-approves\-mercedes\-benzs\-automated\-driving\-tech\-2023\-06\-08/ \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-07}}{{Cite web \|title\=California DMV Approves Mercedes\-Benz Automated Driving System for Certain Highways and Conditions \|url\=https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/news\-and\-media/california\-dmv\-approves\-mercedes\-benz\-automated\-driving\-system\-for\-certain\-highways\-and\-conditions/ \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-07 \|website\=California DMV \|language\=en\-US}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|right\\|A street intersection in the City of the Future; detail of the [Futurama](/wiki/Futurama_%28New_York_World%27s_Fair%29 \"Futurama (New York World's Fair)\") exhibit at the [1939 New York World's Fair](/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair \"1939 New York World's Fair\")](/wiki/File:Street_intersection_Futurama.jpg \"Street intersection Futurama.jpg\")",
"### 1920s",
"In July 1925, [Houdina Radio Control](/wiki/Houdina_Radio_Control \"Houdina Radio Control\") first demonstrated the [radio\\-controlled](/wiki/Radio_control \"Radio control\") \"American Wonder\" on New York City streets. The car was a [1926 Chandler](/wiki/Chandler_Motor_Car \"Chandler Motor Car\") that was equipped with a transmitting antenna on the [tonneau](/wiki/Tonneau \"Tonneau\") and was operated by a person in another car that followed it. The radio\\-controlled car \"barely missed trucks, automobiles and a milk wagon, finally crashing into a sedan.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-evening\\-news\\-radio\\-driven\\-car\\-hits\\-s/147714843/ \\|title\\=Radio Driven Car Hits Sedan but Keeps Going \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Patriot\\-News\\|The Evening News]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]] \\|page\\=8 \\|date\\=July 28, 1925 \\|accessdate\\=May 19, 2024 \\|via\\=newspapers.com}} In January 1927, after namesake Houdina reportedly left [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis \"Indianapolis\") without paying some of his workers, a story was circulated that the \"radio control\" was actually being done by a person hidden in the car.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-daily\\-nonpareil\\-wizard\\-dupes\\-hoosier/147716288/ \\|title\\=Wizard Dupes Hoosier Listeners \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Daily Nonpareil]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[Council Bluffs, Iowa]] \\|page\\=8 \\|date\\=January 26, 1927 \\|accessdate\\=May 19, 2024 \\|via\\=newspapers.com}}",
"Reports of demonstrations of a \"phantom motor car\" or \"phantom auto\" in December 1926 in [Milwaukee, Wisconsin](/wiki/Milwaukee%2C_Wisconsin \"Milwaukee, Wisconsin\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=unBQAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=QQ8EAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=7304,3766749\\|title\\='Phantom Auto' will tour city\\|work\\=The Milwaukee Sentinel\\|date\\=8 December 1926\\|accessdate\\=23 July 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010202440/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=unBQAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=QQ8EAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=7304,3766749\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and in June 1932 in [Fredericksburg, Virginia](/wiki/Fredericksburg%2C_Virginia \"Fredericksburg, Virginia\"), do not mention Houdina (the person or the company), although described capabilities of the car were consistent with the Houdina vehicle.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=PthNAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=yYoDAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6442,3879017\\|title\\=\"Phantom Auto\" to Be Operated Here\\|work\\=The Free\\-Lance Star\\|date\\=17 June 1932\\|accessdate\\=14 September 2013 \\|via\\=\\[\\[Google News]]}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the\\-free\\-lance\\-star\\-phantom\\-auto\\-is\\-view/147716962/ \\|title\\=Phantom Auto is Viewed by Crowds \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Free Lance–Star]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[Fredericksburg, Virginia]] \\|page\\=6 \\|date\\=June 27, 1932 \\|accessdate\\=May 19, 2024 \\|via\\=newspapers.com}}",
"### 1930s",
"An early depiction of automated guided cars was [Norman Bel Geddes](/wiki/Norman_Bel_Geddes \"Norman Bel Geddes\")'s [Futurama](/wiki/Futurama_%28New_York_World%27s_Fair%29 \"Futurama (New York World's Fair)\") exhibit sponsored by [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors \"General Motors\") at the 1939 [World's Fair](/wiki/World%27s_Fair \"World's Fair\"), which showed radio\\-controlled electric cars propelled via electromagnetic fields provided by circuits embedded in the roadway.[O'Toole (2009\\)](/wiki/%23gridlock \"#gridlock\") pp. 189\\-192",
"Bel Geddes later outlined his vision in his book Magic Motorways (1940\\), promoting advances in highway design and transportation, foreshadowing the [Interstate Highway System](/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System \"Interstate Highway System\"), and arguing that humans should be removed from the process of driving. Bel Geddes predicted these advances to be a reality in 1960\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/magicmotorways00geddrich\\|title\\=Magic motorways\\|first\\=Norman Bel\\|last\\=Geddes\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Random House]]\\|via\\=Internet Archive}} [Magic motorways](https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7205622M/Magic_motorways) by [Norman Bel Geddes](/wiki/Norman_Bel_Geddes \"Norman Bel Geddes\"), 1940\\. [Full text](https://archive.org/stream/magicmotorways00geddrich/magicmotorways00geddrich_djvu.txt), pages 43 to 56\\. Quote: \"But these cars of 1960 and the highways on which they drive will have in them devices which will correct the faults of human beings as drivers. They will prevent the driver from committing errors. They will make it possible for him to proceed at full speed through dense fog.\"",
"[thumb\\|right\\|General Motors' Firebird III on display at the [Century 21 Exposition](/wiki/Century_21_Exposition \"Century 21 Exposition\"), [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle \"Seattle\"), 1962](/wiki/File:General_Motors_exhibit_at_Century_21_Exposition%2C_1962.jpg \"General Motors exhibit at Century 21 Exposition, 1962.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|The [RRL](/wiki/Transport_Research_Laboratory \"Transport Research Laboratory\")'s modified 1960 [Citroen DS](/wiki/Citroen_DS \"Citroen DS\")19 to be automatically controlled at the [Science Museum, London](/wiki/Science_Museum%2C_London \"Science Museum, London\")](/wiki/File:800px_1973_377_Citroen_DS19_automatically_guided_motor_car.jpg \"800px 1973 377 Citroen DS19 automatically guided motor car.jpg\")",
"### 1950s",
"In 1953, [RCA Labs](/wiki/RCA \"RCA\") successfully created a system with a miniature car guided and controlled by wires laid in a pattern on a laboratory floor. The system sparked the imagination of Leland M. Hancock, traffic engineer in the Nebraska Department of Roads, and of his director, L. N. Ress, state engineer. The decision was made to experiment with the system in actual highway installations.",
"In 1957, a full size system was successfully demonstrated by RCA Labs and the [State of Nebraska](/wiki/State_of_Nebraska \"State of Nebraska\") on a 400\\-foot strip of public highway at the intersection of [U.S. Route 77](/wiki/U.S._Route_77_in_Nebraska \"U.S. Route 77 in Nebraska\") and [Nebraska Highway 2](/wiki/Nebraska_Highway_2 \"Nebraska Highway 2\"), then just outside [Lincoln, Nebraska](/wiki/Lincoln%2C_Nebraska \"Lincoln, Nebraska\"). A series of experimental detector circuits buried in the pavement was paired with a series of lights along the edge of the road. The detector circuits were able to send impulses to guide the car and determine the presence and velocity of any metallic vehicle on its surface. A previous test installation of the system in September 1954 along [U.S. Route 73](/wiki/U.S._Route_73 \"U.S. Route 73\") and [U.S. Route 75](/wiki/U.S._Route_75_in_Nebraska \"U.S. Route 75 in Nebraska\") in [Cass County, Nebraska](/wiki/Cass_County%2C_Nebraska \"Cass County, Nebraska\"), was utilized as an experimental [traffic counter](/wiki/Traffic_counter \"Traffic counter\"). It was developed in collaboration with [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors \"General Motors\"), who provided two standard car models with equipment consisting of special radio receivers and audible and visual warning devices that were able to simulate automatic steering, acceleration, and brake control.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.wired.com/2009/11/autonomous\\-cars/ \\|title\\=Autonomous Cars Will Make Us Safer\\|date\\=16 November 2009 \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Wired (magazine)\\|Wired]] \\|access\\-date\\=20 October 2016\\|last1\\=Bartz\\|first1\\=Daniel}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Driving the Dream \\|url\\=http://www.cspo.org/documents/article\\_Wetmore\\-DrivingTheDream.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122214019/http://www.cspo.org/documents/article\\_Wetmore\\-DrivingTheDream.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-11\\-22 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2023 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://journalstar.com/news/local/govt\\-and\\-politics/nebraska\\-tested\\-driverless\\-car\\-technology\\-years\\-ago/article\\_a702fab9\\-cac3\\-5a6e\\-a95c\\-9b597fdab078\\.html \\|title\\=Nebraska tested driverless car technology 60 years ago\\|first\\=Nancy \\|last\\=Hicks \\|date\\=12 September 2017 \\|publisher\\=Journal Star \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-03\\-20}}",
"It was further demonstrated on 5 June 1960, at RCA Lab's headquarters in [Princeton, New Jersey](/wiki/Princeton%2C_New_Jersey \"Princeton, New Jersey\"), where reporters were allowed to \"drive\" the cars. Commercialization of the system was expected to happen by 1975\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=ELECTRONIC ROADS CALLED PRACTICAL \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/06/06/archives/electronic\\-roads\\-called\\-practical\\-new\\-system\\-of\\-guiding\\-cars\\-safely.html \\|newspaper\\=nytimes.com \\|date\\=6 June 1960 \\|first\\=Joseph C.\\|last\\=Ingraham}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=vUpeAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6885,3667738 \\|title\\=Reporter Rides Driverless Car \\|work\\=The Press\\-Courier \\|date\\=7 June 1960\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2013}}",
"In addition, during the 1950s and throughout the 1960s, General Motors showcased its [Firebirds](/wiki/General_Motors_Firebird \"General Motors Firebird\"), a series of experimental cars that were described as having an \"electronic guide system \\[that] can rush it over an automatic highway while the driver relaxes\".",
"Radar Assistance Systems, also with emergency brake functionality, were introduced in concept cars by major companies in the 1950s. Ford had Radar in the [FX Atomos](/wiki/Ford_FX-Atmos \"Ford FX-Atmos\") concept car with visualized information on a 'Roadarscope'. GM demonstrated the brake assist in a [Cadillac Cyclone](/wiki/Cadillac_Cyclone \"Cadillac Cyclone\") 1959\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=25 concept cars from the jet age \\|url\\=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/motors/25\\-concept\\-cars\\-from\\-the\\-jet\\-age\\-a3644241\\.html\n\\|website\\=\\[\\[Evening Standard]] \\|date\\=26 September 2017\n\\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2023 }}",
"### 1960s",
"In 1960, [Ohio State University](/wiki/Ohio_State_University \"Ohio State University\")'s Communication and Control Systems Laboratory launched a project to develop driverless cars which were activated by electronic devices embedded in the roadway. Head of the project, Dr. Robert L. Cosgriff, claimed in 1966 that the system could be ready for installation on a public road in 15 years.{{cite journal \\|first1\\=Rajvardhan \\|last1\\=Shendge1 \\|first2\\=Tejashree \\|last2\\=Shendge \\|title\\=This Automobile Doesn't Need Driver \\|url\\=https://ijarsct.co.in/Paper2855\\.pdf \\|journal\\=International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology \\|volume\\=2 \\|issue\\=2 \\|date\\=March 2022 \\|pages\\=329–336 \\|doi\\=10\\.48175/IJARSCT\\-2855 \\|access\\-date\\=December 11, 2023 }}",
"In the early 1960s, the Bureau of Public Roads considered the construction of an experimental electronically controlled highway. Four states – [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\"), [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\") and [California](/wiki/California \"California\") – were bidding for the construction.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=zUxQAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=7032,1811148\\|title\\=DiSalle Seeks Road Funds In Washington\\|date\\=3 August 1961\\|publisher\\=Toledo Blade}} In August 1961, *[Popular Science](/wiki/Popular_Science \"Popular Science\")* reported on the Aeromobile 35B, an air\\-cushion vehicle (ACV) that was invented by [William Bertelsen](/wiki/William_R._Bertelsen \"William R. Bertelsen\") and was envisioned to revolutionize the transportation system, with personal self\\-driving [hovering](/wiki/Hovercar \"Hovercar\") cars that could speed up to 150 Mph.",
"During the 1960s, the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\")'s Transport and Road Research Laboratory tested a driverless [Citroen DS](/wiki/Citroen_DS \"Citroen DS\") that interacted with [magnetic cables](/wiki/Magnetic_cable \"Magnetic cable\") that were embedded in the road. It went through a test track at {{convert\\|80\\|mph\\|kph}} without deviation of speed or direction in any weather conditions, and in a far more effective way than by human control.",
"### 1970s",
"Research continued in the 1970s with cruise control devices activated by signals in the cabling beneath the tracks. According to cost benefit analyses that were made, adoption of system on the British motorways would be repaid by end of the century, increase the road capacity by at least 50% and prevent around 40% of the accidents. Funding for these experiments was withdrawn by the mid\\-1970s.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/4750544/Cruising\\-into\\-the\\-future.html\\|title\\=Cruising into the future\\|date\\=26 May 2001\\|publisher\\=telegraph.co.uk\\|location\\=London\\|first\\=John\\|last\\=Reynolds}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://uk.news.yahoo.com/how\\-the\\-first\\-\\-driverless\\-car\\-\\-was\\-invented\\-in\\-britain\\-in\\-1960\\-093127757\\.html\\#TAIMeVa\\|title\\=How the first \"driverless car\" was invented in Britain in 1960\\|date\\=17 July 2013\\|publisher\\=Yahoo! News\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2013}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.flickr.com/photos/homer\\-\\-\\-\\-simpson/7768062772/\\|title\\=1960 Citroen DS19 \\- \"Driverless car\"\\|date\\=12 August 2012\\|publisher\\=flickr.com}}",
"Also, during the 1960s and the 1970s, [Bendix Corporation](/wiki/Bendix_Corporation \"Bendix Corporation\") developed and tested driverless cars that were powered and controlled by buried cables, with wayside communicators relaying computer messages. [Stanford](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\") demonstrated its Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Cart, a small wheeled robot that once accidentally navigated onto a nearby road.",
"Preliminary research into the intelligent automated logic needed for autonomous cars was conducted at the [Coordinated Science Laboratory](/wiki/Coordinated_Science_Laboratory \"Coordinated Science Laboratory\") of the [University of Illinois](/wiki/University_of_Illinois \"University of Illinois\") in the early to mid 1970s.Biss, K., Chien, R.T., Stahl, F.A., Weissman, S., \"Semantic Modeling for Deductive Question\\-Answering Systems\", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS, C\\-25(4\\):358 \\- 366, APRIL 1976",
"The first self\\-driving car that did not rely upon rails or wires under the road is designed by the Japanese Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory in 1977\\. The car was equipped with two cameras that used analog computer technology for signal processing.",
"### 1980s",
"In the 1980s, a vision\\-guided [Mercedes\\-Benz](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz \"Mercedes-Benz\") robotic van, designed by [Ernst Dickmanns](/wiki/Ernst_Dickmanns \"Ernst Dickmanns\") and his team at the [Bundeswehr University Munich](/wiki/Bundeswehr_University_Munich \"Bundeswehr University Munich\") in [Munich, Germany](/wiki/Munich%2C_Germany \"Munich, Germany\"), achieved a speed of {{convert\\|59\\.6\\|mph\\|kph}} on streets without traffic. Subsequently, [EUREKA](/wiki/Eureka_%28organization%29 \"Eureka (organization)\") conducted the {{currency\\|749 million\\|EUR}} [Prometheus Project](/wiki/EUREKA_Prometheus_Project \"EUREKA Prometheus Project\") on autonomous vehicles from 1987 to 1995\\.\nIn the same decade, the [DARPA](/wiki/DARPA \"DARPA\")\\-funded Autonomous Land driven Vehicle (ALV) project in the United States made use of new technologies developed by the University of Maryland, [Carnegie Mellon University](/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University \"Carnegie Mellon University\"), the [Environmental Research Institute of Michigan](/wiki/Environmental_Research_Institute_of_Michigan \"Environmental Research Institute of Michigan\"), Martin Marietta and [SRI International](/wiki/SRI_International \"SRI International\"). The ALV project achieved the first road\\-following demonstration that used [lidar](/wiki/Lidar \"Lidar\"), [computer vision](/wiki/Computer_vision \"Computer vision\") and autonomous robotic control to direct a robotic vehicle at speeds of up to {{convert\\|19\\|mph\\|kph}}. In 1987, HRL Laboratories (formerly Hughes Research Labs) demonstrated the first off\\-road map and sensor\\-based autonomous navigation on the ALV. The vehicle traveled over {{convert\\|2000\\|ft\\|m}} at {{convert\\|1\\.9\\|mph\\|kph}} on complex terrain with steep slopes, ravines, large rocks, and vegetation. By 1989, [Carnegie Mellon University](/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University \"Carnegie Mellon University\") had pioneered the use of [neural networks](/wiki/Neural_networks \"Neural networks\") to steer and otherwise control autonomous vehicles,{{Cite journal\\|url \\= http://repository.cmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=2874\\&context\\=compsci\\|title \\= ALVINN: an autonomous land vehicle in a neural network\\|last \\= Pomerleau\\|first \\= Dean\\|date \\= 1989\\|journal \\= Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}} forming the basis of contemporary control strategies.",
"### 1990s",
"In 1991, the [United States Congress](/wiki/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\") passed the ISTEA Transportation Authorization bill, which instructed [USDOT](/wiki/USDOT \"USDOT\") to \"demonstrate an automated vehicle and highway system by 1997\\.\" The [Federal Highway Administration](/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration \"Federal Highway Administration\") took on this task, first with a series of Precursor Systems Analyses and then by establishing the National Automated Highway System Consortium (NAHSC). This cost\\-shared project was led by FHWA and General Motors, with Caltrans, Delco, Parsons Brinkerhoff, Bechtel, UC\\-Berkeley, Carnegie Mellon University, and Lockheed Martin as additional partners. Extensive systems engineering work and research culminated in Demo '97 on I\\-15 in [San Diego, California](/wiki/San_Diego%2C_California \"San Diego, California\"), in which about 20 automated vehicles, including cars, buses, and trucks, were demonstrated to thousands of onlookers, attracting extensive media coverage. The demonstrations involved close\\-headway [platooning](/wiki/Platoon_%28automobile%29 \"Platoon (automobile)\") intended to operate in segregated traffic, as well as \"free agent\" vehicles intended to operate in mixed traffic. Other carmakers were invited to demonstrate their systems, such that Toyota and Honda also participated. While the subsequent aim was to produce a system design to aid commercialization, the program was cancelled in the late 1990s due to tightening research budgets at USDOT. Overall funding for the program was in the range of $90 million.{{cite book\\|last\\=Bishop\\|first\\=Richard\\|title\\=Intelligent Vehicle Technologies and Trends\\|year\\=2005\\|publisher\\=Artech House\\|location\\=Boston\\|isbn\\=978\\-1580539111\\|page\\=300}}",
"In June 1993, professor Han Min\\-Hong in South Korea worked on a self\\-driving car. He used an Asia Motors to test his car by having it drive around Seoul, accumulating a total of 17 kilometers travelled. Two years later, in 1995, a different car was tested by driving from Seoul to Busan via the Gyeongbu Highway in 1995\\. As his work was ahead of its time in South Korea, the government focused on heavy industry like steel and shipbuilding at the time. As a result, government funding for his research was cut in the Korea University for his project. The consequences of this resulted in the termination of the self\\-driving car development in South Korea. \"It was born too early.\" \"The technology couldn't catch up with the era.\" \"Even if we entered the era a bit late, we could have become an Elon Musk of Korea.\" \"It was the wrong era.\" These were some of the words that were spoken by Korean Netizens, who expressed disappointment about the cancellation of the program years later.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.gmnnews.com/%EC%97%AC%ED%96%89%ED%95%98%EC%A7%80\\-%EC%95%8A%EC%9D%80\\-%EA%B8%B8\\-%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98\\-%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A8\\-%EC%A3%BC%ED%96%89\\-%EA%B5%90%EC%88%98/\n\\|title\\=여행하지 않은 길 : 한국의 자율 주행 교수\\|work\\=GMNnews\\|date\\=3 April 2021\\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2021}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/cars/heard\\-of\\-self\\-driving\\-santro\\-from\\-90s\\-korean\\-professor\\-did\\-it\\-before\\-tesla/amp\\-41617345504841\\.html\\|title\\=Heard of self\\-driving Santro from 90s? Korean professor did it before Tesla\\|work\\=Hindustan times Autos\\|date\\=2 April 2021\\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2021}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://post.naver.com/viewer/postView.nhn?volumeNo\\=30344402\\&memberNo\\=40864363\\&vType\\=VERTICAL\\|title\\=세계 최초로 자율 주행차 만든 한국인이 들었던 황당한 말\n\\|work\\=오토포스트\\|date\\=31 December 2020\\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2021}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://mnews.joins.com/amparticle/22916189\\|title\\=\\[권혁주 논설위원이 간다]\"세계 첫 자율주행차는 한국\"…25년 전 서울 시내 달렸다\\|work\\=중앙일보\\|date\\=27 August 2018\\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2021}}",
"In 1994, the twin robot vehicles [VaMP](/wiki/VaMP \"VaMP\") and Vita\\-2 of [Daimler\\-Benz](/wiki/Daimler-Benz \"Daimler-Benz\") and Ernst Dickmanns of UniBwM drove more than {{convert\\|620\\|mi\\|km}} on a Paris three\\-lane highway in standard heavy traffic at speeds up to {{convert\\|81\\|mph\\|kph}}, albeit semi\\-autonomously with human interventions. They demonstrated autonomous driving in free lanes, convoy driving, and lane changes with autonomous passing of other cars.{{cite web\\|date\\=20 Sep 2016 \\|title\\=The PROMETHEUS project launched in 1986: Pioneering autonomous driving \\|url\\=https://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko/The\\-PROMETHEUS\\-project\\-launched\\-in\\-1986\\-Pioneering\\-autonomous\\-driving.xhtml?oid\\=13744534 \\|website\\=Daimler }} That same year, [Lucas Industries](/wiki/Lucas_Industries \"Lucas Industries\") developed parts for a semi\\-autonomous car in a project that was funded by [Jaguar Cars](/wiki/Jaguar_Cars \"Jaguar Cars\"), Lucas, and the UK Department of Trade and Industry.[Robot Car \\| Raglan Tribe](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AlLZhcnpXYI). YouTube. Retrieved 12 March 2013\\.",
"In 1995, [Carnegie Mellon University](/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University \"Carnegie Mellon University\")'s [Navlab](/wiki/Navlab \"Navlab\") project completed a {{convert\\|3100\\|mi\\|km}} cross\\-country journey, of which 98\\.2% was autonomously controlled, dubbed \"No Hands Across America\".[No Hands Across America Home Page](https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/usr/tjochem/www/nhaa/nhaa_home_page.html). Retrieved 4 February 2013\\. This car, however, was semi\\-autonomous by nature: it used neural networks to control the steering wheel, but throttle and brakes were human\\-controlled, chiefly for safety reasons. Also in 1995, Dickmanns' re\\-engineered autonomous [S\\-Class](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class \"Mercedes-Benz S-Class\") Mercedes\\-Benz undertook a {{convert\\|990\\|mi\\|km}} journey from [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\") in [Bavaria, Germany](/wiki/Bavaria \"Bavaria\") to [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen \"Copenhagen\"), [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\") and back, using [saccadic](/wiki/Saccadic \"Saccadic\") computer vision and [transputers](/wiki/Transputer \"Transputer\") to react in real time. The robot achieved speeds exceeding {{convert\\|109\\|mph\\|kph}} on the German [Autobahn](/wiki/Autobahn \"Autobahn\"), with a mean time between human interventions of {{convert\\|5\\.6\\|mi\\|km}}, or 95% autonomous driving. It drove in traffic, executing manoeuvres to pass other cars. Despite being a research system without emphasis on long distance reliability, it drove up to {{convert\\|98\\|mi\\|km}} without human intervention.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=July 2011}}",
"In 1996, (now Professor) [Alberto Broggi](/wiki/Alberto_Broggi \"Alberto Broggi\") of the [University of Parma](/wiki/University_of_Parma \"University of Parma\") launched the ARGO Project, which worked on enabling a modified [Lancia Thema](/wiki/Lancia_Thema \"Lancia Thema\") to follow the normal (painted) lane marks in an unmodified highway.{{cite news\n\\|date\\=October 11, 2010\n\\|title\\=Google Car: Not the First Self\\-Driving Vehicle\n\\|first\\=Chloe\n\\|last\\=Albanesius\n\\|url\\=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2370598,00\\.asp\n\\|work\\=PC Magazine\n}} The culmination of the project was a journey of {{convert\\|1,200\\|mi\\|km}} over six days on the motorways of northern Italy dubbed *Mille Miglia in Automatico* (\"One thousand automatic miles\"), with an average speed of {{convert\\|56\\|mph\\|kph}}.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://millemiglia.ce.unipr.it/ARGO/english\\|title\\=ARGO Home Page\\|work\\=unipr.it}} The car operated in fully automatic mode for 94% of its journey, with the longest automatic stretch being {{convert\\|34\\|mi\\|km}}. The vehicle had only two black\\-and\\-white low\\-cost [video cameras](/wiki/Video_camera \"Video camera\") on board and used [stereoscopic vision](/wiki/Stereoscopy \"Stereoscopy\") algorithms to understand its environment.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The [ParkShuttle](/wiki/ParkShuttle \"ParkShuttle\") at the Netherlands in August 2005The](/wiki/File:Parkshuttle.jpg \"Parkshuttle.jpg\") [ParkShuttle](/wiki/ParkShuttle \"ParkShuttle\"), billed as the world's first driverless vehicle,[Driverless Parkshuttle](http://www.2getthere.eu/driverless-parkshuttle/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224134621/http://www.2getthere.eu/driverless\\-parkshuttle/ \\|date\\=2017\\-02\\-24 }} \\- 2getthere is an [automated people mover](/wiki/Automated_people_mover \"Automated people mover\") which uses artificial reference points (magnets) embedded in the road surface to verify its position. Two pilot projects were started in the Netherlands, at Schiphol Airport (December 1997\\) and business park Rivium (1999\\). Both carried members of the general public and as such claim stake to the title to the first driverless vehicles. The vehicles are autonomous, do not feature a steering wheel or pedals, nor do they have a safety driver or steward on board. They drive at grade, on a dedicated lane which does feature intersections with pedestrians, bicyclists and cars.[Park shuttle automated driverless vehicle](http://faculty.washington.edu/jbs/itrans/parkshut.htm). [University of Washington](/wiki/University_of_Washington \"University of Washington\"). 2009\\. Retrieved 14 March 2013\\.",
"In 1998, Willie Jones Jones, W.D. \"Keeping Cars from Crashing.\" IEEE Spectrum 38\\.9 (2001\\): 40–45\\. states that many automakers consider autonomous technology as part of their research yearly. He notes \"In May 1998, Toyota became the first to introduce an Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system on a production vehicle when it unveiled a laser\\-based system for its Progres compact luxury sedan, which it sold in Japan\".Jones, W.D. \"Keeping Cars from Crashing.\" IEEE Spectrum 38\\.9 (2001\\): 40–45\\. Retrieved 24 October 2014\\.",
"### 2000s",
"The [US Government](/wiki/United_States_Government \"United States Government\") funded three military efforts known as Demo I (US Army), Demo II (DARPA), and Demo III ([US Army](/wiki/US_Army \"US Army\")). Demo III (2001\\){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.isd.mel.nist.gov/documents/albus/4DRCS.pdf\\|title\\=4\\-D/RCS reference model architecture for unmanned ground vehicles\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040725051856/http://www.isd.mel.nist.gov/documents/albus/4DRCS.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=25 July 2004 }} demonstrated the ability of unmanned ground vehicles to navigate miles of difficult off\\-road terrain, avoiding obstacles such as rocks and trees. [James Albus](/wiki/James_Albus \"James Albus\") at the [National Institute of Standards and Technology](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology \"National Institute of Standards and Technology\") provided the [Real\\-Time Control System](/wiki/Real-Time_Control_System \"Real-Time Control System\") which is a [hierarchical control system](/wiki/Hierarchical_control_system \"Hierarchical control system\"). Not only were individual vehicles controlled (e.g. throttle, steering, and brake), but groups of vehicles had their movements automatically coordinated in response to high level goals.",
"In [the first Grand Challenge](/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge_%282004%29 \"DARPA Grand Challenge (2004)\") held in March 2004, [DARPA (the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)](/wiki/DARPA \"DARPA\") offered a $1 million prize to any team of robotic engineers which could create an autonomous car capable of finishing a 150\\-mile course in the Mojave Desert. No team was successful in completing the course.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Dudley \\|first\\=David \\|date\\=January 2015 \\|title\\=The Driverless Car Is (Almost) Here; The self\\-driving car — a godsend for older Americans — is now on the horizon \\|url\\=http://www.aarp.org/home\\-family/personal\\-technology/info\\-2014/google\\-self\\-driving\\-car.html \\|journal\\=AARP the Magazine \\|publisher\\=AARP \\|access\\-date\\=30 November 2015 }}",
"In October 2005, [the second DARPA Grand Challenge](/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge_%282005%29 \"DARPA Grand Challenge (2005)\") was again held in a desert environment. GPS points were placed and obstacle types were located in advance.[Thrun, Sebastian](/wiki/Sebastian_Thrun \"Sebastian Thrun\"). \"[Toward Robotic Cars](https://m-cacm.acm.org/magazines/2010/4/81485-toward-robotic-cars/fulltext).\" Communications of the ACM 53\\.4 (2010\\): 99–106\\. Computer \\& Applied Sciences Complete. Retrieved 24 October 2014\\. This year, five vehicles completed the course. David Hall of [Velodyne](/wiki/Velodyne \"Velodyne\") competed in the event with a prototype [lidar](/wiki/Lidar \"Lidar\") sensor, which he then manufactured with [Velodyne LiDAR](/wiki/Velodyne_LiDAR \"Velodyne LiDAR\"). Lidar quickly became an integral sensor for self\\-driving vehicles, and five out of six of the vehicles that finished the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge used Velodyne's product.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2 January 2017 \\|title\\=It Began With a Race…16 Years of Velodyne LiDAR \\|url\\=https://velodynelidar.com/blog/it\\-began\\-with\\-a\\-race16\\-years\\-of\\-velodyne\\-lidar/ \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-08 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Velodyne LiDAR]]}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Popper \\|first\\=Ben \\|date\\=2017\\-10\\-18 \\|title\\=Guiding Light \\- The billion\\-dollar widget steering the driverless car industry \\|url\\=https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/18/16491052/velodyne\\-lidar\\-mapping\\-self\\-driving\\-car\\-david\\-hall\\-interview \\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2020 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Verge]] }}",
"In January 2006, the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\")'s 'Foresight' think\\-tank revealed a report which predicts [RFID](/wiki/RFID \"RFID\")\\-tagged driverless cars on UK's roads by 2056 and the [Royal Academy of Engineering](/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering \"Royal Academy of Engineering\") claimed that driverless trucks could be on Britain's motorways by 2019\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=McCue \\|first\\=Andy \\|url\\=http://www.silicon.com/management/public\\-sector/2006/01/26/rfid\\-tagged\\-driverless\\-cars\\-on\\-roads\\-by\\-2056\\-39155962/ \\|title\\=RFID\\-tagged driverless cars on roads by 2056 \\|publisher\\=Silicon.com \\|date\\=26 January 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2011}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.roadsafetygb.org.uk/news/541\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511081411/http://www.roadsafetygb.org.uk/news/541\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=11 May 2012 \\|title\\=Driverless trucks by 2019 \\|publisher\\=Roadsafetygb.org.uk \\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2011 }}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[Spirit of Berlin](/wiki/Spirit_of_Berlin \"Spirit of Berlin\") at Berlin, Germany in May 2007](/wiki/File:Spirit_of_Berlin.jpg \"Spirit of Berlin.jpg\")\nIn November 2007, DARPA again sponsored [Grand Challenge III](/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge_%282007%29 \"DARPA Grand Challenge (2007)\"), but this time the Challenge was held in an urban environment. In this race, a 2007 Chevy Tahoe autonomous car from Carnegie Mellon University earned the 1st place. Prize competitions as DARPA Grand Challenges gave students and researchers an opportunity to research a project on autonomous cars to reduce the burden of transportation problems such as traffic congestion and traffic accidents that increasingly exist on many urban residents.",
"Autonomous vehicles have also been used in mining. In December 2008, [Rio Tinto Alcan](/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Alcan \"Rio Tinto Alcan\") began testing the [Komatsu](/wiki/Komatsu_Limited \"Komatsu Limited\") Autonomous Haulage System – the world's first commercial autonomous mining haulage system – in the [Pilbara](/wiki/Pilbara \"Pilbara\") iron ore mine in [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia \"Western Australia\"). Rio Tinto has reported benefits in health, safety, and productivity. In November 2011, Rio Tinto signed a deal to greatly expand its fleet of driverless trucks.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.theindonesiatoday.com/Resources\\-Headlines/Resources\\-Headlines/Rio\\-Tinto\\-Expands\\-Driverless\\-Truck\\-Fleet/News \\|title\\=Rio Tinto Expands Driverless Truck Fleet \\|date\\=2 November 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-12\\-20 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220174702/http://www.theindonesiatoday.com/Resources\\-Headlines/Resources\\-Headlines/Rio\\-Tinto\\-Expands\\-Driverless\\-Truck\\-Fleet/News \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-12\\-20 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"Google began [developing](/wiki/New_product_development \"New product development\") its self\\-driving cars in 2009, but did so privately, avoiding public announcement of the program until a later time.",
"### 2010s",
"{{Cleanup\\|date\\=June 2019\\|reason\\=Needs to be shorter and more coherent than just a long list of things.}}\nMany major automotive manufacturers, including [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors \"General Motors\"), [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\"), [Mercedes\\-Benz](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz \"Mercedes-Benz\"), [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen \"Volkswagen\"), [Audi](/wiki/Audi \"Audi\"), [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan \"Nissan\"), [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\"), [BMW](/wiki/BMW \"BMW\"), and [Volvo](/wiki/Volvo \"Volvo\"), are in the process of testing driverless car systems. BMW has been testing driverless systems since around 2005,{{cite web\\|author\\=Jack Carfrae \\|url\\=http://www.thenational.ae/business/technology/an\\-automated\\-adventure\\-at\\-the\\-wheel\\-of\\-a\\-driverless\\-bmw \\|title\\=An automated adventure at the wheel of a driverless BMW – The National \\|publisher\\=Thenational.ae \\|date\\=25 May 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2012}}[\"The driverless car is coming. And we all should be glad it is.\"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443524904577651552635911824) by Dan Niel *Wall Street Journal*. 24 September 2012\\. in 2010, Audi sent a driverless Audi TTS to the top of [Pike’s Peak](/wiki/Pike%E2%80%99s_Peak \"Pike’s Peak\") at close to race speeds.",
"**2010**",
"In 2010, [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\")'s [VisLab](/wiki/VisLab \"VisLab\") from the [University of Parma](/wiki/University_of_Parma \"University of Parma\"), led by Professor [Alberto Broggi](/wiki/Alberto_Broggi \"Alberto Broggi\"), ran the [VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge](/wiki/VisLab_Intercontinental_Autonomous_Challenge \"VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge\") (VIAC), a {{convert\\|9900\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} test run which marked the first intercontinental land journey completed by autonomous vehicles. Four electric vans made a 100\\-day journey, leaving [Parma](/wiki/Parma%2C_Italy \"Parma, Italy\"), Italy, on 20 July 2010, and arriving at the [Shanghai Expo](/wiki/Expo_2010 \"Expo 2010\") in [China](/wiki/China \"China\") on 28 October.\nThe research project is co\\-funded by the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") CORDIS program.[\"Without driver or map, vans go from Italy to China\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181019205654/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/A/AS_CHINA_EU_DRIVERLESS_VEHICLE?SITE=VASTR&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT). Elaine Kurtenbac. Associated Press. Retrieved 5 February 2013\\.",
"In 2010, the Institute of Control Engineering of the Technische Universität Braunschweig demonstrated the first autonomous driving on public streets in Germany with the research vehicle Leonie. It was the first car licensed for autonomous driving on the streets and highways in Germany.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://blogs.tu\\-braunschweig.de/presseinformationen/?p\\=53\\|title\\=Forschungsfahrzeug \"Leonie\" fährt automatisch auf dem Braunschweiger Stadtring\\|date\\=5 October 2010\\|access\\-date\\=29 October 2014}}",
"In October 2010, an attorney for the [California Department of Motor Vehicles](/wiki/California_Department_of_Motor_Vehicles \"California Department of Motor Vehicles\"), raised concerns that \"\\[t]he technology is ahead of the law in many areas\", citing state laws that \"all presume to have a human being operating the vehicle\".{{cite news\\|author\\=John Markoff\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/science/10google.html\\|title\\=Google Cars Drive Themselves, in Traffic\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=October 9, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=October 11, 2010\\|author\\-link\\=John Markoff}}",
"**2011**",
"In 2011, the Freie Universität Berlin developed two autonomous cars to drive in the inner city traffic of Berlin in Germany. Led by the AutoNOMOS group, the two vehicles [Spirit of Berlin](/wiki/Spirit_of_Berlin \"Spirit of Berlin\") and [MadeInGermany](/wiki/MadeInGermany \"MadeInGermany\") handled intercity traffic, traffic lights and roundabouts between [International Congress Centrum](/wiki/International_Congress_Centrum \"International Congress Centrum\") and [Brandenburg Gate](/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate \"Brandenburg Gate\"). It was financed by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fu\\-berlin.de/en/presse/informationen/fup/2011/fup\\_11\\_291/\\|title\\=Brandenburg Gate Mission Accomplished – Autonomous Car Navigates the Streets of Berlin\\|publisher\\=FU Berlin\\|author\\=FU Berlin\\|date\\=17 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=17 July 2013}}",
"In 2011, GM created the EN\\-V (short for Electric Networked Vehicle), an autonomous electric urban vehicle.[\"EN\\-V electric networked car concept by GM begins pilot testing\"](http://www.designboom.com/weblog/cat/16/view/17067/en-v-electric-networked-car-concept-by-gm-begins-pilot-testing.html). DesignBoom.com. 14 October 2011\\. Retrieved 7 January 2013\\.",
"**2012**",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[MadeInGermany](/wiki/MadeInGermany \"MadeInGermany\") at Berlin, Germany in 2012](/wiki/File:MadeInGermany.jpg \"MadeInGermany.jpg\")\nIn 2012, Volkswagen began testing a \"Temporary Auto Pilot\" (TAP) system that will allow a car to drive itself at speeds of up to {{convert\\|80\\|mph\\|kph}} on the highway.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://media.vw.com/newsrelease.do;jsessionid\\=29F1827573C75FB72BF0CA0FB91FE2EF?\\&id\\=746\\&allImage\\=1\\&teaser\\=driving\\-without\\-driver\\-volkswagen\\-presents\\-temporary\\-auto\\-pilot∣\\=138 \\|title\\=Driving Without a Driver – Volkswagen presents the \"Temporary Auto Pilot\" \\|publisher\\=Media.vw.com \\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006062302/http://media.vw.com/newsrelease.do \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-06 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\nFord has conducted extensive research into driverless systems and vehicular communication systems.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://gigaom.com/mobile/ford\\-is\\-ready\\-for\\-the\\-autonomous\\-car\\-are\\-drivers/ \\|title\\=Ford is ready for the autonomous car. Are drivers? – Mobile Technology News \\|publisher\\=Gigaom.com \\|date\\=9 April 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 April 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421202933/http://gigaom.com/mobile/ford\\-is\\-ready\\-for\\-the\\-autonomous\\-car\\-are\\-drivers/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"In April 2012, [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\") became the second state in the United States to allow the testing of autonomous cars on public roads,Ana Valdes (July 5, 2012\\). [Florida Embraces Self\\-Driving Cars](http://www.wptv.com/dpp/news/state/florida-embraces-self-driving-cars-as-engineers-and-lawmakers-prepare-for-the-new-technology) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412143433/http://www.wptv.com/dpp/news/state/florida\\-embraces\\-self\\-driving\\-cars\\-as\\-engineers\\-and\\-lawmakers\\-prepare\\-for\\-the\\-new\\-technology \\|date\\=2013\\-04\\-12 }} Retrieved March 31, 2013\\. and [California](/wiki/California \"California\") became the third when Governor [Jerry Brown](/wiki/Jerry_Brown \"Jerry Brown\") signed the bill into law at Google Headquarters in [Mountain View](/wiki/Mountain_View%2C_California \"Mountain View, California\").John Oram (9\\-27\\-2012\\). [Governor Brown Signs California Driverless Car Law at Google HQ](http://www.brightsideofnews.com/news/2012/9/27/governor-brown-signs-california-driverless-car-law-at-google-hq-.aspx) Retrieved March 31, 2013\\.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[Lexus RX450h](/wiki/Lexus_RX450h \"Lexus RX450h\") retrofitted as a [Google driverless car](/wiki/Waymo \"Waymo\")](/wiki/File:Google%27s_Lexus_RX_450h_Self-Driving_Car.jpg \"Google's Lexus RX 450h Self-Driving Car.jpg\")\nOn 1 May 2012, a {{convert\\|22\\|km\\|abbr\\=on\\|adj\\=on}} [driving test](/wiki/Driving_test \"Driving test\") was administered to a Google self\\-driving car by [Nevada](/wiki/Nevada \"Nevada\") [motor vehicle examiners](/wiki/Nevada_Department_of_Motor_Vehicles \"Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles\") in a test route in the city of [Las Vegas, Nevada](/wiki/Las_Vegas%2C_Nevada \"Las Vegas, Nevada\"). The autonomous car passed the test but was not tested at [roundabouts](/wiki/Roundabout \"Roundabout\"), no\\-signal railroad crossings, or school zones.\n{{cite news \\|last1\\=Harris\\|first1\\=Mark \\|title\\=How Google's Autonomous Car Passed the First U.S. State Self\\-Driving Test \\|url\\=https://spectrum.ieee.org/how\\-googles\\-autonomous\\-car\\-passed\\-the\\-first\\-us\\-state\\-selfdriving\\-test \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-09\\-13 \\|work\\=\\[\\[IEEE Spectrum]] \\|publisher\\=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers \\|date\\=2014\\-09\\-10 }}\nNevada passed a law in June 2011 concerning the operation of autonomous cars in Nevada,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/06/ab511\\-20110625\\.html\\|title\\=Nevada enacts law authorizing autonomous (driverless) vehicles\\|date\\=25 June 2011\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Green Car Congress]]\\|access\\-date\\=25 June 2011}} which went into effect on March 1, 2012\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk\\-usa\\-nevada\\-google\\-idUSLNE84701320120508\\| title\\=Google gets first self\\-driven car license in Nevada\\|author\\=Mary Slosson \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]\\| date\\=May 8, 2012\\| access\\-date\\=May 9, 2012}} \nA [Toyota Prius](/wiki/Toyota_Prius \"Toyota Prius\") modified with Google's experimental driverless technology was licensed by the [Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles](/wiki/Nevada_Department_of_Motor_Vehicles \"Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles\") (DMV) in May 2012\\. This was the first license issued in the United States for a self\\-driven car. License plates issued in Nevada for testing autonomous cars have a red background and feature an [infinity symbol](/wiki/Infinity_symbol \"Infinity symbol\") (∞) on the left side because, according to the DMV Director, \"...using the infinity symbol was the best way to represent the 'car of the future{{'\"}}.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2012/may/07/nevada\\-issues\\-google\\-first\\-license\\-self\\-driving\\-ca/\\|title\\=Nevada issues Google first license for self\\-driving car\\|author\\=Cy Ryan\\|work\\=\\[\\[Las Vegas Sun]]\\|date\\=May 7, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=May 12, 2012}} Nevada's test regulations required a person behind the wheel and one in the passenger's seat during tests.",
"**2013**",
"In January 2013, Toyota demonstrated a partially self\\-driving car with numerous sensors and communication systems. Other programs in the field include the [2GetThere](/wiki/ParkShuttle \"ParkShuttle\") passenger vehicles from the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\") and the [DARPA Grand Challenge](/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge \"DARPA Grand Challenge\") in the USA; some plans for bimodal public transport systems include autonomous cars as a component.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.eubase.net/reports/PCT.html \\|title\\=Public Containerised Transport, ways to improve the efficiency and experience of travel by intermodalizing automobiles \\|publisher\\=Nordic Communications Corporation \\|date\\=4 January 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314083116/http://www.eubase.net/reports/PCT.html \\|archive\\-date\\=14 March 2013 }}",
"On 12 July 2013, VisLab conducted another pioneering test of autonomous vehicles, during which a robotic vehicle drove in downtown Parma with no human control, successfully navigating roundabouts, traffic lights, pedestrian crossings and other common hazards.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vislab.it/proud\\|title\\=PROUD Car Test 2013\\|publisher\\=VisLab\\|author\\=Alberto Broggi\\|date\\=17 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=17 July 2013}}",
"In August 2013, [Daimler](/wiki/Daimler_AG \"Daimler AG\") R\\&D with [Karlsruhe Institute of Technology](/wiki/Karlsruhe_Institute_of_Technology \"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology\")/FZI, made a Mercedes\\-Benz S\\-class vehicle with close\\-to\\-production [stereo cameras](/wiki/Stereo_camera \"Stereo camera\"){{cite book\\|author1\\=Hamilton, O.K. \\|author2\\=Breckon, T.P. \\|author3\\=Bai, X. \\|author4\\=Kamata, S. \\| chapter\\=A Foreground Object based Quantitative Assessment of Dense Stereo Approaches for use in Automotive Environments\\| title\\=Proc. International Conference on Image Processing\\|date\\=September 2013\\| pages\\=418–422\\| publisher\\=IEEE\\| chapter\\-url\\=http://breckon.eu/toby/publications/papers/hamilton13stereo.pdf\\| access\\-date\\=19 November 2013}} and [radars](/wiki/Radars \"Radars\") drive completely autonomously for about 100 km from Mannheim to Pforzheim, Germany, following the historic [Bertha Benz Memorial Route](/wiki/Bertha_Benz_Memorial_Route \"Bertha Benz Memorial Route\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=G5kJ\\_8JAp\\-w\\|title\\=Mercedes\\-Benz S 500 INTELLIGENT DRIVE \\|publisher\\=youtube\\|author\\=Daimler\\|date\\=8 September 2013\\|access\\-date\\=14 October 2013}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323808204579085271065923340\\|title\\=Driverless Cars for the Road Ahead\\|publisher\\=Wall Street Journal\\|author\\=Dan Neal\\|date\\=27 September 2013\\|access\\-date\\=14 October 2013}}",
"Also in August 2013, Nissan announced its plans to launch several driverless cars by 2020\\. The company is building in Japan a dedicated autonomous driving proving ground, to be completed in 2014\\. Nissan installed its autonomous car technology in a [Nissan Leaf](/wiki/Nissan_Leaf \"Nissan Leaf\") [electric car](/wiki/Electric_car \"Electric car\") for demonstration purposes. The car was demonstrated at Nissan 360 test drive event held in California in August 2013\\.{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-03\\-05\\|author\\=Nissan News\\|date\\=2013\\-08\\-28\\|publisher\\=Green Car Congress\\|title\\=Nissan says it will have first commercially\\-viable autonomous drive vehicles by 2020; across the range in 2 vehicle generations\\|url\\=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/08/20130828\\-ad.html}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/29/nissan\\-announces\\-plans\\-to\\-release\\-driverless\\-cars\\-by\\-2020/?\\_php\\=true\\&\\_type\\=blogs\\&ref\\=automobiles\\&\\_r\\=0\\|title\\=Nissan Announces Plans to Release Driverless Cars by 2020 \\|author\\=Paul Stenquist\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=2013\\-08\\-29\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-03\\-05}} In September 2013, the Leaf fitted the prototype Advanced Driver Assistance System was granted a license plate that allows to drive it on Japanese public roads. The testing car will be used by Nissan engineers to evaluate how its in\\-house autonomous driving software performs in the real world. Time spent on public roads will help refine the car's software for fully automated driving.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.plugincars.com/nissan\\-first\\-advanced\\-driver\\-assistance\\-leaf\\-hits\\-roads\\-japan\\-128415\\.html\\|title\\=Nissan's Autonomous LEAF Granted License for Public Roads in Japan\\|author\\=Nikki Gordon\\-Bloomfield\\|publisher\\=PluginCars.com\\|date\\=2013\\-09\\-26\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-03\\-05}} The autonomous Leaf was demonstrated on public roads for the first time at a media event held in Japan in November 2013\\. The Leaf drove on the Sagami Expressway in [Kanagawa prefecture](/wiki/Kanagawa_prefecture \"Kanagawa prefecture\"), near Tokyo. Nissan vice chairman [Toshiyuki Shiga](/wiki/Toshiyuki_Shiga \"Toshiyuki Shiga\") and the prefecture's Governor, Yuji Kuroiwa, rode in the car during the test.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2013/12/02/self\\-driving\\-nissan\\-electric\\-car\\-takes\\-to\\-highway/\\|title\\=Self\\-Driving Nissan Electric Car Takes to Highway\\|author\\=Jonathan Welsh\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]]\\|date\\=2013\\-12\\-02\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-03\\-05}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.engadget.com/2013/11/26/nissan\\-leaf\\-is\\-first\\-autonomous\\-car\\-on\\-japanese\\-public\\-roads/ \\|title\\=Nissan Leaf prototype becomes first autonomous car to hit Japanese highways (video) \\|author\\=Alexis Santos\\|publisher\\=Engadget.com \\|date\\=2013\\-11\\-26\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-03\\-05}}",
"Available in 2013, the [2014 Mercedes S\\-Class](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_%28W222%29 \"Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222)\") has options for autonomous steering, [lane keeping](/wiki/Lane_departure_warning_system \"Lane departure warning system\"), [acceleration/braking](/wiki/Adaptive_cruise_control \"Adaptive cruise control\"), [parking](/wiki/Automatic_parking \"Automatic parking\"), [accident avoidance](/wiki/Precrash_system \"Precrash system\"), and [driver fatigue detection](/wiki/Driver_drowsiness_detection \"Driver drowsiness detection\"), in both city traffic and highway speeds of up to {{convert\\|124\\|mi\\|km}} per hour.{{cite news\\|last\\=Stenquist\\|first\\=Paul\\|title\\=On the Road to Autonomous, a Pause at Extrasensory\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/27/automobiles/on\\-the\\-road\\-to\\-autonomous\\-a\\-pause\\-at\\-extrasensory.html?pagewanted\\=all\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2013\\|date\\=25 October 2013}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Ewing\\|first\\=Jack\\|title\\=A Benz With a Virtual Chauffeur\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/automobiles/a\\-benz\\-with\\-a\\-virtual\\-chauffeur.html\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=19 May 2013\\|date\\=16 May 2013}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Ingraham\\|first\\=Nathan\\|title\\=Mercedes\\-Benz shows off self\\-driving car technology in its new $100,000 S\\-Class\\|url\\=https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/18/4341656/mercedes\\-benz\\-shows\\-off\\-self\\-driving\\-car\\-technology\\|work\\=The Verge\\|access\\-date\\=19 May 2013\\|date\\=18 May 2013}}{{cite web\\|last\\=English\\|first\\=Andrew\\|title\\=New Car Tech: 2014 Mercedes\\-Benz S\\-Class\\|url\\=http://www.roadandtrack.com/go/first\\-looks/new\\-car\\-tech\\-2014\\-mercedes\\-benz\\-s\\-class\\|work\\=Road \\& Track\\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2013\\|date\\=20 November 2012}}",
"Released in 2013, the 2014 [Infiniti Q50](/wiki/Infiniti_Q50 \"Infiniti Q50\") uses cameras, radar and other technology to deliver various lane\\-keeping, collision avoidance and cruise control features. One reviewer remarked, \"With the Q50 managing its speed and adjusting course, I could sit back and simply watch, even on mildly curving highways, for three or more miles at a stretch,\" adding that he wasn't touching the steering wheel or pedals.{{cite news\\|last\\=Ulrich\\|first\\=Lawrence\\|title\\=Feeling a Bit Obsolete in the Driver's Seat\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/15/automobiles/autoreviews/feeling\\-a\\-bit\\-obsolete\\-in\\-the\\-drivers\\-seat.html\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2013\\|date\\=15 December 2013}}",
"Although as of 2013, fully autonomous vehicles are not yet available to the public, many contemporary car models have features offering limited autonomous functionality. These include [adaptive cruise control](/wiki/Adaptive_cruise_control \"Adaptive cruise control\"), a system that monitors distances to adjacent vehicles in the same lane, adjusting the speed with the flow of traffic; [lane assist](/wiki/Lane_departure_warning_system \"Lane departure warning system\"), which monitors the vehicle's position in the lane, and either warns the driver when the vehicle is leaving its lane, or, less commonly, takes corrective actions; and [parking assist](/wiki/Automatic_parking \"Automatic parking\"), which assists the driver in the task of [parallel parking](/wiki/Parallel_parking \"Parallel parking\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://blog.laptopmag.com/high\\-tech\\-cars\\-go\\-mainstream\\-self\\-driving\\-in\\-car\\-radar\\-more\\|title\\=The Race to Build Self\\-Driving Cars\\|author\\= Daniel P. Howley\\|work\\=Laptop\\|date\\=23 August 2012\\|access\\-date\\=12 March 2013}}",
"**2014**",
"[thumb\\|Nissan autonomous prototype technology was fitted on a [Nissan Leaf](/wiki/Nissan_Leaf \"Nissan Leaf\") [all\\-electric car](/wiki/All-electric_car \"All-electric car\").](/wiki/File:2014-03-04_Geneva_Motor_Show_1186.JPG \"2014-03-04 Geneva Motor Show 1186.JPG\")\nIn January 2014, Induct Technology's [Navia](/wiki/Navia_%28vehicle%29 \"Navia (vehicle)\") shuttle became the first self\\-driving vehicle to be available for commercial sale.{{cite web\\|last\\=Maisto\\|first\\=Michelle\\|title\\=Induct Now Selling Navia, First Self\\-Driving Commercial Vehicle\\|url\\=http://www.eweek.com/innovation/induct\\-now\\-selling\\-navia\\-first\\-self\\-driving\\-commercial\\-vehicle.html/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20140107184549/http://www.eweek.com/innovation/induct\\-now\\-selling\\-navia\\-first\\-self\\-driving\\-commercial\\-vehicle.html/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 7, 2014\\|work\\=eWeek\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2014\\|date\\=6 January 2014}} Limited to {{convert\\|12\\.5\\|mph\\|kph}}, the open\\-air electric vehicle resembles a golf cart and seats up to eight people. It is intended to shuttle people around \"pedestrianized city centers, large industrial sites, airports, theme parks, university campuses or hospital complexes.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Navia – The 100% Electric Automated Transport\\|url\\=http://induct\\-technology.com/en/products/navia\\-the\\-100\\-electric\\-automated\\-transport\\|work\\=Induct Technology\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130725140356/http://induct\\-technology.com/en/products/navia\\-the\\-100\\-electric\\-automated\\-transport\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-07\\-25\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"On May 27, 2014, [Google](/wiki/Google \"Google\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2014/05/just\\-press\\-go\\-designing\\-self\\-driving.html\\|title\\=Official Google Blog: Just press go: designing a self\\-driving vehicle\\|work\\=Official Google Blog\\|date\\=27 May 2014}} announced plans to unveil 100 autonomous car prototypes built from scratch inside [Google's secret X lab](/wiki/X_Development \"X Development\"), as manifestations of years of work that began by [modifying existing vehicles](/wiki/Google_driverless_car \"Google driverless car\"), along with, \"in the next couple of years\" according to Google in the above blog post, a pilot program similar to that which was used for the Cr\\-48 [Chromebook](/wiki/Chromebook \"Chromebook\") back in 2010\\.",
"In October 2014, [Tesla Motors](/wiki/Tesla_Motors \"Tesla Motors\") announced its first version of [Autopilot](/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot \"Tesla Autopilot\"). [Model S](/wiki/Tesla_Model_S \"Tesla Model S\") cars equipped with this system are capable of lane control with autonomous steering, braking, and speed limit adjustment based on signal image recognition. The system also provides autonomous parking and can receive software updates to improve skills over time.{{cite web\\|first\\=Josh \\|last\\=Lowensohn\\|date\\=2014\\-10\\-10\\|publisher\\=Vox Media\\|title\\=This is Tesla's D: an all\\-wheel\\-drive Model S with eyes on the road\\|url\\=https://www.theverge.com/2014/10/9/6955357/this\\-is\\-tesla\\-s\\-d\\-an\\-all\\-wheel\\-drive\\-car\\-with\\-eyes\\-on\\-the\\-road\\|work\\=The Verge}}",
"In 2014, [SAE International](/wiki/SAE_International \"SAE International\"), an automotive standardization body, published a classification system with six levels – ranging from fully manual to fully automated systems –, as J3016, *Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to On\\-Road Motor Vehicle Automated Driving Systems*.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.adaptive\\-ip.eu/index.php/deliverables\\_papers.html?file\\=files/adaptive/content/downloads/Deliverables%20%26%20papers/AdaptIVe\\-SP2\\-v12\\-DL\\-D2\\.1%20System%20Classification.pdf\\|title\\=AdaptIVe system classification and glossary on Automated driving\\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007124740/https://www.adaptive\\-ip.eu/index.php/deliverables\\_papers.html?file\\=files%2Fadaptive%2Fcontent%2Fdownloads%2FDeliverables%20%26%20papers%2FAdaptIVe\\-SP2\\-v12\\-DL\\-D2\\.1%20System%20Classification.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=7 October 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sae.org/misc/pdfs/automated\\_driving.pdf\\|title\\=AUTOMATED DRIVING LEVELS OF DRIVING AUTOMATION ARE DEFINED IN NEW SAE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD J3016\\|date\\= 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120142825/http://www.sae.org/misc/pdfs/automated\\_driving.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=20 November 2016}}",
"**2015**",
"In February 2015, the UK Government announced it would oversee public trials of the [LUTZ Pathfinder](/wiki/LUTZ_Pathfinder \"LUTZ Pathfinder\") driverless pod in [Milton Keynes](/wiki/Milton_Keynes \"Milton Keynes\").{{cite web\\|last1\\=Burn\\-Callander\\|first1\\=Rebecca\\|title\\=This is the Lutz pod, the UK's first driverless car\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/businessclub/technology/11403306/This\\-is\\-the\\-Lutz\\-pod\\-the\\-UKs\\-first\\-driverless\\-car.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211183424/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/businessclub/technology/11403306/This\\-is\\-the\\-Lutz\\-pod\\-the\\-UKs\\-first\\-driverless\\-car.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2015\\|website\\=Daily Telegraph\\|access\\-date\\=11 February 2015\\|date\\=11 February 2015}}",
"In March 2015, [Tesla Motors](/wiki/Tesla_Motors \"Tesla Motors\") announced that it will introduce its Autopilot technology by mid\\-2015 through a software update for the cars equipped with the systems that allow autonomous driving.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/20/business/elon\\-musk\\-says\\-self\\-driving\\-tesla\\-cars\\-will\\-be\\-in\\-the\\-us\\-by\\-summer.html?hpw\\&rref\\=automobiles\\&action\\=click\\&pgtype\\=Homepage\\&module\\=well\\-region\\®ion\\=bottom\\-well\\&WT.nav\\=bottom\\-well\\&\\_r\\=0\\|title\\=Elon Musk Says Self\\-Driving Tesla Cars Will Be in the U.S. by Summer\\|author\\=Aaron M. Kessler\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=2015\\-03\\-19\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-03\\-20}} Some industry experts have raised questions about the legal status of [autonomous driving](/wiki/Autonomous_driving \"Autonomous driving\") in the U.S. and whether Model S owner would violate current state regulations when using the autopilot function. The few states that have passed laws allowing autonomous cars on the road limit their use for testing purposes, not the use by the general public. Also, there are questions about the liability of autonomous cars in case there is a mistake. A Tesla spokesman said there is: {{blockquote\\|nothing in our autopilot system that conflicts with current regulations. We are not getting rid of the pilot. This is about releasing the driver from tedious tasks so they can focus and provide better input.}} [Google](/wiki/Google \"Google\")'s director of self\\-driving cars at the company said he does not think there is a regulatory block as far as the self\\-driving vehicle met crash\\-test and other safety standards. A spokesman for the [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration \"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration\") (NHTSA) said that \"*any autonomous vehicle would need to meet applicable federal motor vehicle safety standards*\" and the NHTSA \"*will have the appropriate policies and regulations in place to ensure the safety of this type of vehicles*.\"",
"{{Multiple image\\|direction\\=vertical\\|align\\=left\\|image1\\=Drive Me Volvo S60 SAO 2014 0256\\.JPG\\|image2\\=Drive Me Volvo S60 SAO 2014 0260\\.JPG\n\\|width\\=220\\|caption1\\=The \\[\\[Volvo S60]] \\[\\[Volvo Drive Me\\|Drive Me]] autonomous test vehicle is considered Level 3 autonomous driving.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/a\\-ride\\-in\\-volvos\\-autonomous\\-car\\-how\\-the\\-next\\-step\\-in\\-driver\\-safety\\-requires\\-replacing\\-the\\-driver/ \\| title\\=Inside Volvo's self\\-driving car: Improving driver safety without the driver \\| first\\=Tim \\| last\\=Stevens \\| work\\=CNET.com \\| date\\=2016\\-05\\-16 \\| access\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-02}}\\|caption2\\=Frontal sensors in the Volvo S60 test vehicle}}",
"In mid\\-October 2015, Tesla Motors rolled out version 7 of their software in the U.S. that included Autopilot capability.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.autonews.com/article/20151014/OEM06/151019938/tesla\\-beams\\-down\\-autopilot\\-mode\\-to\\-model\\-s \\|title\\=Tesla beams down 'autopilot' mode to Model S \\|first\\=Gabe \\|last\\=Nelson \\|work\\=Automotive News \\|date\\=2015\\-10\\-14 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-10\\-19}} On January 9, 2016, Tesla rolled out version 7\\.1 as an [over\\-the\\-air](/wiki/Over-the-air_programming \"Over-the-air programming\") update, adding a new \"summon\" feature that allows cars to self\\-park at parking locations without the driver in the car.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/elon\\-musk\\-two\\-years\\-car\\-202858960\\.html \\|title\\=ELON MUSK: In 2 years your Tesla will be able to drive from New York to LA and find you \\|first\\=Benjamin \\|last\\=Zhang \\|work\\=Automotive News \\|date\\=2016\\-01\\-10 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-01\\-12}} Tesla's autonomous driving features are ahead of production cars, and can be classified as is somewhere between level 2 and level 3 under the defunct [NHTSA five levels of vehicle automation](/wiki/Autonomous_car%23Classification \"Autonomous car#Classification\"). At this levels the car can act autonomously but requires the full attention of the driver, who must be prepared to take control at a moment's notice.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/tesla\\-autopilot\\-trying\\-kill\\-me\\-says\\-volvo\\-rd\\-chief\\-1565134 \\| title\\=Tesla Autopilot is 'trying to kill me', says Volvo R\\&D chief\\| first\\= Alistair \\|last\\=Charlton \\| work\\=\\[\\[International Business Times]] \\| date\\=2016\\-06\\-13 \\| access\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-01}}{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/27/11518826/volvo\\-tesla\\-autopilot\\-autonomous\\-self\\-driving\\-car \\| title\\=Volvo autonomous car engineer calls Tesla's Autopilot a 'wannabe' \\| first\\= Jordan \\|last\\=Golson \\| work\\=\\[\\[The Verge]] \\| date\\=2016\\-04\\-27 \\| access\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-01}}{{cite news \\| url\\=http://fortune.com/2015/12/21/elon\\-musk\\-interview/ \\| title\\=Elon Musk Says Tesla Vehicles Will Drive Themselves in Two Years \\| first\\=Kirsten \\|last\\=Korosec \\| work\\=\\[\\[Fortune (magazine)\\|Fortune]] \\| date\\=2015\\-12\\-15 \\| access\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-01}} Autopilot is not fully autonomous and can't detect pedestrians or cyclists.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/samabuelsamid/2016/07/01/first\\-tesla\\-autopilot\\-fatality\\-demonstrates\\-why\\-lidar\\-and\\-v2v\\-probably\\-will\\-be\\-necessary/\\#73c13b3f3f66 \\| title\\=Tesla Autopilot Fatality Shows Why Lidar And V2V Will Be Necessary For Autonomous Cars \\| first\\=Sam \\| last\\=Abuelsamid \\| work\\=\\[\\[Forbes]] \\| date\\=2016\\-07\\-01 \\| access\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-01}}",
"In February 2015, [Volvo Cars](/wiki/Volvo_Cars \"Volvo Cars\") announced its plans to lease 100 [XC90](/wiki/Volvo_XC90 \"Volvo XC90\") [SUVs](/wiki/SUV \"SUV\") fitted with [Drive Me](/wiki/Volvo_Drive_Me \"Volvo Drive Me\") [Level 3 automation](/wiki/Autonomous_car%23Classification \"Autonomous car#Classification\") technology to residents of [Gothenburg](/wiki/Gothenburg \"Gothenburg\") in 2017\\.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.theverge.com/2015/2/23/8091455/volvo\\-drive\\-me\\-self\\-driving\\-car\\-test\\-2017 \\| title\\=Volvo will run a public test of self\\-driving cars with 100 real people in 2017 \\| first\\=Chris \\|last\\=Ziegler \\| work\\=\\[\\[The Verge]] \\| date\\=2015\\-02\\-23 \\| access\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-02}} The Drive Me XC90s will be equipped with [Nvidia](/wiki/Nvidia \"Nvidia\")’s [Drive PX 2](/wiki/Drive_PX-series \"Drive PX-series\") [supercomputer](/wiki/Supercomputer \"Supercomputer\") and will be driven autonomously in certain weather conditions and on one road that loops around the city. As part of Volvo's Drive Me project, the 100 cars in the Sweden test will have an interface called IntelliSafe Auto Pilot, a feature that will let drivers activate and deactivate the autonomous mode through specially\\-designed paddles on the steering wheel. The interface was developed to oversee how drivers will transfer control to a car's autonomous driving mode in future cars. Volvo considers autonomous driving systems as the tool that will help it meet the company's goal to have no one seriously injured or killed in a new Volvo by the year 2020\\.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://fortune.com/2016/04/06/volvo\\-self\\-driving\\-china/ \\| title\\=Volvo Expands Its Self\\-Driving Car Experiment to China \\| first\\= Kirsten \\|last\\=Korosec\\| work\\=\\[\\[Fortune (magazine)\\|Fortune]] \\| date\\=2016\\-04\\-06 \\| access\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-02}}",
"[thumb\\|Google's in\\-house [driverless car](/wiki/Google_self-driving_car \"Google self-driving car\"). {{As of\\|2015\\|07}}, Google's driverless test vehicles had been involved in 14 minor accidents since 2009\\.](/wiki/File:Google_driverless_car_at_intersection.gk.jpg \"Google driverless car at intersection.gk.jpg\")",
"In April 2015, a car designed by [Delphi Automotive](/wiki/Delphi_Automotive \"Delphi Automotive\") became the first automated vehicle to complete a coast\\-to\\-coast journey across North America. It travelled from San Francisco to New York, under computer control for 99% of that distance.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Isidore\\|first1\\=Chris\\|title\\=Driverless car finishes 3,400\\-mile cross\\-country trip\\|url\\=https://money.cnn.com/2015/04/03/autos/delphi\\-driverless\\-car\\-cross\\-country\\-trip/\\|website\\=CNN Money\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2015\\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-03}}",
"In July 2015, Google announced that the test vehicles in its [driverless car project](/wiki/Google_self-driving_car \"Google self-driving car\") had been involved in 14 minor accidents since the project's inception in 2009\\. Chris Urmson, the project leader, said that all of the accidents were caused by humans driving other cars and that 11 of the mishaps were rear\\-end collisions. \"Our self\\-driving cars are being hit surprisingly often by other drivers who are distracted and not paying attention to the road. That's a big motivator for us.\" Over the six years of the project's existence the test vehicles had logged nearly 2 million miles on the road.{{cite news \\| last \\= Titcomb \\| first \\= James \\| title \\= Google blames careless humans after first driverless car injury \\| journal \\= The Telegraph \\| date \\= July 17, 2015 \\| url \\= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/11745772/Google\\-blames\\-careless\\-humans\\-after\\-first\\-driverless\\-car\\-injury.html \\| access\\-date \\= July 18, 2015}}",
"A\\*STAR's Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R) developed a self\\-driving vehicle which was the first to be approved in Singapore for public road testing at [one\\-north](/wiki/One-north \"One-north\") in July 2015\\. It has ferried several dignitaries such as Prime Minister [Lee Hsien Loong](/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong \"Lee Hsien Loong\"), Minister [S. Iswaran](/wiki/S._Iswaran \"S. Iswaran\"), Minister [Vivian Balakrishnan](/wiki/Vivian_Balakrishnan \"Vivian Balakrishnan\"), and several ministers from other countries.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.smartnation.sg/what\\-is\\-smart\\-nation/initiatives/Transport/autonomous\\-vehicles\\|title\\=Autonomous Vehicles\\|date\\=2 May 2019\\|website\\=Smart Nation Singapore\\|access\\-date\\=31 August 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=16 August 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816030146/https://www.smartnation.sg/what\\-is\\-smart\\-nation/initiatives/Transport/autonomous\\-vehicles\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite journal\\|last\\=Umar Zakir Abdul \\|first\\=Hamid \\|title\\=Current Landscape of the Automotive Field in the ASEAN Region: Case Study of Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia \\- A Brief Overview \\|journal\\=ASEAN Journal of Automotive Technology \\|date\\=2019 \\|volume\\=1 \\|issue\\=1 \\|url\\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336279557 \\|display\\-authors\\=etal\\|access\\-date\\=5 October 2019}}",
"**2016**",
"In April 2016, Volvo announced plans to deploy 100 XC90 self\\-driving cars to test them in everyday driving conditions in China in 2017\\. Also in April 2016, the carmaker announced plans to begin a trial in London in 2017 with 100 [Volvo XC90 plug\\-in hybrids](/wiki/Volvo_XC90_T8 \"Volvo XC90 T8\") fitted with Drive Me technology. The XC90s will be leased to everyday users, and the self\\-driving cars will log every journey, passing on that data to Thatcham Research, which will conduct a thorough analysis to examine how the car behaves in everyday situations as well as understand how other road users and the car's occupants respond to autonomous driving decisions made by the car.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://transportevolved.com/2016/04/27/volvo\\-launches\\-autonomous\\-driveme\\-pilot\\-project\\-in\\-london\\-hands\\-over\\-keys\\-to\\-100\\-self\\-driving\\-plug\\-in\\-hybrids/ \\| title\\=Volvo Launches Autonomous DriveMe Pilot Project in London, Hands Over Keys To 100 Self\\-Driving Plug\\-in Hybrids \\| first\\=Nikki \\| last\\=Gordon\\-Bloomfield \\| publisher\\=Transport Evolved \\| date\\=2016\\-04\\-27 \\| access\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-02 \\| archive\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-10 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610004347/https://transportevolved.com/2016/04/27/volvo\\-launches\\-autonomous\\-driveme\\-pilot\\-project\\-in\\-london\\-hands\\-over\\-keys\\-to\\-100\\-self\\-driving\\-plug\\-in\\-hybrids/ \\| url\\-status\\=dead }}\n[thumb\\|**Waymo LLC** is a [self\\-driving](/wiki/Autonomous_car \"Autonomous car\") technology development company.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2023}}](/wiki/File:Waymo_self-driving_car_side_view.gk.jpg \"Waymo self-driving car side view.gk.jpg\")\nThe [first known fatal accident](/wiki/List_of_Tesla_Autopilot_crashes%23Williston%2C_Florida%2C_USA_%28May_7%2C_2016%29 \"List of Tesla Autopilot crashes#Williston, Florida, USA (May 7, 2016)\") involving a vehicle being driven by itself took place in [Williston, Florida](/wiki/Williston%2C_Florida \"Williston, Florida\") on 7 May 2016 while a [Tesla Model S](/wiki/Tesla_Model_S \"Tesla Model S\") [electric car](/wiki/Electric_car \"Electric car\") was engaged in Autopilot mode. The driver was killed in a crash with a large 18\\-wheel [tractor\\-trailer](/wiki/Tractor-trailer \"Tractor-trailer\"). On 28 June 2016, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) opened a formal investigation into the accident working with the [Florida Highway Patrol](/wiki/Florida_Highway_Patrol \"Florida Highway Patrol\"). According to the NHTSA, preliminary reports indicate the crash occurred when the tractor\\-trailer made a left turn in front of the Tesla at an intersection on a non\\-controlled access highway, and the car failed to apply the brakes. The car continued to travel after passing under the truck's trailer.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jun/30/tesla\\-autopilot\\-death\\-self\\-driving\\-car\\-elon\\-musk \\| title\\=Tesla driver dies in first fatal crash while using autopilot mode \\|first1\\=Danny \\|last1\\=Yadron \\|first2\\=Dan \\|last2\\=Tynan \\| work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[San Francisco]] \\|date\\=2016\\-07\\-01 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-01}}{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/01/business/self\\-driving\\-tesla\\-fatal\\-crash\\-investigation.html \\| title\\=Self\\-Driving Tesla Involved in Fatal Crash \\| first1\\=Bill \\|last1\\=Vlasic \\|first2\\=Neal E. \\|last2\\=Boudette \\| work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\| date\\=2016\\-06\\-30 \\| access\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-01}}{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/07/01/truck\\-driver\\-involved\\-with\\-fatal\\-tesla\\-accident\\-says\\-driver\\-was\\-watching\\-a\\-movie.html \\| title\\=Highway patrol found DVD player in wreckage of fatal Tesla accident \\| first\\=David Paul \\| last\\=Morris \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[CNBC]] \\| agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\| date\\=2016\\-07\\-01 \\| access\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-01 \\| archive\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-01 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701152829/http://www.cnbc.com/2016/07/01/truck\\-driver\\-involved\\-with\\-fatal\\-tesla\\-accident\\-says\\-driver\\-was\\-watching\\-a\\-movie.html \\| url\\-status\\=dead }} The NHTSA's preliminary evaluation was opened to examine the design and performance of any automated driving systems in use at the time of the crash, which involves a population of an estimated 25,000 Model S cars.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www\\-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov/acms/cs/jaxrs/download/doc/UCM530776/INOA\\-PE16007\\-7080\\.PDF \\| title\\=ODI Resume – Investigation: PE 16\\-007 \\| author\\=Office of Defects Investigations, NHTSA \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA) \\| date\\=2016\\-06\\-28 \\| access\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-02 \\| archive\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-06 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706022332/http://www\\-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov/acms/cs/jaxrs/download/doc/UCM530776/INOA\\-PE16007\\-7080\\.PDF \\| url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"In August 2016, [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\") launched the first self\\-driving taxi service (as a pilot), provided by an autonomous vehicle startup company called [nuTonomy](/wiki/NuTonomy \"NuTonomy\").{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/worlds\\-first\\-self\\-driving\\-taxis\\-hit\\-the\\-road\\-in\\-singapore\\-1472102747 \\| title\\=World's First Self\\-Driving Taxis Hit the Road in Singapore – Singapore's nuTonomy debuts autonomous cabs, beating the likes of U.S. tech giants Uber and Google \\| work\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]] \\| date\\=25 August 2016 \\| access\\-date\\=7 September 2016 \\| author\\=Watts, Jake Maxwell}}",
"In September 2016, [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration \"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration\") (NHTSA) adopted the SAE classification standard,{{cite web\\|date\\=September 2016 \\|title\\=Federal Automated Vehicles Policy \\|url\\=https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/federal\\_automated\\_vehicles\\_policy.pdf \\|page\\=9 \\|website\\=\\[\\[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration\\|NHTSA]], U.S. \\|access\\-date\\=1 December 2021}} and the SAE classification became widely accepted.{{cite web \\|date\\=1 February 2018 \\|title\\=JASO TP 18004: 自動車用運転自動化システムのレベル分類及び定義 \\|trans\\-title\\=JASO TP 18004: Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems \\|url\\=https://www.jsae.or.jp/08std/data/DrivingAutomation/jaso\\_tp18004\\-18\\.pdf \\|page\\= \\|website\\=\\[\\[Japanese Automotive Standards Organization\\|JASO]], Japan \\|access\\-date\\=1 December 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 December 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201121753/https://www.jsae.or.jp/08std/data/DrivingAutomation/jaso\\_tp18004\\-18\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"Starting in October 2016, Tesla says that all of their cars are built with the necessary hardware to allow full self\\-driving capability at a safety level ([SAE Level 5](/wiki/Autonomous_car%23Levels_of_driving_automation \"Autonomous car#Levels of driving automation\")). The hardware includes eight surround cameras and twelve ultrasonic sensors, in addition to the forward\\-facing radar with enhanced processing capabilities.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tesla.com/autopilot/?utm \\|title\\=Autopilot: Full Self\\-Driving Hardware on All Cars \\|publisher\\=Tesla Motors \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-21}} The system will operate in \"shadow mode\" (processing without taking action) and send data back to Tesla to improve its abilities until the software is ready for deployment via over\\-the\\-air upgrades.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Guess\\|first1\\=Megan \\|title\\=Teslas will now be sold with enhanced hardware suite for full autonomy\\|url\\= https://arstechnica.com/cars/2016/10/tesla\\-says\\-all\\-its\\-cars\\-will\\-ship\\-with\\-hardware\\-for\\-level\\-5\\-autonomy/ \\|date\\= 2016\\-10\\-20\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-20\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Ars Technica]]}} Full autonomy is only likely after millions of miles of testing, and approval by authorities. Tesla Motors said it expected to enable full self\\-driving by the end of 2017, however, as of March 2021, this has not happened yet.{{cite web\\|url\\= https://electrek.co/2016/10/20/tesla\\-enhanced\\-autopilot\\-full\\-self\\-driving\\-capability/ \\|title\\=Tesla's software timeline for 'Enhanced Autopilot' transition means 'Full Self\\-Driving Capability' as early as next year\\|first1\\= Fred \\|last1\\=Lambert\\|date\\= 2016\\-10\\-20\\|work\\=\\[\\[Electrek]] \\|access\\-date\\= 2016\\-10\\-20 \\|quote\\=At “2 to 3 months from now”, Tesla expects .. the new software validation for the Autopilot features}}",
"In September 2017, SAE and GM announced a new collegiate autonomous vehicle challenge: the SAE Autodrive Challenge.{{Cite news \\|last\\=SZYMKOWSKI \\|first\\=SEAN \\|date\\=2016\\-12\\-14 \\|title\\=General Motors Sponsors Collegiate 'AutoDrive Challenge' For Advanced Autonomous Technology \\|work\\=GM Authority \\|url\\=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2016/12/general\\-motors\\-sponsors\\-collegiate\\-autodrive\\-challenge\\-for\\-advanced\\-autonomous\\-technology/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-03}} The goal of the four\\-year\\-long competition is to have a vehicle navigate an urban driving course in an automated driving mode as described by SAE Standard (J3016\\) level 4 definition by year four. Each team is provided with a 2017 Chevrolet Bolt EV to modify with state of the Art sensors. A total of 8 universities across North America participate in this competition: Kettering University, Michigan State University, Michigan Tech, North Carolina A\\&T University, Texas A\\&M University, University of Toronto, University of Waterloo, and Virginia Tech.{{Cite web \\|title\\=AutoDrive Challenge \\|url\\=https://www.sae.org/site/attend/student\\-events/autodrive\\-challenge/teams \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-03 \\|website\\=www.sae.org \\|language\\=en}} The University of Toronto [Team aUToronto](https://autoronto.ca/) has claimed all 4 years of first place award with their autonomous vehicle Zeus.{{Cite web \\|title\\=aUToronto \\|url\\=https://www.autodrive.utoronto.ca/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-03 \\|website\\=aUToronto \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"**2017**",
"On June 4, 2017, [Audi](/wiki/Audi \"Audi\") stated that its new [A8](/wiki/Audi_A8 \"Audi A8\") would be fully self\\-driving for speeds up to 60 km/h using its [Audi AI](/wiki/Audi%23Audi_AI \"Audi#Audi AI\"). Contrary to other cars, the driver would not have to do safety checks such as touching the steering wheel every 15 seconds to use this feature. The Audi A8 would therefore be the first production car to reach [level 3 autonomous driving](/wiki/Autonomous_car%23Classification \"Autonomous car#Classification\"), meaning that the driver could safely turn their attention away from driving tasks, e.g. the driver can text or watch a movie. Audi would also be the first manufacturer to use a 3D [LIDAR](/wiki/Lidar \"Lidar\") system in addition to cameras and ultrasonic sensors for their AI.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.irishtimes.com/life\\-and\\-style/motors/audi\\-s\\-self\\-driving\\-a8\\-drivers\\-can\\-watch\\-youtube\\-or\\-check\\-emails\\-at\\-60km\\-h\\-1\\.3150496\\|title\\=Audi's self\\-driving A8: drivers can watch YouTube or check emails at 60km/h\\|last\\=McAleer\\|first\\=Michael\\|date\\=2017\\-07\\-11\\|newspaper\\=The Irish Times\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-11\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://spectrum.ieee.org/the\\-audi\\-a8\\-the\\-worlds\\-first\\-production\\-car\\-to\\-achieve\\-level\\-3\\-autonomy\\|title\\=The Audi A8: the World's First Production Car to Achieve Level 3 Autonomy\\|last\\=Ross\\|first\\=Philip E.\\|date\\=2017\\-07\\-11\\|website\\=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-14}} This level 3 functionality was never implemented, and in April 2020 Audi announced that the system was not going to be activated.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Edelstein \\|first\\=Stephen \\|date\\=2020\\-04\\-28 \\|title\\=Audi gives up on Level 3 autonomous driver\\-assist system in A8 \\|url\\=https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1127984\\_audi\\-gives\\-up\\-on\\-level\\-3\\-autonomous\\-driver\\-assist\\-system\\-in\\-a8 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-08 \\|website\\=Motor Authority}}",
"**2018**",
"In March 2018, the [death of Elaine Herzberg](/wiki/Death_of_Elaine_Herzberg \"Death of Elaine Herzberg\") in Arizona was the first reported fatal crash involving a self\\-driving vehicle and a pedestrian in the United States.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/mar/19/uber\\-self\\-driving\\-car\\-kills\\-woman\\-arizona\\-tempe \\| title\\=Self\\-driving Uber kills Arizona woman in first fatal crash involving pedestrian \\| last1\\=Levin \\|first1\\=Sam \\| last2\\=Wong \\| first2\\=Julia Carrie \\| author\\-link\\=Julia Carrie Wong \\| work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\| date\\=March 19, 2018}} Later in the same month, San Francisco police issued a ticket to the passenger of a self\\-driving car that had failed to yield to a pedestrian in a crosswalk.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/03/28/self\\-driving\\-car\\-passenger\\-slapped\\-with\\-ticket\\-in\\-san\\-francisco\\-police\\-say.html \\|title\\=Self\\-driving car passenger slapped with a ticket in San Francisco, police say \\|first\\=Elizabeth \\|last\\=Zwirz \\|publisher\\=Fox News \\|date\\=2018\\-03\\-28 \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-03\\-29}}",
"In March 2018, the world's first fully electric [self\\-driving bus](/wiki/Self-driving_bus \"Self-driving bus\") that is open to the general public is launched in [Neuhausen am Rheinfall](/wiki/Neuhausen_am_Rheinfall \"Neuhausen am Rheinfall\"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Self\\-driving bus propels Swiss town into the future \\|url\\=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/27/sport/trapeze\\-self\\-driving\\-autonomous\\-electric\\-bus\\-switzerland\\-spt\\-intl/index.html \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2021 \\|work\\=CNN}}",
"In December 2018, [Waymo](/wiki/Waymo \"Waymo\") launched the first commercial [robotaxi](/wiki/Robotaxi \"Robotaxi\") called \"Waymo One\"; users in the [Phoenix metropolitan area](/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area \"Phoenix metropolitan area\") use an app to request a pick\\-up.{{cite news \\|author\\=J. Fingas \\|title\\=Waymo launches its first commercial self\\-driving car service \\|url\\=https://www.engadget.com/2018/12/05/waymo\\-one\\-launches/ \\|work\\=\\[\\[Engadget]] \\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2021 }}",
"**2019**",
"In May 2019, twenty\\-nine U.S. states passed laws permitting autonomous cars.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ncsl.org/research/transportation/autonomous\\-vehicles\\-self\\-driving\\-vehicles\\-enacted\\-legislation.aspx\\|title\\=Autonomous Vehicles {{!}} Self\\-Driving Vehicles Enacted Legislation\\|website\\=www.ncsl.org \\|access\\-date\\=6 May 2019}}",
"### 2020s",
"**2020**",
"In the 2020s, the first regulations related to automated features appear:\n* Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 is defined in 2019 and applies from 2022 in the European Union for automated vehicles and for fully automated vehicles.{{cite web\\|date\\=16 December 2019 \\|author\\= \\|title\\=Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2019 \\|url\\=https://eur\\-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/2144/oj \\|website\\=Eur\\-Lex \\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2021 }}\n* In June 2020, [UNECE](/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe \"United Nations Economic Commission for Europe\") [WP.29](/wiki/World_Forum_for_Harmonization_of_Vehicle_Regulations \"World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations\") GRVA established regulation on SAE Level 3\\.{{cite web\\|date\\=24 June 2020 \\|title\\=181st session, Geneva (online) \\|url\\=https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/doc/2020/wp29/ECE\\-TRANS\\-WP29\\-1153e.pdf \\|page\\=8 \\|website\\=\\[\\[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe\\|UNECE]] \\|access\\-date\\=5 November 2021 }}{{cite web\\|date\\=August 2020 \\|author\\=Nick Bowyer \\|title\\=New UN ECE Regulations on Cyber Security and Software Updates Adopted \\|url\\=https://www.interregs.com/articles/spotlight/new\\-un\\-ece\\-regulations\\-on\\-cyber\\-security\\-and\\-software\\-updates\\-adopted\\-000220 \\|website\\=InterRegs \\|access\\-date\\=6 November 2021 }}",
"In October 2020 Tesla released a \"beta\" version of its \"Full Self\\-Driving\" software to a small group of testers in the United States.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Stoklosa\\|first\\=Alexander\\|date\\=2020\\-10\\-22\\|title\\=Tesla Puts Full Self\\-Driving \"Beta\" Capability In Hands of Select Few\\|url\\=https://www.motortrend.com/news/tesla\\-full\\-self\\-driving\\-beta\\-capability\\-testing/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-08\\|website\\=MotorTrend\\|language\\=en}}",
"In the 2020s multiple electric, [autonomous buses](/wiki/Autonomous_bus \"Autonomous bus\") open for public transport are being launched around the world.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Benson \\|first1\\=Thor \\|title\\=Self\\-driving buses to appear on public roads for the first time \\|url\\=https://www.inverse.com/innovation/americas\\-first\\-self\\-driving\\-buses\\-are\\-coming\\-to\\-a\\-town\\-in\\-florida \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2021 \\|work\\=Inverse \\|language\\=en}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Europe's first full\\-sized self\\-driving urban electric bus has arrived \\|url\\=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/03/europe\\-first\\-autonomous\\-electric\\-buses\\-spain/ \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2021 \\|work\\=World Economic Forum \\|language\\=en}}",
"**2021**",
"In March 2021, [Honda](/wiki/Honda \"Honda\") began leasing in Japan a limited edition of 100 [Legend Hybrid EX](/wiki/Honda_Legend \"Honda Legend\") sedans equipped with the newly approved Level 3 automated driving equipment which was granted the safety certification by Japanese government to their autonomous \"Traffic Jam Pilot\" driving technology, and legally allow drivers to take their eyes off the road.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://global.honda/newsroom/news/2021/4210304eng\\-legend.html \\|date\\=March 4, 2021 \\|title\\=Honda to Begin Sales of Legend with New Honda SENSING Elite \\|website\\=\\[\\[Honda]] \\|access\\-date\\=March 6, 2021 }}",
"In April 2021, after four years of success in the Autodrive Challenge Series I, SAE and GM announced the second series of the SAE Autodrive Challenge. Participating university includes [Kettering University](/wiki/Kettering_University \"Kettering University\"), [Michigan Tehchnological University](/wiki/Michigan_Technological_University \"Michigan Technological University\"), [North Carolina A\\&T University](/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_State_University \"North Carolina A&T State University\"), [Ohio State University](/wiki/Ohio_State_University \"Ohio State University\"), [Penn State University](/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University \"Pennsylvania State University\"), [Texas A\\&M University](/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University \"Texas A&M University\"), [University of Toronto](/wiki/University_of_Toronto \"University of Toronto\"), [University of Wisconsin \\- Madison](/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison \"University of Wisconsin–Madison\"), [Queens University](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston \"Queen's University at Kingston\"), [Virginia Tech](/wiki/Virginia_Tech \"Virginia Tech\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=Lopez \\|first\\=Jonathan \\|date\\=Apr 13, 2021 \\|title\\=General Motors And SAE Announce AutoDrive Challenge II University Teams \\|work\\=GM Authority \\|url\\=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2021/04/general\\-motors\\-and\\-sae\\-announce\\-autodrive\\-challenge\\-ii\\-university\\-teams/ \\|access\\-date\\=Aug 3, 2022}} The University of Toronto Team aUToronto achieved their 5th time first place in this competition series.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Irving \\|first\\=Tyler \\|date\\=2022\\-06\\-13 \\|title\\=Another top prize for aUToronto in the first competition of the AutoDrive Challenge™ II \\|url\\=https://news.engineering.utoronto.ca/another\\-top\\-prize\\-for\\-autoronto\\-in\\-the\\-first\\-competition\\-of\\-the\\-autodrive\\-challenge\\-ii/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-03 \\|website\\=U of T Engineering News \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"In December 2021, Mercedes\\-Benz has received German approval for a Level 3 [Automated Lane Keeping System](/wiki/Automated_Lane_Keeping_System \"Automated Lane Keeping System\") (ALKS) self\\-driving technology complying with UN\\-R157 legal requirements.{{cite web \\|date\\=9 December 2021 \\|title\\=Mercedes\\-Benz self\\-driving car technology approved for use \\|url\\=https://www.fleetnews.co.uk/news/manufacturer\\-news/2021/12/09/mercedes\\-benz\\-self\\-driving\\-car\\-technology\\-approved\\-for\\-use \\|access\\-date\\=10 December 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209192401/https://www.fleetnews.co.uk/news/manufacturer\\-news/2021/12/09/mercedes\\-benz\\-self\\-driving\\-car\\-technology\\-approved\\-for\\-use \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"**2022**",
"In May 2022, Mercedes\\-Benz launched sales of its Drive Pilot system in Germany. The system is capable of operating at SAE Level 3 autonomy and can be ordered for the company's [S\\-Class](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_%28W223%29 \"Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)\") and [EQS](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_EQS \"Mercedes-Benz EQS\") models.{{cite news\\|date\\=18 May 2022 \\|author\\= Brianna Wessling \\|title\\=Mercedes rolls out Level 3 autonomous driving tech in Germany \\|url\\=https://www.therobotreport.com/mercedes\\-rolls\\-out\\-level\\-3\\-autonomous\\-driving\\-tech\\-in\\-germany/\\#:\\~:text\\=Mercedes%2DBenz%20launched%20sales%20of,and%20all%2Delectric%20EQS%20models.\n\\|work\\=Robot Report \\|access\\-date\\=20 May 2022 }}",
"In December 2022, eve autonomy in Japan, a company backed by [Yamaha Motor](/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company \"Yamaha Motor Company\") and TIER IV, launched the all\\-in\\-one autonomous transportation commercial service \"eve auto\" with EV work vehicle as the first SAE Level 4 service in Japan at nine sites, including Yamaha Motor's three factories, Prime Polymer's Anesaki Works, [Panasonic](/wiki/Panasonic_Corp. \"Panasonic Corp.\")'s cold chain factory in the Oizumi area, [Fuji Electric](/wiki/Fuji_Electric \"Fuji Electric\")'s Suzuka factory, Japan Logistic Systems Corp.'s Ageo Center, and [ENEOS Corp.](/wiki/Eneos \"Eneos\")'s Negishi refinery.\nWithin this package service, the first dedicated insurance for the autonomous driving system provider is also included.{{Cite press release \\|title\\=eve autonomy launches Japan's first unmanned transportation service using autonomous EV \\|date\\=1 December 2022 \\|publisher\\=eve autonomy \\|url\\=https://eveautonomy.com/en/news/221130/ \\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2022 }}",
"**2023**",
"On 1 April 2023 in Japan, the amended \"Road Traffic Act\" which allows Level 4 was enforced.",
"On 8 June 2023, at Sacramento, California issued an automated driving system permit to Mercedes\\-Benz USA, allowing the Drive Pilot automated driving system on some California highways under specific conditions (SAE Level 3\\). This makes Mercedes\\-Benz the fourth company to receive an autonomous vehicle deployment permit in California and the first authorized to sell or lease to the public vehicles with an automated driving system.\nThe Level 3 Drive Pilot can only operate on highways during daylight at speeds not exceeding 40 miles per hour. This permit excludes operation on city or county streets, in construction zones, during heavy rain or heavy fog, on flooded roads and during weather conditions that impact Drive Pilot performance and the driver must remain behind the wheel to take over when prompted. Vehicle owners must watch a mandatory video before Drive Pilot activation.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2023\\-06\\-08 \\|title\\=Mercedes\\-Benz beats Tesla for California's approval of automated driving tech \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=Reuters \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos\\-transportation/california\\-dmv\\-conditionally\\-approves\\-mercedes\\-benzs\\-automated\\-driving\\-tech\\-2023\\-06\\-08/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-07}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=California DMV Approves Mercedes\\-Benz Automated Driving System for Certain Highways and Conditions \\|url\\=https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/news\\-and\\-media/california\\-dmv\\-approves\\-mercedes\\-benz\\-automated\\-driving\\-system\\-for\\-certain\\-highways\\-and\\-conditions/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-07 \\|website\\=California DMV \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life
Dominga Vega de la Rosa is born in [Puerto de la Cruz](/wiki/Puerto_de_la_Cruz "Puerto de la Cruz"), a town at the north coast of Tenerife. At the age of about thirteen, he got interested in painting because of an old [encyclopaedia](/wiki/Encyclopaedia "Encyclopaedia") with black and white art reproductions. Later, he went to the [library](/wiki/Library "Library"), to read books about modern [art](/wiki/Art "Art"). His first [exhibition](/wiki/Exhibition "Exhibition") was in 1977 in [Palma de Mallorca](/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca "Palma de Mallorca").
He is an [autodidact](/wiki/Autodidact "Autodidact"). After a study in [tourism](/wiki/Tourism "Tourism"), he moved to [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona "Barcelona") in 1974 and made a journey to the Netherlands where he visited the [Frans Hals Museum](/wiki/Frans_Hals_Museum "Frans Hals Museum") in [Haarlem](/wiki/Haarlem "Haarlem"). In musea he was trying to learn more about art. He felt a [vocation](/wiki/Vocation "Vocation") as an artist.
### The 70's
In 1975 he had to come back to Tenerife for military service. This was the year [Francisco Franco](/wiki/Francisco_Franco "Francisco Franco") died. This event was very important for his personal development and also for life in the Canarian Islands. In his spare time he followed a course about [technical drawing](/wiki/Technical_drawing "Technical drawing") and read a lot of books about different types of art. He felt a special attraction to [surrealism](/wiki/Surrealism "Surrealism"). [Salvador Dalí](/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD "Salvador Dalí") and the Canarian painter [Óscar Domínguez](/wiki/%C3%93scar_Dom%C3%ADnguez "Óscar Domínguez") were his examples. After his seniority, he decided to concentrate on painting seriously. He moved to [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid "Madrid"), where he achieved to sell his first works. In 1977 he got an opportunity to exhibit some of his drawings in a bookshop in Palma de Mallorca, after having been painting all summer in [Manacor](/wiki/Manacor "Manacor"). Afterwards he returned to Tenerife.
In the seventies, the only [university](/wiki/University "University") of the Canary Islands was in [La Laguna](/wiki/La_Laguna "La Laguna"), Tenerife. This was also the period of the new [democracy](/wiki/Democracy "Democracy") in Spain. A formative period, where culture and politics were very important and La Laguna was a meeting point which facilitated contacts. In 1978 Vega has his first solo exhibition of paintings in La Laguna. Through this exhibition he became known at the Canarian Islands and from this time on, he was able to make a living as a painter.
### Later development
From 1984, he lived in [Las Palmas de Gran Canaria](/wiki/Las_Palmas_de_Gran_Canaria "Las Palmas de Gran Canaria") and Madrid. He studied the original paintings of [Néstor Martín\-Fernández de la Torre](/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Mart%C3%ADn-Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_la_Torre "Néstor Martín-Fernández de la Torre") and got lessons in actual art by Guillermo Pérez Vilalta. From 1993 he travelled several times to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") to experience the artistic environment of this city and to participate in exhibitions.
Alongside his artistic activities, he went to study [history](/wiki/History "History") in 1997, at the [UNED](/wiki/UNED "UNED") (Universidad Nacional de Educaciόn a Distancia). He obtained his degree in January 2003 and in 2005 he graduated in his specialty of Art History with the research about [Figurative art](/wiki/Figurative_art "Figurative art") in the Latin\-Mediterranean countries.
In 2007, he started to write articles about art in a few weeklies of Tenerifes newspapers. He also gave a series of lectures about [Actual art](/wiki/Actual_art "Actual art") (2008\) and a series about Art and movies (2009\) at the Instituto de Estudios Hispánicos de Canarias in Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife. In 2011 the Council of Culture of the government of the Canary Islands organized an exhibition of the paintings of Domingo Vega de la Rosa in La Laguna, which he called Anthropoflora Vernacula. This exhibition meant an official recognition of his work.
### Artistic Movement
In a wide way, his first work is influenced by [Surrealism](/wiki/Surrealism "Surrealism"). This is very popular in Tenerife, since [André Breton](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton "André Breton") presented an international exhibition in 1935\. Vega says, his work can be fitted in the [actual figurative painting](/wiki/Actual_figurative_painting "Actual figurative painting"). His early works coincide with the beginning of [neo\-figurative movements](/wiki/Neo-figurative_movements "Neo-figurative movements") and movements such as [Anachronism](/wiki/Anachronism "Anachronism"), [Pittura Colta](/wiki/Pittura_Colta "Pittura Colta") or [Iper Mannerism](/wiki/Iper_Mannerism "Iper Mannerism"), arising in Italy in the late 70's and early 80's.
He has also starred [symbolism](/wiki/Symbolism_%28arts%29 "Symbolism (arts)") in his works. He was inspired by French symbolist painters and English [Pre\-Raphaelites](/wiki/Pre-Raphaelites "Pre-Raphaelites"). In his recent paintings, the [Canarian flora](/wiki/Canarian_flora "Canarian flora") is always present.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life",
"Dominga Vega de la Rosa is born in [Puerto de la Cruz](/wiki/Puerto_de_la_Cruz \"Puerto de la Cruz\"), a town at the north coast of Tenerife. At the age of about thirteen, he got interested in painting because of an old [encyclopaedia](/wiki/Encyclopaedia \"Encyclopaedia\") with black and white art reproductions. Later, he went to the [library](/wiki/Library \"Library\"), to read books about modern [art](/wiki/Art \"Art\"). His first [exhibition](/wiki/Exhibition \"Exhibition\") was in 1977 in [Palma de Mallorca](/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca \"Palma de Mallorca\").",
"He is an [autodidact](/wiki/Autodidact \"Autodidact\"). After a study in [tourism](/wiki/Tourism \"Tourism\"), he moved to [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\") in 1974 and made a journey to the Netherlands where he visited the [Frans Hals Museum](/wiki/Frans_Hals_Museum \"Frans Hals Museum\") in [Haarlem](/wiki/Haarlem \"Haarlem\"). In musea he was trying to learn more about art. He felt a [vocation](/wiki/Vocation \"Vocation\") as an artist.",
"### The 70's",
"In 1975 he had to come back to Tenerife for military service. This was the year [Francisco Franco](/wiki/Francisco_Franco \"Francisco Franco\") died. This event was very important for his personal development and also for life in the Canarian Islands. In his spare time he followed a course about [technical drawing](/wiki/Technical_drawing \"Technical drawing\") and read a lot of books about different types of art. He felt a special attraction to [surrealism](/wiki/Surrealism \"Surrealism\"). [Salvador Dalí](/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD \"Salvador Dalí\") and the Canarian painter [Óscar Domínguez](/wiki/%C3%93scar_Dom%C3%ADnguez \"Óscar Domínguez\") were his examples. After his seniority, he decided to concentrate on painting seriously. He moved to [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\"), where he achieved to sell his first works. In 1977 he got an opportunity to exhibit some of his drawings in a bookshop in Palma de Mallorca, after having been painting all summer in [Manacor](/wiki/Manacor \"Manacor\"). Afterwards he returned to Tenerife.",
"In the seventies, the only [university](/wiki/University \"University\") of the Canary Islands was in [La Laguna](/wiki/La_Laguna \"La Laguna\"), Tenerife. This was also the period of the new [democracy](/wiki/Democracy \"Democracy\") in Spain. A formative period, where culture and politics were very important and La Laguna was a meeting point which facilitated contacts. In 1978 Vega has his first solo exhibition of paintings in La Laguna. Through this exhibition he became known at the Canarian Islands and from this time on, he was able to make a living as a painter.",
"### Later development",
"From 1984, he lived in [Las Palmas de Gran Canaria](/wiki/Las_Palmas_de_Gran_Canaria \"Las Palmas de Gran Canaria\") and Madrid. He studied the original paintings of [Néstor Martín\\-Fernández de la Torre](/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Mart%C3%ADn-Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_la_Torre \"Néstor Martín-Fernández de la Torre\") and got lessons in actual art by Guillermo Pérez Vilalta. From 1993 he travelled several times to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") to experience the artistic environment of this city and to participate in exhibitions.",
"Alongside his artistic activities, he went to study [history](/wiki/History \"History\") in 1997, at the [UNED](/wiki/UNED \"UNED\") (Universidad Nacional de Educaciόn a Distancia). He obtained his degree in January 2003 and in 2005 he graduated in his specialty of Art History with the research about [Figurative art](/wiki/Figurative_art \"Figurative art\") in the Latin\\-Mediterranean countries.",
"In 2007, he started to write articles about art in a few weeklies of Tenerifes newspapers. He also gave a series of lectures about [Actual art](/wiki/Actual_art \"Actual art\") (2008\\) and a series about Art and movies (2009\\) at the Instituto de Estudios Hispánicos de Canarias in Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife. In 2011 the Council of Culture of the government of the Canary Islands organized an exhibition of the paintings of Domingo Vega de la Rosa in La Laguna, which he called Anthropoflora Vernacula. This exhibition meant an official recognition of his work.",
"### Artistic Movement",
"In a wide way, his first work is influenced by [Surrealism](/wiki/Surrealism \"Surrealism\"). This is very popular in Tenerife, since [André Breton](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton \"André Breton\") presented an international exhibition in 1935\\. Vega says, his work can be fitted in the [actual figurative painting](/wiki/Actual_figurative_painting \"Actual figurative painting\"). His early works coincide with the beginning of [neo\\-figurative movements](/wiki/Neo-figurative_movements \"Neo-figurative movements\") and movements such as [Anachronism](/wiki/Anachronism \"Anachronism\"), [Pittura Colta](/wiki/Pittura_Colta \"Pittura Colta\") or [Iper Mannerism](/wiki/Iper_Mannerism \"Iper Mannerism\"), arising in Italy in the late 70's and early 80's.\nHe has also starred [symbolism](/wiki/Symbolism_%28arts%29 \"Symbolism (arts)\") in his works. He was inspired by French symbolist painters and English [Pre\\-Raphaelites](/wiki/Pre-Raphaelites \"Pre-Raphaelites\"). In his recent paintings, the [Canarian flora](/wiki/Canarian_flora \"Canarian flora\") is always present.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\| 1790 \= 10192
\| 1800 \= 13437
\| 1810 \= 17096
\| 1820 \= 20102
\| 1830 \= 20398
\| 1840 \= 21118
\| 1850 \= 24888
\| 1860 \= 28627
\| 1870 \= 35617
\| 1880 \= 47939
\| 1890 \= 49207
\| 1900 \= 54626
\| 1910 \= 63229
\| 1920 \= 75155
\| 1930 \= 94757
\| 1940 \= 109544
\| 1950 \= 136450
\| 1960 \= 169082
\| 1970 \= 228453
\| 1980 \= 301327
\| 1990 \= 423380
\| 2000 \= 627846
\| 2010 \= 900993
\| 2020 \= 1129410
\| estyear\=2023
\| estimate\=1190275
\| estref\=
\| align\-fn\=center
\| footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=U.S. Decennial Census\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|access\-date\=January 20, 2015}}
1790–1960{{cite web\|url\=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu\|title\=Historical Census Browser\|publisher\=University of Virginia Library\|access\-date\=January 20, 2015}} 1900–1990{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/nc190090\.txt\|title\=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|editor\-last\=Forstall\|editor\-first\=Richard L.\|date\=March 27, 1995\|access\-date\=January 20, 2015}}
1990–2000{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc\-t4/tables/tab02\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327165705/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc\-t4/tables/tab02\.pdf \|archive\-date\=March 27, 2010 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Census 2000 PHC\-T\-4\. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|date\=April 2, 2001\|access\-date\=January 20, 2015}} 2010–2020{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/wakecountynorthcarolina\|title\=QuickFacts: Wake County, North Carolina\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|access\-date\=March 22, 2024}}
}}
### 2020 census
| \+**Wake County, North Carolina – Racial and ethnic composition**{{nobold\|''Note: the U.S. census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}} | Race / Ethnicity (*NH \= Non\-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000{{Cite web\|title\=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Wake County, North Carolina \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table?g\=050XX00US37183\&tid\=DECENNIALSF12000\.P004\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|access\-date\= }} | Pop 2010{{Cite web\|title\=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\-171\) – Wake County, North Carolina \|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\=p2\&g\=050XX00US37183\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2010\.P2\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|access\-date\= }} | {{partial\|Pop 2020}}{{Cite web\|title\=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\-171\) – Wake County, North Carolina \|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\=p2\&g\=050XX00US37183\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|access\-date\= }} | % 2000 | % 2010 | {{partial\|% 2020}} |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites "Non-Hispanic or Latino whites") alone (NH) | 439,160 | 560,536 |645,020
69\.95% |
62\.21% |
57\.11%
| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans "Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans") alone (NH) | 122,648 | 182,793 |204,535
19\.53% |
20\.29% |
18\.11%
| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native "Alaska Native") alone (NH) | 1,821 | 2,537 |2,760
0\.29% |
0\.28% |
0\.24%
| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") alone (NH) | 21,183 | 48,287 |96,665
3\.37% |
5\.36% |
8\.56%
| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans "Pacific Islander Americans") alone (NH) | 178 | 317 |453
0\.03% |
0\.04% |
0\.04%
| [Other Race](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States census") alone (NH) | 842 | 1,755 |6,210
0\.13% |
0\.19% |
0\.55%
| [Mixed race or Multiracial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans") (NH) | 8,029 | 16,846 |45,526
1\.28% |
1\.87% |
4\.03%
| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") (any race) | 33,985 | 87,922 |128,241
5\.41% |
9\.76% |
11\.35%
| **Total** | **627,846** | **900,993** |**1,129,410**
**100\.00%** |
**100\.00%** |
**100\.00%**
As of the [2020 census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census "2020 United States census"), 1,129,410 people, 419,361 households, and 279,243 families were residing in the county.
### 2018 census estimate
At the 2018 [census estimate](/wiki/Population_Estimates_Program "Population Estimates Program"),{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=January 31, 2008\|title\=U.S. Census website}} 1,092,776 people, 421,265 households, and 276,363 families resided in the county. The population density was {{convert\|1308\.72\|/mi2\|/km2\|disp\=preunit\|people \|people}}. The 458,953 housing units had an average density of {{convert\|311\|/mi2\|/km2\|disp\=preunit\|units \|units\|}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") of the county was 59\.40% White, 14\.29% African American, 9\.24% Hispanics or Latinos of any race, 12\.84% Asian, 4\.04% from other races, 3\.13% from two or more races, 0\.16% Native American, and 0\.03% Pacific Islander.
Of the 242,040 households, 34\.0% had children under 18 living with them, 52\.5% were married couples living together, 9\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34\.4% were not families. About 25\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2\.51, and the average family size was 3\.06\.
In the county, the age distribution was 25\.1% under 18, 10\.7% from 18 to 24, 36\.5% from 25 to 44, 20\.4% from 45 to 64, and 7\.4% who were 65 or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 98\.40 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 96\.50 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $54,988, and for a family was $67,149\. Males had a median income of $44,472 versus $31,579 for females. The per capita income for the county was $27,004\. About 4\.90% of families and 7\.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8\.60% of those under age 18 and 8\.90% of those age 65 or over.
In Wake County, 29% of the population is affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention, 22% are affiliated with the Catholic Church, 17% are affiliated with the United Methodist Church, 6% are affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA), and 27% are religiously affiliated with other denominations or religions, or are not religiously affiliated.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\| 1790 \\= 10192\n\\| 1800 \\= 13437\n\\| 1810 \\= 17096\n\\| 1820 \\= 20102\n\\| 1830 \\= 20398\n\\| 1840 \\= 21118\n\\| 1850 \\= 24888\n\\| 1860 \\= 28627\n\\| 1870 \\= 35617\n\\| 1880 \\= 47939\n\\| 1890 \\= 49207\n\\| 1900 \\= 54626\n\\| 1910 \\= 63229\n\\| 1920 \\= 75155\n\\| 1930 \\= 94757\n\\| 1940 \\= 109544\n\\| 1950 \\= 136450\n\\| 1960 \\= 169082\n\\| 1970 \\= 228453\n\\| 1980 \\= 301327\n\\| 1990 \\= 423380\n\\| 2000 \\= 627846\n\\| 2010 \\= 900993\n\\| 2020 \\= 1129410\n\\| estyear\\=2023\n\\| estimate\\=1190275\n\\| estref\\=\n\\| align\\-fn\\=center\n\\| footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=U.S. Decennial Census\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=January 20, 2015}} \n1790–1960{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu\\|title\\=Historical Census Browser\\|publisher\\=University of Virginia Library\\|access\\-date\\=January 20, 2015}} 1900–1990{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/nc190090\\.txt\\|title\\=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|editor\\-last\\=Forstall\\|editor\\-first\\=Richard L.\\|date\\=March 27, 1995\\|access\\-date\\=January 20, 2015}} \n1990–2000{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc\\-t4/tables/tab02\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327165705/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc\\-t4/tables/tab02\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=March 27, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Census 2000 PHC\\-T\\-4\\. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|date\\=April 2, 2001\\|access\\-date\\=January 20, 2015}} 2010–2020{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/wakecountynorthcarolina\\|title\\=QuickFacts: Wake County, North Carolina\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=March 22, 2024}}\n}}",
"### 2020 census",
"",
"| \\+**Wake County, North Carolina – Racial and ethnic composition**{{nobold\\|''Note: the U.S. census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}} | Race / Ethnicity (*NH \\= Non\\-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000{{Cite web\\|title\\=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Wake County, North Carolina \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table?g\\=050XX00US37183\\&tid\\=DECENNIALSF12000\\.P004\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|access\\-date\\= }} | Pop 2010{{Cite web\\|title\\=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\\-171\\) – Wake County, North Carolina \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\\=p2\\&g\\=050XX00US37183\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2010\\.P2\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|access\\-date\\= }} | {{partial\\|Pop 2020}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\\-171\\) – Wake County, North Carolina \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\\=p2\\&g\\=050XX00US37183\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|access\\-date\\= }} | % 2000 | % 2010 | {{partial\\|% 2020}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites \"Non-Hispanic or Latino whites\") alone (NH) | 439,160 | 560,536 |645,020",
"69\\.95% |\n 62\\.21% |\n57\\.11%",
"| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans \"Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans\") alone (NH) | 122,648 | 182,793 |204,535",
"19\\.53% |\n 20\\.29% |\n18\\.11%",
"| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native \"Alaska Native\") alone (NH) | 1,821 | 2,537 |2,760",
"0\\.29% |\n 0\\.28% |\n0\\.24%",
"| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\") alone (NH) | 21,183 | 48,287 |96,665",
"3\\.37% |\n 5\\.36% |\n8\\.56%",
"| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans \"Pacific Islander Americans\") alone (NH) | 178 | 317 |453",
"0\\.03% |\n 0\\.04% |\n0\\.04%",
"| [Other Race](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census\") alone (NH) | 842 | 1,755 |6,210",
"0\\.13% |\n 0\\.19% |\n0\\.55%",
"| [Mixed race or Multiracial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\") (NH) | 8,029 | 16,846 |45,526",
"1\\.28% |\n 1\\.87% |\n4\\.03%",
"| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") (any race) | 33,985 | 87,922 |128,241",
"5\\.41% |\n 9\\.76% |\n11\\.35%",
"| **Total** | **627,846** | **900,993** |**1,129,410**",
"**100\\.00%** |\n **100\\.00%** |\n**100\\.00%**",
"",
"As of the [2020 census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), 1,129,410 people, 419,361 households, and 279,243 families were residing in the county.",
"### 2018 census estimate",
"At the 2018 [census estimate](/wiki/Population_Estimates_Program \"Population Estimates Program\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=January 31, 2008\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}} 1,092,776 people, 421,265 households, and 276,363 families resided in the county. The population density was {{convert\\|1308\\.72\\|/mi2\\|/km2\\|disp\\=preunit\\|people \\|people}}. The 458,953 housing units had an average density of {{convert\\|311\\|/mi2\\|/km2\\|disp\\=preunit\\|units \\|units\\|}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") of the county was 59\\.40% White, 14\\.29% African American, 9\\.24% Hispanics or Latinos of any race, 12\\.84% Asian, 4\\.04% from other races, 3\\.13% from two or more races, 0\\.16% Native American, and 0\\.03% Pacific Islander.",
"Of the 242,040 households, 34\\.0% had children under 18 living with them, 52\\.5% were married couples living together, 9\\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34\\.4% were not families. About 25\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5\\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2\\.51, and the average family size was 3\\.06\\.",
"In the county, the age distribution was 25\\.1% under 18, 10\\.7% from 18 to 24, 36\\.5% from 25 to 44, 20\\.4% from 45 to 64, and 7\\.4% who were 65 or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 98\\.40 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 96\\.50 males.",
"The median income for a household in the county was $54,988, and for a family was $67,149\\. Males had a median income of $44,472 versus $31,579 for females. The per capita income for the county was $27,004\\. About 4\\.90% of families and 7\\.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8\\.60% of those under age 18 and 8\\.90% of those age 65 or over.",
"In Wake County, 29% of the population is affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention, 22% are affiliated with the Catholic Church, 17% are affiliated with the United Methodist Church, 6% are affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA), and 27% are religiously affiliated with other denominations or religions, or are not religiously affiliated.",
""
] |
### 2018 census estimate
At the 2018 [census estimate](/wiki/Population_Estimates_Program "Population Estimates Program"),{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=January 31, 2008\|title\=U.S. Census website}} 1,092,776 people, 421,265 households, and 276,363 families resided in the county. The population density was {{convert\|1308\.72\|/mi2\|/km2\|disp\=preunit\|people \|people}}. The 458,953 housing units had an average density of {{convert\|311\|/mi2\|/km2\|disp\=preunit\|units \|units\|}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") of the county was 59\.40% White, 14\.29% African American, 9\.24% Hispanics or Latinos of any race, 12\.84% Asian, 4\.04% from other races, 3\.13% from two or more races, 0\.16% Native American, and 0\.03% Pacific Islander.
Of the 242,040 households, 34\.0% had children under 18 living with them, 52\.5% were married couples living together, 9\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34\.4% were not families. About 25\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2\.51, and the average family size was 3\.06\.
In the county, the age distribution was 25\.1% under 18, 10\.7% from 18 to 24, 36\.5% from 25 to 44, 20\.4% from 45 to 64, and 7\.4% who were 65 or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 98\.40 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 96\.50 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $54,988, and for a family was $67,149\. Males had a median income of $44,472 versus $31,579 for females. The per capita income for the county was $27,004\. About 4\.90% of families and 7\.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8\.60% of those under age 18 and 8\.90% of those age 65 or over.
In Wake County, 29% of the population is affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention, 22% are affiliated with the Catholic Church, 17% are affiliated with the United Methodist Church, 6% are affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA), and 27% are religiously affiliated with other denominations or religions, or are not religiously affiliated.
|
[
"### 2018 census estimate",
"At the 2018 [census estimate](/wiki/Population_Estimates_Program \"Population Estimates Program\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=January 31, 2008\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}} 1,092,776 people, 421,265 households, and 276,363 families resided in the county. The population density was {{convert\\|1308\\.72\\|/mi2\\|/km2\\|disp\\=preunit\\|people \\|people}}. The 458,953 housing units had an average density of {{convert\\|311\\|/mi2\\|/km2\\|disp\\=preunit\\|units \\|units\\|}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") of the county was 59\\.40% White, 14\\.29% African American, 9\\.24% Hispanics or Latinos of any race, 12\\.84% Asian, 4\\.04% from other races, 3\\.13% from two or more races, 0\\.16% Native American, and 0\\.03% Pacific Islander.",
"Of the 242,040 households, 34\\.0% had children under 18 living with them, 52\\.5% were married couples living together, 9\\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34\\.4% were not families. About 25\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5\\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2\\.51, and the average family size was 3\\.06\\.",
"In the county, the age distribution was 25\\.1% under 18, 10\\.7% from 18 to 24, 36\\.5% from 25 to 44, 20\\.4% from 45 to 64, and 7\\.4% who were 65 or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 98\\.40 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 96\\.50 males.",
"The median income for a household in the county was $54,988, and for a family was $67,149\\. Males had a median income of $44,472 versus $31,579 for females. The per capita income for the county was $27,004\\. About 4\\.90% of families and 7\\.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8\\.60% of those under age 18 and 8\\.90% of those age 65 or over.",
"In Wake County, 29% of the population is affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention, 22% are affiliated with the Catholic Church, 17% are affiliated with the United Methodist Church, 6% are affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA), and 27% are religiously affiliated with other denominations or religions, or are not religiously affiliated.",
""
] |
Sports
------
### Professional
[thumb\|[Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes "Carolina Hurricanes") hockey game at the RBC Center, now ([PNC Arena](/wiki/PNC_Arena "PNC Arena"))](/wiki/File:Hurricanes_Home_Ice.JPG "Hurricanes Home Ice.JPG")
The [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League "National Hockey League")'s [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes "Carolina Hurricanes") franchise moved to Raleigh in 1999 from their temporary home of [Greensboro](/wiki/Greensboro%2C_North_Carolina "Greensboro, North Carolina"), after having departed [Hartford, Connecticut](/wiki/Hartford%2C_Connecticut "Hartford, Connecticut"), in 1997\. Their home arena, the [PNC Arena](/wiki/PNC_Arena "PNC Arena"), also hosts concerts and other public events. The Hurricanes are the only major league ([NFL](/wiki/NFL "NFL"), [NHL](/wiki/NHL "NHL"), [NBA](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association "National Basketball Association"), [MLB](/wiki/MLB "MLB")) professional sports team in North Carolina to have won a championship, winning the [Stanley Cup](/wiki/Stanley_Cup "Stanley Cup") in 2006, over the [Edmonton Oilers](/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers "Edmonton Oilers").
[North Carolina FC](/wiki/North_Carolina_FC "North Carolina FC") of the [United Soccer League](/wiki/United_Soccer_League "United Soccer League") and the affiliated women's team [North Carolina Courage](/wiki/North_Carolina_Courage "North Carolina Courage") of the [National Women's Soccer League](/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League "National Women's Soccer League") are located in Cary and play at the [WakeMed Soccer Park](/wiki/WakeMed_Soccer_Park "WakeMed Soccer Park"). The Courage is the reigning NWSL Shield Winner and NWSL Champion, breaking the NWSL season record for most wins, points, and goals in the process.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nccourage.com/news\_article/show/948215\|title\=NC COURAGE BREAK MULTIPLE NWSL RECORDS IN 5\-0 WIN OVER HOUSTON DASH\|access\-date\=September 11, 2018\|date\=September 8, 2018\|archive\-date\=September 11, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911225452/https://www.nccourage.com/news\_article/show/948215\|url\-status\=dead}}
The [Carolina Mudcats](/wiki/Carolina_Mudcats "Carolina Mudcats") are a [minor league baseball](/wiki/Minor_league_baseball "Minor league baseball") team located in eastern Wake County. Their ballpark, [Five County Stadium](/wiki/Five_County_Stadium "Five County Stadium"), is located in Zebulon.
The Research Triangle region has hosted the [Professional Golfers' Association (PGA)](/wiki/Professional_Golfers%27_Association_of_America "Professional Golfers' Association of America") [Nationwide Tour](/wiki/Nationwide_Tour "Nationwide Tour") [Rex Hospital Open](/wiki/Rex_Hospital_Open "Rex Hospital Open") since 1994, with the current location of play at Raleigh's Wakefield Plantation. In 2024 The Rex Hospital Open was changed to the UNC Health Championship and is now played at Raleigh Country Club, located on just east of downtown Raleigh.
### College
[North Carolina State University](/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University "North Carolina State University"), which is a member of the [Atlantic Coast Conference](/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference "Atlantic Coast Conference") (ACC) and [National Collegiate Athletic Association](/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association "National Collegiate Athletic Association") (NCAA) [Division I](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I "NCAA Division I"), plays their home basketball games at the PNC Arena and home football games at [Carter–Finley Stadium](/wiki/Carter%E2%80%93Finley_Stadium "Carter–Finley Stadium").
Other institutions of higher learning that compete in competitive sports include St. Augustine's College ([NCAA Division II](/wiki/NCAA_Division_II "NCAA Division II"), [Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association](/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association "Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association") (CIAA)), Meredith College (NCAA [Division III](/wiki/NCAA_Division_III "NCAA Division III") and [USA South Athletic Conference](/wiki/USA_South_Athletic_Conference "USA South Athletic Conference")), William Peace University ([NCAA Division III](/wiki/NCAA_Division_III "NCAA Division III"), [USA South Athletic Conference](/wiki/USA_South_Athletic_Conference "USA South Athletic Conference")), Shaw University [Division II](/wiki/NCAA_Division_II "NCAA Division II"), [Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association](/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association "Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association") (CIAA)), and Wake Technical Community College ([NJCAA](/wiki/NJCAA "NJCAA")).
### Amateur
The Raleigh Cú Chulainn, which includes a [Hurling](/wiki/Hurling "Hurling") team and a [Gaelic football](/wiki/Gaelic_football "Gaelic football") team, is based in Wake County. The football team won the 2014 Men's Junior Championship in [North American Gaelic Athletic Association](/wiki/North_American_GAA "North American GAA") competition.
The [North Carolina Tigers](/wiki/North_Carolina_Tigers "North Carolina Tigers"), an [Australian Rules football](/wiki/Australian_Rules_football "Australian Rules football") club in the [United States Australian Football League (USAFL)](/wiki/USAFL "USAFL") and competing in the [Eastern Australian Football League (EAFL)](/wiki/EAFL "EAFL"), are based in Raleigh.
Wake County is also home to the [Carolina Rollergirls](/wiki/Carolina_Rollergirls "Carolina Rollergirls"), an all\-women flat\-track roller derby team that is a competing member of the [Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA)](/wiki/WFTDA "WFTDA"). The Carolina Rollergirls compete at the North Carolina State Fairground's [Dorton Arena](/wiki/Dorton_Arena "Dorton Arena").
Because of the area's many billiards rooms, Raleigh is home to one of the largest amateur league franchises for playing [pool](/wiki/Pool_%28cue_sports%29 "Pool (cue sports)"), the Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill [American Poolplayers Association](/wiki/American_Poolplayers_Association "American Poolplayers Association"). There are leagues available in [eight\-ball](/wiki/Eight-ball "Eight-ball"), [nine\-ball](/wiki/Nine-ball "Nine-ball"), and Masters formats for players of any skill level.
The [USA Baseball](/wiki/USA_Baseball "USA Baseball") National Training Complex is located in Cary.
Home of the Capital City Steelers three time national champions of Pop Warner Football.
Also featured in Raleigh/Durham is the Carolina Phoenix, Women's Professional Tackle Football team.
|
[
"Sports\n------",
"### Professional",
"[thumb\\|[Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes \"Carolina Hurricanes\") hockey game at the RBC Center, now ([PNC Arena](/wiki/PNC_Arena \"PNC Arena\"))](/wiki/File:Hurricanes_Home_Ice.JPG \"Hurricanes Home Ice.JPG\")",
"The [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\")'s [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes \"Carolina Hurricanes\") franchise moved to Raleigh in 1999 from their temporary home of [Greensboro](/wiki/Greensboro%2C_North_Carolina \"Greensboro, North Carolina\"), after having departed [Hartford, Connecticut](/wiki/Hartford%2C_Connecticut \"Hartford, Connecticut\"), in 1997\\. Their home arena, the [PNC Arena](/wiki/PNC_Arena \"PNC Arena\"), also hosts concerts and other public events. The Hurricanes are the only major league ([NFL](/wiki/NFL \"NFL\"), [NHL](/wiki/NHL \"NHL\"), [NBA](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association \"National Basketball Association\"), [MLB](/wiki/MLB \"MLB\")) professional sports team in North Carolina to have won a championship, winning the [Stanley Cup](/wiki/Stanley_Cup \"Stanley Cup\") in 2006, over the [Edmonton Oilers](/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers \"Edmonton Oilers\").",
"[North Carolina FC](/wiki/North_Carolina_FC \"North Carolina FC\") of the [United Soccer League](/wiki/United_Soccer_League \"United Soccer League\") and the affiliated women's team [North Carolina Courage](/wiki/North_Carolina_Courage \"North Carolina Courage\") of the [National Women's Soccer League](/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League \"National Women's Soccer League\") are located in Cary and play at the [WakeMed Soccer Park](/wiki/WakeMed_Soccer_Park \"WakeMed Soccer Park\"). The Courage is the reigning NWSL Shield Winner and NWSL Champion, breaking the NWSL season record for most wins, points, and goals in the process.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nccourage.com/news\\_article/show/948215\\|title\\=NC COURAGE BREAK MULTIPLE NWSL RECORDS IN 5\\-0 WIN OVER HOUSTON DASH\\|access\\-date\\=September 11, 2018\\|date\\=September 8, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=September 11, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911225452/https://www.nccourage.com/news\\_article/show/948215\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"The [Carolina Mudcats](/wiki/Carolina_Mudcats \"Carolina Mudcats\") are a [minor league baseball](/wiki/Minor_league_baseball \"Minor league baseball\") team located in eastern Wake County. Their ballpark, [Five County Stadium](/wiki/Five_County_Stadium \"Five County Stadium\"), is located in Zebulon.",
"The Research Triangle region has hosted the [Professional Golfers' Association (PGA)](/wiki/Professional_Golfers%27_Association_of_America \"Professional Golfers' Association of America\") [Nationwide Tour](/wiki/Nationwide_Tour \"Nationwide Tour\") [Rex Hospital Open](/wiki/Rex_Hospital_Open \"Rex Hospital Open\") since 1994, with the current location of play at Raleigh's Wakefield Plantation. In 2024 The Rex Hospital Open was changed to the UNC Health Championship and is now played at Raleigh Country Club, located on just east of downtown Raleigh.",
"### College",
"[North Carolina State University](/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University \"North Carolina State University\"), which is a member of the [Atlantic Coast Conference](/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference \"Atlantic Coast Conference\") (ACC) and [National Collegiate Athletic Association](/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association \"National Collegiate Athletic Association\") (NCAA) [Division I](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I \"NCAA Division I\"), plays their home basketball games at the PNC Arena and home football games at [Carter–Finley Stadium](/wiki/Carter%E2%80%93Finley_Stadium \"Carter–Finley Stadium\").",
"Other institutions of higher learning that compete in competitive sports include St. Augustine's College ([NCAA Division II](/wiki/NCAA_Division_II \"NCAA Division II\"), [Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association](/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association \"Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association\") (CIAA)), Meredith College (NCAA [Division III](/wiki/NCAA_Division_III \"NCAA Division III\") and [USA South Athletic Conference](/wiki/USA_South_Athletic_Conference \"USA South Athletic Conference\")), William Peace University ([NCAA Division III](/wiki/NCAA_Division_III \"NCAA Division III\"), [USA South Athletic Conference](/wiki/USA_South_Athletic_Conference \"USA South Athletic Conference\")), Shaw University [Division II](/wiki/NCAA_Division_II \"NCAA Division II\"), [Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association](/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association \"Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association\") (CIAA)), and Wake Technical Community College ([NJCAA](/wiki/NJCAA \"NJCAA\")).",
"### Amateur",
"The Raleigh Cú Chulainn, which includes a [Hurling](/wiki/Hurling \"Hurling\") team and a [Gaelic football](/wiki/Gaelic_football \"Gaelic football\") team, is based in Wake County. The football team won the 2014 Men's Junior Championship in [North American Gaelic Athletic Association](/wiki/North_American_GAA \"North American GAA\") competition.",
"The [North Carolina Tigers](/wiki/North_Carolina_Tigers \"North Carolina Tigers\"), an [Australian Rules football](/wiki/Australian_Rules_football \"Australian Rules football\") club in the [United States Australian Football League (USAFL)](/wiki/USAFL \"USAFL\") and competing in the [Eastern Australian Football League (EAFL)](/wiki/EAFL \"EAFL\"), are based in Raleigh.",
"Wake County is also home to the [Carolina Rollergirls](/wiki/Carolina_Rollergirls \"Carolina Rollergirls\"), an all\\-women flat\\-track roller derby team that is a competing member of the [Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA)](/wiki/WFTDA \"WFTDA\"). The Carolina Rollergirls compete at the North Carolina State Fairground's [Dorton Arena](/wiki/Dorton_Arena \"Dorton Arena\").",
"Because of the area's many billiards rooms, Raleigh is home to one of the largest amateur league franchises for playing [pool](/wiki/Pool_%28cue_sports%29 \"Pool (cue sports)\"), the Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill [American Poolplayers Association](/wiki/American_Poolplayers_Association \"American Poolplayers Association\"). There are leagues available in [eight\\-ball](/wiki/Eight-ball \"Eight-ball\"), [nine\\-ball](/wiki/Nine-ball \"Nine-ball\"), and Masters formats for players of any skill level.",
"The [USA Baseball](/wiki/USA_Baseball \"USA Baseball\") National Training Complex is located in Cary.",
"Home of the Capital City Steelers three time national champions of Pop Warner Football.",
"Also featured in Raleigh/Durham is the Carolina Phoenix, Women's Professional Tackle Football team.",
""
] |
Battle
------
In hot harvest weather, Clifford's force marched from [Athlone](/wiki/Athlone "Athlone") through [Roscommon](/wiki/Roscommon "Roscommon"), [Tulsk](/wiki/Tulsk "Tulsk"), and [Boyle](/wiki/Boyle%2C_County_Roscommon "Boyle, County Roscommon"). At 4pm on 15 August, they reached the foot of the Curlew Mountains (highest point 860 feet), which had to be crossed before Sligo could be approached. The expedition was poorly supplied, and Clifford's men were tired and hungry, and probably in no fit state to continue. But Clifford had received false intelligence that the pass was undefended, and he therefore chose to seize the opportunity and march across, promising his troops plenty of beef in the evening. This meant that his men missed out on the rest that had been planned for them in Boyle, whereas the Irish were well\-fed and prepared.
The English came under gunfire, arrow and javelin attack as soon as they reached the first of O'Donnell's barricades, between Boyle and Ballinafad. The barricade was lightly defended by just a handful of Irish troops who quickly abandoned it and rode on horseback to their army's camp to inform Red Hugh O'Donnell of the advancing English forces.
Immediately following the news of the advancing English force, Conor MacDermott and his 600 troops moved swiftly into the mountains and took up concealed positions on either side of the bog road near the Bohar\-Buidhe Woods.
The English moved past and proceeded up the hill where they sustained further casualties as O'Donnell's skirmishers engaged in hit\-and\-run attacks on the English formation.
The road consisted of "stones of six or seven foot broad, lying above ground, with [plashes](/wiki/wikt:Plash "Plash") of bog between them", and was lined with woodland on one side. The further the English advanced, the more intensive the rebels' fire became, and some English soldiers began to lose their nerve and slip away. Eventually, there was a firefight, lasting about 90 minutes.
Initially the English forces advanced and despite heavy return fire, some of the Irish forces believed they should retreat as they had not expected to engage the English vanguard in open battle. However, MacDermott noticing the heavy casualties the initial fusillades had caused in the English ranks, ordered his pipers to continue sounding battle songs and believed he could destroy Clifford's entire force.
At this point, the English forces began to waver and their advance was halted as the Irish muskets and archers continued to pour fire into their ranks. The English musketeers – running low on gunpowder and ammunition – retreated, leaving their remaining infantry under intense Irish fire.
At this point Radcliffe had been wounded by a gunshot to the face and another to the leg. He ordered Henry Cosby, the Anglo\-Irish son of [Francis Cosby](/wiki/Francis_Cosby "Francis Cosby"), to lead an attack but it soon became clear Cosby had no desire to. While being supported in the arms of two of his officers, Radcliffe told Cosby: "I see, Cosby, that I must leave thee to thy baseness, but will tell thee ere I go that it were better to die in the hands of thy countrymen than at my return to perish by my sword".Colum, p.198
The half\-hearted charge by Cosby turned back and began to retreat. This further demoralised the English forces as they watched their only corps which still showed some sign of holding an intact formation flee the field.
At this point, Brian Óg and his 160 heavy Gallowglasses entered the battle, causing panic amongst the English forces:
> Like hounds slipped from the leash, O'Rourke's Brenny men went upon the Queen's vanguard... MacDermott's gunmen and archers gave way to the right hand and to the left, opening out like folding doors as the Brenny men, with a shout at such an instant changed fortitude to alarm, and alarm to panic terror, went upon the foe.{{Cite book\|title\=A Treasury of Irish Folklore\|last\=Colum\|first\=Padraic\|publisher\=Kilkenny Press, New York\|year\=1989\|isbn\=0\-517\-67612\-5}}
The commander of the vanguard, Alexander Radcliffe, could no longer control his troops. They wheeled about in a panic and collided with the main column, which broke and fled. The commander led a charge with his remaining pikemen but was shot dead in that action. With the English ranks in disarray, the main body of Irish infantry, which had concealed itself on the reverse slope of the hill, closed in and fought hand\-to\-hand. Clifford tried to regain control over his men, but appeared overcome by his circumstances. He managed to rally himself and was killed by a gun\-shot through the chest as he rushed the enemy. Despite his death, the rearguard managed to maintain some semblance of formation and continued to fight on as others fled the field.
The English were routed, but the situation was prevented from becoming a complete disaster for them when the commander of the horse, [Sir Griffin Markham](/wiki/Sir_Griffin_Markham "Sir Griffin Markham") (with [John Harington](/wiki/John_Harington_%28inventor%29 "John Harington (inventor)") in his ranks), charged uphill \- "amongst rocks and bogs where never horse was seen to charge before" \- and temporarily drove the rebels back, forcing MacDermott's musketeers and archers out onto either side of the bog and into the tree\-line.
As Markham's forces pursued MacDermott's fighters – and English troops fired from the roadside at the gunmen on either side of the bog, Brian Óg led a charge of his own. Emerging from the forest with his gallowglasses he slowly and steadily advanced towards the English cavalry. The English regrouped and began a charge of their own, but on either side of the bog MacDermott's men had regrouped and were now pouring fire transversely on the English cavalry. The gallowglasses supported by the kerne charged the cavalry and routed Markham's forces, causing them to retreat back into the mountains towards the barricade.
During the charge, Brian Óg was injured in the hand and the leg. Markham, meanwhile, was shot resulting in a broken bone in his right arm.Colum, p.202
Though the actions of the English cavalry allowed many of their foot soldiers to escape, Clifford's men were pursued as far as the town of Boyle by 400 of MacDermott's musketeers and gunmen alongside the 160 gallowglasses of Brian ÓG. The fleeing English found shelter in [Boyle Abbey](/wiki/Boyle_Abbey "Boyle Abbey"). About half of the English forces were killed in the battle. Irish losses were light due to having been firing from prepared positions and then routing a disorganized and demoralised enemy.
[thumb\|The site of the battle is just over 2km west of the N4](/wiki/File:The_Curlew_Pass_battlesite.jpg "The Curlew Pass battlesite.jpg")
|
[
"Battle\n------",
"In hot harvest weather, Clifford's force marched from [Athlone](/wiki/Athlone \"Athlone\") through [Roscommon](/wiki/Roscommon \"Roscommon\"), [Tulsk](/wiki/Tulsk \"Tulsk\"), and [Boyle](/wiki/Boyle%2C_County_Roscommon \"Boyle, County Roscommon\"). At 4pm on 15 August, they reached the foot of the Curlew Mountains (highest point 860 feet), which had to be crossed before Sligo could be approached. The expedition was poorly supplied, and Clifford's men were tired and hungry, and probably in no fit state to continue. But Clifford had received false intelligence that the pass was undefended, and he therefore chose to seize the opportunity and march across, promising his troops plenty of beef in the evening. This meant that his men missed out on the rest that had been planned for them in Boyle, whereas the Irish were well\\-fed and prepared.",
"The English came under gunfire, arrow and javelin attack as soon as they reached the first of O'Donnell's barricades, between Boyle and Ballinafad. The barricade was lightly defended by just a handful of Irish troops who quickly abandoned it and rode on horseback to their army's camp to inform Red Hugh O'Donnell of the advancing English forces.",
"Immediately following the news of the advancing English force, Conor MacDermott and his 600 troops moved swiftly into the mountains and took up concealed positions on either side of the bog road near the Bohar\\-Buidhe Woods.",
"The English moved past and proceeded up the hill where they sustained further casualties as O'Donnell's skirmishers engaged in hit\\-and\\-run attacks on the English formation.",
"The road consisted of \"stones of six or seven foot broad, lying above ground, with [plashes](/wiki/wikt:Plash \"Plash\") of bog between them\", and was lined with woodland on one side. The further the English advanced, the more intensive the rebels' fire became, and some English soldiers began to lose their nerve and slip away. Eventually, there was a firefight, lasting about 90 minutes.",
"Initially the English forces advanced and despite heavy return fire, some of the Irish forces believed they should retreat as they had not expected to engage the English vanguard in open battle. However, MacDermott noticing the heavy casualties the initial fusillades had caused in the English ranks, ordered his pipers to continue sounding battle songs and believed he could destroy Clifford's entire force.",
"At this point, the English forces began to waver and their advance was halted as the Irish muskets and archers continued to pour fire into their ranks. The English musketeers – running low on gunpowder and ammunition – retreated, leaving their remaining infantry under intense Irish fire.",
"At this point Radcliffe had been wounded by a gunshot to the face and another to the leg. He ordered Henry Cosby, the Anglo\\-Irish son of [Francis Cosby](/wiki/Francis_Cosby \"Francis Cosby\"), to lead an attack but it soon became clear Cosby had no desire to. While being supported in the arms of two of his officers, Radcliffe told Cosby: \"I see, Cosby, that I must leave thee to thy baseness, but will tell thee ere I go that it were better to die in the hands of thy countrymen than at my return to perish by my sword\".Colum, p.198",
"The half\\-hearted charge by Cosby turned back and began to retreat. This further demoralised the English forces as they watched their only corps which still showed some sign of holding an intact formation flee the field.",
"At this point, Brian Óg and his 160 heavy Gallowglasses entered the battle, causing panic amongst the English forces:\n> Like hounds slipped from the leash, O'Rourke's Brenny men went upon the Queen's vanguard... MacDermott's gunmen and archers gave way to the right hand and to the left, opening out like folding doors as the Brenny men, with a shout at such an instant changed fortitude to alarm, and alarm to panic terror, went upon the foe.{{Cite book\\|title\\=A Treasury of Irish Folklore\\|last\\=Colum\\|first\\=Padraic\\|publisher\\=Kilkenny Press, New York\\|year\\=1989\\|isbn\\=0\\-517\\-67612\\-5}}",
"The commander of the vanguard, Alexander Radcliffe, could no longer control his troops. They wheeled about in a panic and collided with the main column, which broke and fled. The commander led a charge with his remaining pikemen but was shot dead in that action. With the English ranks in disarray, the main body of Irish infantry, which had concealed itself on the reverse slope of the hill, closed in and fought hand\\-to\\-hand. Clifford tried to regain control over his men, but appeared overcome by his circumstances. He managed to rally himself and was killed by a gun\\-shot through the chest as he rushed the enemy. Despite his death, the rearguard managed to maintain some semblance of formation and continued to fight on as others fled the field.",
"The English were routed, but the situation was prevented from becoming a complete disaster for them when the commander of the horse, [Sir Griffin Markham](/wiki/Sir_Griffin_Markham \"Sir Griffin Markham\") (with [John Harington](/wiki/John_Harington_%28inventor%29 \"John Harington (inventor)\") in his ranks), charged uphill \\- \"amongst rocks and bogs where never horse was seen to charge before\" \\- and temporarily drove the rebels back, forcing MacDermott's musketeers and archers out onto either side of the bog and into the tree\\-line.",
"As Markham's forces pursued MacDermott's fighters – and English troops fired from the roadside at the gunmen on either side of the bog, Brian Óg led a charge of his own. Emerging from the forest with his gallowglasses he slowly and steadily advanced towards the English cavalry. The English regrouped and began a charge of their own, but on either side of the bog MacDermott's men had regrouped and were now pouring fire transversely on the English cavalry. The gallowglasses supported by the kerne charged the cavalry and routed Markham's forces, causing them to retreat back into the mountains towards the barricade.",
"During the charge, Brian Óg was injured in the hand and the leg. Markham, meanwhile, was shot resulting in a broken bone in his right arm.Colum, p.202",
"Though the actions of the English cavalry allowed many of their foot soldiers to escape, Clifford's men were pursued as far as the town of Boyle by 400 of MacDermott's musketeers and gunmen alongside the 160 gallowglasses of Brian ÓG. The fleeing English found shelter in [Boyle Abbey](/wiki/Boyle_Abbey \"Boyle Abbey\"). About half of the English forces were killed in the battle. Irish losses were light due to having been firing from prepared positions and then routing a disorganized and demoralised enemy.",
"[thumb\\|The site of the battle is just over 2km west of the N4](/wiki/File:The_Curlew_Pass_battlesite.jpg \"The Curlew Pass battlesite.jpg\")",
""
] |
Modern history
--------------
The modern history of the area, as far as European settlement is concerned, began on 21 September 1839, when local [Te Āti Awa](/wiki/Te_%C4%80ti_Awa "Te Āti Awa") chief [Te Puni](/wiki/Te_Puni "Te Puni"){{cite web \| url\=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/te\-puni\-honiana \| title\=TE PUNI, Honiana }} gestured with his arms and pointed finger the areas of the [Hutt Valley](/wiki/Hutt_Valley "Hutt Valley") and [Wellington](/wiki/Wellington "Wellington"), that he was willing to sell to the [New Zealand Land Company](/wiki/New_Zealand_Company "New Zealand Company") through its agent Colonel [William Wakefield](/wiki/William_Wakefield "William Wakefield") aboard the ship *[Tory](/wiki/New_Zealand_Company_ships%23Tory "New Zealand Company ships#Tory")*.Ward, L.E. (?). *Early Wellington*. Stokes Valley, which at that time was simply an unnamed branch valley of the Hutt Valley, was included in this land.
The second of the New Zealand Company's ships to arrive in Wellington was the 273\-ton *[Cuba](/wiki/New_Zealand_Company_ships%23Cuba "New Zealand Company ships#Cuba")* on 3 January 1840\. It had on board 20 able\-bodied men aged from 20 to 27\. Among these was the Company's surveying party, whose duty was to plan the city at [Thorndon](/wiki/Thorndon%2C_New_Zealand "Thorndon, New Zealand") and survey the site in readiness for the arrival of the emigrants who already procured sections in London. The first emigrant ship, containing 85 adult settlers and their 42 children, arrived only 17 days later. At this stage there was no sections or shelters surveyed for most of the people, and many had to live in huts built by the Māori, or simply shelter under [karaka](/wiki/Karaka_%28tree%29 "Karaka (tree)") trees. The Wellington and Hutt Valley area was hurriedly surveyed.
The original survey party that arrived in 1840 on the *Cuba* comprised Captain [William Mein Smith](/wiki/William_Mein_Smith "William Mein Smith") (Surveyor General) and Messrs. R. D. Hanson, W. Carrington, R. Park, R. Stokes, and K. Bethune, all well known personalities in the early history of Wellington. Robert Stokes, after whom the valley was named, was initially active surveying a 'valley east of the valley of the Hutt' from 30 March to 2 April 1841, resuming the following 14 October for a few more days,Stokes Field Note Book No 2; NZ National Archives item R23195399 highly probably referring to the area first named as Stokes Valley in a plan of January 1843\. Stokes left the employ of the New Zealand Company in early 1842 and went into business for himself. Stokes Street in Wellington was named in his honour in the 1841 map of Wellington.
Robert Stokes took a prominent part in Wellington affairs, including government. He published a work in 1844 on the [Wairau Affray](/wiki/Wairau_Affray "Wairau Affray"), led the first European crossing of the Rimutaka range to the Wairarapa, built a once\-famous house in Wellington, "Saint Ruadhan", on Woolcombe Street (since demolished; the site now forms part of The Terrace). He was a keen gardener, known for his prize\-winning vegetables and flowers, and was also a keen botanist, and was treasurer of the Horticultural and Botanical Society. He became a publisher and printer,Stokes is listed as a printer in the 1847 Electoral Roll. his name appearing on *The New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian* as a printer"Memorial of the Settlers of Wellington and the Neighbouring Districts on the Land Claims Ordinance and Pasturage Regulations", *The New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian*, 3 April 1852, p. 3 He was a prominent speaker, and was instrumental in carrying a Bill to establish a municipal corporation for Wellington and a railway link to the [Wairarapa](/wiki/Wairarapa "Wairarapa"). Stokes stood as an elected member of the Wairarapa Council in 1867, and was a Member of the [Victoria University of Wellington](/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington "Victoria University of Wellington") Senate from 1871 to 1878\. Stokes died at Clanricarde Gardens, London, on 20 January 1880\.*The New Zealand Gazette*, 26 March 1842*The New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian*, 16 August 1845\.
### Crown Grants
The first Crown Land Grants in Stokes Valley were made from 18 January 1853\. Section 74 was granted to Robert Henry Wood and Section 73 to George Hart. Wood never settled in the valley, even though he received another land grant of section 67\. There is no known evidence that he ever left England, and it was common to have absentee ownership of Crown grants in those days, but it is known that he served on the Committee of the First Colony formed in London. Hart who was born in London, also never settled in the valley, but he did leave England after receiving the land grant, arriving on the ship *Mary* in 1843\. In 1863 he was appointed Commissioner of Thorndon for the Thorndon Ward of the Wellington Town Board. The first person to actually settle in Stokes Valley after the making of Crown Grants was Mr. Hart Udy who immediately set up a saw mill on his property at the entrance to the Valley on the north East side of the main road. His property was plot or Section 65 of the original Crown land grant.
### Early settlement
Mr. William Judd Sr. was known as the first resident of Stokes Valley. Judd arrived at [Port Nicholson](/wiki/Port_Nicholson "Port Nicholson") on the ship *[Martha Ridgway](/wiki/New_Zealand_Company_ships%23Martha_Ridgway "New Zealand Company ships#Martha Ridgway")* in July 1840 along with his wife Anne and their sons John, George, and Stephen. The Judds initially lived at Lower Hutt after arriving, but after the birth of his fourth son and upon securing a contract to make a road through the [Taitā Gorge](/wiki/Taita_Gorge "Taita Gorge"), Judd moved with his family to the entrance of Stokes Valley. He constructed a home on a leasehold title on the southern side of the present Stokes Valley main road. The exact date of his move to the valley is unknown, but his name is listed in the "Memorial of the Settlers of Wellington and the Neighbouring Districts..." published in the local newspaper of the time in April 1852\. His house was recorded as severely damaged in the earthquake of 23 February 1855 and he most likely lived in the valley for several years before 1852\. It was in this house that the last three members of his family were born. This possibly puts his settlement in the valley in the late 1840s.
George Spackman (a contender for first settler) was also known to reside in Stokes Valley as early as 3 April 1852 and is listed beside Mr Judd in the "Memorial of the Settlers...". Spackman is listed on the 1854 Electoral Roll as a settler residing on a leasehold in Stokes Valley,1854 Electoral Roll Spackman arrived with his wife on the ship *Bolton* on 21 April 1840, and a son was born to them three months later. George Spackman paraded with the "Old Identities" who attended the capital's Jubilee of Colonisation in 1890\.
Mr. Hart Udy, after whom Udy Street in [Petone](/wiki/Petone "Petone") is named, was born in [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall "Cornwall") in 1808\. In 1839 he left England for New Zealand with his wife and family on the New Zealand Company's ship *[Duke of Roxburgh](/wiki/Duke_of_Roxburgh_%28ship%29 "Duke of Roxburgh (ship)")*, arriving in Petone in February 1840\. Hart worked for Sir [Francis Molesworth](/wiki/Francis_Molesworth "Francis Molesworth") on the building of the first [cutter](/wiki/Cutter_%28ship%29 "Cutter (ship)") and house to be built from New Zealand timber. After working for three years in Wellington as a shipwrightEvening Post, Volume XL, Issue 129, 28 November 1890, Page 2\> at the stream near Staples Brewery he moved to [Waiwhetū](/wiki/Waiwhet%C5%AB "Waiwhetū") (now a suburb of [Lower Hutt](/wiki/Lower_Hutt "Lower Hutt")), where he worked as a carpenter for many years. On 1 March 1845 his house was pillaged by local Mãori. In 1849 he built the first Anglican church in Lower Hutt near the Hutt Bridge . On 24 May 1852 Mr Hart Udy by mutual consent dissolved a Saw Milling partnership which he had with William Corbett and Richard Blake that was based in Stokes Valley, so it is assumed he had worked in the valley for a significant time before then.Wellington Independent, Volume VIII, Issue 696, 12 June 1852, Page 1/\> He moved to Stokes Valley in 1853, and resided there until 1857, when he took his family to [Matarawa](/wiki/Matarawa "Matarawa") where he had access to valuable bush\-clad land. A source says that Udy set up a sawmill at the valley mouth in 1858, but it doesn't make it clear whether this was the original one he dissolved in 1852 that he reactivated or an additional one.
He carried on the family sawmilling business until 1865, when he retired leaving it to his sons. Mr Hart Udy Jr., who was five years old when his parents arrived in 1840, married Elizabeth Holland of Petone in 1855, their first home being in Stokes Valley. He was also involved in his father's sawmilling business and moved with him to Matarawa. Mr Hart Jr. later became Mayor of the Borough of [Greytown](/wiki/Greytown%2C_New_Zealand "Greytown, New Zealand"). Mr Hart Udy Sr died on 27 November 1890 in Greytown aged 82 from complications from a bone he had accidentally swallowed, he had 90 direct descendants, and was Justice of the peace of Greytown \& greatly missed.
For a long time many made their living by felling timber, splitting posts and rails, and timber production as the valley had a large amount of native bush, including [birch](/wiki/Birch "Birch"), [rimu](/wiki/Rimu "Rimu"), [rātā](/wiki/Metrosideros "Metrosideros"), [tōtara](/wiki/T%C5%8Dtara "Tōtara"), and [white pine](/wiki/Kahikatea "Kahikatea"). The bush was populated with a considerable amount of wildlife, including [weka](/wiki/Weka "Weka"), [California quail](/wiki/California_quail "California quail"), and [wild pigs](/wiki/Boar "Boar"). Once the bush was largely cleared, it was found that the valley's soil had little to offer for farm production and for a time Stokes Valley was known as "Starvation Valley" owing to the difficult times that many of the early settlers had in making a living in the remote valley. Their problems were not helped by floods, drought and snow storms. The Hutt Valley area experienced a major flood in the 1870s which caused considerable damage to the lower portion of Stokes Valley and swept away a large amount of cut timber.
The first recorded marriages in the valley were in 1865\. On 5 June Thomas Sparks was married to Mary Ann Robinson (both residents of Stokes Valley) at the Primitive Methodist Church by Rev. Waters.*The New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian*, 10 June 1865, p. 2 Two further marriages are recorded from October, with the marriage of Isaac Sykes to Maria Ann Wyeth of Upper Hutt at St James' Church at Lower Hutt on 8 October, and the marriage of Stokes Valley farmer John Walker to Mary Brown of Kapiti, at the Anglican Church in Upper Hutt, by the Rev. Mr Abrahams on 26 October.*The Wellington Independent*, 4 November 1865, p. 4
Other early incidents in Stokes Valley include the invention and patenting of an improved milk churn, by [Ignatius Singer](/wiki/Ignatius_Singer "Ignatius Singer") in 1900,*The Evening Post*, 8 December 1900, p. 2 and two local tragedies. The first of these occurred on 10 December 1883, when an elderly woman named Hamlin was shot at by a youth. There was no shot loaded in the gun, but gunpowder lodged in her left arm above the wrist. Hamlin died during an operation to amputate the arm.*The Feilding Star*, 11 December 1883, p. 2 Another account of this same incident claims it occurred in 1885 and that the woman was called Hamblin. According to this account the youth (Sinnox) was a friend and popped in to demonstrate his newly acquired shotgun after hunting rabbits. The gun accidentally discharged, and Mrs. Hamblin was hit in the shoulder. A doctor was summoned, but when he arrived he ordered her to be taken to hospital because of loss of blood. By the time Hamblin arrived at Wellington hospital she was unconscious through loss of blood, and she died later that night. This account makes no mention of an amputation, but goes into greater detail about the people involved.
The second local tragedy, on 1 April 1897, made headlines in newspapers around the country. Mrs. Annetta Hope was killed with her infant child, Annetta, and 20\-year\-old step daughter Lillian, when the horse and carriage they were riding in slipped down the Taitā (or Hutt) Gorge and into the [Hutt River](/wiki/Te_Awa_Kairangi_/_Hutt_River "Te Awa Kairangi / Hutt River").*The Evening Post*, 2 April 1897, p. 5 Mrs. Hope had decided to meet her husband Joseph William Hope from the [Silverstream](/wiki/Silverstream%2C_New_Zealand "Silverstream, New Zealand") railway station (now a train museum{{cite web \|url\=http://www.silverstreamrailway.org.nz/ \|title\=Home \|website\=silverstreamrailway.org.nz}}) after his work, but he did not arrive. She was halfway back to Stokes Valley at a steep part of the gorge when she saw the next train coming and made an attempt to turn the horse and carriage around to go back to meet it. It is thought that the horse took fright and as Mrs. Hope was not experienced at controlling a carriage it slipped down into the ravine.*The Colonist*, 2 April 1897, p. 3 The bodies were found about one hour later, drowned in about four feet of water. The horse was none the worse for wear. The husband did not find out what had happened to her until the following Thursday when he read it in *The Evening Post*.*The Mataura Ensign*, 3 April 1897, p. 3 It was later decided at an inquest that the road was dangerous and needed to be fenced as bicycles were frequently on the road and could frighten horses. (It is not known whether any bicycles were involved in the Hope tragedy).*The Evening Post*, 1 April 1897, p. 6
### Early 20th\-century history
In 1927 a toll bridge was erected across the [Hutt River](/wiki/Te_Awa_Kairangi_/_Hutt_River "Te Awa Kairangi / Hutt River") to service the valley, but this was destroyed by a flood in 1932 and replaced by a foot bridge that was later deemed unsafe. Before 1940 the upper valley was heavily populated with holiday [baches](/wiki/Bach_%28New_Zealand%29 "Bach (New Zealand)") and enjoyed a resort status. During the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), the [United States Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps") established a base near the foot of the valley.
### Natural disasters
#### 1855 Wellington earthquake
{{Main\|1855 Wairarapa earthquake}}
The Otago witness in 1899 recounts an interesting story of the reminiscences of one of the early inhabitants of the valley and the early characters (including the "Rev." Udy) during the "great" Wellington earthquake (presumably 1855 and not 1848\). This earthquake apparently lasted a long time and was exceedingly frightful for even the most hardened soul as the story below relates:
*"...will never forget the big earthquake which shook hundreds of green pine trees out by the roots, split asunder rocks, tore up great rents in the ground, sent mighty slips down from mountains and hill, overturned houses and so twisted others that doors would neither open nor close, and several times threw Maoris canoeing over the Hutt River out into the waters.*
*"The day before the disturbance, I and my brothers were at work hewing wood in the bush; the earthquake, which came in the night, had uprooted hundreds of trees all around the spot of our previous day's labour, and blocked up all the roads and tracks in the neighbourhood. Away over in Stokes's Valley there was at that time a congregation of old shellbacks and whalers, men\-o'\-wars men and seamen, lags and hard cases, living in tents and whares but when the earthquake was in its worst throes and they found that it had come to stay sometime this heterogeneous mass of misguided humanity assembled with one accord, and under the guidance of the Rev. Mr Udy, a gentleman of the Wesleyan persuasion, prayed in the open air, harder than ever they blasphemed night and day, for deliverance."*
#### 1976 slips and flooding
{{Main\|1976 Wellington storm}}
On 20 December 1976, extremely heavy rainfall struck the Hutt Valley and Wellington. This caused hundreds of slips and widespread flooding,{{Cite web \|date\=2018 \|title\=December 1976 Wellington Flooding ( 1976\-12\-20 ) \|url\=https://hwe.niwa.co.nz/event/December\_1976\_Wellington\_Flooding \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-09 \|website\=Niwa Historic Weather Events Catalogue}} {{Cite news \|date\=21 December 1976 \|title\=Power, gas cut \|work\=\[\[The Press]] \|url\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19761221\.2\.7 \|via\=Papers Past}} and Pinehaven and Stokes Valley were declared disaster zones. At 10:30{{nbsp}}am on 20 December, a petrol station at the entrance to Stokes Valley was flooded to within {{convert\|15\|cm\|in\|0}} of the top of the petrol pumps.{{Cite book \|last\=Bishop \|first\=R G \|url\=https://haveyoursay.gw.govt.nz/50941/widgets/268043/documents/177510 \|title\=Report on storm of 20 December, 1976 \|date\=3 February 1977 \|publisher\=Wellington Regional Water Board}}{{Rp\|page\=26}} Three houses in Ngahere Street were destroyed when they slipped down a hill.{{Cite web \|date\=21 December 1976 \|title\=Three houses in Ngahere Street, Stokes Valley, destroyed by floods \[photograph] \|url\=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22845150 \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-09 \|website\=National Library}} Five Stokes Valley residents were evacuated by a helicopter from the [United States Coast Guard](/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard "United States Coast Guard") icebreaker *[Burton Island](/wiki/USCGC_Burton_Island "USCGC Burton Island")* which happened to be in port at the time, and crew from the ship also helped dig out houses in Stokes Valley after the weather subsided.{{Cite news \|date\=30 December 2023 \|title\=Ship may be 'locked in'. \|work\=\[\[The Press]] \|url\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19761230\.2\.134 \|via\=Papers Past}} About 100 Hutt Valley people evacuated from their homes were given accommodation at the Epuni Boys Home.{{Cite news \|date\=21 December 1976 \|title\=Workers wait in city for roads to clear \|work\=\[\[The Press]] \|url\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19761221\.2\.6 \|via\=Papers Past}}
|
[
"Modern history\n--------------",
"The modern history of the area, as far as European settlement is concerned, began on 21 September 1839, when local [Te Āti Awa](/wiki/Te_%C4%80ti_Awa \"Te Āti Awa\") chief [Te Puni](/wiki/Te_Puni \"Te Puni\"){{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/te\\-puni\\-honiana \\| title\\=TE PUNI, Honiana }} gestured with his arms and pointed finger the areas of the [Hutt Valley](/wiki/Hutt_Valley \"Hutt Valley\") and [Wellington](/wiki/Wellington \"Wellington\"), that he was willing to sell to the [New Zealand Land Company](/wiki/New_Zealand_Company \"New Zealand Company\") through its agent Colonel [William Wakefield](/wiki/William_Wakefield \"William Wakefield\") aboard the ship *[Tory](/wiki/New_Zealand_Company_ships%23Tory \"New Zealand Company ships#Tory\")*.Ward, L.E. (?). *Early Wellington*. Stokes Valley, which at that time was simply an unnamed branch valley of the Hutt Valley, was included in this land.",
"The second of the New Zealand Company's ships to arrive in Wellington was the 273\\-ton *[Cuba](/wiki/New_Zealand_Company_ships%23Cuba \"New Zealand Company ships#Cuba\")* on 3 January 1840\\. It had on board 20 able\\-bodied men aged from 20 to 27\\. Among these was the Company's surveying party, whose duty was to plan the city at [Thorndon](/wiki/Thorndon%2C_New_Zealand \"Thorndon, New Zealand\") and survey the site in readiness for the arrival of the emigrants who already procured sections in London. The first emigrant ship, containing 85 adult settlers and their 42 children, arrived only 17 days later. At this stage there was no sections or shelters surveyed for most of the people, and many had to live in huts built by the Māori, or simply shelter under [karaka](/wiki/Karaka_%28tree%29 \"Karaka (tree)\") trees. The Wellington and Hutt Valley area was hurriedly surveyed.",
"The original survey party that arrived in 1840 on the *Cuba* comprised Captain [William Mein Smith](/wiki/William_Mein_Smith \"William Mein Smith\") (Surveyor General) and Messrs. R. D. Hanson, W. Carrington, R. Park, R. Stokes, and K. Bethune, all well known personalities in the early history of Wellington. Robert Stokes, after whom the valley was named, was initially active surveying a 'valley east of the valley of the Hutt' from 30 March to 2 April 1841, resuming the following 14 October for a few more days,Stokes Field Note Book No 2; NZ National Archives item R23195399 highly probably referring to the area first named as Stokes Valley in a plan of January 1843\\. Stokes left the employ of the New Zealand Company in early 1842 and went into business for himself. Stokes Street in Wellington was named in his honour in the 1841 map of Wellington.",
"Robert Stokes took a prominent part in Wellington affairs, including government. He published a work in 1844 on the [Wairau Affray](/wiki/Wairau_Affray \"Wairau Affray\"), led the first European crossing of the Rimutaka range to the Wairarapa, built a once\\-famous house in Wellington, \"Saint Ruadhan\", on Woolcombe Street (since demolished; the site now forms part of The Terrace). He was a keen gardener, known for his prize\\-winning vegetables and flowers, and was also a keen botanist, and was treasurer of the Horticultural and Botanical Society. He became a publisher and printer,Stokes is listed as a printer in the 1847 Electoral Roll. his name appearing on *The New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian* as a printer\"Memorial of the Settlers of Wellington and the Neighbouring Districts on the Land Claims Ordinance and Pasturage Regulations\", *The New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian*, 3 April 1852, p. 3 He was a prominent speaker, and was instrumental in carrying a Bill to establish a municipal corporation for Wellington and a railway link to the [Wairarapa](/wiki/Wairarapa \"Wairarapa\"). Stokes stood as an elected member of the Wairarapa Council in 1867, and was a Member of the [Victoria University of Wellington](/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington \"Victoria University of Wellington\") Senate from 1871 to 1878\\. Stokes died at Clanricarde Gardens, London, on 20 January 1880\\.*The New Zealand Gazette*, 26 March 1842*The New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian*, 16 August 1845\\.",
"### Crown Grants",
"The first Crown Land Grants in Stokes Valley were made from 18 January 1853\\. Section 74 was granted to Robert Henry Wood and Section 73 to George Hart. Wood never settled in the valley, even though he received another land grant of section 67\\. There is no known evidence that he ever left England, and it was common to have absentee ownership of Crown grants in those days, but it is known that he served on the Committee of the First Colony formed in London. Hart who was born in London, also never settled in the valley, but he did leave England after receiving the land grant, arriving on the ship *Mary* in 1843\\. In 1863 he was appointed Commissioner of Thorndon for the Thorndon Ward of the Wellington Town Board. The first person to actually settle in Stokes Valley after the making of Crown Grants was Mr. Hart Udy who immediately set up a saw mill on his property at the entrance to the Valley on the north East side of the main road. His property was plot or Section 65 of the original Crown land grant.",
"### Early settlement",
"Mr. William Judd Sr. was known as the first resident of Stokes Valley. Judd arrived at [Port Nicholson](/wiki/Port_Nicholson \"Port Nicholson\") on the ship *[Martha Ridgway](/wiki/New_Zealand_Company_ships%23Martha_Ridgway \"New Zealand Company ships#Martha Ridgway\")* in July 1840 along with his wife Anne and their sons John, George, and Stephen. The Judds initially lived at Lower Hutt after arriving, but after the birth of his fourth son and upon securing a contract to make a road through the [Taitā Gorge](/wiki/Taita_Gorge \"Taita Gorge\"), Judd moved with his family to the entrance of Stokes Valley. He constructed a home on a leasehold title on the southern side of the present Stokes Valley main road. The exact date of his move to the valley is unknown, but his name is listed in the \"Memorial of the Settlers of Wellington and the Neighbouring Districts...\" published in the local newspaper of the time in April 1852\\. His house was recorded as severely damaged in the earthquake of 23 February 1855 and he most likely lived in the valley for several years before 1852\\. It was in this house that the last three members of his family were born. This possibly puts his settlement in the valley in the late 1840s.",
"George Spackman (a contender for first settler) was also known to reside in Stokes Valley as early as 3 April 1852 and is listed beside Mr Judd in the \"Memorial of the Settlers...\". Spackman is listed on the 1854 Electoral Roll as a settler residing on a leasehold in Stokes Valley,1854 Electoral Roll Spackman arrived with his wife on the ship *Bolton* on 21 April 1840, and a son was born to them three months later. George Spackman paraded with the \"Old Identities\" who attended the capital's Jubilee of Colonisation in 1890\\.",
"Mr. Hart Udy, after whom Udy Street in [Petone](/wiki/Petone \"Petone\") is named, was born in [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall \"Cornwall\") in 1808\\. In 1839 he left England for New Zealand with his wife and family on the New Zealand Company's ship *[Duke of Roxburgh](/wiki/Duke_of_Roxburgh_%28ship%29 \"Duke of Roxburgh (ship)\")*, arriving in Petone in February 1840\\. Hart worked for Sir [Francis Molesworth](/wiki/Francis_Molesworth \"Francis Molesworth\") on the building of the first [cutter](/wiki/Cutter_%28ship%29 \"Cutter (ship)\") and house to be built from New Zealand timber. After working for three years in Wellington as a shipwrightEvening Post, Volume XL, Issue 129, 28 November 1890, Page 2\\> at the stream near Staples Brewery he moved to [Waiwhetū](/wiki/Waiwhet%C5%AB \"Waiwhetū\") (now a suburb of [Lower Hutt](/wiki/Lower_Hutt \"Lower Hutt\")), where he worked as a carpenter for many years. On 1 March 1845 his house was pillaged by local Mãori. In 1849 he built the first Anglican church in Lower Hutt near the Hutt Bridge . On 24 May 1852 Mr Hart Udy by mutual consent dissolved a Saw Milling partnership which he had with William Corbett and Richard Blake that was based in Stokes Valley, so it is assumed he had worked in the valley for a significant time before then.Wellington Independent, Volume VIII, Issue 696, 12 June 1852, Page 1/\\> He moved to Stokes Valley in 1853, and resided there until 1857, when he took his family to [Matarawa](/wiki/Matarawa \"Matarawa\") where he had access to valuable bush\\-clad land. A source says that Udy set up a sawmill at the valley mouth in 1858, but it doesn't make it clear whether this was the original one he dissolved in 1852 that he reactivated or an additional one.\nHe carried on the family sawmilling business until 1865, when he retired leaving it to his sons. Mr Hart Udy Jr., who was five years old when his parents arrived in 1840, married Elizabeth Holland of Petone in 1855, their first home being in Stokes Valley. He was also involved in his father's sawmilling business and moved with him to Matarawa. Mr Hart Jr. later became Mayor of the Borough of [Greytown](/wiki/Greytown%2C_New_Zealand \"Greytown, New Zealand\"). Mr Hart Udy Sr died on 27 November 1890 in Greytown aged 82 from complications from a bone he had accidentally swallowed, he had 90 direct descendants, and was Justice of the peace of Greytown \\& greatly missed.",
"For a long time many made their living by felling timber, splitting posts and rails, and timber production as the valley had a large amount of native bush, including [birch](/wiki/Birch \"Birch\"), [rimu](/wiki/Rimu \"Rimu\"), [rātā](/wiki/Metrosideros \"Metrosideros\"), [tōtara](/wiki/T%C5%8Dtara \"Tōtara\"), and [white pine](/wiki/Kahikatea \"Kahikatea\"). The bush was populated with a considerable amount of wildlife, including [weka](/wiki/Weka \"Weka\"), [California quail](/wiki/California_quail \"California quail\"), and [wild pigs](/wiki/Boar \"Boar\"). Once the bush was largely cleared, it was found that the valley's soil had little to offer for farm production and for a time Stokes Valley was known as \"Starvation Valley\" owing to the difficult times that many of the early settlers had in making a living in the remote valley. Their problems were not helped by floods, drought and snow storms. The Hutt Valley area experienced a major flood in the 1870s which caused considerable damage to the lower portion of Stokes Valley and swept away a large amount of cut timber.",
"The first recorded marriages in the valley were in 1865\\. On 5 June Thomas Sparks was married to Mary Ann Robinson (both residents of Stokes Valley) at the Primitive Methodist Church by Rev. Waters.*The New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian*, 10 June 1865, p. 2 Two further marriages are recorded from October, with the marriage of Isaac Sykes to Maria Ann Wyeth of Upper Hutt at St James' Church at Lower Hutt on 8 October, and the marriage of Stokes Valley farmer John Walker to Mary Brown of Kapiti, at the Anglican Church in Upper Hutt, by the Rev. Mr Abrahams on 26 October.*The Wellington Independent*, 4 November 1865, p. 4",
"Other early incidents in Stokes Valley include the invention and patenting of an improved milk churn, by [Ignatius Singer](/wiki/Ignatius_Singer \"Ignatius Singer\") in 1900,*The Evening Post*, 8 December 1900, p. 2 and two local tragedies. The first of these occurred on 10 December 1883, when an elderly woman named Hamlin was shot at by a youth. There was no shot loaded in the gun, but gunpowder lodged in her left arm above the wrist. Hamlin died during an operation to amputate the arm.*The Feilding Star*, 11 December 1883, p. 2 Another account of this same incident claims it occurred in 1885 and that the woman was called Hamblin. According to this account the youth (Sinnox) was a friend and popped in to demonstrate his newly acquired shotgun after hunting rabbits. The gun accidentally discharged, and Mrs. Hamblin was hit in the shoulder. A doctor was summoned, but when he arrived he ordered her to be taken to hospital because of loss of blood. By the time Hamblin arrived at Wellington hospital she was unconscious through loss of blood, and she died later that night. This account makes no mention of an amputation, but goes into greater detail about the people involved.",
"The second local tragedy, on 1 April 1897, made headlines in newspapers around the country. Mrs. Annetta Hope was killed with her infant child, Annetta, and 20\\-year\\-old step daughter Lillian, when the horse and carriage they were riding in slipped down the Taitā (or Hutt) Gorge and into the [Hutt River](/wiki/Te_Awa_Kairangi_/_Hutt_River \"Te Awa Kairangi / Hutt River\").*The Evening Post*, 2 April 1897, p. 5 Mrs. Hope had decided to meet her husband Joseph William Hope from the [Silverstream](/wiki/Silverstream%2C_New_Zealand \"Silverstream, New Zealand\") railway station (now a train museum{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.silverstreamrailway.org.nz/ \\|title\\=Home \\|website\\=silverstreamrailway.org.nz}}) after his work, but he did not arrive. She was halfway back to Stokes Valley at a steep part of the gorge when she saw the next train coming and made an attempt to turn the horse and carriage around to go back to meet it. It is thought that the horse took fright and as Mrs. Hope was not experienced at controlling a carriage it slipped down into the ravine.*The Colonist*, 2 April 1897, p. 3 The bodies were found about one hour later, drowned in about four feet of water. The horse was none the worse for wear. The husband did not find out what had happened to her until the following Thursday when he read it in *The Evening Post*.*The Mataura Ensign*, 3 April 1897, p. 3 It was later decided at an inquest that the road was dangerous and needed to be fenced as bicycles were frequently on the road and could frighten horses. (It is not known whether any bicycles were involved in the Hope tragedy).*The Evening Post*, 1 April 1897, p. 6",
"### Early 20th\\-century history",
"In 1927 a toll bridge was erected across the [Hutt River](/wiki/Te_Awa_Kairangi_/_Hutt_River \"Te Awa Kairangi / Hutt River\") to service the valley, but this was destroyed by a flood in 1932 and replaced by a foot bridge that was later deemed unsafe. Before 1940 the upper valley was heavily populated with holiday [baches](/wiki/Bach_%28New_Zealand%29 \"Bach (New Zealand)\") and enjoyed a resort status. During the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), the [United States Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\") established a base near the foot of the valley.",
"### Natural disasters",
"#### 1855 Wellington earthquake",
"{{Main\\|1855 Wairarapa earthquake}}\nThe Otago witness in 1899 recounts an interesting story of the reminiscences of one of the early inhabitants of the valley and the early characters (including the \"Rev.\" Udy) during the \"great\" Wellington earthquake (presumably 1855 and not 1848\\). This earthquake apparently lasted a long time and was exceedingly frightful for even the most hardened soul as the story below relates:",
"*\"...will never forget the big earthquake which shook hundreds of green pine trees out by the roots, split asunder rocks, tore up great rents in the ground, sent mighty slips down from mountains and hill, overturned houses and so twisted others that doors would neither open nor close, and several times threw Maoris canoeing over the Hutt River out into the waters.*\n*\"The day before the disturbance, I and my brothers were at work hewing wood in the bush; the earthquake, which came in the night, had uprooted hundreds of trees all around the spot of our previous day's labour, and blocked up all the roads and tracks in the neighbourhood. Away over in Stokes's Valley there was at that time a congregation of old shellbacks and whalers, men\\-o'\\-wars men and seamen, lags and hard cases, living in tents and whares but when the earthquake was in its worst throes and they found that it had come to stay sometime this heterogeneous mass of misguided humanity assembled with one accord, and under the guidance of the Rev. Mr Udy, a gentleman of the Wesleyan persuasion, prayed in the open air, harder than ever they blasphemed night and day, for deliverance.\"*\n#### 1976 slips and flooding",
"{{Main\\|1976 Wellington storm}}\nOn 20 December 1976, extremely heavy rainfall struck the Hutt Valley and Wellington. This caused hundreds of slips and widespread flooding,{{Cite web \\|date\\=2018 \\|title\\=December 1976 Wellington Flooding ( 1976\\-12\\-20 ) \\|url\\=https://hwe.niwa.co.nz/event/December\\_1976\\_Wellington\\_Flooding \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-09 \\|website\\=Niwa Historic Weather Events Catalogue}} {{Cite news \\|date\\=21 December 1976 \\|title\\=Power, gas cut \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Press]] \\|url\\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19761221\\.2\\.7 \\|via\\=Papers Past}} and Pinehaven and Stokes Valley were declared disaster zones. At 10:30{{nbsp}}am on 20 December, a petrol station at the entrance to Stokes Valley was flooded to within {{convert\\|15\\|cm\\|in\\|0}} of the top of the petrol pumps.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Bishop \\|first\\=R G \\|url\\=https://haveyoursay.gw.govt.nz/50941/widgets/268043/documents/177510 \\|title\\=Report on storm of 20 December, 1976 \\|date\\=3 February 1977 \\|publisher\\=Wellington Regional Water Board}}{{Rp\\|page\\=26}} Three houses in Ngahere Street were destroyed when they slipped down a hill.{{Cite web \\|date\\=21 December 1976 \\|title\\=Three houses in Ngahere Street, Stokes Valley, destroyed by floods \\[photograph] \\|url\\=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22845150 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-09 \\|website\\=National Library}} Five Stokes Valley residents were evacuated by a helicopter from the [United States Coast Guard](/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard \"United States Coast Guard\") icebreaker *[Burton Island](/wiki/USCGC_Burton_Island \"USCGC Burton Island\")* which happened to be in port at the time, and crew from the ship also helped dig out houses in Stokes Valley after the weather subsided.{{Cite news \\|date\\=30 December 2023 \\|title\\=Ship may be 'locked in'. \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Press]] \\|url\\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19761230\\.2\\.134 \\|via\\=Papers Past}} About 100 Hutt Valley people evacuated from their homes were given accommodation at the Epuni Boys Home.{{Cite news \\|date\\=21 December 1976 \\|title\\=Workers wait in city for roads to clear \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Press]] \\|url\\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19761221\\.2\\.6 \\|via\\=Papers Past}}",
""
] |
### Early settlement
Mr. William Judd Sr. was known as the first resident of Stokes Valley. Judd arrived at [Port Nicholson](/wiki/Port_Nicholson "Port Nicholson") on the ship *[Martha Ridgway](/wiki/New_Zealand_Company_ships%23Martha_Ridgway "New Zealand Company ships#Martha Ridgway")* in July 1840 along with his wife Anne and their sons John, George, and Stephen. The Judds initially lived at Lower Hutt after arriving, but after the birth of his fourth son and upon securing a contract to make a road through the [Taitā Gorge](/wiki/Taita_Gorge "Taita Gorge"), Judd moved with his family to the entrance of Stokes Valley. He constructed a home on a leasehold title on the southern side of the present Stokes Valley main road. The exact date of his move to the valley is unknown, but his name is listed in the "Memorial of the Settlers of Wellington and the Neighbouring Districts..." published in the local newspaper of the time in April 1852\. His house was recorded as severely damaged in the earthquake of 23 February 1855 and he most likely lived in the valley for several years before 1852\. It was in this house that the last three members of his family were born. This possibly puts his settlement in the valley in the late 1840s.
George Spackman (a contender for first settler) was also known to reside in Stokes Valley as early as 3 April 1852 and is listed beside Mr Judd in the "Memorial of the Settlers...". Spackman is listed on the 1854 Electoral Roll as a settler residing on a leasehold in Stokes Valley,1854 Electoral Roll Spackman arrived with his wife on the ship *Bolton* on 21 April 1840, and a son was born to them three months later. George Spackman paraded with the "Old Identities" who attended the capital's Jubilee of Colonisation in 1890\.
Mr. Hart Udy, after whom Udy Street in [Petone](/wiki/Petone "Petone") is named, was born in [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall "Cornwall") in 1808\. In 1839 he left England for New Zealand with his wife and family on the New Zealand Company's ship *[Duke of Roxburgh](/wiki/Duke_of_Roxburgh_%28ship%29 "Duke of Roxburgh (ship)")*, arriving in Petone in February 1840\. Hart worked for Sir [Francis Molesworth](/wiki/Francis_Molesworth "Francis Molesworth") on the building of the first [cutter](/wiki/Cutter_%28ship%29 "Cutter (ship)") and house to be built from New Zealand timber. After working for three years in Wellington as a shipwrightEvening Post, Volume XL, Issue 129, 28 November 1890, Page 2\> at the stream near Staples Brewery he moved to [Waiwhetū](/wiki/Waiwhet%C5%AB "Waiwhetū") (now a suburb of [Lower Hutt](/wiki/Lower_Hutt "Lower Hutt")), where he worked as a carpenter for many years. On 1 March 1845 his house was pillaged by local Mãori. In 1849 he built the first Anglican church in Lower Hutt near the Hutt Bridge . On 24 May 1852 Mr Hart Udy by mutual consent dissolved a Saw Milling partnership which he had with William Corbett and Richard Blake that was based in Stokes Valley, so it is assumed he had worked in the valley for a significant time before then.Wellington Independent, Volume VIII, Issue 696, 12 June 1852, Page 1/\> He moved to Stokes Valley in 1853, and resided there until 1857, when he took his family to [Matarawa](/wiki/Matarawa "Matarawa") where he had access to valuable bush\-clad land. A source says that Udy set up a sawmill at the valley mouth in 1858, but it doesn't make it clear whether this was the original one he dissolved in 1852 that he reactivated or an additional one.
He carried on the family sawmilling business until 1865, when he retired leaving it to his sons. Mr Hart Udy Jr., who was five years old when his parents arrived in 1840, married Elizabeth Holland of Petone in 1855, their first home being in Stokes Valley. He was also involved in his father's sawmilling business and moved with him to Matarawa. Mr Hart Jr. later became Mayor of the Borough of [Greytown](/wiki/Greytown%2C_New_Zealand "Greytown, New Zealand"). Mr Hart Udy Sr died on 27 November 1890 in Greytown aged 82 from complications from a bone he had accidentally swallowed, he had 90 direct descendants, and was Justice of the peace of Greytown \& greatly missed.
For a long time many made their living by felling timber, splitting posts and rails, and timber production as the valley had a large amount of native bush, including [birch](/wiki/Birch "Birch"), [rimu](/wiki/Rimu "Rimu"), [rātā](/wiki/Metrosideros "Metrosideros"), [tōtara](/wiki/T%C5%8Dtara "Tōtara"), and [white pine](/wiki/Kahikatea "Kahikatea"). The bush was populated with a considerable amount of wildlife, including [weka](/wiki/Weka "Weka"), [California quail](/wiki/California_quail "California quail"), and [wild pigs](/wiki/Boar "Boar"). Once the bush was largely cleared, it was found that the valley's soil had little to offer for farm production and for a time Stokes Valley was known as "Starvation Valley" owing to the difficult times that many of the early settlers had in making a living in the remote valley. Their problems were not helped by floods, drought and snow storms. The Hutt Valley area experienced a major flood in the 1870s which caused considerable damage to the lower portion of Stokes Valley and swept away a large amount of cut timber.
The first recorded marriages in the valley were in 1865\. On 5 June Thomas Sparks was married to Mary Ann Robinson (both residents of Stokes Valley) at the Primitive Methodist Church by Rev. Waters.*The New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian*, 10 June 1865, p. 2 Two further marriages are recorded from October, with the marriage of Isaac Sykes to Maria Ann Wyeth of Upper Hutt at St James' Church at Lower Hutt on 8 October, and the marriage of Stokes Valley farmer John Walker to Mary Brown of Kapiti, at the Anglican Church in Upper Hutt, by the Rev. Mr Abrahams on 26 October.*The Wellington Independent*, 4 November 1865, p. 4
Other early incidents in Stokes Valley include the invention and patenting of an improved milk churn, by [Ignatius Singer](/wiki/Ignatius_Singer "Ignatius Singer") in 1900,*The Evening Post*, 8 December 1900, p. 2 and two local tragedies. The first of these occurred on 10 December 1883, when an elderly woman named Hamlin was shot at by a youth. There was no shot loaded in the gun, but gunpowder lodged in her left arm above the wrist. Hamlin died during an operation to amputate the arm.*The Feilding Star*, 11 December 1883, p. 2 Another account of this same incident claims it occurred in 1885 and that the woman was called Hamblin. According to this account the youth (Sinnox) was a friend and popped in to demonstrate his newly acquired shotgun after hunting rabbits. The gun accidentally discharged, and Mrs. Hamblin was hit in the shoulder. A doctor was summoned, but when he arrived he ordered her to be taken to hospital because of loss of blood. By the time Hamblin arrived at Wellington hospital she was unconscious through loss of blood, and she died later that night. This account makes no mention of an amputation, but goes into greater detail about the people involved.
The second local tragedy, on 1 April 1897, made headlines in newspapers around the country. Mrs. Annetta Hope was killed with her infant child, Annetta, and 20\-year\-old step daughter Lillian, when the horse and carriage they were riding in slipped down the Taitā (or Hutt) Gorge and into the [Hutt River](/wiki/Te_Awa_Kairangi_/_Hutt_River "Te Awa Kairangi / Hutt River").*The Evening Post*, 2 April 1897, p. 5 Mrs. Hope had decided to meet her husband Joseph William Hope from the [Silverstream](/wiki/Silverstream%2C_New_Zealand "Silverstream, New Zealand") railway station (now a train museum{{cite web \|url\=http://www.silverstreamrailway.org.nz/ \|title\=Home \|website\=silverstreamrailway.org.nz}}) after his work, but he did not arrive. She was halfway back to Stokes Valley at a steep part of the gorge when she saw the next train coming and made an attempt to turn the horse and carriage around to go back to meet it. It is thought that the horse took fright and as Mrs. Hope was not experienced at controlling a carriage it slipped down into the ravine.*The Colonist*, 2 April 1897, p. 3 The bodies were found about one hour later, drowned in about four feet of water. The horse was none the worse for wear. The husband did not find out what had happened to her until the following Thursday when he read it in *The Evening Post*.*The Mataura Ensign*, 3 April 1897, p. 3 It was later decided at an inquest that the road was dangerous and needed to be fenced as bicycles were frequently on the road and could frighten horses. (It is not known whether any bicycles were involved in the Hope tragedy).*The Evening Post*, 1 April 1897, p. 6
|
[
"### Early settlement",
"Mr. William Judd Sr. was known as the first resident of Stokes Valley. Judd arrived at [Port Nicholson](/wiki/Port_Nicholson \"Port Nicholson\") on the ship *[Martha Ridgway](/wiki/New_Zealand_Company_ships%23Martha_Ridgway \"New Zealand Company ships#Martha Ridgway\")* in July 1840 along with his wife Anne and their sons John, George, and Stephen. The Judds initially lived at Lower Hutt after arriving, but after the birth of his fourth son and upon securing a contract to make a road through the [Taitā Gorge](/wiki/Taita_Gorge \"Taita Gorge\"), Judd moved with his family to the entrance of Stokes Valley. He constructed a home on a leasehold title on the southern side of the present Stokes Valley main road. The exact date of his move to the valley is unknown, but his name is listed in the \"Memorial of the Settlers of Wellington and the Neighbouring Districts...\" published in the local newspaper of the time in April 1852\\. His house was recorded as severely damaged in the earthquake of 23 February 1855 and he most likely lived in the valley for several years before 1852\\. It was in this house that the last three members of his family were born. This possibly puts his settlement in the valley in the late 1840s.",
"George Spackman (a contender for first settler) was also known to reside in Stokes Valley as early as 3 April 1852 and is listed beside Mr Judd in the \"Memorial of the Settlers...\". Spackman is listed on the 1854 Electoral Roll as a settler residing on a leasehold in Stokes Valley,1854 Electoral Roll Spackman arrived with his wife on the ship *Bolton* on 21 April 1840, and a son was born to them three months later. George Spackman paraded with the \"Old Identities\" who attended the capital's Jubilee of Colonisation in 1890\\.",
"Mr. Hart Udy, after whom Udy Street in [Petone](/wiki/Petone \"Petone\") is named, was born in [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall \"Cornwall\") in 1808\\. In 1839 he left England for New Zealand with his wife and family on the New Zealand Company's ship *[Duke of Roxburgh](/wiki/Duke_of_Roxburgh_%28ship%29 \"Duke of Roxburgh (ship)\")*, arriving in Petone in February 1840\\. Hart worked for Sir [Francis Molesworth](/wiki/Francis_Molesworth \"Francis Molesworth\") on the building of the first [cutter](/wiki/Cutter_%28ship%29 \"Cutter (ship)\") and house to be built from New Zealand timber. After working for three years in Wellington as a shipwrightEvening Post, Volume XL, Issue 129, 28 November 1890, Page 2\\> at the stream near Staples Brewery he moved to [Waiwhetū](/wiki/Waiwhet%C5%AB \"Waiwhetū\") (now a suburb of [Lower Hutt](/wiki/Lower_Hutt \"Lower Hutt\")), where he worked as a carpenter for many years. On 1 March 1845 his house was pillaged by local Mãori. In 1849 he built the first Anglican church in Lower Hutt near the Hutt Bridge . On 24 May 1852 Mr Hart Udy by mutual consent dissolved a Saw Milling partnership which he had with William Corbett and Richard Blake that was based in Stokes Valley, so it is assumed he had worked in the valley for a significant time before then.Wellington Independent, Volume VIII, Issue 696, 12 June 1852, Page 1/\\> He moved to Stokes Valley in 1853, and resided there until 1857, when he took his family to [Matarawa](/wiki/Matarawa \"Matarawa\") where he had access to valuable bush\\-clad land. A source says that Udy set up a sawmill at the valley mouth in 1858, but it doesn't make it clear whether this was the original one he dissolved in 1852 that he reactivated or an additional one.\nHe carried on the family sawmilling business until 1865, when he retired leaving it to his sons. Mr Hart Udy Jr., who was five years old when his parents arrived in 1840, married Elizabeth Holland of Petone in 1855, their first home being in Stokes Valley. He was also involved in his father's sawmilling business and moved with him to Matarawa. Mr Hart Jr. later became Mayor of the Borough of [Greytown](/wiki/Greytown%2C_New_Zealand \"Greytown, New Zealand\"). Mr Hart Udy Sr died on 27 November 1890 in Greytown aged 82 from complications from a bone he had accidentally swallowed, he had 90 direct descendants, and was Justice of the peace of Greytown \\& greatly missed.",
"For a long time many made their living by felling timber, splitting posts and rails, and timber production as the valley had a large amount of native bush, including [birch](/wiki/Birch \"Birch\"), [rimu](/wiki/Rimu \"Rimu\"), [rātā](/wiki/Metrosideros \"Metrosideros\"), [tōtara](/wiki/T%C5%8Dtara \"Tōtara\"), and [white pine](/wiki/Kahikatea \"Kahikatea\"). The bush was populated with a considerable amount of wildlife, including [weka](/wiki/Weka \"Weka\"), [California quail](/wiki/California_quail \"California quail\"), and [wild pigs](/wiki/Boar \"Boar\"). Once the bush was largely cleared, it was found that the valley's soil had little to offer for farm production and for a time Stokes Valley was known as \"Starvation Valley\" owing to the difficult times that many of the early settlers had in making a living in the remote valley. Their problems were not helped by floods, drought and snow storms. The Hutt Valley area experienced a major flood in the 1870s which caused considerable damage to the lower portion of Stokes Valley and swept away a large amount of cut timber.",
"The first recorded marriages in the valley were in 1865\\. On 5 June Thomas Sparks was married to Mary Ann Robinson (both residents of Stokes Valley) at the Primitive Methodist Church by Rev. Waters.*The New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian*, 10 June 1865, p. 2 Two further marriages are recorded from October, with the marriage of Isaac Sykes to Maria Ann Wyeth of Upper Hutt at St James' Church at Lower Hutt on 8 October, and the marriage of Stokes Valley farmer John Walker to Mary Brown of Kapiti, at the Anglican Church in Upper Hutt, by the Rev. Mr Abrahams on 26 October.*The Wellington Independent*, 4 November 1865, p. 4",
"Other early incidents in Stokes Valley include the invention and patenting of an improved milk churn, by [Ignatius Singer](/wiki/Ignatius_Singer \"Ignatius Singer\") in 1900,*The Evening Post*, 8 December 1900, p. 2 and two local tragedies. The first of these occurred on 10 December 1883, when an elderly woman named Hamlin was shot at by a youth. There was no shot loaded in the gun, but gunpowder lodged in her left arm above the wrist. Hamlin died during an operation to amputate the arm.*The Feilding Star*, 11 December 1883, p. 2 Another account of this same incident claims it occurred in 1885 and that the woman was called Hamblin. According to this account the youth (Sinnox) was a friend and popped in to demonstrate his newly acquired shotgun after hunting rabbits. The gun accidentally discharged, and Mrs. Hamblin was hit in the shoulder. A doctor was summoned, but when he arrived he ordered her to be taken to hospital because of loss of blood. By the time Hamblin arrived at Wellington hospital she was unconscious through loss of blood, and she died later that night. This account makes no mention of an amputation, but goes into greater detail about the people involved.",
"The second local tragedy, on 1 April 1897, made headlines in newspapers around the country. Mrs. Annetta Hope was killed with her infant child, Annetta, and 20\\-year\\-old step daughter Lillian, when the horse and carriage they were riding in slipped down the Taitā (or Hutt) Gorge and into the [Hutt River](/wiki/Te_Awa_Kairangi_/_Hutt_River \"Te Awa Kairangi / Hutt River\").*The Evening Post*, 2 April 1897, p. 5 Mrs. Hope had decided to meet her husband Joseph William Hope from the [Silverstream](/wiki/Silverstream%2C_New_Zealand \"Silverstream, New Zealand\") railway station (now a train museum{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.silverstreamrailway.org.nz/ \\|title\\=Home \\|website\\=silverstreamrailway.org.nz}}) after his work, but he did not arrive. She was halfway back to Stokes Valley at a steep part of the gorge when she saw the next train coming and made an attempt to turn the horse and carriage around to go back to meet it. It is thought that the horse took fright and as Mrs. Hope was not experienced at controlling a carriage it slipped down into the ravine.*The Colonist*, 2 April 1897, p. 3 The bodies were found about one hour later, drowned in about four feet of water. The horse was none the worse for wear. The husband did not find out what had happened to her until the following Thursday when he read it in *The Evening Post*.*The Mataura Ensign*, 3 April 1897, p. 3 It was later decided at an inquest that the road was dangerous and needed to be fenced as bicycles were frequently on the road and could frighten horses. (It is not known whether any bicycles were involved in the Hope tragedy).*The Evening Post*, 1 April 1897, p. 6",
""
] |
Plot
----
Datak ([Tony Curran](/wiki/Tony_Curran "Tony Curran")) wakes up to find Jalina (Kelly McCormack), the Tarr's hand\-maiden and who he spent the night with, dead on his doorstep with her eyes missing. Datak calls Doc Yewll (Trenna Keating) to help him find out what happened and to get rid of the body. Yewll does not want to help him though since she does not want to end up in prison again and she leaves him alone. Datak is afraid that they will blame him for the murder and he does not want to report it to Nolan ([Grant Bowler](/wiki/Grant_Bowler "Grant Bowler")), so he calls Rafe ([Graham Greene](/wiki/Graham_Greene_%28actor%29 "Graham Greene (actor)")) for help. Rafe helps him to transfer the body to a hellbug area to be eaten and then they both start to search for Jalina's murderer.
Stahma ([Jaime Murray](/wiki/Jaime_Murray "Jaime Murray")) worries about Jalina who did not come home and reports her disappearance to Nolan. Nolan thinks that the disappearance is the same as Bertie's few days before and tells her that probably Jalina will be back in few days. Datak informs Stahma later about Jalina's death and they agree to find who is responsible without involving the lawkeeper while Nolan asks Irisa ([Stephanie Leonidas](/wiki/Stephanie_Leonidas "Stephanie Leonidas")) if she has anything to do with this.
Irisa tries to induce visions of the man she saw on the Votan ship by hurting herself since the wound will heal. She draws the man's face when Rynn ([Tiio Horn](/wiki/Kaniehtiio_Horn "Kaniehtiio Horn")) interrupts her to ask her help finding Sukar who is missing. Rynn sees the sketch of the man and tells Irisa that this man is Cai ([Robin Dunne](/wiki/Robin_Dunne "Robin Dunne")) and he is with her in Defiance. Irisa insists on meeting him and when Rynn introduces her to him and Irisa asks him if he recognizes her, Cai says he has never seen her before.
Yewll gets a lead of who might be responsible for Jalina's death when Professor Lambert (Gilles Savard) comes to her office for eye drops and she calls Datak. Datak heads to Lambert's place with Rafe where Lambert tells them that he got the eyes from doctor Otto Scheck (Sean Arbuckle). At the same time, Rynn goes missing and Cai tells Irisa who goes straight to Nolan. The two of them go to Yewll who tells them about what is happening and gives them the names of other surgeon doctors in Defiance to investigate them.
While Dr. Scheck is ready to remove Rynn's second eye, Nolan and Irisa show up and stop him. Scheck manages to stab Irisa on the shoulder and runs away, only to run into Datak and Rafe who were coming to his office. Datak removes Scheck's eyes with his bare hands before Nolan gets there. Irisa follows Nolan who can see that her wound is totally healed. Later, Irisa has a last encounter with Cai where she kisses him to show him her visions from the Votan ship. After seeing the vision, Cai freaks out and immediately leaves the town.
Christie ([Nicole Muñoz](/wiki/Nicole_Mu%C3%B1oz "Nicole Muñoz")) and Alak ([Jesse Rath](/wiki/Jesse_Rath "Jesse Rath")) prepare to have lunch at the Arc radio station with Deirdre (Kristina Pesic) who snaps the opportunity to give Christie the Castithan gem that Viceroy gave her the previous night at the club. Alak asks Christie where she found it and she tells him that she bought it from the marketplace but he does not believe her. Alak leaves and Deirdre apologizes to Christie for causing her troubles.
Later, Deirdre informs Alak where Christie got the gem and Alak goes to the club to find his wife. When he gets there, he causes a scene and the two of them have a fight with Alak leaving and Christie staying at the club. Alak returns to the Need/Want where he finds Deirdre and the two of them get together.
The episode ends with Nolan cutting Irisa's hand just to see her healing powers on his own. Irisa finally tells him what is going on and Nolan reassures her that he will help her and be there for her till they find out what exactly is going on.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Datak ([Tony Curran](/wiki/Tony_Curran \"Tony Curran\")) wakes up to find Jalina (Kelly McCormack), the Tarr's hand\\-maiden and who he spent the night with, dead on his doorstep with her eyes missing. Datak calls Doc Yewll (Trenna Keating) to help him find out what happened and to get rid of the body. Yewll does not want to help him though since she does not want to end up in prison again and she leaves him alone. Datak is afraid that they will blame him for the murder and he does not want to report it to Nolan ([Grant Bowler](/wiki/Grant_Bowler \"Grant Bowler\")), so he calls Rafe ([Graham Greene](/wiki/Graham_Greene_%28actor%29 \"Graham Greene (actor)\")) for help. Rafe helps him to transfer the body to a hellbug area to be eaten and then they both start to search for Jalina's murderer.",
"Stahma ([Jaime Murray](/wiki/Jaime_Murray \"Jaime Murray\")) worries about Jalina who did not come home and reports her disappearance to Nolan. Nolan thinks that the disappearance is the same as Bertie's few days before and tells her that probably Jalina will be back in few days. Datak informs Stahma later about Jalina's death and they agree to find who is responsible without involving the lawkeeper while Nolan asks Irisa ([Stephanie Leonidas](/wiki/Stephanie_Leonidas \"Stephanie Leonidas\")) if she has anything to do with this.",
"Irisa tries to induce visions of the man she saw on the Votan ship by hurting herself since the wound will heal. She draws the man's face when Rynn ([Tiio Horn](/wiki/Kaniehtiio_Horn \"Kaniehtiio Horn\")) interrupts her to ask her help finding Sukar who is missing. Rynn sees the sketch of the man and tells Irisa that this man is Cai ([Robin Dunne](/wiki/Robin_Dunne \"Robin Dunne\")) and he is with her in Defiance. Irisa insists on meeting him and when Rynn introduces her to him and Irisa asks him if he recognizes her, Cai says he has never seen her before.",
"Yewll gets a lead of who might be responsible for Jalina's death when Professor Lambert (Gilles Savard) comes to her office for eye drops and she calls Datak. Datak heads to Lambert's place with Rafe where Lambert tells them that he got the eyes from doctor Otto Scheck (Sean Arbuckle). At the same time, Rynn goes missing and Cai tells Irisa who goes straight to Nolan. The two of them go to Yewll who tells them about what is happening and gives them the names of other surgeon doctors in Defiance to investigate them.",
"While Dr. Scheck is ready to remove Rynn's second eye, Nolan and Irisa show up and stop him. Scheck manages to stab Irisa on the shoulder and runs away, only to run into Datak and Rafe who were coming to his office. Datak removes Scheck's eyes with his bare hands before Nolan gets there. Irisa follows Nolan who can see that her wound is totally healed. Later, Irisa has a last encounter with Cai where she kisses him to show him her visions from the Votan ship. After seeing the vision, Cai freaks out and immediately leaves the town.",
"Christie ([Nicole Muñoz](/wiki/Nicole_Mu%C3%B1oz \"Nicole Muñoz\")) and Alak ([Jesse Rath](/wiki/Jesse_Rath \"Jesse Rath\")) prepare to have lunch at the Arc radio station with Deirdre (Kristina Pesic) who snaps the opportunity to give Christie the Castithan gem that Viceroy gave her the previous night at the club. Alak asks Christie where she found it and she tells him that she bought it from the marketplace but he does not believe her. Alak leaves and Deirdre apologizes to Christie for causing her troubles.",
"Later, Deirdre informs Alak where Christie got the gem and Alak goes to the club to find his wife. When he gets there, he causes a scene and the two of them have a fight with Alak leaving and Christie staying at the club. Alak returns to the Need/Want where he finds Deirdre and the two of them get together.",
"The episode ends with Nolan cutting Irisa's hand just to see her healing powers on his own. Irisa finally tells him what is going on and Nolan reassures her that he will help her and be there for her till they find out what exactly is going on.",
""
] |
Athletics
---------
The Wayland Baptist athletic teams are called the Pioneers. The university is a member of the [National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics](/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics "National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics") (NAIA), primarily competing in the [Sooner Athletic Conference](/wiki/Sooner_Athletic_Conference "Sooner Athletic Conference") (SAC) since the 1994–95 academic year. The Pioneers previously competed as an [NAIA Independent](/wiki/NAIA_independent_schools "NAIA independent schools") from 1978–79 to 1993–94; and in the [Texoma Athletic Conference](/wiki/Texoma_Athletic_Conference "Texoma Athletic Conference") from 1970–71 to 1977–78\.
Wayland Baptist compete in 17 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, track and field and wrestling; women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, track and field, volleyball and wrestling; and co\-ed sports include cheerleading and eSports. Until 2018, Wayland Baptist was the only college in Texas to offer a wrestling program.
### Football
On April 1, 2010, Wayland Baptist announced its intention to bring back the football program and join the [Central States Football League](/wiki/Central_States_Football_League "Central States Football League") (CSFL) in 2012\. On December 8, 2010, the Pioneers introduced Jeff Lynn, former head coach of [New Mexico Military Institute](/wiki/New_Mexico_Military_Institute "New Mexico Military Institute"), as the first head coach in over 70 years. On April 24, 2011, Lynn stepped down from head coach because of family reasons. He would be replaced by former [Lubbock Coronado High School](/wiki/Coronado_High_School_%28Lubbock%2C_Texas%29 "Coronado High School (Lubbock, Texas)") coach Butch Henderson. The football team has competed in the Sooner Athletic Conference since the 2017–2018 season which was the first season the SAC added football. The Pioneers all\-time record is 34–83, as of the 2023 season.
### Cross country/track and field
The cross country and track and field program have won a total of 14 national championships. The programs compete at notable track meets and cross country events such as the Cowboy Jamboree, Texas Relays, Drake Relays, and the Michael Johnson Classic. In 2012, Wayland's men's track team won the NAIA National Championship by a margin of 38 points, which was the largest margin of victory in 23 years. Four Wayland athletes won individual championships, in addition to Wayland winning the 4x400 relay championship.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.naia.org/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID\=646949\&SPID\=100400\&DB\_LANG\=C\&ATCLID\=205391511\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=27900\|title\=2012 Indoor Championships \- Final Day Recap\|date\=March 4, 2012 \|access\-date\=February 24, 2017}}
### Women's basketball
Wayland's women's basketball program, The Hutcherson Flying Queens, has the distinction of being the winningest team in women's collegiate basketball history. On November 30, 2017, during the 2017–2018 season, the Flying Queens posted their 1,600th win, 300 plus more wins than any other women's collegiate basketball team in US history. By the end of the 2016–2017 season, Tennessee who leads all NCAA DI schools, had 1,252 wins, followed by Louisiana Tech with 1,199 and Connecticut with 1,118\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.uconnhuskies.com/sports/w\-baskbl/mtt/auriemma\_geno00\.html\|title\=GENO AURIEMMA\|date\=November 19, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402150520/http://www.uconnhuskies.com/sports/w\-baskbl/mtt/auriemma\_geno00\.html\|archive\-date\=2009\-04\-02\|url\-status\=dead}} Wayland had 1595\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wbuathletics.com/documents/2014/1/21/Women\_s\_Basketball\_Records.pdf?id\=281\.%20Retrieved%202017\-11\-12\|title\=Wayland Baptist University \- Women s Basketball Records.pdf\|website\=www.wbuathletics.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2017\-11\-19}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://wbuathletics.com/news/2015/3/27/WBB\_0327150033\.aspx?path\=wbball\|title\=Flying Queens anxious to take next step next season\|date\=November 19, 2017}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://wbuathletics.com/news/2016/3/28/\-11\-womens\-basketball\-queens\-enjoy\-incredible\-season\-ultimate\-goal\-still\-ahead.aspx?path\=wbball\|title\=Queens enjoy incredible season; ultimate goal still ahead\|date\=March 28, 2016 }}{{Cite web\|url\=http://wbuathletics.com/news/2017/3/23/\-15\-womens\-basketball\-season\-a\-success\-despite\-disappointing\-end.aspx?path\=wbball.\|title\=Season a success despite disappointing end\|date\=November 19, 2017}}
The Wayland women's basketball team has also distinguished itself in the following ways:
* The Flying Queens are the only team in collegiate basketball history (men or women) to record a 131\-game consecutive winning streak (1953–1958\).{{Cite web\|url\=https://mobile.nytimes.com/images/100000000498464/2010/12/19/sports/ncaabasketball/19wayland.html.%20Retrieved%202017\-11\-12\|title\=Before UConn, There Was Wayland – NYTimes.com\|website\=mobile.nytimes.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2017\-11\-19\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044044/https://mobile.nytimes.com/images/100000000498464/2010/12/19/sports/ncaabasketball/19wayland.html.%20Retrieved%202017\-11\-12\|archive\-date\=December 1, 2017\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=mdy\-all}} In 2013, the 1953–58 teams were honored as "Trailblazers of the Game" by the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame for the 131 game\-winning streak.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wbhof.com/Trailblazers.html\|title\=Trailblazers of the Game\|date\=November 19, 2017}} The team is featured in a documentary entitled *Flying Queens: A Basketball Dynasty*, directed by Kellie Mitchell and produced by Aperture Art Productions.{{Cite web\|url\=http://flyingqueens.com/about/\|title\=About Our Documentary\|date\=November 19, 2017}}
* From the 1948–1949 season through 2017–2018 season the Flying Queens posted 1622 wins against 562 losses for a winning percentage of .743\. In this 69\-year period, the Wayland Team averaged 23 wins per season.
* The Wayland Team has won 19 National Championships.
* The Flying Queens' program has had eight individuals inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in Knoxville, Tennessee.
* Members of the Wayland Hutcherson Flying Queens have received 212 All\-American Awards from various organizations, excluding NAIA Scholar Athletes and a COSIDA Academic Award.
Since the 1948–1949 season, when Wayland began keeping official statistics on the Queens, the Wayland Team has had the following affiliations:
* AAU (Amateur Athletic Union): Between the 1948–1949 season through the 1976–1977 season, Wayland competed in AAU women's basketball and was one of only a few colleges to compete in this classification, as teams were primarily industrial and basically professional. The Wayland Team won 10 National AAU Championships, placed second nine times, and third three times. Wayland Team members received 88 AAU All\-American Awards.Nadler S. F. (1980\). A Developmental History of the Wayland Hutcherson Flying Queens from 1910 to 1979 (Doctoral Dissertation). East Texas State University.
* NWIT (National Women's Invitational Tournament): The NWIT was initially sponsored by the Amarillo Chamber of Commerce. Wayland administrators had presented the idea to them because of Wayland's strong desire to have a national tournament limited to college teams. The NWIT was one of the first two national basketball tournaments for college women, coincidentally starting one day apart: the Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women tournament held in West Chester, PA, March 20–24, 1969,{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.jonfmorse.com/wiki/index.php?title\=1969\_CIAW\_Basketball\_Tournament\|title\=1969 CIAW Basketball Tournament – Varsity Pride\|date\=November 19, 2017\|website\=www.jonfmorse.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2017\-11\-19}} and the NWIT in Amarillo, Texas, March 21–24, 1969\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://sites.google.com/a/asu.edu/womensbasketball/Home/women\-s\-basketball\-timeline\|title\=Women's Basketball Timeline\|date\=November 19, 2017}} Wayland competed in the NWIT for 9 years (1969–1977\), winning 9 consecutive NWIT National Championships and receiving 23 NWIT All\-American Awards. The NWIT faded in prominence when the NCAA and NAIA assumed governance for women's basketball and was discontinued in 1996\. In 1998, Triple Crown Sports resurrected the tournament as the Women's National Invitational Tournament (Women's NIT).{{Cite web\|url\=http://womenscollegebasketballhistory.com\|title\=Women's College Basketball Championship Page\|last\=Cooper\|first\=Gregory\|website\=womenscollegebasketballhistory.com\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-07}}
* AIAW (Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women): Wayland competed in the AIAW play\-off structure for nine years, 1974–1982\. During that period the team made it to the Final 4 three times finishing third in 1976 and fourth in 1978 and 1982\. In both 1974 and 1975 they won the Consolation bracket.
* NAIA (National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics): The Wayland Team has competed in NAIA Division I basketball from 1983 through 2018\. They have qualified for the National Tournament 25 times garnering 38 NAIA All\-American Awards, one COSIDA Academic All American, and 39 NAIA Scholar\-Athlete Awards.
* FIBA (International Basketball Federation): Between 1953 and 1975, Wayland was represented on all seven of FIBA's Women's World Championship Teams. Nineteen Flying Queens have played in FIBA World Championships.
* Pan American Games: Between 1955 and 1979, Wayland was represented on all seven USA Pan American teams. Twenty\-seven Flying Queens competed in these games. Wayland coaches coached the USA's teams to first place victories in 1955 and 1959 and second place in 1971\.
* USA All\-Star Teams: Between 1958 and 1978, eighteen Flying Queens were selected for basketball tours that were part of the State Department's Intercultural Exchange Program to enhance relations between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. In 1959, eight Wayland players and a coach participated in the first women's basketball game ever to be played in Madison Square Garden.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2018}} Russia won, 42–40\. Also, to foster international goodwill, Wayland hosted national teams from Russia, The Republic of China, and Mexico on the Wayland's Plainview campus. Wayland teams made a number of trips to Mexico City to play both Mexican national teams and Mexican independent teams. Other Organizational Honors: In addition to the 149 All\-American Awards previously mentioned, members of the Wayland Team garnered 63 other All\-American Awards: Hanes Underalls (6\); National Scouting Association (6\); Street \& Smith Preseason (9\); Kodak (18\); American Women's Sports Federation All Star Team (14\); American Women's Sports Federation All American Freshman Team (7\); and, JCPenney All\-American Five (1\).
The Wayland women's team has had 13 coaches:{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.naia.org/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID\=209983268\.%20Retrieved%202017\-11\-12\|title\=\- NAIA – National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics\|work\=NAIA.org\|access\-date\=2017\-11\-19}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.naia.org/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID\=210830931\.%20Retrieved%202017\-11\-12\|title\=\- NAIA – National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics\|work\=NAIA.org\|access\-date\=2017\-11\-19}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.naia.org/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID\=211531674\.%20Retrieved%202017\-11\-12\|title\=\- NAIA – National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics\|work\=NAIA.org\|access\-date\=2017\-11\-19}}
1. Sam Allen (1947–1948 through 1950–1951; 1952–1953\). Record: 71–28
2. Hank Garland (1951–1952\). Record: 30–10
3. Caddo Matthews (1953–1954 through 1954–1955\). Record: 52–0 (52 games of the 131 game winning streak)
4. Harley Redin (1955–1956 through 1972–1973\). Record: 429–63 (79 games of the 131 game winning streak)
5. Dean Weese (1973–1974 through 1978–1979\). Record: 190–30 (Left Wayland to coach the Dallas Diamonds in the Women's Professional Basketball League)
6. Cathy Wilson (1979–1980 through 1982–1983\). Record: 80–50
7. Dave Ketterman (1983–1984 through December 1985–1986 season). Record: 65–17
8. Floyd Evans (January 1985 – 1986 through 1988–1989\). Record: 106–21
9. Sheryl Estes (1989–1990 through 1995–1996\). Record: 183–62
10. Johnna Pointer (1996–1997 through 2002–2003\). Record: 151–84
11. Will Flemons (2003–2004 through 2006–2007\). Record: 53–65
12. Tory Bryant (2007–2008 through 2012–2013\). Record: 96–89
13. Alesha Robertson Ellis (2013–2014 through 2020–2021\). Record: 187–52
14. Jason Cooper (2021\-22 through present). Record: 54\-15
The women's team also has a rich history. Wayland's first women's basketball game was in 1910–1911, the same year that Wayland opened for classes. Women played club sport basketball against high schools from the 1910–1911 season through the 1947–1948 season when the Wayland women's team played its first game against another college, beating Texas Tech. The Wayland Team played its first AAU competition in 1948–1949, which is also when Wayland began keeping official game statistics. The Wayland Team played its first International Competition in 1949–1950 against Mexico. Beginning with the 1950–1951 season, the Wayland Team became the first women's basketball team to fly to all away games, as Claude and Wilda Hutcherson, owners of Hutcherson Flying Service, picked up sponsorship of the team and flew the team to away games in Hutcherson Flying Service planes. This tradition of flying resulted in the team being named the "Hutcherson Flying Queens".{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.texasmonthly.com/the\-culture/hoop\-queens/\|title\=Hoop Queens\|date\=November 19, 2017}} In the early 1950s, Wayland became the first four\-year collegiate program in history to provide 13 full scholarships annually to a women's collegiate team. \[19, 20] The Wayland Team attracted 40 to 50 women to Plainview each year for tryouts.
The mascot for the women's team is the Flying Queens. The original team name was the Wayland Lassies, but in 1948, a local company, Harvest Queen Mill provided uniforms for the team, so they became the Harvest Queens. Before the 1950 season began, the team had a chance to play a game in Mexico City. A Wayland grad, Claude Hutcherson, was persuaded to fly the team to Mexico. Hutcherson became enamored with the team, and became a major sponsor, spending hundreds of thousands of dollars on the team. When Hutcherson Air Service became a full sponsor of the team, they began calling the team the Hutcherson Flying Queens. Hutcherson provided three sets of uniforms, plus traveling attire, and flew the team about 9,000 miles a year to games. To this day, Hutcherson Air Service continues to provide travel for the women's road games.
Ironically, the strong support of Claude Hutcherson created problems for the school. Wayland considered dropping the team because the scholarships threatened their accreditation. In 1961, the Wayland board of trustees voted unanimously to eliminate women's basketball. The school had difficulty funding the academic programs. The accrediting organization, the Southern Association of Colleges, was not interested in AAU championships. No plans were made to eliminate the men's scholarships, only the women's scholarships. The local citizens did not accept the decision. Local businessmen, under the leadership of Claude Hutcherson, raised money to privately fund scholarships for a year. The trustees voted to reverse their position.
The team was coached from 1955 to 1956 through 1972–1973 by Harley Redin. Redin served in the Marine Air Corp in WWII, logging 50 combat missions over the South Pacific. After the war, he became the athletic director of Wayland Baptist, and the coach of the men's basketball team. The men's teams were very successful, making the NAIA postseason tournament three separate years.
However, he became the coach of the women's team in 1955, and was even more successful—in 1954, under Coach Caddo Matthews, they began a winning streak that would stretch to 131 games, including four consecutive AAU national championships. The winning streak would eclipse a prior winning streak of 102 games, held by Hanes Hosiery, which ended in 1954\. For 18 years under the coaching leadership of Redin, the team won 431 games against only 66 losses. The team won six national AAU championships, and finished second six other times. Redin went on to coach the [USA Women's Pan American Team](/wiki/USA_Women%27s_Pan_American_Team "USA Women's Pan American Team") in 1959 and 1971\. He was inducted into the inaugural class of the [Women's Basketball Hall of Fame](/wiki/Women%27s_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame "Women's Basketball Hall of Fame") in 1999\. In 2018, the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame presented Coach Redin the Bunn Lifetime Achievement award.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.wkyt.com/content/sports/Harley\-Redin\-\-Jim\-Host\-to\-Receive\-Naismith\-Memorial\-Basketball\-Hall\-of\-Fames\-2018\-John\-W\-Bunn\-Lifetime\-Achievement\-Award\-474428673\.html\|title\=Harley Redin \& Jim Host to receive Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame's 2018 John W. Bunn Lifetime Achievement Award\|last\=WKYT\|access\-date\=2018\-11\-25\|language\=en}} Outside of enshrinement, this award is the most prestigious presented by the Hall of Fame. Wayland Baptist teams from 1946 to 1982 were later announced to receive enshrinement on April 6, 2019\.[Divac, Sikma, Moncrief headline Hall of Fame Class of 2019 \| NBA.com](https://www.nba.com/article/2019/04/06/2019-naismith-basketball-hall-fame-announcement)
|
[
"Athletics\n---------",
"The Wayland Baptist athletic teams are called the Pioneers. The university is a member of the [National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics](/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics \"National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics\") (NAIA), primarily competing in the [Sooner Athletic Conference](/wiki/Sooner_Athletic_Conference \"Sooner Athletic Conference\") (SAC) since the 1994–95 academic year. The Pioneers previously competed as an [NAIA Independent](/wiki/NAIA_independent_schools \"NAIA independent schools\") from 1978–79 to 1993–94; and in the [Texoma Athletic Conference](/wiki/Texoma_Athletic_Conference \"Texoma Athletic Conference\") from 1970–71 to 1977–78\\.",
"Wayland Baptist compete in 17 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, track and field and wrestling; women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, track and field, volleyball and wrestling; and co\\-ed sports include cheerleading and eSports. Until 2018, Wayland Baptist was the only college in Texas to offer a wrestling program.",
"### Football",
"On April 1, 2010, Wayland Baptist announced its intention to bring back the football program and join the [Central States Football League](/wiki/Central_States_Football_League \"Central States Football League\") (CSFL) in 2012\\. On December 8, 2010, the Pioneers introduced Jeff Lynn, former head coach of [New Mexico Military Institute](/wiki/New_Mexico_Military_Institute \"New Mexico Military Institute\"), as the first head coach in over 70 years. On April 24, 2011, Lynn stepped down from head coach because of family reasons. He would be replaced by former [Lubbock Coronado High School](/wiki/Coronado_High_School_%28Lubbock%2C_Texas%29 \"Coronado High School (Lubbock, Texas)\") coach Butch Henderson. The football team has competed in the Sooner Athletic Conference since the 2017–2018 season which was the first season the SAC added football. The Pioneers all\\-time record is 34–83, as of the 2023 season.",
"### Cross country/track and field",
"The cross country and track and field program have won a total of 14 national championships. The programs compete at notable track meets and cross country events such as the Cowboy Jamboree, Texas Relays, Drake Relays, and the Michael Johnson Classic. In 2012, Wayland's men's track team won the NAIA National Championship by a margin of 38 points, which was the largest margin of victory in 23 years. Four Wayland athletes won individual championships, in addition to Wayland winning the 4x400 relay championship.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.naia.org/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID\\=646949\\&SPID\\=100400\\&DB\\_LANG\\=C\\&ATCLID\\=205391511\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=27900\\|title\\=2012 Indoor Championships \\- Final Day Recap\\|date\\=March 4, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2017}}",
"### Women's basketball",
"Wayland's women's basketball program, The Hutcherson Flying Queens, has the distinction of being the winningest team in women's collegiate basketball history. On November 30, 2017, during the 2017–2018 season, the Flying Queens posted their 1,600th win, 300 plus more wins than any other women's collegiate basketball team in US history. By the end of the 2016–2017 season, Tennessee who leads all NCAA DI schools, had 1,252 wins, followed by Louisiana Tech with 1,199 and Connecticut with 1,118\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.uconnhuskies.com/sports/w\\-baskbl/mtt/auriemma\\_geno00\\.html\\|title\\=GENO AURIEMMA\\|date\\=November 19, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402150520/http://www.uconnhuskies.com/sports/w\\-baskbl/mtt/auriemma\\_geno00\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-04\\-02\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Wayland had 1595\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wbuathletics.com/documents/2014/1/21/Women\\_s\\_Basketball\\_Records.pdf?id\\=281\\.%20Retrieved%202017\\-11\\-12\\|title\\=Wayland Baptist University \\- Women s Basketball Records.pdf\\|website\\=www.wbuathletics.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-19}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://wbuathletics.com/news/2015/3/27/WBB\\_0327150033\\.aspx?path\\=wbball\\|title\\=Flying Queens anxious to take next step next season\\|date\\=November 19, 2017}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://wbuathletics.com/news/2016/3/28/\\-11\\-womens\\-basketball\\-queens\\-enjoy\\-incredible\\-season\\-ultimate\\-goal\\-still\\-ahead.aspx?path\\=wbball\\|title\\=Queens enjoy incredible season; ultimate goal still ahead\\|date\\=March 28, 2016 }}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://wbuathletics.com/news/2017/3/23/\\-15\\-womens\\-basketball\\-season\\-a\\-success\\-despite\\-disappointing\\-end.aspx?path\\=wbball.\\|title\\=Season a success despite disappointing end\\|date\\=November 19, 2017}}",
"The Wayland women's basketball team has also distinguished itself in the following ways:\n* The Flying Queens are the only team in collegiate basketball history (men or women) to record a 131\\-game consecutive winning streak (1953–1958\\).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mobile.nytimes.com/images/100000000498464/2010/12/19/sports/ncaabasketball/19wayland.html.%20Retrieved%202017\\-11\\-12\\|title\\=Before UConn, There Was Wayland – NYTimes.com\\|website\\=mobile.nytimes.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-19\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044044/https://mobile.nytimes.com/images/100000000498464/2010/12/19/sports/ncaabasketball/19wayland.html.%20Retrieved%202017\\-11\\-12\\|archive\\-date\\=December 1, 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}} In 2013, the 1953–58 teams were honored as \"Trailblazers of the Game\" by the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame for the 131 game\\-winning streak.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wbhof.com/Trailblazers.html\\|title\\=Trailblazers of the Game\\|date\\=November 19, 2017}} The team is featured in a documentary entitled *Flying Queens: A Basketball Dynasty*, directed by Kellie Mitchell and produced by Aperture Art Productions.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://flyingqueens.com/about/\\|title\\=About Our Documentary\\|date\\=November 19, 2017}}\n* From the 1948–1949 season through 2017–2018 season the Flying Queens posted 1622 wins against 562 losses for a winning percentage of .743\\. In this 69\\-year period, the Wayland Team averaged 23 wins per season.\n* The Wayland Team has won 19 National Championships.\n* The Flying Queens' program has had eight individuals inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in Knoxville, Tennessee.\n* Members of the Wayland Hutcherson Flying Queens have received 212 All\\-American Awards from various organizations, excluding NAIA Scholar Athletes and a COSIDA Academic Award.\nSince the 1948–1949 season, when Wayland began keeping official statistics on the Queens, the Wayland Team has had the following affiliations:\n* AAU (Amateur Athletic Union): Between the 1948–1949 season through the 1976–1977 season, Wayland competed in AAU women's basketball and was one of only a few colleges to compete in this classification, as teams were primarily industrial and basically professional. The Wayland Team won 10 National AAU Championships, placed second nine times, and third three times. Wayland Team members received 88 AAU All\\-American Awards.Nadler S. F. (1980\\). A Developmental History of the Wayland Hutcherson Flying Queens from 1910 to 1979 (Doctoral Dissertation). East Texas State University.\n* NWIT (National Women's Invitational Tournament): The NWIT was initially sponsored by the Amarillo Chamber of Commerce. Wayland administrators had presented the idea to them because of Wayland's strong desire to have a national tournament limited to college teams. The NWIT was one of the first two national basketball tournaments for college women, coincidentally starting one day apart: the Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women tournament held in West Chester, PA, March 20–24, 1969,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jonfmorse.com/wiki/index.php?title\\=1969\\_CIAW\\_Basketball\\_Tournament\\|title\\=1969 CIAW Basketball Tournament – Varsity Pride\\|date\\=November 19, 2017\\|website\\=www.jonfmorse.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-19}} and the NWIT in Amarillo, Texas, March 21–24, 1969\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://sites.google.com/a/asu.edu/womensbasketball/Home/women\\-s\\-basketball\\-timeline\\|title\\=Women's Basketball Timeline\\|date\\=November 19, 2017}} Wayland competed in the NWIT for 9 years (1969–1977\\), winning 9 consecutive NWIT National Championships and receiving 23 NWIT All\\-American Awards. The NWIT faded in prominence when the NCAA and NAIA assumed governance for women's basketball and was discontinued in 1996\\. In 1998, Triple Crown Sports resurrected the tournament as the Women's National Invitational Tournament (Women's NIT).{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://womenscollegebasketballhistory.com\\|title\\=Women's College Basketball Championship Page\\|last\\=Cooper\\|first\\=Gregory\\|website\\=womenscollegebasketballhistory.com\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-07}}\n* AIAW (Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women): Wayland competed in the AIAW play\\-off structure for nine years, 1974–1982\\. During that period the team made it to the Final 4 three times finishing third in 1976 and fourth in 1978 and 1982\\. In both 1974 and 1975 they won the Consolation bracket.\n* NAIA (National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics): The Wayland Team has competed in NAIA Division I basketball from 1983 through 2018\\. They have qualified for the National Tournament 25 times garnering 38 NAIA All\\-American Awards, one COSIDA Academic All American, and 39 NAIA Scholar\\-Athlete Awards.\n* FIBA (International Basketball Federation): Between 1953 and 1975, Wayland was represented on all seven of FIBA's Women's World Championship Teams. Nineteen Flying Queens have played in FIBA World Championships.\n* Pan American Games: Between 1955 and 1979, Wayland was represented on all seven USA Pan American teams. Twenty\\-seven Flying Queens competed in these games. Wayland coaches coached the USA's teams to first place victories in 1955 and 1959 and second place in 1971\\.\n* USA All\\-Star Teams: Between 1958 and 1978, eighteen Flying Queens were selected for basketball tours that were part of the State Department's Intercultural Exchange Program to enhance relations between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. In 1959, eight Wayland players and a coach participated in the first women's basketball game ever to be played in Madison Square Garden.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2018}} Russia won, 42–40\\. Also, to foster international goodwill, Wayland hosted national teams from Russia, The Republic of China, and Mexico on the Wayland's Plainview campus. Wayland teams made a number of trips to Mexico City to play both Mexican national teams and Mexican independent teams. Other Organizational Honors: In addition to the 149 All\\-American Awards previously mentioned, members of the Wayland Team garnered 63 other All\\-American Awards: Hanes Underalls (6\\); National Scouting Association (6\\); Street \\& Smith Preseason (9\\); Kodak (18\\); American Women's Sports Federation All Star Team (14\\); American Women's Sports Federation All American Freshman Team (7\\); and, JCPenney All\\-American Five (1\\).\nThe Wayland women's team has had 13 coaches:{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.naia.org/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID\\=209983268\\.%20Retrieved%202017\\-11\\-12\\|title\\=\\- NAIA – National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics\\|work\\=NAIA.org\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-19}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.naia.org/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID\\=210830931\\.%20Retrieved%202017\\-11\\-12\\|title\\=\\- NAIA – National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics\\|work\\=NAIA.org\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-19}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.naia.org/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID\\=211531674\\.%20Retrieved%202017\\-11\\-12\\|title\\=\\- NAIA – National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics\\|work\\=NAIA.org\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-19}}\n1. Sam Allen (1947–1948 through 1950–1951; 1952–1953\\). Record: 71–28\n2. Hank Garland (1951–1952\\). Record: 30–10\n3. Caddo Matthews (1953–1954 through 1954–1955\\). Record: 52–0 (52 games of the 131 game winning streak)\n4. Harley Redin (1955–1956 through 1972–1973\\). Record: 429–63 (79 games of the 131 game winning streak)\n5. Dean Weese (1973–1974 through 1978–1979\\). Record: 190–30 (Left Wayland to coach the Dallas Diamonds in the Women's Professional Basketball League)\n6. Cathy Wilson (1979–1980 through 1982–1983\\). Record: 80–50\n7. Dave Ketterman (1983–1984 through December 1985–1986 season). Record: 65–17\n8. Floyd Evans (January 1985 – 1986 through 1988–1989\\). Record: 106–21\n9. Sheryl Estes (1989–1990 through 1995–1996\\). Record: 183–62\n10. Johnna Pointer (1996–1997 through 2002–2003\\). Record: 151–84\n11. Will Flemons (2003–2004 through 2006–2007\\). Record: 53–65\n12. Tory Bryant (2007–2008 through 2012–2013\\). Record: 96–89\n13. Alesha Robertson Ellis (2013–2014 through 2020–2021\\). Record: 187–52\n14. Jason Cooper (2021\\-22 through present). Record: 54\\-15\nThe women's team also has a rich history. Wayland's first women's basketball game was in 1910–1911, the same year that Wayland opened for classes. Women played club sport basketball against high schools from the 1910–1911 season through the 1947–1948 season when the Wayland women's team played its first game against another college, beating Texas Tech. The Wayland Team played its first AAU competition in 1948–1949, which is also when Wayland began keeping official game statistics. The Wayland Team played its first International Competition in 1949–1950 against Mexico. Beginning with the 1950–1951 season, the Wayland Team became the first women's basketball team to fly to all away games, as Claude and Wilda Hutcherson, owners of Hutcherson Flying Service, picked up sponsorship of the team and flew the team to away games in Hutcherson Flying Service planes. This tradition of flying resulted in the team being named the \"Hutcherson Flying Queens\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.texasmonthly.com/the\\-culture/hoop\\-queens/\\|title\\=Hoop Queens\\|date\\=November 19, 2017}} In the early 1950s, Wayland became the first four\\-year collegiate program in history to provide 13 full scholarships annually to a women's collegiate team. \\[19, 20] The Wayland Team attracted 40 to 50 women to Plainview each year for tryouts.",
"The mascot for the women's team is the Flying Queens. The original team name was the Wayland Lassies, but in 1948, a local company, Harvest Queen Mill provided uniforms for the team, so they became the Harvest Queens. Before the 1950 season began, the team had a chance to play a game in Mexico City. A Wayland grad, Claude Hutcherson, was persuaded to fly the team to Mexico. Hutcherson became enamored with the team, and became a major sponsor, spending hundreds of thousands of dollars on the team. When Hutcherson Air Service became a full sponsor of the team, they began calling the team the Hutcherson Flying Queens. Hutcherson provided three sets of uniforms, plus traveling attire, and flew the team about 9,000 miles a year to games. To this day, Hutcherson Air Service continues to provide travel for the women's road games.",
"Ironically, the strong support of Claude Hutcherson created problems for the school. Wayland considered dropping the team because the scholarships threatened their accreditation. In 1961, the Wayland board of trustees voted unanimously to eliminate women's basketball. The school had difficulty funding the academic programs. The accrediting organization, the Southern Association of Colleges, was not interested in AAU championships. No plans were made to eliminate the men's scholarships, only the women's scholarships. The local citizens did not accept the decision. Local businessmen, under the leadership of Claude Hutcherson, raised money to privately fund scholarships for a year. The trustees voted to reverse their position.",
"The team was coached from 1955 to 1956 through 1972–1973 by Harley Redin. Redin served in the Marine Air Corp in WWII, logging 50 combat missions over the South Pacific. After the war, he became the athletic director of Wayland Baptist, and the coach of the men's basketball team. The men's teams were very successful, making the NAIA postseason tournament three separate years.\nHowever, he became the coach of the women's team in 1955, and was even more successful—in 1954, under Coach Caddo Matthews, they began a winning streak that would stretch to 131 games, including four consecutive AAU national championships. The winning streak would eclipse a prior winning streak of 102 games, held by Hanes Hosiery, which ended in 1954\\. For 18 years under the coaching leadership of Redin, the team won 431 games against only 66 losses. The team won six national AAU championships, and finished second six other times. Redin went on to coach the [USA Women's Pan American Team](/wiki/USA_Women%27s_Pan_American_Team \"USA Women's Pan American Team\") in 1959 and 1971\\. He was inducted into the inaugural class of the [Women's Basketball Hall of Fame](/wiki/Women%27s_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame \"Women's Basketball Hall of Fame\") in 1999\\. In 2018, the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame presented Coach Redin the Bunn Lifetime Achievement award.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.wkyt.com/content/sports/Harley\\-Redin\\-\\-Jim\\-Host\\-to\\-Receive\\-Naismith\\-Memorial\\-Basketball\\-Hall\\-of\\-Fames\\-2018\\-John\\-W\\-Bunn\\-Lifetime\\-Achievement\\-Award\\-474428673\\.html\\|title\\=Harley Redin \\& Jim Host to receive Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame's 2018 John W. Bunn Lifetime Achievement Award\\|last\\=WKYT\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-25\\|language\\=en}} Outside of enshrinement, this award is the most prestigious presented by the Hall of Fame. Wayland Baptist teams from 1946 to 1982 were later announced to receive enshrinement on April 6, 2019\\.[Divac, Sikma, Moncrief headline Hall of Fame Class of 2019 \\| NBA.com](https://www.nba.com/article/2019/04/06/2019-naismith-basketball-hall-fame-announcement)",
""
] |
Career
------
Siliņš made his debut on the opera stage at the [Latvian National Opera](/wiki/Latvian_National_Opera "Latvian National Opera") in 1988 as the title role in Boito's *[Mefistofele](/wiki/Mefistofele "Mefistofele")*. He has won multiple international singing competitions, the [Grand Music Award](/wiki/Grand_Music_Award "Grand Music Award") and is the recipient of the [Latvian Order of the Three Stars](/wiki/Order_of_the_Three_Stars "Order of the Three Stars").
He was a soloist at the [Oper Frankfurt](/wiki/Oper_Frankfurt "Oper Frankfurt") (1990–1993\), the [Theater Basel](/wiki/Theater_Basel "Theater Basel") (1993–1996\), the [Vienna State Opera](/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera "Vienna State Opera") and the [Vienna Volksoper](/wiki/Vienna_Volksoper "Vienna Volksoper") (1996–2000\), where he made his debut as Méphistophélès in Gounod's *[Faust](/wiki/Faust_%28opera%29 "Faust (opera)")* followed by the title role in Mussorgsky's *[Boris Gudonov](/wiki/Boris_Godunov_%28opera%29 "Boris Godunov (opera)")* in a production by [Harry Kupfer](/wiki/Harry_Kupfer "Harry Kupfer"). He made his debut at the Vienna State Opera in Bellini's *[I puritani](/wiki/I_puritani "I puritani")*.{{Cite web\|title\=''I puritani''\|url\=https://upstream.wiener\-staatsoper.at/en/season\-tickets/detail/event/22840\-i\-puritani/\|access\-date\=2021\-04\-30\|publisher\=Vienna State Opera}} Other roles at the Vienna State Opera included the title role in Boito's *[Mefistofele](/wiki/Mefistofele "Mefistofele")*, Silva in Verdi's *[Ernani](/wiki/Ernani "Ernani")*, Raimondo in Donizetti's *[Lucia di Lammermoor](/wiki/Lucia_di_Lammermoor "Lucia di Lammermoor")*, Rodolfo in Bellini's *[La sonnambula](/wiki/La_sonnambula "La sonnambula")*, Escamillo in Bizet's *[Carmen](/wiki/Carmen "Carmen")* and Procida in Verdi's *[Les vêpres siciliennes](/wiki/Les_v%C3%AApres_siciliennes "Les vêpres siciliennes")*. Also notable was his portrayal of the title role in Anton Rubinstein's *[The Demon](/wiki/The_Demon_%28opera%29 "The Demon (opera)")* at the [Bregenz Festival](/wiki/Bregenz_Festival "Bregenz Festival") in 1997, which was released as a recording in 1998\.{{Cite book\|oclc\=1081054375\|title\=Der Dämon / The Demon\|last\=Rubinstein\|first\=Anton\|date\=1998\|publisher\=\[\[Koch Schwann]]}} He has worked as a freelance artist since then. Amongst his most notable house debuts are the [Metropolitan Opera](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera "Metropolitan Opera") in 2000{{Cite web\|title\=Latvian debuts at the Met\|url\=https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/1662/\|access\-date\=2021\-04\-25\|work\=\[\[The Baltic Times]]}} as Don Basilio in Rossini's *[Il barbiere di Siviglia](/wiki/Il_barbiere_di_Siviglia "Il barbiere di Siviglia")*, his [Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House "Royal Opera House") debut in 2011{{Cite web\|title\=Egils Siliņš\|url\=http://www.roh.org.uk/people/egils\-silins\|access\-date\=2021\-04\-25\|publisher\=Royal Opera House\|location\=London}} in the title role in Wagner's *[Der fliegende Holländer](/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder "Der fliegende Holländer")* and at the [Bayreuth Festival](/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival "Bayreuth Festival") in 2018 as the Heerrufer in Wagner's *[Lohengrin](/wiki/Lohengrin_%28opera%29 "Lohengrin (opera)")*, as Antonio in Donizetti's *[Linda di Chamounix](/wiki/Linda_di_Chamounix "Linda di Chamounix")* at [La Scala](/wiki/La_Scala "La Scala") and his first Klingsor in Wagner's *[Parsifal](/wiki/Parsifal "Parsifal")* at the [Lyric Opera of Chicago](/wiki/Lyric_Opera_of_Chicago "Lyric Opera of Chicago"). He made his debut at [La Monnaie](/wiki/La_Monnaie "La Monnaie") as the Holländer, and sung his first Wotan/Wanderer in Wagner's [*Ring* cycle](/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen "Der Ring des Nibelungen") in 2009 with [Philippe Jordan](/wiki/Philippe_Jordan "Philippe Jordan") conducting. They reunited for another production of the *Ring* at the [Paris Opera](/wiki/Paris_Opera "Paris Opera") in 2013\. He also starred in the *Ring* at the Spring Festival in Tokyo in 2012\.
He performed as Wotan at the Vienna State Opera in 2017 in {{ill\|Sven\-Eric Bechtolf\|de\|lt\=Sven\-Eric Bechtolf's}} production, as Jochanaan in *[Salome](/wiki/Salome_%28opera%29 "Salome (opera)")* by Richard Strauss in 2018 with [Andris Nelsons](/wiki/Andris_Nelsons "Andris Nelsons") conducting at the [Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House "Royal Opera House"), as the Wanderer at the [Bavarian State Opera](/wiki/Bavarian_State_Opera "Bavarian State Opera") in 2018 conducted by [Kirill Petrenko](/wiki/Kirill_Petrenko "Kirill Petrenko"), Grand Prêtre in [Damiano Michieletto](/wiki/Damiano_Michieletto "Damiano Michieletto")'s 2016 production of Saint\-Saëns' *[Samson et Dalila](/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_%28opera%29 "Samson and Delilah (opera)")*, Heerrufer in [Claus Guth](/wiki/Claus_Guth "Claus Guth")'s 2017 production of *Lohengrin*, both with Philippe Jordan conducting, Barak in *[Die Frau ohne Schatten](/wiki/Die_Frau_ohne_Schatten "Die Frau ohne Schatten")* by Strauss at the [Berlin State Opera](/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera "Berlin State Opera") in 2018 with conductor [Simone Young](/wiki/Simone_Young "Simone Young"), Wotan in concert version on tour with the Bayreuth Festival Orchestra in 2019, and Telramund in *Lohengrin* at the Vienna State Opera in 2020 with [Valery Gergiev](/wiki/Valery_Gergiev "Valery Gergiev") conducting.
He has also performed at several music festivals, including the [Glyndebourne Festival](/wiki/Glyndebourne_Festival_Opera "Glyndebourne Festival Opera"), the [Tanglewood Music Festival](/wiki/Tanglewood_Music_Festival "Tanglewood Music Festival"), the [Savonlinna Opera Festival](/wiki/Savonlinna_Opera_Festival "Savonlinna Opera Festival") and [Chorégies d'Orange](/wiki/Chor%C3%A9gies_d%27Orange "Chorégies d'Orange"), and is engaged worldwide as a [Lieder](/wiki/Lied "Lied") and concert singer.
He has collaborated with many renowned conductors, such as Sir [Colin Davis](/wiki/Colin_Davis "Colin Davis"), [Christoph von Dohnányi](/wiki/Christoph_von_Dohn%C3%A1nyi "Christoph von Dohnányi"), [Mariss Jansons](/wiki/Mariss_Jansons "Mariss Jansons"), [Zubin Mehta](/wiki/Zubin_Mehta "Zubin Mehta"), [Christian Thielemann](/wiki/Christian_Thielemann "Christian Thielemann"), [Riccardo Muti](/wiki/Riccardo_Muti "Riccardo Muti"), [Fabio Luisi](/wiki/Fabio_Luisi "Fabio Luisi"), [Seiji Ozawa](/wiki/Seiji_Ozawa "Seiji Ozawa"), [James Conlon](/wiki/James_Conlon "James Conlon"), [Nikolaus Harnoncourt](/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt "Nikolaus Harnoncourt"), [Philippe Jordan](/wiki/Philippe_Jordan "Philippe Jordan"), [Marcello Viotti](/wiki/Marcello_Viotti "Marcello Viotti"), [Marc Minkowski](/wiki/Marc_Minkowski "Marc Minkowski"), Sir [Andrew Davis](/wiki/Andrew_Davis_%28conductor%29 "Andrew Davis (conductor)"), [Vladimir Fedoseyev](/wiki/Vladimir_Fedoseyev "Vladimir Fedoseyev"), [Neeme Järvi](/wiki/Neeme_J%C3%A4rvi "Neeme Järvi"), [Andris Nelsons](/wiki/Andris_Nelsons "Andris Nelsons"), [Sebastian Weigle](/wiki/Sebastian_Weigle "Sebastian Weigle"), [Kazushi Ōno](/wiki/Kazushi_%C5%8Cno "Kazushi Ōno"), [Gennady Rozhdestvensky](/wiki/Gennady_Rozhdestvensky "Gennady Rozhdestvensky"), [Marek Janowski](/wiki/Marek_Janowski "Marek Janowski") and [Daniele Gatti](/wiki/Daniele_Gatti "Daniele Gatti").
On November 5, 2019, he was named Chairman of the Board of the [Latvian National Opera](/wiki/Latvian_National_Opera "Latvian National Opera"), but he continues performing internationally as a soloist.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Siliņš made his debut on the opera stage at the [Latvian National Opera](/wiki/Latvian_National_Opera \"Latvian National Opera\") in 1988 as the title role in Boito's *[Mefistofele](/wiki/Mefistofele \"Mefistofele\")*. He has won multiple international singing competitions, the [Grand Music Award](/wiki/Grand_Music_Award \"Grand Music Award\") and is the recipient of the [Latvian Order of the Three Stars](/wiki/Order_of_the_Three_Stars \"Order of the Three Stars\").",
"He was a soloist at the [Oper Frankfurt](/wiki/Oper_Frankfurt \"Oper Frankfurt\") (1990–1993\\), the [Theater Basel](/wiki/Theater_Basel \"Theater Basel\") (1993–1996\\), the [Vienna State Opera](/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera \"Vienna State Opera\") and the [Vienna Volksoper](/wiki/Vienna_Volksoper \"Vienna Volksoper\") (1996–2000\\), where he made his debut as Méphistophélès in Gounod's *[Faust](/wiki/Faust_%28opera%29 \"Faust (opera)\")* followed by the title role in Mussorgsky's *[Boris Gudonov](/wiki/Boris_Godunov_%28opera%29 \"Boris Godunov (opera)\")* in a production by [Harry Kupfer](/wiki/Harry_Kupfer \"Harry Kupfer\"). He made his debut at the Vienna State Opera in Bellini's *[I puritani](/wiki/I_puritani \"I puritani\")*.{{Cite web\\|title\\=''I puritani''\\|url\\=https://upstream.wiener\\-staatsoper.at/en/season\\-tickets/detail/event/22840\\-i\\-puritani/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-30\\|publisher\\=Vienna State Opera}} Other roles at the Vienna State Opera included the title role in Boito's *[Mefistofele](/wiki/Mefistofele \"Mefistofele\")*, Silva in Verdi's *[Ernani](/wiki/Ernani \"Ernani\")*, Raimondo in Donizetti's *[Lucia di Lammermoor](/wiki/Lucia_di_Lammermoor \"Lucia di Lammermoor\")*, Rodolfo in Bellini's *[La sonnambula](/wiki/La_sonnambula \"La sonnambula\")*, Escamillo in Bizet's *[Carmen](/wiki/Carmen \"Carmen\")* and Procida in Verdi's *[Les vêpres siciliennes](/wiki/Les_v%C3%AApres_siciliennes \"Les vêpres siciliennes\")*. Also notable was his portrayal of the title role in Anton Rubinstein's *[The Demon](/wiki/The_Demon_%28opera%29 \"The Demon (opera)\")* at the [Bregenz Festival](/wiki/Bregenz_Festival \"Bregenz Festival\") in 1997, which was released as a recording in 1998\\.{{Cite book\\|oclc\\=1081054375\\|title\\=Der Dämon / The Demon\\|last\\=Rubinstein\\|first\\=Anton\\|date\\=1998\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Koch Schwann]]}} He has worked as a freelance artist since then. Amongst his most notable house debuts are the [Metropolitan Opera](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera \"Metropolitan Opera\") in 2000{{Cite web\\|title\\=Latvian debuts at the Met\\|url\\=https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/1662/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-25\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Baltic Times]]}} as Don Basilio in Rossini's *[Il barbiere di Siviglia](/wiki/Il_barbiere_di_Siviglia \"Il barbiere di Siviglia\")*, his [Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House \"Royal Opera House\") debut in 2011{{Cite web\\|title\\=Egils Siliņš\\|url\\=http://www.roh.org.uk/people/egils\\-silins\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-25\\|publisher\\=Royal Opera House\\|location\\=London}} in the title role in Wagner's *[Der fliegende Holländer](/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder \"Der fliegende Holländer\")* and at the [Bayreuth Festival](/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival \"Bayreuth Festival\") in 2018 as the Heerrufer in Wagner's *[Lohengrin](/wiki/Lohengrin_%28opera%29 \"Lohengrin (opera)\")*, as Antonio in Donizetti's *[Linda di Chamounix](/wiki/Linda_di_Chamounix \"Linda di Chamounix\")* at [La Scala](/wiki/La_Scala \"La Scala\") and his first Klingsor in Wagner's *[Parsifal](/wiki/Parsifal \"Parsifal\")* at the [Lyric Opera of Chicago](/wiki/Lyric_Opera_of_Chicago \"Lyric Opera of Chicago\"). He made his debut at [La Monnaie](/wiki/La_Monnaie \"La Monnaie\") as the Holländer, and sung his first Wotan/Wanderer in Wagner's [*Ring* cycle](/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen \"Der Ring des Nibelungen\") in 2009 with [Philippe Jordan](/wiki/Philippe_Jordan \"Philippe Jordan\") conducting. They reunited for another production of the *Ring* at the [Paris Opera](/wiki/Paris_Opera \"Paris Opera\") in 2013\\. He also starred in the *Ring* at the Spring Festival in Tokyo in 2012\\.",
"He performed as Wotan at the Vienna State Opera in 2017 in {{ill\\|Sven\\-Eric Bechtolf\\|de\\|lt\\=Sven\\-Eric Bechtolf's}} production, as Jochanaan in *[Salome](/wiki/Salome_%28opera%29 \"Salome (opera)\")* by Richard Strauss in 2018 with [Andris Nelsons](/wiki/Andris_Nelsons \"Andris Nelsons\") conducting at the [Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House \"Royal Opera House\"), as the Wanderer at the [Bavarian State Opera](/wiki/Bavarian_State_Opera \"Bavarian State Opera\") in 2018 conducted by [Kirill Petrenko](/wiki/Kirill_Petrenko \"Kirill Petrenko\"), Grand Prêtre in [Damiano Michieletto](/wiki/Damiano_Michieletto \"Damiano Michieletto\")'s 2016 production of Saint\\-Saëns' *[Samson et Dalila](/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_%28opera%29 \"Samson and Delilah (opera)\")*, Heerrufer in [Claus Guth](/wiki/Claus_Guth \"Claus Guth\")'s 2017 production of *Lohengrin*, both with Philippe Jordan conducting, Barak in *[Die Frau ohne Schatten](/wiki/Die_Frau_ohne_Schatten \"Die Frau ohne Schatten\")* by Strauss at the [Berlin State Opera](/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera \"Berlin State Opera\") in 2018 with conductor [Simone Young](/wiki/Simone_Young \"Simone Young\"), Wotan in concert version on tour with the Bayreuth Festival Orchestra in 2019, and Telramund in *Lohengrin* at the Vienna State Opera in 2020 with [Valery Gergiev](/wiki/Valery_Gergiev \"Valery Gergiev\") conducting.",
"He has also performed at several music festivals, including the [Glyndebourne Festival](/wiki/Glyndebourne_Festival_Opera \"Glyndebourne Festival Opera\"), the [Tanglewood Music Festival](/wiki/Tanglewood_Music_Festival \"Tanglewood Music Festival\"), the [Savonlinna Opera Festival](/wiki/Savonlinna_Opera_Festival \"Savonlinna Opera Festival\") and [Chorégies d'Orange](/wiki/Chor%C3%A9gies_d%27Orange \"Chorégies d'Orange\"), and is engaged worldwide as a [Lieder](/wiki/Lied \"Lied\") and concert singer.",
"He has collaborated with many renowned conductors, such as Sir [Colin Davis](/wiki/Colin_Davis \"Colin Davis\"), [Christoph von Dohnányi](/wiki/Christoph_von_Dohn%C3%A1nyi \"Christoph von Dohnányi\"), [Mariss Jansons](/wiki/Mariss_Jansons \"Mariss Jansons\"), [Zubin Mehta](/wiki/Zubin_Mehta \"Zubin Mehta\"), [Christian Thielemann](/wiki/Christian_Thielemann \"Christian Thielemann\"), [Riccardo Muti](/wiki/Riccardo_Muti \"Riccardo Muti\"), [Fabio Luisi](/wiki/Fabio_Luisi \"Fabio Luisi\"), [Seiji Ozawa](/wiki/Seiji_Ozawa \"Seiji Ozawa\"), [James Conlon](/wiki/James_Conlon \"James Conlon\"), [Nikolaus Harnoncourt](/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt \"Nikolaus Harnoncourt\"), [Philippe Jordan](/wiki/Philippe_Jordan \"Philippe Jordan\"), [Marcello Viotti](/wiki/Marcello_Viotti \"Marcello Viotti\"), [Marc Minkowski](/wiki/Marc_Minkowski \"Marc Minkowski\"), Sir [Andrew Davis](/wiki/Andrew_Davis_%28conductor%29 \"Andrew Davis (conductor)\"), [Vladimir Fedoseyev](/wiki/Vladimir_Fedoseyev \"Vladimir Fedoseyev\"), [Neeme Järvi](/wiki/Neeme_J%C3%A4rvi \"Neeme Järvi\"), [Andris Nelsons](/wiki/Andris_Nelsons \"Andris Nelsons\"), [Sebastian Weigle](/wiki/Sebastian_Weigle \"Sebastian Weigle\"), [Kazushi Ōno](/wiki/Kazushi_%C5%8Cno \"Kazushi Ōno\"), [Gennady Rozhdestvensky](/wiki/Gennady_Rozhdestvensky \"Gennady Rozhdestvensky\"), [Marek Janowski](/wiki/Marek_Janowski \"Marek Janowski\") and [Daniele Gatti](/wiki/Daniele_Gatti \"Daniele Gatti\").",
"On November 5, 2019, he was named Chairman of the Board of the [Latvian National Opera](/wiki/Latvian_National_Opera \"Latvian National Opera\"), but he continues performing internationally as a soloist.",
""
] |
Intuitive explanation
---------------------
Consider the equation of the forced dispersionless spring, in suitable units:
x''(t) \+ x(t) \= F(t).
Here {{math\|''x''}} is the displacement of the spring from the equilibrium {{math\|''x'' {{\=}} 0}}, and {{math\|''F''(''t'')}} is an external applied force that depends on time. When the external force is zero, this is the homogeneous equation (whose solutions are linear combinations of sines and cosines, corresponding to the spring oscillating with constant total energy).
We can construct the solution physically, as follows. Between times t\=s and t\=s\+ds, the momentum corresponding to the solution has a net change F(s)\\,ds (see: [Impulse (physics)](/wiki/Impulse_%28physics%29 "Impulse (physics)")). A solution to the inhomogeneous equation, at the present time {{math\|''t'' \> 0}}, is obtained by linearly superposing the solutions obtained in this manner, for {{math\|''s''}} going between 0 and {{math\|t}}.
The homogeneous initial\-value problem, representing a small impulse F(s)\\,ds being added to the solution at time t\=s, is
x''(t)\+x(t)\=0,\\quad x(s)\=0,\\ x'(s)\=F(s)\\,ds.
The unique solution to this problem is easily seen to be x(t) \= F(s)\\sin(t\-s)\\,ds. The linear superposition of all of these solutions is given by the integral:
x(t) \= \\int\_0^t F(s)\\sin(t\-s)\\,ds.
To verify that this satisfies the required equation:
x'(t)\=\\int\_0^t F(s)\\cos(t\-s)\\,ds
x''(t) \= F(t) \- \\int\_0^tF(s)\\sin(t\-s)\\,ds \= F(t)\-x(t),
as required (see: [Leibniz integral rule](/wiki/Leibniz_integral_rule "Leibniz integral rule")).
The general method of variation of parameters allows for solving an inhomogeneous linear equation
Lx(t)\=F(t)
by means of considering the second\-order linear differential operator *L* to be the net force, thus the total impulse imparted to a solution between time *s* and *s*\+*ds* is *F*(*s*)*ds*. Denote by x\_s the solution of the homogeneous initial value problem
Lx(t)\=0, \\quad x(s)\=0,\\ x'(s)\=F (s)\\,ds.
Then a particular solution of the inhomogeneous equation is
x (t)\=\\int\_0^t x\_s (t)\\,ds,
the result of linearly superposing the infinitesimal homogeneous solutions. There are generalizations to higher order linear differential operators.
In practice, variation of parameters usually involves the fundamental solution of the homogeneous problem, the infinitesimal solutions x\_s then being given in terms of explicit linear combinations of linearly independent fundamental solutions. In the case of the forced dispersionless spring, the kernel \\sin(t\-s)\=\\sin t\\cos s \- \\sin s\\cos t is the associated decomposition into fundamental solutions.
|
[
"Intuitive explanation\n---------------------",
"Consider the equation of the forced dispersionless spring, in suitable units:\nx''(t) \\+ x(t) \\= F(t).\nHere {{math\\|''x''}} is the displacement of the spring from the equilibrium {{math\\|''x'' {{\\=}} 0}}, and {{math\\|''F''(''t'')}} is an external applied force that depends on time. When the external force is zero, this is the homogeneous equation (whose solutions are linear combinations of sines and cosines, corresponding to the spring oscillating with constant total energy).",
"We can construct the solution physically, as follows. Between times t\\=s and t\\=s\\+ds, the momentum corresponding to the solution has a net change F(s)\\\\,ds (see: [Impulse (physics)](/wiki/Impulse_%28physics%29 \"Impulse (physics)\")). A solution to the inhomogeneous equation, at the present time {{math\\|''t'' \\> 0}}, is obtained by linearly superposing the solutions obtained in this manner, for {{math\\|''s''}} going between 0 and {{math\\|t}}.",
"The homogeneous initial\\-value problem, representing a small impulse F(s)\\\\,ds being added to the solution at time t\\=s, is\nx''(t)\\+x(t)\\=0,\\\\quad x(s)\\=0,\\\\ x'(s)\\=F(s)\\\\,ds.\nThe unique solution to this problem is easily seen to be x(t) \\= F(s)\\\\sin(t\\-s)\\\\,ds. The linear superposition of all of these solutions is given by the integral:\nx(t) \\= \\\\int\\_0^t F(s)\\\\sin(t\\-s)\\\\,ds.",
"To verify that this satisfies the required equation:\nx'(t)\\=\\\\int\\_0^t F(s)\\\\cos(t\\-s)\\\\,ds\nx''(t) \\= F(t) \\- \\\\int\\_0^tF(s)\\\\sin(t\\-s)\\\\,ds \\= F(t)\\-x(t),\nas required (see: [Leibniz integral rule](/wiki/Leibniz_integral_rule \"Leibniz integral rule\")).",
"The general method of variation of parameters allows for solving an inhomogeneous linear equation\nLx(t)\\=F(t)\nby means of considering the second\\-order linear differential operator *L* to be the net force, thus the total impulse imparted to a solution between time *s* and *s*\\+*ds* is *F*(*s*)*ds*. Denote by x\\_s the solution of the homogeneous initial value problem \nLx(t)\\=0, \\\\quad x(s)\\=0,\\\\ x'(s)\\=F (s)\\\\,ds. \nThen a particular solution of the inhomogeneous equation is \nx (t)\\=\\\\int\\_0^t x\\_s (t)\\\\,ds,\nthe result of linearly superposing the infinitesimal homogeneous solutions. There are generalizations to higher order linear differential operators.",
"In practice, variation of parameters usually involves the fundamental solution of the homogeneous problem, the infinitesimal solutions x\\_s then being given in terms of explicit linear combinations of linearly independent fundamental solutions. In the case of the forced dispersionless spring, the kernel \\\\sin(t\\-s)\\=\\\\sin t\\\\cos s \\- \\\\sin s\\\\cos t is the associated decomposition into fundamental solutions.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Mykhailo (in Yemetz he is noted as being Mykola) Domontovych's real name was Mykhailo Zlobintsev. He was a graduate of [Kyiv University](/wiki/Kyiv_University "Kyiv University"), where he completed his studies in mathematics (1909\). He used the stage name Domontovych inspired by the fact that he came from the town of Domontiv, not far from [Lubny](/wiki/Lubny "Lubny") in the [Poltava Governorate](/wiki/Poltava_Governorate "Poltava Governorate") (province) of the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire").
In [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv "Kyiv") he organized one of the first [bandura](/wiki/Bandura "Bandura") ensembles, which performed to great acclaim in 1906 for the Shevchenko Festivities there. In 1909 he graduated and moved back to [Zolotonosha](/wiki/Zolotonosha "Zolotonosha"), where he taught mathematics at the men's gymnasia there.
He became one of the first authors of a bandura textbooks which he had published in [Odessa](/wiki/Odessa "Odessa") in 1913–14\.
It seems that Domontovych was influenced greatly by the music played by the *[kobzar](/wiki/Kobzar "Kobzar")* [Tereshko Parkhomenko](/wiki/Tereshko_Parkhomenko "Tereshko Parkhomenko"). He may have been a student of his guide boy [Vasyl' Potapenko](/wiki/Vasyl%27_Potapenko "Vasyl' Potapenko"). From descriptions of his bandura technique it seemed that he played in a style that was reminiscent of T. Parkhomenko.
Domontovych was a prolific author of poetic and various textbooks in Ukrainian. Some 50 books and pamphlets were published by him on various aspects of Ukrainian culture.
He taught mathematics in Zolotonosha and organised a bandurist ensemble there in the 1920s where all of the instruments were made by the members of the ensemble.
After 1928 we have no information about him. It is thought that by this date he may have been arrested and sentenced or executed.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Mykhailo (in Yemetz he is noted as being Mykola) Domontovych's real name was Mykhailo Zlobintsev. He was a graduate of [Kyiv University](/wiki/Kyiv_University \"Kyiv University\"), where he completed his studies in mathematics (1909\\). He used the stage name Domontovych inspired by the fact that he came from the town of Domontiv, not far from [Lubny](/wiki/Lubny \"Lubny\") in the [Poltava Governorate](/wiki/Poltava_Governorate \"Poltava Governorate\") (province) of the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\").",
"In [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\") he organized one of the first [bandura](/wiki/Bandura \"Bandura\") ensembles, which performed to great acclaim in 1906 for the Shevchenko Festivities there. In 1909 he graduated and moved back to [Zolotonosha](/wiki/Zolotonosha \"Zolotonosha\"), where he taught mathematics at the men's gymnasia there.",
"He became one of the first authors of a bandura textbooks which he had published in [Odessa](/wiki/Odessa \"Odessa\") in 1913–14\\.",
"It seems that Domontovych was influenced greatly by the music played by the *[kobzar](/wiki/Kobzar \"Kobzar\")* [Tereshko Parkhomenko](/wiki/Tereshko_Parkhomenko \"Tereshko Parkhomenko\"). He may have been a student of his guide boy [Vasyl' Potapenko](/wiki/Vasyl%27_Potapenko \"Vasyl' Potapenko\"). From descriptions of his bandura technique it seemed that he played in a style that was reminiscent of T. Parkhomenko.",
"Domontovych was a prolific author of poetic and various textbooks in Ukrainian. Some 50 books and pamphlets were published by him on various aspects of Ukrainian culture.",
"He taught mathematics in Zolotonosha and organised a bandurist ensemble there in the 1920s where all of the instruments were made by the members of the ensemble.",
"After 1928 we have no information about him. It is thought that by this date he may have been arrested and sentenced or executed.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Hoerni was born on September 26, 1924, in [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva "Geneva"), Switzerland.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/hoerni \|title\=Jean A. Hoerni \- 1972 W. Wallace McDowell Award Recipient \|access\-date\=2011\-03\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011130234/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/hoerni \|archive\-date\=2012\-10\-11 \|url\-status\=dead }} He received his [B.S.](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science "Bachelor of Science") in [Mathematics](/wiki/Mathematics "Mathematics") from the [University of Geneva](/wiki/University_of_Geneva "University of Geneva") and two [Ph.D.s](/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy "Doctor of Philosophy") in [physics](/wiki/Physics "Physics"); one from the [University of Geneva](/wiki/University_of_Geneva "University of Geneva") and the other from the [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge").{{Cite book\|title\=Understanding Moore's Law: Four Decades of Innovation\|last\=Brock\|first\=David, C.\|publisher\=Castle Rock\|year\=2006\|isbn\=0941901416\|location\=Pittsford, New York\|pages\=15}}
In 1952, he moved to the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") to work at the [California Institute of Technology](/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology "California Institute of Technology"), where he became acquainted with [William Shockley](/wiki/William_Shockley "William Shockley"), a physicist at [Bell Labs](/wiki/Bell_Labs "Bell Labs") who was intimately involved with the creation of the [transistor](/wiki/Transistor "Transistor").
A few years later, Shockley recruited Hoerni to work with him at the newly founded [Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory](/wiki/Shockley_Semiconductor_Laboratory "Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory") division of [Beckman Instruments](/wiki/Beckman_Instruments "Beckman Instruments") in [Mountain View, California](/wiki/Mountain_View%2C_Santa_Clara_County%2C_California "Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California"). But Shockley's strange behavior compelled the so\-called "traitorous eight" (Hoerni, [Julius Blank](/wiki/Julius_Blank "Julius Blank"), [Victor Grinich](/wiki/Victor_Grinich "Victor Grinich"), [Eugene Kleiner](/wiki/Eugene_Kleiner "Eugene Kleiner"), [Jay Last](/wiki/Jay_Last "Jay Last"), [Gordon Moore](/wiki/Gordon_Moore "Gordon Moore"), [Robert Noyce](/wiki/Robert_Noyce "Robert Noyce") and [Sheldon Roberts](/wiki/Sheldon_Roberts "Sheldon Roberts")) to leave his laboratory and create the [Fairchild Semiconductor](/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor "Fairchild Semiconductor") corporation.
In 1955 Carl Frosch and Lincoln Derrick discovered and patented [surface passivation](/wiki/Surface_passivation "Surface passivation") by silicon dioxide.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Huff \|first1\=Howard \|last2\=Riordan \|first2\=Michael \|date\=2007\-09\-01 \|title\=Frosch and Derick: Fifty Years Later (Foreword) \|url\=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10\.1149/2\.F02073IF \|journal\=The Electrochemical Society Interface \|volume\=16 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=29 \|doi\=10\.1149/2\.F02073IF \|issn\=1064\-8208}}{{Cite patent\|number\=US2802760A\|title\=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion\|gdate\=1957\-08\-13\|invent1\=Lincoln\|invent2\=Frosch\|inventor1\-first\=Derick\|inventor2\-first\=Carl J.\|url\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}} Frosch and Derrick were able to manufacture the first silicon dioxide field effect transistors, the first transistors in which drain and source were adjacent at the surface.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Frosch \|first1\=C. J. \|last2\=Derick \|first2\=L \|date\=1957 \|title\=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon \|url\=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10\.1149/1\.2428650 \|journal\=Journal of the Electrochemical Society \|language\=en \|volume\=104 \|issue\=9 \|pages\=547 \|doi\=10\.1149/1\.2428650}} At [Shockley Semiconductor](/wiki/Shockley_Semiconductor_Laboratory "Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory"), Shockley had circulated the preprint of their article in December 1956 to all his senior staff, including Jean Hoerni. Later, Hoerni attended a meeting where [Atalla](/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla "Mohamed M. Atalla") presented a paper about passivation based on the previous results at Bell Labs.{{cite book \|last1\=Lojek \|first1\=Bo \|title\=History of Semiconductor Engineering \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=\[\[Springer Science \& Business Media]] \|isbn\=9783540342588 \|page\=120}}
The [planar process](/wiki/Planar_process "Planar process") was invented by Jean Hoerni, with his first patent filed in May 1959, while working at [Fairchild Semiconductor](/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor "Fairchild Semiconductor").{{patent\|US\|3025589\|Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}{{patent\|US\|3064167\|Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960}} The planar process was critical in the invention of [Silicon](/wiki/Silicon "Silicon") [Integrated circuit](/wiki/Integrated_circuit "Integrated circuit") by [Robert Noyce](/wiki/Robert_Noyce "Robert Noyce").[caltech.edu/570/2/Moore.pdf "The Accidental Entrepreneur"](http://calteches.library.){{dead link\|date\=December 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}, Gordon E. Moore, *Engineering \& Science*, Summer 1994 Noyce built on Hoerni's work with his conception of an integrated circuit, which added a layer of metal to the top of Hoerni's basic structure to connect different components, such as transistors, [capacitors](/wiki/Capacitors "Capacitors"), or [resistors](/wiki/Resistors "Resistors"), located on the same piece of silicon. The planar process provided a powerful way of implementing an integrated circuit that was superior to earlier conceptions of the device.{{cite book \|last1\=Bassett \|first1\=Ross Knox \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=UUbB3d2UnaAC\&pg\=PA46 \|title\=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start\-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=\[\[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \|isbn\=9780801886393 \|page\=46}} With Noyce, [Jack Kilby](/wiki/Jack_Kilby "Jack Kilby") from [Texas Instruments](/wiki/Texas_Instruments "Texas Instruments") is usually credited with the invention of the integrated circuit, but Kilby's IC was based on [germanium](/wiki/Germanium "Germanium"). As it turns out, Silicon ICs have numerous advantages over germanium. The name "Silicon Valley" refers to this silicon.["Jean Hoerni (American engineer)"](http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-705441/Jean-Hoerni), *Encyclopædia Britannicaonline*
Along with the "traitorous eight" alumni Jay Last and Sheldon Roberts, Hoerni founded Amelco (known now as [Teledyne](/wiki/Teledyne "Teledyne")) in 1961\.
In 1964, he founded Union Carbide Electronics, and in 1967, he founded [Intersil](/wiki/Intersil "Intersil"), where he became a pioneer of low\-voltage [CMOS](/wiki/CMOS "CMOS")\-[Integrated Circuits](/wiki/Integrated_Circuits "Integrated Circuits").
He was awarded the [Edward Longstreth Medal](/wiki/Edward_Longstreth_Medal "Edward Longstreth Medal") from the [Franklin Institute](/wiki/Franklin_Institute "Franklin Institute") in 1969{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fi.edu/winners/show\_results.faw?gs\=\&ln\=\&fn\=\&keyword\=\&subject\=\&award\=LONG\+\&sy\=1968\&ey\=1970\&name\=Submit \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20121212050922/http://www.fi.edu/winners/show\_results.faw?gs\=\&ln\=\&fn\=\&keyword\=\&subject\=\&award\=LONG\+\&sy\=1968\&ey\=1970\&name\=Submit \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=December 12, 2012 \|title\=Franklin Laureate Database \- Edward Longstreth Medal 1969 Laureates \|publisher\=\[\[Franklin Institute]] \|accessdate\=November 16, 2011 }} and the [McDowell Award](/wiki/McDowell_Award "McDowell Award") in 1972\.
Hoerni died of [myelofibrosis](/wiki/Myelofibrosis "Myelofibrosis") on January 12, 1997, in [Seattle, Washington](/wiki/Seattle%2C_Washington "Seattle, Washington").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Jean\-A\-Hoerni\-2855207\.php \|title\= Jean A. Hoerni\| publisher\=SFGate.com \| date\= February 5, 1997\| accessdate\= November 27, 2012}} He was 72\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Hoerni was born on September 26, 1924, in [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva \"Geneva\"), Switzerland.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/hoerni \\|title\\=Jean A. Hoerni \\- 1972 W. Wallace McDowell Award Recipient \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011130234/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/hoerni \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-11 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} He received his [B.S.](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science \"Bachelor of Science\") in [Mathematics](/wiki/Mathematics \"Mathematics\") from the [University of Geneva](/wiki/University_of_Geneva \"University of Geneva\") and two [Ph.D.s](/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy \"Doctor of Philosophy\") in [physics](/wiki/Physics \"Physics\"); one from the [University of Geneva](/wiki/University_of_Geneva \"University of Geneva\") and the other from the [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge \"University of Cambridge\").{{Cite book\\|title\\=Understanding Moore's Law: Four Decades of Innovation\\|last\\=Brock\\|first\\=David, C.\\|publisher\\=Castle Rock\\|year\\=2006\\|isbn\\=0941901416\\|location\\=Pittsford, New York\\|pages\\=15}}",
"In 1952, he moved to the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") to work at the [California Institute of Technology](/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology \"California Institute of Technology\"), where he became acquainted with [William Shockley](/wiki/William_Shockley \"William Shockley\"), a physicist at [Bell Labs](/wiki/Bell_Labs \"Bell Labs\") who was intimately involved with the creation of the [transistor](/wiki/Transistor \"Transistor\").",
"A few years later, Shockley recruited Hoerni to work with him at the newly founded [Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory](/wiki/Shockley_Semiconductor_Laboratory \"Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory\") division of [Beckman Instruments](/wiki/Beckman_Instruments \"Beckman Instruments\") in [Mountain View, California](/wiki/Mountain_View%2C_Santa_Clara_County%2C_California \"Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California\"). But Shockley's strange behavior compelled the so\\-called \"traitorous eight\" (Hoerni, [Julius Blank](/wiki/Julius_Blank \"Julius Blank\"), [Victor Grinich](/wiki/Victor_Grinich \"Victor Grinich\"), [Eugene Kleiner](/wiki/Eugene_Kleiner \"Eugene Kleiner\"), [Jay Last](/wiki/Jay_Last \"Jay Last\"), [Gordon Moore](/wiki/Gordon_Moore \"Gordon Moore\"), [Robert Noyce](/wiki/Robert_Noyce \"Robert Noyce\") and [Sheldon Roberts](/wiki/Sheldon_Roberts \"Sheldon Roberts\")) to leave his laboratory and create the [Fairchild Semiconductor](/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor \"Fairchild Semiconductor\") corporation.",
"In 1955 Carl Frosch and Lincoln Derrick discovered and patented [surface passivation](/wiki/Surface_passivation \"Surface passivation\") by silicon dioxide.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Huff \\|first1\\=Howard \\|last2\\=Riordan \\|first2\\=Michael \\|date\\=2007\\-09\\-01 \\|title\\=Frosch and Derick: Fifty Years Later (Foreword) \\|url\\=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10\\.1149/2\\.F02073IF \\|journal\\=The Electrochemical Society Interface \\|volume\\=16 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=29 \\|doi\\=10\\.1149/2\\.F02073IF \\|issn\\=1064\\-8208}}{{Cite patent\\|number\\=US2802760A\\|title\\=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion\\|gdate\\=1957\\-08\\-13\\|invent1\\=Lincoln\\|invent2\\=Frosch\\|inventor1\\-first\\=Derick\\|inventor2\\-first\\=Carl J.\\|url\\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}} Frosch and Derrick were able to manufacture the first silicon dioxide field effect transistors, the first transistors in which drain and source were adjacent at the surface.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Frosch \\|first1\\=C. J. \\|last2\\=Derick \\|first2\\=L \\|date\\=1957 \\|title\\=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon \\|url\\=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10\\.1149/1\\.2428650 \\|journal\\=Journal of the Electrochemical Society \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=104 \\|issue\\=9 \\|pages\\=547 \\|doi\\=10\\.1149/1\\.2428650}} At [Shockley Semiconductor](/wiki/Shockley_Semiconductor_Laboratory \"Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory\"), Shockley had circulated the preprint of their article in December 1956 to all his senior staff, including Jean Hoerni. Later, Hoerni attended a meeting where [Atalla](/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla \"Mohamed M. Atalla\") presented a paper about passivation based on the previous results at Bell Labs.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Lojek \\|first1\\=Bo \\|title\\=History of Semiconductor Engineering \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Springer Science \\& Business Media]] \\|isbn\\=9783540342588 \\|page\\=120}}",
"The [planar process](/wiki/Planar_process \"Planar process\") was invented by Jean Hoerni, with his first patent filed in May 1959, while working at [Fairchild Semiconductor](/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor \"Fairchild Semiconductor\").{{patent\\|US\\|3025589\\|Hoerni, J. A.: \"Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}{{patent\\|US\\|3064167\\|Hoerni, J. A.: \"Semiconductor device\" filed May 15, 1960}} The planar process was critical in the invention of [Silicon](/wiki/Silicon \"Silicon\") [Integrated circuit](/wiki/Integrated_circuit \"Integrated circuit\") by [Robert Noyce](/wiki/Robert_Noyce \"Robert Noyce\").[caltech.edu/570/2/Moore.pdf \"The Accidental Entrepreneur\"](http://calteches.library.){{dead link\\|date\\=December 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}, Gordon E. Moore, *Engineering \\& Science*, Summer 1994 Noyce built on Hoerni's work with his conception of an integrated circuit, which added a layer of metal to the top of Hoerni's basic structure to connect different components, such as transistors, [capacitors](/wiki/Capacitors \"Capacitors\"), or [resistors](/wiki/Resistors \"Resistors\"), located on the same piece of silicon. The planar process provided a powerful way of implementing an integrated circuit that was superior to earlier conceptions of the device.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Bassett \\|first1\\=Ross Knox \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=UUbB3d2UnaAC\\&pg\\=PA46 \\|title\\=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start\\-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \\|isbn\\=9780801886393 \\|page\\=46}} With Noyce, [Jack Kilby](/wiki/Jack_Kilby \"Jack Kilby\") from [Texas Instruments](/wiki/Texas_Instruments \"Texas Instruments\") is usually credited with the invention of the integrated circuit, but Kilby's IC was based on [germanium](/wiki/Germanium \"Germanium\"). As it turns out, Silicon ICs have numerous advantages over germanium. The name \"Silicon Valley\" refers to this silicon.[\"Jean Hoerni (American engineer)\"](http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-705441/Jean-Hoerni), *Encyclopædia Britannicaonline*",
"Along with the \"traitorous eight\" alumni Jay Last and Sheldon Roberts, Hoerni founded Amelco (known now as [Teledyne](/wiki/Teledyne \"Teledyne\")) in 1961\\.",
"In 1964, he founded Union Carbide Electronics, and in 1967, he founded [Intersil](/wiki/Intersil \"Intersil\"), where he became a pioneer of low\\-voltage [CMOS](/wiki/CMOS \"CMOS\")\\-[Integrated Circuits](/wiki/Integrated_Circuits \"Integrated Circuits\").",
"He was awarded the [Edward Longstreth Medal](/wiki/Edward_Longstreth_Medal \"Edward Longstreth Medal\") from the [Franklin Institute](/wiki/Franklin_Institute \"Franklin Institute\") in 1969{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fi.edu/winners/show\\_results.faw?gs\\=\\&ln\\=\\&fn\\=\\&keyword\\=\\&subject\\=\\&award\\=LONG\\+\\&sy\\=1968\\&ey\\=1970\\&name\\=Submit \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20121212050922/http://www.fi.edu/winners/show\\_results.faw?gs\\=\\&ln\\=\\&fn\\=\\&keyword\\=\\&subject\\=\\&award\\=LONG\\+\\&sy\\=1968\\&ey\\=1970\\&name\\=Submit \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=December 12, 2012 \\|title\\=Franklin Laureate Database \\- Edward Longstreth Medal 1969 Laureates \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Franklin Institute]] \\|accessdate\\=November 16, 2011 }} and the [McDowell Award](/wiki/McDowell_Award \"McDowell Award\") in 1972\\.",
"Hoerni died of [myelofibrosis](/wiki/Myelofibrosis \"Myelofibrosis\") on January 12, 1997, in [Seattle, Washington](/wiki/Seattle%2C_Washington \"Seattle, Washington\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Jean\\-A\\-Hoerni\\-2855207\\.php \\|title\\= Jean A. Hoerni\\| publisher\\=SFGate.com \\| date\\= February 5, 1997\\| accessdate\\= November 27, 2012}} He was 72\\.",
""
] |
AKDN agencies
-------------
AKDN agencies' mission statement is to work towards the elimination of global [poverty](/wiki/Poverty "Poverty"); the promotion and implementation of [pluralism](/wiki/Pluralism_%28philosophy%29 "Pluralism (philosophy)");{{cite news \| title\=Spiegel Interview with Aga Khan \| newspaper\=Der Spiegel \| date\=12 October 2006 \| url\=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/spiegel\-interview\-with\-aga\-khan\-islam\-is\-a\-faith\-of\-reason\-a\-442180\-2\.html \| publisher\=Spiegel \| access\-date\=8 July 2012}} the advancement of the status of [women](/wiki/Woman "Woman"); and the honoring of [Islamic art](/wiki/Islamic_art "Islamic art") and [architecture](/wiki/Islamic_architecture "Islamic architecture").{{cite web \| date\=23 November 2008 \| url\=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id\=9c5e7816\-0ee5\-4ccf\-b19e\-441b1156cb31 \| title\=Aga Khan holds up Canada as model for the world \| work\=Vancouver Sun \| access\-date\=2016\-01\-25 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214191632/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id\=9c5e7816\-0ee5\-4ccf\-b19e\-441b1156cb31 \| archive\-date\=2016\-02\-14 \| url\-status\=dead }}{{citation \|url\=http://www.ppaf.org.pk/Patners\_detail.aspx?poid\=4 \|title\=Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund \|access\-date\=2016\-01\-25 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201020151/http://www.ppaf.org.pk/Patners\_detail.aspx?poid\=4 \|archive\-date\=2016\-02\-01 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web\|last\=Husain\|first\=Ishrat\|title\=Lessons for poverty reduction \|url\=http://ishrathusain.iba.edu.pk/speeches/povertyReduction/Lesson\_Poverty\_Dec\-15\-2003\.pdf \|date\=15 December 2003 }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.akdn.org \|title\=Aga Khan Development Network \|date\=2014 \|access\-date\=24 January 2016 }} To pursue their mandates, AKDN institutions rely on [volunteers](/wiki/Volunteering "Volunteering") as well as paid staff.
As of 2008, the organization's annual budget for not\-for\-profit activities is approximately $950 million, mainly in [Africa](/wiki/Africa "Africa"), [Asia](/wiki/Asia "Asia"), and the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East").{{citation \|url\=http://www.canada.com/life/Khan\+joins\+prime\+minister\+neighbourhood/1043042/story.html \|title\=Aga Khan joins Prime Minister's neighbourhood \|work\=Canada.com \|date\=8 December 2008}} AKDN works in 30 countries around the world, and it employs approximately 96,000 paid staff.{{Cite web \|title\=AKDN Frequently Asked Questions \|url\=https://the.akdn/en/how\-we\-work/our\-approach/frequently\-asked\-questions \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-06 \|website\=Aga Khan Development Network \|language\=en}}
The following is a list of AKDN agencies:
| AKA | [Aga Khan Academies](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Academies "Aga Khan Academies") |
| --- | --- |
| AKAH | [Aga Khan Agency for Habitat](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Agency_for_Habitat "Aga Khan Agency for Habitat"){{Cite web\|url\=https://www.akdn.org/our\-agencies/aga\-khan\-agency\-habitat\|title\=Aga Khan Agency for Habitat {{!}} Aga Khan Development Network\|website\=www.akdn.org\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-04}} |
| AKAM | [Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Agency_for_Microfinance "Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance") |
| AKES | [Aga Khan Education Services](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Education_Services "Aga Khan Education Services") |
| AKF | [Aga Khan Foundation](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Foundation "Aga Khan Foundation") |
| AKFED | [Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Fund_for_Economic_Development "Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development") |
| AKHS | [Aga Khan Health Services](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Health_Services "Aga Khan Health Services") |
| AKTC | [Aga Khan Trust for Culture](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Trust_for_Culture "Aga Khan Trust for Culture") |
| AKU | [Aga Khan University](/wiki/Aga_Khan_University "Aga Khan University") |
| UCA | [University of Central Asia](/wiki/University_of_Central_Asia "University of Central Asia") |
The Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development and its affiliates, Tourism Promotion Services, [Industrial Promotion Services](/wiki/Industrial_Promotion_Services "Industrial Promotion Services"), and the [Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Agency_for_Microfinance "Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance"), seek to strengthen the role of the private sector in developing countries by supporting private sector initiatives in the development process. The fund and the foundation also encourage government policies that foster what the Aga Khan first called "an enabling environment of favorable legislative and fiscal structures".
AKDN also runs civil society programs. A number of their organizations are sponsored by the [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank "World Bank") with the help of partner foundations.{{cite web \|url\=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/FOUNDATIONINT/Resources/FoundationswithOfficesinClientCountries.pdf\|title\=International Foundations with Offices in Client Countries\|access\-date\=26 December 2017}}
The Aga Khan Trust for Culture coordinates the Imamate's cultural activities. Its programs include the [Aga Khan Award for Architecture](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture "Aga Khan Award for Architecture"), the [Aga Khan Historic Cities Program](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Historic_Cities_Programme "Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme"), and the Education and Culture Program. The trust also provides financial support for the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") and the [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology") in the United States. It also supports cultural development and preservation with the Award for Architecture, [Aga Khan Trust for Culture](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Trust_for_Culture "Aga Khan Trust for Culture") (AKTC), Historic Cities, Museums \& Exhibitions, Islamic Architecture and Music.
The Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development (AKFED), Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance (AKAM), Financial Services, Industrial Promotion, Tourism Promotion, Media, Aviation Services are some agencies and programs offered for economic development.
In the field of education, AKDN has the Aga Khan Education Services (AKES), Aga Khan University (AKU), Aga Khan Academies (AKA), and the [University of Central Asia](/wiki/University_of_Central_Asia "University of Central Asia") (UCA).
|
[
"AKDN agencies\n-------------",
"AKDN agencies' mission statement is to work towards the elimination of global [poverty](/wiki/Poverty \"Poverty\"); the promotion and implementation of [pluralism](/wiki/Pluralism_%28philosophy%29 \"Pluralism (philosophy)\");{{cite news \\| title\\=Spiegel Interview with Aga Khan \\| newspaper\\=Der Spiegel \\| date\\=12 October 2006 \\| url\\=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/spiegel\\-interview\\-with\\-aga\\-khan\\-islam\\-is\\-a\\-faith\\-of\\-reason\\-a\\-442180\\-2\\.html \\| publisher\\=Spiegel \\| access\\-date\\=8 July 2012}} the advancement of the status of [women](/wiki/Woman \"Woman\"); and the honoring of [Islamic art](/wiki/Islamic_art \"Islamic art\") and [architecture](/wiki/Islamic_architecture \"Islamic architecture\").{{cite web \\| date\\=23 November 2008 \\| url\\=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id\\=9c5e7816\\-0ee5\\-4ccf\\-b19e\\-441b1156cb31 \\| title\\=Aga Khan holds up Canada as model for the world \\| work\\=Vancouver Sun \\| access\\-date\\=2016\\-01\\-25 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214191632/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id\\=9c5e7816\\-0ee5\\-4ccf\\-b19e\\-441b1156cb31 \\| archive\\-date\\=2016\\-02\\-14 \\| url\\-status\\=dead }}{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.ppaf.org.pk/Patners\\_detail.aspx?poid\\=4 \\|title\\=Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-01\\-25 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201020151/http://www.ppaf.org.pk/Patners\\_detail.aspx?poid\\=4 \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-02\\-01 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web\\|last\\=Husain\\|first\\=Ishrat\\|title\\=Lessons for poverty reduction \\|url\\=http://ishrathusain.iba.edu.pk/speeches/povertyReduction/Lesson\\_Poverty\\_Dec\\-15\\-2003\\.pdf \\|date\\=15 December 2003 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.akdn.org \\|title\\=Aga Khan Development Network \\|date\\=2014 \\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2016 }} To pursue their mandates, AKDN institutions rely on [volunteers](/wiki/Volunteering \"Volunteering\") as well as paid staff.",
"As of 2008, the organization's annual budget for not\\-for\\-profit activities is approximately $950 million, mainly in [Africa](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\"), [Asia](/wiki/Asia \"Asia\"), and the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\").{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.canada.com/life/Khan\\+joins\\+prime\\+minister\\+neighbourhood/1043042/story.html \\|title\\=Aga Khan joins Prime Minister's neighbourhood \\|work\\=Canada.com \\|date\\=8 December 2008}} AKDN works in 30 countries around the world, and it employs approximately 96,000 paid staff.{{Cite web \\|title\\=AKDN Frequently Asked Questions \\|url\\=https://the.akdn/en/how\\-we\\-work/our\\-approach/frequently\\-asked\\-questions \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-06 \\|website\\=Aga Khan Development Network \\|language\\=en}}",
"The following is a list of AKDN agencies:",
"| AKA | [Aga Khan Academies](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Academies \"Aga Khan Academies\") |\n| --- | --- |\n| AKAH | [Aga Khan Agency for Habitat](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Agency_for_Habitat \"Aga Khan Agency for Habitat\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.akdn.org/our\\-agencies/aga\\-khan\\-agency\\-habitat\\|title\\=Aga Khan Agency for Habitat {{!}} Aga Khan Development Network\\|website\\=www.akdn.org\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-04}} |\n| AKAM | [Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Agency_for_Microfinance \"Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance\") |\n| AKES | [Aga Khan Education Services](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Education_Services \"Aga Khan Education Services\") |\n| AKF | [Aga Khan Foundation](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Foundation \"Aga Khan Foundation\") |\n| AKFED | [Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Fund_for_Economic_Development \"Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development\") |\n| AKHS | [Aga Khan Health Services](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Health_Services \"Aga Khan Health Services\") |\n| AKTC | [Aga Khan Trust for Culture](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Trust_for_Culture \"Aga Khan Trust for Culture\") |\n| AKU | [Aga Khan University](/wiki/Aga_Khan_University \"Aga Khan University\") |\n| UCA | [University of Central Asia](/wiki/University_of_Central_Asia \"University of Central Asia\") |",
"The Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development and its affiliates, Tourism Promotion Services, [Industrial Promotion Services](/wiki/Industrial_Promotion_Services \"Industrial Promotion Services\"), and the [Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Agency_for_Microfinance \"Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance\"), seek to strengthen the role of the private sector in developing countries by supporting private sector initiatives in the development process. The fund and the foundation also encourage government policies that foster what the Aga Khan first called \"an enabling environment of favorable legislative and fiscal structures\".",
"AKDN also runs civil society programs. A number of their organizations are sponsored by the [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\") with the help of partner foundations.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/FOUNDATIONINT/Resources/FoundationswithOfficesinClientCountries.pdf\\|title\\=International Foundations with Offices in Client Countries\\|access\\-date\\=26 December 2017}}",
"The Aga Khan Trust for Culture coordinates the Imamate's cultural activities. Its programs include the [Aga Khan Award for Architecture](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture \"Aga Khan Award for Architecture\"), the [Aga Khan Historic Cities Program](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Historic_Cities_Programme \"Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme\"), and the Education and Culture Program. The trust also provides financial support for the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\") and the [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology \"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\") in the United States. It also supports cultural development and preservation with the Award for Architecture, [Aga Khan Trust for Culture](/wiki/Aga_Khan_Trust_for_Culture \"Aga Khan Trust for Culture\") (AKTC), Historic Cities, Museums \\& Exhibitions, Islamic Architecture and Music.",
"The Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development (AKFED), Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance (AKAM), Financial Services, Industrial Promotion, Tourism Promotion, Media, Aviation Services are some agencies and programs offered for economic development.",
"In the field of education, AKDN has the Aga Khan Education Services (AKES), Aga Khan University (AKU), Aga Khan Academies (AKA), and the [University of Central Asia](/wiki/University_of_Central_Asia \"University of Central Asia\") (UCA).",
""
] |
Background
----------
McCarrick was born on [Long Island, New York](/wiki/Long_Island "Long Island") and she lived there until her move to [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland "Ireland") in January 1987\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://presspack.rte.ie/2006/07/04/cracking\-crime\-12/\|title\=CRACKING CRIME {{!}} RTÉ Presspack\|website\=presspack.rte.ie\|access\-date\=2016\-12\-19}} She was the only child of her parents John and Nancy.
McCarrick visited Ireland on a school trip as a teenager and fell in love with the country. She studied at [St Patrick's College, Drumcondra](/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_College%2C_Dublin "St Patrick's College, Dublin") and [St Patrick's College, Maynooth](/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_College%2C_Maynooth "St Patrick's College, Maynooth") in the late 1980s, then returned to New York and began studying at [Stony Brook University](/wiki/Stony_Brook_University "Stony Brook University") in 1991\.
McCarrick moved to Ireland permanently on 4 January 1993, living in rented accommodation in [Sandymount](/wiki/Sandymount "Sandymount") with two other tenants.
### Days before disappearance
She attended the [Saint Patrick's Day](/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day "Saint Patrick's Day") parade with friends.
On 25 March, she dropped in to Café Java on [Leeson Street](/wiki/Leeson_Street "Leeson Street") to collect her wages, but as the wages were not ready, she arranged to return the following day. McCarrick worked at Café Java as a waitress and also at the Courtyard Restaurant, [Donnybrook](/wiki/Donnybrook%2C_Dublin "Donnybrook, Dublin") She later visited friends and stayed for dinner.
On Friday, 26 March, she spoke to her flatmates, who were going to go home for the weekend. She visited the [AIB](/wiki/Allied_Irish_Banks "Allied Irish Banks") branch in Sandymount shortly before 11 am \- this is the last confirmed sighting of her.
Her mother was due to visit her on 30 March and Annie was looking forward to seeing her.
|
[
"Background\n----------",
"McCarrick was born on [Long Island, New York](/wiki/Long_Island \"Long Island\") and she lived there until her move to [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\") in January 1987\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://presspack.rte.ie/2006/07/04/cracking\\-crime\\-12/\\|title\\=CRACKING CRIME {{!}} RTÉ Presspack\\|website\\=presspack.rte.ie\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-12\\-19}} She was the only child of her parents John and Nancy.",
"McCarrick visited Ireland on a school trip as a teenager and fell in love with the country. She studied at [St Patrick's College, Drumcondra](/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_College%2C_Dublin \"St Patrick's College, Dublin\") and [St Patrick's College, Maynooth](/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_College%2C_Maynooth \"St Patrick's College, Maynooth\") in the late 1980s, then returned to New York and began studying at [Stony Brook University](/wiki/Stony_Brook_University \"Stony Brook University\") in 1991\\.",
"McCarrick moved to Ireland permanently on 4 January 1993, living in rented accommodation in [Sandymount](/wiki/Sandymount \"Sandymount\") with two other tenants.",
"### Days before disappearance",
"She attended the [Saint Patrick's Day](/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day \"Saint Patrick's Day\") parade with friends.",
"On 25 March, she dropped in to Café Java on [Leeson Street](/wiki/Leeson_Street \"Leeson Street\") to collect her wages, but as the wages were not ready, she arranged to return the following day. McCarrick worked at Café Java as a waitress and also at the Courtyard Restaurant, [Donnybrook](/wiki/Donnybrook%2C_Dublin \"Donnybrook, Dublin\") She later visited friends and stayed for dinner.",
"On Friday, 26 March, she spoke to her flatmates, who were going to go home for the weekend. She visited the [AIB](/wiki/Allied_Irish_Banks \"Allied Irish Banks\") branch in Sandymount shortly before 11 am \\- this is the last confirmed sighting of her.",
"Her mother was due to visit her on 30 March and Annie was looking forward to seeing her.",
""
] |
Signs and Symptoms
------------------
[Lymphangiosarcoma](/wiki/Lymphangiosarcoma "Lymphangiosarcoma") usually occurs many years following a [mastectomy](/wiki/Mastectomy "Mastectomy"), usually between 5 and 15 years.
Cutaneous angiosarcoma can begin as a "spreading bruise" or a raised purple\-red [papule](/wiki/Papule "Papule") before progressing to tissue [infiltration](/wiki/Infiltration_%28medical%29 "Infiltration (medical)"), [edema](/wiki/Edema "Edema"), [tumor](/wiki/Tumor "Tumor") [fungation](/wiki/Fungating_lesion "Fungating lesion"), [ulceration](/wiki/Ulceration "Ulceration"), and even [hemorrhage](/wiki/Hemorrhage "Hemorrhage") as tumor size increases. The second most frequent location is in a lymphedematous upper extremity secondary to [radical mastectomy](/wiki/Radical_mastectomy "Radical mastectomy"). This is known as the "Stewart Treves tumor". [Lesions](/wiki/Lesion "Lesion") range in size from 3 to 6 cm on average, although untreated [angiosarcomas](/wiki/Angiosarcoma "Angiosarcoma") can grow to 20 cm or more.
Severe persistent [edema](/wiki/Edema "Edema") of an upper extremity is common in Stewart\-Treves syndrome patients and is often the first sign. In patients who underwent a [radical mastectomy](/wiki/Radical_mastectomy "Radical mastectomy"), [edema](/wiki/Edema "Edema") initially appears on the arm of the side operated on.
The [edematous](/wiki/Edematous "Edematous") area spreads from the arm to the forearm and the dorsal side of the hand and fingers. Pain is initially absent, though skin distention may cause local discomfort. Recurrent [erysipelas](/wiki/Erysipelas "Erysipelas") may occur in sites with long\-standing chronic [edema](/wiki/Edema "Edema").
Stewart\-Treves syndrome [lesions](/wiki/Lesion "Lesion") often present as several reddish blue [macules](/wiki/Macules "Macules") or [nodules](/wiki/Nodule_%28medicine%29 "Nodule (medicine)") that may develop [polypoid](/wiki/Polyploidy "Polyploidy"). Small satellite areas can form around these areas and become confluent, producing a growing [lesion](/wiki/Lesion "Lesion"). A [bullous](/wiki/Bullous "Bullous") component is occasionally visible.
As the [angiosarcoma](/wiki/Angiosarcoma "Angiosarcoma") grows and spreads, the overlying atrophic [epidermis](/wiki/Epidermis "Epidermis") may [ulcerate](/wiki/Ulcerate "Ulcerate"), resulting in repeated episodes of [bleeding](/wiki/Bleeding "Bleeding") and [infection](/wiki/Infection "Infection"). Advanced [cutaneous tumors](/wiki/Skin_tumours "Skin tumours") may exhibit [necrosis](/wiki/Necrosis "Necrosis").
|
[
"Signs and Symptoms\n------------------",
"[Lymphangiosarcoma](/wiki/Lymphangiosarcoma \"Lymphangiosarcoma\") usually occurs many years following a [mastectomy](/wiki/Mastectomy \"Mastectomy\"), usually between 5 and 15 years.",
"Cutaneous angiosarcoma can begin as a \"spreading bruise\" or a raised purple\\-red [papule](/wiki/Papule \"Papule\") before progressing to tissue [infiltration](/wiki/Infiltration_%28medical%29 \"Infiltration (medical)\"), [edema](/wiki/Edema \"Edema\"), [tumor](/wiki/Tumor \"Tumor\") [fungation](/wiki/Fungating_lesion \"Fungating lesion\"), [ulceration](/wiki/Ulceration \"Ulceration\"), and even [hemorrhage](/wiki/Hemorrhage \"Hemorrhage\") as tumor size increases. The second most frequent location is in a lymphedematous upper extremity secondary to [radical mastectomy](/wiki/Radical_mastectomy \"Radical mastectomy\"). This is known as the \"Stewart Treves tumor\". [Lesions](/wiki/Lesion \"Lesion\") range in size from 3 to 6 cm on average, although untreated [angiosarcomas](/wiki/Angiosarcoma \"Angiosarcoma\") can grow to 20 cm or more.",
"Severe persistent [edema](/wiki/Edema \"Edema\") of an upper extremity is common in Stewart\\-Treves syndrome patients and is often the first sign. In patients who underwent a [radical mastectomy](/wiki/Radical_mastectomy \"Radical mastectomy\"), [edema](/wiki/Edema \"Edema\") initially appears on the arm of the side operated on.",
"The [edematous](/wiki/Edematous \"Edematous\") area spreads from the arm to the forearm and the dorsal side of the hand and fingers. Pain is initially absent, though skin distention may cause local discomfort. Recurrent [erysipelas](/wiki/Erysipelas \"Erysipelas\") may occur in sites with long\\-standing chronic [edema](/wiki/Edema \"Edema\").",
"Stewart\\-Treves syndrome [lesions](/wiki/Lesion \"Lesion\") often present as several reddish blue [macules](/wiki/Macules \"Macules\") or [nodules](/wiki/Nodule_%28medicine%29 \"Nodule (medicine)\") that may develop [polypoid](/wiki/Polyploidy \"Polyploidy\"). Small satellite areas can form around these areas and become confluent, producing a growing [lesion](/wiki/Lesion \"Lesion\"). A [bullous](/wiki/Bullous \"Bullous\") component is occasionally visible.",
"As the [angiosarcoma](/wiki/Angiosarcoma \"Angiosarcoma\") grows and spreads, the overlying atrophic [epidermis](/wiki/Epidermis \"Epidermis\") may [ulcerate](/wiki/Ulcerate \"Ulcerate\"), resulting in repeated episodes of [bleeding](/wiki/Bleeding \"Bleeding\") and [infection](/wiki/Infection \"Infection\"). Advanced [cutaneous tumors](/wiki/Skin_tumours \"Skin tumours\") may exhibit [necrosis](/wiki/Necrosis \"Necrosis\").",
""
] |
Game summaries
--------------
### Game 1
[thumb\|upright\=.8\|[Kyle Schwarber](/wiki/Kyle_Schwarber "Kyle Schwarber") hit a towering second\-deck home run in Game 1\.](/wiki/File:Kyle_Schwarber_Phillies_2022.png "Kyle Schwarber Phillies 2022.png")
{{linescore\|
\|Date \= October 18, 2022
\|Time \= 5:03{{nbsp}}pm (\[\[Pacific Time Zone\|PDT]])
\|Location \= \[\[Petco Park]] in \[\[San Diego]], \[\[California]]
\|Other \= {{convert\|78\|F\|C}}, sunny
\|Road\='''Philadelphia'''\|RoadAbr\=PHI
\|R1\=0\|R2\=0\|R3\=0\|R4\=1\|R5\=0\|R6\=1\|R7\=0\|R8\=0\|R9\=0\|RR\=2\|RH\=3\|RE\=1
\|Home\=San Diego\|HomeAbr\=SD
\|H1\=0\|H2\=0\|H3\=0\|H4\=0\|H5\=0\|H6\=0\|H7\=0\|H8\=0\|H9\=0\|HR\=0\|HH\=1\|HE\=0
\|WP\=\[\[Zack Wheeler]] (1–0\) \|LP\=\[\[Yu Darvish]] (0–1\) \|SV\=\[\[José Alvarado (baseball)\|José Alvarado]] (1\)
\|HomeHR\= \|RoadHR\=\[\[Bryce Harper]] (1\), \[\[Kyle Schwarber]] (1\)
\|Attendance\=44,826
\|BoxURL \= https://www.mlb.com/gameday/phillies\-vs\-padres/2022/10/18/715731\#game\_state\=final,game\_tab\=box,game\=715731
}}
Game 1 was a low\-scoring pitcher's duel between Philadelphia's [Zack Wheeler](/wiki/Zack_Wheeler "Zack Wheeler") and San Diego's [Yu Darvish](/wiki/Yu_Darvish "Yu Darvish"). In the top of the first, with [Kyle Schwarber](/wiki/Kyle_Schwarber "Kyle Schwarber") at third and two outs, [Jake Cronenworth](/wiki/Jake_Cronenworth "Jake Cronenworth") made a diving stop to get [Bryce Harper](/wiki/Bryce_Harper "Bryce Harper") out at first and rob the Phillies of a run. In the fourth, Harper homered off of Darvish for the first run of the series. In the bottom of the inning, Wheeler retired the heart of the Padres' order. In the top of the sixth, Schwarber added on to the Phillies' lead, hitting a towering second\-deck home run. Philadelphia's [Seranthony Dominguez](/wiki/Seranthony_Dominguez "Seranthony Dominguez") retired the side in the bottom of the eighth. In the ninth, a potential game\-ending double play was spoiled when [Bryson Stott](/wiki/Bryson_Stott "Bryson Stott") missed a throw by third baseman [Alec Bohm](/wiki/Alec_Bohm "Alec Bohm") after a [Juan Soto](/wiki/Juan_Soto "Juan Soto") grounder. However, after a [Manny Machado](/wiki/Manny_Machado "Manny Machado") flyout, [José Alvarado](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alvarado_%28baseball%29 "José Alvarado (baseball)") struck out [Josh Bell](/wiki/Josh_Bell_%28first_baseman%29 "Josh Bell (first baseman)") to end the inning and the game. Wheeler struck out eight batters in Game 1, earning the win.
### Game 2
[thumb\|upright\=.8\|[Juan Soto](/wiki/Juan_Soto "Juan Soto") hit a big game\-tying double in Game 2\.](/wiki/File:Juan_Soto_9.22.22.jpg "Juan Soto 9.22.22.jpg")
{{linescore\|
\|Date \= October 19, 2022
\|Time \= 1:35{{nbsp}}pm (PDT)
\|Location \= Petco Park in San Diego, California
\|Other \= {{convert\|92\|F\|C}}, sunny
\|Road\=Philadelphia\|RoadAbr\=PHI
\|R1\=0\|R2\=4\|R3\=0\|R4\=0\|R5\=0\|R6\=0\|R7\=0\|R8\=1\|R9\=0\|RR\=5\|RH\=8\|RE\=0
\|Home\='''San Diego'''\|HomeAbr\=SD
\|H1\=0\|H2\=2\|H3\=0\|H4\=0\|H5\=5\|H6\=0\|H7\=1\|H8\=0\|H9\=X\|HR\=8\|HH\=12\|HE\=1
\|WP\=\[\[Blake Snell]] (1–0\) \|LP\=\[\[Aaron Nola]] (0–1\) \|SV\=\[\[Josh Hader]] (1\)
\|HomeHR\=\[\[Brandon Drury]] (1\), \[\[Josh Bell (first baseman)\|Josh Bell]] (1\), \[\[Manny Machado]] (1\) \|RoadHR\=\[\[Rhys Hoskins]] (1\)
\|Attendance\= 44,607
\|BoxURL \= https://www.mlb.com/gameday/phillies\-vs\-padres/2022/10/19/715730\#game\_state\=final,game\_tab\=box,game\=715730
}}
Philadelphia jumped on top early in Game 2, scoring four runs off of [Blake Snell](/wiki/Blake_Snell "Blake Snell") in the top of the second by way of a bloop single by [Alec Bohm](/wiki/Alec_Bohm "Alec Bohm") that scored [Bryce Harper](/wiki/Bryce_Harper "Bryce Harper"), a [Matt Vierling](/wiki/Matt_Vierling "Matt Vierling") double that was lost in the sun by [Juan Soto](/wiki/Juan_Soto "Juan Soto"), an [Edmundo Sosa](/wiki/Edmundo_Sosa "Edmundo Sosa") single, and a [Kyle Schwarber](/wiki/Kyle_Schwarber "Kyle Schwarber") grounder that was dropped by [Brandon Drury](/wiki/Brandon_Drury "Brandon Drury"), allowing Vierling to score. The Padres answered back in the bottom of the inning with home runs on back\-to\-back pitches from Brandon Drury and [Josh Bell](/wiki/Josh_Bell_%28first_baseman%29 "Josh Bell (first baseman)") off of Phillies starter [Aaron Nola](/wiki/Aaron_Nola "Aaron Nola"). Nola then faced his brother [Austin](/wiki/Austin_Nola "Austin Nola"), who grounded out to third. In the top of the fifth, Austin singled off his brother, scoring [Ha\-seong Kim](/wiki/Ha-seong_Kim "Ha-seong Kim"). [Jurickson Profar](/wiki/Jurickson_Profar "Jurickson Profar") then singled to advance Nola to third. The next batter, Juan Soto, doubled to right field, scoring Nola and tying the game at four. Three additional runs would score in the inning, two from a single from Drury, and one from a single from Bell to put the Padres up 7–4\. In the seventh inning, [Manny Machado](/wiki/Manny_Machado "Manny Machado") homered off Philadelphia's [David Robertson](/wiki/David_Robertson_%28baseball%29 "David Robertson (baseball)"), increasing the Padres' lead to four. A first\-pitch homer from [Rhys Hoskins](/wiki/Rhys_Hoskins "Rhys Hoskins") in the top of the eighth that cut down San Diego's lead to three would be the final run of the game, as [Josh Hader](/wiki/Josh_Hader "Josh Hader") earned the save in San Diego's first win in an NLCS game since 1998\.
### Game 3
[thumb\|upright\=.8\|[Jean Segura](/wiki/Jean_Segura "Jean Segura") had the go\-ahead RBI single in Game 3\.](/wiki/File:Jean_Segura_%2832618977817%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "Jean Segura (32618977817) (cropped).jpg")
{{linescore\|
\|Date \= October 21, 2022
\|Time \= 7:37{{nbsp}}pm (\[\[Eastern Time Zone\|EDT]])
\|Location \= \[\[Citizens Bank Park]] in \[\[Philadelphia]], \[\[Pennsylvania]]
\|Other \= {{convert\|58\|F\|C}}, clear
\|Road\=San Diego\|RoadAbr\=SD
\|R1\=0\|R2\=0\|R3\=0\|R4\=1\|R5\=1\|R6\=0\|R7\=0\|R8\=0\|R9\=0\|RR\=2\|RH\=7\|RE\=0
\|Home\='''Philadelphia'''\|HomeAbr\=PHI
\|H1\=1\|H2\=0\|H3\=0\|H4\=2\|H5\=0\|H6\=1\|H7\=0\|H8\=0\|H9\=X\|HR\=4\|HH\=9\|HE\=2
\|WP\=\[\[Ranger Suárez]] (1–0\) \|LP\=\[\[Joe Musgrove]] (0–1\) \|SV\=\[\[Seranthony Domínguez]] (1\)
\|HomeHR\= \[\[Kyle Schwarber]] (2\) \|RoadHR\=
\|Attendance\=45,279
\|BoxURL \= https://www.mlb.com/gameday/padres\-vs\-phillies/2022/10/21/715729\#game\_state\=final,lock\_state\=final,game\_tab\=box,game\=715729
}}
Game 3 featured Philadelphia's [Ranger Suarez](/wiki/Ranger_Su%C3%A1rez "Ranger Suárez") on the mound in their first NLCS home game since 2010\. San Diego countered with [Joe Musgrove](/wiki/Joe_Musgrove "Joe Musgrove"), who gave up a leadoff home run from [Kyle Schwarber](/wiki/Kyle_Schwarber "Kyle Schwarber") in the bottom of the first. In the top of the fourth, with runners at first and third, San Diego's [Jake Cronenworth](/wiki/Jake_Cronenworth "Jake Cronenworth") hit a ground ball to shortstop [Bryson Stott](/wiki/Bryson_Stott "Bryson Stott"). Stott threw to second baseman [Jean Segura](/wiki/Jean_Segura "Jean Segura"), who dropped the ball, allowing [Juan Soto](/wiki/Juan_Soto "Juan Soto") to score and tying the game at one. The Phillies answered in the bottom of the inning with a double from Stott after an [Alec Bohm](/wiki/Alec_Bohm "Alec Bohm") walk. Segura then singled to right center field, scoring both runners and putting the Phillies up 3–1\. In the fifth inning, San Diego's [Trent Grisham](/wiki/Trent_Grisham "Trent Grisham") hit a ground ball along the first base line that was misplayed by [Rhys Hoskins](/wiki/Rhys_Hoskins "Rhys Hoskins") for a double. Ha\-seong Kim then grounded out to score Grisham from third and cut the Phillies' lead to one. In the sixth inning, Bohm doubled to Soto, who dove for the ball and missed, scoring [Nick Castellanos](/wiki/Nick_Castellanos "Nick Castellanos") from second to raise the Phillies' lead by one. In the top of the ninth, [Jurickson Profar](/wiki/Jurickson_Profar "Jurickson Profar") was ejected after arguing a check swing call. [Seranthony Domínguez](/wiki/Seranthony_Dom%C3%ADnguez "Seranthony Domínguez") earned the save for Philadelphia, his first\-ever postseason save.
### Game 4
[thumb\|upright\=.8\|[Rhys Hoskins](/wiki/Rhys_Hoskins "Rhys Hoskins") hit two home runs in Game 4\.](/wiki/File:Rhys_Hoskins_9_15_18_%28cropped%29.jpg "Rhys Hoskins 9 15 18 (cropped).jpg")
{{linescore\|
\|Date \= October 22, 2022
\|Time \= 7:45{{nbsp}}pm (EDT)
\|Location \= Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
\|Other \= {{convert\|60\|F\|C}}, mostly cloudy
\|Road\=San Diego\|RoadAbr\=SD
\|R1\=4\|R2\=0\|R3\=0\|R4\=0\|R5\=2\|R6\=0\|R7\=0\|R8\=0\|R9\=0\|RR\=6\|RH\=8\|RE\=0
\|Home\='''Philadelphia'''\|HomeAbr\=PHI
\|H1\=3\|H2\=0\|H3\=0\|H4\=1\|H5\=4\|H6\=1\|H7\=1\|H8\=0\|H9\=X\|HR\=10\|HH\=11\|HE\=0
\|WP\=\[\[Brad Hand]] (1–0\) \|LP\=\[\[Sean Manaea]] (0–1\)
\|HomeHR\=\[\[Rhys Hoskins]] 2 (3\), \[\[Kyle Schwarber]] (3\), \[\[J. T. Realmuto]] (1\) \|RoadHR\=\[\[Manny Machado]] (2\), \[\[Juan Soto]] (1\)
\|Attendance\=45,467
\|BoxURL \= https://www.mlb.com/gameday/padres\-vs\-phillies/2022/10/22/715728\#game\_state\=final,lock\_state\=final,game\_tab\=box,game\=715728
}}
Three days after the Phillies blew a 4–0 lead in Game 2, the Padres blew a 4–0 lead of their own. In the first inning, [Manny Machado](/wiki/Manny_Machado "Manny Machado") hit a solo home run, followed by a two\-run double by [Brandon Drury](/wiki/Brandon_Drury "Brandon Drury") that pulled Philadelphia starter [Bailey Falter](/wiki/Bailey_Falter "Bailey Falter") out of the game. His replacement, [Connor Brogdon](/wiki/Connor_Brogdon "Connor Brogdon"), gave up a single by [Ha\-seong Kim](/wiki/Ha-seong_Kim "Ha-seong Kim") that scored Drury to widen the Padres' lead to 4–0\. In the bottom of the inning, [Rhys Hoskins](/wiki/Rhys_Hoskins "Rhys Hoskins") hit a two\-run home run for the Phillies to cut the lead in half, followed by a run\-scoring double by [Bryce Harper](/wiki/Bryce_Harper "Bryce Harper") to get Philadelphia within one run. This pulled San Diego starter [Mike Clevinger](/wiki/Mike_Clevinger "Mike Clevinger") out of the game, the first time two opposing starters had been pulled in the first inning of a postseason game since the [1932 World Series](/wiki/1932_World_Series "1932 World Series"). In the bottom of the fourth, [Bryson Stott](/wiki/Bryson_Stott "Bryson Stott") tied the game at four, scoring [Nick Castellanos](/wiki/Nick_Castellanos "Nick Castellanos"). Stott was tagged out at second base. In the fifth inning, [Juan Soto](/wiki/Juan_Soto "Juan Soto") hit a two\-run home run to give San Diego a 6–4 edge. The lead was short\-lived, however. In the bottom of the inning, Hoskins hit another two\-run home run off [Sean Manaea](/wiki/Sean_Manaea "Sean Manaea") to tie the game at six. This was followed by an RBI double by Harper, which gave Philadelphia the lead for the first time in the game. Castellanos hit a single that bounced off second base, scoring Harper to make it 8–6\. [Kyle Schwarber](/wiki/Kyle_Schwarber "Kyle Schwarber") and [J. T. Realmuto](/wiki/J._T._Realmuto "J. T. Realmuto") added to the scoring with solo home runs in the sixth and seventh innings off [Luis Garcia](/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_%28pitcher%2C_born_1987%29 "Luis García (pitcher, born 1987)") and [Steven Wilson](/wiki/Steven_Wilson_%28baseball%29 "Steven Wilson (baseball)"), respectively. The 10–6 victory for Philadelphia pulled them within one win of going to the World Series.
### Game 5
[thumb\|upright\=.8\|[Bryce Harper](/wiki/Bryce_Harper "Bryce Harper") hit the series\-winning home run in Game 5\.](/wiki/File:Bryce_Harper_%2833639746228%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "Bryce Harper (33639746228) (cropped).jpg")
{{linescore\|
\|Date \= October 23, 2022
\|Time \= 2:37{{nbsp}}pm (EDT)
\|Location \= Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
\|Other \= {{convert\|63\|F\|C}}, cloudy
\|Road\=San Diego\|RoadAbr\=SD
\|R1\=0\|R2\=0\|R3\=0\|R4\=1\|R5\=0\|R6\=0\|R7\=2\|R8\=0\|R9\=0\|RR\=3\|RH\=5\|RE\=0
\|Home\='''Philadelphia'''\|HomeAbr\=PHI
\|H1\=0\|H2\=0\|H3\=2\|H4\=0\|H5\=0\|H6\=0\|H7\=0\|H8\=2\|H9\=X\|HR\=4\|HH\=6\|HE\=0
\|WP\=\[\[José Alvarado (baseball)\|José Alvarado]] (1–0\) \|LP\=\[\[Robert Suárez]] (0–1\) \|SV\=\[\[Ranger Suárez]] (1\)
\|HomeHR\=\[\[Rhys Hoskins]] (4\), \[\[Bryce Harper]] (2\) \|RoadHR\=\[\[Juan Soto]] (2\)
\|Attendance\=45,485
\|BoxURL \= https://www.mlb.com/gameday/padres\-vs\-phillies/2022/10/23/715727\#game\_state\=final,game\_tab\=box,game\=715727
}}
Game 5 was a pitching rematch of Game 1, with [Zack Wheeler](/wiki/Zack_Wheeler "Zack Wheeler") on the mound for the Phillies and [Yu Darvish](/wiki/Yu_Darvish "Yu Darvish") for the Padres. In the bottom of the third with two outs, Darvish walked [Kyle Schwarber](/wiki/Kyle_Schwarber "Kyle Schwarber"). The next batter, [Rhys Hoskins](/wiki/Rhys_Hoskins "Rhys Hoskins"), followed up on his performance in Game 4 and hit a two\-run home run, his third in 24 hours. The Padres prevented additional scoring after a [J. T. Realmuto](/wiki/J._T._Realmuto "J. T. Realmuto") single when [Bryce Harper](/wiki/Bryce_Harper "Bryce Harper") flew out to end the inning. [Juan Soto](/wiki/Juan_Soto "Juan Soto") struck back for the Padres in the top of the fourth with a solo home run. Wheeler was chased from the game after giving up a single to [Jake Cronenworth](/wiki/Jake_Cronenworth "Jake Cronenworth") in the top of the seventh. His replacement, [Seranthony Domínguez](/wiki/Seranthony_Dom%C3%ADnguez "Seranthony Domínguez"), gave up a double to [Josh Bell](/wiki/Josh_Bell_%28first_baseman%29 "Josh Bell (first baseman)") that scored Cronenworth. Bell's pinch runner, [José Azócar](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Az%C3%B3car "José Azócar"), advanced to third on a wild pitch. With two outs and two strikes on the batter, [Trent Grisham](/wiki/Trent_Grisham "Trent Grisham"), Domínguez threw another pitch in the dirt to score Azócar and give San Diego the lead. Grisham then flew out to end the top of the inning. In the top of the seventh, [Bryson Stott](/wiki/Bryson_Stott "Bryson Stott") doubled, removing Darvish from the game. He was replaced with [Robert Suárez](/wiki/Robert_Su%C3%A1rez "Robert Suárez"). After getting [Jean Segura](/wiki/Jean_Segura "Jean Segura") to fly out and striking out Brandon Marsh, Suárez intentionally walked Schwarber. With two outs, Hoskins flew out to end the inning. After Domínguez's disappointing performance in the seventh inning, he was replaced with [José Alvarado](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alvarado_%28baseball%29 "José Alvarado (baseball)"), who walked Soto after giving up a single to [Jurickson Profar](/wiki/Jurickson_Profar "Jurickson Profar"). Alvarado got out of the jam by getting [Manny Machado](/wiki/Manny_Machado "Manny Machado") to fly out and Cronenworth to ground out.
In the bottom of the eighth, with Philadelphia still trailing by a run, Realmuto singled to left field. Harper then hit a two\-run home run to left field, giving the Phillies a one\-run lead.{{Cite web \|date\=December 30, 2022 \|title\=Bedlam At The Bank: The 2022 Phillies Video Yearbook \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=j38ckdv4zPA \|access\-date\=January 3, 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Philadelphia Phillies]]}} [Joe Davis](/wiki/Joe_Davis_%28sportscaster%29 "Joe Davis (sportscaster)"), who was the TV play\-by\-play broadcaster on [FS1](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_on_FS1 "Major League Baseball on FS1"), described the moment as "the swing of his \[Harper's] life." [Scott Franzke](/wiki/Scott_Franzke "Scott Franzke"), calling the game on Phillies radio, termed the home fans' delirious reaction "bedlam at the Bank."{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nbcsports.com/philadelphia/phillies/phillies\-radio\-call\-bryce\-harpers\-home\-run\-legendary\|title\=Scott Franzke nailed the Bryce Harper home run call\|author\=Adam Hermann\|website\=\[\[NBC Sports Philadelphia]]\|date\=2022\-10\-24\|access\-date\=2023\-02\-17}} After Suárez retired the next two Phillies, [David Robertson](/wiki/David_Robertson_%28baseball%29 "David Robertson (baseball)") came in to close for Philadelphia, and after walking [Brandon Drury](/wiki/Brandon_Drury "Brandon Drury") and [Ha\-seong Kim](/wiki/Ha-seong_Kim "Ha-seong Kim") with one out, he was taken out of the game. [Ranger Suárez](/wiki/Ranger_Su%C3%A1rez "Ranger Suárez"), who started in Game 3, was his replacement. Grisham, the next batter, bunted to advance the runners to second and third but was put out at first base. [Austin Nola](/wiki/Austin_Nola "Austin Nola") then flew out to [Nick Castellanos](/wiki/Nick_Castellanos "Nick Castellanos"), sending the Phillies to the World Series for the first time since [2009](/wiki/2009_World_Series "2009 World Series").
After the game, Harper was named the [NLCS MVP](/wiki/NLCS_MVP "NLCS MVP"), having had a .400 batting average, five runs batted in, and two home runs, including the pennant\-winning two\-run homer in Game 5\.
### Composite line score
2022 NLCS **(4–1\)**: **[Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/2022_Philadelphia_Phillies_season "2022 Philadelphia Phillies season")** beat [San Diego Padres](/wiki/2022_San_Diego_Padres_season "2022 San Diego Padres season")
{{linescore\|
\|Road\='''\[\[2022 Philadelphia Phillies season\|Philadelphia Phillies]]'''
\|R1\=4\|R2\=4\|R3\=2\|R4\=4\|R5\=4\|R6\=3\|R7\=1\|R8\=3\|R9\=0\|RR\=25\|RH\=37\|RE\=3
\|Home\=\[\[2022 San Diego Padres season\|San Diego Padres]]
\|H1\=4\|H2\=2\|H3\=0\|H4\=2\|H5\=8\|H6\=0\|H7\=3\|H8\=0\|H9\=0\|HR\=19\|HH\=33\|HE\=1
\|TotalAttendance\=225,664
\|AveAttendance\=45,133
}}
|
[
"Game summaries\n--------------",
"### Game 1",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=.8\\|[Kyle Schwarber](/wiki/Kyle_Schwarber \"Kyle Schwarber\") hit a towering second\\-deck home run in Game 1\\.](/wiki/File:Kyle_Schwarber_Phillies_2022.png \"Kyle Schwarber Phillies 2022.png\")\n{{linescore\\|\n\\|Date \\= October 18, 2022\n\\|Time \\= 5:03{{nbsp}}pm (\\[\\[Pacific Time Zone\\|PDT]])\n\\|Location \\= \\[\\[Petco Park]] in \\[\\[San Diego]], \\[\\[California]]\n\\|Other \\= {{convert\\|78\\|F\\|C}}, sunny \n\\|Road\\='''Philadelphia'''\\|RoadAbr\\=PHI\n\\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=0\\|R3\\=0\\|R4\\=1\\|R5\\=0\\|R6\\=1\\|R7\\=0\\|R8\\=0\\|R9\\=0\\|RR\\=2\\|RH\\=3\\|RE\\=1\n\\|Home\\=San Diego\\|HomeAbr\\=SD\n\\|H1\\=0\\|H2\\=0\\|H3\\=0\\|H4\\=0\\|H5\\=0\\|H6\\=0\\|H7\\=0\\|H8\\=0\\|H9\\=0\\|HR\\=0\\|HH\\=1\\|HE\\=0\n\\|WP\\=\\[\\[Zack Wheeler]] (1–0\\) \\|LP\\=\\[\\[Yu Darvish]] (0–1\\) \\|SV\\=\\[\\[José Alvarado (baseball)\\|José Alvarado]] (1\\)\n\\|HomeHR\\= \\|RoadHR\\=\\[\\[Bryce Harper]] (1\\), \\[\\[Kyle Schwarber]] (1\\)\n\\|Attendance\\=44,826\n\\|BoxURL \\= https://www.mlb.com/gameday/phillies\\-vs\\-padres/2022/10/18/715731\\#game\\_state\\=final,game\\_tab\\=box,game\\=715731\n}}",
"Game 1 was a low\\-scoring pitcher's duel between Philadelphia's [Zack Wheeler](/wiki/Zack_Wheeler \"Zack Wheeler\") and San Diego's [Yu Darvish](/wiki/Yu_Darvish \"Yu Darvish\"). In the top of the first, with [Kyle Schwarber](/wiki/Kyle_Schwarber \"Kyle Schwarber\") at third and two outs, [Jake Cronenworth](/wiki/Jake_Cronenworth \"Jake Cronenworth\") made a diving stop to get [Bryce Harper](/wiki/Bryce_Harper \"Bryce Harper\") out at first and rob the Phillies of a run. In the fourth, Harper homered off of Darvish for the first run of the series. In the bottom of the inning, Wheeler retired the heart of the Padres' order. In the top of the sixth, Schwarber added on to the Phillies' lead, hitting a towering second\\-deck home run. Philadelphia's [Seranthony Dominguez](/wiki/Seranthony_Dominguez \"Seranthony Dominguez\") retired the side in the bottom of the eighth. In the ninth, a potential game\\-ending double play was spoiled when [Bryson Stott](/wiki/Bryson_Stott \"Bryson Stott\") missed a throw by third baseman [Alec Bohm](/wiki/Alec_Bohm \"Alec Bohm\") after a [Juan Soto](/wiki/Juan_Soto \"Juan Soto\") grounder. However, after a [Manny Machado](/wiki/Manny_Machado \"Manny Machado\") flyout, [José Alvarado](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alvarado_%28baseball%29 \"José Alvarado (baseball)\") struck out [Josh Bell](/wiki/Josh_Bell_%28first_baseman%29 \"Josh Bell (first baseman)\") to end the inning and the game. Wheeler struck out eight batters in Game 1, earning the win.",
"### Game 2",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=.8\\|[Juan Soto](/wiki/Juan_Soto \"Juan Soto\") hit a big game\\-tying double in Game 2\\.](/wiki/File:Juan_Soto_9.22.22.jpg \"Juan Soto 9.22.22.jpg\")\n{{linescore\\|\n\\|Date \\= October 19, 2022\n\\|Time \\= 1:35{{nbsp}}pm (PDT)\n\\|Location \\= Petco Park in San Diego, California\n\\|Other \\= {{convert\\|92\\|F\\|C}}, sunny \n\\|Road\\=Philadelphia\\|RoadAbr\\=PHI\n\\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=4\\|R3\\=0\\|R4\\=0\\|R5\\=0\\|R6\\=0\\|R7\\=0\\|R8\\=1\\|R9\\=0\\|RR\\=5\\|RH\\=8\\|RE\\=0\n\\|Home\\='''San Diego'''\\|HomeAbr\\=SD\n\\|H1\\=0\\|H2\\=2\\|H3\\=0\\|H4\\=0\\|H5\\=5\\|H6\\=0\\|H7\\=1\\|H8\\=0\\|H9\\=X\\|HR\\=8\\|HH\\=12\\|HE\\=1\n\\|WP\\=\\[\\[Blake Snell]] (1–0\\) \\|LP\\=\\[\\[Aaron Nola]] (0–1\\) \\|SV\\=\\[\\[Josh Hader]] (1\\)\n\\|HomeHR\\=\\[\\[Brandon Drury]] (1\\), \\[\\[Josh Bell (first baseman)\\|Josh Bell]] (1\\), \\[\\[Manny Machado]] (1\\) \\|RoadHR\\=\\[\\[Rhys Hoskins]] (1\\)\n\\|Attendance\\= 44,607\n\\|BoxURL \\= https://www.mlb.com/gameday/phillies\\-vs\\-padres/2022/10/19/715730\\#game\\_state\\=final,game\\_tab\\=box,game\\=715730\n}}",
"Philadelphia jumped on top early in Game 2, scoring four runs off of [Blake Snell](/wiki/Blake_Snell \"Blake Snell\") in the top of the second by way of a bloop single by [Alec Bohm](/wiki/Alec_Bohm \"Alec Bohm\") that scored [Bryce Harper](/wiki/Bryce_Harper \"Bryce Harper\"), a [Matt Vierling](/wiki/Matt_Vierling \"Matt Vierling\") double that was lost in the sun by [Juan Soto](/wiki/Juan_Soto \"Juan Soto\"), an [Edmundo Sosa](/wiki/Edmundo_Sosa \"Edmundo Sosa\") single, and a [Kyle Schwarber](/wiki/Kyle_Schwarber \"Kyle Schwarber\") grounder that was dropped by [Brandon Drury](/wiki/Brandon_Drury \"Brandon Drury\"), allowing Vierling to score. The Padres answered back in the bottom of the inning with home runs on back\\-to\\-back pitches from Brandon Drury and [Josh Bell](/wiki/Josh_Bell_%28first_baseman%29 \"Josh Bell (first baseman)\") off of Phillies starter [Aaron Nola](/wiki/Aaron_Nola \"Aaron Nola\"). Nola then faced his brother [Austin](/wiki/Austin_Nola \"Austin Nola\"), who grounded out to third. In the top of the fifth, Austin singled off his brother, scoring [Ha\\-seong Kim](/wiki/Ha-seong_Kim \"Ha-seong Kim\"). [Jurickson Profar](/wiki/Jurickson_Profar \"Jurickson Profar\") then singled to advance Nola to third. The next batter, Juan Soto, doubled to right field, scoring Nola and tying the game at four. Three additional runs would score in the inning, two from a single from Drury, and one from a single from Bell to put the Padres up 7–4\\. In the seventh inning, [Manny Machado](/wiki/Manny_Machado \"Manny Machado\") homered off Philadelphia's [David Robertson](/wiki/David_Robertson_%28baseball%29 \"David Robertson (baseball)\"), increasing the Padres' lead to four. A first\\-pitch homer from [Rhys Hoskins](/wiki/Rhys_Hoskins \"Rhys Hoskins\") in the top of the eighth that cut down San Diego's lead to three would be the final run of the game, as [Josh Hader](/wiki/Josh_Hader \"Josh Hader\") earned the save in San Diego's first win in an NLCS game since 1998\\.",
"### Game 3",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=.8\\|[Jean Segura](/wiki/Jean_Segura \"Jean Segura\") had the go\\-ahead RBI single in Game 3\\.](/wiki/File:Jean_Segura_%2832618977817%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Jean Segura (32618977817) (cropped).jpg\")\n{{linescore\\|\n\\|Date \\= October 21, 2022\n\\|Time \\= 7:37{{nbsp}}pm (\\[\\[Eastern Time Zone\\|EDT]])\n\\|Location \\= \\[\\[Citizens Bank Park]] in \\[\\[Philadelphia]], \\[\\[Pennsylvania]]\n\\|Other \\= {{convert\\|58\\|F\\|C}}, clear \n\\|Road\\=San Diego\\|RoadAbr\\=SD\n\\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=0\\|R3\\=0\\|R4\\=1\\|R5\\=1\\|R6\\=0\\|R7\\=0\\|R8\\=0\\|R9\\=0\\|RR\\=2\\|RH\\=7\\|RE\\=0\n\\|Home\\='''Philadelphia'''\\|HomeAbr\\=PHI\n\\|H1\\=1\\|H2\\=0\\|H3\\=0\\|H4\\=2\\|H5\\=0\\|H6\\=1\\|H7\\=0\\|H8\\=0\\|H9\\=X\\|HR\\=4\\|HH\\=9\\|HE\\=2\n\\|WP\\=\\[\\[Ranger Suárez]] (1–0\\) \\|LP\\=\\[\\[Joe Musgrove]] (0–1\\) \\|SV\\=\\[\\[Seranthony Domínguez]] (1\\)\n\\|HomeHR\\= \\[\\[Kyle Schwarber]] (2\\) \\|RoadHR\\=\n\\|Attendance\\=45,279\n\\|BoxURL \\= https://www.mlb.com/gameday/padres\\-vs\\-phillies/2022/10/21/715729\\#game\\_state\\=final,lock\\_state\\=final,game\\_tab\\=box,game\\=715729\n}}",
"Game 3 featured Philadelphia's [Ranger Suarez](/wiki/Ranger_Su%C3%A1rez \"Ranger Suárez\") on the mound in their first NLCS home game since 2010\\. San Diego countered with [Joe Musgrove](/wiki/Joe_Musgrove \"Joe Musgrove\"), who gave up a leadoff home run from [Kyle Schwarber](/wiki/Kyle_Schwarber \"Kyle Schwarber\") in the bottom of the first. In the top of the fourth, with runners at first and third, San Diego's [Jake Cronenworth](/wiki/Jake_Cronenworth \"Jake Cronenworth\") hit a ground ball to shortstop [Bryson Stott](/wiki/Bryson_Stott \"Bryson Stott\"). Stott threw to second baseman [Jean Segura](/wiki/Jean_Segura \"Jean Segura\"), who dropped the ball, allowing [Juan Soto](/wiki/Juan_Soto \"Juan Soto\") to score and tying the game at one. The Phillies answered in the bottom of the inning with a double from Stott after an [Alec Bohm](/wiki/Alec_Bohm \"Alec Bohm\") walk. Segura then singled to right center field, scoring both runners and putting the Phillies up 3–1\\. In the fifth inning, San Diego's [Trent Grisham](/wiki/Trent_Grisham \"Trent Grisham\") hit a ground ball along the first base line that was misplayed by [Rhys Hoskins](/wiki/Rhys_Hoskins \"Rhys Hoskins\") for a double. Ha\\-seong Kim then grounded out to score Grisham from third and cut the Phillies' lead to one. In the sixth inning, Bohm doubled to Soto, who dove for the ball and missed, scoring [Nick Castellanos](/wiki/Nick_Castellanos \"Nick Castellanos\") from second to raise the Phillies' lead by one. In the top of the ninth, [Jurickson Profar](/wiki/Jurickson_Profar \"Jurickson Profar\") was ejected after arguing a check swing call. [Seranthony Domínguez](/wiki/Seranthony_Dom%C3%ADnguez \"Seranthony Domínguez\") earned the save for Philadelphia, his first\\-ever postseason save.",
"### Game 4",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=.8\\|[Rhys Hoskins](/wiki/Rhys_Hoskins \"Rhys Hoskins\") hit two home runs in Game 4\\.](/wiki/File:Rhys_Hoskins_9_15_18_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Rhys Hoskins 9 15 18 (cropped).jpg\")\n{{linescore\\|\n\\|Date \\= October 22, 2022\n\\|Time \\= 7:45{{nbsp}}pm (EDT)\n\\|Location \\= Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n\\|Other \\= {{convert\\|60\\|F\\|C}}, mostly cloudy \n\\|Road\\=San Diego\\|RoadAbr\\=SD\n\\|R1\\=4\\|R2\\=0\\|R3\\=0\\|R4\\=0\\|R5\\=2\\|R6\\=0\\|R7\\=0\\|R8\\=0\\|R9\\=0\\|RR\\=6\\|RH\\=8\\|RE\\=0\n\\|Home\\='''Philadelphia'''\\|HomeAbr\\=PHI\n\\|H1\\=3\\|H2\\=0\\|H3\\=0\\|H4\\=1\\|H5\\=4\\|H6\\=1\\|H7\\=1\\|H8\\=0\\|H9\\=X\\|HR\\=10\\|HH\\=11\\|HE\\=0\n\\|WP\\=\\[\\[Brad Hand]] (1–0\\) \\|LP\\=\\[\\[Sean Manaea]] (0–1\\)\n\\|HomeHR\\=\\[\\[Rhys Hoskins]] 2 (3\\), \\[\\[Kyle Schwarber]] (3\\), \\[\\[J. T. Realmuto]] (1\\) \\|RoadHR\\=\\[\\[Manny Machado]] (2\\), \\[\\[Juan Soto]] (1\\)\n\\|Attendance\\=45,467\n\\|BoxURL \\= https://www.mlb.com/gameday/padres\\-vs\\-phillies/2022/10/22/715728\\#game\\_state\\=final,lock\\_state\\=final,game\\_tab\\=box,game\\=715728\n}}",
"Three days after the Phillies blew a 4–0 lead in Game 2, the Padres blew a 4–0 lead of their own. In the first inning, [Manny Machado](/wiki/Manny_Machado \"Manny Machado\") hit a solo home run, followed by a two\\-run double by [Brandon Drury](/wiki/Brandon_Drury \"Brandon Drury\") that pulled Philadelphia starter [Bailey Falter](/wiki/Bailey_Falter \"Bailey Falter\") out of the game. His replacement, [Connor Brogdon](/wiki/Connor_Brogdon \"Connor Brogdon\"), gave up a single by [Ha\\-seong Kim](/wiki/Ha-seong_Kim \"Ha-seong Kim\") that scored Drury to widen the Padres' lead to 4–0\\. In the bottom of the inning, [Rhys Hoskins](/wiki/Rhys_Hoskins \"Rhys Hoskins\") hit a two\\-run home run for the Phillies to cut the lead in half, followed by a run\\-scoring double by [Bryce Harper](/wiki/Bryce_Harper \"Bryce Harper\") to get Philadelphia within one run. This pulled San Diego starter [Mike Clevinger](/wiki/Mike_Clevinger \"Mike Clevinger\") out of the game, the first time two opposing starters had been pulled in the first inning of a postseason game since the [1932 World Series](/wiki/1932_World_Series \"1932 World Series\"). In the bottom of the fourth, [Bryson Stott](/wiki/Bryson_Stott \"Bryson Stott\") tied the game at four, scoring [Nick Castellanos](/wiki/Nick_Castellanos \"Nick Castellanos\"). Stott was tagged out at second base. In the fifth inning, [Juan Soto](/wiki/Juan_Soto \"Juan Soto\") hit a two\\-run home run to give San Diego a 6–4 edge. The lead was short\\-lived, however. In the bottom of the inning, Hoskins hit another two\\-run home run off [Sean Manaea](/wiki/Sean_Manaea \"Sean Manaea\") to tie the game at six. This was followed by an RBI double by Harper, which gave Philadelphia the lead for the first time in the game. Castellanos hit a single that bounced off second base, scoring Harper to make it 8–6\\. [Kyle Schwarber](/wiki/Kyle_Schwarber \"Kyle Schwarber\") and [J. T. Realmuto](/wiki/J._T._Realmuto \"J. T. Realmuto\") added to the scoring with solo home runs in the sixth and seventh innings off [Luis Garcia](/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_%28pitcher%2C_born_1987%29 \"Luis García (pitcher, born 1987)\") and [Steven Wilson](/wiki/Steven_Wilson_%28baseball%29 \"Steven Wilson (baseball)\"), respectively. The 10–6 victory for Philadelphia pulled them within one win of going to the World Series.",
"### Game 5",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=.8\\|[Bryce Harper](/wiki/Bryce_Harper \"Bryce Harper\") hit the series\\-winning home run in Game 5\\.](/wiki/File:Bryce_Harper_%2833639746228%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Bryce Harper (33639746228) (cropped).jpg\")\n{{linescore\\|\n\\|Date \\= October 23, 2022\n\\|Time \\= 2:37{{nbsp}}pm (EDT)\n\\|Location \\= Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n\\|Other \\= {{convert\\|63\\|F\\|C}}, cloudy \n\\|Road\\=San Diego\\|RoadAbr\\=SD\n\\|R1\\=0\\|R2\\=0\\|R3\\=0\\|R4\\=1\\|R5\\=0\\|R6\\=0\\|R7\\=2\\|R8\\=0\\|R9\\=0\\|RR\\=3\\|RH\\=5\\|RE\\=0\n\\|Home\\='''Philadelphia'''\\|HomeAbr\\=PHI\n\\|H1\\=0\\|H2\\=0\\|H3\\=2\\|H4\\=0\\|H5\\=0\\|H6\\=0\\|H7\\=0\\|H8\\=2\\|H9\\=X\\|HR\\=4\\|HH\\=6\\|HE\\=0\n\\|WP\\=\\[\\[José Alvarado (baseball)\\|José Alvarado]] (1–0\\) \\|LP\\=\\[\\[Robert Suárez]] (0–1\\) \\|SV\\=\\[\\[Ranger Suárez]] (1\\)\n\\|HomeHR\\=\\[\\[Rhys Hoskins]] (4\\), \\[\\[Bryce Harper]] (2\\) \\|RoadHR\\=\\[\\[Juan Soto]] (2\\)\n\\|Attendance\\=45,485\n\\|BoxURL \\= https://www.mlb.com/gameday/padres\\-vs\\-phillies/2022/10/23/715727\\#game\\_state\\=final,game\\_tab\\=box,game\\=715727\n}}",
"Game 5 was a pitching rematch of Game 1, with [Zack Wheeler](/wiki/Zack_Wheeler \"Zack Wheeler\") on the mound for the Phillies and [Yu Darvish](/wiki/Yu_Darvish \"Yu Darvish\") for the Padres. In the bottom of the third with two outs, Darvish walked [Kyle Schwarber](/wiki/Kyle_Schwarber \"Kyle Schwarber\"). The next batter, [Rhys Hoskins](/wiki/Rhys_Hoskins \"Rhys Hoskins\"), followed up on his performance in Game 4 and hit a two\\-run home run, his third in 24 hours. The Padres prevented additional scoring after a [J. T. Realmuto](/wiki/J._T._Realmuto \"J. T. Realmuto\") single when [Bryce Harper](/wiki/Bryce_Harper \"Bryce Harper\") flew out to end the inning. [Juan Soto](/wiki/Juan_Soto \"Juan Soto\") struck back for the Padres in the top of the fourth with a solo home run. Wheeler was chased from the game after giving up a single to [Jake Cronenworth](/wiki/Jake_Cronenworth \"Jake Cronenworth\") in the top of the seventh. His replacement, [Seranthony Domínguez](/wiki/Seranthony_Dom%C3%ADnguez \"Seranthony Domínguez\"), gave up a double to [Josh Bell](/wiki/Josh_Bell_%28first_baseman%29 \"Josh Bell (first baseman)\") that scored Cronenworth. Bell's pinch runner, [José Azócar](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Az%C3%B3car \"José Azócar\"), advanced to third on a wild pitch. With two outs and two strikes on the batter, [Trent Grisham](/wiki/Trent_Grisham \"Trent Grisham\"), Domínguez threw another pitch in the dirt to score Azócar and give San Diego the lead. Grisham then flew out to end the top of the inning. In the top of the seventh, [Bryson Stott](/wiki/Bryson_Stott \"Bryson Stott\") doubled, removing Darvish from the game. He was replaced with [Robert Suárez](/wiki/Robert_Su%C3%A1rez \"Robert Suárez\"). After getting [Jean Segura](/wiki/Jean_Segura \"Jean Segura\") to fly out and striking out Brandon Marsh, Suárez intentionally walked Schwarber. With two outs, Hoskins flew out to end the inning. After Domínguez's disappointing performance in the seventh inning, he was replaced with [José Alvarado](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alvarado_%28baseball%29 \"José Alvarado (baseball)\"), who walked Soto after giving up a single to [Jurickson Profar](/wiki/Jurickson_Profar \"Jurickson Profar\"). Alvarado got out of the jam by getting [Manny Machado](/wiki/Manny_Machado \"Manny Machado\") to fly out and Cronenworth to ground out.",
"In the bottom of the eighth, with Philadelphia still trailing by a run, Realmuto singled to left field. Harper then hit a two\\-run home run to left field, giving the Phillies a one\\-run lead.{{Cite web \\|date\\=December 30, 2022 \\|title\\=Bedlam At The Bank: The 2022 Phillies Video Yearbook \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=j38ckdv4zPA \\|access\\-date\\=January 3, 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Philadelphia Phillies]]}} [Joe Davis](/wiki/Joe_Davis_%28sportscaster%29 \"Joe Davis (sportscaster)\"), who was the TV play\\-by\\-play broadcaster on [FS1](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_on_FS1 \"Major League Baseball on FS1\"), described the moment as \"the swing of his \\[Harper's] life.\" [Scott Franzke](/wiki/Scott_Franzke \"Scott Franzke\"), calling the game on Phillies radio, termed the home fans' delirious reaction \"bedlam at the Bank.\"{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nbcsports.com/philadelphia/phillies/phillies\\-radio\\-call\\-bryce\\-harpers\\-home\\-run\\-legendary\\|title\\=Scott Franzke nailed the Bryce Harper home run call\\|author\\=Adam Hermann\\|website\\=\\[\\[NBC Sports Philadelphia]]\\|date\\=2022\\-10\\-24\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-17}} After Suárez retired the next two Phillies, [David Robertson](/wiki/David_Robertson_%28baseball%29 \"David Robertson (baseball)\") came in to close for Philadelphia, and after walking [Brandon Drury](/wiki/Brandon_Drury \"Brandon Drury\") and [Ha\\-seong Kim](/wiki/Ha-seong_Kim \"Ha-seong Kim\") with one out, he was taken out of the game. [Ranger Suárez](/wiki/Ranger_Su%C3%A1rez \"Ranger Suárez\"), who started in Game 3, was his replacement. Grisham, the next batter, bunted to advance the runners to second and third but was put out at first base. [Austin Nola](/wiki/Austin_Nola \"Austin Nola\") then flew out to [Nick Castellanos](/wiki/Nick_Castellanos \"Nick Castellanos\"), sending the Phillies to the World Series for the first time since [2009](/wiki/2009_World_Series \"2009 World Series\").",
"After the game, Harper was named the [NLCS MVP](/wiki/NLCS_MVP \"NLCS MVP\"), having had a .400 batting average, five runs batted in, and two home runs, including the pennant\\-winning two\\-run homer in Game 5\\.",
"### Composite line score",
"2022 NLCS **(4–1\\)**: **[Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/2022_Philadelphia_Phillies_season \"2022 Philadelphia Phillies season\")** beat [San Diego Padres](/wiki/2022_San_Diego_Padres_season \"2022 San Diego Padres season\")\n{{linescore\\|\n\\|Road\\='''\\[\\[2022 Philadelphia Phillies season\\|Philadelphia Phillies]]'''\n\\|R1\\=4\\|R2\\=4\\|R3\\=2\\|R4\\=4\\|R5\\=4\\|R6\\=3\\|R7\\=1\\|R8\\=3\\|R9\\=0\\|RR\\=25\\|RH\\=37\\|RE\\=3\n\\|Home\\=\\[\\[2022 San Diego Padres season\\|San Diego Padres]]\n\\|H1\\=4\\|H2\\=2\\|H3\\=0\\|H4\\=2\\|H5\\=8\\|H6\\=0\\|H7\\=3\\|H8\\=0\\|H9\\=0\\|HR\\=19\\|HH\\=33\\|HE\\=1\n\\|TotalAttendance\\=225,664\n\\|AveAttendance\\=45,133\n}}",
""
] |
History
-------
### Aboriginal history
The "[Eora](/wiki/Eora "Eora") people" was the name given to the coastal Aboriginal people around [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney"). Central Sydney is therefore often referred to as "Eora Country". Within the [City of Sydney](/wiki/City_of_Sydney "City of Sydney") [local government area](/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_New_South_Wales "Local government areas of New South Wales"), the [traditional owners](/wiki/Traditional_owners "Traditional owners") are the [Cadigal](/wiki/Cadigal "Cadigal") and [Wangal](/wiki/Wangal "Wangal") bands of the Eora. There is no written record of the name of the language spoken and currently there are debates as whether the coastal peoples spoke a separate language "Eora" or whether this was actually a dialect of the [Dharug language](/wiki/Dharug_language "Dharug language"). Remnant bushland in places like [Blackwattle Bay](/wiki/Blackwattle_Bay "Blackwattle Bay") retain elements of traditional plant, bird and animal life, including fish and rock oysters.[Anita Heiss](/wiki/Anita_Heiss "Anita Heiss"), "Aboriginal People and Place", Barani: Indigenous [History of Sydney](/wiki/History_of_Sydney "History of Sydney") City <http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/barani> )
With the invasion of the Sydney region, the Cadigal and Wangal people were decimated but there are descendants still living in Sydney today. All cities include many immigrants in their population. Aboriginal people from across the state have been attracted to suburbs such as [Pyrmont](/wiki/Pyrmont%2C_New_South_Wales "Pyrmont, New South Wales"), [Balmain](/wiki/Balmain%2C_New_South_Wales "Balmain, New South Wales"), [Rozelle](/wiki/Rozelle "Rozelle"), [Glebe](/wiki/Glebe%2C_Sydney "Glebe, Sydney") and [Redfern](/wiki/Redfern%2C_New_South_Wales "Redfern, New South Wales") since the 1930s. Changes in government legislation in the 1960s provided freedom of movement enabling more Aboriginal people to choose to live in Sydney.
### Darlinghurst Ridge/Woolloomooloo Hill
In the 1830s the whole area from Potts Point to [Kings Cross](/wiki/Kings_Cross%2C_New_South_Wales "Kings Cross, New South Wales") and up to [Oxford Street](/wiki/Oxford_Street%2C_Sydney "Oxford Street, Sydney") was known as Darlinghurst – probably named in honour of [Governor Ralph Darling](/wiki/Ralph_Darling "Ralph Darling") (1824–31\)'s wife, Eliza. The rocky ridge that extended inland from Potts Point was called Eastern or Woolloomooloo Hill from the early days of white settlement. The earliest [grant of land](/wiki/Land_grant "Land grant") on Woolloomooloo Hill was made to Judge\-Advocate [John Wylde](/wiki/John_Wylde "John Wylde") in 1822\. In 1830 Wylde sold six of his {{convert\|11\|acre\|ha\|0\|order\=flip}} on the Point to [Joseph Hyde Potts](/wiki/Joseph_Hyde_Potts "Joseph Hyde Potts"), accountant to the [Bank of New South Wales](/wiki/Bank_of_New_South_Wales "Bank of New South Wales"), after whom Potts Point is named.
By the late 1820s Sydney was a crowded, disorderly and unsanitary town closely settled around the Rocks and [Sydney Cove](/wiki/Sydney_Cove "Sydney Cove"), with a European population of around 12,000\. Governor Darling was receiving applications from prominent Sydney citizens for better living conditions. The ridge of Woolloomooloo Hill beckoned, offering proximity to town and incomparable views from the [Blue Mountains](/wiki/Blue_Mountains_%28New_South_Wales%29 "Blue Mountains (New South Wales)") to the heads of [Sydney Harbour](/wiki/Sydney_Harbour "Sydney Harbour").
In 1828 Darling ordered the subdivision of Woolloomooloo Hill into suitable "town allotments" for large residences and extensive gardens. He then issued "deeds of grant" to select members of colonial society (in particular, his senior civil servants). The first seven grants were issued in 1828, with the other allotments formally granted in 1831\.
The private residences that were built on the grants were required to meet Darling's so\-called "villa conditions" which were possibly determined and overseen by his wife, who had architectural skills. These ensured that only one residence was built on each grant to an approved standard and design, that they were each set within a generous amount of landscaped land and that, in most cases, they faced the town. By the mid\-1830s the parade of "white" villas down the spine of Woolloomooloo Hill presented a picturesque sight, and was visible from the harbour and town of Sydney.([State Library](/wiki/State_Library_of_New_South_Wales "State Library of New South Wales"), 2002\)
### Jenner House
The site was created in the 1866 subdivision of [Alexander Macleay](/wiki/Alexander_Macleay "Alexander Macleay")'s 55 acre [Elizabeth Bay](/wiki/Elizabeth_Bay%2C_New_South_Wales "Elizabeth Bay, New South Wales") estate. A 99\-year lease of the lot was taken out by retailer Lebbeus Hordern who commissioned colonial architect [Edmund Blacket](/wiki/Edmund_Blacket "Edmund Blacket") to design a two\-storey house named Stramshall (with outbuildings) in 1871\. The house was erected in 1871 in [Regency Revival](/wiki/Australian_residential_architectural_styles%23Regency "Australian residential architectural styles#Regency") style, the ground and first floors and service wing.
In 1875 the lease was transferred to J. T. Neale, and two years later in 1876–77 a third storey was added to a design by [Thomas Rowe](/wiki/Thomas_Rowe "Thomas Rowe"). The name was changed to Kurragheen, then later Lugano.
In 1915 the building became the **Jenner Private Hospital**, and several minor alterations were made to facilitate this use. The garage in the south western corner of the site was erected in the 1920s during the hospital period of usage of the site. The hospital saw many patients over the decades; former [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney") mayor and state MP Sir [Matthew Harris](/wiki/Matthew_Harris_%28Australian_politician%29 "Matthew Harris (Australian politician)") died there in 1917 and serving federal MP [James Sharpe](/wiki/James_Sharpe_%28Australian_politician%29 "James Sharpe (Australian politician)") died there in 1935, while [Premier of South Australia](/wiki/Premier_of_South_Australia "Premier of South Australia") [Richard Layton Butler](/wiki/Richard_Layton_Butler "Richard Layton Butler") was treated there when he fell ill on a visit to Sydney in 1929\.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article221977182 \|title\=SIR MATTHEW HARRIS \|newspaper\=\[\[The Sun (Sydney)\|The Sun]] \|location\=New South Wales, Australia \|date\=8 June 1917 \|access\-date\=22 December 2019 \|page\=5 \|via\=Trove }} {{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article237486111 \|title\=DEATH OF MR. J. B. SHARPE \|newspaper\=\[\[The Labor Daily]] \|location\=New South Wales, Australia \|date\=9 July 1935 \|access\-date\=22 December 2019 \|page\=4 \|via\=Trove }} {{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article246839574 \|title\=S.A. PREMIER TAKES ILL \|newspaper\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)\|The Daily Telegraph]] \|location\=New South Wales, Australia \|date\=7 August 1929 \|access\-date\=22 December 2019 \|page\=2 \|via\=Trove }}
In 1940 the site was acquired by the Commonwealth as part of a larger resumption of properties in Potts Point for the construction of the Captain Cook Graving Dock, and much of the foreshore garden was subsequently destroyed. The hospital use continued until 1952 when the Royal Australian Navy took control of the building.
In 1966 the remaining outbuildings were demolished. The building was used for a succession of naval purposes until March 1998 when it was vacated in preparation for its disposal.
The property was sold in 1998 to horse breeder Tony Peterson. A conservation management plan for the property was prepared in 2000 and Jenner was listed on the NSW State Heritage Register in 2001\.
Jenner was sold in 2009 to former car dealer Terry Mullens and his wife Wendy. The Mullens' completed a three\-year restoration before advertising the property for sale in June 2014\.SMH Title Deeds, 9\-10/1/10
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Aboriginal history",
"The \"[Eora](/wiki/Eora \"Eora\") people\" was the name given to the coastal Aboriginal people around [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\"). Central Sydney is therefore often referred to as \"Eora Country\". Within the [City of Sydney](/wiki/City_of_Sydney \"City of Sydney\") [local government area](/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_New_South_Wales \"Local government areas of New South Wales\"), the [traditional owners](/wiki/Traditional_owners \"Traditional owners\") are the [Cadigal](/wiki/Cadigal \"Cadigal\") and [Wangal](/wiki/Wangal \"Wangal\") bands of the Eora. There is no written record of the name of the language spoken and currently there are debates as whether the coastal peoples spoke a separate language \"Eora\" or whether this was actually a dialect of the [Dharug language](/wiki/Dharug_language \"Dharug language\"). Remnant bushland in places like [Blackwattle Bay](/wiki/Blackwattle_Bay \"Blackwattle Bay\") retain elements of traditional plant, bird and animal life, including fish and rock oysters.[Anita Heiss](/wiki/Anita_Heiss \"Anita Heiss\"), \"Aboriginal People and Place\", Barani: Indigenous [History of Sydney](/wiki/History_of_Sydney \"History of Sydney\") City <http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/barani> )",
"With the invasion of the Sydney region, the Cadigal and Wangal people were decimated but there are descendants still living in Sydney today. All cities include many immigrants in their population. Aboriginal people from across the state have been attracted to suburbs such as [Pyrmont](/wiki/Pyrmont%2C_New_South_Wales \"Pyrmont, New South Wales\"), [Balmain](/wiki/Balmain%2C_New_South_Wales \"Balmain, New South Wales\"), [Rozelle](/wiki/Rozelle \"Rozelle\"), [Glebe](/wiki/Glebe%2C_Sydney \"Glebe, Sydney\") and [Redfern](/wiki/Redfern%2C_New_South_Wales \"Redfern, New South Wales\") since the 1930s. Changes in government legislation in the 1960s provided freedom of movement enabling more Aboriginal people to choose to live in Sydney.",
"### Darlinghurst Ridge/Woolloomooloo Hill",
"In the 1830s the whole area from Potts Point to [Kings Cross](/wiki/Kings_Cross%2C_New_South_Wales \"Kings Cross, New South Wales\") and up to [Oxford Street](/wiki/Oxford_Street%2C_Sydney \"Oxford Street, Sydney\") was known as Darlinghurst – probably named in honour of [Governor Ralph Darling](/wiki/Ralph_Darling \"Ralph Darling\") (1824–31\\)'s wife, Eliza. The rocky ridge that extended inland from Potts Point was called Eastern or Woolloomooloo Hill from the early days of white settlement. The earliest [grant of land](/wiki/Land_grant \"Land grant\") on Woolloomooloo Hill was made to Judge\\-Advocate [John Wylde](/wiki/John_Wylde \"John Wylde\") in 1822\\. In 1830 Wylde sold six of his {{convert\\|11\\|acre\\|ha\\|0\\|order\\=flip}} on the Point to [Joseph Hyde Potts](/wiki/Joseph_Hyde_Potts \"Joseph Hyde Potts\"), accountant to the [Bank of New South Wales](/wiki/Bank_of_New_South_Wales \"Bank of New South Wales\"), after whom Potts Point is named.",
"By the late 1820s Sydney was a crowded, disorderly and unsanitary town closely settled around the Rocks and [Sydney Cove](/wiki/Sydney_Cove \"Sydney Cove\"), with a European population of around 12,000\\. Governor Darling was receiving applications from prominent Sydney citizens for better living conditions. The ridge of Woolloomooloo Hill beckoned, offering proximity to town and incomparable views from the [Blue Mountains](/wiki/Blue_Mountains_%28New_South_Wales%29 \"Blue Mountains (New South Wales)\") to the heads of [Sydney Harbour](/wiki/Sydney_Harbour \"Sydney Harbour\").",
"In 1828 Darling ordered the subdivision of Woolloomooloo Hill into suitable \"town allotments\" for large residences and extensive gardens. He then issued \"deeds of grant\" to select members of colonial society (in particular, his senior civil servants). The first seven grants were issued in 1828, with the other allotments formally granted in 1831\\.",
"The private residences that were built on the grants were required to meet Darling's so\\-called \"villa conditions\" which were possibly determined and overseen by his wife, who had architectural skills. These ensured that only one residence was built on each grant to an approved standard and design, that they were each set within a generous amount of landscaped land and that, in most cases, they faced the town. By the mid\\-1830s the parade of \"white\" villas down the spine of Woolloomooloo Hill presented a picturesque sight, and was visible from the harbour and town of Sydney.([State Library](/wiki/State_Library_of_New_South_Wales \"State Library of New South Wales\"), 2002\\)",
"### Jenner House",
"The site was created in the 1866 subdivision of [Alexander Macleay](/wiki/Alexander_Macleay \"Alexander Macleay\")'s 55 acre [Elizabeth Bay](/wiki/Elizabeth_Bay%2C_New_South_Wales \"Elizabeth Bay, New South Wales\") estate. A 99\\-year lease of the lot was taken out by retailer Lebbeus Hordern who commissioned colonial architect [Edmund Blacket](/wiki/Edmund_Blacket \"Edmund Blacket\") to design a two\\-storey house named Stramshall (with outbuildings) in 1871\\. The house was erected in 1871 in [Regency Revival](/wiki/Australian_residential_architectural_styles%23Regency \"Australian residential architectural styles#Regency\") style, the ground and first floors and service wing.",
"In 1875 the lease was transferred to J. T. Neale, and two years later in 1876–77 a third storey was added to a design by [Thomas Rowe](/wiki/Thomas_Rowe \"Thomas Rowe\"). The name was changed to Kurragheen, then later Lugano.",
"In 1915 the building became the **Jenner Private Hospital**, and several minor alterations were made to facilitate this use. The garage in the south western corner of the site was erected in the 1920s during the hospital period of usage of the site. The hospital saw many patients over the decades; former [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\") mayor and state MP Sir [Matthew Harris](/wiki/Matthew_Harris_%28Australian_politician%29 \"Matthew Harris (Australian politician)\") died there in 1917 and serving federal MP [James Sharpe](/wiki/James_Sharpe_%28Australian_politician%29 \"James Sharpe (Australian politician)\") died there in 1935, while [Premier of South Australia](/wiki/Premier_of_South_Australia \"Premier of South Australia\") [Richard Layton Butler](/wiki/Richard_Layton_Butler \"Richard Layton Butler\") was treated there when he fell ill on a visit to Sydney in 1929\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article221977182 \\|title\\=SIR MATTHEW HARRIS \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Sun (Sydney)\\|The Sun]] \\|location\\=New South Wales, Australia \\|date\\=8 June 1917 \\|access\\-date\\=22 December 2019 \\|page\\=5 \\|via\\=Trove }} {{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article237486111 \\|title\\=DEATH OF MR. J. B. SHARPE \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Labor Daily]] \\|location\\=New South Wales, Australia \\|date\\=9 July 1935 \\|access\\-date\\=22 December 2019 \\|page\\=4 \\|via\\=Trove }} {{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article246839574 \\|title\\=S.A. PREMIER TAKES ILL \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)\\|The Daily Telegraph]] \\|location\\=New South Wales, Australia \\|date\\=7 August 1929 \\|access\\-date\\=22 December 2019 \\|page\\=2 \\|via\\=Trove }}",
"In 1940 the site was acquired by the Commonwealth as part of a larger resumption of properties in Potts Point for the construction of the Captain Cook Graving Dock, and much of the foreshore garden was subsequently destroyed. The hospital use continued until 1952 when the Royal Australian Navy took control of the building.",
"In 1966 the remaining outbuildings were demolished. The building was used for a succession of naval purposes until March 1998 when it was vacated in preparation for its disposal.",
"The property was sold in 1998 to horse breeder Tony Peterson. A conservation management plan for the property was prepared in 2000 and Jenner was listed on the NSW State Heritage Register in 2001\\.",
"Jenner was sold in 2009 to former car dealer Terry Mullens and his wife Wendy. The Mullens' completed a three\\-year restoration before advertising the property for sale in June 2014\\.SMH Title Deeds, 9\\-10/1/10",
""
] |
### Jenner House
The site was created in the 1866 subdivision of [Alexander Macleay](/wiki/Alexander_Macleay "Alexander Macleay")'s 55 acre [Elizabeth Bay](/wiki/Elizabeth_Bay%2C_New_South_Wales "Elizabeth Bay, New South Wales") estate. A 99\-year lease of the lot was taken out by retailer Lebbeus Hordern who commissioned colonial architect [Edmund Blacket](/wiki/Edmund_Blacket "Edmund Blacket") to design a two\-storey house named Stramshall (with outbuildings) in 1871\. The house was erected in 1871 in [Regency Revival](/wiki/Australian_residential_architectural_styles%23Regency "Australian residential architectural styles#Regency") style, the ground and first floors and service wing.
In 1875 the lease was transferred to J. T. Neale, and two years later in 1876–77 a third storey was added to a design by [Thomas Rowe](/wiki/Thomas_Rowe "Thomas Rowe"). The name was changed to Kurragheen, then later Lugano.
In 1915 the building became the **Jenner Private Hospital**, and several minor alterations were made to facilitate this use. The garage in the south western corner of the site was erected in the 1920s during the hospital period of usage of the site. The hospital saw many patients over the decades; former [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney") mayor and state MP Sir [Matthew Harris](/wiki/Matthew_Harris_%28Australian_politician%29 "Matthew Harris (Australian politician)") died there in 1917 and serving federal MP [James Sharpe](/wiki/James_Sharpe_%28Australian_politician%29 "James Sharpe (Australian politician)") died there in 1935, while [Premier of South Australia](/wiki/Premier_of_South_Australia "Premier of South Australia") [Richard Layton Butler](/wiki/Richard_Layton_Butler "Richard Layton Butler") was treated there when he fell ill on a visit to Sydney in 1929\.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article221977182 \|title\=SIR MATTHEW HARRIS \|newspaper\=\[\[The Sun (Sydney)\|The Sun]] \|location\=New South Wales, Australia \|date\=8 June 1917 \|access\-date\=22 December 2019 \|page\=5 \|via\=Trove }} {{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article237486111 \|title\=DEATH OF MR. J. B. SHARPE \|newspaper\=\[\[The Labor Daily]] \|location\=New South Wales, Australia \|date\=9 July 1935 \|access\-date\=22 December 2019 \|page\=4 \|via\=Trove }} {{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article246839574 \|title\=S.A. PREMIER TAKES ILL \|newspaper\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)\|The Daily Telegraph]] \|location\=New South Wales, Australia \|date\=7 August 1929 \|access\-date\=22 December 2019 \|page\=2 \|via\=Trove }}
In 1940 the site was acquired by the Commonwealth as part of a larger resumption of properties in Potts Point for the construction of the Captain Cook Graving Dock, and much of the foreshore garden was subsequently destroyed. The hospital use continued until 1952 when the Royal Australian Navy took control of the building.
In 1966 the remaining outbuildings were demolished. The building was used for a succession of naval purposes until March 1998 when it was vacated in preparation for its disposal.
The property was sold in 1998 to horse breeder Tony Peterson. A conservation management plan for the property was prepared in 2000 and Jenner was listed on the NSW State Heritage Register in 2001\.
Jenner was sold in 2009 to former car dealer Terry Mullens and his wife Wendy. The Mullens' completed a three\-year restoration before advertising the property for sale in June 2014\.SMH Title Deeds, 9\-10/1/10
|
[
"### Jenner House",
"The site was created in the 1866 subdivision of [Alexander Macleay](/wiki/Alexander_Macleay \"Alexander Macleay\")'s 55 acre [Elizabeth Bay](/wiki/Elizabeth_Bay%2C_New_South_Wales \"Elizabeth Bay, New South Wales\") estate. A 99\\-year lease of the lot was taken out by retailer Lebbeus Hordern who commissioned colonial architect [Edmund Blacket](/wiki/Edmund_Blacket \"Edmund Blacket\") to design a two\\-storey house named Stramshall (with outbuildings) in 1871\\. The house was erected in 1871 in [Regency Revival](/wiki/Australian_residential_architectural_styles%23Regency \"Australian residential architectural styles#Regency\") style, the ground and first floors and service wing.",
"In 1875 the lease was transferred to J. T. Neale, and two years later in 1876–77 a third storey was added to a design by [Thomas Rowe](/wiki/Thomas_Rowe \"Thomas Rowe\"). The name was changed to Kurragheen, then later Lugano.",
"In 1915 the building became the **Jenner Private Hospital**, and several minor alterations were made to facilitate this use. The garage in the south western corner of the site was erected in the 1920s during the hospital period of usage of the site. The hospital saw many patients over the decades; former [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\") mayor and state MP Sir [Matthew Harris](/wiki/Matthew_Harris_%28Australian_politician%29 \"Matthew Harris (Australian politician)\") died there in 1917 and serving federal MP [James Sharpe](/wiki/James_Sharpe_%28Australian_politician%29 \"James Sharpe (Australian politician)\") died there in 1935, while [Premier of South Australia](/wiki/Premier_of_South_Australia \"Premier of South Australia\") [Richard Layton Butler](/wiki/Richard_Layton_Butler \"Richard Layton Butler\") was treated there when he fell ill on a visit to Sydney in 1929\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article221977182 \\|title\\=SIR MATTHEW HARRIS \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Sun (Sydney)\\|The Sun]] \\|location\\=New South Wales, Australia \\|date\\=8 June 1917 \\|access\\-date\\=22 December 2019 \\|page\\=5 \\|via\\=Trove }} {{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article237486111 \\|title\\=DEATH OF MR. J. B. SHARPE \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Labor Daily]] \\|location\\=New South Wales, Australia \\|date\\=9 July 1935 \\|access\\-date\\=22 December 2019 \\|page\\=4 \\|via\\=Trove }} {{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article246839574 \\|title\\=S.A. PREMIER TAKES ILL \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)\\|The Daily Telegraph]] \\|location\\=New South Wales, Australia \\|date\\=7 August 1929 \\|access\\-date\\=22 December 2019 \\|page\\=2 \\|via\\=Trove }}",
"In 1940 the site was acquired by the Commonwealth as part of a larger resumption of properties in Potts Point for the construction of the Captain Cook Graving Dock, and much of the foreshore garden was subsequently destroyed. The hospital use continued until 1952 when the Royal Australian Navy took control of the building.",
"In 1966 the remaining outbuildings were demolished. The building was used for a succession of naval purposes until March 1998 when it was vacated in preparation for its disposal.",
"The property was sold in 1998 to horse breeder Tony Peterson. A conservation management plan for the property was prepared in 2000 and Jenner was listed on the NSW State Heritage Register in 2001\\.",
"Jenner was sold in 2009 to former car dealer Terry Mullens and his wife Wendy. The Mullens' completed a three\\-year restoration before advertising the property for sale in June 2014\\.SMH Title Deeds, 9\\-10/1/10",
""
] |
Description
-----------
### House
Jenner House is a grand 19th century marine villa designed by Edmund Blacket (1871\) and Thomas Rowe (third floor, 1877\). It has interesting internal detailing by Blacket and his then employee [J. Horbury Hunt](/wiki/John_Horbury_Hunt "John Horbury Hunt").
The house has three levels plus a partial basement, a single storey detached 1920s garage in the south western corner of the site and remnant walls of former outbuildings in the north western part of the site. It has essentially 8 bedrooms, six bathrooms. It has polished timber floors, a huge multiple room cellar, high ceilings, solid sandstone [foundation](/wiki/Foundation_%28engineering%29 "Foundation (engineering)") and capacious interiors.Wentworth Courier, 2009
The building represents the transition in architectural taste which took place in the second half of the 19th century with the lower two floors on the western [facade](/wiki/Facade "Facade") exhibiting the Regency style, and elsewhere the more flamboyant asymmetrical characteristics of the 19th century Italianate villa.
### Grounds
Jenner House has a frontage to Macleay Street and originally had a harbour frontage which was acquired for the construction of the [Garden Island](/wiki/Garden_Island_%28New_South_Wales%29 "Garden Island (New South Wales)") Dockyard in 1940\. There are remnant walls of former outbuildings in the north\-western part of the site. Adjoining development consists of eight and nine storey residential flat development.
The site also has a relationship with other 19th century marine villas of [Bomera and Tarana](/wiki/Bomera_and_Tarana "Bomera and Tarana") to its north\-west and [Elizabeth Bay House](/wiki/Elizabeth_Bay_House "Elizabeth Bay House") to its south\-east. The precinct is also potentially important in terms of historical archaeology both in the building fabric and remnant formal garden settings.Conservation Management Plan, 2001
Jenner appears to be the only remaining garden of the once numerous fashionable 19th century villas on Potts Point, as well as a fine example of a boldly designed late 19th century suburban garden.National Trust, 1981
Gardens flank both sides of the house \- on its west facing Macleay Street a {{convert\|600\|m2\|adj\=on}} forecourt front entry garden is dominated by a carriage loop and central lawn and [fountain](/wiki/Fountain "Fountain") as its focus. A large evergreen magnolia/bull [bay](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 "Bay (architecture)") (M.grandiflora) is a feature of this garden. A single garage is located on one side of this forecourt.
To the east is a lower rear garden, also marked by a circular lawn (and former gravel walk), edged by a significant [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone "Sandstone") wall above a sandstone outcropping overlooking the adjacent Navy base. The top garden is broadly a sweep of lawn, inside a large circular shape and outside it flanked by shrubberies, with a view of Sydney Harbour and heads across it from the house.Wentworth Courier, amended by Stuart Read, 24/9/9
A landscape assessment undertaken in 2006 identified a number of significant landscape features as follows:
* [Magnolia grandiflora](/wiki/Magnolia_grandiflora "Magnolia grandiflora") at front of Jenner;
* Line of [Camellia](/wiki/Camellia "Camellia") sp.to the rear of property;
* Remnant Macleay Street perimeter wall;
* Semi\-circular sandstone wall at the rear of garden;
* Sandstone escarpment adjacent to sandstone wall; and
* Sandstone flagging along southeast of site.
### Modifications and dates
* 1875: subdivision of Alexander Macleay's Elizabeth Bay Estate
* 1880–90: upper grassed terrace had a planting of shrubs around its periphery suggesting a circular grass shape within the terrace and defined on the periphery by a gravel path with an outer ring of sandstone edging and an inner band of low hedging with mass planted bed edged with terracotta tile edgings. Main paths leading from the central house steps curved to south and north, both with sandstone edging and later paved with bricks laid diagonally.
* 1915\+: adaptation for private hospital use and residential use.
* 1920s–30s: three Magnolia trees located along southern boundary of Macleay Street entrance forecourt. Only one survives today. One close to Macleay Street may have been removed in the hospital era to construct a garage structure.
* 1940s: major portion of original eastern garden demolished when property resumed to allow construction of Garden Island Naval Dockyard complex. Eastern slopes demolished except for immediate sandstone ledge below the semi\-circular stone [retaining wall](/wiki/Retaining_wall "Retaining wall"). Pathways leading around to stone\-cut and concrete steps either side of the grassed terrace were terminated in a cut\-stone [overhang](/wiki/Overhang_%28architecture%29 "Overhang (architecture)"). The southern steps led to a circuitous path negotiating the broken landform of the foreshore slopes. The northern steps terminated in a brick\-walled and [corrugated iron](/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron "Corrugated galvanised iron") gabled [roof garden](/wiki/Roof_garden "Roof garden") structure. The northern access appears to have been built in the Federation era (1880\-1919\) whilst the southern steps originally gave access to the garden house in the Late Victorian Period.
* {{circa}} 1941: The grassed terrace of the upper eastern garden was modified to accommodate a rectangular building presumably of wartime Naval use. The top pool/terrace has been significantly altered, especially with the construction of a building that was demolished between 1945 and 1952\.
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"### House",
"Jenner House is a grand 19th century marine villa designed by Edmund Blacket (1871\\) and Thomas Rowe (third floor, 1877\\). It has interesting internal detailing by Blacket and his then employee [J. Horbury Hunt](/wiki/John_Horbury_Hunt \"John Horbury Hunt\").",
"The house has three levels plus a partial basement, a single storey detached 1920s garage in the south western corner of the site and remnant walls of former outbuildings in the north western part of the site. It has essentially 8 bedrooms, six bathrooms. It has polished timber floors, a huge multiple room cellar, high ceilings, solid sandstone [foundation](/wiki/Foundation_%28engineering%29 \"Foundation (engineering)\") and capacious interiors.Wentworth Courier, 2009",
"The building represents the transition in architectural taste which took place in the second half of the 19th century with the lower two floors on the western [facade](/wiki/Facade \"Facade\") exhibiting the Regency style, and elsewhere the more flamboyant asymmetrical characteristics of the 19th century Italianate villa.",
"### Grounds",
"Jenner House has a frontage to Macleay Street and originally had a harbour frontage which was acquired for the construction of the [Garden Island](/wiki/Garden_Island_%28New_South_Wales%29 \"Garden Island (New South Wales)\") Dockyard in 1940\\. There are remnant walls of former outbuildings in the north\\-western part of the site. Adjoining development consists of eight and nine storey residential flat development.",
"The site also has a relationship with other 19th century marine villas of [Bomera and Tarana](/wiki/Bomera_and_Tarana \"Bomera and Tarana\") to its north\\-west and [Elizabeth Bay House](/wiki/Elizabeth_Bay_House \"Elizabeth Bay House\") to its south\\-east. The precinct is also potentially important in terms of historical archaeology both in the building fabric and remnant formal garden settings.Conservation Management Plan, 2001",
"Jenner appears to be the only remaining garden of the once numerous fashionable 19th century villas on Potts Point, as well as a fine example of a boldly designed late 19th century suburban garden.National Trust, 1981",
"Gardens flank both sides of the house \\- on its west facing Macleay Street a {{convert\\|600\\|m2\\|adj\\=on}} forecourt front entry garden is dominated by a carriage loop and central lawn and [fountain](/wiki/Fountain \"Fountain\") as its focus. A large evergreen magnolia/bull [bay](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 \"Bay (architecture)\") (M.grandiflora) is a feature of this garden. A single garage is located on one side of this forecourt.",
"To the east is a lower rear garden, also marked by a circular lawn (and former gravel walk), edged by a significant [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone \"Sandstone\") wall above a sandstone outcropping overlooking the adjacent Navy base. The top garden is broadly a sweep of lawn, inside a large circular shape and outside it flanked by shrubberies, with a view of Sydney Harbour and heads across it from the house.Wentworth Courier, amended by Stuart Read, 24/9/9",
"A landscape assessment undertaken in 2006 identified a number of significant landscape features as follows:\n* [Magnolia grandiflora](/wiki/Magnolia_grandiflora \"Magnolia grandiflora\") at front of Jenner;\n* Line of [Camellia](/wiki/Camellia \"Camellia\") sp.to the rear of property;\n* Remnant Macleay Street perimeter wall;\n* Semi\\-circular sandstone wall at the rear of garden;\n* Sandstone escarpment adjacent to sandstone wall; and\n* Sandstone flagging along southeast of site.",
"### Modifications and dates",
"* 1875: subdivision of Alexander Macleay's Elizabeth Bay Estate\n* 1880–90: upper grassed terrace had a planting of shrubs around its periphery suggesting a circular grass shape within the terrace and defined on the periphery by a gravel path with an outer ring of sandstone edging and an inner band of low hedging with mass planted bed edged with terracotta tile edgings. Main paths leading from the central house steps curved to south and north, both with sandstone edging and later paved with bricks laid diagonally.\n* 1915\\+: adaptation for private hospital use and residential use.\n* 1920s–30s: three Magnolia trees located along southern boundary of Macleay Street entrance forecourt. Only one survives today. One close to Macleay Street may have been removed in the hospital era to construct a garage structure.\n* 1940s: major portion of original eastern garden demolished when property resumed to allow construction of Garden Island Naval Dockyard complex. Eastern slopes demolished except for immediate sandstone ledge below the semi\\-circular stone [retaining wall](/wiki/Retaining_wall \"Retaining wall\"). Pathways leading around to stone\\-cut and concrete steps either side of the grassed terrace were terminated in a cut\\-stone [overhang](/wiki/Overhang_%28architecture%29 \"Overhang (architecture)\"). The southern steps led to a circuitous path negotiating the broken landform of the foreshore slopes. The northern steps terminated in a brick\\-walled and [corrugated iron](/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron \"Corrugated galvanised iron\") gabled [roof garden](/wiki/Roof_garden \"Roof garden\") structure. The northern access appears to have been built in the Federation era (1880\\-1919\\) whilst the southern steps originally gave access to the garden house in the Late Victorian Period.\n* {{circa}} 1941: The grassed terrace of the upper eastern garden was modified to accommodate a rectangular building presumably of wartime Naval use. The top pool/terrace has been significantly altered, especially with the construction of a building that was demolished between 1945 and 1952\\."
] |
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